diff --git "a/th/wikimedia.en-th.en" "b/th/wikimedia.en-th.en" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/th/wikimedia.en-th.en" @@ -0,0 +1,32999 @@ +External Link +Wonder Teacher is a Television program genre Adolescence ดราม่า and แฟนตาซี Series produced by จีเอ็มเอ็ม แกรมมี่ and GMM TV. This TV series airs on Saturday at 10:00 that originally aired on One (Thailand). +Cast +Names Portrays Details Kiattisakdi Udomnak Asschun Teacher Teacher teach science and Class teacher mattayom 5/4 Onisa Krinchai Pen Teacher Teacher teach guidance and Class teacher mattayom 5/5 Akkaranat Ariyaritwikul Touch Teacher Sports coach and physical education teacher Pumipat Paibool Richter Student Mattayom 5 Vichayot Limratanamongkol Taifoun นักเรียนชาย ชั้น ม.5 เป็นหัวหน้าทีมฟุตซอลโรงเรียน ป็อบปูลาที่สุดในโรงเรียน เรียนดีกีฬาเด่น เล่นดนตรีเก่ง ความประพฤติดีด้วย เป็นคนชอบการแข่งขัน ทำได้ดีทุกอย่าง เพราะมีความตั้งใจ Aekburus Sophon Isaac เลือดร้อน รักเพื่อน ต่อยก่อนคุยทีหลัง ใครมีปัญหา ป๋าพร้อมเคลียร์ เป็นพี่ชายคนโต มีน้องสาวหนึ่งคน หวงมาก ซึ่งน้องเรียนโรงเรียนหญิงล้วน มีปมคือ ทำอะไรก็เหมือนไม่ได้อย่างใจพ่อแม่ Marisa Kapro Prim นักเรียน ม.5 ดาวโรงเรียน สวย รวย ตระกูลไฮโซ เรียนเก่ง เรียบร้อยแต่สดใส เรียกได้ว่าเลอค่าอย่างแท้จริง เป็นคนอัธยาศัยดี เฟรนด์ลี่กับทุกคน จึงเป็นที่รักของหนุ่มสาวในโรงเรียน มุ่งมั่นอยากสอบเข้ามหาวิทยาลัยดีๆ และชิงทุนไปเรียนต่อต่างประเทศ แต่ก็มีปมเรื่องครอบครัวที่กดดันให้ปริมต้อง Perfect ทุกอย่าง ทั้งที่จริงๆปริมก็ยังไม่รู้ว่าตัวเองต้องการอะไร หรืออยากเป็นอะไรกันแน่ Suthipha Kongneawdee Puttan เธอเป็นสาวซ่า ขาโหดประจำชั้น เป็นเจ้าแม่ฝั่งนักเรียนหญิง ขวานผ่าซาก แต่เห็นท่าทางแรงๆไม่เกรงใจใครแบบนี้ พุดตานก็มีมุมเซ็นซิทีฟอยู่ Chavin Likitcharoenbongse Pat นักเรียนชาย ชั้น ม.5 คาสโนวาตัวพ่อ สาวกรี๊ดทั่วโรงเรียน แต่ยังไม่มีแฟนเป็นตัวเป็นตน เพราะป้อไปทั่ว เป็นผู้ชายที่น่ารัก อบอุ่น มีอารมณ์ขัน เข้ากับทุกคนได้ง่ายเป็นคนสบายๆและใจดี นี่ก็ทำให้เขามีเสน่ห์ไม่เบานะ Thapat Niyommalai Zen หนุ่มเนิร์ด เจ้าพ่อทฤษฎี เป็น Google เดินได้ของกลุ่ม วาดรูปเก่ง อยากเรียนศิลปกรรม Sensitive เป็นคู่หูคู่ฮากับชาร์ป ชาร์ปเป็นน้องคนเล็กของบ้าน มีพี่สามสามคน ทุกคนรุมโอ๋ บางทีก็อยากแสดงออกว่าไม่ใช่เด็ก Titan Theppasan Shape ชาร์ปเล่นดนตรีเก่งขั้นเทพ อารมณ์ศิลปิน ซ่า ไม่กลัวใคร อยากเป็นนักดนตรีอาชีพมีความคิดสร้างสรรค์ในเชิงทำลายล้างสูง เป็นคู่หูคู่ฮากับเซน Korapat Kirdpan Book นักเรียนชั้นม.4 รวยเป็นคุณชาย เรียนเก่ง เป็นความหวังชิงทุนของโรงเรียน พ่อแม่อยากให้เป็นหมอ โดนกดดันทั้งจากที่บ้านแล��โรงเรียนว่าต้องชิงทุนให้ได้ Abhichaya Saejang Cherry นักเรียนโรงเรียนอื่น เป็นหลานสาวครูเปิ้ล สาวน้อยสู้ชีวิตผู้อยู่กับคุณแม่เลี้ยงเดี่ยวที่ทำงานตัวเป็นเกลียวหาเลี้ยงลูกก็ยังไม่ค่อยพอ เชอรี่จึงพยายามสอบชิงทุนให้ได้เพื่อแบ่งเบาภาระของแม่ เป็นเด็กดีที่ถึงคราวซวยต้องมารับเคราะห์จากพลังของครูอัศ +Smith Arayasakul or Oak was born on September 4, 1980 in Thailand. He graduated โรงเรียนสาธิตแห่งมหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร์ ศูนย์วิจัยและพัฒนาการศึกษา and คณะแพทยศาสตร์ จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย +Oak began to showbiz for The contestant Cleo Bachelor (2004) +Oak married with Opal Panasisa Phimpru. They married 23 March 2014. [1] , [2]Now Oak and Opal has 2 baby name is Alin and Aran.[3] +Carrer +Studio Album +How R U ? (2007) +Mr. Smith (2008) +References +Workpoint TV is a Thai nationwide general entertainment network owned by Workpoint available on cable, Digital TV, and Online. +Program +News Matichon Morning News Variety Show +References +External Link +Chawin Likitcharoenpong (ชื่อเล่น: เฟม) is a Thai actor.He started his career at age 12 in the 2010 film บ้านฉัน..ตลกไว้ก่อน (พ่อสอนไว้).He born 17 พฤษภาคม พ.ศ. +2541 He is now study at Mattayom 6, Srinakharinwirot University Prasarnmit Demonstration School [1] +Filmography +Movie +Year Movie Role 2553 The Little Comedian Lortok 2555 รัก 7 ปี ดี 7 หน Boy +TV Drama +Award of Achievement +Nominees Top Awards 2010 Nominees Kom Chat Luek Award 8 +References +External Link +famousfame.com Facebook famousfame Twitter famousfame Facebook Group Facebook Fanclub China +The [[Royal Guards|Royal Guards (Thailand)]] marching in front of [[Wat Phra Kaew]] +Royal Guards March (มาร์ชราชวัลลภ, March Raja Vanlok) is a march for [[Royal Guards of Thailand|Royal Guards (Thailand)]], a [[His Majesty the King|Bhumibol Adulyadej]]'s compositions No 7, composed in 1948 named "Raja Vanlok" and give to The Royal Guards for [[Thai Royal Guards parade]] after that General of Royal Guards ordered to write a lyrics by extended the song longer than original so they request to His Majesty for revised the song. His Majesty bestow on Phra Chenduriyang for revised the song and named the song as " March Raja Vanlok" (The Royal Guards March) in 1952 +Students in Bangkok +The Thai school uniform are compulsory for all students with very few variations from the standard model throughout the public and private school systems, including colleges and universities. +Government school +Boys +Lace initials or logo on the left chest and the name of the school or student ID number on the right chest. And use red or blue thread to embroider. Pants and belt : Have 3 Styles 1.Khaki shorts With brown leather belt 2.Black shorts With leather belt in black or brown. +Girls +Shirts : Elementary students : use white shirt similar to Men's Shirts.But It can release shirttail. Secondary school : use white shirt similar to Men's Shirts.But It have ribbon and can release shirttail. Upper secondary students: use white shirt similar to Men's Shirts. +Skirt : The skirt is a skirt navy blue.It have 6 pleated front and 6 pleat back. Shoes and socks : Black leather shoes and white socks. +Reference +See also +School uniforms in Thailand +Supol Puasirirak (Nickname Bel) born 15 December 1981 He is Thai singer from GMM Grammy and Host. He studied at โรงเรียนอัสสัมชัญ and มหาวิทยาลัยอัสสัมชัญ. +Work +Work +Dr.Navin Yavapolkul or Navin Tar Singer , Actor and Lecture of Faculty of Economics at Kasetsart University. +Personal Life +Navin Yavapolkul have second son of Viroj Yavapolkul and Daranoy Yavapolkul. He have 2 brothers and 1 sister. They name are Davin Yavapolkul , Tavin Yavapolkul and Rinrada Yavapolkul. +Navin studied at Anubal Panita School , Anubal Chananan School , Somtawin School and สาธิตปทุมวัน and Pasanmit Demonstration School, Srinakharinwirot University.he is unruly until he has problem with school. But he is Win for Health.he therefore studied at Kasetsart University And He get Ananda Quota (study at United States) +Publications +The Innocent Killer (2006) Bang-en Rakmaisinsod (2009) Single Lady (2015) LoveH2O (2015) Flower Arikato (2016) +Academic work +References +Movies +Candidates +Result +Reference +2556 ← 2011 16 มิถุนายน พ.ศ. +2556 2014 → Bangkok First party 100px Candidate แทนคุณ จิตต์อิสระ Party Democrat (Thailand) Last election 30,675 Popular vote 31,566 (891) Percentage 50.80% สส. กทม. before election การุณ โหสกุล พรรคเพื่อไทย Elected สส. กทม. แทนคุณ จิตต์อิสระ Democrat (Thailand) +Bangkok by-election in 2013 were held on 16 June 2013.[1] +Bhuddhichad Chuyram Seri Tham Party Number 1 Pangsri Pijarn New-Democracy Party Number 2 Weerapol Suthipornparangkoon Tuangkuenpeanpha Thailand Party Number 3 Phattanapong Kasemwan Energy Thai Party Number 4 Noppadol Chairitthidech Unity Nation Party Number 5 Thanawit Palakawong Na-Ayutthaya พรรคเพื่อแผ่นดิน Number 6 Witthaya Raksathip Palang Sahakorn Party Number 7 Thankun Jitt-itsara พรรคประชาธิปัตย์ Number 8 นายยุรนันท์ ภมรมนตรี พรรคเพื่อไทย Number 9 +Early Life +Reference +External Source +Pongpisuth Pue-on 300x300px Personal information Full name Pongpisuth Pue-on Date of birth 18 October 1985 Place of birth กรุงเทพ Height 182 ซม. Playing position กองหน้า Club information Current team มิดเดิลส์โบรคอลเลจ (ทีมเยาวชน) 2549 กัมบัคยูไนเต็ด National team – ไทย +Pongpisuth Pue-on is a retired Thai football player who played as a striker. He father name is ปิยะพงษ์ ผิวอ่อน and mother name is Somkid Pue-on. He born 18 ตุลาคม พ.ศ. +He nickname is Tangmo. He started play football since 9 years. He studied at the โรงเรียนกรุงเทพคริสเตียน and โรงเรียนสวนกุหลาบวิทยาลัย until Mattayom 4 and get quota of สมาคมฟุตบอลแห่งประเทศไทย and อาดิดาส give to studied at Middle Bocollage in England for 3 years. and comeback Thailand inพ.ศ. +2547. +Pongpisuth graduate with Sripatum University and Now Pongpisuth stop playing professional football due to Chronic knee pain. +Workpoint TV (host) +Film +Reference +External links +Biography +Filmography +Gun Guntathawon nickname is Gun or Fluke (born December 6, 1985) is Thai actor, model, host. +He was cast in a Thai television drama based on life of Varayuth Milinthajinda. First of Thai television drama name is Dao Jarus Fa. And He was cast advertise and cast in music video.[1] Now He is host of Workpoint Entertainment. +(2015) Big Ben Show (2016) Bao Young Blood Season 2 (2016-) I Can See Your Voice Thailand นักร้องซ่อนแอบ (2016- 2017) The Mask Singer Season 1 (2017-) Fan Pan Tae Super Fan (2017-) Bao Young Blood Season 3 (2017-) The Mask Singer Season 2 +2017 Rakkongrao The Moment +Gun Guntathawon on Twitter Gun Guntathawon on Instagram Gun Guntathawon on Facebook +Host +Reference +External Links +Remember Band +Sanamlaung Music +Wachirakrit Pukpobsuk or Klui born January 27, 1982 is a Thai singer from GMM Grammy. +Klui is study hard and help school. So, After graduated at Mattayom 6 Klui get quota to study in Japan about photography at Tokyo Visual Arts College. After graduated Klui work at Japan So, Klui can say, speak, write and read are good. +2006 "Ther Thao-nan" Album Behind the Song by En Phiyada Lucks Music 2007 "Maimeesith", "Rak leklek" Ost. World 2 world give he 2009 "Why must love you Romantic Version" feat. En Phiyada +2010 "Ja-Mai Tham" +2013 "Ja Tong Mee Sak Klung Si" 2014 "Cross Love" (Japanese Pop Version) feat. +Lula (Ost. The Rising Sun) +Malang Wan Live@G Take a Walk +Wachirakrit Pukpobsuk on Facebook +Works +Music +Film +External Links +Kornkan Sutthikoses (Nickname: Armอาร์ม) born 17 October is a Thai actor. +Known from the 18th KPN Award Thailand Singing Contest 2009 get 1st runner and popular vote. Graduate from Siant Dominic School and Chulalongkorn University. +Wai Jai Khor Rong Tabakngam Kid Tung Parn La Nue Kem Naliga Chan Mai Chai - 2004 +Year Title Channel Role 2556 My Melody 360 สถานีโทรทัศน์โมเดิร์นไนน์ Arm Teacher 2557 Fun Fueng สถานีโทรทัศน์ช่องวัน Chabang Doctor 2559 Angel Destiny สถานีโทรทัศน์ช่องทรูโฟร์ยู Natthapong Dao Rongfa Phuphasingen สถานีวิทยุโทรทัศน์ไทยทีวีสีช่อง 3 Guests 2560 secretsevenseries จีเอ็มเอ็ม 25 Gun +Year Title Role Product By 2559 - 2560 Nithan Hinghoy The Musical Chanalom Toklom Television 2558 Homrong The Musical Rested ศร Toklom Television 2558 Mangkorn Saladked The Musical Puey Ungphakorn ธนาคารแห่งประเท��ไทย 2557 Homrong The Musical Sorn Toklom Television 2556 Lerd Kattiya The Musical Prince Sithiprawat Scenario 2555 Reya The Musical CK Nation Channel 2553 The Finale Arik 2552 Vimanmaya Pongpol Chulalongkorn 2551 Cafe Sirong Acha Sae-Lo Chulalongkorn 2551 Prainam Tassati +History +Music +Music Video +Honours +References +Works +Host +Jib Ror.Dor. (1986) +2009 - [4] +Oye oye (1988) +Vasu Sangsingkeaw (Nickname:Jib) or Jibe Ror.Dor. (December 29 1967 —) is a Thai actor , host and singer. +Vasu Sangsingkeaw (Nickname Jib) born December 29 1967 son of Vitoon Sangsingkeaw and Sudacha Sangsingkeaw[2] Graduate from Kasetsart University Laboratory School, Triam Udom Suksa School and Chulalongkorn University. +Return Politic Thailand (2013-2014) Quote of Sufficiently (2012) New 5 Page 1 (2012) Reform Thailand (2011) Teen superstar (2011) Station help flood (2011) Sound Track in Married of Prince William & Kate (2011) Hot talk by Vasu (2009-2010) Parliament around the world (2008) +References +Work +Boontham Huadkrathok Or Sinum Chenyim (1 March 1956 — 1 December 2015) is a Thai actor and comedian. +Sinum have 3 son name Jeab Chenyim and Jack Chenyim[3] Sinum have outstanding work is างรักซอย 9 He role A-Tuk husband of Na-Yao and father of Pang and Pik. +Sinum died in 1 December 2015 because cerebrovascular disease[4] +Stage +Before become in Bangraksoi 9 on stage +Drama +พระอภัยมณี บางรักซอย 9 Muu 7 Dedsaratee Koja Panako Tee Tagoonsong Fon Nguea Rak Ther Tukwan +Music +Korruayduaykon Pitrak Pitsanulok +Other +Wig 07 +TV Show +References +External Links +Film +Dr.Thunya Phovichit or Phet Chenyim (born June 8 1954 at Huai Yot District Trang Province) is Thai comedian. +He used to be Vice-Mannger of BEC-TERO. +He graduate at Chandrakasem Rajabhat University Ramkamheng University and PhD. about Sciences-Sport from Kasertsart University in 2015 [1] +He marry with Kampu Patamasut daughter of Suprawat Patamasut Director, television actor and senior actor. +Swetter Red (1984) Rak Talomboon (1985) Ainu Phutorn (1985) Khorthankadthun (1987) Love bridge Sarasin (1987) Nang Kang Fai (1988) Panya Renu (2011) +Gonbuay Klaikeat (1997 - 2015) Gonbuay Show (2015) Yutthakan Sathanyub (2015) +References +External Links +Krajang Tularak is member of Khana Ratsadon for +Krajang is Thai Chinese born in 1913 at Bang Khla District, Chachoengsao Province join with Khana Ratsadon until 19 years old. +Krajang Tularak died June 23 2009 +Krajang Tularak +Drama +Sitcom +Concert +References +Discography +Bannee Merak Khunjai Thailand +STAR THEQUE GTH 11 years (2015) +Chalermpol Thikhumpornteerawong or Jack born 13 June 1989[1] is a actor from Thailand. +He graduate from Rangsit University. +Why want to commerdian /ทำไมต้องเป็นตลก (2544) แฟนฉัน (2546) Dek Den / เด็กเดน (2548) เด็กหอ (2549) Seasons Change เพราะอากาศเปลี่ยนแปลงบ่อย (2549) หมากเตะรีเทิร์นส (2549) เก๋า..เก๋า (2549) มะหมา 4 ขาครับ (2550) ปิดเทอมใหญ่...หัวใจว้าวุ่น (2551) เฟรนด์ชิพ เธอกับฉัน (2551) ความจำสั้น แต่รักฉันยาว (2552) รถไฟฟ้า มาหานะเธอ (2552) ATM เออรัก เออเร่อ (2555) รัก 7 ปี ดี 7 หน (2555) +Kru Wai Jai Rai / ครูไหวใจร้าย ผีเสื้อและดอกไม้ เกมร้ายเกมรัก ธรณีนี่นี้ใครครอง แอบรักออนไลน์ +Series/Sitcom +References +External Links +History +Personal Life +Work +Film +Chanon Santinatharakul (Nickname: Non; born 6 June 1996) is Actor of Thailand. +Chanon Santinatharakul born 6 June 1996 graduate from Bangkok Christian College and Now He study at Mahidol University. +Chanon believe Christianity (Protestantism)[2] and He like exercise.If freetime He will go to fitness 6 days per week. +Year Title Role Note 2557 Love's Coming Pid – 2558 Kitaraja Nipol ก้อง Smile Eptisote. Love Love You Pid – 2560 Intelligence game cheat Thanapol Viriyakol (Bank) – +Year Title Role Note 2558 Wifi Society Em Ep. ก่อนรักครั้งต่อไป 15 Years Later Hormones: The Series 3 Aekkapob Sajjatunti – 2559 Love Song Series Sorravit Nandajinda Ep. Close Friend ICU. Nurse Spercial...Case Wonder Manop นักแสดงรับเชิญ Bangrak Soi 9/1 Chanavee (Earth) – I born Rama IX The Series Max 2560 Love Song Series To Be Continued Sorravit Nandajinda Project S Series – Ep. +31 มกราคม 2560. ↑ ‘นน’ เชื่อทริคใน ‘ฉลาดเกมส์โกง’ ไม่ชี้โพรงให้กระรอก!! ↑ ""พี่นน" คนนี้ไง! เน็ท ฮอ��์โมนส์ หนุ่มตี๋มีสไตล์ น่ารักกว่านี้มีอีกมั้ย?". 9 ตุลาคม 2558. +Check date values in: |date= (help) +Chanon Santinatharakul on Instagram +References +Krong Jandawong (January 28 1908 - May 31 1961) (Age 54 years) is Political prisoner in article 17 of government Sarit Thanarat phrase owner "Directorship will wreck Democracy will grow" +He father name is Gi Jandawong and He mother name is Chiangwan. He career is teacher at Bantankon Amphoe Sawangdandin. He establish Mattayom Sirikhan 1 School and Mattayom Sirikhan 2 School together with Tiang Sirikhanth. +Krong Jandawong is political prisoner about rebellion of communist.He was executed by do not justice system. He execution at Sawang Daen Din District in 31 May 1961 with Thongpan Suthimas. +Officer read pernalty by use verdict power of article 17 of Sarit Thanarat. Before executed Krong said motto is Directorship will wreck Democracy will grow[1] +References +Kamron Samboonnanon born 7 January 1920 at House back Wat Kao Sampanthawong someone think he born Suphanburi by analyze accent. +He graduate at Chang Korsang Utentawai Scohool. He has many song is popular such as Political mantra, Tasikumsorn, Oder Father, Life of farmhouse etc. +In 1938 Kamron play drama radio is "bride farmer" of Hem Vejakorn and sing sung this drama.This song have been praised is first of Thai country music. Kamron has been praised is "Father of Thai Country Music" [2] +Sitcom +Film +External Link +Work +TV series +Teera Ratanasritai or Kaopan is a Thai singer, actor. started entertainment by contest is The Trainer. +Teera Ratanasritai or nickname is Kaopan born Saturday 29 May 1999 is Thai singer and actor.started entertainment by contest is The Trainer.In 2009 is started in entertainment.He graduate from Sangsom School.Now He will study at Srinakharinwirot University Prasarnmit Demonstration School (elementary/secondary). +Year Title Role On Note 2014 Hormones: The Series2 Nat GMM 25 ThirTEEN Terrors Ball GMM 25 2015 Hormones: The Series3 Nat ONE 2017 Princess Hours Thailand Kanong True4U Project S The Series Peach GMM 25 +Year Title Role 2016 - 2017 Bangrak Soi 9/1 Top +Year Title Role 2017 School Tales Net +Work +Agencies +Journalism work +Advertising +Movie +References +External Links +History +Education +Nattakorn Devakula nickname is Preum is a host and television moderator.Former candidate of Bangkok gubernatorial election, 2009 and knowledge to be host issue about Bussiness and Foreign News. +Nattakorn Devakula nickname is “Preum” born 10 September 1976 is son of Pridiyathorn Devakula former governor Bank of Thailand. +Lifestyle, Nattakorn married Natrada Apitananon or "Jackgerreen" or "Jacky" actor luk khrueng Thai-Canada in 7 October 2010 at The Peninsula Bangkok[1] He has 1 son name is Kritkuntorn Devakula Na Ayuttaya or Jame. +Primary school : Srinakharinwirot University Prasarnmit Demonstration School (elementary/secondary) Secondary education : Oregon secondary education school Bachelor : Political science University of Wisconsin–Madison Master's : +1997 Served as interpreter and draftsman at the Army News Agency.[2] +Economic Time (TNN24) Wake up Thailand / Wake Up News (Voice TV) The Daily Dose (Voice TV) +Nissan Tiida Sult +SOUL'S CODE (2008) role by Ganon[4] [5] +Work +Sitcom +References +External Links +Personal Life +Ronnadet Wongsaroj nickname is Namm born 22 April 1980 is Thai Singer. +He graduate at Bangkok Christian College, Mahidol University International College (Salaya) and Chulalongkorn University.[1] +Ronnadet is first son of Jirasak Wongsaroj and Dararat Wongsaroj. +He has 1 sister name is Ureson Wongsaroj. Ronnadet. Now He will relationship with Onjira Lamvilai. +2013 - Series Club Friday 2014 Heng Heng Heng +Acting +Album +Reference +Work +Host +Radio Program +Television Program +Gapol Thongplub nickname Un or Pong[1] born 4 September 1967 at Chainat. He is Television programmer and actor[2] He know by host of television program is Khon Uad Phee and Shock Station. +Sport Relax The Shock +JOKER VARIETY THE SHOCK ON TV Khon Uad Phee The Scary TV Jarachon Game +Friendship (film) Bangkok Haunted +The Message Peelok - Magenta +Education +Work +References +Kittima Na-Thalang nickname "Rose" News anchor of Channel 9 MCOT HD. She was born on 31 January 1964. +2nd Class Honors Bachelor of Education (English) , Silpakorn University. +Foreign news translator Channel 3 and IBC News 19.00 (1995-2002) Live Reporter 9/11 with Jakkapob Penkair Foreign News Editor of Thai News Agency World Wide Watch Inside Story +References +Chan Yenkair (10 September 1926 - 5 October 1988) is Thai singer +Chan Yenkair born in Bangkok between Giant Swing. He graduated at Bawonnivet School. +He is singer from contest in Temple Festival since World War II by use codename is "Aewphaya". [2] After end World War II He is disciple of Sanga Arampre. +In 1949, Chan Yenkair went to Record Room for view the record Klanamnom of Paiboon Pudkhan. But Boonchuay Hirunsonthorn singer of this song absent. So, Sanga present Chan Penkair for record replace Boonchuay. When Radio Station open Klanamnom song. +Chan Yenkair married Supannee Singharacha. +He has 1 daughter. +He of a blood on 5 October 1988 [4] while He sing sang at Wongchan Pairoj Restaurant at Pattaya,Chonburi Province[5] +Labor Party +Order 66/2523 +National Revolutionary Assembly (Presidium) +References +External Links +History +Work +Join Communist Party of Thailand +Prasert Subsunthorn former Member of parliament of Thailand , former central committee Communist Party of Thailand. Later He is lecture of National Defence College of Thailand and He participate in policy formulation Order 66/2523 about policy for win Communism of Prem Tinsulanonda Government. +Prasert Subsunthorn was born on 8 May 1913 at Kanchanadit District, Surat Thani Province. +And He died on 25 December 1994 (81 years old). +Prasert graduated Mattayom 8 at Benjamabophit School. +And Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University on 1936. He selected as student club president of Chulalongkorn University on 1936. +When graduated Prasert is government teacher in Suankularb Wittayalai School and He resigned for elected in Siamese general election, 1946. +Prasert Subsunthorn +After Siamese coup d'état of 1947 Prasert join Communist Party of Thailand and got for studied about Marxism at China. He is central committee Communist Party of Thailand. +And He join for International Peace Conference (1951-1952). +Prasert conflicted concept of party. Prasert came back Thailand in 1958. +He jailed and accused about communist in Government of Thanom Kittikachorn and Sarit Thanarat. He jailed 6 years. Until He jail, He review about Peace Revolution of Thailand. +Prasert support for established Workers Center of Thailand. +And support labor law in 1972.As a result, Trade union of Thailand legitimated.[2] Prasert established Labor Party in 1974 and changed name to Demorcracy Labor Party in 26 September 1975.[3] +In 1978 Thailand got a civil war problem between the Army of Thailand and Communist Party of Thailand. Prasert wrote article "Democracy doctrine" into the Tawanmai magazine. +In 1980, Government of Prem Tinsulanonda promulgated order 66/23 item policy for win communist by Chavalit Yongchaiyudh was draftsman. Chavalit used concept of Prasert. +28-29 April 1987 was a meeting nationwide people. +And established National Revolutionary Assembly for support revolution democracy of Prasert. And publish order 1/1989 item Transfer of power from parliament to National Revolutionary Assembly on 31 May 1989. +Prasert and group jailed about destroy the national security. Later Court of Appeal judged dismiss on 11 August 1994. +Prasert Subsunthorn +Life and career +Honour +References +External Links +Bhichai Rattakul (16 September 1926 — ) is a Thai politician who served as the deputy prime minster from 1983-1990 and 1997-2000 and served as chairman of the Democrat Party until 1991. +Bhichai Rattakul was born 16 September 1926 at Bangkok and came from a Thai Chinese. +Bhichai graduated Bangkok Christian College and Siantstephen School in Hong Kong. +Bhichai married to Jaruay Rattakul. He has 2 sons names is Bhichit Rattakul and Anatchai Rattakul and 1 daughter name is Patchari Wongphaitoon. +Order of the White Elephant Order of the Crown of Thailand[5] +External Links +Education +Work +Award +Insignia +References +Jarupan Kuladilok (9 August 1973 -)is Thai politician, political activist. She is daughter of Chut Kuladilok. +Jarupan Kuladilok graduated Bachelor's degree at Mahidol University and Master's degree at University of Birmingham and Doctor of Philosophy at Humboldt University of Berlin. +Jarupan Kuladilok was professor at Mahidol University since 2003 to 2009. +She resigned in 2008 and She is Member of parliament of Pheu Thai Party. +1998 - 2000 Doctoral Fellowship, EU-Commission on Food Technology Project, Berlin University of Technology 1994 - 1995 Reseach Fellowship, The University of Birmingham, UK +2013 - Order of the White Elephant[4] 2012 - Order of the Crown of Thailand [5] 2011 - [6] +Biology +References +Wattana Maungsuk (28 May 1957 — ) is a Thai politician. +He has held the positions of Minister of Social Development and Human Security, Minister of Industry, Minister of the , Minister of Commerce and Deputy Minister of Commerce. +Wattana Maungsuk nickname is Kai. He was born in Prachinburi. He graduated at Suankularb Wittayalai School, Chulalongkorn University until studied at Bangkok He was Temple boy at Wat Thepsirintarawas Ratworrawihan. +20 April 2016, Jarun Sangsiri law committee get power from NCPO met Somnuk Santipakanan for prosecution with Wattana Maungsak about violates the order 39/2557 of National Council for Peace and Order. +He jailed 2 years and fined not over 40,000 baht.[5] 1 October 2016 He joined with United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship in United States.[6] +Work +Political activities and human rights +Mod Dang Lom Chang Station +Education[1] +References +Sanea Tinsan or Piangdin Rakthai[1] born 18 June 1965 at Chiang Rai Province. He is political activists abroad.[2][3] +High School : Phayaopittayakom School Bachelor Degree : Faculty of Education, Chiang Mai University, Second honors and Outstanding students in 1987 Master's Degree : University of Sydney Doctor of Philosophy : Literacy, Culture and Language Education from Indiana University Bloomington. +Sanea Tinsan work in 1987 with Department of United State name is The Consortium at Panatnikom Chonburi Province. He help taught English language and American culture with immigrant. After graduated in Australia, He is professor of Chiang Mai University since 1994 to 2000. He teaches many country such as Australia, United Kingdom, United State and Afghanistan. +In 2011, He establish Thai People's Revolutionary University for Democracy and Thai Alliance for Human Rights registered when 28 June 2012 with California. He review politic of thailand by not rude But make people think such as Chuan Kid Chuan Luai [4] [5] [6] He create peaceful revolution theory. And He wake Thai people revolt for peaceful revolution for International Democracy. +He is name group overthrow monarchy and must find a lawsuit article 112.[8] Now He refuse in United States And He established Seri Thai with Charupong Ruangsuwan. +Sanea Tinsan +Cooperation with foreign news agencies +See Also +References +External Links +CNN CCTV NHK TV5Monde RAI STRFT VTV +Thai News Agency cooperation with foreign agency such as +Television +Radio +ABC BBC VOA CNN Radio +MCOT +Thai News Agency is organization about news agency of MCOT. founded in16 June 1977. +Thai News Agency has main responsibilities about production, gather, analyze and report news for on air in Radio, Television, Electronics, Internet, Social Media and other. +References +Biography +Political role +Surachai Danwattananusorn or Surachai Saedan was born24 December 1942 in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province. He is political activist in exile abroad, last prisoner about Communism and former committee in Thai Rak Thai Party Nakhon Si Thammarat Province. Now He is leader in Red Siam. +Surachai Danwattananusorn or Surachai Saedan (陳嘉前) was born 24 December 1942 at Thaphaya Tumbol Pak Phanang District Nakhon Si Thammarat Province. +He was son of Yokyuan and Somchao Saedan. He graduated at Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University. +He married 3 peoples. He has 3 sons and 1 daughter. +Surachai Saedan well know after began Thammasat University massacre. He was main members of Communist Party of Thailand. He got the death penalty in Murder case for train rob. But later He received a royal pardon in 1988. +Later, Surachai joined to parliament politic by He was member of New Aspiration Party for persuasion of Chavalit Yongchaiyudh and He apply for a candidate in senate of Nakhon Si Thammarat and candidate of House of Representative in Thai Rak Thai Party But He not elected. +Surachai Saedan join protest expel Council for National Security. After He established Red siam with Jakrapob Penkair by not concerned UDD. +6 August 2007, He up stage of United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship. +He blasphemed Chuan Leekpai. Criminal Court judgment adjust 50,000 baht Later defendant confessed reduced penalty adjust 25,000 baht. +22 February 2011, Police caught Surachai Saedin accord to the arrest warrant of the Criminal Court 27/2554 in Lèse majesté for speeched near Sanam Laung.[3] 28 February 2012, Criminal Court to imprisoned 7 years 6 months[4] Later 3 October 2013 He received a royal pardon.[5] +Now Surachai Saedan want revolution in Thailand. He make program "Patiwat Prathetthai" or "Thailand Revolution" pubblish in youtube. It has target program for present news and guidelines for overthrow moranchy for change Thailand to Republic. +He violated order of National Council for Peace and Order (57/2557) until Military court issued an arrest warrant. +Surachai Danwattananusorn +Early life +Work +Political Work +References +Charoen Suebsang (11 November 1902 - 27 December 1969) is former politician who represented Pattani Province. +Charoen Suebsang born 11 November 1902 [1] is second child of Sui Suebsang and Aun Suebsung And He is brother of Charoon Suebsang. +He graduated at Chulalongkorn University in 1913. +He died on 27 December 1969. +He was public servant at Department of Public Health is Physician backup between 1925 to 1930. +In 1934 He worked in Department of Public Health and He came back to Pattani on 1 May 1936. +Charoen worked in Politicial in 1936. +He elected as member of Pattani City Council. +And 1940 to 1946 He elected as mayor of Pattani. After He elected as member house of representatives of Thailand on January 1946 [2] +Awat Ratanapintha (Nickname: Ud; born 8 February 1996) is a Thai actor. He graduated from Srinakharinwirot University Prasarnmit Demonstration School (elementary/secondary) and is studying film production at Chulalongkorn University. +Year Title Role Note 2013 Hormones: The Series Awat (Oak) 2014 ThirTEEN Terrors Jack Hormones: The Series 2 Awat (Oak) 2015 Stupid Cupid The Series Japanese Doctor 2017 Project S The Series Spike! +(Volleyball) Leng +2012 : Tang Yak Wat Jai 2012 : Kao Reak Pom Wa Hua Jai +Frozen hormones Wake for Dhamma EP.37 Hang over Thailand 2016 +Hormones Night Live (2013) Hormones Prom Night (2014) STAR THEQUE GTH 11 (2015) +Awat Ratanapintha อวัช รัตนปิณฑะ Awat Ratanapintha on Facebook Awat Ratanapintha on Twitter Awat Ratanapintha on Instagram +Series +Concert +Work +Movie +TV Program +External Links +External Links +เพิ่มการแปล +History +เพิ่มการแปล +References +Witsarut Himmarat (Nickname : Mostโมสต์) is Thai actor of Broadcast Thai Television of Channel 3. +Witsarut Himmarat nickname is Most. +He born 6 January 1993 at Udontani Hospital. He graduated Faculty of Fine Arts of Srinakharinwirot University.[1] He was actor from Nongmai Project in 2012 He role in Phupa. +Witsarut Himmarat +External Links +Election +References +For Heaven and Earth Party is a political party in Thailand founded on 5 April 2000 +For Heaven and Earth Party founded by Nitiphumthanat Ming-rujiralai registered with Election Commission of Thailand former name is Cooperative Party in 5 April 2003 but Nitiphumthanat Ming-rujiralai went abroad, So Santi Asoke proceed party and change name is For Heaven and Earth Party. +[2] +Since founded party For Heaven and Earth Party not send candidate for election. +Until Thai general election, 2011 For Heaven and Earth Party send candidate for election number 18 is Party list and Constituency. but election campaign this party support Vote no by resolution of +Other sources +Album +Ost. +Gena Desouza Background information Native name ณัฐชา เดอซูซ่า Also known as Jeena D., Gena Desouza, Jeena D. MBO Born May 2, 1997 (20 years) Bangkok Thailand Genres Pop Occupation(s) Singer, Actress Years active 2014-Present Labels Classy Records (2013-2014), MBO Teen Entertainment (2015-Present) Associated acts MBO The Idol Game หน้าใหม่ พร้อมเกิด +References +Series +Early life and education +Workings +Participation song +Solo single +Gena Desouza (Thai: จีน่า เดอซูซ่า) is a Thai singer and actress. She is half Thai, half Portuguese. She is known from the "MBO THE AUDITION หน้าใหม่ พร้อมเกิด" project of MBO Teen Entertainment under the network of GMM Grammy and debut with an official solo single, "จริงๆมันก็ดี (Drunk)". +Gena Desouza has a real name is Natcha Desouza (Nickname: Jeena or Jeena D.) ,was born at May 2, 1997. Height 160 cm Weight 44 kg +The beginning in the music industry of "Jeena D." started from her posted her cover song clips on socialcam. Then a team of Classy Records found her clips. She was approached to sing for the album "Matters in February" in 2013, singing in the song "อาย (Shy)". +After that, Jeena participated "MBO THE AUDITION" project. She was chosen by Sis Four (Sakonrut Woraurai), and later became one of the MBO artists under GMM Grammy. Jeena D. has a solo single of her own in the title song. "จริงๆมันก็ดี (Drunk)" +Education, Graduated high school from Mater Dei School. At present, studying bachelor's degrees at the 3rd year in Faculty of Communication Arts, Advertising, Bangkok University. +Date Title Detail 14/09/17 "จริงๆมันก็ดี (Drunk) "[4] Song : จริงๆมันก็ดี (Drunk) Artist : Gena Desouza Music by : RULE TEEN Lyrics : Piyawat Meekrue (Poo 25 Hours) Composed : Pratheep Siri-issaranan (Four 25 Hours) Arranged : Pratheep Siri-issaranan Executive Producer : Poonsak Jaturaboon (Aof Big Ass) Produced by Pratheep Siri-issaranan All Instruments : Pratheep Siri-issaranan Engineered & Recorded by Pratheep Siri-issaranan at Happy Hippo studio Mixed & Mastered by Rawee Kangsanarak +Year Title Artist 2016 "วัดใจ" (Test one's willingness) *Soundtrack of MBO The Idol Game หน้าใหม่ พร้อมเกิด Various artists of MBO "พ่อเล่าให้ฟัง" (The father recounted) *Songs to honor His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej. Various artists of MBO 2017 "มาม้าบอก" (Mama told) Ammy The Bottom Blues feat. +Year Title หมายเหตุ 2017 "ความลับในใจ" (Secret in mind) *Original soundtrack of the series "รัก/ชั้น/นัย #TheUnderwear" With Emika Grant, Pemika Suktawee "นาฬิกาตาย" (The dead clock) *Original soundtrack of the series "รัก/ชั้น/นัย #TheUnderwear" +"Matters in February" album of lassy Records, singing a song "อาย" (2014) +jeenagena on Instagram +Draft:Gena Desouza +Single +Series +Concert +Education +Film +Filmography +Host +External Links +STAR THEQUE GTH 11 (2558) +ขอพร BOXX MUSIC +Gunn Junhavat (nickname Gunn) is a Thai actor, host and singer. He was born 31 December 1993. +He graduate at Mattayom 6, Srinakharinwirot University Prasarnmit Demonstration School and Bachelor degree at College of Music, Mahidol University Major Musician Technology (Electronic Guitar) +Year Name Role 2549 Dorm 2552 Dear Galileo Angoon 2554 SuckSeed Tem Impact (Vocalist Arena) 2557 Mother +Year Program Role Channel 2553 Sailub the Series Tom 9 MCOT 2556 Hormones: The Series Tar ONE 2557 Hormones: The Series Season 2 GMM 25 ThirTEEN Terrors Turk 2558 Hormones: The Series Seasion 3 Tar ONE 2560 Guiding Light The Series Note MCOT HD Mitisayong Jack GMM 25 Love Songs Love Series 2 Jet GMM 25 2561 Bangrak Soi 9/1 Joke ONE +Program Channel Hang Over Thailand 2010 Travel Channel Thailand Play Gang Boys Meet Girls Play Channel Hang Over Thailand 2015 ONE Hang Over Thailand 2016 GMM25 Game of Teens GMM25 Love Missions GMM25 +References +See Also +Progress Party is the first political party in Thailand founded in 1945 by Kukrit Pramoj and important person such as Suwitt Pansed, Sor Sethabud, Boontheng Thongsawat. +Group person is opposite option for Khana Ratsadon and many person join Boworadet rebellion[1] In 1946 Progress Party split for Democrat Party. +Referenx +Liberal Party is political party in Thailand. +Liberal Party founded by Seraneeporm Komlas on 16 September 1983[1] After Seraneeporm Komlas resigned the office of the party leader on 27 July 1985, Narong Kittikachorn son of Thanom Kittikachorn and son-in-law of Praphas Charusathien is leder party. Liberal Party dissolved on 8 January 1993 due to Liberal Party was not sent candidate to election in +References +See Also +Executive Committee of the United Thai People's Party (1969-1971) +External Links +United Thai People's Party is a political party in Thailand founded on 24 October 1969 was founded by Thanom Kittikachorn. +In the Thai general election, 1969 United Thai People's Party won the most seats in election. They won 75 of 219 seats. +Thanom Kittikachorn (Leader) Praphas Charusathien (Vice-Leader) Pote Sarasin (Vice-Leader) Dawee Chullasapya (Secretary-General) Kris Sivara (Vice Secretary-General) Sawang Senanarong (Vice Secretary-General) Pichai Kullavanich (Vice Secretary-General) Serm Vinitchaikul (Committee) Pong Punnagun (Committee) Jitti Navisatean (Committee) Tawee Rangkhum (Committee) Chuchat Kumphu (Committee) Kris Punnagun (Committee) Jaroon Chatiaroon (Committee) Boonchu Chantarubekkha (Committee) Sanga Kittikachorn (Committee) +Thanom Kittikachorn +References +Nationalist Party is a political party of Thailand founded on 6 February 1956 [1] by Net Poonwiwat is leader and Paisal Chatbood is secretary-general. +In 26 February 1957 Nationalist Party won in election. +They won 4 seats. +References +Movie +Stage play +Works +Music +Jayson Young (31 January 1980) is Thai actor and singer. +He is a Buddhism. He graduate Columbia College. +Young Jayson (1995) Jayson Yongster (1996) C.J.L. friends club (1997) Be My Guest Album Most Wanted (2010) +For.Helair (2015) +6:66 (2009) +Bunlang Mek the musical The Last Day Show: Will I Survive? +History +References +Works +Music Video +Host +Loi Lueng Kreng Padub Game Lakon Pisana Bubpayalawad Buddy Game 168 Hours Natee Chukchen The Eyes +Oye oye (1988) +9 มกราคม 2557. Retrieved 3 กุมภาพันธ์ 2559. Check date values in: |access-date=, |date= (help) ↑ ""จอนนี่-เปิ้ล" ได้ฤกษ์ปลงผมนาค ก่อนบวช 15 วันที่อินเดีย ลั่นขอทำเพื่อ "ในหลวง"". +3 กุมภาพันธ์ 2559. Retrieved 3 กุมภาพันธ์ 2559. Check date values in: |access-date=, |date= (help) ↑ จอนนี่ แอนโฟเน่ ↑ "ชีวิตที่เปลี่ยนไปหลังอุบัติเหตุไฟไหม้ "จอนนี่ แอนโฟเน"". ผู้จัดการออนไลน์. +16 กันยายน 2554. Retrieved 3 กุมภาพันธ์ 2559. Check date values in: |access-date=, |date= (help) ↑ "จอนนี่ แอนโฟเน เผย ติดมอร์ฟีนหนัก ลงแดงนาน 8 เดือน". สนุกดอตคอม. +22 สิงหาคม 2554. Retrieved 3 กุมภาพันธ์ 2559. Check date values in: |access-date=, |date= (help) ↑ รางวัลตุ๊กตาทอง พ.ศ. +Johny Anfone (28 October 1969) is Thai actor, host and singer. +Johny is son of Rene Anfone[1] is musican of Philippines and Laongtip Puboon. Graduate from [2] +Johny married with Jariya Anfone. He has 3 sons[3] such as Jirayu (Jame), Jompak (Jamemy) and Jarichaya (Gene)[4][5] +References +List of Leaders +Solidarity Party is a political party in Thailand founded in 10 March 1983 by Thawi Kaikub in name is Prachathai Party[1][2] 27 May 1986 Prachathai Party change name is Ruamthai Party[3] and change name is Solidarity Party[4] +Thawi Kraikub (10 January 1983 - 27 May 1986) Narong Wongwan (5 June 1986[5] - 1 June 1991) Boonchu Rojanastien (27 June 1991 - 20 July 1992) Uthai Pimchaichon (20 July 1992 - 21 August 1995) Chaiyos Sasomsub (1 December 2000 - 17 January 2002) +Solidarity Party (Thailand) +References +External links +The New Alternative Party is a political party in Thailand founded in 2 March 2018 by Rachen Tagunviang. +The New Alternative Party allowed NCPO. for consult party in 24 March 2018 at Richmond Hotel.[1] Later change place consult is Riverside Hotel.[2] Resolution chose Rachen is leader and Pairoj Kathumtongles is Secretary-General.[3] +New Alternative Party on Facebook +References +Election results +New Democracy Party is a political party in Thailand. +Founded on 21 April 2011. +Suratin Pichan is Leader and Nipon Chuenta is Deputy Leader and Jumrus Kraiyasit is Secretary-General.[1] [2] [3] +New Democracy Party (Thailand) +Minister +External Links +Election +Political Carrier +Jumlong Dowreng (9 October 1910 - 4 October 1949) is former deputy minister of finance under Thawan Thamrongnawasawat. He is Four Tigers of Isaan such as Jamlong Dowreng, Thong-in Phuripat, Tiang Sirikhanth and Thawin Udol. +Siamese general election, 1937 () Siamese general election, 1938 (Maha Sarakham Province) Siamese general election, 1946 (Maha Sarakham Province) +Minister under Thawi Bunyaket Minister under Seni Pramoj Minister under Thawan Thamrongnawasawat Ministry of Finance under Thawan Thamrongnawasawat +Jumlong Dowreng +References +History +United Land Party is a political party in Thailand. +United Land Party founded in 21 June 1957 by Sukich Nimmanheminda former member representative of Seri Manangkasila Party. [1] Sarit Thanarat support this party. +References +History +Ganith Sarasin nickname Pe was born 25 December 1964. is a Thai host and actor. +Ganith is youngest son of Pao and Thawika Sarasin. He graduate from Chulalongkorn University Demonstration School, Chiang Mai University and Boston University. He has 2 son name is Gorawit and Anapat Sarasin. +After He graduated, He worked in CP, Standard Chartered PLC and He is actor and host tv program is Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? and Metrosexual (film). +References +History +Political career +Gris Srifa (born 23 April 1961) is a Thai politician. +He is a Member of Parliament for the Thai Rak Thai Party. +Gris Srifa was born 23 April 1961. +He graduated with a Bachelor of Political Science deegree from the +Gris first entered politics as an MP with the Thai Rak Thai Party in 2004. +He won Juris Laksanawisit from Democrat Party (Thailand). +References +Work +History +Royal decorations +External links +Vichien Khaokham (born 28 March 1956) is a Thai politician. He is a Member of Parliament for the Pheu Thai Party and member of . +Vichien Khaokham was born in Ban Phue District, Udon Thani Province. He studied Rajabhat Maha sarakham University. +Vichien began his political career in the 1988 general elections, representing Udon Thani Province and the Thai Nation Party, National Development Party and Social Action Party. +In the elections of 2007, He won elections in Udontani MP.[1] +2011 - Order of the Crown of Thailand [3] Order of the White Elephant พ.ศ. +References +External Links +Saran Anning or Saran born 16 March 1996. +He graduated from Bromgrov International School. Now He study at Chulalongkorn University. +And He interest in music. He probation is model and He study in sing songs seriously. Until He is singer of GMM Grammy by Pol Kotchapak is producer. [2] +Saran Anning on Twitter เพจศรัญ แอนนิ่ง +References +Biography +External Links +Unnop Thongborisut (nickname: Por) is a Thai singer, actor and the winner of the 7th season of reality talent show True Visions' Academy Fantasia. +Unnop Thongborisut was born in Uttaradit Province, Thailand. +He has 2 brothers name is Pan and Plam. +He graduated at Marie Vithaya School and Bachelor degree at Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Science.[1][2] Now He studies Ramkhamhaeng University, Faculty of Mass Communication. +In 2010, Unnop Thongborisut auditioned for the seventh season of True Academy Fantasia. He made it through final audition round to complete in the show and continued two audition weeks to be 12 finalist in the house, then the winner of the season. +References +Movie +Single +History +18 Karat role Saichon (1986) +Saichon Radomkit was main member of The Innocent between 1979 to 1989. He is singer under Bakery Music. +Saichon Radomkit is junior student of Peerasanti Chubsamai. He studied in Darunaratchaburi School. He founded Innocent together with Sittisak Kitteng. +Saichon was officiated vocalist and played Rythm Guitar and Percussion. +1996 - A Touch of The Innocent (Boyd Kosiyabong is producer) 1998 - Portrait of The Innocent (Peerasanti Chubsamai is producer) +After Bakery Music dissolved. He has been persuaded from Boyd Kosiyabong to care artist in Love Is record label. +External Links +Work +History +Series +Sitcom +Bussiness +Movie +Magazines +Leo Saussay on Instagram Leo Saussay on Twitter +Leo Saussay (nickname: Leo) is Thai actor, host and singer. +He was member of B +Leo graduated Wat Nairong School and Bangkok University, Bachelor of Arts Bangkok University. Now He fellowship with Arita Ramnarong. +Year Thai Name Channel Role Note 2561 ชั่วโมงต้องมนต์ ช่อง 3 Justin +References +External Links +Local Progressive Party is a Thai political party founded on 15 March 1971[1] by Chumnan Yuvaboon is leader and Ram Bunyaprasob is secretary-general. +Main policy of party is build local government unit to strong. +Action Coalition for Thailand is a political party in Thailand founded in 25 May 2018 by Tavisak Na Taguathung lawyer of Suthep Thaugsuban.[1] In 3 June 2017 Action Coalition for Thailand Party organized the party’s first meeting over the weekend, announcing its ideologies and determination to reform the country. +References +Norraphat Vilaiphan (born 23 December 1997; nickname Bright or Brightnorr) is Thai actor of The One Enterprise Company Limited. Work to know is Dokkeawkalong.[1][2] +Bright graduated Suankularb Wittayalai Rangsit School And He study Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology [3] (Now He studying ) +External Links +References +Thai Civilized Party is a political party in Thailand founded in 2 March 2018 by Mongkolkit Suksintararanon[1] +In 10 June 2018 Thai Civilized Party resolution chose Mongkolkit is leader and Nuchapol or Mark Pitbull is Vice leader. +Thai Civilized Party on Facebook +Organization +References +Commoner Party is a political party in Thailand founded in 2 March 2018 by Kittichai Ngamchaipisit or Oun YT (Youth Training Center) former leader Porguntee. +Commonner Movement founded in 2012 by activists for have lesson about enforcement of state power and public policy to not care poor[2] Idealogy of Commoner Party is Liberal Democracy and not support PM. not from election. +1 2 เทวฤทธิ์ มณีฉาย. "'พรรคสามัญชน' ชู ‘ประชาธิปไตยฐานราก-สิทธิมนุษยชน-ความเป็นธรรม’ หวังแก้รธน.จนถึงร่างใหม่". prachatai.org March 4, 2018. https://prachatai.org/journal/2018/03/75710. ↑ ธิติ มีแต้ม. "สำรวจพรรคการเมืองสตาร์ทอัพ นับหนึ่งสู่การเลือกตั้ง". the101.world March 8, 2018. ↑ หทัยกาญจน์ ตรีสุวรรณ. "จับตาพรรคใหม่ ตัวแทน ประชาธิปไตยVS คสช. ชิงมวลชนก่อนเลือกตั้ง 2562". +BBC Thai March 9, 2018. ↑ พิชิตศักดิ์ แก่นนาคำ. "ถอดโมเดล 'พรรคสามัญชน' เชื่อม 'ประชาธิปไตยจากฐานราก' เข้าสู่สภา". voicetv.co.th March 20, 2018. +References +External Links +ฺBangkok +This is a list of the 480 members of the House of Representatives of Thailand for the 2007–2011 legislative term. +2007-2008 Party Proportional Constituency TOTAL Bangkok Centre North Northeast South East West เพื่อไทย 27 6 38 36 75 - 2 2 186 ประชาธิปัตย์ 33 30 23 2 5 56 16 14 179 ภูมิใจไทย 3 - 3 - 25 - 1 2 34 เพื่อแผ่นดิน 6 - - 1 17 3 - - 27 ชาติไทยพัฒนา 1 - 17 - 4 - - 1 23 รวมชาติพัฒนา 1 - 1 1 6 - - - 9 ประชาราช 1 - 2 - 2 - 3 - 8 กิจสังคม 1 - 2 1 - - 1 - 5 มาตุภูมิ 1 - - - 1 - - - 2 Idependent - - 1 - - - - - 1 TOTAL 74 36 87 41 135 56 26 19 474 +Draft:List of members of the House of Representatives of Thailand, 2007–2011 +References +Economist Party is a political party of Thailand founded on 4 October 1955 by Thep Chotnuchit is leader and Keaw Norapiti is secretary-general. +In 26 February 1957 Economist Party won in election. They won 9 seats.[2] +Reference +Labour Party is a political party of Thailand founded on 23 December 1968[1] +Kan Chueakeaw is leader and Weera Thanomkiang is secretary-general. In 10 February 1969 Labor Party lose in election. +Pongkool Suebsung +History +References +Pongkool Suebsung on Instagram +Pongkool Suebsung nickname is Pop is Thai singer, song composer. +Pongkool Suebsung was born 23 June 1981. +He graduated Prajinratumrong School and Bachelor degree from Thaksin University. +He join First Stage Project in 2003 and He has song working is Album is First Stage Project in 2004. +After that Pop joined with Win (Assawin Duriyangkoon) and They founded Calories Blah Blah.[1] +History +References +Musical +Host +Work +Jiratchai Chayuti (26 July 1988 —) is Thai singer , actor and host. +Jiratchai Chayuti nickname is Techin. He graduated Kasetsart University major Western Music. He married Lalita Temtavonkul nickname is Lin. +He married on 6 February +Oishi Kudasai LIVE@G +Mae Bear the musical +Jiratchai Chayuti on Instagram +Plot +Eternal Link +Reference +Cast +In Family We Trust 309x309px Also known as 309x309px Genre Drama, Suspect Created by The One Enterprise Nadao Bangkok 4NOLOGUE Written by Songyos Sugmakanan Directed by Songyos Sugmakanan Starring Country of origin Thailand Original language(s) Thai No. of episodes 13 Episodes Production Executive producer(s) Takonkiet Viravan Niphon Phionen Release Original network One Picture format 16:9 Audio format Channel 4 Original release 14 กันยายน พ.ศ. +2561 External links In Family We Trust (One 31) +In Family We Trust (Thai: เลือดข้นคนจาง, RTGS: Lueat Khon Khon Chang) was a 2018 Thai TV series [1] that aired on Channel One 31, produced by The One Enterprise, Nadao Bangkok and 4NOLOGUE[2][3], written and directed by Songyos Sugmakanan[4] .It starred Nappon Gomarachun, Patravadi Mejudhon, Songsit Roongnophakunsri, Saksit Tangthong, Kathaleeya McIntosh, Sopitnapa Choompanee and Kejmanee Wattanasin and members of 9x9[2][3][5][6][4] +It’s a drama about conflicts in a big family, Jiraanan, involving sexual, rival and murder. +Cast Role Nappon Gomarachun Granddad Patravadi Mejudhon Grandmom Songsit Roongnophakunsri Prasoet Saksit Tangthong Meth Kathaleeya McIntosh Phatson Supoj Chancharoen Konkan Sopitnapa Choompanee Cris Apasiri Nitibhon Nipha Phollawat Manuprasert Wichian Kejmanee Wattanasin Namphueng Pimmara Charoenpukdi Pim Pitisak Yaowananon Policeman Chawalit Chittanan Thaneth Warakulnukroh Policeman Kritsanapoom Pibulsonggram Pete Thanapob Leeratanakajorn Yi Teeradon Supapunpinyo Vegas Chakkarin Kangwankiatchai Toei Chonlathorn Kongyingyong Oen Pharit Inthonkomansut Chi Lapat Ngamchaweng Tao Sivakorn Virojanadul Hutieu Wachirawit Aranthanawong Macao Kanyawee Songmuang Muai Swanya Phaisanphayak Meimei +In Family We Trust +เลือดข้นคนจาง บน ช่องวัน 31 เลือดข้นคนจาง บน ไลน์ทีวี In Family We Trust (2018) on IMDb +External Links +References +Rak Santi Party is a political party in Thailand founded in 21 April 2011 by Tawil Surachetpong is leader and Pornpen Petsuksiri is Secretary-General.[2][3] +References +People Reform Party is a conservative political party in Thailand. +The party was established and registered at the Electoral Commission on 2 March, 2018, by Paiboon Nititawan. +[1] +External links +References +Commoner Party of Thailand (อังกฤษ: Commoner Party of Thailand) is a political party in Thailand founded in 3 March 2014[1] by Tanaporn Sriyakoon is leader. +On 20 April 2014 Commoner Party of Thailand organized the party's first, announcing ideologies and policy to edit the law article 112 +History +Huáng Lìhuī (Mandarin: 细伟; พินอิน: Xì wěi; 1927 — 16 September 1959) is the name of a Chinese criminal suspected of killing children and eat their livers between BE 2497–2501. +At least 6 children were killed by Lìhuī. +The story of Lìhuī has become an urban legend about serial killers and cannibalism in Thailand. Thai adults have scared children who are stubborn by saying that "Lìhuī will come and eat their liver"[1]. The legend has later been turned into a movie and TV series. +Huáng Lìhuī (จีน: 黄利辉; พินอิน: Huáng Lìhuī) Or, what Thai people called "Xi-Uī" was born in 1927 in Shantou. He is the 3rd child among the 12 children of the Huáng family (Mr.ฮุนฮ้อ and Mrs.ไป๋ติ้ง) The Huángs are poor farmers. +In his childhood and teenage year, Lìhuī was 5 foot tall. Hence, he was frequently bullied until a monk preached to him that if he wanted to be strong, he should eat meat and human organs. The monk's teaching, hence, imprinted in Lìhuī's heart. +In 1945, when Lìhuī turned 18, he was enlisted as a soldier for World War II. +He served in the 8th infantry unit, while China and Japan were at war. Lìhuī was sent to the battle field in Myanmar near the border of China for one full year. During this time that he faced hardship and death, when food was scarce and his fellow soldiers kept dying from the battle, Lìhuī got a taste of human flesh for the first time. +When the war ended, Lìhuī was discharged. With povertyซีอุยถูกเพื่อน ๆ ชักชวนให้เข้ามาหางานทำในเมืองไทย โดยหลบหนีเข้าเมืองมาด้วยการเป็นกรรมกรรับจ้างในเรือขนส่งสินค้าชื่อ "โคคิด" เมื่อวันที่ 28 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2489 ด้วยการหลบซ่อนมาเป็นเวลา 3 สัปดาห์เต็ม โดยขึ้นฝั่งที่ท่าเรือคลองเตย และหลบซ่อนตัวในโรงแรมห้องแถวเล็ก ๆ แห่งหนึ่ง ต่อมาได้เดินทางไปยังอำเภอทับสะแก จังหวัดประจวบคีรีขันธ์ เพื่อไปหาญาติ ที่นั่น ซีอุยทำงานด้วยการรับจ้างทำสวนผักและรับจ้างทั่วไปเป็นเวลานานถึง 8 ปีเต็ม ก่อนที่ซีอุยจะก่ออาชญากรรม โดยที่ซีอุยมีนิสัยชอบเกาหัวและหาวอยู่เสมอ ๆ มีบุคลิกชอบเก็บตัว +User:Hypotheses/Huáng Lìhuī +1 2 "สุดระทึก!!! เจอ "ซีอุย" คนกินตับ ตัวจริง ของจริง". ผู้จัดการออนไลน์. +May 29, 2012. Retrieved July 10, 2016. ↑ "บางอ้อ : ซีอุย ไม่ได้ฆ่า ตอน 1". โมเดิร์นไนน์ทีวี. +December 17, 2008. Retrieved August 7, 2016. ↑ "บางอ้อ : ซีอุย ไม่ได้ฆ่า ตอน 2". โมเดิร์นไนน์ทีวี. +December 24, 2008. Retrieved August 7, 2016. ↑ "สารคดีประวัติของ ซีอุย (In Thai)". ยูทูบ. +October 27, 2012. Retrieved July 10, 2016. ↑ "ซีอุย (2527) Title 1". ยูทูบ. +February 10, 2010. Retrieved July 10, 2016. ↑ "ขอเชิญโหวต - 10 หนังไทยเด่นแห่งปี 2534 ... เรื่องใดที่ชอบที่สุดในสายตาคนปัจจุบัน". พันทิปดอตคอม. +March 26, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2016. ↑ "ซีอุย". สยามโซน. Retrieved July 10, 2016. ↑ ""ซีอุย"ลั่นอำลาจอตู้". muaythai2000. +5. Mickey Hallway and +6. Mega Store[1] +23-25 November 2018 "MEET & GREET WITH DISNEY FRIENDS" 24 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. +Celebration in abroad +England[1] Americas Paris France Los Angeles Americas[2][3] Singapore +Gallery +Thailand +Inspirations Mickey Mouse by Thai's Artists +90th anniversary celebration of world's most favorite character i.e. Mickey Mouse.)[1][2] is the Celebration of world's most favorite character "Mickey Mouse"[3] Since 1928 from the first movie of Mickey Mouse in public first time 18 November 1928 after launched in short animation film name "Steamboat Willie" (ภาษาไทย: สตีมโบท วิลลี่) directed by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks the Celebration of "90th anniversary celebration of world's most favorite character i.e. Mickey Mouse" [4] occurred around the world[5] example Americas[6], England, France[7], Japan, Hongkong, Singapore และรวมทั้งประเทศไทย ซึ่งทางวอลท์ ดิสนีย์ (ประเทศไทย) หรือ เดอะ วอลท์ ดิสนีย์ จับมือกับกลุ่มบริษัท คิง เพาเวอร์ โดย คิง เพาเวอร์ เป็นผู้ร่วมจัดงานฉลองดังกล่าว ในชื่องาน "คิง เพาเวอร์ แอนด์ ดิสนีย์ เอนด์เลส เซเลเบรชั่นส์" (ภาษาอังกฤษ: King Power and Disney Endless Celebrations)[8] โดยงานจัดขึ้นระหว่างเดือน พฤศจิกายน พ.ศ. +See also +Mickey Mouse King Power Aiyawatt Srivaddhanaprabbha +References +Activities +In Thailand ภายในงานผู้เข้าร่วมจะได้รับพาสปอร์ตเพื่อใช้ร่วมกิจกรรมพร้อมสายรัด สำหรับพาสปอร์ตที่ได้มาก็จะมีแผนที่จุดต่าง ๆ ซึ่งสามารถใช้ร่วมกิจกรรมตามกติกา โดยในงานมีทั้งหมด 6 Zones[1] +1. Mickey Gallery +2. Celebration Express +3. Garden of Dreams) +4. Mickey & Friends Boulevard +Following lists are spider's families around the world. Lists are arrange in alphabetical order. About 107 families on this article. with estimate of 40,000 species.[1][2] +with 7 Spider's families. +Deinopidae[1] Author Desidae Author Dictynidae Author Diguetidae Author Dipluridae Author Drymusidae Author Dysderidae Author +with 3 Spider's families. +Eresidae Author Euctenizidae Author Eutichuridae Yellow sac spiders Author Lehtinen, 1967[1] +with 1 Spider's family. +Filistatidae[1] Author +with 13 Spider's families. +with 3 Spider's families. +with 6 Spider's families. +with 1 Spider's family. +Actinopodidae[1] Author Simon, 1892 found 3 genera 47 species. +Agelenidae Author C. L. Koch, 1837 found 70 genera 1168 species. +Amaurobiidae Author Thorell, 1870 found 51 genera 287 species Ammoxenidae Author Simon, 1893 พบ 4 genera 18 species Amphinectidae Author found 32 genera 159 species Anapidae Author Simon, 1895 found 38 genera 154 species Antrodiaetidae Author Gertsch, 1940 found 2 genera Anyphaenidae Author Bertkau, 1878 found 56 genera Araneidae Author Clerck, 1757[2] common name: Orb weavers[3] found 169 genera Archaeidae Author C. L. Koch & Berendt, 1854 found 4 genera Arkyidae Author L. Koch, 1872 Atracidae Author Hogg, 1901 Atypidae Author Thorell, 1870 found 3 genera Austrochilidae Author Zapfe, 1955[4][5] found 3 genera +with 6 Spider's families. +with 9 Spider's families. +with 3 Spider's families. +with 5 Spider's families. +with 14 Spider's families. +with 12 Spider's families. +with 1 Spider's family. +with 12 Spider's families. +with 2 Spider's families. +Udubidae[1] Author Uloboridae Author +with 1 Spider's family. +Viridasiidae[1] Author +Barychelidae[1] Author Simon, 1889 found 42 genera 295 species. +with 2 Spider's families. +Zodariidae[1] Author Thorell, 1881 found 85 genera Zoropsidae[2] Author +Biblioography +60 Spider Families of the World, Amaurobiidae p. 62 Spider Families of the World, Ammoxenidae p. 64 Spider Families of the World, Amphinectidae p. +References +External links +with 11 Spider's families. +Caponiidae Author Simon, 1890 Found 15 genera. +Chummidae Author Found 1 genera. +Cithaeronidae Author Simon, 1893 Found 2 genera. +Clubionidae Author Wagner, 1887 Corinnidae Author Karsch, 1880 Ctenidae Author Keyserling, 1877 Ctenizidae Author Thorell, 1887 Cyatholipidae Author Simon, 1894 Cybaeidae Author Banks, 1892 Cycloctenidae Author Cyrtaucheniidae Author +Other +History +Products & Services +Double A (1991) Public Company Limited (Advance Agro Public Company Limited) is an integrated Pulp and Paper Mill in Thailand. The company was registered as a public company in 1994 and commenced production of Pulp and Paper in 1996. Thailand has sufficient production volume to meet the demand of domestic consumers and the excess capacity is exported. +In 2000, Advance Agro used television commercials and marketing as a tool to create brands for paper, copiers, or office paper. In 2001, Double A cooperated with several copy shop owners to renovate the stores to create Copy Centers and then Stationary Shops having stationery products, such as notebooks, notebooks in the year of 2003 and the opening of the 1759 Double A Delivery. In 2005, the company cooperated with the original stationery, adjusted to be a franchise, stationery under the name of "Double A Stationery" and opened a new 1759 Double A Callcenter. +In 2010, the company's name was changed from Advance Agro Public Company Limited to Double A (1991) Public Company Limited, but the company also called the company "Advance Agro". +Double A Tissue Double A Copy Paper Double A Color Paper Double A Stationary Products Double A Delivery Double A Fast Print Double A Copy Center Double A Stationary Shop Voyage Travel Magazine (Defunct) +Official Website of Double A +Double A (1991) +Deputy Director in Educational Institutions Director in Educational Institutions Deputy Regional Director of Educational Institutions (followed by Area Number or Area Name according to Education Ministry) Regional Director of Educational Institutions (followed by Area Number or Area Name according to Education Ministry) +Administrators in Educations and Educational Institutions +normally consist of the following positions being appointed by the Minister of Education: +Phra Khanong Intersection (Thai: แยกพระโขนง) is a junction in Bangkok Located in the area of Phra Khanong Nuea, Watthana district. It's a crossroads between Sukhumvit Road and Rama 4 Road and Soi Sukhumvit 71 +This jucntion has the BTS Phra khanong station nearby. Popular about very long red light time. In off-peak time, traffic from Rama IV rd. red light set at 216 second (gennerally, you need wait about 2-3 round) and should be much longer in peak time. This area has many of Condominium. +Phra Khanong Intersection +2530 ที่ กรุงเทพมหานคร เป็นบุตรชายคนที่สองของ เลอพงศ์ มหมณีขจร และงามทิพย์ ฉัตรบริรักษ์ [1] โดยหน่องมีพี่ชายหนึ่งคนคือ ปกรณ์ ฉัตรบริรักษ์ และมีน้องชายอีกหนึ่ง คนคือ ภัทร์ ฉัตรบริรักษ์ และยังมีน้องสาวบุญธรรมอีกหนึ่งคนคือ วันใหม่ ฉัตรบริรักษ์ [2] [3] [4] +หน่องจบการศึกษาระดับชั้นประถมศึกษาและมัธยมศึกษาตอนต้นจาก โรงเรียนอัสสัมชัญ และจบการศึกษามัธยมปลายจาก โรงเรียนเตรียมอุดมศึกษา และอุดมศึกษา ก่อนหน้านี้ธนาได้ศึกษาอยู่ที่คณะวิทยาศาสตร์ จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย และได้ย้ายไปศึกษาที่และจบการศึกษาจาก คณะสังคมสงเคราะห์ศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์ [1] +Pat Chatborirak ชื่อเกิด ภัทร์ ฉัตรบริรักษ์ ชื่อเล่น ภัทร์ เกิด 1 พฤษภาคม พ.ศ. +ภัทร์จบการศึกษาระดับประถมศึกษาจากโรงเรียนอัสสัมชัญ มัธยมศึกษาตอนต้นจากโรงเรียนบดินทรเดชา สิงห์ สิงหเสนี ระดับมัธยมศึกษาตอนปลายจากโรงเรียนเตรียมอุดมศึกษา ระดับปริญญาตรีจากคณะครุศาสตร์ จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย (เกียรตินิยมอันดับ 1) และยังเคยได้รับหน้าที่เป็นคทากรแห่งจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัยประจำงานฟุตบอลประเพณีจุฬาฯ–ธรรมศาสตร์[1] ระดับปริญญาโทจากคณะนิเทศศาสตร์ จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย +ภัทร์ก้าวเข้าสู่วงการด้วยการเป็นแขกรับเชิญของ บอย ปกรณ์ พร้อมกับ หน่อง ธนา ในรายการ ตีท้ายครัว หลังจากนั้นภัทร์จึงได้มีโอกาสถ่ายโฆษณาหลายชิ้นและได้เป็นนายแบบให้กับนิตยสารหลายเล่ม ต่อมาช่อง 3 เห็นแววจึงได้เรียกภัทร์มาเซ็นสัญญาเป็นนักแสดงในสังกัด สถานีวิทยุโทรทัศน์ไทยทีวีสีช่อง 3[1] +และในปี 2558 ละครเรื่องแรกคือ สายลับสามมิติ ในบท วิศวะ นักประดิษฐ์สติเฟื่อง[1] [2] ภัทร์มีละครเรื่องที่สองคือ แผนร้าย ลงท้ายว่ารัก โดยรับบทเป็น ภาณุมาศ[3]และละครเรื่อง สามสหายกับคุณนายสะอาด โดยภัทร์รับบทเป็น หมอแท้จริง [4] +2535 ที่จังหวัดสมุทรปราการ จบการศึกษามัธยมศึกษาจาก โรงเรียนอัสสัมชัญสมุทรปราการ และจบการศึกษาปริญญาตรีจาก คณะนิเทศศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยรังสิต (สาขาภาพยนตร์และวิดีทัศน์) [1] +พิชชาภาเข้าสู่วงการจากโมเดลลิ่ง ด้วยความที่ใบหน้า สดใส ทำให้ได้เล่นมิวสิกวิดีโอและโฆษณา โดยผลงานชิ้นแรกเป็นงานโฆษณาของ บิวตี้บุฟเฟ่ต์ ได้มีโอกาสได้แคสต์โฆษณา แล้วก็มีถ่ายนิตยสาร หลังจากนั้นก็มีโอกาสได้เข้ามาแคสต์ละครของค่ายแล้วก็ได้เล่นเรื่องแรกเลย นอกจากนี้พิชชาภาเคยเล่น MV ได้เล่นช่วงเดียวกับที่ได้ละครเรื่องแรก คือถ่ายคู่กันไป โฆษณาก็เคยถ่ายก่อนที่จะเข้าช่องมีถ่ายมา 3 ตัว หลังจากนั้นได้มีผลงานละครเรื่องแรกกับทางช่อง 3 โดยเรื่อง ผู้ดีอีสาน รับบทเ��็นแตงอ่อน ส่วนเรื่องทำให้เป็นที่รู้จักคือเรื่อง ไฟล้างไฟ [1] +2526ที่ จังหวัดอุทัยธานี โดยบิดามีอาชีพเป็น ศึกษานิเทศก์ ส่วนมารดารับราชการเป็นครู [1]สำเร็จการศึกษาสำเร็จการศึกษาระดับมัธยมศึกษา จาก โรงเรียนนครสวรรค์ ระดับปริญญาตรี จาก คณะวิศวกรรมศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยเชียงใหม่ (สาขาวิศวกรรมเครื่องกล) ระดับปริญญาโท จาก คณะวิศวกรรมศาสตร์ จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย (สาขาวิศวกรรมอุตสาหการ) ปีการศึกษา 2553 ด้วยเกรดเฉลี่ยสะสม 3.81 [2] +โดยโบ๊ทเข้าสู่วงการโดยการเดินแบบให้กับห้องเสื้อ นางาร่า และยังเคยเดินแบบในงาน Bangkok International ด้วยความหน้าตาดีบวกกับการมีทักษะทางทำให้โบ๊ทได้เล่นมิวสิกวิดีโอเพลง ร (W8) ของศิลปิน จีน กษิดิศ และโบ๊ทเคยได้เล่นซิทคอมกึ่งละครเวที คือเรื่อง My melody 360 รับบทเป็น ซัน [1] และละครที่สร้างให้กับโบ๊ทคือเรื่อง ไฟรักเพลิงแค้น โดยรับบทเป็นธัญกร [2] +Love by Chance (Thai TV series) Love by Chance (Thai TV series) ศุภพงษ์ อุดมแก้วกาญจนา ชื่อเกิด ศุภพงษ์ อุดมแก้วกาญจนา ชื่อเล่น เซ้นต์ เกิด 17 เมษายน พ.ศ. +Suppapong Udomkaewkanjana (Thai: ศุภพงษ์ อุดมแก้วกาญจนา, born 17 April 1998), nicknamed Saint (Thai: เซ้นต์), Chinese name Huang Ming Ming[…] (simplified Chinese: 黄明明, Pinyin: Huáng míngmíng) is a Thai actor and model. He first gained widespread fame in Thailand and parts of Asia, Europe, America and Latin America through his role as Pete (Pitchaya) in Love By Chance Series in 2018. +Music video +Year Song Title English Title ศิลปิน 2018 ไม่ว่าอะไร (Wish this love) Wish this love Dew Arunpong หวัง Hope Rose Sirintip ขอ Wish Boy Sompob นา นา นา Na Na Na Boy Sompob 2019 TRUTH or DARE[1] TRUTH or DARE Ton Thanasit +Songs +Year Song Title Note 2019 เพิ่งได้รู้[1] Kissboys TH single ดีต่อใจ[1] ถูกใจคนนี้[2] Solo single +Year Title วันที่ Place Date 2562 Kissboys TH The Final Concert[1] 8 กันยนยน พ.ศ. +2562 KBank Siam Pic-Ganesha Theatre 8 September 2019 +Early life and education +Variety shows +Year Title Type Network Air time 2019 Kissboys Thailand[1] Reality Show 9 MCOT HD FB Kissboys TH 13 July 2019 – 7 September 2019 +Awards and nominations +Year Award Category Result Nominated work 2019 LINE TV AWARDS 2019 Best Couple[1] Won Love By Chance Series Best Kiss Scene[1] Won KAZZ AWARDS 2019 Young people of the year 2018[2] Won N/A POPULAR VOTE 2019[3] Nominated N/A Male Rising Star 2019[4] Won Love By Chance Series Best Couple of the Year[3] Nominated Daradaily Awards 8 Male Rising Star of the year 2018[5] Nominated Love By Chance Series Youth Idol 2019​ The idol who create general public benefits Won N/A The 100 Most Handsome Faces of 2019 รอผล N/A 2563 KAZZ AWARDS 2020 Young people of the year 2019 Won N/A 16th Kom Chad Luek Awards Most Popular actor รอผล +Suppapong was born on 17 April 1998 in Trat, Thailand. +He was graduated from Tradtragarnkun School, Trat province and Assumption College, Bangkok. He is currently a 4rd year student of the Faculty of Economics at Srinakharinwirot University. +External links +Suppapong Udomkaewkanjana on Twitter Suppapong Udomkaewkanjana on Instagram Suppapong Udomkaewkanjana on Facebook Suppapong Udomkaewkanjana on Youtube Suppapong Udomkaewkanjana on Sina Weibo (in Chinese) +In childhood, He started activities for the benefit of the public since grade 4. During his studies from high school to university, he participated in various volunteer camps. Until in 2017, he received the Person of the Siam Award in the outstanding youth for society category.[1][…] +Filmography +Television series +Year Title Role Network 2018 Love By Chance[1] Pete - Pitchaya (Main Role) GMM 25 LINE TV NETFLIX 2019 REMINDERS[2] Son (Main Role) LINE TV 2 Brothers Pat - The true grandson (Guest Role) GMM 25 LINE TV Bai Mai Tee Plid Plew (The Fallen Leaf)[3] Chananawat – Nira (Young) (Guest Role) One 31 LINE TV My Love From Another Star Somchai - [Classmate] (Guest Role) Channel 3 (Thailand) LINE TV MELLO TharnType The Series[4] Pete - Pitchaya (Guest Role) One 31 LINE TV 2020 Why RU the series[5] Tutor (Main Role) LINE TV Let's Fight Ghost[6] Off (Main Role) True4U ช่อง 24 +ณวัสน์ ภู่พันธัชสีห์ ชื่อเกิด ชื่อเล่น เกิด อาชีพ ปีที่แสดง ผลงานเด่น ค่าย +ระดับประถมศึกษา : โรงเรียนสาธิตมหาวิทยาลัยรามคำแหง (ฝ่ายประถม) ระดับมัธยมศึกษา : โรงเรียนบดินทรเดชา (สิงห์ สิงหเสนี) ระดับปริญญาตรี : คณะวิศวกรรมศาสตร์ สถาบันเทคโนโลยีพระจอมเกล้าเจ้าคุณทหารลาดกระบัง ภาควิชา วิศวกรรมดนตรีและสื่อประสม (คะแนนเกียรตินิยมอันดับ 2) [1] +รางวัล Kazz Awards 2019 สาขา “Cute Boy of the Years 2019” [1] +ระหว่างศึกษาต่อที่เกาหลี ได้ทำการทดสอบบทการแสดง[1] จนในปี 2562 สารินได้รับโอกาสร่วมแสดงในละครซีรีส์ชุด ลูกผู้ชาย ตอน ภูผา ในบทบาท "ภูผา" ซึ่งเป็นพระเอกเรื่องแรก จากนั้นรับบทเป็น "พ่อเพิ่ม" ในละครเรื่อง ทองเอก หมอยา ท่าโฉลง และรับบทร้ายเรื่องแรกในเรื่อง ฟากฟ้าคีรีดาว[2] +Civil Servant (Thai: ข้าราชการ) is the person who has been appointed to work for the country as civil service. The civil servant will receive monthly salary from each ministry or department that they have positioned in. +History +King Rama VII had firstly set up the Thai civil servant system on 1st April 1929 to nominate appropriate citizens with the right knowledge and ability to serve for civil service. The King has settled three categories of civil servant:[1] +Civil servant is the people who have been selected to serve civil service as the government appointed. There are two main categories: commision level and quack level. Temporary civil servant is the people who have been temporarily selected to serve as civil service to complete specific missions. +Since 1975, the temporary civil servant has been called as Routine Employees Clerk civil servant is the lowest-level of civil servant. They will only receive specific of salary. +Type of Civil Servant +In Thailand, there are many categories of civil servant such as: +Civil Servant[1] (Including Civil Servant in Royal Palace) Civil Servant in Upper-Level of Education[2] Civil Servant in Education[3] Civil Servant of Military[4] Civil Servant of Police[5] Civil Servant of Judiciary[6] Civil Servant of Prosecutor[7] Civil Servant of Parliament[8] Civil Servant of Administration Court[9] Civil Servant of Constitutional Court[10] Civil Servant of Anti-Corruption Commissioner[11] Civil Servant of Monetary Audit[12] Civil Servant of Bangkok Administration[13] Civil Servant of Politician Civil Servant of Local Adinistration Other types of civil servant (called as state employees): State employees of public sectors State employees State employees of the university State employees of public health State employees of public institution and other institution that not regarded as civil service Temporary civil servant +There are many types of Thai dessert such as Ovos moles, Thong yip, Fios de ovos ,those are from Portugal taken by Maria Guyomar de Pinha +Classified by method of ripening [1] +Sweets that are cooked by stirring Most of them use gold pan. Stirring from a clear liquid to a draw Then pour into the pan or tray when cool, then cut into pieces such as Dodol Sweets that are cooked by steaming, using some crates to pour the mixture into a cup, pinwheel and then steamed. Some types are put in trays or printed. +Thai dessert +Most Thai desserts are made from rice and use other ingredients such as colors, containers, natural fragrances. Rice used in Thai desserts is both used in the form of whole grains of rice and rice that is in the form of flour. In addition, there are other ingredients , such as coconut, eggs, sugar, which will be discussed in detail below. +Thai Dessert Has a national cultural identity in Thailand, with delicate details, the best selection of ingredients , neatly methods of making, delicious, fragrant, colorful, beautiful +In the past, the sugar used in baking was sugar or coconut. In some areas, sugar cane is used. Sugar can be used later. +Eggs +Started as a mixture of Thai desserts since King Narai the Great, which was influenced by Portuguese desserts Eggs used to make this dessert will be fluffed up before mixing some types of desserts such as Thongyong, Thongyot, Foi Thong and have to separate the egg whites and egg yolks. Then use only egg yolks to make sweets +Nuts and sesame +Nuts and sesame are considered an important ingredient in Thai desserts. The use of steamed green beans for baking is found in the Ayutthaya period. For example, bean paste snacks made with soy beans or green beans, stirred to be compressed into molds. +Banana +Color +History +From natural source +Green from pandan Blue from Pea flowers Yellow from turmeric red from shellac Black from burned-coconut +Smelling +Every kind of smell in dessert are from flowers and natural source +In the past , Thai people made sweets for important occasions only. For example, merit-making, weddings, important festivals or welcoming important guests Because some types of sweets require a lot of taking time to do, most of them are customary, for example, sweets for weddings, such as Khanom khrok Khanom tauy ect. While the desserts in the palaces in the palace will look very beautiful. +Old Thai Dessert has only flour sugar and coconut milk. While eggs use for some desserts such ass เช่น thong yip ovosmole and jackfruit seed which Maria Guyomar de Pinha) Portuguese girl take this from portugal. +Thai desserts that are popularly made every Region of Thailand In various ceremonies Which is dessert from eggs And believed that the name and nature of the dessert, such as eating Fios De Ovos to be long lasting and wealthy , eating Thai Jelly cake for good at work and money +in the age of King Rama I The cookbook has been published. Including Thai dessert recipes as well Therefore, it can be considered that the culture of Thai desserts has been recorded in writing for the first time. The first Thai food recipe called Mae Krua Hua Par +Later, when the trade developed in the market, there were many kinds of sweets to sell. And is considered an era when Thai desserts are popular +Assortment of Thai desserts +Tootsies & The Fake is a comedy movie the series that aired on GMM 25, produced by Jor Kwang film And distributed by GDH 559, directed by Kittipak Thong-uam, with some outline from real life by Theeravit Sethachai or Cha Toot's notes That writes notes on Facebook and Pocket Books Toot's notes Same as the drama series It will be officially released on 5 December 2019. +Movie Procedure +Scenario +Movie's Song +The Fake - Lilly Daimodtasodchuen Feat.Twopee Southside (original of Hydra band) +Public relations and Release +The film was first talked about at the GDH X news conference. Na Dao Party at Paragon Cineplex. Siam Paragon on October 12, 2018, with GDH officially releasing the film as Diary Tootsie's The Movie and the official release date for December 2019. +The movie will be a comedy. With content following the Diary Tootsie's the series, which aired on GMM 25 on 2016-2017 and used the same actors to play all The screenwriter, Theeravit Setthachai, will come to write the script with the script writing team of GDH. +Later, GDH updated the movie's progress, with the announcement of another main actor that will brighten the movie, Araya A. Hargate. And while the movie is still being processed GDH has led the Diary Tootsie's the series, is back on Channel One again. In order to review the content before the official movie release in October In which GDH publish the teaser of the movie as an appetizer and officially released as Tootsie & The Fake and had an official press conference on November 13, 2019, at Emquartier Gallery, The Emquartier +Reference +Other Sources +Synopsis +All the pleasures arose when Golf (Thongchai Thongkan Thom) used her size XXL body to collide with Katie (Araya A. Hacket), the superstar of the Thai entertainment industry. Until she had an accident in a coma. Asleep as a sleeping beauty, not knowing when to wake up And seems to not be able to film an advertisement for her as a presenter. +Golf and Kim invite Gus (Paopetch charoensuk) , the girl who crazy about plastic surgery Degree of page owner "Memo of Toot". And Natty (Patthaya Khruasuansiri), the only women of the group Join in the action, fake and makeover, turn Jae Nam into a Katie include manner, behavior, as well as covering her ears. But this operation was not easy Because aside from the Tootsie gang must conceal the real identity of Katie... +Cast +Main Charactor +เผ่าเพชร เจริญสุข as Gus / Sha ธงชัย ทองกันทม as Golf รัฐนันท์ จรรยาจิรวงศ์ as Kim ภัทรศยา เครือส���วรรณศิริ as Natty อารยา เอ ฮาร์เก็ต as Katie (Katriona kannika hwang) / Jae Nam +Supporting Stars +กฤษณภูมิ พิบูลสงคราม as Top กรรณ สวัสดิวัตน์ ณ อยุธยา as Win ปาณิสรา อารยะสกุล as Jae Ning ธนากร ชินกูล พอลล่า เทเลอร์ ชนานา นุตาคม หม่อมหลวงขวัญทิพย์ เทวกุล วทานิกา ปัทมสิงห์ ณ อยุธยา as Herself นิติ ชัยชิตาทร as Korya ( Katie's manager ) พงศธร จงวิลาส พาริส อินทรโกมาลย์สุต ทักษอร ภักดิ์สุขเจริญ +abolition slaves in Thailand in the reign of king Chulalongkorn or (King Rama V) is a abolition slaves system that established by nobility slaves had to do everything for their boss those who buy them by without paying any money to them.And if they didn’t want to work , they had to find a lot of money to give to them . However, they were still slaves forever even their generations. +Abolition of slavery +Abolition proletarian in order B.E. Event 2420 pay salary to official replace give official proletarian 2420 announce that proletarian can be official or if they don't want to work they have to pay to government 6 baht per year. 2439 Change tax all official have to pay tax equally 2442 act about old population and critically People who 18 years old is in critically age.replace consider by height. +People who age 60 is retire.(in the past 70 years) 2443 Act about Recruitment criteria the official that have animal(pet) or vehicles have to pay tax. 2448 Act of soldier enlist men have to be registered personnel 2 for years,then enlisted personnel 2 years then be a organized reserves 5 years then free. +Act of Soldier enlist is the last system of abolition proletarian announce to use in NakornSriThammarat, Pattani,Surat Thani, Phuket and Phetchabun province Proletarian abolition release joylessness of population for all area of kingdom so it see like proletarian abolition is important more than abolition of slavery. Population was encourage their class of economic by government they have time to work on their own business and people don't see them like they are disgusting like the past. +However, tax that population have to pay every years that use to replace that they have to be a labor is end in 2482 B.E. +Citation footnote +Reference +cost of slaves age male female born 5baht 4baht 7–8 8 tumleungs 7 tumleungs 10 4baht 3baht +In the reign of King Rama V more than 1/3 of the Thai population were slaves. It was so because there was the endless continuity of offspring slaves. They all were slaves for the rest lives. +The Royal Act was issued by King Chulalongkorn on August 21 2417 B.E. In this law , the slave' s child who was born in the year 2411 B.E. or 8 years old had the right to reduce the price each year. +All Children who were born in the year 2411 B.E. became free when they were 21 years old and not allow people who 20 years old be a slaves. +In 2448 B.E. act was issued by King Chulalongkorn on 2448 B.E. for all slaves will be free in 1 August 2448 B.E. and another slaves that is not slaves in nobility house their cost less to 4 baht since 2448 B.E. Other than this it had act that people who free from slaves couldn't back to be slaves and if slaves want to change their master old master can't up their coast. +Abolition of proletarian +Doctor Smith newspapers editor wrote editorial blame Thai government because of another developed counties King and nobility don't have right to labor people without give them any pay-off Because proletarian work without any pay-off and they have to pay all things while working for government by their own for example travelling expense. +Act of proletarian is for people who age 15-16 until 70 years old have to work or send tributes to government Proletarian work 1 month break 1 month In Ayuthaya age they work 6 months in 1 year then less it to 1 year work 4 months in the reign of King RamaI. then less into 3 months in reign of King RamaII but if they don't want to work they have to pay tributes 6 baht per month. +Chaopraya Borommahasrisuriyawong (Cheong Boonnak) tell and recommend to the King that should allow people to pay tax for government 6 baht per year and canceled Recruitment criteria change to hire them. +Next Rama II of Siam was cut a part of the bottom of the conch for writing a role play. The characters inside the story also well known to the public which are Jao-ngo known as Pra-sang and Nang Rojjana. The story is fun and popular, in doing so, bring some part of the story like Pra-sang flirt with Nang Rojjana for improvise the group role play in the play of Rojjana Seang Puangmalai. +In the preface of the book "Royal literature role play name Sangtong." by Damrong Rajanubhab said +Other references +Sangtong is a story get from Suwansangkachadok. It is one of the Chadok-biography. It is a story in the North and South of Thailand. +It is near Mahatat temple because there's stone courtyard for playing Tee-Kree owned by Prasang. In the South part of Thailand. We believe that in Ta-Kua Pa town owned by Tao Sa-mol with one mountain name "Kao Ka Mang Ma" because Prasang was riding a horse through the mountain when he won on Tee-Kree. +Ra-bumb Dao Dueng +Ra-bumb Dao Dueng is one of basic acting. Narisara Nuwattiwong wrote down a poem along with role play in the story of Sangtong episode 2 Tee-Kree in Dao Dueng theme. It also has an ancient role play beside the street name Aussadang (Wang Ban Mo) At the end of Chulalongkorn with has Mr. Kem Koonchorn na Ayuttaya is the teacher of acting. +The acting will not relate to the story but it will relate to each song in the play. More noticing, some acting was fixed and copy some act from Kaek Jao Sen ritual. +Resources +Khanom Kong is one out of five desserts that play an important role in Sat Thai [2]ceremony. In the southern part Khanom Kong means the accessories of ancestors but in the central part it's use in holy event such as pay respect to god or wedding ceremony for the bride and the groom to stay together forever. The meaning of it is moving forward or step forward same as Dharmachara because of the dessert shape that is round so it was named cartwheel dessert.[3] +References +CU Writer, also known as "Word Chula", is a word processor capable of Thai language processing. First released to the public domain in 1989, the application runs on IBM PC compatible machines with Hercules graphics card. +Later versions can run wit VGA, EGA, EDA, and other graphic technology. CU Writer was one of the most popular word processors in Thailand, until Windows gets more adoption and DOS application faded away. +ALTV (Active Learning Television) is a Thai educational television channel operated by ThaiPBS. ALTV4 strives to promote learning and the integration of teaching between home and school. +ALTV4 will start broadcasting on 1 July 2020 in digital and satellite television. +External links +2552 เว็บไซต์ www.ha.or.th The Healthcare Accreditation Institute (Public Organization) The Healthcare Accreditation Institute (Public Organization) logo Location At 5th floor of the National Health Building, Soi 6, Ministry of Public Health, Tiwanon Road, Muang Nonthaburi District. Nonthaburi Province Establish: 22 June 2009 Initiated from: Health System Research Institute Budget: 69 M. Executive: Dr. Kittinan Anakkamanee (CEO) , Dr. Piyawan Limpanyalert (Deputy CEO) Supervision: The Ministry of Public Health Documentation: the Royal Decree on establishment of the Healthcare Accreditation Institute (Public Organization) 2009 and 2019 +The Healthcare Accreditation Institute (Public Organization): HAI was initiated under Health Systems Research Institute (HSRI) as a research program “Mechanisms on Promoting Hospital Quality Improvement” in year 1997 and was set up to be an associated institute of HSRI since year 1999 with the name of “The Institute of Hospital Quality Improvement & Accreditation”. HAI operate work under the principle of “ Neutral Organization” . They are reliable, flexible, and conducted on an academic basis which consistent with the health and cultural context of the country " +(6) To formulate curricula and train healthcare personnel in order to escalate understanding on tools for quality assessment, quality improvement and accreditation of healthcare organizations. +Authorities and responsibilities +(1) to hold titles, possessory rights and property rights +(2) to create any rights or execute all kinds of juristic acts which binding its properties,including other juristic acts for the benefits of the undertaking of the Institute +(3) to borrow money for the benefits of the undertaking according to the objectives of the Institute +(4) to enter into a joint venture with other juristic persons in matters relating to the objectives of the Institute +(5) to enter into agreements and cooperate with public or private sectors, both domestic and foreign organizations, in matters relating to the objectives of the Institute +(6) to levy fees, contributions, remunerations or service charges for the undertaking of the Institute in accordance with rules and rates specified by the Board +(7) to authorize any person to carry out any act within the power and duties of the Institute +HAI played a crucial role in promoting standard and quality of healthcare in Thailand for many years. Being recognized by its roles, the institute became a public organization by the Royal Decree on establishment of the Healthcare Accreditation Institute (Public Organization) since 22 June 2009. +In present , there is 2nd edition of Royal Decree 2019. +(8) to confer certificates and certified letters for activities in accordance with objectives and power and duties of the Institute +(9) to give an accreditation hallmark for healthcare organizations which have been accredited; +(10) to take any other necessary or subsequent actions to attain the objectives of the Institute. +The borrowing of money under (3) and the entering into a joint venture under (4) shall be in accordance with the rules stipulated by the Council of Ministers. +Vision +Thailand has quality and reliable healthcare services underpinned by HA standards. +Mission +(1) Develop and prescribe healthcare accreditation standards and prepare recommendations to support and foster quality improvement in healthcare systems by collecting, reviewing and analyzing the data obtained through accreditation process. +(2) Promote and support the systematic development of a mechanism for improving healthcare systems to ensure quality and safety through the collaboration with public and private agencies (both in Thailand and overseas) concerning quality assessment, improvement and accreditation for healthcare facilities. +(3) Promote, support and implement the dissemination of knowledge. Prepare training curriculums for officials and staff members of healthcare facilities and other agencies in a way utilizable for self-assessment and quality improvement of healthcare facilities. +HAI’s objectives. +HAI organizational structure +HAI is divided into 5 divisions 1. Accreditation Division 2. Development Support and Promotion Division 3. +Accreditation and Certification system +HAI develop an assessment system for quality development process in variety of forms according to the need and progress of the hospital, such as +Advanced HA (A-HA) +District Health System Accreditation (DHSA) +Healthcare Network Accreditation (HNA) or original name Provincial network certification (PNC) +Spiritual Healthcare Appreciation (SHA) certification +Program and Disease specific certification (PDSC) +Healthcare accreditation +In the fiscal year 2020, there are 1,400 public and private hospitals that can be assessed for quality certification according to HA standards. According to HAI's operations, there are hospitals that have received HA quality assessments at all levels and maintained accreditation status. On September 30, 2020, there are 924 hospitals (66%). +There are hospitals in accreditation status at HA step 1 (10 hospitals), HA step 2, (10 hospitals), HA step 3 (832 hospitals), and advanced HA (A-HA) (7 hospitals). The total are 839 hospitals get the HA standards certification. +Logo of Healthcare Accreditation +(1) To assess work systems and accredit healthcare organizations. These activities include setting up standards of healthcare organizations that will be used as a framework for assessing quality improvement and accrediting healthcare organizations. +The blue cross sign that was opening means that the hospital allows surveyors for visiting +Check mark means that the hospital +1. Commit to provide quality service with a patient-centered. +2. There are sufficient resources and effective resource management. +3. There are risk prevention system, continuous quality improvement and the maintenance of improvement quality +4. There is patient rights along with supervision of professionals +5. There are working process and patient care, which emphasizes the introduction of professional standards and up-to-date knowledge appropriate to the economic and social conditions to meet the needs of the patients. +6. Allow surveyors for visiting +Certification from the International Society for Quality in Healthcare External Evaluation Accreditation "IEEA" +(2) To collect, study and analyze data and make recommendations which aimed to promote, support and improve quality of healthcare organizations. +HAI has developed its operations until it has been certified by IEEA, an international organization that provides accreditation for healthcare in many countries around the world with 3 programs (standard, organization and surveyor training program) .There will be a period of 4 years of certification. +Standard program was first certified in 2010, the first certification was renewed in 2014, and the second certification was renewed in 2018. +Organization program was first certified in 2013 and renewed in 2017. +Surveyor training program was first certified in 2016 and renewed in 2020. +This refer to pride and trust building for customer that the healthcare with accreditation by HAI has quality and standard at international level. +The location +The Healthcare Accreditation Institute (Public Organization) At 5th floor of the National Health Building, Soi 6, Ministry of Public Health, Tiwanon Road, Muang Nonthaburi District. Nonthaburi Province +Assessment results +According to the result of Office of the Public Sector Development Commission (OPDC) in 2019, it was found that the HAI (Public Organization) has been assessed at a standardized level [1] +(3) To promote and support the establishment of mechanisms which systematically improves quality and safety of healthcare services. +Other sources +Department: Office of the Minister, Office of the Permanent Secretary, Department of Mental Health, Department of Disease Control , Department of Health , Department of Medicine , Department of Medical Sciences , Department of Health Service Support • Department of Thai Traditional and Alternative Medicine , Food and Drug Administration State enterprises: Government Pharmaceutical Organization (GPO) Public Organization: National Health Security Office , Health System Research Institute (HSRI) , National Institute of Emergency Medicine , Ban Phaeo Hospital , Healthcare Accreditation Institute (Public Organization +(4) To generate and disseminate knowledge and provide access to knowledge on quality assessment, quality improvement and accreditation of healthcare organizations. +(5) To collaborate with state agencies, national and international organizations, and private sector that are interested in quality assessment, quality improvement and accreditation of healthcare organizations. +Boonpeng (1890 – August 19, 1919), known as Boonpeng the Iron Chest (Thai: Boonpeng Heep Lek), was a Thai murderer and suspected serial killer who killed between two and seven religious worshippers in 1917. Convicted for these killings, he was beheaded in 1919, the last public execution conducted in the country.[1] +Early life +Boonpeng was born in 1890 in a remote village in the Nakhon Phanom Province's Tha Uthen District, to a Chinese father and a Laotian mother.[1] He was brought to Bangkok at age 5, where he lived in the Bang Khum Phrom district.[1] Some sources claim that he was an elderly couple, Souk and Pian, who raised him as their grandson.[2] +As a teenager, Boonpeng was considered a handsome, charming and eloquent character who easily swooned local women, but was also known for avoiding hard work and being very lazy.[1] While his foster grandparents were working, he would spend his free time studying black magic, superstitions and making love potions.[2] He began extensively studying the topic with the help of an old undertaker who lived a temple near his home, but after he mastered the art, his foster grandparents kicked him out, as they refused to allow someone practising evil magic to live with them.[3] The now-20-year-old then moved to Bang Lamphu, in downtown Bangkok, where he was ordained as a bhikkhu at the Wat Thewarat Kunchorn, an ancient temple.[4] Using his charming personality and knowledge of black magic, Boonpeng would attract the attention of various upper-class citizens, mostly wealthy women, with whom he would sometimes have sex as part of his 'rituals'.[1] As this was considered a grave sin, he was expelled by the temple's abbot. Boonpeng then move to the Wat Suthat temple, where he managed to convince the abbot that he would change his sinful ways. Despite his promises, Boonpeng's behavior worsened, as he not only continued having love affairs and practising black magic, but also opened a casino on temple grounds, which he operated in secret.[3] Murders, arrest and execution It's unclear when exactly Boonpeng began killing, or how many victims he had. +According to official accounts and his own claims, his first confirmed victim was a jewelry merchant named Nai Learm, who he killed following a dispute.[5] After that, Boonpeng is said to have sealed his body in an iron chest and dumped it into the Khlong Saen Saep, which was found in May 1917.[1] His other known victim was a wealthy 20-year-old woman named Prik, who had originally approached him to concoct a love potion to make her husband love her again, but then became his lover and was eventually impregnated by Boonpeng.[5] As she wanted him to be a responsible father and look after their child, Boonpeng decided to kill her, as he had already arranged marriage for himself.[5] Boonpeng is said to have hit her and then wrapped her in a mosquito net, before stuffing her into an iron chest and dumping in the Chao Phraya River, which he had filled with bricks to weigh it down and drown her. It was discovered in early January 1918 by fishermen in Nonthaburi Province.[1] Since they believed it might contain some treasures, as these chests were usually only used by wealthy people, the fishermen opened it, but were shocked to find a woman's body inside. They notified the authorities, who frantically began searching for the killer, but to no avail.[3] When news spread of the mysterious unidentified woman's death, the police were contacted by her mother, who claimed that her daughter, Prik, had gone to reclaim a gold necklace from a notorious monk named Boonpeng, who operated out of the Wat Suthat temple in Bangkok.[2] Acting on her tip-off, police began investigating Boonpeng, but were unable to arrest him immediately as they had no solid evidence against him.[3] They appealed to the public for any information, prompting a rickshaw driver, Charan, to approach them, claiming that he had been hired by the monk to dump the iron chest into the river.[5] After receiving this information, police finally swept in and arrested Boonpeng during his wedding ceremony on January 14, 1918. +While in custody, he confessed to killing both Nai Learm and Prik, but it was also suggested that he was responsible for up to five other disappearances, mostly of alleged lovers, whom he also sealed in iron chests and then dumped them in canals.[2] He would be charged with his two known murders, convicted and swiftly sentenced to death.[5] He was publicly beheaded in Phra Nakhon (now a district in Bangkok) on August 19, 1919, and subsequently buried at the Wat Phasi temple, in the Watthana District.[5] In the decades that followed, locals built a shrine in the name of his spirit, in their belief that with the passage of time his soul would be purified.[3] Nowadays, he is affectionately referred to as "Uncle Boonpeng" and is revered as a friendly spirit which protects his worshippers from evil,[5] and that his seven iron chests are buried under the temple.[4] See also List of serial killers by country +In the media +In 1967, Boonpeng's story was retold in a radio drama that later got adapted into a film directed by Payung Payakul, with actor Man Theerapol in the main lead.[1] In 1980, another film, this time starring Sombat Metanee and Prasan Chabaprai, was made based on the case.[1] In 2006, a direct-to-DVD film was made based on this case, starring Prompong Nopparit, Thadtuang Maneechan and Morakot Manichai.[1] +References +Seo Ji-yeon (เกาหลี: 서지연; born November 11, 1986) is a South Korean singer, Actress, and Model. +Pretzelle is Thai based girl-group founded in 2020. Pretzelle currently have 4 members including Inc, Ice, Aumaim, Grace.[1] Pretzelle first debut with a mini-album called "PRETZELLE DAY" with music video of song called "ไหวมั้ย (Never Give Up)" on 28 May 2020.[2] Pretzelle latest release was released on 8 Februay 2021, which is a special single called "First Love"[3] +ทหารกองเกินเมื่อมีอายุย่างเข้า 21 ปี ในพุทธศักราชใด ต้องไปแสดงตนเพื่อรับหมายเรียกที่อำเภอท้องที่ซึ่งเป็นภูมิลำเนาทหารของตนภายในพุทธศักราชนั้น [1] โดยจะได้รับหมายเรียก สด. ๓๕ เพื่อให้มารับการตรวจเลือกในปีถัดไป +ผู้ใดฝ่าฝืนไม่ขึ้นบัญชีทหารกองเกินหรือไม่มารับหมายเรียกต้องระวางโทษจำคุกไม่เกินสามเดือนหรือปรับไม่เกินหนึ่งร้อยบาท หรือทั้งจำทั้งปรับ ถ้าก่อนที่เจ้าหน้าที่ยกเรื่องขึ้นพิจารณาความผิด ผู้นั้นได้มาขอลงบัญชีทหารกองเกิน หรือ มารับหมายเรียกแล้ว ต้องระวางโทษจำคุกไม่เกินหนึ่งเดือนหรือปรับไม่เกินหนึ่งร้อยบาท หรือทั้งจำทั้งปรับ [1] +ทหารกองเกินซึ่งถูกเรียกต้องมาให้คณะกรรมการตรวจเลือกทำการตรวจเลือกตามกำหนดหมายนั้น ในวันตรวจเลือกนั้นนอกจากหลักฐานทางทหารและบัตรประจำตัวประชาชนแล้วให้นำหลักฐานการศึกษามาแสดงด้วย [1] +ผู้ใดหลีกเลี่ยงขัดขืนไม่มาให้คณะกรรมการตรวจเลือกทำการตรวจเลือกหรือมาแต่ไม่อยู่จนกว่าการตรวจเลือกแล้วเสร็จเพื่อรับหลักฐานใบรับรองผลการตรวจเลือก (สด. ๔๓) ต้องระวางโทษจำคุกไม่เกินสามปี [1] ผู้กระทำความผิดตามข้อนี้นี่เองที่มักเรียกกันว่า หนีทหาร +ผู้มาเข้ารับการตรวจเลือก หากไม่สามารถใช้สิทธิ์ผ่อนผัน จะถูกกรรมการตรวจเลือกแบ่งออกเป็น 4 จำพวก ได้แก่ [1] +2516 ในช่วงระยะเวลานั้นชายไทยที่อยู่ในอายุเกณฑ์ทหารอาจยังมิได้มีขนาดร่างกายเช่นในปัจจุบัน +ทุกคนต้องได้รับใบรับรองผลการตรวจเลือก สด. ๔๓ ในวันตรวจเลือกจากกรรมการตรวจเลือกเท่านั้น หากได้รับในวันอื่นหรือจากบุคคลอื่นให้สันนิษฐานว่าเป็นของปลอม ผู้นำไปใช้มีความผิดตามกฎหมาย [1] และถือว่าผู้นั้นไม่ได้มาเข้ารับการตรวจเลือกอย่างถูกต้อง +ผู้มีสิทธิถูกเกณฑ์สามารถขออาสารับราชการ หรืออาจเลือกอยู่ในสลาก ผู้ที่อาสาจะผ่านการทดสอบทางกายและจิตใจ รวมทั้งการทดสอบปัสสาวะเพื่อหายาเสพติด ในปี 2561 ในจำนวนการตรวจ 182,910 คน พบ 12,209 คน (6.7%) ที่พบสารเสพติด เช่น เมทแอมเฟตามีน ฝิ่น เป็นต้น ผู้ที่ตรวจพบสารเสพติดจะรับราชการในกองทัพที่ที่จะได้รับการบำบัดยาเสพติด ส่วนผู้ที่พบสารเสพติดแต่ไม่ถูกเกณฑ์ทหารจะเข้ารับการบำบัดในจังหวัดบ้านเกิด[1] ผู้ที่ไม่ผ่านการทดสอบทางกายและจิตใจจะถูกปล่อยตัวทันที +ในปี 2561 กองทัพไทยเปิดรับคัดเลือกกว่า 500,000 คน โดยโควตารวมมีประมาณ 104,000 คน เป็นกองทัพบก 80,000 คน กองทัพเรือ 16,000 คน และกองทัพอากาศ 8,700 คน ในวันคัดเลือก มีผู้อาสารับราชการ 44,800 คน ที่เหลืออีกประมาณ 60,000 ตำแหน่งจะให้ผู้ที่เหลือ 450,000 คนเข้าจับสลาก ทำให้ความน่าจะเป็นรวมของการจับได้ใบแดง (ถูกเกณฑ์) คิดเป็นประมาณ 13%[1] +ประเภท ได้แก่ บุคคลที่ได้รับการยกเว้น ไม่ต้องรับราชการทหารกองประจำการ [1] (1) พระภิกษุที่มีสมณศักดิ์ หรือที่เป็นเปรียญ และนักบวชในพระพุทธศาสนาแห่งนิกายมหายานที่มีสมณศักดิ์ (2) คนพิการทุพพลภาพ ซึ่งไม่สามารถเป็นทหารได้ บุคคลที่ได้รับการยกเว้น เมื่อลงบัญชีทหารกองเกินแล้วไม่เรียกมาตรวจเลือกรับราชการทหารกองประจำการในยามปกติ [2] (1) พระภิกษุ สามเณร และนักบวชในพระพุทธศาสนาแห่งนิกายมหายาน ซึ่งเป็นนักธรรมตามที่กระทรวงศึกษาธิการรับรอง (2) นักบวชศาสนาอื่นซึ่งมีหน้าที่ประจำในกิจของศาสนาตามที่กำหนดในกฎกระทรวงและผู้ว่าราชการจังหวัดออกใบสำคัญให้ไว้ (3) บุคคลซึ่งอยู่ในระหว่างการฝึกวิชาทหารตามหลักสูตรที่กระทรวงกลาโหมกำหนดตามกฎหมายว่าด้วยการส่งเสริมการฝึกวิชาทหาร (4) นักเรียนโรงเรียนเตรียมทหารของกระทรวงกลาโหม (5) ครูซึ่งประจำทำการสอนหนังสือหรือวิชาการต่างๆ ที่อยู่ในความควบคุมของกระทรวง ทบวง กรม หรือราชการส่วนท้องถิ่น ทั้งนี้ตามที่กำหนดในกฎกระทรวง และผู้ว่���ราชการจังหวัดออกใบสำคัญให้ไว้ (6) นักศึกษาของศูนย์กลางอบรมการศึกษาผู้ใหญ่ของกระทรวงศึกษาธิการ (7) นักศึกษาของศูนย์ฝึกการบินพลเรือนของกระทรวงคมนาคม บุคคลที่ไม่เข้ารับการตรวจเลือกก็ไม่ถือว่าเป็นการหลีกเลี่ยงขัดขืนการตรวจเลือก [3] (1) ข้าราชการซึ่งได้รับคำสั่งของผู้บังคับบัญชาโดยปัจจุบันทันด่วนให้ไปราชการอันสำคัญยิ่ง หรือไปราชการต่างประเทศโดยคำสั่งของเจ้ากระทรวง (2) นักเรียนซึ่งออกไปศึกษาวิชา ณ ต่างประเทศ ตามที่กำหนดในกฎกระทรวง (3) ข้าราชการหรือผู้ปฏิบัติงานในสถานที่ราชการ หรือโรงงานอื่นใด ในระหว่างที่มีการรบหรือการสงคราม อันเป็นอุปกรณ์ในการรบหรือการสงครามและอยู่ในความควบคุมของกระทรวงกลาโหม (4) บุคคลซึ่งกำลังปฏิบัติงานร่วมกับหน่วยทหารในราชการสนาม (5) เกิดเหตุสุดวิสัย (6) ไปเข้าตรวจเลือกที่อื่น (7) ป่วยไม่สามารถจะมาได้ โดยให้บุคคลซึ่งบรรลุนิติภาวะและเชื่อถือได้มาแจ้งต่อคณะกรรมการตรวจเลือกในวันตรวจเลือก กรณีตาม (1) (2) (3) หรือ (4) ต้องได้รับการผ่อนผันเฉพาะคราวจากรัฐมนตรีว่ากระทรวงมหาดไทย หรือผู้ซึ่งรัฐมนตรีว่าการกระทรวงมหาดไทยมอบหมาย บุคคลที่ได้รับการผ่อนผัน ต้องไปเข้ารับการตรวจเลือกในวันตรวจเลือก ถ้ามีจำนวนทหารกองเกินที่จะรับราชการเป็นทหารกองประจำการได้มากกว่าจำนวนที่ฝ่ายทหารต้องการ ให้ผ่อนผันแก่บุคคลดังต่อไปนี้ [4] (1) บุคคลที่จำเป็นต้องหาเลี้ยงบิดาหรือมารดาซึ่งไร้ความสามารถ หรือพิการทุพพลภาพหรือชราจนหาเลี้ยงชีพไม่ได้และไม่มีผู้อื่นเลี้ยงดู แต่ถ้ามีบุตรหลายคนจะต้องเข้ากองประจำการพร้อมกัน คงผ่อนผันให้คนเดียวตามแต่บิดาหรือมารดาจะเลือก ถ้าบิดาหรือมารดาไม่สามารถจะเลือกได้ก็ให้คณะกรรมการตรวจเลือกพิจารณาผ่อนผันให้หนึ่งคน (2) บุคคลที่จำเป็นต้องหาเลี้ยงบุตรซึ่งมารดาตายหรือไร้ความสามารถ หรือพิการทุพพลภาพ และบุคคลที่จำเป็นต้องหาเลี้ยงพี่หรือน้องร่วมบิดามารดา หรือร่วมแต่บิดาหรือมารดาซึ่งบิดามารดาตาย ทั้งนี้เมื่อบุตรหรือพี่หรือน้องนั้นหาเลี้ยงชีพไม่ได้ และไม่มีผู้อื่นเลี้ยงดู (3) บุคคลที่อยู่ในระหว่างการศึกษาตามที่กำหนดในกฎกระทรวง ผู้อ้างสิทธิตาม (1) หรือ (2) แห่งมาตราน��้ ต้องร้องขอผ่อนผันต่อนายอำเภอท้องที่ก่อนวันตรวจเลือกเข้ากองประจำการไม่น้อยกว่าสามสิบวัน เว้นแต่ในกรณีพิเศษซึ่งไม่ใช่ความผิดของผู้ร้องและผู้ร้องต้องร้องต่อคณะกรรมการตรวจเลือกในวันตรวจเลือกตามมาตรา 30 อีกครั้งหนึ่ง นายอำเภอต้องสอบสวนหลักฐานไว้เสียก่อนวันตรวจเลือก เพื่อคณะกรรมการตรวจเลือกจะได้ตัดสินได้ทันที การขอผ่อนผันตาม (3) ให้แจ้งผ่านทางสถานศึกษา ถ้าไม่สามารถจะผ่อนผันพร้อมกันทั้งสามประเภทได้ เพราะจะทำให้คนไม่พอจำนวนที่ฝ่ายทหารต้องการ ให้ผ่อนผันคนประเภทที่ 1 และประเภทที่ 2 รวมกันก่อน ถ้าคนยังเหลือจึงผ่อนผันคนประเภทที่ 3 ถ้าจำนวนคนในประเภทใดจะผ่อนผันไม่ได้ทั้งหมดต้องให้คนประเภทนั้นจับสลาก +หากทหารกองเกินซึ่งมีอายุยี่สิบเอ็ดปีบริบูรณ์ในปีที่จะเข้ากองประจำการไม่พอ ให้เรียกทหารกองเกินซึ่งมีอายุถัดจากอายุยี่สิบเอ็ดปีบริบูรณ์ขึ้นไปตามลำดับ โดยเรียกผู้ที่ยังไม่เคยเข้ารับการตรวจเลือก ผู้หลีกเลี่ยงขัดขืน ผู้พ้นจากฐานะยกเว้นหรือผ่อนผัน ผู้ที่รับการผ่อนผันตามมาตรา 29 หรือ ผู้ถูกจัดเข้าเป็นคนจำพวกที่ ๓ มาตรวจเลือกอีก[1] +บุคคลที่ตรวจเลือกเข้ามาเพื่อเข้ารับราชการเป็นทหารกองประจำการ โดยปกติมีระยะเวลาสองปี [1] แต่สำหรับผู้มีคุณวุฒิต่างๆ อาจมีระยะเวลาเข้ารับราชการกองประจำการน้อยกว่าสองปีได้ [2][3] +2558 สภานิติบัญญัติแห่งชาติได้มีมติเห็นชอบให้แก้ไขระบบกำลังพลสำรอง โดยชายไทยเพศที่สามต้องเข้ามารับการเรียกพลเพื่อตรวจสอบยอด, ฝึกวิชาทหาร, ทดลองความพรั่งพร้อม หรือระดมพลในแต่ละกรณี และกำลังพลสำรองทั้งที่มาจากนายทหารประทวนกองหนุน (ผู้ที่สำเร็จการฝึกวิชาทหารชั้นปีที่ 3), นายทหารสัญญาบัตรกองหนุน (ผู้ที่สำเร็จการฝึกวิชาทหารชั้นปีที่ 5), ทหารกองประจำการ ที่รับราชการในกองประจำการครบกำหนด และปลดเป็นทหารกองหนุนตามกฎหมายแล้ว หรือทหารกองหนุนประเภทที่ 2 จะต้องถูกสุ่มเพื่อเข้ารับการเรียกพลในแต่ละปี โดยจะเน้นเรียกผู้ที่สำเร็จการฝึกวิชาทหารชั้นปีที่ 3 ที่ได้รับการขึ้นทะเบียนกองประจำการ และ ปลดเป็นทหารกองหนุนประเภทที่ 1 แล้วมาเข้ารับการฝึก โดยนายจ้างต้องอนุญาตให้ลูกจ้าง ที่เป็นกำลั���พลสำรองมาเข้ารับการฝึกและต้องจ่ายค่าจ้างตามปกติ มิฉะนั้น จะมีความผิดตามกฎหมายและต้องรับโทษตามกฎหมาย นอกจากนี้ทางกองทัพบกจะทำการสุ่มเรียกกำลังพลสำรองจำนวน 2.5 % จาก กำลังพลสำรองทั้งหมด มาเข้ารับการฝึกกำลังสำรองเป็นระยะเวลา 2 เดือน โดยผู้ที่ไม่ต้องเข้ารับการเรียกพล จะต้องมีเหตุจำเป็นเท่านั้น ผู้ใดหลีกเลี่ยง จะต้องรับโทษตามกฎหมาย [1] +2542[1] ศรราม เทพพิทักษ์ ดารานักแสดงดัง เข้ารับราชการทหาร 2 ปี สังกัดกองพันทหารราบ มณฑลทหารบกที่ 11 ในปี พ.ศ. +2543 หลังจากผ่อนผันจนหมดสิทธิ์[2] หลังปลดประจำการได้รับการแต่งตั้งยศสิบตรี และเป็นพรีเซ็นเตอร์ในการเชิญชวนให้ชายไทยเข้ารับราชการทหารในปีต่อ ๆ มา[3] สมชาย เข็มกลัด นักร้อง และนักแสดง เข้ารับราชการทหาร 2 ปี สังกัดกองพันทหารราบ มณฑลทหารบกที่ 11 ในปี พ.ศ. +2543[1] ฝันดี-ฝันเด่น คู่แฝดนักร้องดูโอ้ สมัครเข้ารับราชการทหาร สังกัดกองทัพเรือ ในปี พ.ศ. +2545[1] เจสัน ยัง นักร้อง และนักแสดง เชื้อชาติออสเตรเลีย เข้ารับราชการทหาร สังกัดกองทัพเรือ ในปี พ.ศ. +2547[1] ภาณุ จิระคุณ (ป๊อปปี้) นักร้อง หัวหน้าวงเค-โอติก เข้ารับราชการทหาร 6 เดือน สังกัดศูนย์ฝึกทหารเรือสัตหีบ ในปี พ.ศ. +2557[2] ณเดชน์ คูกิมิยะ นักแสดงและนายแบบลูกครึ่งไทย-ออสเตรีย เข้ารับการตรวจเลือกทหารในปี พ.ศ. +2557 แต่ได้รับการยกเว้นไม่ต้องเข้ารับราชการทหารเนื่องจากป่วยเป็นโรคหอบหืด ถึงกระนั้นก็ดีมีบุคคลหลายคนไม่พอใจอย่างมากและตั้งข้อสงสัยจับผิดในอาการป่วยของเขา[4] ชินวุฒิ อินทรคูสิน เข้ารับราชการทหาร 2 ปี (ทหารเกณฑ์) สังกัดกองพันทหารราบ มณฑลทหารบกที่ 11 ในปี พ.ศ. +2559[3] กวิน ดูวาล นักร้องวง 3.2.1 เข้ารับราชการทหาร 1 ปี (ทหารเกณฑ์) สังกัดกองพันทหารราบ มณฑลทหารบกที่ 11 เช่นเดียวกับชินวุฒิ (เดิมทีกวินได้รับคัดเลือกให้เข้าสังกัดจังหวัดชลบุรี) ในปี พ.ศ. +2559[5] พิรัชต์ นิธิไพศาลกุล นักร้องชื่อดัง เข้ารับการตรวจเลือกทหารในปี พ.ศ. +2559 แต่ได้รับการยกเว้นไม่ต้องเข้ารับราชการทหารเนื่องจากป่วยเป็นโรคหอบหืดและเคยมีอาการลำไส้อักเสบ[4] +แม้ว่าจะเป็นความผิดตามกฎหมาย แต่มีขบวนการทำการสนับสนุนให้ผู้ทหารกองเกินหลบเลี่ยงการรับราชการทหารกันอย่างแพร่หลาย โดยสัสดีอำเภอเป็นตัว��ารสำคัญ[1] โดยมีวิธีการต่างๆ ดังนี้ +2547[1]พบว่าสัสดีเรียกรับเงินจากผู้ไม่ต้องการรับราชการทหารเป็นหลักพันบาทสำหรับวิธีการในข้อ 1 และหลักหมื่นบาทสำหรับวิธีการในข้อ 2-3 +การทำร้ายร่างกายตัวเองหรือผู้อื่นเพื่อไม่ให้ต้องรับราชการทหารมีระวางโทษจำคุกหนึ่งปีถึงแปดปี[1] เป็นโทษที่หนักที่สุดในพระราชบัญญัติรับราชการทหาร และเป็นโทษเดียวในพระราชบัญญัตินี้ที่มีอายุความถึง 15 ปี +เกิดคำถามถึงความจำเป็นสำหรับการเกณฑ์ทหารและเรียกร้องให้มีการถกเถียงอย่างเปิดเผยเกี่ยวกับประสิทธิผลและคุณค่าต่อประเทศ[1][2][3] นักวิจารณ์ยังอ้างว่าภัยคุกคามภายนอกต่อประเทศไทยในปี 2562 ไม่สำคัญ ด้านแผนความมั่นคงแห่งชาติของไทยซึ่งจัดพิมพ์ในปีเดียวกันเองก็มองว่าภัยคุกคามด้านภูมิรัฐศาสตร์ภายนอกต่อประเทศเล็กน้อยในหลายปีข้างหน้า[4] นอกจากนี้ ในปี 2563 มีการเปิดเผยว่า กองทัพใช้งบประมาณเกี่ยวกับทหารเกณฑ์ถึงปีละ 14,990 ล้านบาท[5] +วันที่ 4 เมษายน 2561 เพื่อนของเนติวิทย์ โชติภัทร์ไพศาลติดตามเขามาขอผ่อนผันทหาร และมีการแจกแบบสอบถามแก่ผู้มารอเกณฑ์ทหารและผู้สังเกตการณ์โดยมีข้อความว่า "เราควรเปลี่ยนระบบเกณฑ์ทหารจาก ระบบบังคับ เป็นระบบสมัครใจ" และ "กองทัพควรรับรองว่า พลทหารจะไม่ถูกละเมิดสิทธิมนุษยชนระหว่างเกณฑ์ทหาร 100%" จำนวน 169 ใบ พบว่ามีผู้เห็นด้วยกับข้อความแรก 144 คน และเห็นด้วยกับข้อความที่สอง 25 คน [1] +องค์การนิรโทษกรรมสากลออกรายงานในปี 2562 อ้างอดีตทหารเกณฑ์ชาวไทย ระบุว่า ในกองทัพไทยมีการละเมิดสิทธิมนุษยชนทหารเกณฑ์หลายกรณีเป็นเรื่องปกติ เช่น การธำรงวินัยด้วยการทำร้ายร่างกายด้วยอาวุธ การล่วงละเมิดทางเพศ การลงโทษที่ดูหมิ่นศักดิ์ศรี รวมทั้งการข่มขืนกระทำชำเราทหารที่เป็นเกย์[1] และในเดือนมีนาคม 2563 กล่าวหาว่าทหารเกณฑ์ของไทยเผชิญกับการละเมิดอย่างเป็นสถาบันแต่ถูกทางการทหารปิดปากอย่างเป็นระบบ[2] +ชายที่มีสัญชาติไทย เมื่ออายุย่างเข้า 18 ปี บริบูรณ์ในพุทธศักราชใด ต้องไปแสดงตนเพื่อลงบัญชีทหารกองเกินภายในพุทธศักราชนั้น [1] ที่อำเภอท้องที่ที่มีภูมิลำเนาอยู่โดยจะได้รับใบสำคัญ สด. ๙ เมื่อลงบัญชี ณ อำเภอใดแล้ว อำเภอนั้นจะเป็นภูมิลำเนาทหารของทหารกองเกินผู้นั้น ภูมิลำเนาทหารเป็นภูมิลำเนาเฉพาะไม่เกี่ยวข้องกับทะเบียนบ้านหรือสำมะโนครัว การจะย้ายภูมิลำเนาทหารต้องกระทำที่อำเภอแยกต่างหากจากการย้ายภูมิลำเนาตามทะเบียนราษฎร ทหารกองเกินที่ย้ายทะเบียนราษฎร์จะย้ายภูมิลำเนาทหารด้วยหรือไม่ก็ได้ แต่มีหน้าที่แจ้งต่อนายอำเภอทุกครั้งที่ไปอยู่ต่างถิ่นเป็นเวลาเกินกว่า 30 วัน[2] หากไม่แจ้งต้องระวางโทษจำคุกไม่เกินสามเดือน หรือปรับไม่เกินสามร้อยบาท หรือทั้งจำทั้งปรับ +Faculty of Fine and Applied Arts, Khon Kaen University is a Thai government department at the faculty level, under Khon Kaen University, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research, and Innovation. It is the 16th faculty of Khon Kaen University. +Reference +Khon Kaen University, Faculty of Fine and Applied Arts, 30 years Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen: Khon Kaen University, 1994, P. 103 - 105 +Other sources +Faculty of Fine and Applied received a royal command of an announcement of a royal decree establishing a faculty on September 13, 1994, to separate from the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University. +It is to be the institution that produces graduates with knowledge and abilities in fine and applied arts to work effectively both in public and private sectors. Moreover, it is the educational center in the research of international arts and local arts in the NorthEast region. And, it is an institution for academic service in fine and applied arts to societies and external and internal departments. +Degrees offered +Painting Sculpture Printmaking Art Ceramic Art Mixed media Master of Fine and Applied Arts (M.F.A.) Visual Arts Department of Visual Communication Design Bechelor of Fine and Applied Arts (B.F.A.) Graphic Design Film Photography Exhibition and Packaging Design Animetion Department of Music Bechelor of Fine and Applied Arts (B.F.A.) +List of Deans +Dean Directory of Faculty of Fine and Applied Arts, Khon Kaen University Dean The Term of Office 1. +Assoc.Prof. +Suwit Satitwittayanon 1994 - 1999 2. +Assoc.Prof.Dr. +Chalermsak Pikulsri 1999 - 2003 3. +Asst.Prof. +Roong Thirabhichit 2003 - 2008 4. +Assoc.Prof.Dr. +Chalermsak Pikulsri 2008 - 2012 5. +Assoc.Prof.Dr. +Chalermsak Pikulsri 2012 - 2016 6. +Assoc.Prof.Dr. Niyom WongpongKham 2016 - 2019 7. Assoc.Prof.Dr. +Burin Plengdeesakul 2019 - Present +Note: The title of the dean and acting dean is the title of an academic position at that time. +Famous Alumni +Rat Pikartpairee: a singer and a musician in the brand named Tattoo Colour Jeerawan Sornsaat: a singer, first runner up in Academy Fantasia season 8 (AF8) +Sakdichai Bamrungpong (12 July 1918 – 29 November 2014), diplomat, writer, journalist The owner of the pen name Seni Saowaphong has been honored as a national artist of Thailand. +Literature Branch of the Year, 1990 +After retirement, Sakdichai Bamrungpong took the position of Chief Advisor in Matichon Group. And has written novels “Kon di Sri Ayutthaya” (1981), “Under the Uranus” (1983), and writes regular articles in newspapers and magazines. +Be honored The first Sri Burapha Award in 1988, National Artist Award in the field of Literature of the Year 1990 and the Narathip Award of the Year 1998 +He is very well known for writing novels that named The Ghost, especially the sayings of 'The Ghost of time' that reflect The Changes of social and attempts to curb the changes of society that leads to what Sai Sima, the protagonist of the story, called. 'Sleeping terror' With Sai Sima said in front of the elite society “… For those of you who are in the castle, there is no need to touch on. Because whatever it is, it will decay over time. +You misunderstood the idea that I was going to imitate myself. Because it counts as a backward, So much time has passed between your world and my world, so far apart. I am a demon that time has created to haunt people in the old world. +And nothing will be more consoling for these people than nothing will stop the advancement of time to create more and more of these demons. You thought of destroying this demon tonight in front of such a high society, but there was no way it was possible. Because he was more invincible than Achilles or Siegfried. +personal life +Sakdichai Bamrungpong married Mrs. Kruaphan Pathumros in 1953 and had four children. +deceased +Sakdichai passed away on November 29, 2014 at around 12:00 p.m. at a Bangkok Hospital. +By receiving treatment forillness for a while Initially, it was reported that A funeral service will be held on November 30 at 5:00 p.m. at Sala 5, Wat That Thong, Bangkok. +Books +Ghost kon di si ayutaya Cold frire life on death No news from Tokyo The love of vanlaya A drop of The times Under the Urenus Cold fire in my heart, 84 year of seni suawapong Etc. +History +insignia +5 December 1992 , Order of the Crown of Thailand classes Maha Vajira Mongkut December 5, 1978, Order of the White Elephant classes Prathamabhorn Chang Phueak December 5, 1975 Order of the Crown of Thailand classes Prathamabhorn Mongkut Thai +Reference +Other reference +Sakdichai bumrungpong formerly known as “Boon song” was born in a small village. In Bang Bo District Samut Prakan Province He was the youngest child of Mr. Pong and Mrs. Phae Bamrungpong, a farmer and a village headman. Studied first grade at Wat Chakrawat Rachawat School Secondary school at Bophitphimuk School Entrance examination to the Faculty of Architecture Chulalongkorn University but had to resign when his father died. +He became part-time journalist and studied law at Thammasat University he had graduated in 1941 and changed his name to “Sakdichai” during the age of Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram, Since regulation forcing the names of persons would be clearly separated with the genders. +Since childhood, Sakdichai Bamrungpong applied as a student to learn to draw with Hem Vejakorn and met famous writers who contact at Hem's house such as Saow Boonsung and Manat Janyong, so he started writing short stories and published them with “Sri Krung Sunday” “Krungthep Varasan” at the end of high school 8, his father died, no money for further education So he went to work at the press agency “Sri Krung” and "Siam Rat", the international news department. +But resigned with all editors in 1939, when who was editor Ob Chaivasu was forced to resign. +Government service +Therefore, went back to Thailand, worked as a journalist in “Suvarnabhumi” with Thongterm Sermut, Isara Amantakul. Started writing short stories under the pen name “Sujarit Phromchanya”. Became famous from a short story named “Acacia at the end of summer”, there was the first time he's using the pen name “Seni Saowapong” and very high successful that until translated into Chinese. +When World War II broke out, Sakdichai returned to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at the end of 1942 and joined the British line of Seri Thai (Free Thai movement). +At the end of the war, along with writing articles in "Nigorn Sunday" “Supabburut-Prachamit” “Ayothaya” “Rung Arun”. +Since 1947, Sakdichai Bamrungpong began as a diplomat abroad. Lived in Russia (1947-1954), Argentina (1955-1960), India (1962-1965), Austria (1968-1972), England (1973-1975). +Was Thai Ambassador to Ethiopia in 1975 and retired. in the position of Thai Ambassador to Burma in 1978 +Life after retirement +Pretzelle (Thai: เพรทเซล; stylized in all caps) is a Thai pop girl group formed in 2020, consisting of four members: Inc (Matawee Rattanawijit), Ice (Irawadee Sajjapanichkul), Aumaim (Aunyarin Chaianansopon), and Grace (Apisara Chompusri).[1] Their first mini-album “PRETZELLE DAY” was released on May 28, 2020, alongside the music video for the debut single “Never Give Up” (Thai: ไหวมั้ย) [2] Recently, on February, 2021, Pretzelle launched their latest special single “First Love” (ต้องชอบแค่ไหน). [3] +Second lineup change: 2020 +On January 12, 2021, Pretzelle announced the official departure of Bamee. According to the statement, due to conflicts between her personal matters and responsibility as a Pretzelle member, the group agreed to terminate Bamee’s member status.[1] On January 2021, Pretzelle introduced 2 new members: Aumaim (Aunyarin Chaianansopon) and Grace (Apisara Chompusri).[…] +Fanclub name announcement +During a live streaming session on February 23, 2021, Pretzelle revealed its official fanclub name “Twist”,[2] taken from the twisting of pretzel dough. +Joining T-POP STAGE +On March 1, 2021, Pretzelle appeared on Workpoint TV’s music program “T-POP STAGE”[1], performing their new single “First Love” (ต้องชอบแค่ไหน). Following the successful performance, “First Love” (ต้องชอบแค่ไหน)[4] entered T-POP STAGE’s top chart[…] at number 19 for the second week of February 2021, with total points calculated from fan votes, audio stream count, and YouTube view count for ต้องชอบแค่ไหน (First Love) music video[4] The individual fancams of each member are linked as follows; Inc’s fancam, Ice’s fancam, Aumaim’s fancam, Grace’s fancam +Members +PRETZELLE is composed of four members:[…] +Current Members Full Name Nick name Date of Birth Age Instagram Twitter Facebook Matawee Rattanawijit Inc 27 November 1999 21 @incmtw @incmtw @incmtww Irawadee Sajjaphanitchkul Ice 21 November 1999 21 @iceirwd @iceirwd @iceirwd Aunyarin Chaianansopon Aumaim 6 May 1998 23 @aumaim5.6 @aumaimaunyarin @AumaimAunyarin Apisara Chompusri Grace 14 December 2000 20 @ggraceday @ggracedaytwit @GraceApisara +Discography +History +Mini-album, PRETZELLE DAY - released on May 28, 2020 +Track listing[…] +“Never Give Up” (ไหวมั้ย) "I’m Glad” (เมื่อโลกนี้มีเธอ) — OST. “Leh Game Rak” (เล่ห์เกมรัก)[1] Ping Pong Pang Let's Go Ost. +Teteru “Never Give Up” (ไหวมั้ย) (Instrumental Version) +Special Single - “First Love” (ต้องชอบแค่ไหน) - released on February 2021[…][2][3][4] +“First Love” (ต้องชอบแค่ไหน) is a special single that incorporates elements of pop, soul, and jazz. “First Love” is produced by Kankanat ‘Benz’ Angkanagerathiti , with lyrics written by Piyawat Meekrau (25hours)[2] The audio and music video were launched on February 8, 2021,[3] trending at number 5 on Thailand’s Twitter[4] at 7pm on the same day. On YouTube “First Love” music video’s views kept burgeoning, eventually reaching over 5 million views on May 12, 2021. […] +External Links +Formation and debut: 2020 +Pretzelle is based on the word ‘pretzel’. The meaning behind the newly formed group’s name comes from the idea that the infinity shape of the pastry symbolizes happiness and enjoyment. Pretzelle’s first performance took place at Thailand’s biggest idol group event “Idol Expo #3” which held on January 30, 2020.[1] The group announced their official debut on May 28, 2020 with the mini-album “PRETZELLE DAY” and music video for the first single “Never Give Up” (ไหวมั้ย).[2] +The original lineup of Pretzelle included four members: Inc (Mathawee Ratanawijit), Ice (Irawadee Sajjaphanitchkul), Nana (Pattaravarin Su), and Bamee (Kantisha Wibulsamai). The mini-album “PRETZELLE DAY” features three tracks: “Never Give Up” (ไหวมั้ย), “I’m Glad” (เมื่อโลกนี้มีเธอ) — the OST for the drama “Leh Game Rak” (เล่ห์เกมรัก), and “Ping Pong Pang Let's Go” — the OST for the Korean KBS1’s children show “Teteru".[1] +First lineup change: 2020 +On July, 2020, Nana Announced her decision to leave Pretzelle due to personal reasons.[1] +Lodi X Next Idol, reality television appearance. +PRETZELLE joined Workpoint TV’s reality television competition ‘Lodi X Next Idol’[1] in November 2020.[2] The group eventually entered the top ten, winning against “Cheesy Pie” a Cm Cafe’s girl group. Also, a member — Ice, was named the ‘Rising Star’ of the competition.[3] During the 3 STAND round,[4] Pretzelle performed their cover version of Yinglee Srijumpol’s hit “Your Heart For My Number” (ขอใจแลกเบอร์โทร), scoring 232 points, claiming their rightful place on the top 3 stand. +Music Video Title Singer อยู่ในช่วงปรับปรุง เค-โอติก เหลือเวลาอีกเท่าไหร่ Natural Sense ถ้าโลกไม่หยุดหมุนเราคงได้เจอกันสักครั้ง แอนดี้ เขมพิมุก Only You แอนดี้ เขมพิมุก สิ่งที่มองไม่เห็น เศกพล อุ่นสำราญ หิมะ อัศวิน ดุริยางกูร โลกมันกลม ภูริวัชร์ ธีระชาติ อย่ามองฉันเป็นคนอื่นได้ไหม ประพุทธ์ พิมพามา +Concert +References +External links +Sirin Preediyanon (Nickname: Chippy). +She was born on 23 July 1993.[1] She is a Thai actress who is under สถานีวิทยุโทรทัศน์ไทยทีวีสีช่อง 3. She made an acting career from Advertising, Music Video, and Magazine. Her first TV drama is The Sixth Sense สื่อรักสัมผัสหัวใจ 2 as Bencha. +Early life +Television +All of the Television series below are aired on สถานีวิทยุโทรทัศน์ไทยทีวีสีช่อง 3 +Year Title Role 2013 The Sixth Sense 2 Bencha 2015 Sud Kaen San Rak Hathairat Boonyaowanich (Rat) 2016 Rang Ta Wan Tantawan Atsapanuwat (Kate) Khon La Khob Fah Chanika Rungchinsak (Ni) 2018 My Hero the Series Matuphoom Haeng Huachai (Heart of the Motherland) Awassaya Rueangritthikun (Mok) Kham See Than Dorn Duensip Deelertsakul (Duen) My Hero the Series Tai Peek Pak Sa (Under the Bird’s Wings) Awassaya Rueangritthikun / Awassaya Wasutraphaisan (Mok) (Guest) 2019 Thi Wa Son Dao Chomdao 2021 Thep Thida Plara Baimon Ratee Luang Chalatarn +Songs +Song Title หมายเหตุ Sood Tai Kor Pae Ost. Khon La Khob Fah Kho We La Tam Jai Ost. Thep Thida Plara +Music Video +Phayap (Thai: มณฑลพายัพ): Sanskrit Northwest. or Monthon Lao Chiang (Thai: มณฑลลาวเฉียง). In 1899, this northwestern monthon was described in Thai as monthon fai tawan tok chiang nuea (มณฑลฝ่ายตะวันตกเฉียงเหนือ; literally "northwest-side circle"). +In 1900, this was shortened to the Sanskrit for "northwest". +The actual administrative reform was established gradually between 1907 and 1915, succeeding the previous high commissionership. +It covered the northern principalities of former Lan Na, the provinces Chiang Mai, Lamphun, Mae Hong Son, Lampang, Chiang Rai, Nan, and Phrae +Mrs.Nuaon Khrouthongkhieo. +“The Siamese State and Lanna, 1874-1933” A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment- Department of History Chulalongkorn University, 2010. Miss Phornphun Chongvatana. +“THE DISPUTES OF BRITISH SUBJECTS AGAINST THE CHIEFS OF CHIENGMAI RESULTING IN THE SIAMESE GOVERNMENT TAKING OVER THE ADMINISTRATION OF NORTH WEST SIAM (PAYAB CARCLE) (1858-1902 A.D.)” +A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment- Department of History Chulalongkorn University, 1974. Saraswadee Prayoonsathein. +“The Administrative Reform of Monthon Payap (B.E. 2436–2476).”A Presented Partial Fulfillment Srinakharinwirot University, 1980. +วิทยาลัยพัฒนศาสตร์ ป๋วย อึ๊งภากรณ์ หรือชื่อเดิมคือ สำนักบัณฑิตอาสาสมัคร เป็นหน่วยงานของมหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์มีสถานะเทียบเท่าคณะวิชา[1] รับผิดชอบดำเนินการให้การศึกษา อบรม ฝึกฝน การให้บริการแก่ชุมชน และสร้างเสริมประสบการณ์เกี่ยวกับท้องถิ่นชนบทให้แก่ บัณฑิต ที่จบการศึกษาระดับปริญญาตรีจากทุกสาขาวิชา และทุกสถาบัน เพื่อให้มีความสนใจและเข้าใจปัญหาของชนบท +Undergraduates benefit from PSDS’ out-of-the-classroom work-based learning scheme, making education practical, project-centric and problem-driven. They may choose to focus on contemporary community development, corporate social responsibility (CSR), social enterprise, or volunteer management. Students enrolled in the MA program on Creative Development focus on research-oriented approaches to their topic of choice. +ทำเนียบผู้อำนวยการสำนักบัณฑิตอาสาสมัคร มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์[1] ชื่อ ระยะเวลาอยู่ในตำแหน่ง 1. ป๋วย อึ๊งภากรณ์, ศาสตราจารย์ 1 มิถุนายน พ.ศ. +From its founding up till now, the GVC/PSDS has provided opportunities for graduates of different universities to experience rural life and learn about various aspects of local communities. The program, which awards a graduate diploma on volunteerism, was envisioned making the newly educated generations more aware of rural and national development concerns. In turn, rural dwellers learned from interacting with university graduates whom they may have previously seen as a remote social elite. +Young advocates became agents for change in rural communities and leaders of volunteer programs and development initiatives. Even after graduation, many embrace the ethos of personal sacrifice, working to alleviate poverty in underdeveloped and remote areas for minimal pay or as volunteers. Today, GVC graduates include over 1,500 volunteers who have benefited from its educational and training courses. +Pyotr Andreevich Shchurovsky (รัสเซีย: Пётр Андреевич Щуровский) is a Russian composer and musician who is best known for composing the music for Sansoen Phra Barami. +References +History +Shchurovsky was born in 1850 in a noble family. +He has a brother who is a famous and private doctor of Anton Chekhov. +Shchurovsky spends his early life in Mosow and was interested in instruments, music when he was still a kid. Later, he studied at a famous art school in Moscow. After he finished studying, he started conducting at the Imperial theatres in Moscow.[1] +Later, He became the head of the Bolshoi Theater Music Troupe, which is one of the most famous music theatres. But, he resigned to lecture on music which he did quite well. Other than that, Tchaiskovsky also sent a letter to Shchurovsky addressing about "A Life for the Tsar" (Opera) not being performed. +First of all, I am very grateful for your telegraphic reply, and, secondly, I apologize for having put you to expense. The thing is that Milan is a rather boring city, and I would like to use up my time sparingly, since I have very little of it at my disposal. Now that I have found out from you that "A Life for the Tsar" will not be performed before the 12th, I have decided to by-pass Milan (which would be a detour) and travel straight to Florence and even more southern regions, with the intention of then coming to Milan by the 12th to await the first performance. +You write that it will take place between 12 and 20 May. Be so kind as to tell me why this has not been decided yet, and, in general, do let me have, for God's sake, some information as to how the project of staging the opera is going, what obstacles it is encountering and so on. Please address your letter to Naples, poste restante, as I don't know yet where I shall be staying. +He also sometimes translates works about music. +Shchurovsky wrote a book about instructions for music and in 1890, he gathered different national anthems and published them as a book which, one of them being Sansoen Phra Barami too. +Pyotr Shchurovsky died in 1908. +Phichai Watsanasong พิชัย วาศนาส่ง Born (1929-07-02)July 2, 1929 Thailand Died April 8, 2012(2012-04-08) (aged 82) Phramongkutklao Hospital Nationality Thai Occupation Reporter, architect, government official Known for Foreign news analyst, former member of the National Legislative Assembly of Thailand (2006) Spouse(s) Ramdeeteru Wasanasong Children Lalana Panit +Phichai Watsanasong (Thai: พิชัย วาศนาส่ง; 2 July 1929 – 9 April 2012) was a former architect, foreign news analyst, senator[1] and member of the National Legislative Assembly of Thailand. +Death +Phichai Watsanasong died on 8 April 2012 at the Phramongkutklao Hospital, aged 83.[1] A cremation ceremony was held on 19 August 2012 at Wat That Thong. +History +References +Phichai graduated from the Chulalongkorn University. +He formerly worked at the MCOT HD television station. +He also starred in Talae Rak (1952), a movie directed by Khun Wichitmatra.[1] +Phichai married Teru Bunnak, daughter of Tom Bunnak [th].[1] His only child is Lalana Panit.[2] +Somkid Pumpuang (Thai: สมคิด พุ่มพวง; born 1964), known as Kid the Ripper (Thai: คิดเดอะริปเปอร์), is a Thai serial killer who was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for murdering five masseuses from January to June 2005. After having his sentence reduced to 13 years and released in 2019, he murdered another woman seven months later, for which he was convicted and sentenced to death.[1] +See also +Early life +List of serial killers by country +References +When he was eight years old, his father deposited him to live with his uncle, and during this time, Pumpuang would start stealing.[1] One day, after he stole a teacher's bicycle, he was expelled from school. When he was 14 or 15 years old, his uncle found him work at a sawmill in the Thung Song district, where Pumpuang dealt with driving rubberwood. Eventually, his uncle caught him stealing money from his employer, resulting in Pumpuang being kicked out and moving back in with his father in Trang province, with whom he would quarrel regularly and would continue to steal.[1] Eventually, he was forced to flee the village after he was attacked by a group of teenagers, causing him to travel around the country.[1] +Murders +From January 30 to June 21, 2005, Pumpuang would kill five women in several provinces, usually by strangling or tying them up and holding their heads underwater. The killings would take place in hotels, and he would usually steal items like cellphones from them.[1] The victims were the following: Warunee Phimphabutr, café singer: hands tied behind her back with her own bra and drowned in a bathtub in a hotel in Mueang Mukdahan district, Mukdahan province on January 30. A gold necklace, mobile phone and a motorcycle were stolen.[2] Phongphan Sapchai, masseuse: strangled in a hotel in Mueang Lampang district, Lampang province on June 4.[3] Patcharee Amatanirand, café singer: strangled with a wire in a hotel in Thap Thiang subdistrict, Trang province on June 11.[3] Porntawan Pangkabutr, masseuse: strangled in a hotel in Mueang Udon Thani district, Udon Thani province on June 18.[3] Sompong Pimpornpirm, masseuse: strangled in a mansion in Mueang Buriram district, Buriram province on June 21.[3] Arrest, trial and detention Six days after the final murder, Pumpuang was arrested while leading a young woman to a hotel in Chaiyaphum, where officers from the Crime Suppression Division found a cellphone stolen from the final victim.[3] After linking all five cases back to him, he was charged with five counts of murder and theft, during which the prosecution sought the death sentence in three of the murders. +Release and new murder +Rassamee had been wrapped up in a blanket and transparent tape, with the former also being tied around her neck, with a cellphone charger tied around her ankle. Panicked, the neighbor called out for Pumpuang, but again received no response.[1] At the subsequent autopsy, coroners determined the cause of death to be suffocation, and a police investigation team was dispatched to interrogate witnesses. After being presented with photographs of multiple suspects, the witnesses identified the man they last saw leaving the house as Pumpuang, which was further reinforced by other evidence found at the crime scene itself.[1] Four days later, authorities at the Pak Chong Provincial Police Station received a tip by a citizen who claimed that his girlfriend had seen a man resembling Pumpuang on a train. +Nirut Sonkhamhan (Thai: นิรุต สอนคำหาร; August 5, 1969 – April 18, 2012), known as The Pickup Truck Killer (Thai: ฆาตกรรถกระบะ), was a Thai serial killer who poisoned nine taxi drivers from 2011 to 2012, six of which died as a result.[1] Sonkhamhan was arrested and charged with the murders, but hanged himself in his jail cell before he could go to trial.[2] +List of serial killers by country +References +Early life +Nirut Sonkhamhan was born on August 5, 1969 in the Nong Kung Si district.[1] When he was ten years old, he moved with his father moved to Songkhla, where Sonkhamhan remained until the age of 25, when he moved to the village of Khok Krua.[1] There, he married and started a family, and found a job as a taxi driver, but experienced financial difficulties due to his gambling habits.[1] +Murders +As part of his modus operandi, Sonkhamhan would hire taxi drivers to help him move things to various locations, with whom he would ride. Along the way, he would stop at a gas station and order coffee, which he would then poison it with pesticide.[1] After the victim was either incapacitated or dead, Sonkhanham would dump their body by the roadside and then sell the vehicle to a gang of car thieves in the Hat Yai district.[2] On January 11, 2011, the body of the first victim, 67-year-old Yupin Jeonkhem, was found floating in the Lampao Dam, having been weighed down with cement blocks.[1] By examining fingerprints imprinted in front of the victim's house, police determined that the perpetrator was Sonkhamhan and an arrest warrant was subsequently issued for his arrest.[3] The next attack came in March, when Sonkhamhan poisoned Montree Kalam in Prachuap Khiri Khan, who survived through his injury.[4] After that, he poisoned Nairob Prathon in Surat Thani and dumped his body in a palm plantation, before selling his Toyota Hilux to the car thieves.[4] On January 3, 2012, Sonkhamhan supposedly poisoned and robbed a man named Watchara Suebchuea, whose body he dumped off a bridge between the Sawi and Thung Tako districts, but the body was never located.[4] Later that month, Sonkhamhan attempted to do the same to a taxi driver named Charoen Daranoi, who realizes that he was being poisoned and kicked him out of the car before speeding away.[1] At the very end of January, he poisoned his sixth victim, Paitoon Pattalapho, whom he dumped at a sugarcane plantation in the Cha-am district, unaware that he had survived.[1] For the following three months, Sonkhamhan successfully poisoned three additional victims: the first was Julsil Salangsing, whose body was found in the Tha Sae district.[4] For the fifth murder, during which Sonkhamhan reportedly brought along his wife, he killed Chamnong Srirachat, whose body was dumped in a grove near a canal in the Mueang Chumphon district on March 18.[4] The final victim was a man named Somsak Srichampa, whose body was found along the Petchkasem Road in the Khlong Wan subdistrict in Prachuap Khiri Khan on April 9.[2] +Arrest +After reviewing CCTV footage of the client last seen with the victims and Srichampa's stolen car, authorities tracked down Sonkhamhan to a hotel room in the Sam Phran district, where he was subsequently arrested by the Crime Suppression Division.[1] He was subsequently brought to the Khlong Wan Police Station and put in solitary confinement, where he attempted to hang himself with an electric cord on April 17, 2012, but was saved after prison guards found him and cut it off.[2] On the following day, after excusing himself to the bathroom, Sonkhamhan ripped off a piece of his T-shirt, tied it the bars of the bathroom window and around his neck, before he climed onto the toilet tank and jumped off.[2] This was noticed by the prison guards, who again cut off the cloth and attempted to resuscitate him, but to no avail.[2] +See also +There are many kinds of Thai desserts such as Thong Yod, Thong Yib, Foi Thong, which is a dessert that originated from Portugal by Thao Thongkip Ma. +They are divided according to the method of ripening as follows: +Desserts that are cooked by steaming or baking, such as Khanom Mo Khang, Khanom Na Nuan, Khanom Klebe Lamduan, Khanom Thong Muan, Hard pears. In addition, Khanom Krok, Khanom Bueng, Khanom Dok Lam Chiak that are heated on the stove may also be included in this group confectionery cooked by boiling This type of dessert uses a pot or pan to boil water. Put the candy in until cooked and scoop up. to be mixed with or sprinkled with coconut, such as Kanom Nut Pab, boiled dessert, sticky dessert, and Rae Rai dessert. +Ingredients for cooking Khanom Thai +Sago with Pork and Rice Crackers +Most Thai desserts are made from rice and will use other ingredients such as colors, utensils, and natural aromas. The rice used in Thai desserts is either in the form of whole grain or rice in the form of flour. There are also other ingredients such as coconut, eggs, sugar, which will be discussed in detail below. +rice and flour +Bringing rice to make desserts for Thai people starts with rice that is not very old. Milky soft rice used to make yaku rice When I get older but the rind is still green, it is used to make rice. Khao Mao that can be used to make many kinds of snacks, such as khao mao mashed khao mao khao mao khao mao krayasart rice left over from eating and that are used to make flour such as rice flour, glutinous rice flour In addition, tapioca starch is also used. +Thai desserts are unique in Thai national culture. Delicate and exquisite in selecting raw materials, meticulous methods of making, delicious, sweet, colourful, and inviting appearance. as well as the elaborate process +Histrory +In ancient times, Thai people would only make sweets on important occasions. such as a merit-making ceremony, a wedding ceremony, an important festival, or welcoming an important guest Because some desserts require human effort and time to make, most of them are traditions such as wedding desserts, local desserts such as Khanom Krok, dessert cups, etc. The desserts in the palace fence will look beautiful. Exquisite and elaborate in the arrangement of beautiful dessert shapes. +Traditional Thai desserts consist of flour, sugar, and coconut milk only. For desserts that use eggs as an ingredient, such as Thongyip Thongyod, and jackfruit seeds, Marie Quimar de Pina (Thao Thong Kip Ma), a Portuguese woman The recipe is brought from Portugal. +Thai desserts that are popular everywhere. Region of Thailand in various ceremonies is a dessert made from eggs and it is believed that the names and characteristics of such desserts, such as eating Foi Thong in hopes of living together for a long time, having a long life eat dessert Thong Ek would like to be a major, etc. +During the reign of King Rama I, cookbooks were published. including the textbook of Thai desserts Therefore, it can be considered that Thai dessert culture has been recorded in writing for the first time. The first Thai cookbook was Mae Krua Hua Pak. +Later, when the trade grew in the market, there were many kinds of snacks for sale. And this is the era where Thai desserts are popular. +Classification of Thai desserts +Phuwin Tangsakyuen (Thai: ภูวินทร์ ตั้งศักดิ์ยืน ; Hanja: 陈普明; born July 5, 2003) is a Thai actor under GMMTV. +Phuwin began in his career as a child actor, debuting in the television drama. He gained poppularity for playing the leading role of Pi Pattawee in 2021 Thai comedy series, Fish upon the Sky. +Musical Year Title Role Notes 2015 The Sound of Music (Thailand) Friedrich Support Role +Discography +Single Year Title Notes Label 2018 SOO SA Ost.Cause You're My Boy ft.Sing Harit, Fiat Pattadon GMMTV Records +Concert +เพลง ปี เพลง ร้องโดย หมายเหตุ 2022 Together Absolutely Ada Special Olympics Thailand +Concert +Concert Year Title Artist Venue 2019 Y I LOVE YOU FAN PARTY 2019[1] GMMTV Artist Thunder Dome, Muangthong Thani 2021 FISH UPON THE SKY Live Fan Meeting[2] Pond, Neo, Louis, Mix Live +Television commercial +TVC Year Title Artist Notes 2017 Big C Lotus 2020 AIS 5G Galaxy S20 FE Ally Achiraya, Off Jumpol, Prim Chanikarn +Awards and nomination +Early life and education +Award Year Award ceremony Category Result 2021 Nation-Building Youth Award[1] Preserving arts, culture and performance Won Nontalee Siam[2] The son make reputation for the nation Won 2022 Kazz Magazine Num Wai Sai 2021 Won +References +↑ "PHUWIN : Phuwin Tangsakyuen ภูวิน : ภูวินทร์ ตั้งศักดิ์ยืน". www.gmm-tv.com (in Thai). ↑ "เรื่องย่อ "My Bubble Tea หวานน้อยรัก 100%" (มีคลิป)". mgronline.com (in Thai). +2020-05-23. ↑ THAITICKETMAJOR. +"Official Ticket | Y I LOVE YOU FAN PARTY 2019 ติดเกาะฮา Y". +THAITICKETMAJOR. ↑ "ฟินทั่วโลก!"ปอนด์-ภูวิน-นีโอ-หลุยส์" ควงคู่มาบอกรักจัดเต็มโชว์สุดประทับใจ ในงานFan Meeting | daradaily". www.daradaily.com. ↑ "แฟนคลับร่วมยินดี! "ภูวิน" สุดปลื้มรับรางวัล "เยาวชนคนสร้างชาติ" สาขา "อนุรักษ์ ศิลปะ วัฒนธรรม และการแสดง" | daradaily". www.daradaily.com. ↑ "แฟนคลับดีใจตาม "ป๊อด-ภูวิน" สุดภูมิใจรับรางวั��� "นนทลีสยาม"ลูกดีเด่น ประจำปี 2564". เดลินิวส์ (in Thai). +External links +Phuwin Tangsakyuen on Instagram Phuwin Tangsakyuen on Twitter Phuwin Tangsakyuen on Facebook Phuwin Tangsakyuen on Weibo +He attended his studies at Elementary School, Middle School and High School at Ruamrudee International School until Grade 11. He got a GED diploma and enrolled at Chulalongkorn University. He is currently studying in the Faculty of Engineering, major in Information and Communication Engineering (International Program) +Career +Since then, he went on to play the younger characters of the lead roles in television dramas such as in Neung Nai Suang (2015), Mafia Luerd Mungkorn (2015), Sane Rai Ubai Rak (2016). He has also performed in the Musical drama "The Sound of Music" at Muangthai Rachadalai Theatre. 2019-Present : Rising popularity Phuwin starred as main role in the Cause You're My Boy series (2019), playing the role of Morn. +Filmography +Television series +Television Series Year Title Role Notes Network 2014 Sunshine My Friend Guest Role mono 29 2015 Neung Nai Suang Young Pu Sattha Guest Role Channel 3 Mafia Luerd Mungkorn : Krating Young Songklod Guest Role Channel 3 Mafia Luerd Mungkorn : Hong Young Songklod Guest Role Channel 3 2016 Sane Rai Ubai Rak Young Thanatus Guest Role PPTV 2018 Cause You're My Boy Morn Main Role One 31 Our Skyy Morn Support Role Line TV Original 2019 The Charming Step Mom Namfah Support Role GMM25 Dark Blue Kiss Morn Guest Role GMM25 2020 My Bubble Tea[1] Wifi Support Role One 31 The Gifted: Graduation Third Main Role GMM25 2021 Fish upon the Sky Pi Pattawee Leading Role GMM25 2022 The Warp Effect Support Role GMM25 Never Let Me Go Nuengdiew Leading Role GMM25 +Musical +Lua error in Module:Infobox_television at line 235: bad argument #1 to 'match' (string expected, got nil). Genre Deama, Romance, Fantasy, Yaoi Created by THANAD LAKORN COMPANY LIMITED Written by Screenwriter : Prapt Script writer : Sansanee Toonyatanabodee Mueanfun Chaonuea Supawan Tongklib Directed by Haeman Chatemee Yuttana Lorpanpaiboon Starring Sarin Ronnakiat Thuchapong Koowongbandit Thanapon Jarujitranon Parada Chutchavalchotikul Apasiri Nitibhon Rinlanee Sripen Chatayodom Hiranyatithi Opening theme "Until We Meet Again" - Double k Ending theme "Unlock" - Sarin Ronnakiat and Thuchapong Koowongbandit Country of origin Thailand Original language Thai No. of episodes 16 episodes Production Producer Yuttana Lorpanpaiboon Running time 90 minutes Release Original network Channel 3 (Thailand) Original release 27 March – 1 May 2022 Infobox instructions (only shown in preview) Lua error in Module:Infobox_television at line 235: bad argument #1 to 'match' (string expected, got nil). +The Miracle of Teddy Bear (Thai: คุณหมีปาฏิหาริย์) is a Thai Romantic-Drama-Fantasy-Yaoi television drama. have a storyline from a novel of the same title by Prapt. It aired on Channel 3 (Thailand) from March 27 to May 1, 2022. +Adaptation +The Miracle of Teddy Bear It was made into a TV drama in 2022 by Thanad Lakorn Company Limited Screenwriter by Prapt Scriptwriter by Sansanee Toonyatanabodee , Mueanfun Chaonuea and Supawan Tongklib. Directed by Haeman Chatemee and Yuttana Lorpanpaiboon. +Actors/Actresses +The drama about The Miracle of Teddy Bear has a list of actors and actresses as follows. [1] +perform one's duty leading actor/actress Anont Tanakul (Nueng) /Tofu Sarin Ronnakiat Peeranut Burarat (Nut) Thuchapong Koowongbandit Anueng Tanakul (Song) Thanapon Jarujitranon Gensit (Gen) Parada Chutchavalchotikul Matana Burarat Apasiri Nitibhon perform one's duty supporting actor/actress Sajjaree Burarat (Jan) Rinlanee Sripen San Burarat /Sibmuen Burarat Chatayodom Hiranyatithi Tatarn Klaianant Tantachj Tharinpirom Prib-Pree (Prib) Punpreedee Khumprom Rodsaward Nong Wasan Aoodtamayothin Chu Chusak Suteeratham Pol.Lt.Col.Anick Tanakul Thanayong Wongtrakul Dr.Kanya (Kan) Waraphan Nguitrakul Adm.Sittha (Sit) Sukol Sasijulaka Parit Natha Lloyd Joonjuea (Juea) Haeman Chatemee perform one's duty Guest Starring Dr.Pennueng (Nueng) Matira Tantiprasut Doctor Thatchathon Subanan Kaewchingduang (ching) Jacqueline Muench Matanee Kanuengnit (Grandma of Matana) Nam-Nguen Boonnak Mittraphap Is a road name Phatrakorn Boosarakumwadi perform one's duty Animal Kuenchai Due +Reference +1 2 "คุณหมีปาฏิหาริย์ The Miracle of Teddy Bear". www.thairath.co.th (in Thai). Retrieved 30 April 2022. +Lua error in Module:Infobox_television at line 235: bad argument #1 to 'match' (string expected, got nil). +Also known as The Sixth Sense สื่อรักสัมผัสหัวใจ Thai: สื่อรักสัมผัสหัวใจ Genre Fantasy Based on The Sixth Sense สื่อรักสัมผัสหัวใจ (novel) Written by Nara Romkaew Gaotam Sornklin Praenut Directed by Trakoon Arunsawas Starring Jittapa Jampathom [th] Nicharee Chokprachakchat [th] Kamolned Reungsri [th] Katherine Morson Krissiri Sukhsvasti [th] Louis Scott Jaron Sorat [th] Warintorn Panhakarn Rattaphoom Tokongsup [th] Thakrit Tawanpong Opening theme Hidden Power – Kamolned Katherine Krissiri Warintorn (season 1) With this hands – Karamail (season 2) Ending theme I know, I still have you – Jittapa Nicharee Kamolned Katherine Krissiri (season 1) My only lover – Rattaphoom(season 2) Country of origin Thailand Original language Thai No. of seasons 2 No. of episodes Season 1 : 20 eps Season 2 : 26 eps Production Executive producer Nathanont Cholumpi Running time 150 minutes / episode Production company Cholumpi Production Release Original network ThaiTV3 Original release September 1, 2012 (2012-09-01) – July 15, 2013 (2013-07-15) Chronology Preceded by Seesun Bun Therng Followed by 3D news Infobox instructions (only shown in preview) Lua error in Module:Infobox_television at line 235: bad argument #1 to 'match' (string expected, got nil). +The Sixth Sense (Thai: สื่อรักสัมผัสหัวใจ) is Thai television series based on the set of 5 novels that have the same title and produced by Cholumpi Production. It aired on September 1 – October 14, 2012 for season 1 and on September 29 – November 29, 2013 for the second season. Kab Dak Rak Luang and Ma Ya Roi Jai have their own storeis only in season 2, so the male lead of the 2 parts, Jaron and Rattaphoom, would start appearing in season 2. +Jittapa Jampathom [th] as Yanin Vejnarongkul / Nin / Sis Jija Louis Scott as Tinn Nicharee Chokprachakchat [th] as Kanna Piengmongkol / Kan Kamolned Reungsri [th] as Sukontharot Thammawat / Rot Warintorn Panhakarn as Trirat Thammawat / Tri / Tide Katherine Morson as Kornrampa Saknanthavee / Kam Krissiri Sukhsvasti [th] as Nedsithang Martthongkham / Ned +Supporting casts +Santi Santivejchakul as Phong (village headman) Thanakorn Posayanont [th] as Somkid, shaman Mayurin Pongpudpan [th] as Aorawan / Aunt Aorawan Charlette Wasita Hermenau [th] as Kumarika, little guardian angel / Golden Baby Anan Boonnak [th] as Ser. Pichaiphakdee / Grandpa Sitang Poonnaphop [th] as Pennapha / Penny Thanayong Wongtrakul as Piyaphan, father of Penny and Prem Sinatchai Koosakultham as Prem Prakasit Bosuwan [th] as Somchart, lawyer +Guest casts +Thakrit Tawanpong as Pol.Lt., Dr. Worawat / Dr. Wat Sarawut Martthong [th] as Pol.Capt. Natthadech Martthongkham / Nat, older brother of Nedsithang Ratchapol Yamsang [th] as Kongfah / Kong Chatchai Chamniankul as Security guard of Sixth Sense company (spirit) +Season 2 +Later, Benja does everything for the attention of Tinn and Mirantee, that makes Mirantee is loving and cheering her with Tinn. Especially after the coming of Robby Kids, a business man who want to invest in the resort, but actually he was Somkid shaman. Benja and Robby Kids try to befriend and build the trust from Mirantee for their own beneficial, so Tinn and Yanin work together to proove the truth for helping Mirantee from the scammers. +Main casts +Jittapa Jampathom [th] as Yanin Vejnarongkul / Nin / Sis Jija Louis Scott as Tinn Sirin Pridiyanont [th] as Benja Nicharee Chokprachakchat [th] as Kanna Piengmongkol / Kan Kamolned Reungsri [th] as Sukontharot Thammawat / Rot Katherine Morson as Kornrampa Saknanthavee / Kam Krissiri Sukhsvasti [th] as Nedsithang Martthongkham / Ned +Supporting casts +Plot +Jariya Anfone [th] as Mirantee, Tinn's mother Thanakorn Posayanont [th] as Somkid, shaman Mayurin Pongpudpan [th] as Aorawan / Aunt Aorawan Charlette Wasita Hermenau [th] as Kumarika, little guardian angel / Golden Baby Anan Boonnak [th] as Ser. Pichaiphakdee / Grandpa Korakot Tanaphat as Korakot / Korokodo +Guest casts +Warintorn Panhakarn as Trirat Thammawat / Tri / Tide Jaron Sorat [th] as Phong-in Na Viangthub / Joh Rattaphoom Tokongsup [th] as Park Joon-ji Thakrit Tawanpong as Pol.Lt., Dr. Worawat / Dr. Wat Sarawut Martthong [th] as Pol.Capt. Natthadech Martthongkham / Nat, older brother of Nedsithang Ratchapol Yamsang [th] as Kongfah / Kong Chatchai Chamniankul as Security guard of Sixth Sense company (spirit) Prakasit Bosuwan [th] as Somchart, lawyer Santi Santivejchakul as Phong (village headman) +Kab Dak Rak Luang +Season 2 +Kanna, the second girl who can heard the sound of spirit so she has to wear the headphone all the time when she was out of the Sixth Sense company. She is assigned to get rid of the woman's spirit that following Panyuth and that make her meet the old friend whose name is Joh, again. +Main casts +Nicharee Chokprachakchat [th] as Kanna Piengmongkol / Kan Jaron Sorat [th] as Phong-in Na Viangthub / Joh Jittapa Jampathom [th] as Yanin Vejnarongkul / Nin / Sis Jija Nicharee Chokprachakchat [th] as Kanna Piengmongkol / Kan Kamolned Reungsri [th] as Sukontharot Thammawat / Rot Katherine Morson as Kornrampa Saknanthavee / Kam Krissiri Sukhsvasti [th] as Nedsithang Martthongkham / Ned +Supporting casts +Phatsachon Supree [th] รับบทเป็น Namneung Pintuwong / Pimploy Innawong Anuwat Niwatwong [th] as Dr. Panyuth Na Viengthub, Ph.D., the husband of Pim-orn and Phing-in brother-in-law Virakarn Seneetantikul [th] as Cheopetch Innawong Ratchapol Yamsang [th] as Kongfah / Kong, the younger brother of Kanna Nicole Theriault as Pim-orn Na Viengthub, the older sister of Phong-in who has died bacause of the car accident Daraneenuch Pasutanawin [th] as Jarunee, the housemaid of Na Viangthub house and being friend with Pim-orn Thakrit Tawanpong as Pol.Lt., Dr. Worawat / Dr. Wat Sarawut Martthong [th] as Pol.Capt. Natthadech Martthongkham / Nat, older brother of Nedsithang +The 5 girls — Yanin, Kanna, Sukontharot, Kornrampa and Nedsithang — who were born on the same date, month and year and have received the sixth sense since their birthday. They gathered for opening the Sixth Sense company together, intend to help who is confront the spirit. +Guest casts +Louis Scott as Tinn Warintorn Panhakarn as Trirat Thammawat / Tri / Tide Rattaphoom Tokongsup [th] as Park Joon-ji Mayurin Pongpudpan [th] as Aorawan / Aunt Aorawan Charlette Wasita Hermenau [th] as Kumarika, little guardian angel / Golden Baby Napatthanan Nimjirawat [th] as Kanna (child) Chatchai Chamniankul as Security guard of Sixth Sense company (spirit) Sirin Pridiyanont [th] as Benja Thanakorn Posayanont [th] as Somkid, shaman Korakot Tanaphat as Korakot / Korokodo +Lae Buang Mon Tra +Season 1 +Sukontharot, the girl who can smell scent of the spirit and she is the most skilled in spiritual matters because her uncle is a monk. She has to deal with the problems of Trirat's family that is going astray with a shaman, Somkid's doctrine. +Main casts +Kamolned Reungsri [th] as Sukontharot Thammawat / Rot Warintorn Panhakarn as Trirat Thammawat / Tri / Tide Jittapa Jampathom [th] as Yanin Vejnarongkul / Nin / Sis Jija Nicharee Chokprachakchat [th] as Kanna Piengmongkol / Kan Katherine Morson as Kornrampa Saknanthavee / Kam Krissiri Sukhsvasti [th] as Nedsithang Martthongkham / Ned +Supporting casts +Thanakorn Posayanont [th] as Somkid, shaman Anusorn Dechapanya as Mr. Jamrern Thammawat, the father of Trirat, a millionaire and an owner of Ying Jamrern market Duangta Tungkamanee [th] as Mrs. Ying Thammawat, Trirat's mother Sineenart Potives [th] as Amah, the grandmother of Trirat Toon Hiranyasap as Sukontharot's father Chudapha Chantakhet [th] as Sukontharot's mother Darun Thitakawin [th] as Saowapha, Trirat's aunt Natalie Devis [th] as Kethy Supranee Charernpol as Thip, the mother of Kethy +Guest casts +Characters appearances +Louis Scott as Tinn Thakrit Tawanpong as Pol.Lt., Dr. Worawat / Dr. Wat Sarawut Martthong [th] as Pol.Capt. Natthadech Martthongkham / Nat, older brother of Nedsithang Rattaphoom Tokongsup [th] as Park Joon-ji Mayurin Pongpudpan [th] as Aorawan / Aunt Aorawan Charlette Wasita Hermenau [th] as Kumarika, little guardian angel / Golden Baby Ratchapol Yamsang [th] as Kongfah / Kong Chatchai Chamniankul as Security guard of Sixth Sense company (spirit) Fanden Janyathanakorn [th] as Somkid's henchman +Season 2 +Sukontharot and Trirat became a couple and has moved to live in the same house but it has the story of child spirit who always angry and cry in a mysterious room, she is Trirat's younger sister, Botun. She died in the accident but has something that she still worried about, so Sukontharot has to find what Botun was eager to did. +Main casts +Kamolned Reungsri [th] as Sukontharot Thammawat / Rot Warintorn Panhakarn as Trirat Thammawat / Tri / Tide Jittapa Jampathom [th] as Yanin Vejnarongkul / Nin / Sis Jija Nicharee Chokprachakchat [th] as Kanna Piengmongkol / Kan Katherine Morson as Kornrampa Saknanthavee / Kam Krissiri Sukhsvasti [th] as Nedsithang Martthongkham / Ned Shinaradee Anupongphichart [th] as Botun Thammawat +Supporting casts +Charlette Wasita Hermenau [th] as Kumarika, little guardian angel / Golden Baby Anusorn Dechapanya as Mr. Jamrern Thammawat, the father of Trirat, a millionaire and an owner of Ying Jamrern market Duangta Tungkamanee [th] as Mrs. Ying Thammawat, Trirat's mother Sineenart Potives [th] as Amah, the grandmother of Trirat Toon Hiranyasap as Sukontharot's father Chudapha Chantakhet [th] as Sukontharot's mother Darun Thitakawin [th] as Saowapha, Trirat's aunt +Guest casts +Natalie Devis [th] as Kethy Supranee Charernpol as Thip, the mother of Kethy Louis Scott as Tinn Jaron Sorat [th] as Phong-in Na Viangthub / Joh Rattaphoom Tokongsup [th] as Park Joon-ji Thakrit Tawanpong as Pol.Lt., Dr. Worawat / Dr. Wat Sarawut Martthong [th] as Pol.Capt. Natthadech Martthongkham / Nat, older brother of Nedsithang Mayurin Pongpudpan [th] as Aorawan / Aunt Aorawan Ratchapol Yamsang [th] as Kongfah / Kong Chatchai Chamniankul as Security guard of Sixth Sense company (spirit) Sirin Pridiyanont [th] as Benja Thanakorn Posayanont [th] as Somkid, shaman Korakot Tanaphat as Korakot / Korokodo +Ma Ya Roi Jai +Characters Played by Season 1 2 ตัวละครหลัก Yanin Jittapa Jampathom [th] style="background: #DFD; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; (template dependent)" class="table-cast"|Main Tinn Louis Scott style="background: #DFD; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; (template dependent)" class="table-cast"|Main Kanna Nicharee Chokprachakchat [th] style="background: #DFD; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; (template dependent)" class="table-cast"|Main Phong-in Jaron Sorat [th] style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; (template dependent)" class="table-no2" |Not appear style="background: #DFD; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; (template dependent)" class="table-cast"|Main Sukontharot Kamolned Reungsri [th] style="background: #DFD; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; (template dependent)" class="table-cast"|Main Trirat Warintorn Panhakarn style="background: #DFD; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; (template dependent)" class="table-cast"|Main Kornrampa Katherine Morson style="background: #DFD; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; (template dependent)" class="table-cast"|Main Park Joon-ji Rattaphoom Tokongsup [th] style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; (template dependent)" class="table-no2" |Not appear style="background: #DFD; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; (template dependent)" class="table-cast"|Main Nedsithang Krissiri Sukhsvasti [th] style="background: #DFD; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; (template dependent)" class="table-cast"|Main Pol.Lt. Dr. Worawat / Dr. Wat Thakrit Tawanpong style="background: #DFD; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; (template dependent)" class="table-cast"|Main ตัวละครรอง Pol.Capt. Natthadech Sarawut Martthong [th] style="background: #FFE3E3; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-cast"| Recurring Somkid (shaman) / Robby Kids Thanakorn Posayanont [th] style="background: #FFE3E3; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="table-cast"| Recurring Benja Sirin Pridiyanont [th] style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; (template dependent)" class="table-no2" |Not appear style="background: #DFD; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; (template dependent)" class="table-cast"|Main Ser. +Season 2 +Kornrampa, the rich's daughter who always wear the gloves because she can see the past of anything if she touches it. She is a big fan of Park Joon-ji, the Thai-born Koran actor and he doesn't believe in the spirit. One day, he come to Thiland for drama shooting, he find that his only relative, Pimpilart grandmother, died mysteriously and he feels that his grandmother's spirit is around him. +Main casts +Katherine Morson as Kornrampa Saknanthavee / Kam Rattaphoom Tokongsup [th] as Park Joon-ji / Junlajak Jittapa Jampathom [th] as Yanin Vejnarongkul / Nin / Sis Jija Nicharee Chokprachakchat [th] as Kanna Piengmongkol / Kan Kamolned Reungsri [th] as Sukontharot Thammawat / Rot Krissiri Sukhsvasti [th] as Nedsithang Martthongkham / Ned +Supporting casts +Tharika Tidathip [th] as Pimpilart Kawinrat Yosamornsuntorn [th] as Lee Jung-kook, Joon-ji's manager Charlette Wasita Hermenau [th] as Kumarika, little guardian angel / Golden Baby / Aorawee's twin Apinan Prasertwatthanakul [th] as Atithep Sommart Praihirun [th] as Somchai, Pimpilart's lawyer Nitchaphan Chunhawongwasu [th] as Aorawee / Orn Primrata Dech-udom [th] as Parichat / Poey, an actress who has a crush on Joon-ji Thassapak Hsu [th] as Kim Sung-soo, an actor +Guest casts +Louis Scott as Tinn Jaron Sorat [th] as Phong-in Na Viangthub / Joh Warintorn Panhakarn as Trirat Thammawat / Tri / Tide Thakrit Tawanpong as Pol.Lt., Dr. Worawat / Dr. Wat Sarawut Martthong [th] as Pol.Capt. Natthadech Martthongkham / Nat, older brother of Nedsithang Mayurin Pongpudpan [th] as Aorawan / Aunt Aorawan Ratchapol Yamsang [th] as Kongfah / Kong Chatchai Chamniankul as Security guard of Sixth Sense company (spirit) Sirin Pridiyanont [th] as Benja Thanakorn Posayanont [th] as Somkid, shaman Korakot Tanaphat as Korakot / Korokodo +Pleao Fai Nai Sai Lom +Season 1 +Yarn Sue Rak +Nedsithang, she is the most prim, naive and fearful among the fives, her eyes can see the spirit so she always wear the sunglasses when she is in the public. Furthermore, she gets an overprotection from her brother, Natthadech. He initially dislikes Worawat, the forensic technician, because he thought that Worawat had taken his girlfriend away. +Main casts +Krissiri Sukhsvasti [th] as Nedsithang Martthongkham / Ned Thakrit Tawanpong as Pol.Lt., Dr. Worawat / Dr. Wat Sarawut Martthong [th] as Pol.Capt. Natthadech Martthongkham / Nat, older brother of Nedsithang Jittapa Jampathom [th] as Yanin Vejnarongkul / Nin / Sis Jija Nicharee Chokprachakchat [th] as Kanna Piengmongkol / Kan Kamolned Reungsri [th] as Sukontharot Thammawat / Rot Katherine Morson as Kornrampa Saknanthavee / Kam +Supporting casts +Rhatha Phongam as Monlada / Baimon / Wayo Penpetch Penkul [th] as Dr. Ruth Sarawut Phoomthong [th] as Larp, Ruth's servant Chokchai Charoensook [th] as Panut, Baimon's lover Setthinan Kanikajiranun as Ornjira Morris K [th] as Kanin, Baimon's co-worker Jojo Louis Myocchi as Mario, Baimon's co-worker Peter Louis Myocchi as Angelo, Baimon's co-worker +Guest casts +Ammaraphat Watthanakul [th] as Suphitcha / Peach Phanudech Watthanasuchart [th] as Pol.Maj.Gen. Niyom, Natthadech and Worawat's boss Louis Scott as Tinn Warintorn Panhakarn as Trirat Thammawat / Tri / Tide Mayurin Pongpudpan [th] as Aorawan / Aunt Aorawan Ratchapol Yamsang [th] as Kongfah / Kong Chatchai Chamniankul as Security guard of Sixth Sense company (spirit) Thanakorn Posayanont [th] as Somkid, shaman Fanden Janyathanakorn [th] as Somkid's henchman +Season 2 +Suphitcha, Natthadech's ex-girlfriend return to involve in his life, she fools him that she loves him but actually she dose everything to reconcile with Worawat. But when the things don't turn out the way she wanted, she decided to cooporate with Benja for get rid of Nedsithang, Worawat lover, instead. +Main casts +Season 1 +Krissiri Sukhsvasti [th] as Nedsithang Martthongkham / Ned Thakrit Tawanpong as Pol.Lt., Dr. Worawat / Dr. Wat Sarawut Martthong [th] as Pol.Capt. Natthadech Martthongkham / Nat, older brother of Nedsithang Ammaraphat Watthanakul [th] as Suphitcha / Peach Jittapa Jampathom [th] as Yanin Vejnarongkul / Nin / Sis Jija Nicharee Chokprachakchat [th] as Kanna Piengmongkol / Kan Kamolned Reungsri [th] as Sukontharot Thammawat / Rot Katherine Morson as Kornrampa Saknanthavee / Kam +Guest casts +Louis Scott as Tinn Jaron Sorat [th] as Phong-in Na Viangthub / Joh Warintorn Panhakarn as Trirat Thammawat / Tri / Tide Rattaphoom Tokongsup [th] as Park Joon-ji / Junlajak Phanudech Watthanasuchart [th] as Pol.Maj.Gen. Niyom, Natthadech and Worawat's boss Mayurin Pongpudpan [th] as Aorawan / Aunt Aorawan Ratchapol Yamsang [th] as Kongfah / Kong Chatchai Chamniankul as Security guard of Sixth Sense company (spirit) Sirin Pridiyanont [th] as Benja Thanakorn Posayanont [th] as Somkid, shaman Korakot Tanaphat as Korakot / Korokodo Sarawut Phoomthong [th] as Larp (spirit) +Original soundtracks +Season 1 +Hidden Power - Kamolned Reungsri [th], Katherine Morson, Krissiri Sukhsvasti [th] and Warintorn Panhakarn Krissiri Sukhsvasti [th] I know, I still have you - Jittapa Jampathom [th], Nicharee Chokprachakchat [th], Kamolned Reungsri, Katherine Morson and Krissiri Sukhsvasti Leading dream - Jittapa Jampathom, Nicharee Chokprachakchat, Kamolned Reungsri, Katherine Morson and Krissiri Sukhsvasti Uncertain - Jittapa Jampathom No real love - Rhatha Phongam +Hearing things - Ratchapol Yamsang [th] Float - Nicole Theriault With this hands - Karamail Power of heart - Warintorn Panhakarn, Jaron Sorat [th], Rattaphoom Tokongsup [th], Thakrit Tawanpong and Sarawut Martthong [th] My only lover - Natthapon Wongsanit My only lover - Rattaphoom Tokongsup Try - Rattaphoom Tokongsup Hidden Power - Kamolned Reungsri [th], Katherine Morson, Krissiri Sukhsvasti [th] and Warintorn Panhakarn I know, I still have you - Jittapa Jampathom [th], Nicharee Chokprachakchat [th], Kamolned Reungsri, Katherine Morson and Krissiri Sukhsvasti Leading dream - Jittapa Jampathom, Nicharee Chokprachakchat, Kamolned Reungsri, Katherine Morson and Krissiri Sukhsvasti Uncertain - Jittapa Jampathom +Awards +References +Yanin, the oldest in the group, can communicate with the spirit by meditation, as soon as closing the eyes. She is assigned to taking care of the resort owner. Tinn, owner of the resort in Kanchanaburi province, who facing problems that were disturbed by the spirit of grandfather and by the business rival. +Main casts +The seal of the Vajirayan Library, written in Ariyaka. +A book in Ariyaka. +The Ariyaka script was used to write the Pali language in Thailand. King Mongkut invented the script in 1847 when he was ordained, and was influenced by the Latin script. +Ariyaka cannot be used to write the Thai language, as it lacks symbols for many Thai vowels and consonants, as well as all tones. The symbols are very different from the Thai script and Khmer script - it is also an alphabet, rather than an abugida. It was unpopular, and eventually fell out of use. +Record? +Vowels and consonants of Ariyaka, and their equivalents in the Thai script. +Year Title Role Broadcast on 2017 SPY I Love U สายลับจับแอ๊บ Khatta (Blue Princes) ช่อง 3 2020 ฟ้ามีตา ตอน “ปีใหม่ ชีวิตใหม่” Khao ช่อง 7 HD YYY มันส์เว่อร์นะ The Series Sit-Com Season 1 Nott Line TV YYY มันส์ฟินนะ The Series Sit-Com (YYY THE SERIES SPECIAL EP) The Graduates บัณฑิตเจ็บใหม่ Great เสน่หาสตอรี่ Season 3 ตอน “เสน่หามายา” Hut AIS Play 2021 ฟ้ามีตา ตอน “สะใภ้ซ่า...แม่ผัวแซ่บ” Ton ช่อง 7 HD Y–Destiny หรือเป็นที่พรหมลิขิต Jia AIS Play เรือนร่มงิ้ว Mr. Luang Wisan (Young) ช่อง 8 พระจันทร์แดง Lee ช่อง One 31 Paint With Love ใส่รักป้ายสี Ranorat Naruphat (Nueng) POPS TV ฟ้ามีตา ตอน “เหงากับเงิน” Pound ช่อง 7 HD 2565 รักนาย My Ride The Series Toy GMM 25 Unforgotten Night The Series ร้ายนักนะ...รักของมาเฟีย Kamol GMM 25 คลับสะพานฟาย PetchKhra AIS Play In the process of production. >> SOON << Finding The Rainbow รักสุดท้าย..ที่ปลายรุ้ง Noppadon (Guest) Viu 18 มงกุฎสะดุดเลิฟ Singto ช่อง 3 To be announced. +YYY มันส์ปังนะ The Series Sit-Com Season 2 Nott TBA +Movies +Year Title Role 2020 Bloody Buddy เล่นให้ได้เลือด Aun Check-in Shock เกมเซ่นผี Doctor Yun +โดยหลังจากเรียนจบและเข้าสู่วงการมายาอย่างเต็มตัว ยุ่น ภูษณุ ก็มีผลงานออกมาให้แฟนๆได้ชมกันอย่างต่อเนื่อง โดยมีทั้งผลงานเพลง งานถ่ายแบบ ถ่ายโฆษณา พรีเซ็นเตอร์สินค้าแบรนด์ดัง งานแสดงมิวสิควีดีโอ ละคร ภาพยนตร์ ซีรีส์ต่างๆมากมาย และได้เข้าร่วมโปรเจกต์พิเศษ “Close Friend โคตรแฟน”[1] ตอน “ชาตินี้พอ”ซึ่งเป็นครั้งแรกของการจับมือครั้งสำคัญระหว่าง ค่ายเพลง ‘BOXX MUSIC(บ็อกซ์ มิวสิค)’และ‘Viu(วิว)’ ออกอากาศทางแอปพลิเคชัน Viu หรือ www.viu.com +Ais Smart Gen 2019[1] +VE Together (Collagen) PWP Thailand [1] BIODERMA Sebium Gel moussant Shihada Gluta[2] Miss A Fiber Mobile ID กสทช. ปัดขวาหาประกันที่ใช่กับคปภ. +ภูษณุ วงศาวณิชชากร ชื่อเล่น ยุ่น ( ชื่อเดิม ณัฐพล วงศาวณิชชากร )[1] เกิดเมื่อวันศุกร์ ที่ 1 เมษายน พ.ศ. +2559 มีผลงานมากมาย ทั้งการเดินแบบ ถ่ายแบบ โฆษณา และได้ขึ้นแท่นพระเอกเอ็มวีในเพลงแรก “ชะล่าใจ (A-POY)” ซึ่งเป็นการแสดงมิวสิควิดีโอครั้งแรกและได้ประเดิมผลงานการแสดงละครครั้งแรกใน“สายลับจับแอ๊บ″[1]เป็นหนึ่งในสมาชิกวง "Blue Princes"ที่ออกอากาศเมื่อปี พ.ศ. +2560 ซึ่งเรื่องนี้เองถือเป็นละครเรื่องแรกที่ได้ประกบกับพระเอก-นางเอกเบอร์ต้นๆของช่อง3 อย่าง “บอย ปกรณ์” และ “แพทริเซีย กู๊ด” และเริ่มเป็นที่รู้จักอย่างกว้างขวางมากขึ้นจากการรับบทนำเป็นพระเอกซีรีส์วายเต็มตัวครั้งแรก [2] ปี พ.ศ.2563 ในซีรีส์เรื่อง “YYYมันส์เว่อนะ”ซึ่งเป็นซีรีส์ซิทคอมวายเรื่องแรกของประเทศไทยออกอากาศทาง Line TV ประกบกับ ทะเล สงวนดีกุล (เล) , ลาภิสรา อินทรสูต (แอปเปิ้ล เดอะสตาร์) , รัชพงศ์ อโนมกิติ (ป้อปปี้ DoMunDi ) ฯลฯ โดยปัจจุบันยุ่นเป็นนักแสดงอิสระ และยังคงมีผลงานมากมายออกมาให้แฟนๆได้ชมอย่างต่อเนื่อง +2543 - ปัจจุบัน ผลงานเด่น มารยาท (น้อย / เอื้อย) - คมพยาบาท (2544) คชธิดา(มดแดง) - เจ้าชายหัวใจเกินร้อย (2545) พิมทอง - กระต่ายหลงจันทร์ (2546) อัมรา - ห้องหุ่น (2546) ผักบุ้ง / กุ้งนาง - ผักบุ้งกับกุ้งนาง (2547) บุปผา - มนต์รักลูกทุ่ง (2548) จามรี - นกออก (2548) แววดาว - ชุมแพ (2550) สาลี่ - นางทาส (2551) เจ้านางละอองทอง - ปอบผีฟ้า (2552) ปานเดือน - พระจันทร์ลายพยัคฆ์ (2553) ดาว - ป่านางเสือ (2554) เนียน - อาญารัก (2556) ลั่นทม - สุสานคนเป็น (2557) รัตนากร - เนตรนาคราช (2557) เพื่อน - เพื่อน-แพง (2558) เจ้านางเสกขรเทวี - เพลิงพระนาง (2560) เดือนดารา - วิมานมนตรา (2563) ช่อแพร - ตะวันอาบดาว (2563) วิธู - ตะวันตกดิน (2564) สร้อยสน - ร่านดอกงิ้ว (2565) สังกัด สถานีโทรทัศน์สีกองทัพบกช่อง 7 (2544-2561)​ นักแสดงอิสระ (2561-ปัจจุบัน) โทรทัศน์ทองคำ นักแสดงนำหญิงดีเด่น พ.ศ. +Chiranan Manochaem, nicknamed Yui (born February 18, 1981) in Phra Phutthabat District, Saraburi Province Graduated from the Faculty of Humanities, Ramkhamhaeng University in Journalism (now the Faculty of Mass Communication Technology) Start entering the entertainment industry by contesting. +Duchy Boy and Girl, 2000, was crowned Duchy Girl alongside Wu Navapol Phuwadol as the Duchy Boy. +Biography +She has done a lot of work, such as waitressing, saving, running contest lines. She and her friends now run an acting company called Speed One, which teaches interested parties to apply for acting classes and contests to find new actors. Dream STAR SEARCH was held from 2007 to 2010 at Imperial World Ladprao (but in 2011, it moved to The Square Bang Yai Nonthaburi and changed the name of the contest to THE SQUARE DREAM STAR 2011 (The Square) Dreamstar 2011) +In 2008, she played a full-length villain for the first time in the drama Narngtat, for which she won the actress award at the 2008 Asian Television Awards. +In 2010 , Yui graduated with a bachelor's degree from the Faculty of Humanities Of Journalism, Ramkhamhaeng University. +In 2015, Yui received the Golden Television Award for Actress for Her Majesty the Drama Netnakaraj, the first actress award since entering the entertainment industry. +In 2019, Yui married Thun Thanakorn on January 11, 2019. +Lek Isoon, whose real name is Isoon Maidan, was born August 8, 1961, a native of Udon Thani province, an actor and model of Thai descent, Pakistani, who was tall. 190 cm. +Isoon, born on Tuesday, August 8, 1961, was the middle child of three children with a brother and sister, who began living abroad at the age of 2, first studying in India before moving to Denmark and then Germany, which gave him the ability to use many languages including Thai, English, German, French, Danish, Swedish, as well as Latin. +Before entering maya circles, He had a full-time job at a carmaker with a personal business in the clothing business, and was a model in Denmark, where he was featured at the time as a KENZO fashion show, and then when he returned to Thailand in 1986, he was tapped to model a Hennessy product advertisement and walked in a fashion show at a sports club. +Venek Charoenpur later induced his first shoot in an agile magazine and continued to work. He became one of the top five models of 1987 and then entered the first silver screen show alongside Sinjai Hongthai. +In the first episode of Emotional Slavery and Glass Screen on Channel 7 in Glitter Myuran, there were many works on both glass and silver screens that at one point disappeared from the industry due to economic poisoning in those days before returning to competition on Dancing with the stars, and then returning to the drama continuously to date, as well as being a corporate consultant in Denmark and Laos. +1987: Emotional slavery 1987 Temporary Husband 1988: The Hunt squad kills. +1988: Densong war killer 1988: I want to split my heart into two. +1988: Fiery sweet age 1988: Fight against the inevitable ghosts. +1988: Ms. Lonzas 1988 Nuan Nang 1988 Secret Dream 1988 Model 1988: Assassin 1988: Vandals, Bangkok 1989: Robbery, Checkbill. +1989: Brutality in the queue. +1989: Savage Lottery 1990 Gold 4 1990: Untitled Love 1990: Bullet killer boils. +1990: War Demons 1991: One head at a time. +1994: Gangsters savage. +1995: The Miracle of Love 1997: Lightning Man +tv series +All the TV series below are broadcasted on the Thai color TV station, Channel 3. +Danai Samutkochon, nicknamed Dan (17 Jan 1981 -) is a Thai actor and best fan of the year in the superhero category. +Biography +Born in Kuwait, Danai is a cousin to "Nidhi Samutkochon", who is also an actor. Most of my childhood is abroad, such as Saudi Arabia, Nepal, Pakistan, Australia, Japan, because they have to move according to their father, who works for Thai Airways. Bachelor's Degree from Faculty of Engineering, Thammasat University, Civil Engineering (International Program) +First joined the cast of the Johnson Dough Commercial and became a broadcast actor. Thai Television +He is currently an actor affiliated with Army Colour Television Channel 7 and is a fan. Superheroes in 2006. He was also crowned fan of the year in the same year. +Anarin Teerathananpat, nicknamed Tubtim (born October 21, 1990), is a Thai actress, host and skater. +He is studying for a PhD at the University of the Philippines. +Entertainment Industry +Started the entertainment industry with a shoot, commercial, music video and Cleo Star Popular Vote 2007 contest and runner-up Utaitip Freshy Idol 2008, now signed as an actor with The Royal Thai Army Color Television Channel 7, featuring the first drama, 2009, True Love Solved, Ov Chanapol Satya, and then several other plays such as Daughter Wannabe 2 with District, Military Base and TawanYosang, as well as sitcoms about the story. Kamnan Ed, etc. +In 2010, he played the heroine for the first time in Mr. Chaitumpang, which had a very positive response. +In 2012, he turned the villain for the first time, playing the little beast daraka from the beast in the glass lamp in 2013, playing the role of a senior heroine. +Jiranan Manojam and Emerald Kittisara In the drama Criminal Love, which gave her a huge response to admiration. Before taking on the role of the drama heroine after the first news, In 2015, leelawadee fire, followed by Mrs. and Envy, etc., which have had very good ratings and responses. +Works +All of the TV series below are broadcast on Channel 7 HD. +Biography +- Graduated from higher education +Education +Started the entertainment industry with a shoot, commercial, music video and Cleo Star Popular Vote 2007 contest and runner-up Utaitip Freshy Idol 2008, now signed as an actor with The Royal Thai Army Color Television Channel 7, featuring the first drama, 2009, True Love Solved, Ov Chanapol Satya, and then several other plays such as Daughter Wannabe 2 with District, Military Base and TawanYosang, as well as sitcoms about the story. Kamnan Ed, etc. +-2 undergraduate degrees +1. Bachelor of Arts (Major in English) from Faculty of Humanities, Ramkhamhaeng University +2. Graduate Management from the Faculty of Business Administration Assumption University (ABAC) +-Graduated with a Master's Degree in Political Science, Ramkhamhaeng University +Lua error in Module:Infobox_television at line 284: bad argument #1 to 'match' (string expected, got nil). Genre Melodrama Based on Sai Tarn Hua Jai (novel) Written by Wassana Screenplay by 2017 : Kon Kean Ngao Directed by 2000 : Thapakorn Dissayanan [th] 2017 : Chana Kraprayoon [th] Creative director 2017 : Jetsada Jandra Starring 2017 James Ma Chalida Vijitvongthong Carissa Springett Alexander Rendell Prima Bhuncharoen [[[:th:พริมา พันธุ์เจริญ|th]]] Theme music composer 2017 Ruengkit Yongpiyakul [th] Panya Pakoonpanya [th] Narongvit Techathanawat [th] Poramet Mueansanit [th] Opening theme 2017 "If they love" – James Ma Ending theme 2017 "Stream in the heart" – Suweera [th], Arisa Country of origin Thailand Original language Thai No. of episodes 2017 : 11 Production Executive producer 2017 : Nattaphong Mueanprasittiwech Editors 2017 Dog Back Dee Co., Ltd. +Camera setup 2017 Sainan Somrod Theerawut Suktanhom Wongsakorn Pornpipat Running time 2017 : ~150 minutes Production companies 2017 Maker Gruop Co., Ltd. +Release Original network 2000 Channel 7 HD 2017 Channel 3 HD Original release November 1, 2017 (2017-11-01) – December 6, 2017 (2017-12-06) July 18, 2019 (2019-07-18) – August 6, 2019 (2019-08-06) (rerun) Chronology Preceded by 2017 : Seesun Bun Therng Followed by 2560 : 3D News [th] Infobox instructions (only shown in preview) Lua error in Module:Infobox_television at line 284: bad argument #1 to 'match' (string expected, got nil). +Sai Tarn Hua Jai is Thai television melodrama, based on novel of the same name which was written by Wassana. Aired the first time in 2000 via [[Channel 7 (Thai TV channel)|Channel 7]]. +Strarring by Monton Jira [th], Isariya Saisanan [th], May Fuangarom [th], Ramona Zanolari Barnes [th] and directed by Thapakorn Dissayanan [th] +Original soundtracks +2017 +"If they loves" (Thai: ถ้าคนจะรัก) Montawan Sriwichian Ruengkit Yongpiyakul James Ma 3:40 2. "Stream in the heart" (Thai: สายน้ำในหัวใจ) Panya Pakoonpanya Panya Pakoonpanya Template:Hilst 5:08 3. "When it's me" (Thai: เมื่อไหร่ถึงจะเป็นฉัน) Narongvit Taechatanawat [th] Poramet Mueansanit Arisa Homgroon 4:01 Total length: 12:49 +Ratings +Red color is the number of the higest rating Blue color is the number of the lowest rating +episodes Aired on Reatings 1 1 November 2017 2.8[1][2] 2 2 November 2017 3.0[3][2] 3 8 November 2017 2.7[4][2] 4 9 November 2017 2.7[5][2] 5 15 November 2017 2.4[6][2] 6 16 November 2017 2.3[7][2] 7 22 November 2017 2.7[8][2] 8 23 November 2017 3.3[8][2] 9 29 November 2017 3.6[9][2] 10 30 November 2017 3.9[10][2] 11 6 December 2017 4.5[11][2] Average N/A 4.47[12][2] +References +Retrieved 10 January 2022. ↑ "เสิร์ฟต่อไม่รอแล้ว! 4 ละคร กลับมาแซ่บเด็ดเผ็ดมันสนั่นจอ!" (in Thai). gossipstar.com. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022. ↑ "สรุปเรตติ้ง ละครช่อง 3HD ปัจจุบัน "เฉพาะกิจ" : บ่วงบรรจถรณ์ - สายธารหัวใจ - รักกันพัลวัน อัพเดท : 02/11/2560". pantip.com (in Thai). +Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022. ↑ "สรุปเรตติ้ง ละครช่อง 3HD ปัจจุบัน "เฉพาะกิจ" : บ่วงบรรจถรณ์ - สายธารหัวใจ - รักกันพัลวัน อัพเดท : 03/11/2560". pantip.com (in Thai). Retrieved 10 January 2022. ↑ "สรุปเรตติ้ง ละครช่อง 3HD ปัจจุบัน : บ่วงบรรจถรณ์ - สายธารหัวใจ - รักกันพัลวัน - รักร้าย อัพเดท : 09/11/2560". pantip.com (in Thai). +Retrieved 10 January 2022. ↑ "สรุปเรตติ้ง ละครช่อง 3HD ปัจจุบัน : บ่วงบรรจถรณ์ - สายธารหัวใจ - รักกันพัลวัน - รักร้าย อัพเดท : 10/11/2560". pantip.com (in Thai). Retrieved 10 January 2022. ↑ "บ้านคนรักช่อง 3HD อัพเดทเรตติ้งประจำวันที่ 16/11/2560 : บ่วงบรรจถรณ์ - สายธารหัวใจ - รักกันพัลวัน - รักร้าย". pantip.com (in Thai). Retrieved 10 January 2022. ↑ "บ้านคนรักช่อง 3HD อัพเดทเรตติ้งประจำวันที่ 17/11/2560 : บ่วงบรรจถรณ์ - สายธารหัวใจ - รักกันพัลวัน - รักร้าย". pantip.com (in Thai). +Retrieved 10 January 2022. 1 2 "บ้านคนรักช่อง 3HD อัพเดทเรตติ้งประจำวันที่ 24/11/2560 : บ่วงบรรจถรณ์ - สายธารหัวใจ - รักกันพัลวัน - รักร้าย". pantip.com (in Thai). Retrieved 10 January 2022. ↑ "บ้านคนรักช่อง 3HD อัพเดทเรตติ้งประจำวันที่ 30/11/2560 : บ่วงบรรจถรณ์ (ตอนจบ) - สายธารหัวใจ - รักกันพัลวัน - รักร้าย". pantip.com (in Thai). +Retrieved 10 January 2022. ↑ "บ้านคนรักช่อง 3HD อัพเดทเรตติ้งประจำวันที่ 1/12/2560 : ระเริงไฟ - สายธารหัวใจ - รักกันพัลวัน - รักร้าย". pantip.com (in Thai). Retrieved 10 January 2022. ↑ "บ้านคนรักช่อง 3HD อัพเดทเรตติ้งประจำวันที่ 7/12/2560 : ระเริงไฟ - สายธารหัวใจ(END)- เดือนประดับดาว - พ่อยุ่งลุงไม่ว่าง". pantip.com (in Thai). Retrieved 10 January 2022. ↑ "==> {ละครค่ำ3HDปี60} แผ่วช่วงแรกๆกลางๆ แต่มาแรงปลายเรื่อง ส่งผลให้ สายธารหัวใจ เฉลี่ยได้ที่26/ตอนจบสูงที่21 <==". pantip.com (in Thai). +See also +Later in 2017, it was remaked by Maker Group Co., Ltd. +Starring by James Ma, Chalida Vijitvongthong, Carissa Springett, Alexander Rendell and Prima Bunchareon [th]. Aired through Channel 3 (Thailand) on every Wednesday–Thursday, 20.20–22.50 ([[Time in Thailand|UTC+07.00]]) since November 1 – December 6, 2017.[1][2][3] After that, it reruned on every Monday–Friday at 11.45–13.45 (TST) started on July 18 – August 6, 2019.[4] +Plot +Narang an orphan who was adopted by [[Thai royal ranks and titles#Sovereign's great-grandchildren|M.C.]] Manthep Jongsawas as the palace's inhabitant. He was raised by Prakeong, the old servant and a minor wife of M.C. Manthep. +But M.C. Manthep never accepted Narang, so he send him to study abroad. When Narang is back, he found that Jongsawas is in debt and the hotel of the family, The Grand Royal, is also has a problem. Narang decided to save the hotel for paying an owes of favor with M.C. Manthep. +Kiattisak, the creditor of M.C. Manthep, forcing M.R. Patawee marry to him for paying an owe. She refused because she never forget Narang and keep eliminating the women who are close to him, especially Sirikanya. It makes Kiattisak knows that M.R. Patawee loves Narang, so he started to attack him and everyone who dissatisfy M.R. Patawee. +Prakeong doses everything to makes Lamun gets the rights that she should recieve as one of M.C. Manthep's daughters. And also supported the marry between Lamun and Narang because he is the only man that she trusted. While, Teacher Sawas, who is the colleague of Lamun, has a crush on her secretly, always being on her side and being an consultant for her.[1][2] +Cast +Years 2000 2017 Channels Channel 7 (Thai TV channel) Channel 3 (Thailand) Making companies N/A Maker Group Co., Ltd. Screenplay N/A Khon Kean Ngao Directors Thapakorn Dissayanan [th] Chana Kraprayoon [th] Characters Main cast Narang Jongsawas Na Ayutthaya (2000) Narang Jongsawas / Na (2017) มณฑล จิรา เจมส์ มาร์ Sirikanya (2000) Sirikanya / Kanya (2017) อิศริยา สายสนั่น ชาลิดา วิจิตรวงศ์ทอง M.R. Patawee Jongsawas / Khun Ying Patawee ราโมน่า ซาโนลารี่ คารีสา สปริงเก็ตต์ M.R. Lamai Jongsawas (2000) Lamun Kerdkuna (2017) เมย์ เฟื่องอารมย์ พริมา พันธุ์เจริญ Teacher Sawas Sartprasit อเล็กซ์ เรนเดลล์ Kiattisak Suptanasarnpaiboon รังสิต ศิรนานนท์ M.C. Manthep Jongsawas ชาตโยดม หิรัณยัษฐิติ Prakeong สรวงสุดา ลาวัณย์ประเสริฐ Characters Supporting cast Srinuan (Sirikanya's grandmother) ทัศน์วรรณ เสนีย์วงศ์ ณ อยุธยา Ong (Narang's friend) คณิน สแตนลีย์ Sunanta (Ong's mother) เพ็ญพักตร์ ศิริกุล Wichian ปรินทร์ วิกรานต์ Pairoj โฆษวิส ปิยะสกุลแก้ว Whan ราตรี วิทวัส Uncle Chom ไกรลาศ เกรียงไกร Chuen วิมลพันธ์ ชาลีจังหาญ Seeda บุศราภรณ์ หงส์ธัญญศวัส Characters Cameo Khun Ying Kae Kai มยุรฉัตร เหมือนประสิทธิเวช Yingyot ทรงสิทธิ์ รุ่งนพคุณศรี Kamtorn Suptanasarnpaiboon (Kiattisak's father) ทนงศักดิ์ ศุภการ Mother of Teacher Sawas นัฏฐา ลอยด์ Mother of M.R. Patawee วิชุดา พินดั้ม Jaidee (Sunanta's secretary) จรรยา ธนาสว่างกุล Kanok-orn ลลิตา ไพศาล Teacher Orawan / Toi ฐิจิภัสร์ ศรีคงณัฐกุล Kong นัตธนนท์ ปิ่นโรจน์กีรติ Narang Jongsawas (child) กฤตณัฐ ณ ลำเลียง M.R. Patawee Jongsawas (child) มาริลิน เคท การ์ดเนอร์ Lamun Kerdkuna (child) ชนัญญา เลิศวัฒนามงคล +Korn Sirisorn (formerly : Worakorn Sirisorn) was born October 30, 1994, nicknamed Crayfish, a Thai singer known for being the winner of The Star competition. Search the sky, win a year 10 star and be a former boy band singer, camp Kamikaze. +History +Korn graduated from Ruamrudee International Studies School with a Bachelor's Degree in Language and Culture, Master of Japanese (English Program). Faculty of Letters, Chulalongkorn University Started entering the entertainment industry as an artist. A boy band singer, XIS band and with musicals with friends of six boys, Kang (Crayfish), Kevin (Kevin), Pichy (Pitchy), Kyungtae (Kyungtae), Kwang (Gwang) and Jiho (Jiho). +2518 (46 ปี) ปิยธิดา วรมุสิก กรุงเทพมหานคร ประเทศไทย คู่สมรส นภัสรัญชน์ มิตรธีรโรจน์ (2555-ปัจจุบัน) อาชีพ นักแสดง พิธีกร นางแบบ เชฟ ปีที่แสดง พ.ศ. +Piyathida Mitteraroj Former name : Piyathida Woramusik, nicknamed Pok Pok (born 22 June 1975) is a Thai actress, host. +She has two siblings , the youngest of whom she has a sister. Graduated from Khemasiri Anusorn School, Secondary Arts-French from Stree Wittaya School and Undergraduate Degree from Faculty of Humanities, Majoring in English, Master of Chinese, University of the Thai Chamber of Commerce. +There is a drama that made a name from a teenage drama. Soak a little, a little bit too much who performed with Job and another drama on Channel 3 that made its name Who owns this land, along with Andrew Gregson, also received an award. Compliment the Asian actress Television Award 2008 from the drama Nang Tas and was well received by the role of Dr. Wikanda from the drama "Mia Luang" by giving the position Actor of the National Mia. +Passorn Liaorakwong, aka Passorn Boonyakiat, nicknamed Honey (born February 8, 1969), won the Miss Thailand photographer award in 1988 and represented Thai girls at the International Beauty Pageant. +In 1988, Japan won the Photographer's Favorite Award. When she stepped down from the beauty pageant, +Isaraporn Chandrasokorn, nicknamed Anna, also known as Anna, is a singer and actress. The Grammys are among the artists of "Teen Et Grade A" and "Jamp", respectively. Anna also released a solo album. +Apichat Halamjiak (May 23 , 1954 - September 15, 2008) Former Member of Parliament Kalasin Province He was a member of the Bangkok Metropolitan Council, who was affiliated with the Social Democrats and was an actor, film director. +His father's name is Colonel Vichian Halamjiak. Mother's name Mrs. Yupyong Halamjiak A total of three brothers graduated from Wat Makut King High School. Royal Thai Army Officials' School (Surasak Montree School) and Bachelor of Science degree in Medical Technology, Mahidol University +Ron Banjong created the nickname Eid, whose real name is Thirayut Tantipipat. Born on April 21, 1964, he was a Thai actress. +Father was a soldier. He studied at the Electrical Department at the PTTEP Mechanics School and continued at the College of Technology and Vocational Education, Nonthaburi Technical Campus, until he graduated with a diploma. Enter the entertainment industry with a magazine shoot and feature music videos. +Thirayut Tantipipat was born on April 21, 1964, in Prachuap Khiri Khan Province. +My father was a soldier. He studied at the Electrical Department at the PTTEP Mechanics School and continued at the College of Technology and Vocational Education, Nonthaburi Technical Campus, until he graduated with a diploma. Enter the entertainment industry by shooting and performing music videos. +Watt Wanyangkul (January 12, 1955 – March 21, 2022) is a Thai writer. +Former Advisor to the Poetry Society of Thailand and member of the Thai Democratic Association Without Borders +Watt woralyangkul Born in Talung Subdistrict, Mueang District, Lopburi Province, the son of Mr. Virat and Mrs. Boonsong Woralyangkul. +In composition, because I had the opportunity to read since I was a child because I was close to my grandfather who liked to read boxing books and had a lot of novels. My father read a magazine, a lady with a column, "Poetry Circles," when she was in seventh grade, and began writing love poems for fellow female students. He later released a book to read in the classroom, a handwritten book written by the executive editorial author, and also a short story in the school's Ronia book that the teacher was involved in. +Even though the first phase wasn't printed, I still wrote it for my friends to read until eventually. The short story, titled "The Forager," was first published in the book Armored Vehicles in 1970 after submitting it for consideration in four stories, and although the editors made numerous edits, it gained encouragement. +The poems submitted for the contest were printed in the magazine. Chaiyapruek and a short story called "A Corner of Thailand" were published in the magazine's "He Started Here". Fah Muang Thai, with Ajin Panjapat as editor at the time of the second year of secondary school recess. +Fairy Wars is a television series adapted from internet literature. As "The Life of A Runner-Up Air Ki's true story (pen name) is written from his own real life, which used to be an air hostess, reflecting on what it's like to be a backstory to the air hostesses and Stewart. +Thakolkiat Weerawan made this literature into a play, produced by Exec-Cinema, a television script by Vadhi Sathittayuth. Directed by Nirvana Skinnor, he has a skilled cast such as Saharat. Sangkpreecha, Namthip Jongrattawiboon, Nawat Kulrattanarak, Warapan Hongkul, Apisada Ganga Group, Panwad Hemanee, Nithichai Yosamornsunthorn, Apichat Halamjiak, Passorn Boonyakiat, Myuran Pongpudpan airs Monday-Thursday on TV5 HD1 In the aftermath of the evening news, the first day of January 8, 2008, the last episode was on March 10, 2008 (re-aired in February 2010, just before noon). +Sivas Narupai (Siwat Narupai), nicknamed Tutor, is a Thai singer and actress affiliated with a video star (Channel 7) with a bachelor's degree in engineering, Kasetsart University. +Sivas Narupai, aka Tutor, was born on August 3, 1981, as a singer. +Thai actors Enter the industry by shooting teen magazines such as The Boy, HEART, etc., and performing enough music videos by Nicole Terio. +Saralthorn Leungudom, nicknamed Mein (born March 12, 1992), is a Thai actress and model. +There's a lot of music videos she's played with the Grammys. +Svichaya Watapukkan, formerly known as Vijitra Triyakul (nickname: Nan; born november 10, 1979), is a Thai actress. +Century Dulyawichit, nicknamed Jake, was born on April 8, 1969, a Thai actor. He is home in Li District, Lamphun province, graduated from Payap Technical College in Chiang Mai. +Entered the industry by contesting the Domonman, earning the title of runner-up. Enter the acting industry with the first play in a guest role in a play. Vetal's mystery, made its name, is a drama called Love Book. +My personal life used to be with actress Kanyarat. Bosantia had two sons, but later broke up. Starring in the new blue tv series. +On Channel 7 in 2004. Prince Ekkathat is said to have performed the role and has since been often given a role as a villain to date. +Suriya Shinpan His real name is Thanayas Shinpan (formerly: Auction Shinpan). Nicknamed "Tui" or "A", he is a Thai actress and singer. +Suriya was born on November 19, 1952 in Muang District. Udon Thani Province He is the third son of 6 siblings, which are 4 males and 2 females. Among the children of Mr. Wiboon and Mrs. Chitra Chinpan, graduated from Udon Pittayanukul School. +When finished, help with home affairs. is to control buses between provinces Sometimes they act as drivers themselves. Until the age of 17, he wanted to be a soldier, so he enlisted in Lopburi Province. but failed the interview So went to see uncle who is a doctor in Nakhon Sawan province named Dr. Charoon Chinnaphan helps take care of patients in her uncle's clinic in Mueang Nakhon Sawan district. with a passion for country music coupled with having enough rod units to become a star Ah therefore entrusted to Finally, he went to Bangkok to train as an actress, along with Naiyana Chivanan at the Lawo Palace of Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn. Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn (His Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn) by practicing with Soraphong Chatree, this time it was the first trip to Bangkok in Suriya's life. +Bua Chompoo Ford, nicknamed Bua (born March 17, 1980 - ) is a Thai singer and actress. +He joined the industry as host of "Teen Talk" in 1997 and starred in television series before becoming an artist under The Music Cream. +Grammys affiliated There are songs that have made their mark, including Songs Don't Make Me Love You, The Wind, Circle, Just Wanted to Say, I'm The Old One, Flowers in Your Heart, Can You Give Me a Chance, and Sunshine Day, etc. +Buachompoo Sahawat, formerly known as Buachompoo Ford (English: Buachompoo Ford), nicknamed Bua, was born on March 17, 1980, the only daughter of an English father. and Thai mothers +Bua Chompoo chose the same university that her mother used to study, the Faculty of Fine and Applied Arts. Thammasat University, majoring in drama, participating in drama activities such as the role of Sita in the Thammasat Khon performance. play Thai opera The drama of Oliver Twist and Mrs. Aphaimanee +2520 (45 ปี) คาคาลอส เดอโอเมส ดี ลูฟี่ ส่วนสูง 178 เซนติเมตร คู่สมรส ทักษญา ธีญานาถธนันชา อาชีพ นักแสดง ปีที่แสดง พ.ศ. +District, military base. His real name is Thrissanu Theyanathtanancha or Cacaros de Omes D. Lufthansa (formerly: Pisutsak Akramas, Khet Akramas), originally located in Khlong Takot Subdistrict, Photharam District, Ratchaburi Province. +Born May 27, 1977, he graduated with a degree in arts at Rajamangala Institute of Technology, 82nd Class Of Arts College, Interior Design and Design Department (now Rajamangala University of Technology Rattanakosin). Suan Sunandha Rajabhat Institute +Khet Thanthap was in a relationship with Woranuch Wongsawan, but eventually broke up. Currently, he is married to VJ Nat - Thaksaya Thiyanatthanancha (formerly: Premika Thanarojpradit), currently has a child. The son's name is Nong Dee Jaa, real name is Thaman Thiyanatthanancha. +Born on December 11, 2015 +The Devil's Wings are a novel. Written by Nantana Weerachon The owner of the famous "Shadow Force" script, who has been made into a film and television series three times, first made it into a film. +In 1987, it starred Yuranan Bhamromontri, Nathaya Daengbuhga, Pongpat. Vachirabanjong +The second was made into a TV series. +Broadcasted in 1994 on the Royal Thai Army Radio and Television Channel 5, starring Yuranan Pamonmontri, Sinchai Plengpanich, Kasat Champadib. +The third time was made into a television drama broadcast in 2002 on the Thai color TV channel 3, starring Nithi Samutkojon, Kanyarat Chiraratkit, Worarit Waiyachiaranai. +The fourth time, rebuilt in 2013 by Exact and Scenario Co., Ltd. broadcast on Royal Thai Army Radio and Television Channel 5, starring Sornram Theppitak, Ornjira Kuldilok, Pha Kin Khamwilaisak, Ankarat Nimitchai and Monchanok Saengchaipiangpen every Wednesday - Thursday time 20.10 - 21.40 +Shadow is a Thai tv series based on the writings of Rose Ralen or Tamyanti. The drama-horror genre has been made into a play six times. +It was originally created on Channel 4 Bang Khun Prom. Unknown Year Starring Tam Wiswachart +The second in 1982-26 was broadcast on Royal Thai Army Color Television Channel 7, created by film stars starring Knight Rattanapracha, Oradee Ingutanon, Thepyuda Sriyapai, Siriwat. Ganganet, which is very popular. +The 3rd time in 1987 broadcast on Thai color TV station, Channel 3, organized by Ratchanu Boonchuduang, starring Chatchai Plengpanich, Noppol Komarachun, Ratchanu Boonchuduang, Wannisa Sriwichian, which was not very successful. Many have criticized it for being very different from the script. +"Don't Leave Loneliness" is a single by way station with a music union label, composed by Mack Saran, composed of melodies and compiled by Jaruwat. +Khanthawut, a music video released on March 4, 2014, depicts the feelings of lonely people waiting for true love and hope that the sky... I'm not gonna leave loneliness too long and send someone to love. +In 2014, the song "Don't Leave Loneliness" was used as the soundtrack to "Shadows", broadcast on Army Colour Television Channel 7. +The song "Don't leave loneliness." Ranked 8th out of the Seed FM rankings in the Seed FM Chart 20 as of April 13, 2014, as measured by radio broadcasts in Bangkok and metropolitan areas. +Chamnan 40 stations +↑ SEED CHART TOP 20 ประจำวันที่ 13 เมษายน 2557 ↑ EFM 94 เพลงฮิต 94 เพลง วันที่ 080357 +Doraemon television series is a Japanese comic book movie. +It was first broadcast on television in Japan between April 1 and September 30 , 1973 on Nippon Television, but it was not well known until 1979. +The final episode was released on March 25, 2005, after which an additional TV comic was created with a new team of cast members to celebrate Doraemon's anniversary on April 15, 2005. +Doraemon's cartoon TV version in Thailand was first broadcast on Thai TV Channel 9 or Modern Nine TV today. The first broadcast began on September 5, 1982 , around 10:00 a.m. On Saturdays and Sundays, the tv cartoon "Tiger Mask" continues. +After it was broadcast, it became very popular, making its name on Channel 9. After that, Channel 9 reintroduced it several times, but in the TV comics released on Channel 9, Doraemon is called "Doremon", as the name used by Wiboonkit Publishing. The publisher of the cartoon version of Doraemon in those days, and the film cheers, the organizers screened the film version of Doraemon. +Modern Nine TV re-aired Doraemon on Fridays from 4:40-5:05 p.m., and later on Saturday, May 5, Doraemon changed its screening time to Every Weekend from 8:05 a.m. to 8:30 a.m., and in 2012 it was replayed, but adjusted to 8:15 a.m. to 8:30 a.m. +In Japan There are three main character cast changes . +The first series was dubbed in 1973 when Doraemon first aired on Nippon Television. Later, when he moved to TV, Asahi changed to another set, the longest-running series for Doraemon, from 1979 to 2005. +For 25 years, ASAHI TV announced a new casting team instead of the old one that had retired. +Dubbed Team 1973-1979 (Nippon Television) +Toshiko Fujita voices Nobita. Masako Ebisu, voiced as Shizuka. Kaneta Kanesuki voices giant Chun Yashiro as Suneo Ichiro Murakoshi voices Nobita's father (Nobi) Nobisuke) Noriko Ohara voices Nobita's mother (Nobi Tamako). +Venus Saksiri, formerly known as Nattawan Saksiri, nicknamed Pugan. Born on June 16, 2001, he began his career as a child actor. I'm a pony-faced, and co-starred in the 2016 drama, Unfortunately, I was a well-known child actor and had a lot of acting work. +Entire movie Drama, theatre. The report was made up of the films Blooms night 3.1 and Blooms night 3.2, in which the script was nominated for two major awards for adult stars and was one of five supporting actress awards with best female star, as well as a commercial voice actress. Singing advertisements for both Thai and English songs and hosts +Kindergarten Saisuda Nuanchan Kindergarten Elementary School Grade 1 - P.3 Chokchai School (Kru Kyo) Ladprao Elementary School P.4 - P.6 Somapa Nawamin School Secondary School 1-3 Navamintrachutit School Bangkok 4th grade calibrated to graduate High School Dipoma from GED English language education system (equivalent) (6) Bachelor's Degree in Business Administration International Programs Bangkok University +Blooms Night 3.1 plays a fish, a reincarnated bloom (Child's Ghost) Blooms Night 3.2 Plays a Fish, Reincarnated Blooms (Child Ghost) Oh, My Ghost, you ghost, help meow the exorcist's daughter. Fairy Tale Killer Hong Kong Film plays a heroine as a child. Fairy Tale Killer (Hong Kong film, hong kong screening, as a young heroine) (AUTISM CHAPTER) 9 Temples (Cannes German Screening Edition) Bangklao (Thammasat Film Festival Short Film Festival) Oh, My Ghost, you're a ghost. +Theate +Soulmate 11 scenes from the first day to the day of goodbye (playing as Luk Nok Sinjai Kob Songsit) Ratchadalai Theater Rae Khai Fun Chaliang The Musical" playing with Su Boonlieng and the stars of the AF team , Si Din Daen, The Music Kal plays the role of Mae Choi (childhood) to dream of the day of honor. The Musical (played as Benz Pornchita, childhood) She is a dream The Musical (Kru Nammon Knot Worarit) +KFC seeks protection, TrueMove H, Nadech Yaya , Siam Ocean World , Vitamilk Breeze, Corn Puffs Hair serum, free and free, nourishing cream, Vaseline, shampoo, Sunsilk +Drama graduated from Sirithansuksa School and graduated from Ban Somdet Chao Phraya Rajabhat University, was a schoolteacher at a private school and served in a Bangkok metropolitan administration. Before turning himself into a personal business and writing a book, there was a web blog on the ID of a good children's website. Use the name Busabapa Dream/Inthanin Necklace He currently works as a writer. +Busaba's novel Dreams has been published. +The origin of the pen name +Busaba dreams I run my own business about florists, love flower arranging, and love flowers, so it's where the pen name Busba dreams. +The first novel. +You don't even know who you are, and a year later, a little girl knows love. The pure love of an islander waiting with patience and a lost little girl. Memories happened, made both people belong to each other, but then... one day they were separated, loved each other so much, and bonded with their lives. +The novel has been made into a television series. +Busaba's novel, which was made into the first TV series, "The Bad Game Defeats Love Games," was run by Tai Drama Co., Ltd. in 2010 and aired on Thai TV Channel 3 in 2011 , renaming the new title "Love Game", starring Nadeem Kukimiya, Urasya. +"Miracle Love Over the Horizon" is a Thai novel based on the pen name of "Busabapa Dream", which was first made into a television series in 2015, written by Pana, directed by Bundit Thongdee, operated by Love Drama Co., Ltd., controlled by Power Thammasat Luangthongsuk, starring Writ Sirisantana, Laknara Piyata and many other leading actors. The first episode begins on July 14, 2015 from 6:35 p.m. to 7:50 p.m . +On Thai Tv Channel 3 (Original) and Digital TV Channel 3 HD Channel 33 +Paun Chandrasiri is an actor, acting director, has directed TV series, theatre and film, and also served as a senior advisor to The One Enterprise Co., Ltd. and Channel One 31. +Paun Chandrasiri Born on June 12, 1962, graduated from the Faculty of Letters, Chulalongkorn University. +Majoring in English, Master of Theatrical Arts, he was a fellow with Yingyot Panya and a junior fellow at Yani Jongvisut's faculty. After graduating, the couple entered the industry as the authors of the TV series "Pink Persimmon," screened on Channel 7 together, then began acting in TV series, musicals and films, and was persuaded to direct the tv series of the Exec camp. "Widow" is the first thing. +In 1994 +Paoun directed a number of tv series and musicals and directed the first film. In 2003 , the Letter. +A love letter from duangkamol's persuasion. +Currently, Paoun is still working on the play. The work that is remembered is the role of "Somorn Good at work" or Pillow Brother. The sitcom continues on Channel One. +Performance +TV comedy show +Angkor is an action-fantasy-pirate-adventure drama based on the writings of Norman Weeratham, which has been made into a television series twice . +The first, directed by Chalong Bhaktawijit, airs Monday - Tuesday at 8:30 p.m. The first broadcast was broadcast from July 17, 2000 to September 12, 2000 , starring Pete Thongchue, Worarat Suwannarat, Kongkrapan Sangsuriya, Chittima. +Samphaothong and many more performers produced by Bangkok Audio Vision Co., Ltd. +The 2nd time directed by Chardboon Bhaktawijit, Krishnapong Ratchatha The first broadcast on Channel 33 will be broadcast on August 24, 2018 – September 21, 2018 on Thai Tv Channel 3 , starring Ascha. +Nampan, Supaporn Wongkumthong, Narissan Lokwit, Anuchit Saphanpong, Napasakorn Mittam and many more actors, produced by Ahlong Junior Co., Ltd. and Angkor, will resume reruns on Channel 3 AceD from Monday to Thursday from 6.20pm to 8.05pm and Friday from 6pm to 7.45pm. Starting on December 20, 2018, following the pink stigma drama (only after the news, December 31, 2018-January 1, 2019, from 8:20 p.m. to 10:50 p.m. after the drama Destiny, Rerun) . +Rugkhun Taoucharng (Love you as much as an elephant). It's a Thai TV series. Written by Honey Month 8, starring Khet Tha, Apa Pavilai, Tarakhet Petchsuksai, ThanachonkRittinaka, produced by Dumandi Co., Ltd., airs on Channel 7 from Monday to Friday at 6.30pm. +The first episode was on August 20, 2014. +List of Lead Actors +The NCPO broadcast signal was received for all radio, television and satellite television stations to broadcast a special program called "Restore Happiness to the People" by General Prayuth Chan-ocha at the same time on all stations and to use the signals of the Army Radio and Television stations to broadcast until the change was ordered until 8:45 p.m. 21:00 p.m. , 21:15 a.m., depending on the time of the show, it will air. After the show, the drama will be shown in the second period during the program. +5 September 2014 No broadcasting from 18.00 - 19.00 hrs. It's live. World Boxing Championships WBC Thai-Japanese Sun boiling between Namodon Inoue and Can Lek Honors Gym from Japan +Following the digital terrestrial television channel, the Broadcasting and Television Commission (NEB) on the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (NEB) issued a license to operate children and families programs to Thai TV Co., Ltd. as users of the spectrum channel 15 began to experiment with broadcasting on Tuesday, April 1, 2014, and officially broadcast from Sunday, June 1, the same year, and then MV Television (Thailand) Co., Ltd. participated in most of the production of the program from Friday , May 1, 2015. +After the tipa varieties. Sakunchai Chairman of the Executive Committee of Thai TV Co., Ltd. announced that it will refrain from paying the licence fee for the business license of digital terrestrial television. +The second installment to the NEB On May 25, 2015, Pantipa sent a letter to the NEB requesting the termination of the business license on Channel 15 (Loka) and Channel No. 17 (Thai TV). On channel 15 and 17 respectively. On July 26th from 00:00 +But the NEB says that if Thai TV Co., Ltd., which does not pay the licence fee, will be subject to administrative penalties, namely suspension or revocation of the license of digital terrestrial television, which will result in in the ineligible to be a licensee to operate a television business. The type does not use spectrum. Pantipa then assigned a lawyer to file a lawsuit. +The NEB went to the Administrative Court, which conducted the inquiry, by inviting the parties to clarify, which the NEB proposed. Thai TV Co., Ltd. Announcement of the acquisition or participants as required by law, during which the digital terrestrial broadcast time is extended for another three months (until Saturday, October 31, 2015), which Pantipa agreed to. +The nepotism proposal above failed to implement the proposals, thus discontinuing the broadcast of digital terrestrial television. On 15 MVTV Family, along with Channel 17 Thai TV, which operates on its own from 23:59 on October 31, the NEB and Thai PBS are operated by the NEB and Thai PBS. The owner of the signaling integrated device did not perform any signal cutters. +The NEB later sent a letter no. 4010/35320 issued an administrative order. Notification to the Director of the NRL to suspend network services to Thai TV Co., Ltd. on both channels for a period of 30 days from November 3, 2015 onwards, therefore, the S.E.C. has implemented such administrative orders. +It displays a black screen. There is a white text message in the middle of the screen that says "Temporarily suspend broadcasting (except lines) in accordance with the administrative orders of the NEB", and later displayed a multi-color screen with sound with a frequency of 1000 Hz. forever +↑ ภาพแสดงหนังสือ คำสั่งทางปกครอง ของสำนักงาน กสทช. (ถ่ายโดยภัทราพร ตั๊นงาม ผู้สื่อข่าวไทยพีบีเอส) ↑ ตัวอย่างภาพหน้าจอโทรทัศน์ ซึ่งไทยพีบีเอสดำเนินการ ตามคำสั่งทางปกครอง ของสำนักงาน กสทช. (ถ่ายโดยภัทราพร ตั๊นงาม ผู้สื่อข่าวไทยพีบีเอส) +The end of the line is written by Chuwong Chayachinda, a drama genre. +Originally made into a film in 1972, directed by Adisorn (Auld Dulyarat), created by Pongthai Films starring Petcha Chaowarat, Kanchit Kwanpracha, Prachuap Rukyamdee, Auld Dulyarat, Tam Wisawachart, released on October 5, 1972. +It was first created as a tv series in 1984, broadcast on Thai TV Channel 3, starring Anusorn Dechapanya, Ampha Phusit, Panya Nirankul, Phadungsri Sophita, Pornpan Kasemmasu, Nuanprang Trichit, Jirasak Pinsuwan, Eyes Tungkamanee, Pirawan Prasopsat, Jaruwan Panyopas, Chala Prasapsart, Meesak Nakrat, Somjin Thammathat +In 2013, it was remaken as a drama broadcast on Army Radio and Television Channel 5, produced by Exxon and Zenerio, a television series by Nattaraporn, Panitanan Sirilert directed by Jariwat Upakachaiphat, Vilawan Sangkaphiban, starring Yuttana Pengklang, Wannarat Sonthichai, Nat Thephasdin Na Ayutthaya, Ratchashanon Suksa, Pichaya Chaolit, Alisha Chase, FarAwat and Ron. +Originally created Monday-Tuesday from 20:10–21:40, the first episode was from July 15, 2013 to September 9, 2013 and was re-broadcast on GM1. +Monday-Tuesday from 20:00–22:00, initially on April 1, 2014 and broadcast on high-definition digital TV and Royal Thai Army Radio and Television Channel 5, the drama will be broadcasting reruns monday-Tuesday from 8:10 to 21:25 p.m. It followed the drama Ruan Affection and was re-broadcast on the channel. GMM 25, Saturday-Sunday at 21.30 a.m. +The first episode was on July 4, 2015. +References +Goddess Zhu Sae is a Taoist goddess associated with motherhood and childbirth.[1] She is particularly revered among the Taiwanese Hokkien, and rthe Teochew people.[1] +See Also +Dilok Thongwatana (born 3 June 1956), nicknamed Moo, is a Thai actor and host. +Is the son of Mr. Somchai and Mrs. Wattana Thongwatana, has 4 brothers and sisters, the second person who lives in Wat Sing District Chainat Province Graduated from the Faculty of Political Science Ramkhamhaeng University and was a student of the first generation of Channel 3 acting. Entered the industry by introducing Mr. Warayut Milintachinda to play the drama Mrs. Tas as the main character, playing with Nipaporn Nongnuch. Pruksa Sawat and is also the host of JSL's main game program, has won the Golden Television Award. +Boonrit Assantachai (nickname: A), better known by the name Ken Hurricane, is a Thai singer and musician. Released an album under the Grammy Q-X under the GMM Grammy group in the name of the series "Ken Hurriken" in 1998 with songs that made famous such as "Don't Love Me, Do You Love Me?" +Alone and the song is heartbreaking +There are also works behind the scenes. such as singing a chorus for a Grammy artist. and recording advertising spots, etc. Education, pre-kindergarten education until the high school level at st john's school and graduated with a bachelor's degree Kasem Bundit University +Citrine Global Company Limited Type Joint venture Headquarters 313 CP Tower Building Silom Road Silom Sub-District Bangrak District Bangkok +Citrine Global Company Limited was a joint venture between Charoen Pokphand Group and Telenor. The company was registered with the Department of Business Development on July 9, 2021 with a registered capital of 100,000 baht. +Its office is located at 313 buildings. CP Tower, Silom Road, Silom, Bang Rak, Bangkok[1][2] +The company began to appear in its name and role as a Tender Offeror of True and DTAC. After True and DTAC will be merged together, The company will buy shares from True at a price of 5.09 baht per share and buy shares from DTAC at a price of 47.76 baht per share. +The merger is expected to be completed in late September 2022.[1] Later on April 4, 2022, At the 2022 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders of True Corporation, the meeting resolved to approve the merger with DTAC, Like DTAC, The meeting on the same day that the Extraordinary General Meeting of Shareholders resolved to approve the merger with True Corporation.[2][3] +Company directors +Noppadol Dechudom Methee Winichbutra Joergen Christian Arentz Rostrup Las Erik Telmann +References +↑ Survey of 'Citrine Global', a joint venture company between 'CP' and 'Telenor', who is preparing to make a tender offer for TRUE-DTAC, found the company's establishment on July 9, 2021. (in Thai) ↑ บริษัท ซิทริน โกลบอล จำกัด ↑ "DTAC and TRUE notify the merger will continue. (in Thai)". Thanachart Securities. +Retrieved 2022-03-15. ↑ 'Shareholders OK' approve the merger of 'True-DTAC' (in Thai) ↑ DTAC notifies the Stock Exchange of Thailand "Shareholders" to approve the merger with TRUE (in Thai) +Government school Krabi Provincial Administrative Organization School KPAOS File:KPAOS Logo.jpg Location 459 Tharue Rd. Mueang Krabi, Krabi 81000 Coordinates 8°03′36″N 98°54′11″E / 8.059999°N 98.903096°E / 8.059999; 98.903096Coordinates: 8°03′36″N 98°54′11″E / 8.059999°N 98.903096°E / 8.059999; 98.903096 Information Type Government Founder Mr. Somsak Kittitornkul Oversight Krabi Provincial Administrative Organization Director Mrs. Buskorn Horkul Since 2020-present Grades 7-12 (Mathayom 1-6) Gender Coeducational Language Language the school teaches in Thai English Chinese Color(s) Green White Established 31 August 2011 Website www.kpaos.ac.th +Government school Krabi Provincial Administrative Organization School KPAOS File:KPAOS Logo.jpg Location 459 Tharue Rd. Mueang Krabi, Krabi 81000 Coordinates 8°03′36″N 98°54′11″E / 8.059999°N 98.903096°E / 8.059999; 98.903096Coordinates: 8°03′36″N 98°54′11″E / 8.059999°N 98.903096°E / 8.059999; 98.903096 Information Type Government Founder Mr. Somsak Kittitornkul Oversight Krabi Provincial Administrative Organization Director Mrs. Buskorn Horkul Since 2020-present Grades 7-12 (Mathayom 1-6) Gender Coeducational Language Language the school teaches in Thai English Chinese Color(s) Green White Established 31 August 2011 Website www.kpaos.ac.th +Since 2020, Mrs.Buskorn Horkul has been assigned as the director of the school. +Vision +Within 2025, Krabi Provincial Administrative Organization School will be an international equivalent institution. In teaching Science, Math, and foreign languages on the basis of Sufficiency Economy. To develop for a good world citizen and come back to develop the local and the country. +Mission +The mission of the school can be divided into 4 items as below. +1. Improve the management system and learning system for the students to be proficient in Science, Math, and foreign languages in the secondary education to be equivalent to the international institute. +2. Improve the course, the way to teach, equipment that is necassary to teach and school events for the students who is proficient in Science, Math, and foreign languages in the secondary education to be equivalent to the international institude. +3. Improve students' morality and ethics, desirable values, life skills, knowledge, and learning to develop locals based on Sufficiency Economy. +4. Promote the participation of personnel network partners and related external agencies in the development of school education. +Courses[1] +History[1] +Lower Secondary course is prepared to comprehensive the course of Basic Education Core Curriculum by Ministry of Education[1] and the course of special class for lower secondary level. Based on IPST and POSN.[2] +For the upper secondary course, students need to enroll in the basic subjects for 41 credits, forced extra subjects for 48.5 credits, and alternative subjects for atleast 7.5 credits. +In 2011, Mr.Somsak Kittitornkul assigned educational qualifications, management team and consultant of President of Krabi Provincial Administrative Organization on March 8th +Places +(Chan-Horm and Chan-O) Third building (On the right from the entrance) is used for a cafeteria, offices, and a meeting hall. (Chan-In) Forth building is a gymnasium. (In progress) Fifth and Sixth building is teachers' apartment. +Awards +Award plaque for developing educational achievement for the 2018 academic year in the category of the highest Ordinary National Educational Test (O-NET) score results on Mathayom 6 level with 3rd ranked.[1] Award plaque for local government organizations, schools, and students for the 2019 academic year in the category of the highest Ordinary National Educational Test (O-NET) score results on Mathayom 3 and 6 levels with 2nd ranked.[2] Certificate award for the school with the management system and learning system based on Sufficiency Economy for the 2020 academic year. +References +↑ "ประวัติและความเป็นมา โรงเรียนองค์การบริหารส่วนจังหวัดกระบี่". kpaos.ac.th. ↑ "คู่มือนักเรียนและผู้ปกครอง". kpaos.ac.th. สืบค้นเมื่อ 3 มีนาคม 2565. ↑ "Basic Education Core Curriculum B.E.2551 (2008)". +Ministry of Education (Thailand). ↑ "คู่มือนักเรียนและผู้ปกครอง". kpaos.ac.th. สืบค้นเมื่อ 3 มีนาคม 2565. ↑ วิดิทัศน์ โรงเรียนองค์การบริหารส่วนจังหวัดกระบี่ (ทางการขึ้นมาหน่อย) , CatEatMars CH. ↑ "รางวัลสำหรับองค์กรปกครองส่วนท้องถิ่น สถานศึกษา และนักเรียน ประจำปีการศึกษา 2561 ประเภท ผลคะแนนการทดสอบทางการศึกษาระดับชาติขั้นพื้นฐาน (O-NET) สูงสุด". กรมการปกครองส่วนท้องถิ่น. ↑ "รางวัลสำหรับองค์กรปกครองส่วนท้องถิ่น สถานศึกษา และนักเรียน ประจำปีการศึกษา 2562 ประเภท ผลคะแนนการทดสอบทางการศึกษาระดับชาติขั้นพื้นฐาน (O-NET) สูงสุด". กรมการปกครองส่วนท้องถิ่น. +Later, Krabi Provincial Administrative Organization agreed to establish Krabi Provincial Administrative Organization School. By using the abbreviation name "KPAOS" on April 28th. The school was launched on August 31st using an area from The Royal Forest Department located on Tharue Rd. +A year later, Krabi Provincial Administrative Organization allocated a budget to adjust old Krabi Provincial Administrative Organization office to be a temporary school building that contain 4 classroom for 140 students. +Academic Year 2015, the school opened 4 Mathayom 4's classrooms organize to 4 plans of educations. Science, Health Science, Computing Science, Math Science. +Krabi Provincial Administrative Organization assigned Mr.Sajjaporn Chansrinuan, Permanent Secretary of Krabi Provincial Administrative Organization as the director of the school on April 20th +Academic Year 2016, Ms.Duangkae Pechruentong was assigned as the director of the school until academic year 2018. +Academic Year 2019, Mr.Sophon Panich, Deputy Permanent Secretary of Krabi Provincial Administration Organization was assigned as the director of the school temporarily. +CMKL University CMKL University Logo Motto English: Enabling Endless Possibilities[1] Established October 25, 2017 (2017-10-25) [2] Chairman Surakiart Sathirathai [3] Chancellor Associate Professor Supan Tungjitkusolmun[4] Location Located in King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang 1 Soi Chalongkrung 1 Ladkrabang Bangkok 10520 Colors ████ orange, crimson red Website www.cmkl.ac.th Preview warning: Using more than one of the following parameters in Infobox university: location, country. +Courses[1] Bachelor Degree Master's degree Doctoral Degree Computer Engineering and Artificial Intelligence Electrical and Computer Engineering Entertainment innovation Electrical and Computer Engineering +Courses[1] Bachelor Degree Master's degree Doctoral Degree Computer Engineering and Artificial Intelligence Electrical and Computer Engineering Entertainment innovation Electrical and Computer Engineering +External links +↑ Burns, Krista (28 November 2017). +"CMU and KMITL Announce Research and Education Collaboration". +Carnegie Mellon University. +Archived from the original on 1 November 2022. +Retrieved 1 November 2022. ↑ "มหา'ลัย ซีเอ็มเคแอล พัฒนาบุคลากรด้านวิศวกรรม รองรับ 5G". คมชัดลึก (in Thai). 2020-02-21. +Archived from the original on 2022-11-02. Retrieved 2022-11-02. ↑ Graduate Programs +CMKL University เก็บถาวร 2018-05-18 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน CMKL University on Facebook +CMKL University เก็บถาวร 2018-05-18 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน CMKL University on Facebook +CMKL University is Higher education institution with high potential from abroad a joint institution between Carnegie Mellon University and King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang [1] By focusing on the production of new generation personnel in engineering. Promote learning and support research results. [2] located in King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang +2542 (23 ปี 194 วัน) ผู้ก่อตั้ง นายวันชัย จงสุทธานามณี สังกัด สำนักการศึกษาเทศบาลนครเชียงราย ผู้อำนวยการ นายประชวน เขื่อนเพชร ระดับปีที่จัดการศึกษา มัธยมศึกษาปีที่ 1–6 ภาษา ภาษาที่มีการเรียนการสอนในโรงเรียน ภาษาไทย ภาษาอังกฤษ ภาษาจีนกลาง วิทยาเขต โรงเรียนเทศบาล 6 นครเชียงราย แผนกมัธยมศึกษาตอนปลาย โรงเรียนเทศบาล 6 นครเชียงราย แผนกมัธยมศึกษาตอนต้น สี ███ ฟ้า ███ ขาว คำขวัญ วิชาการเป็นเลิศ ประเสริฐศีลธรรมจรรยา กีฬาเด่นเป็นสง่า ร่วมพัฒนาชุมชน เพลง มาร์ชเทศบาล 6 เว็บไซต์ tesaban6.ac.th +-Tunnel under the intersection along the Srinagarindra Road and Monorail Yellow Line along the tunnel -The Sri Udom Station is located southeast of the intersection +Sri Udom Intersection is the intersection of Srinagarindra Road, Udom Suk Road (Sukhumvit 103) and Chaloem Phra Kiat Ratchakan Thi 9 Road in Prawet district, Bangkok +Name Sri Udom is from Sri for Srinagarindra Road and Udom for Udom Suk Road Code: N308 (ESRI), 326 (Bangkok) +Appearance +Other Sources +แผนที่และภาพถ่ายทางอากาศของ แยกศรีอุดม ภาพถ่ายดาวเทียมจากวิกิแมเปีย หรือกูเกิลแมปส์ แผนที่จากลองดูแมป หรือเฮียวีโก ภาพถ่ายทางอากาศจากเทอร์ราเซิร์ฟเวอร์ Geographic coordinates: 13°40′40″N 100°38′46″E / 13.677761°N 100.64605°E / 13.677761; 100.64605 +แม่กลอง Mae Klong กิโลเมตรที่ 33.944 บางกระบูน Bang Krabun −3.59 กม. สิ้นสุดทางรถไฟ End of the railway +0.11 กม. ดูเพิ่ม : รายชื่อสถานีรถไฟ สายแม่กลอง Kilometers 33.944 +Maeklong Railway Station is a train station on Maeklong Line (Ban Lham-Maeklong) located in Maeklong subdistrict, Mueang Samut Songkhram district, Samut Songkhram[1] +Station +Station Name Station Name Station Code Distance from Krung Thep Aphiwat Centre Terminal (Bangsue) มหาชัย Mahachai 5019 43.6 ท่าฉลอม Tha Chalom 5020 46.4 บ้านชีผ้าขาว Ban Chi Phakhao 5021 48.1 คลองนกเล็ก Khlong Nok Lek 5035 50.1 บางสีคต Bang Si Kot 5022 51.2 บางกระเจ้า Bang Krachao 5023 53.0 บ้านบ่อ Ban Bo 5024 54.9 บางโทรัด Bang Thorat 5025 57.4 บ้านกาหลง Ban Ka Long 5026 60.2 บ้านนาขวาง Ban Na Khwang 5027 61.6 บ้านนาโคก Ban Na Khok 5028 64.0 เขตเมือง Ket Muang 5029 67.7 ลาดใหญ่ Lad Yai 5030 72.0 บางกระบูน Bang Krabun 5031 74.5 แม่กลอง Mae Klong 5032 78.1 บางกระพ้อม Bang Kaphom - 84.5 อัมพวา Amphawa - 89.3 วัดเพลง Wat Pleng - 95.7 ปากท่อ Pak Tho 4093 99.4 +"D.AAA (ดีอะ)" File:BNK48 DAAA.jpg Single by BNK48 from the album - Language Thai A-side "D.AAA - ดีอะ" B-side "Sukida Sukida Sukida" "Only today – Band Version" "Only today – Acapella Version" Released March 13, 2021 (2021-03-13) (debut) March 29, 2021 (2021-03-29) (CD) Genre Pop, T-Pop Label iAM Producer(s) Yasushi Akimoto BNK48 singles chronology "Heavy Rotation" (2020) "D.AAA (ดีอะ)" (2021) "Sayonara Crawl" (2022) Music video "ดีอะ" on YouTube +"D.AAA" (Thai: ดีอะ ; English: That's Great) is 10th single of the all girl Thai idol group BNK48. +It was released in Thailand on March 13, 2021. This is the group's first original composed main single that consists of "D.AAA" and two b-side songs, "Sukida Sukida Sukida - ชอบเธอนะ" and "Only today" which has 2 versions: Band Version and Acapella Version.[1][2] +Performed by 16 members consisting of: +Team BIII: Cherprang, Jane, Jennis, Kaew, Minmin, Noey, Pun, Wee Team NV: Gygee, Kaimook, Mobile, Music, Namneung, Orn, Pupe, Tarwaan +Performed by 16 members consisting of: +Team BIII: Cherprang, Jane, Jennis, Kaew, Minmin, Noey, Pun, Wee Team NV: Gygee, Kaimook, Mobile, Music, Namneung, Orn, Pupe, Tarwaan +Performed by 7 members consisting of: +Team BIII: Korn (Keyboard), Panda (Bass & Vocal) Team NV: Bamboo (Drums), Namsai (Drum Pad), Nine (Electric Guitar & Vocal), Phukkhom (Keyboard), Satchan (Acoustic Guitar) +Performed by 7 members consisting of: +List of Songs +Team BIII: Miori, Myyu, Niky Team NV: Fond, Jaa, New, Stang +Awards and Nominations +Year Award Category Nominated Work Result 2565 TOTY Music Awards 2021[1] Popular female artist songs ดีอะ (D.AAA) Nominated +References +↑ ↑ ↑ +Type A +No. Title Music Thai lyrics Length 1. "D.AAA - ดีอะ" Pongjak Pitthanporn Paosarit Lekchom Atsakorn Dechmak Pongjak Phithanporn Tanupop Notthananon Paosarit Lekchom 3:27 2. +"Sukida Sukida Sukida - ชอบเธอนะ" (A cover of AKB48's "Sukida Sukida Sukida") Itagaki Yusuke Prapop Chomthaworn 3:37 3. +"Only today – Band Version" (A cover of AKB48's "Only today") Ouchi Tetsuya Tanupop Notthananon 3:54 4. "D.AAA - ดีอะ (off vocal ver.)" 3:27 5. +"Only today – Band Version (off vocal ver.)" 3:54 Total length: 21:56 +Type B +No. Title Music Thai lyrics Length 1. "D.AAA - ดีอะ" Pongjak Pitthanporn Paosarit Lekchom Atsakorn Dechmak Pongjak Phithanporn Tanupop Notthananon Paosarit Lekchom 3:27 2. +"Sukida Sukida Sukida – ชอบเธอนะ" (A cover of AKB48's "Sukida Sukida Sukida") Itagaki Yusuke Prapop Chomthaworn 3:37 3. +"Only today – Acapella Version" (A cover of AKB48's "Only today") Ouchi Tetsuya Tanupop Notthananon 4:22 4. "ดีอะ (off vocal ver.)" 3:27 5. +"Only today – Acapella Version (off vocal ver.)" 4:22 Total length: 22:52 +Participating Memebrs +Note: The following is the list of members performing in each song. Members in bold refers to the center of the song (team status at the time of the single's release). +"D.AAA - ดีอะ" +2018 Thai film BNK48: Girls Don't Cry บีเอ็นเคโฟร์ตีเอต: เกิร์ลดอนต์คราย Directed by Ter Nawapol Thamrongrattanarit Produced by Vichai Matakul Patcharin Surawattanapongs Starring BNK48 First Generation Cinematography Niramon Ross Nawapol Thamrongrattanarit Pacharin Surawatanapongs Tanapol Keawdang Edited by Ter Nawapol Thamrongrattanarit Music by Tongta Jitdee Pokpong Jitdee Production companies iAm Salmon House Plan B Media Very Sad Pictures Distributed by GDH 559 Release date 16 March 2018 (2018-03-16) (Bangkok Thailand) Running time 108 minutes Country Thailand Language Thai language Box office 13.35 million baht +Netflix and DVD +Netflix has licensed the film to be released on March 1, 2019. +The DVD produced by Salmon House is available for pre-order at the Pre-DVD girls dont cry fan page. +Awards and nominations Year Award Category Result Ref(s) 2018 Honorary Best Creative Culture of the Year from the Ministry of Culture 2018 Creative Thai Film of the Year style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="yes table-yes2 notheme"|Won [1] 2019 The 28th Suphannahong National Film Awards Best Documentary style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="no table-no2 notheme"|Nominated [2] 15th Kom Chad Luek Award Best movie Best Director (Nawapol Thamrongrattanarit) Popular Vote for Best Picture The 16th Starpics Thai Film Awards Best Cinematography (Nawapol Thamrongrattanarit) Best Documentary See The sound / SoundTrack Cologne 2019 Best Documentary Feature Award style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " class="yes table-yes2 notheme"|Won [3] +References +External links +เว็บไซต์ทางการ บีเอ็นเคโฟร์ตีเอต: เกิร์ลดอนต์คราย ที่เฟซบุ๊ก BNK48: Girls Don't Cry at IMDb BNK48: Girls Don't Cry at Rotten Tomatoes +BNK48: Girls Don't Cry Thai: บีเอ็นเคโฟร์ตีเอต: เกิร์ลดอนต์คราย, lit. 'BNK48: Girls Don't Cry' Is a Thai documentary film about the first generation members of the all girl Thai idol group BNK48 from before the band's debut until after it gained fame.[1] This film was directed by Nawapol Thamrongrattanarit, produced by iAM Fillms and Salmon House, and distributed by GDH 559.[2] The film had its media screening event on August 14, 2018 at Paragon Cineplex Siam Paragon Shopping Center And was scheduled to be released generally after two days. [3] +Soundtrack +Koisuru Fortune Cookie River Shonichi +Film Release +Cinema +The documentary film had its media premier at Paragon Cineplex at Siam Paragon on August 14, 2018, and was officially released to the public on August 16 in the same year. The movie earned 3.7 million baht on its opening day and 10.5 million baht in four days.[1] The documentary film closed with a total income of 13.35 million baht. +In addition, this film was also selected to be screened in international film festivals abroad, including +43rd Pia Film Festival (PFF) at National Film Archive of Japan (England), Japan[1] +Phu Som Fao Sap is a name used to refer to a ghost or spirit who guards treasures that are precious treasures or national treasures, such as the treasure trove in the Ayutthaya kingdom, etc. or the guardians of these treasures +When a group of treasure thieves excavated within the temple which took up to 3 days due to the enormous amount of wealth but when secretly brought out A miracle happened, especially Phra Saeng Khanchaisri. which is one of the royal regalia There was a dazzling light. But at the same time, the atmosphere of the sky was distorted. One of the smugglers later approached the police in a drunken state. admitted that he was the one who went in to excavate himself and returned the stolen goods to the authorities. +In which those who participated in the movement received various events, such as losing consciousness in a sword dance in the middle of the market. Or the store that bought it had to go out of business, etc. The stolen objects are now only 20 percent returned and are displayed in the Chao Sam Phraya National Museum, believed to be caused by the inspiration of Phu Som. watch over property +So there are people who say because he did not sacrifice or ask for permission from the sacred first Phu Som guards the property, thus inspiring the property to move away. But King Bira did not pay attention to him, without believing, and after excavating the valuables After he and his wife returned to the palace where they lived. On Sukhumvit Road, Phra Khanong District, that night he heard a loud "Chuck Cheek" noise, similar to someone digging outside. when he went out to look, he found none. +But the sound was still loud and could change the source of the sound as well. even above the head of the bedroom until morning When he went to inspect, he did not find any traces. Later, in the twilight at Wat Kudi Dao While excavating another valuable artifact as he raised his face He saw a figure in a small bush in front of the church, like a tall, muscular man unlike any other human being. Dress up like an ancient warrior Wearing a sleeveless shirt, short, narrow legs, dark blue, the whole set. +Prince Bira admitted that In the past, he had never believed in spirits. but now you have believed because I have experienced it myself However, in the view of scholars of the Department of History Faculty of Humanities Ramkhamhaeng University believes that the belief about Grandfather Ginseng guarding that property Unlikely to exist in the beliefs of contemporary Ayutthaya people. Due to referring to the evidence of the list of ghosts that appear in Phra Aiya, there is no record of Pu Som guarding the property. Or a ghost guarding the treasure in any way, including this belief is contrary to the belief in the beliefs of Theravada Buddhism that the Ayutthaya people trust as well. because the Theravada sect does not believe in the matter of the world After death, he will be born in the realm of fate. therefore assuming This belief probably came from India. +Year Title Role Notes Channel 2018 Khamin Rak Kap Poon Mad Sir "Poon" Main Role Line TV 2022 KinnPorsche Kinn Anakinn Theerapanyakul One 31, iQIYI +Shows +Year Title Role Channel Ref. 2021 คุณพระช่วย Guest Workpoint TV [1] GACHA GACHA ท้าอร่อย 2 Amarin TV [2] 2022 Sound Check One 31 [3] +Music Video Appearances +Year Song Artist(s) Ref. 2018 พะวง พริกไทย [1] 2019 ไม่รู้สึก โอบ โอบขวัญ [2] แค่ของเลียนแบบ น้��� กัญญ์กุลณัช [3] 2020 เพื่อนเล่น Mine [4] เสก Jodai x พริกไทย [5] +Discography +Year Song Notes Ref. 2016 ไม่อยากเห็นเธอเป็นแบบนี้ (Just enough) Single [1] 2017 ในความฝัน (ในของขวัญ) (Dream) [2] 2018 อย่าถามเวลากับนาฬิกาที่หยุดเดิน [3] +References +Retrieved 2023-02-19. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help) ↑ ""มาย-อาโป" นำทีมเปิด "คินน์ พอร์ช เดอะซีรีส์" ซีรีส์วายแนวแอ็กชัน". www.thairath.co.th (in Thai). 2021-11-06. Retrieved 2023-02-18. ↑ ""มาย-อาโป" จับคู่ซีรีส์วายแนวแอ็กชัน "KinnPorsche The Series"". www.thairath.co.th (in Thai). +Retrieved 2023-02-19. ↑ คุณพระช่วย | อาโป ณัฐวิญญ์ , มาย ภาคภูมิ | ฉ่อยหน้าม่าน | 7 มี.ค. 64 Full EP, retrieved 2023-02-19 ↑ คู่จิ้นกระแสแรง อาโป-มาย ประลองปรุงรส 'เนื้อหมูคิงคะทง' | GACHA GACHA ท้าอร่อย 2 | EP.9, retrieved 2023-02-19 ↑ Sound Check EP.56 KINPORSCHE , KIDDO RECORDS | FULL EP | 28 เม.ย. 65 | one31, retrieved 2023-02-19 ↑ พะวง - พริกไทย [ Official MV ], retrieved 2023-02-19 ↑ ไม่รู้สึก – โอบ โอบขวัญ [ OFFICIAL MUSIC VIDEO ], retrieved 2023-02-19 ↑ แค่ของเลียนแบบ - น้ำ กัญญ์กุลณัช [ OFFICIAL MUSIC VIDEO ], retrieved 2023-02-19 ↑ เพื่อนเล่น - Mine [ Official MV ], retrieved 2023-02-19 ↑ เสก - Jodai x พริกไทย [ Official MV ], retrieved 2023-02-19 ↑ ไม่อยากเห็นเธอเป็นแบบนี้ (Just enough) - มาย ภาคภูมิ【OFFICIAL MV】, retrieved 2023-02-19 ↑ ในความฝัน(ในของขวัญ)(Dream) - มาย ภาคภูมิ【OFFICIAL MV】, retrieved 2023-02-19 ↑ อย่าถามเวลากับนาฬิกาที่หยุดเดิน - มาย ภาคภูมิ 【Official MV】, retrieved 2023-02-19 +Phakphum Romsaithing (Thai: (ภาคภูมิ ร่มไทรทอง; born 05 January 1992), nicknamed Mile (มาย) is a Thai actor, singer and model. He is best known for his main role KinnPorsche (2022). +External Links +Early life and education +Phakphum Romsaithong was born on January 05, 1992 in Kalasin,Thailand. +He graduate secondary college from Mahasarakham University Demostration School (Secondary) and Triam Udom Suksa School. He graduated from Thammasat University in 2017, majoring Journalism and Mass Communication.[1] +Career +He was casted in a mini series named Khamin Rak Kap Poon (Thai: ขมิ้นรักกับปูน) in 2018 and in 2020 he starred in a short movie named Ladytwenty.[1] In 2021, it was announced that Phakphum was casted in boys' love (BL) series, KinnPorsche The Series, in the lead role of Kinn. The cut version of the series aired on One 31, and the uncut version (KinnPorsche The Series: La Forte) aired on iQIYI from April-June 2022.[2][3] Music Phakphum made his official debut as a singer upon the release of his first single titled "Just Enough (Thai: ไม่อยากเห็นเธอเป็นแบบนี้) " on June 17, 2016 under LUSTER Entertainment. On January 27, 2017, Phakphum released his second single "Dream" (Thai: ในความฝัน(ในของขวัญ)) and on January 05th 2018 he released him third single Thai: อย่าถามเวลากับนาฬิกาที่หยุดเดิน. +Filmography +Movies +Year Title Role Notes 2020 Ladytwenty Mile (EP.10) Main role (Short film) +Mahidharapura Dynasty (Khmer: រាជត្រកូលមហិធរៈបុរៈ ; Thai: เรียจฺตระกูลมอหิดเทียปูเรี๊ยะ ; Roman: House of Mahidharapura, Mahidra pura) family of Mahidharpura, some sources call Mahitarapura dynasty or Khom royal family. The Mahidharapura dynasty of the Varman dynasty was established by Jayavarman VI[1]in 1080. Its ancestor wasBhavavarman I of Chenla kingdom. +The royal line of Mahidharapura was the beginning of the family of many Khmer kings who settled in the Mun River basin near Prasat Phanom Wan, Prasat Phimai, Pradsat Phanom Rung, and the area of Lavo. It is an ancient royal family since the Funan era, having influence and power base in the southeast region and the Phanom Dong Rak mountain range. There are eleven monarchs in Mahidharpura, the first of which was Jayavarman VI and the last wasJayavarman IX (Jayavarmadiparamesvara). +The weight of evidence makes it clear, that the areas more remote from the centre of Angkor had their own aristocratic families who had for generations exercised local authority, a situation that induced a degree of instability not unusual among pre-industrial states. The inscriptions also disclose that Angkor was never the capital of an extensive empire, but concentrated in the flat riverine and lacustrine lowlands of Cambodia and the Mun Valley. Appreciating the importance of indigenous language and culture in the Chenla period serves to emphasise the need to illuminate and better understand the prehistoric communities of the Mekong Valley. +M25 motorway +References +Notes +The following is a list of opening and closing times for stock and futures exchanges worldwide. It includes a partial list of stock exchanges and the corresponding times the exchange opens and closes, along with the time zone within which the exchange is located. +World exchanges[notes 1] Time zone[notes 2] Local time UTC[notes 3] Name ID Country City Zone Δ DST Open Close Lunch Open Close Lunch New Zealand Stock Market NZSX New Zealand Wellington NZST +12 Sep–Apr 10:00 17:00 No 22:00 05:00 No Australian Securities Exchange ASX Australia Sydney AEST +10 Oct–Apr 10:00 16:00 No 24:00 06:00 No Tokyo Stock Exchange TSE Japan Tokyo JST +9 09:00 15:00[1] 11:30–12:30 00:00 06:00 02:30–03:30 Korea Stock Exchange KRX South Korea Busan & Seoul KST +9 09:00 15:00 No 00:00 06:00 No Bursa Malaysia MYX Malaysia Kuala Lumpur MYT +8 09:00 17:00 12:30–14:30 01:00 09:00 04:30–06:30 Singapore Exchange SGX Singapore Singapore SGT +8 09:00 17:00 No 01:00 09:00 No Taiwan Stock Exchange TWSE Taiwan (Republic of China) Taipei CST +8 09:00 13:30 No 01:00 05:30 No Hong Kong Futures Exchange HKFE Hong Kong Hong Kong HKT +8 09:15 16:00 12:00–13:00 01:15 08:00 04:00–05:00 Hong Kong Stock Exchange HKEX Hong Kong Hong Kong HKT +8 09:30[2] 16:00 12:00–13:00 01:30 08:00 04:00–05:00 Shanghai Stock Exchange SSE China Shanghai CST +8 09:30 15:00[notes 4] 11:30–13:00 01:30 07:00 03:30–05:00 Shenzhen Stock Exchange SZSE China Shenzhen CST +8 09:30 15:00[notes 4] 11:30–13:00 01:30 07:00 03:30–05:00 Philippine Stock Exchange PSE Philippines Manila PHT +8 09:30 15:30 12:00–13:30 01:30 07:30 04:00–05:30 Indonesia Stock Exchange IDX Indonesia Jakarta WIB +7 09:00 16:00 Yes 02:00 09:00 Yes Hochiminh Stock Exchange HOSE Vietnam Hochiminh ICT +7 09:00 14:45 11:30–13:00 02:00 07:45 04:30–06:00 Hanoi Stock Exchange HNX Vietnam Hanoi ICT +7 09:00 14:45 11:30–13:00 02:00 07:45 04:30–06:00 Stock Exchange of Thailand SET Thailand Bangkok ICT +7 10:00 16:30 12:30–14:30 03:00 09:30 05:30–07:30 Chittagong Stock Exchange CSE Bangladesh Chittagong BST +6 10:30 14:30 No 04:30 08:30 No Dhaka Stock Exchange DSE Bangladesh Dhaka BST +6 10:30 14:30 No 04:30 08:30 No Bombay Stock Exchange BSE India Mumbai IST +5.5 09:15 15:30 No 03:45 10:00 No National Stock Exchange of India NSE India Mumbai IST +5.5 09:15 15:30 No 03:45 10:00 No Colombo Stock Exchange CSE Sri Lanka Colombo SLST +5.5 09:30 14:30 No 04:00 09:00 No Karachi Stock Exchange KSE Pakistan Karachi PKT +5 09:30 15:30 No 04:30 10:30 No Moscow Exchange MOEX Russia Moscow MSK +3 10:00 18:45 No 07:00 15:45 No Saudi Stock Exchange TADAWUL Saudi Arabia Riyadh AST +3 11:00 15:30 No 08:00 12:30 No Nairobi Securities Exchange NSE Kenya Nairobi UTC +3 Jan–Dec 09:30 15:00 No 06:30 12:00 No Helsinki Stock Exchange OMX Finland Helsinki EET +2 Mar–Oct 10:00 18:30 No 08:00 16:30 No Ukrainian Exchange UX Ukraine Kiev EET +2 Mar–Oct 10:00 17:30 No 08:00 15:30 No Riga Stock Exchange OMXR Latvia Riga EET +2 Mar–Oct 10:00 16:00 No 08:00 14:00 No Amman Stock Exchange ASE Jordan Amman EET +2 Mar–Oct 10:00 12:00 No 08:00 10:00 No Tel Aviv Stock Exchange TASE Israel Tel Aviv IST +2 Mar–Oct 09:00 17:30 No 07:00 14:25 No Beirut Stock Exchange BSE Lebanon Beirut EET +2 Mar–Oct 09:30 12:30 No 07:30 10:30 No Johannesburg Stock Exchange JSE South Africa Johannesburg SAST +2 09:00 17:00 No 07:00 15:00 No Istanbul Stock Exchange ISE Turkey Istanbul EET +2 Mar–Oct 09:30 17:30 12:30–14:00 07:30 15:30 10:30–12:00 Frankfurt Stock Exchange (Xetra) FSX Germany Frankfurt CET +1 Mar–Oct 08:00 20:00[notes 5] No 07:00 19:00 No Eurex Exchange EUREX Germany Eschborn CET +1 Mar–Oct 08:00 22:00 No 07:00 21:00 No Warsaw Stock Exchange GPW Poland Warsaw CET +1 Mar–Oct 09:00 17:00[3] No 08:00 16:00 No Wiener Börse AG VSE Austria Vienna CET +1 Mar–Oct 08:55 17:35 No 07:55 16:35 No Budapest Stock Exchange BSE Hungary Budapest CET +1 Mar–Oct 09:00 17:00[4] No 08:00 16:00 No Euronext Paris EPA France Paris CET +1 Mar–Oct 09:00 17:30 No 08:00 16:30 No Swiss Exchange SIX Switzerland Zurich CET +1 Mar–Oct 09:00 17:30 No 08:00 16:30 No Berne eXchange BX Switzerland Berne CET +1 Mar–Oct 09:00 16:30 No 08:00 15:30 No Spanish Stock Exchange BME Spain Madrid CET +1 Mar–Oct 09:00 17:30 No 08:00 16:30 No Milan Stock Exchange MTA Italy Milan CET +1 Mar–Oct 09:00 17:25 No 08:00 16:25 No Euronext Amsterdam AMS Netherlands Amsterdam CET +1 Mar–Oct 09:00 17:40 No 08:00 16:40 No Luxembourg Stock Exchange LuxSE Luxembourg Luxembourg City CET +1 Mar–Oct 09:00 17:35 No 08:00 16:35 No Stockholm Stock Exchange OMX Sweden Stockholm CET +1 Mar–Oct 09:00 17:30 No 08:00 16:30 No Oslo Stock Exchange OSE Norway Oslo CET +1 Mar–Oct 09:00 16:30 No 08:00 15:30 No Copenhagen Stock Exchange CSE Denmark Copenhagen CET +1 Mar–Oct 09:00 17:00 No 08:00 16:00 No Malta Stock Exchange MSE Malta Valletta CET +1 Mar–Oct 09:30 12:30[5] No 08:30 11:30 No Nigerian Stock Exchange NSE Nigeria Lagos WAT +1 10:00 16:00 No 09:00 15:00 No London Stock Exchange LSE England London GMT +0 Mar–Oct 08:00 16:30 No 08:00 16:30 No Irish Stock Exchange ISE Ireland Dublin GMT +0 Mar–Oct 08:00 16:30 No 08:00 16:30 No Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo Bovespa Brazil São Paulo BRT −3 Oct–Feb 10:00 17:30 No 13:00 20:00 No Buenos Aires Stock Exchange BCBA Argentina Buenos Aires ART −3 11:00 17:00 No 14:00 20:00 No New York Stock Exchange NYSE United States New York EST −5 Mar–Nov 09:30 16:00[6] No 14:30 21:00 No NASDAQ NASDAQ United States New York EST −5 Mar–Nov 09:30 16:00[7] No 14:30 21:00 No Toronto Stock Exchange TSX Canada Toronto EST −5 Mar–Nov 09:30 16:00 No 14:30 21:00 No Mexican Stock Exchange BMV Mexico Mexico City CST −6 Apr–Oct 08:30 15:00 No 14:30 21:00 No +Test Stand VII (German: Prüfstand VII, P-7) was the principal V-2 rocket testing facility at Peenemünde Airfield and was capable of static firing of rocket motors up to 200 tons thrust. Notable events at the site include the first successful V-2 launch on 3 October 1942, visits by German military leaders, and Allied reconnaissance overflights and bombing. +Description +Two distinguishing features of P-7 were the 670-yard-long[7] elliptical high-sloped sand wall and the wide concrete-lined trench (flame pit) with a large symmetrical water-cooled flame deflector of molybdenum-steel pipes. The concrete trench, nearly 25 feet (7.6 m) wide with 3 feet (0.91 m) concrete walls, sloped gradually away from each side of the flame deflector to a depth of 20 feet (6.1 m), rising again symmetrically toward the side of the arena. Beside the flame pit was a long underground room where 4 feet (1.2 m) diameter delivery pipes were housed to route cooling water at 120 gallon per second from three huge pumps in the pumphouse to the flame deflector in the pit.[5][6] +Test Stand VII +The following is a list of countries by computer exports. Data is for 2012, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Currently the top twenty countries are listed. +# Country Value 1 China 210,246 2 United States 19,310 3 Thailand 19,108 4 Mexico 18,885 5 Netherlands 16,126 6 Germany 12,407 7 Malaysia 12,329 8 Singapore 9,611 9 Czech Republic 8,996 10 Philippines 7,210 11 South Korea 6,340 12 Japan 6,225 13 Ireland 5,399 14 United Kingdom 4,039 15 Vietnam 3,806 16 Taiwan 3,775 17 Poland 3,012 18 Hungary 2,980 19 France 2,736 20 Hong Kong 2,452 +References +The Old Man and the Sea (Старик и море) is a 1999 paint-on-glass-animated short film directed by a Russian animator Aleksandr Petrov, based on the novel of the same name by Ernest Hemingway. The film won many awards, including the Academy Award for Animated Short Film. Work on the film took place in Montreal over a period of two and a half years and was funded by an assortment of Russian, Canadian and Japanese companies. +Plot +The film follows the plot of the original novel, but at times emphasizes different points. It opens with the dream sequence of an old man named Santiago, who dreams about his childhood on the masts of a ship and lions on the shores. +When he wakes up, we find out that he has gone 84 days without catching any fish at all. He is apparently so unlucky that his young apprentice, Manolin, has been forbidden by his parents to sail with the old man and been ordered to fish with more successful fishermen. Still dedicated to the old man, however, the boy visits Santiago's shack in the morning. +Artistic style +The film's style is analogous to that used in Petrov's other films and can be characterized as a type of Romantic realism. People, animals and landscapes are painted and animated in a very realistic fashion, but there are sections where Petrov attempts to visually show a character's inner thoughts and dreams. For example, the film contains a scene where the fisherman dreams that he and the marlin are brothers swimming through the sea and the sky. +Awards +1999 - Cinanima: "Grand Prize" 1999 - Japan Media Arts Festival: "Grand Prize" (Animation) 1999 - Montréal World Film Festival: Nominated for "First Prize (Short Films)" 2000 - Academy Award for Animated Short Film 2000 - Annecy International Animated Film Festival: "Audience Award", "Grand Prix for Best Animated Short Film" 2000 - BAFTA Awards: Nominated for "Best Animated Short Film" 2000 - Buster International Children's Film Festival: "Politiken's Short Film Award" 2000 - Genie Awards: Nominated for "Best Animated Short Film" 2000 - Jutra Awards: "Jutra" in the category "Best Animated Film" 2000 - Mainichi Film Concours: "Ofuji Noburo Award" 2000 - Saint Petersburg Message to Man International Film Festival: "Special Jury Prize" in the category "International Competition" 2000 - Zagreb World Festival of Animated Films: "First Prize" in "Category C - 15 Min. to 30 Min." 2001 - Burbank International Children's Film Festival: "Director's Gold Award" 2001 - San Diego International Film Festival: "Festival Award" in the category "Best Animation" +Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines are vaccines that prevent infection by certain types of human papillomavirus.[1] Available vaccines protect against either two, four, or nine types of HPV.[1][2] All vaccines protect against at least HPV 16 and 18 that cause the greatest risk of cervical cancer. It is estimated that they may prevent 70% of cervical cancer, 80% of anal cancer, 60% of vaginal cancer, 40% of vulvar cancer, and possibly some mouth cancer.[3][4][5] They additionally prevent some genital warts with the vaccines against 4 and 9 HPV types providing greater protection.[1] +Vaccinated girls around the ages of nine to thirteen is typically recommended. The vaccines provides protection for at least eight years. Cervical cancer screening is still required following vaccination.[1] Vaccinating a large portion of the population may also benefit the unvaccinated.[6] In those already infected the vaccines do not help.[1] +Pain at the site of injection occurs in about 80% of people. Redness and swelling at the site and fever may also occur. No link to Guillain-Barre syndrome has been found.[1] +The first HPV vaccine became available in 2006. +As of 2014, 58 countries include it in their routine vaccinations, at least for girls.[1] They are on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication recommended for a basic health system.[7] The wholesale cost is about 47 USD a dose as of 2014.[8] In the United States it cost more than 200 USD.[9] Vaccination may be cost effective in the developing world.[10] +Notes +The broken windows of an abandoned hospital building in Northampton, Massachusetts +The broken windows theory is a criminological theory of the norm-setting and signaling effect of urban disorder and vandalism on additional crime and anti-social behavior. The theory states that maintaining and monitoring urban environments to prevent small crimes such as vandalism, public drinking, and toll-jumping helps to create an atmosphere of order and lawfulness, thereby preventing more serious crimes from happening. +The theory was introduced in a 1982 article by social scientists James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling.[1] Since then it has been subject to great debate both within the social sciences and the public sphere. The theory has been used as a motivation for several reforms in criminal policy, including the controversial mass use of "stop, question, and frisk" by the New York City Police Department. +James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling first introduced the broken windows theory in an article titled Broken Windows, in the March 1982 The Atlantic Monthly.[1] The title comes from the following example: +Before the introduction of this theory by Wilson and Kelling, Philip Zimbardo, a Stanford psychologist, arranged an experiment testing the broken-window theory in 1969. Zimbardo arranged for an automobile with no license plates and the hood up to be parked idle in a Bronx neighbourhood and a second automobile in the same condition to be set up in Palo Alto, California. The car in the Bronx was attacked within minutes of its abandonment. +Zimbardo observed that majority of the adult "vandals" in both cases were primarily well dressed, Caucasian, clean-cut and seemingly respectable individuals. It is believed that, in a neighborhood such as the Bronx where the history of abandoned property and theft are more prevalent, vandalism occurs much more quickly as the community generally seems apathetic. Similar events can occur in any civilized community when communal barriers—the sense of mutual regard and obligations of civility—are lowered by actions that suggest apathy.[1][page needed] +A successful strategy for preventing vandalism, according to the book's authors, is to address the problems when they are small. Repair the broken windows within a short time, say, a day or a week, and the tendency is that vandals are much less likely to break more windows or do further damage. Clean up the sidewalk every day, and the tendency is for litter not to accumulate (or for the rate of littering to be much less). +The theory thus makes two major claims: that further petty crime and low-level anti-social behavior is deterred, and that major crime is prevented as a result. Criticism of the theory has tended to focus disproportionately on the latter claim. +Concept of "Fear" +Ranasinghe argues that the concept of fear is a crucial element of broken windows theory, because it is the foundation of the theory.[10] She also adds that public disorder is “...unequivocally constructed as problematic because it is a source of fear.”[11] Fear is elevated as perception of disorder rises; creating a social pattern that tears the social fabric of a community, and leaves the residents feeling hopeless and disconnected. Wilson and Kelling hint at the idea, but don’t focus on its central importance. They indicate that fear was a product of incivility, not crime, and that people avoid one another in response to fear, weakening controls.[1][page needed] +Theoretical explanation +The reason why the state of the urban environment may affect crime may be described as due to three factors: +social norms and conformity, the presence or lack of routine monitoring, and social signaling and signal crime. +In an anonymous, urban environment, with few or no other people around, social norms and monitoring are not clearly known. Individuals thus look for signals within the environment as to the social norms in the setting and the risk of getting caught violating those norms; one of those signals is the area's general appearance. +Under the broken windows theory, an ordered and clean environment—one that is maintained—sends the signal that the area is monitored and that criminal behavior is not tolerated. Conversely, a disordered environment—one that is not maintained (broken windows, graffiti, excessive litter)—sends the signal that the area is not monitored, and that criminal behavior has little risk of detection. +A broken window transmits to criminals the message that a community displays a lack of informal social control, and is therefore unable or unwilling to defend itself against a criminal invasion. It is not so much the actual broken window that is important, but the message the broken window sends to people. It symbolizes the community's defenselessness and vulnerability and represents the lack of cohesiveness of the people within. +Animate Ikebukuro main store. +Group companies +Ltd. (株式会社ムービック) Movic Promote Service(株式会社ムービックプロモートサービス) Marine ENTERTAINMENT Inc. (株式会社マリン・エンタテインメント) coade (株式会社コアデ): The company name was derived from its own slogan 'Code Anime Design'. +Frontier Works Inc. (株式会社フロンティアワークス) ANIBRO Ltd. (株式会社アニブロ): On January 23, 2008, Animate's rival company, Broccoli, announced that they collaborated with Animate and made a new company "AniBro", with Animate holds 70% of the company, while Broccoli holds 30%. The president of the company will be the CEO of Animate, although he will continue to manage Animate along with AniBro. AniBro plans to expand using the AniBro brand to many places in Japan.[4] SHOSEN (株式会社書泉): Became part of animate Ltd. on 2011-06-29.[5] +Marketing +An original video animation based on the character was produced by Gainax and released in 2002. Another OVA was released in 2010. An animation project which crosses over Anime Tencho with the Touhou Project was produced by ufotable and aired on November 20, 2010 at the Animate Ichioshi Bishojo Anime Matsuri to celebrate the 10th anniversary of Animate's mascot character.[6] Meito has also made various appearances in other media, such as the Lucky Star anime series and video games such as Disgaea 4 and Touch My Katamari.[7] Meito is voiced by Tomokazu Seki in his anime appearances, and is voiced by Lex Lang in the English dub of Lucky Star. +References +External links +Animate +Ryn Weaver[5] (born Erin Michelle Wüthrich; August 10, 1992)[2] is an American singer and songwriter who first gained attention with the single "OctaHate" in June 2014. Billboard called the single a viral sensation.[6] +Career +2013–present The Fool +Weaver met producer Benny Blanco briefly in New York. A few years later they reconnected at Blanco's birthday party through a mutual friend in Los Angeles. Blanco signed Weaver to his imprint under Interscope Records, Friends Keep Secrets.[6][9] +On June 21, 2014, Weaver posted her single "OctaHate" on her SoundCloud account and within hours it received attention from many artists including Charli XCX, Charlie Puth, Harry Styles,[6][10] Jessie Ware and Hayley Williams of Paramore.[6][11] The song also reached number one on Billboard Emerging Artists Chart on June 25, 2014.[10] +Discography +Studio albums +List of studio albums, with selected chart positions Title Album details Peak chart positions US [17] US Alt. +[18] US Digital [19] The Fool Released: June 16, 2015 Label: Interscope, Mad Love Format: CD, digital download, LP 30 7 8 "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory. +Extended plays +Title Album details Peak chart positions US [17] US Heat [20] Promises Release date: August 8, 2014 Label: Interscope, Friends Keep Secrets Formats: CD, digital download, EP 105 1 +Singles +Title Year Peak chart positions Album US US Bubbling Under US Pop[21] "OctaHate" 2014 — 3 27 The Fool +Songwriting +List of songs written or co-written for other artists, showing year released and album name Title Year Artist(s) Album "When Love Hurts" 2015 JoJo III "Hard 2 Love" Gwen Stefani TBA "Hell Yeah Baby" +Parallel ATA (PATA), originally AT Attachment, is an interface standard for the connection of storage devices such as hard disk drives, floppy disk drives, and optical disc drives in computers. The standard is maintained by the X3/INCITS committee.[1] It uses the underlying AT Attachment (ATA) and AT Attachment Packet Interface (ATAPI) standards. +The Parallel ATA standard is the result of a long history of incremental technical development, which began with the original AT Attachment interface, developed for use in early PC AT equipment. The ATA interface itself evolved in several stages from Western Digital's original Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) interface. As a result, many near-synonyms for ATA/ATAPI and its previous incarnations are still in common informal use, in particular Extended IDE (EIDE) and Ultra ATA (UATA). +Parallel ATA cables have a maximum allowable length of only 18 in (457 mm).[2][3] Because of this limit, the technology normally appears as an internal computer storage interface. For many years, ATA provided the most common and the least expensive interface for this application. It has largely been replaced by SATA in newer systems. +A copper retort +A glass retort +It consists of a spherical vessel with a long downward-pointing neck. The liquid to be distilled is placed in the vessel and heated. The neck acts as a condenser, allowing the vapors to condense and flow along the neck to a collection vessel placed underneath.[1] +In the chemical industry, a retort is an airtight vessel in which substances are heated for a chemical reaction producing gaseous products to be collected in a collection vessel or for further processing. Such industrial-scale retorts are used in shale oil extraction and the production of charcoal. A process of heating oil shale to produce shale oil, oil shale gas, and spent shale is commonly called retorting. +In the food industry, pressure cookers are often referred to as retorts, meaning "canning retorts", for sterilization under high temperature (116–130 °C). +Retort in use +History +With the invention of the alembic, a kind of retort, the alchemist Jābir ibn Hayyān developed the process of distillation into what it is today.[citation needed] Retorts were widely used by alchemists, and images of retorts appear in many drawings and sketches of their laboratories. Before the advent of modern condensers, retorts were used by many prominent chemists, such as Antoine Lavoisier and Jöns Berzelius.[2] +An early method for producing phosphorus starts by roasting bones, and uses clay retorts encased in a very hot brick furnace to distill out the highly toxic product.[3] +Role in analytical chemistry +In laboratory use, due to advances in technology, especially the invention of the Liebig condenser, retorts were largely considered to have been rendered obsolete as early as the beginning of the 20th century.[4] However, some laboratory techniques that involve simple distillation and do not require sophisticated apparatus may use a retort as a substitute for more complex distillation equipment. +References +References +A large datacenter-scale UPS being installed by electricians +An uninterruptible power supply, also uninterruptible power source, UPS or battery/flywheel backup, is an electrical apparatus that provides emergency power to a load when the input power source, typically mains power, fails. A UPS differs from an auxiliary or emergency power system or standby generator in that it will provide near-instantaneous protection from input power interruptions, by supplying energy stored in batteries, supercapacitors, or flywheels. The on-battery runtime of most uninterruptible power sources is relatively short (only a few minutes) but sufficient to start a standby power source or properly shut down the protected equipment. +A UPS is typically used to protect hardware such as computers, data centers, telecommunication equipment or other electrical equipment where an unexpected power disruption could cause injuries, fatalities, serious business disruption or data loss. UPS units range in size from units designed to protect a single computer without a video monitor (around 200 volt-ampere rating) to large units powering entire data centers or buildings. The world's largest UPS, the 46-megawatt Battery Electric Storage System (BESS), in Fairbanks, Alaska, powers the entire city and nearby rural communities during outages.[1] +Common power problems +The primary role of any UPS is to provide short-term power when the input power source fails. However, most UPS units are also capable in varying degrees of correcting common utility power problems: +Voltage spike or sustained overvoltage Momentary or sustained reduction in input voltage Noise, defined as a high frequency transient or oscillation, usually injected into the line by nearby equipment Instability of the mains frequency Harmonic distortion: defined as a departure from the ideal sinusoidal waveform expected on the line +UPS units are divided into categories based on which of the above problems they address,[dubious – discuss] and some manufacturers categorize their products in accordance with the number of power-related problems they address.[2] +Technologies +The three general categories of modern UPS systems are on-line, line-interactive and standby.[3][4] An on-line UPS uses a "double conversion" method of accepting AC input, rectifying to DC for passing through the rechargeable battery (or battery strings), then inverting back to 120 V/230 V AC for powering the protected equipment. A line-interactive UPS maintains the inverter in line and redirects the battery's DC current path from the normal charging mode to supplying current when power is lost. In a standby ("off-line") system the load is powered directly by the input power and the backup power circuitry is only invoked when the utility power fails. +Energy is stored in a flywheel. When the mains power fails, an eddy-current regulation maintains the power on the load as long as the flywheel's energy is not exhausted. DUPS are sometimes combined or integrated with a diesel generator that is turned on after a brief delay, forming a diesel rotary uninterruptible power supply (DRUPS). +A fuel cell UPS has been developed in recent years using hydrogen and a fuel cell as a power source, potentially providing long run times in a small space.[citation needed] +Offline/Standby +Offline/Standby UPS. Typical protection time: 0–20 minutes. Capacity expansion: Usually not available +When the incoming voltage falls below or rises above a predetermined level the SPS turns on its internal DC-AC inverter circuitry, which is powered from an internal storage battery. The UPS then mechanically switches the connected equipment on to its DC-AC inverter output. The switchover time can be as long as 25 milliseconds depending on the amount of time it takes the standby UPS to detect the lost utility voltage. +Line-interactive +Line-interactive UPS. Typical protection time: 5–30 minutes. Capacity expansion: Several hours +The line-interactive UPS is similar in operation to a standby UPS, but with the addition of a multi-tap variable-voltage autotransformer. This is a special type of transformer that can add or subtract powered coils of wire, thereby increasing or decreasing the magnetic field and the output voltage of the transformer. This is also known as a Buck–boost transformer. +This type of UPS is able to tolerate continuous undervoltage brownouts and overvoltage surges without consuming the limited reserve battery power. It instead compensates by automatically selecting different power taps on the autotransformer. Depending on the design, changing the autotransformer tap can cause a very brief output power disruption,[5] which may cause UPSs equipped with a power-loss alarm to "chirp" for a moment. +Online/double-conversion +When power loss occurs, the rectifier simply drops out of the circuit and the batteries keep the power steady and unchanged. When power is restored, the rectifier resumes carrying most of the load and begins charging the batteries, though the charging current may be limited to prevent the high-power rectifier from overheating the batteries and boiling off the electrolyte. The main advantage of an on-line UPS is its ability to provide an "electrical firewall" between the incoming utility power and sensitive electronic equipment. +Although it was at one time reserved for very large installations of 10 kW or more, advances in technology have now permitted it to be available as a common consumer device, supplying 500 W or less. The initial cost of the online UPS may be higher, but its total cost of ownership is generally lower due to longer battery life. The online UPS may be necessary when the power environment is "noisy", when utility power sags, outages and other anomalies are frequent, when protection of sensitive IT equipment loads is required, or when operation from an extended-run backup generator is necessary. +A medical laboratory run by the Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology of China Medical University (Taiwan) +Molecular Biology Technics Laboratory at Faculty of Biology of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan +A workbench in a chemistry laboratory +The Schuster Laboratory, University of Manchester (a physics laboratory) +A laboratory (/ləˈbɒrətəri/ or /ˈlæbərətɔːri/; informally, lab) is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurement may be performed. +A physics laboratory might contain a particle accelerator or vacuum chamber, while a metallurgy laboratory could have apparatus for casting or refining metals or for testing their strength. A chemist or biologist might use a wet laboratory, while a psychologist's laboratory might be a room with one-way mirrors and hidden cameras in which to observe behavior. In some laboratories, such as those commonly used by computer scientists, computers (sometimes supercomputers) are used for either simulations or the analysis of data collected elsewhere. +Scientific laboratories can be found in schools and universities, in industry, in government or military facilities, and even aboard ships and spacecraft. +History +Early instances of "laboratories" recorded in English involved alchemy and the preparation of medicines.[1] +Techniques +Laboratory techniques are the sum of procedures used on natural sciences such as chemistry, biology, physics in order to conduct an experiment, all of them follow scientific method; while some of them involves the use of complex laboratory equipment from laboratory glassware to electrical devices others require such specific or expensive supplies. +Equipment +Three beakers, an Erlenmeyer flask, a graduated cylinder and a volumetric flask +Laboratory equipment refers to the various tools and equipment used by scientists working in a laboratory: +The classical equipment includes tools such as Bunsen burners and microscopes as well as specialty equipment such as operant conditioning chambers, spectrophotometers and calorimeters. +Chemical laboratories: +laboratory glassware such as the beaker or reagent bottle +Molecular biology laboratories + Life science laboratories: +Polymer consumables for small volumes (µL and mL scale), mainly sterile Centrifuges Shakers & mixers Pipettes Pipettes tips Thermalcyclers (PCR) Photometers Refrigerators and Freezers ULT Freezers CO2 Incubators Biological safety cabinets Reagents Sequencing instruments Chemical hoods Balances +Laboratory equipment is generally used to either perform an experiment or to take measurements and gather data. Larger or more sophisticated equipment is generally called a scientific instrument. Both laboratory equipment and scientific instruments are increasingly being designed and shared using open hardware principles.[2] [3] +open source labs use open source scientific hardware.[4][5] +Safety +An eyewash station in a laboratory. +Laboratory hazards are as varied as the subjects of study in laboratories, and might include poisons; infectious agents; flammable, explosive, or radioactive materials; moving machinery; extreme temperatures; lasers, strong magnetic fields or high voltage. In laboratories where dangerous conditions might exist, safety precautions are important. Rules exist to minimize the individual's risk, and safety equipment is used to protect the lab user from injury or to assist in responding to an emergency. +The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the United States, recognizing the unique characteristics of the laboratory workplace, has tailored a standard for occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals in laboratories. This standard is often referred to as the "Laboratory Standard". Under this standard, a laboratory is required to produce a Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) which addresses the specific hazards found in its location, and its approach to them. +References +Varicella vaccine, also known as chickenpox vaccine, is a vaccine that protects against chickenpox.[1] One dose of vaccine prevents 95% of moderate disease and 100% of severe disease. Two doses of vaccine is more effective than one. If given to those who are not immune within five days of exposure to chickenpox it prevents most cases of disease. +The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends routine vaccination only if a country can keep more than 80% of people vaccinated. If only 20 to 80% of people are vaccinated it is possible that more people will get the disease at an older age and outcomes overall may worsen. Either one or two doses of the vaccine is recommended.[2] In the United States two doses are recommended starting at twelve to fifteen months of age.[1] As of 2012 most European countries either recommend it for all children or just those at high risk,[3] but not all countries provide the vaccine due to its cost.[4] +The vaccine is very safe. Minor side effects may include pain at the site of injection, fever, and rash.[1] Severe side effects are rare and occurred mostly in those with poor immune function. It use in people with HIV/AIDS should be done with care.[2] It is not recommended during pregnancy; however, the few times it has been given during pregnancy no problems resulted.[1][2] The vaccine is available either by itself or along with MMR vaccine.[2] It is made from weakened virus.[1] +The chickenpox vaccine first became commercially available in 1984.[2] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication needed in a basic health system.[5] In the United States it costs between 100 and 200 USD.[6] +References +Time in China Time in Japan Historical time zones of China +See also +References +National Standard Time (Chinese: 國家標準時間; pinyin: Guójiā Biāozhǔn Shíjiān; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Kok-ka Piau-chún Sî-kan, see below) is the official time zone in Taiwan defined by an UTC offset of +08:00. This standard is also known as Chungyuan Standard Time (中原標準時間), Taipei Time (臺北時間). +The meridian 1° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, Europe, Africa, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. +The 1st meridian east forms a great circle with the 179th meridian west. +From Pole to Pole +Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 1st meridian east passes through: +Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 90°0′N 1°0′E / 90.000°N 1.000°E / 90.000; 1.000 (Arctic Ocean) Arctic Ocean 81°35′N 1°0′E / 81.583°N 1.000°E / 81.583; 1.000 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean 61°0′N 1°0′E / 61.000°N 1.000°E / 61.000; 1.000 (North Sea) North Sea 52°58′N 1°0′E / 52.967°N 1.000°E / 52.967; 1.000 (United Kingdom) United Kingdom England, passing through Stowmarket, Suffolk (at 52°11′N 1°0′E / 52.183°N 1.000°E / 52.183; 1.000 (Stowmarket)) 51°47′N 1°0′E / 51.783°N 1.000°E / 51.783; 1.000 (North Sea) North Sea 51°21′N 1°0′E / 51.350°N 1.000°E / 51.350; 1.000 (United Kingdom) United Kingdom England, passing just west of Whitstable, Kent (at 51°21′N 1°1′E / 51.350°N 1.017°E / 51.350; 1.017 (Whitstable)) 51°1′N 1°0′E / 51.017°N 1.000°E / 51.017; 1.000 (English Channel) English Channel 49°55′N 1°0′E / 49.917°N 1.000°E / 49.917; 1.000 (France) France 47°47′N 1°0′E / 47.783°N 1.000°E / 47.783; 1.000 (Spain) Spain 41°2′N 1°0′E / 41.033°N 1.000°E / 41.033; 1.000 (Mediterranean Sea) Mediterranean Sea Passing just west of the island of Ibiza (at 38°54′N 1°13′E / 38.900°N 1.217°E / 38.900; 1.217 (Ibiza)) 36°28′N 1°0′E / 36.467°N 1.000°E / 36.467; 1.000 (Algeria) Algeria 21°13′N 1°0′E / 21.217°N 1.000°E / 21.217; 1.000 (Mali) Mali 15°0′N 1°0′E / 15.000°N 1.000°E / 15.000; 1.000 (Niger) Niger 13°33′N 1°0′E / 13.550°N 1.000°E / 13.550; 1.000 (Burkina Faso) Burkina Faso 13°22′N 1°0′E / 13.367°N 1.000°E / 13.367; 1.000 (Niger) Niger A section of the border with Burkina Faso runs parallel to the meridian, about 1km to the west 13°3′N 1°0′E / 13.050°N 1.000°E / 13.050; 1.000 (Burkina Faso) Burkina Faso 11°5′N 1°0′E / 11.083°N 1.000°E / 11.083; 1.000 (Benin) Benin 10°13′N 1°0′E / 10.217°N 1.000°E / 10.217; 1.000 (Togo) Togo 6°18′N 1°0′E / 6.300°N 1.000°E / 6.300; 1.000 (Ghana) Ghana 5°55′N 1°0′E / 5.917°N 1.000°E / 5.917; 1.000 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean 60°0′S 1°0′E / 60.000°S 1.000°E / -60.000; 1.000 (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean 69°51′S 1°0′E / 69.850°S 1.000°E / -69.850; 1.000 (Antarctica) Antarctica Queen Maud Land, claimed by Norway +See also +The meridian 102° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. +The 102nd meridian east forms a great circle with the 78th meridian west. +From Pole to Pole +Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 90°0′N 102°0′E / 90.000°N 102.000°E / 90.000; 102.000 (Arctic Ocean) Arctic Ocean 80°23′N 102°0′E / 80.383°N 102.000°E / 80.383; 102.000 (Laptev Sea) Laptev Sea 79°15′N 102°0′E / 79.250°N 102.000°E / 79.250; 102.000 (Russia) Russia Krasnoyarsk Krai — Bolshevik Island, Severnaya Zemlya 78°11′N 102°0′E / 78.183°N 102.000°E / 78.183; 102.000 (Kara Sea) Kara Sea 77°18′N 102°0′E / 77.300°N 102.000°E / 77.300; 102.000 (Russia) Russia Krasnoyarsk Krai Irkutsk Oblast — from 58°29′N 102°0′E / 58.483°N 102.000°E / 58.483; 102.000 (Irkutsk Oblast) Republic of Buryatia — from 52°13′N 102°0′E / 52.217°N 102.000°E / 52.217; 102.000 (Buryatia) 51°23′N 102°0′E / 51.383°N 102.000°E / 51.383; 102.000 (Mongolia) Mongolia 42°17′N 102°0′E / 42.283°N 102.000°E / 42.283; 102.000 (China) People's Republic of China Inner Mongolia Gansu — for about 14 km from 39°7′N 102°0′E / 39.117°N 102.000°E / 39.117; 102.000 (Gansu) Inner Mongolia — for about 23 km from 39°0′N 102°0′E / 39.000°N 102.000°E / 39.000; 102.000 (Inner Mongolia) Gansu — from 38°47′N 102°0′E / 38.783°N 102.000°E / 38.783; 102.000 (Gansu) Qinghai — from 37°42′N 102°0′E / 37.700°N 102.000°E / 37.700; 102.000 (Qinghai) Gansu — from 34°55′N 102°0′E / 34.917°N 102.000°E / 34.917; 102.000 (Gansu) Qinghai — from 34°30′N 102°0′E / 34.500°N 102.000°E / 34.500; 102.000 (Qinghai) Gansu — from 34°5′N 102°0′E / 34.083°N 102.000°E / 34.083; 102.000 (Gansu) Sichuan — from 33°10′N 102°0′E / 33.167°N 102.000°E / 33.167; 102.000 (Sichuan) Yunnan — from 26°5′N 102°0′E / 26.083°N 102.000°E / 26.083; 102.000 (Yunnan) 22°26′N 102°0′E / 22.433°N 102.000°E / 22.433; 102.000 (Laos) Laos 18°8′N 102°0′E / 18.133°N 102.000°E / 18.133; 102.000 (Thailand) Thailand 12°32′N 102°0′E / 12.533°N 102.000°E / 12.533; 102.000 (Gulf of Thailand) Gulf of Thailand 6°18′N 102°0′E / 6.300°N 102.000°E / 6.300; 102.000 (Thailand) Thailand 6°2′N 102°0′E / 6.033°N 102.000°E / 6.033; 102.000 (Malaysia) Malaysia 2°22′N 102°0′E / 2.367°N 102.000°E / 2.367; 102.000 (Strait of Malacca) Strait of Malacca 1°37′N 102°0′E / 1.617°N 102.000°E / 1.617; 102.000 (Indonesia) Indonesia Islands of Bengkalis and Sumatra 3°31′S 102°0′E / 3.517°S 102.000°E / -3.517; 102.000 (Indian Ocean) Indian Ocean Passing just west of Enggano Island, Indonesia (at 5°21′S 102°5′E / 5.350°S 102.083°E / -5.350; 102.083 (Enggano)) 60°0′S 102°0′E / 60.000°S 102.000°E / -60.000; 102.000 (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean 65°44′S 102°0′E / 65.733°S 102.000°E / -65.733; 102.000 (Antarctica) Antarctica Australian Antarctic Territory, claimed by Australia +See also +101st meridian east 103rd meridian east +Parliamentary elections were held in North Korea on 26 July 1998.[1] 687 deputies were elected to the tenth Supreme People's Assembly. +There was only one nominated candidate per constituency - 687 candidates for 687 seats. According to the state news agency KCNA, the turnout rate was 99.85%, and 100% of participating voters cast their ballots in favour of the registered candidates.[2] Kim Jong-il was unanimously elected in constituency n°666.[3] According to a Rodong Sinmun editorial, this proved "how deep the Korean people's trust in Kim Jong Il is and how powerful and solid the monolithic unity of the people around him in one thought and purpose and with moral obligation is."[4] +Election results +Alliance Party Votes (%) Seats Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland Workers' Party of Korea 100.00% 601 Korean Social Democratic Party 52 Chondoist Chongu Party 24 Independents 10 Total 100.00% 687 Turnout: 99.85% Source:[5] +References +102nd meridian east 104th meridian east +The meridian 103° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. +The 103rd meridian east forms a great circle with the 77th meridian west. +From Pole to Pole +Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 90°0′N 103°0′E / 90.000°N 103.000°E / 90.000; 103.000 (Arctic Ocean) Arctic Ocean 80°18′N 103°0′E / 80.300°N 103.000°E / 80.300; 103.000 (Laptev Sea) Laptev Sea 79°19′N 103°0′E / 79.317°N 103.000°E / 79.317; 103.000 (Russia) Russia Krasnoyarsk Krai — Bolshevik Island, Severnaya Zemlya 78°11′N 103°0′E / 78.183°N 103.000°E / 78.183; 103.000 (Kara Sea) Kara Sea 77°33′N 103°0′E / 77.550°N 103.000°E / 77.550; 103.000 (Russia) Russia Krasnoyarsk Krai Irkutsk Oblast — from 59°18′N 103°0′E / 59.300°N 103.000°E / 59.300; 103.000 (Irkutsk Oblast) Republic of Buryatia — from 51°54′N 103°0′E / 51.900°N 103.000°E / 51.900; 103.000 (Buryatia) 50°18′N 103°0′E / 50.300°N 103.000°E / 50.300; 103.000 (Mongolia) Mongolia 42°1′N 103°0′E / 42.017°N 103.000°E / 42.017; 103.000 (China) People's Republic of China Inner Mongolia Gansu — from 39°6′N 103°0′E / 39.100°N 103.000°E / 39.100; 103.000 (Gansu) Qinghai — for about 7 km from 36°16′N 103°0′E / 36.267°N 103.000°E / 36.267; 103.000 (Qinghai) Gansu — from 36°12′N 103°0′E / 36.200°N 103.000°E / 36.200; 103.000 (Gansu) Sichuan — from 34°14′N 103°0′E / 34.233°N 103.000°E / 34.233; 103.000 (Sichuan) Yunnan — from 27°22′N 103°0′E / 27.367°N 103.000°E / 27.367; 103.000 (Yunnan) Sichuan — from 26°44′N 103°0′E / 26.733°N 103.000°E / 26.733; 103.000 (Sichuan) Yunnan — from 26°29′N 103°0′E / 26.483°N 103.000°E / 26.483; 103.000 (Yunnan) 22°28′N 103°0′E / 22.467°N 103.000°E / 22.467; 103.000 (Vietnam) Vietnam 21°4′N 103°0′E / 21.067°N 103.000°E / 21.067; 103.000 (Laos) Laos 17°59′N 103°0′E / 17.983°N 103.000°E / 17.983; 103.000 (Thailand) Thailand 14°13′N 103°0′E / 14.217°N 103.000°E / 14.217; 103.000 (Cambodia) Cambodia Mainland and island of Koh Kong 11°15′N 103°0′E / 11.250°N 103.000°E / 11.250; 103.000 (Gulf of Thailand) Gulf of Thailand 6°58′N 103°0′E / 6.967°N 103.000°E / 6.967; 103.000 (South China Sea) South China Sea 5°48′N 103°0′E / 5.800°N 103.000°E / 5.800; 103.000 (Malaysia) Malaysia Redang Island 5°45′N 103°0′E / 5.750°N 103.000°E / 5.750; 103.000 (Gulf of Thailand) Gulf of Thailand 5°30′N 103°0′E / 5.500°N 103.000°E / 5.500; 103.000 (Malaysia) Malaysia 1°45′N 103°0′E / 1.750°N 103.000°E / 1.750; 103.000 (Strait of Malacca) Strait of Malacca 1°4′N 103°0′E / 1.067°N 103.000°E / 1.067; 103.000 (Indonesia) Indonesia Islands of Rangsang, Tebing Tinggi and Sumatra 4°31′S 103°0′E / 4.517°S 103.000°E / -4.517; 103.000 (Indian Ocean) Indian Ocean 60°0′S 103°0′E / 60.000°S 103.000°E / -60.000; 103.000 (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean 65°9′S 103°0′E / 65.150°S 103.000°E / -65.150; 103.000 (Antarctica) Antarctica Australian Antarctic Territory, claimed by Australia +See also +The 80th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 80 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane. +It passes through Antarctica and Antarctic ice shelves. +Around the world +Country, territory or sea Notes East Antarctica Passing south of Amery Ice Shelf, Wilkes Land and Victoria Land Ross Ice Shelf Passing south of Ross Island West Antarctica Marie Byrd Land Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Berkner Island +See also +79th parallel south List of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands South Pole +80th parallel south +The 65th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 65 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Southern Ocean and Antarctica. +Around the world +Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 65° south passes through: +Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 65°0′S 0°0′E / 65.000°S 0.000°E / -65.000; 0.000 (Prime Meridian) Southern Ocean South of the Atlantic Ocean South of the Indian Ocean South of the Pacific Ocean South of the Atlantic Ocean 66°0′S 63°12′W / 66.000°S 63.200°W / -66.000; -63.200 (Antarctica) Antarctica Antarctic Peninsula, claimed by Argentina, Chile and United Kingdom 66°0′S 59°3′W / 66.000°S 59.050°W / -66.000; -59.050 (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean South of the Atlantic Ocean +See also +64th parallel south 66th parallel south +The 66th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 66 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane, about 61 km north of the Antarctic Circle. It crosses the Southern Ocean and Antarctica. +Around the world +Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 66° south passes through: +Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 66°0′S 0°0′E / 66.000°S 0.000°E / -66.000; 0.000 (Prime Meridian) Southern Ocean South of the Atlantic Ocean South of the Indian Ocean 66°0′S 51°57′E / 66.000°S 51.950°E / -66.000; 51.950 (Antarctica) Antarctica Territory claimed by Australia 66°0′S 55°43′E / 66.000°S 55.717°E / -66.000; 55.717 (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean South of the Indian Ocean 66°0′S 81°36′E / 66.000°S 81.600°E / -66.000; 81.600 (Antarctica) Antarctica Territory claimed by Australia 66°0′S 82°32′E / 66.000°S 82.533°E / -66.000; 82.533 (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean South of the Indian Ocean 66°0′S 87°45′E / 66.000°S 87.750°E / -66.000; 87.750 (Antarctica) Antarctica Territory claimed by Australia 66°0′S 88°1′E / 66.000°S 88.017°E / -66.000; 88.017 (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean South of the Indian Ocean, passing just south of Drygalski Island 66°0′S 95°30′E / 66.000°S 95.500°E / -66.000; 95.500 (Antarctica) Antarctica Territory claimed by Australia 66°0′S 104°8′E / 66.000°S 104.133°E / -66.000; 104.133 (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean South of the Indian Ocean 66°0′S 111°8′E / 66.000°S 111.133°E / -66.000; 111.133 (Antarctica) Antarctica Territory claimed by Australia 66°0′S 113°52′E / 66.000°S 113.867°E / -66.000; 113.867 (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean South of the Indian Ocean 66°0′S 121°18′E / 66.000°S 121.300°E / -66.000; 121.300 (Antarctica) Antarctica Territory claimed by Australia 66°0′S 121°44′E / 66.000°S 121.733°E / -66.000; 121.733 (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean South of the Indian Ocean 66°0′S 129°29′E / 66.000°S 129.483°E / -66.000; 129.483 (Antarctica) Antarctica Territory claimed by Australia 66°0′S 130°5′E / 66.000°S 130.083°E / -66.000; 130.083 (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean South of the Indian Ocean 66°0′S 134°32′E / 66.000°S 134.533°E / -66.000; 134.533 (Antarctica) Antarctica Territory claimed by Australia 66°0′S 135°21′E / 66.000°S 135.350°E / -66.000; 135.350 (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean South of the Indian Ocean South of the Pacific Ocean 66°0′S 65°21′W / 66.000°S 65.350°W / -66.000; -65.350 (Antarctica) Antarctica Antarctic Peninsula, claimed by Argentina, Chile and United Kingdom 66°0′S 60°18′W / 66.000°S 60.300°W / -66.000; -60.300 (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean South of the Atlantic Ocean +See also +The meridian 31° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, the Atlantic Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. +The 31st meridian west forms a great circle with the 149th meridian east. +From Pole to Pole +Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 31st meridian west passes through: +Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 90°0′N 31°0′W / 90.000°N 31.000°W / 90.000; -31.000 (Arctic Ocean) Arctic Ocean 83°34′N 31°0′W / 83.567°N 31.000°W / 83.567; -31.000 (Greenland) Greenland Northern Peary Land 83°6′N 31°0′W / 83.100°N 31.000°W / 83.100; -31.000 (Frederick E. Hyde Fjord) Frederick E. Hyde Fjord 83°3′N 31°0′W / 83.050°N 31.000°W / 83.050; -31.000 (Greenland) Greenland Southern Peary Land 82°0′N 31°0′W / 82.000°N 31.000°W / 82.000; -31.000 (Independence Fjord) Independence Fjord 81°50′N 31°0′W / 81.833°N 31.000°W / 81.833; -31.000 (Greenland) Greenland 68°3′N 31°0′W / 68.050°N 31.000°W / 68.050; -31.000 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean Passing just east of Corvo Island, Azores, Portugal (at 39°42′N 31°5′W / 39.700°N 31.083°W / 39.700; -31.083 (Corvo Island)) Passing just east of Flores Island, Azores, Portugal (at 39°27′N 31°7′W / 39.450°N 31.117°W / 39.450; -31.117 (Flores Island)) 60°0′S 31°0′W / 60.000°S 31.000°W / -60.000; -31.000 (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean 76°51′S 31°0′W / 76.850°S 31.000°W / -76.850; -31.000 (Antarctica) Antarctica Claimed by both Argentina (Argentine Antarctica) and United Kingdom (British Antarctic Territory) +See also +The meridian 32° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, the Atlantic Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. +The 32nd meridian west forms a great circle with the 148th meridian east. +From Pole to Pole +Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 32nd meridian west passes through: +Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 90°0′N 32°0′W / 90.000°N 32.000°W / 90.000; -32.000 (Arctic Ocean) Arctic Ocean 83°36′N 32°0′W / 83.600°N 32.000°W / 83.600; -32.000 (Greenland) Greenland Northern Peary Land 83°3′N 32°0′W / 83.050°N 32.000°W / 83.050; -32.000 (Frederick E. Hyde Fjord) Frederick E. Hyde Fjord 82°59′N 32°0′W / 82.983°N 32.000°W / 82.983; -32.000 (Greenland) Greenland Southern Peary Land 81°54′N 32°0′W / 81.900°N 32.000°W / 81.900; -32.000 (Independence Fjord) Independence Fjord 81°44′N 32°0′W / 81.733°N 32.000°W / 81.733; -32.000 (Greenland) Greenland 68°15′N 32°0′W / 68.250°N 32.000°W / 68.250; -32.000 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean Passing just east of the Fernando de Noronha islands, Brazil (at 3°50′S 32°23′W / 3.833°S 32.383°W / -3.833; -32.383 (Fernando de Noronha)) 60°0′S 32°0′W / 60.000°S 32.000°W / -60.000; -32.000 (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean 77°2′S 32°0′W / 77.033°S 32.000°W / -77.033; -32.000 (Antarctica) Antarctica Claimed by both Argentina (Argentine Antarctica) and United Kingdom (British Antarctic Territory) +See also +31st meridian west 33rd meridian west +The meridian 36° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, the Atlantic Ocean, South America, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. +The 36th meridian west forms a great circle with the 144th meridian east. +From Pole to Pole +Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 36th meridian west passes through: +Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 90°0′N 36°0′W / 90.000°N 36.000°W / 90.000; -36.000 (Arctic Ocean) Arctic Ocean 83°33′N 36°0′W / 83.550°N 36.000°W / 83.550; -36.000 (Greenland) Greenland 65°59′N 36°0′W / 65.983°N 36.000°W / 65.983; -36.000 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean 5°3′S 36°0′W / 5.050°S 36.000°W / -5.050; -36.000 (Brazil) Brazil Rio Grande do Norte Paraíba — from 6°27′S 36°0′W / 6.450°S 36.000°W / -6.450; -36.000 (Paraíba) Pernambuco — from 7°49′S 36°0′W / 7.817°S 36.000°W / -7.817; -36.000 (Pernambuco) Alagoas — from 8°54′S 36°0′W / 8.900°S 36.000°W / -8.900; -36.000 (Alagoas) 10°0′S 36°0′W / 10.000°S 36.000°W / -10.000; -36.000 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean 54°34′S 36°0′W / 54.567°S 36.000°W / -54.567; -36.000 (South Georgia) South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Island of South Georgia 54°52′S 36°0′W / 54.867°S 36.000°W / -54.867; -36.000 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean 60°0′S 36°0′W / 60.000°S 36.000°W / -60.000; -36.000 (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean 77°57′S 36°0′W / 77.950°S 36.000°W / -77.950; -36.000 (Antarctica) Antarctica Claimed by both Argentina (Argentine Antarctica) and United Kingdom (British Antarctic Territory) +See also +The meridian 37° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, the Atlantic Ocean, South America, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. +The 37th meridian west forms a great circle with the 143rd meridian east. +From Pole to Pole +Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 37th meridian west passes through: +Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 90°0′N 37°0′W / 90.000°N 37.000°W / 90.000; -37.000 (Arctic Ocean) Arctic Ocean 83°27′N 37°0′W / 83.450°N 37.000°W / 83.450; -37.000 (Greenland) Greenland Mainland and some islands 65°37′N 37°0′W / 65.617°N 37.000°W / 65.617; -37.000 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean 4°56′S 37°0′W / 4.933°S 37.000°W / -4.933; -37.000 (Brazil) Brazil Rio Grande do Norte Paraíba — from 6°42′S 37°0′W / 6.700°S 37.000°W / -6.700; -37.000 (Paraíba) Pernambuco — for about 4 km from 7°28′S 37°0′W / 7.467°S 37.000°W / -7.467; -37.000 (Pernambuco) Paraíba — from 7°30′S 37°0′W / 7.500°S 37.000°W / -7.500; -37.000 (Paraíba) Pernambuco — from 8°16′S 37°0′W / 8.267°S 37.000°W / -8.267; -37.000 (Pernambuco) Alagoas — from 9°19′S 37°0′W / 9.317°S 37.000°W / -9.317; -37.000 (Alagoas) Sergipe — from 9°58′S 37°0′W / 9.967°S 37.000°W / -9.967; -37.000 (Sergipe) 10°55′S 37°0′W / 10.917°S 37.000°W / -10.917; -37.000 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean 54°3′S 37°0′W / 54.050°S 37.000°W / -54.050; -37.000 (South Georgia) South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Island of South Georgia 54°21′S 37°0′W / 54.350°S 37.000°W / -54.350; -37.000 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean Passing just east of Annenkov Island, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (at 54°30′S 37°1′W / 54.500°S 37.017°W / -54.500; -37.017 (Annenkov Island)) 60°0′S 37°0′W / 60.000°S 37.000°W / -60.000; -37.000 (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean 77°58′S 37°0′W / 77.967°S 37.000°W / -77.967; -37.000 (Antarctica) Antarctica Claimed by both Argentina (Argentine Antarctica) and United Kingdom (British Antarctic Territory) +The meridian 39° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, the Atlantic Ocean, South America, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. +The 39th meridian west forms a great circle with the 141st meridian east. +From Pole to Pole +Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 39th meridian west passes through: +Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 90°0′N 39°0′W / 90.000°N 39.000°W / 90.000; -39.000 (Arctic Ocean) Arctic Ocean 83°39′N 39°0′W / 83.650°N 39.000°W / 83.650; -39.000 (Lincoln Sea) Lincoln Sea 83°19′N 39°0′W / 83.317°N 39.000°W / 83.317; -39.000 (Greenland) Greenland 65°33′N 39°0′W / 65.550°N 39.000°W / 65.550; -39.000 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean 3°24′S 39°0′W / 3.400°S 39.000°W / -3.400; -39.000 (Brazil) Brazil Ceará Pernambuco — from 7°51′S 39°0′W / 7.850°S 39.000°W / -7.850; -39.000 (Pernambuco) Bahia — from 8°45′S 39°0′W / 8.750°S 39.000°W / -8.750; -39.000 (Bahia) 14°22′S 39°0′W / 14.367°S 39.000°W / -14.367; -39.000 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean Passing close to the coast of Brazil, just east of Ilhéus 15°15′S 39°0′W / 15.250°S 39.000°W / -15.250; -39.000 (Brazil) Brazil Bahia 16°14′S 39°0′W / 16.233°S 39.000°W / -16.233; -39.000 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean 60°0′S 39°0′W / 60.000°S 39.000°W / -60.000; -39.000 (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean 77°43′S 39°0′W / 77.717°S 39.000°W / -77.717; -39.000 (Antarctica) Antarctica Claimed by both Argentina (Argentine Antarctica) and United Kingdom (British Antarctic Territory) +See also +References +Inflation in 2013 according to CIA +This is a list of countries and territories sorted by CPI-based inflation rate. Inflation rate is defined as the annual percent change in consumer prices compared with the previous year's consumer prices. +List +Country World Bank[1] CIA (%)[2] Afghanistan 4.6 (2014) 4.6 (2014) Albania 1.6 (2014) 1.6 (2014) Algeria 2.9 (2014) 2.9 (2014) Angola 7.3 (2014) 7.3 (2014) Argentina 35.1 (2015) Armenia 3.0 (2014) 3.0 (2014) Australia 2.5 (2014) 2.5 (2014) Austria 1.6 (2014) 1.6 (2014) Azerbaijan 1.4 (2014) 1.4 (2014) Bangladesh 7.0 (2014) 7.0 (2014) Bahrain 2.8 (2014) 2.5 (2014) Barbados 1.9 (2014) 1.9 (2014) Belarus 18.1 (2014) 16.2 (2014) Belgium 0.3 (2014) 0.5 (2014) Bhutan 8.2 (2014) 7.7 (2014) Bolivia 5.8 (2014) 5.8 (2014) Bosnia and Herzegovina -0.9 (2014) -0.9 (2014) Botswana 4.4 (2014) 3.9 (2014) Brazil 10.6 (2015) 6.3 (2014) Bulgaria -1.4 (2014) -1.4 (2014) Burkina Faso -0.2 (2014) -0.3 (2014) Cambodia 3.9 (2014) 1.2 (2014) Cameroon 1.9 (2014) 1.9 (2014) Canada 1.9 (2014) 1.9 (2014) Central African Republic 1.5 (2013) 15.0 (2014) Chad 1.7 (2014) 1.7 (2014) Chile 4.4 (2014) 4.4 (2014) China 2.0 (2014) 2.0 (2014) Colombia 2.9 (2014) 2.9 (2014) Comoros 0.6 (2014) 2.9 (2014) Democratic Republic of the Congo 1.6 (2013) 1.0 (2014) Republic of the Congo 0.1 (2014) 0.9 (2014) Costa Rica 4.5 (2014) 3.2 (2014) Cote d'Ivoire 0.5 (2014) 0.4 (2014) Croatia -0.2 (2014) -0.2 (2014) Cuba 5.3 (2014) Cyprus -1.4 (2014) -0.3 (2014) Czech Republic 0.3 (2014) 0.4 (2014) Denmark 0.6 (2014) 0.6 (2014) Djibouti 2.9 (2014) 2.9 (2014) Dominican Republic 3.0 (2014) 3.0 (2014) Ecuador 3.6 (2014) 3.6 (2014) Egypt 10.1 (2014) 10.1 (2014) Equatorial Guinea 6.4 (2013) 3.0 (2014) Eritrea 12.3 (2014) Estonia -0.1 (2014) -0.1 (2014) Ethiopia 7.4 (2014) 7.4 (2014) European Union 1.5 (2013) Fiji 0.5 (2014) 0.1 (2014) Finland 1.0 (2014) 1.2 (2014) France 0.5 (2014) 0.6 (2014) The Gambia 5.9 (2014) 6.3 (2014) Georgia 3.1 (2014) 3.1 (2014) Germany 0.9 (2014) 0.8 (2014) Ghana 15.5 (2014) 17.0 (2014) Greece -0.9 (2015) -0.9 (2015) Guatemala 3.4 (2014) 3.4 (2014) Haiti 4.6 (2014) 3.9 (2014) Honduras 6.1 (2014) 6.1 (2014) Hong Kong 4.4 (2014) 4.4 (2014) Hungary -0.2 (2014) -0.3 (2014) Iceland 2.0 (2014) 2.0 (2014) India 6.4 (2014) 6.0 (2014) Indonesia 6.4 (2014) 6.4 (2014) Iran 17.2 (2014) 15.8 (2014) Iraq 2.2 (2014) 2.2 (2014) Ireland 0.2 (2014) 0.3 (2014) Israel 0.5 (2014) 0.5 (2014) Italy 0.2 (2014) 0.2 (2014) Jamaica 8.3 (2014) 7.1 (2014) Japan 2.7 (2014) 2.7 (2014) Jordan 2.8 (2014) 2.9 (2014) Kazakhstan 6.7 (2014) 6.7 (2014) Kenya 6.9 (2014) 6.9 (2014) Kosovo 0.4 (2014) Kuwait 2.9 (2014) 2.9 (2014) Kyrgyzstan 7.5 (2014) 7.5 (2014) Laos 4.1 (2014) 4.1 (2014) Latvia 0.6 (2014) 0.7 (2014) Lebanon 0.7 (2014) 1.9 (2014) Lesotho 5.3 (2014) 3.9 (2014) Liberia 9.8 (2014) 9.9 (2014) Libya 2.6 (2013) 2.8 (2014) Liechtenstein -0.7 (2012) Lithuania 0.1 (2014) 0.2 (2014) Luxembourg 0.6 (2014) 0.7 (2014) Macau 6.0 (2014) 6.0 (2014) Macedonia -0.3 (2014) -0.1 (2014) Madagascar 6.1 (2014) 6.1 (2014) Malawi 24.4 (2014) 23.8 (2014) Malaysia 3.1 (2014) 3.1 (2014) Maldives 2.1 (2014) 2.5 (2014) Malta 0.3 (2014) 0.3 (2014) Mauritania 3.5 (2014) 3.5 (2014) Mauritius 3.2 (2014) 3.0 (2014) Mexico 4.0 (2014) 4.0 (2014) Moldova 5.1 (2014) 5.1 (2014) Morocco 0.4 (2014) 0.4 (2014) Mozambique 2.6 (2014) 2.3 (2014) Myanmar 5.5 (2014) 5.9 (2014) Namibia 5.4 (2014) 5.3 (2014) Nepal 8.4 (2014) 8.4 (2014) Netherlands 1.0 (2014) 0.3 (2014) New Zealand 0.9 (2014) 1.2 (2014) Nicaragua 6.0 (2014) 6.0 (2014) Niger -0.8 (2014) -0.9 (2014) Nigeria 8.1 (2014) 8.1 (2014) Norway 2.0 (2014) 2.0 (2014) Oman 1.0 (2014) 2.8 (2014) Pakistan 7.2 (2014) 8.6 (2014) Panama 2.6 (2014) 2.6 (2014) Papua New Guinea 5.2 (2014) 5.3 (2014) Paraguay 5.0 (2014) 5.0 (2014) Peru 3.2 (2014) 3.2 (2014) Philippines 4.1 (2014) 4.1 (2014) Poland 0.1 (2014) 0.0 (2014) Portugal -0.3 (2014) -0.2 (2014) Qatar 3.1 (2014) 3.0 (2014) Romania 1.1 (2014) 1.1 (2014) Russia 7.8 (2014) 11.4 (2014) Saudi Arabia 2.7 (2014) 2.7 (2014) Serbia 2.1 (2014) 1.7 (2014) Seychelles 1.4 (2014) 1.4 (2014) Sierra Leone 7.3 (2014) 8.3 (2014) Singapore 1.0 (2014) 1.0 (2014) Slovakia -0.1 (2014) -0.1 (2014) Slovenia 0.2 (2014) 0.2 (2014) South Africa 6.4 (2014) 6.1 (2014) South Korea 1.3 (2014) 1.3 (2014) South Sudan 47.3 (2011) Sri Lanka 3.3 (2014) 3.3 (2014) Spain -0.1 (2014 -0.2 (2014) Sudan 36.9 (2014) 36.9 (2014) Suriname 3.3 (2014) 3.4 (2014) Swaziland 5.7 (2014) 5.8 (2014) Sweden -0.2 (2014) -0.2 (2014) Switzerland -0.0 (2014) 0.0 (2014) Syria 36.7 (2012) 34.8 (2014) Taiwan 1.2 (2014) Tajikistan 6.1 (2014) 6.1 (2014) Tanzania 6.1 (2014) 6.1 (2014) Thailand 1.9 (2014) 1.9 (2014) Trinidad and Tobago 5.7 (2014) 7.0 (2014) Tunisia 4.9 (2014) 4.9 (2014) Turkey 8.9 (2014) 8.9 (2014) Turkmenistan 6.0 (2014) Uganda 4.3 (2014) 4.7 (2014) Ukraine 12.2 (2014) 12.1 (2014) United Arab Emirates 2.3 (2014) 2.3 (2014) ) United Kingdom -0.1 (2015) -0.1 (2015) United States 1.6 (2014) 1.6 (2014) Uruguay 8.9 (2014) 8.9 (2014) Uzbekistan 8.4 (2014) Venezuela 808 (2015) [3] 124.5 (2014) Vietnam 4.1 (2014) 4.1 (2014) Yemen 11.0 (2013) 8.2 (2014) Zambia 7.8 (2014) 7.9 (2014) Zimbabwe -0.2 (2014) +World zinc output in 2009. +References +This is a list of countries by zinc production in 2009 based on United States Geological Survey numbers. [1] +Rank Country/Region Zinc production (tonnes) — World total 11,200,000 1 China 3,100,000 2 Peru 1,509,129 3 Australia 1,290,000 4 United States 736,000 5 Canada 698,901 6 India 695,000 7 Kazakhstan 480,000 8 Bolivia 421,721 9 Mexico 390,000[2] 10 Ireland 385,670 11 Russia 225,000 [2] 12 Sweden 192,538 13 Brazil 174,000[3] 14 Iran 160,000[2] 15 Poland 100,000[2] 16 Morocco 98,000 17 Turkey 76,000[2] 18 Mongolia 72,000[2] 19 North Korea 65,000[2] 20 Vietnam 45,000[2] 21 Namibia 38,300[2][4] 22 Honduras 36,370 23 Thailand 34,000 24 Macedonia 32,000 25 Finland 30,233 26 Argentina 30,000[2] 27 South Africa 28,159 28 Chile 27,801 29 Greece 18,126 30 Congo, the Democratic Republic of the 16,000 31 Bulgaria 12,000[2] 32 Philippines 10,035 33 Spain 6,500[2] 34 Saudi Arabia 4,500[2] 35 South Korea 4,000[2] 36 Armenia 3,900[2] 37 Kosovo 3,690 38 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2,000[2] 39 Laos 1,000[2] 39 Serbia 1,000[2] 41 Portugal 501 42 Myanmar 45 +Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 90°0′N 38°0′W / 90.000°N 38.000°W / 90.000; -38.000 (Arctic Ocean) Arctic Ocean 83°38′N 38°0′W / 83.633°N 38.000°W / 83.633; -38.000 (Lincoln Sea) Lincoln Sea 83°30′N 38°0′W / 83.500°N 38.000°W / 83.500; -38.000 (Greenland) Greenland 65°56′N 38°0′W / 65.933°N 38.000°W / 65.933; -38.000 (Sermilik Fjord) Sermilik Fjord 65°43′N 38°0′W / 65.717°N 38.000°W / 65.717; -38.000 (Greenland) Greenland Ammassalik Island 65°41′N 38°0′W / 65.683°N 38.000°W / 65.683; -38.000 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean 4°15′S 38°0′W / 4.250°S 38.000°W / -4.250; -38.000 (Brazil) Brazil Ceará Rio Grande do Norte — from 5°34′S 38°0′W / 5.567°S 38.000°W / -5.567; -38.000 (Rio Grande do Norte) Paraíba — from 6°26′S 38°0′W / 6.433°S 38.000°W / -6.433; -38.000 (Paraíba) Pernambuco — from 7°46′S 38°0′W / 7.767°S 38.000°W / -7.767; -38.000 (Pernambuco) Alagoas — from 9°9′S 38°0′W / 9.150°S 38.000°W / -9.150; -38.000 (Alagoas) Sergipe — from 9°32′S 38°0′W / 9.533°S 38.000°W / -9.533; -38.000 (Sergipe) Bahia — for about 2 km from 9°38′S 38°0′W / 9.633°S 38.000°W / -9.633; -38.000 (Bahia) Sergipe — from 9°39′S 38°0′W / 9.650°S 38.000°W / -9.650; -38.000 (Sergipe) Bahia — from 9°49′S 38°0′W / 9.817°S 38.000°W / -9.817; -38.000 (Bahia) Sergipe — from 10°46′S 38°0′W / 10.767°S 38.000°W / -10.767; -38.000 (Sergipe) Bahia — for about 4 km from 11°12′S 38°0′W / 11.200°S 38.000°W / -11.200; -38.000 (Bahia) Sergipe — from 11°14′S 38°0′W / 11.233°S 38.000°W / -11.233; -38.000 (Sergipe) Bahia — from 11°24′S 38°0′W / 11.400°S 38.000°W / -11.400; -38.000 (Bahia) 12°35′S 38°0′W / 12.583°S 38.000°W / -12.583; -38.000 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean 54°0′S 38°0′W / 54.000°S 38.000°W / -54.000; -38.000 (South Georgia) South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Island of South Georgia 54°4′S 38°0′W / 54.067°S 38.000°W / -54.067; -38.000 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean 60°0′S 38°0′W / 60.000°S 38.000°W / -60.000; -38.000 (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean 77°52′S 38°0′W / 77.867°S 38.000°W / -77.867; -38.000 (Antarctica) Antarctica Claimed by both Argentina (Argentine Antarctica) and United Kingdom (British Antarctic Territory) +See also +The year 2012 was the 230th year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Thailand. It was the 67th year in the reign of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), and is reckoned as year 2555 in the Buddhist Era. +Incumbents +Monarch: Bhumibol Adulyadej Prime Minister: Yingluck Shinawatra +March +2012 Southern Thailand bombings took place on March 31, 2012. +It hit Yala, Yala Province and Hat Yai, Songkhla Province.[1] +Miss Universe Thailand 2012 took place on June 2.Nutpimon Natthayalak was the winner.[2] +September +See also +2012 Thai Premier League 2012 Thai Division 1 League 2012 AFC U-16 Championship Thailand at the 2012 Summer Olympics Economy in Thailand recovery in 2012 and onwards +References +External links +External links +The following table lists the 2014 annual CO2 emissions estimates (in thousands of CO2 tonnes) along with a list of emissions per capita (in tonnes of CO2 per year) from same source. The data only considers carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels and cement manufacture, but not emissions from land use, land-use change and forestry. Emissions from international shipping or bunker fuels are also not included in national figures,[1] which can make a huge difference for small countries with important ports. +Country CO2 emissions (kt)[2] Emission per capita (t)[3] World 35,669,000 5.0 China 10,540,000 7.6 United States 5,334,000 16.5 European Union 3,415,000 6.7 India 2,341,000 1.8 Russia 1,766,000 12.4 Japan 1,278,000 10.1 Germany 767,000 9.3 International Shipping 624,000 - Iran 618,000 7.9 South Korea 610,000 12.3 Canada 565,000 15.9 Brazil 501,000 2.5 Saudi Arabia 494,000 16.8 International Aviation 492,000 - Mexico 456,000 3.7 Indonesia 452,000 1.8 United Kingdom 415,000 6.5 Australia 409,000 17.3 South Africa 392,000 7.4 Turkey 353,000 4.7 Italy 337,000 5.5 France 323,000 5.0 Poland 298,000 7.8 +List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions +Notes and references +The 109th meridian east forms a great circle with the 71st meridian west. +From Pole to Pole +Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 109th meridian east passes through: +Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 90°0′N 109°0′E / 90.000°N 109.000°E / 90.000; 109.000 (Arctic Ocean) Arctic Ocean 79°37′N 109°0′E / 79.617°N 109.000°E / 79.617; 109.000 (Laptev Sea) Laptev Sea 76°44′N 109°0′E / 76.733°N 109.000°E / 76.733; 109.000 (Russia) Russia Krasnoyarsk Krai — Taymyr Peninsula 74°0′N 109°0′E / 74.000°N 109.000°E / 74.000; 109.000 (Khatanga Gulf) Khatanga Gulf 73°21′N 109°0′E / 73.350°N 109.000°E / 73.350; 109.000 (Russia) Russia Krasnoyarsk Krai Sakha Republic — from 69°46′N 109°0′E / 69.767°N 109.000°E / 69.767; 109.000 (Sakha Republic) Irkutsk Oblast — from 63°35′N 109°0′E / 63.583°N 109.000°E / 63.583; 109.000 (Irkutsk Oblast) Republic of Buryatia — from 56°39′N 109°0′E / 56.650°N 109.000°E / 56.650; 109.000 (Buryatia) Irkutsk Oblast — from 56°1′N 109°0′E / 56.017°N 109.000°E / 56.017; 109.000 (Irkutsk Oblast) Republic of Buryatia — from 55°56′N 109°0′E / 55.933°N 109.000°E / 55.933; 109.000 (Buryatia), passing through Lake Baikal Zabaykalsky Krai — from 51°27′N 109°0′E / 51.450°N 109.000°E / 51.450; 109.000 (Zabaykalsky Krai) 49°21′N 109°0′E / 49.350°N 109.000°E / 49.350; 109.000 (Mongolia) Mongolia 42°27′N 109°0′E / 42.450°N 109.000°E / 42.450; 109.000 (China) People's Republic of China Inner Mongolia Shaanxi – from 38°20′N 109°0′E / 38.333°N 109.000°E / 38.333; 109.000 (Shaanxi) Inner Mongolia – from 38°8′N 109°0′E / 38.133°N 109.000°E / 38.133; 109.000 (Inner Mongolia) Shaanxi – from 37°53′N 109°0′E / 37.883°N 109.000°E / 37.883; 109.000 (Shaanxi), passing just east of Xi'an (at 34°15′N 108°56′E / 34.250°N 108.933°E / 34.250; 108.933 (Xi'an)) Chongqing – from 31°55′N 109°0′E / 31.917°N 109.000°E / 31.917; 109.000 (Chongqing) Hubei – from 30°37′N 109°0′E / 30.617°N 109.000°E / 30.617; 109.000 (Hubei) Chongqing – from 29°19′N 109°0′E / 29.317°N 109.000°E / 29.317; 109.000 (Congqing) Guizhou – from 28°9′N 109°0′E / 28.150°N 109.000°E / 28.150; 109.000 (Guizhou) Hunan – from 27°14′N 109°0′E / 27.233°N 109.000°E / 27.233; 109.000 (Hunan) Guizhou – from 27°4′N 109°0′E / 27.067°N 109.000°E / 27.067; 109.000 (Guizhou) Guangxi – from 25°46′N 109°0′E / 25.767°N 109.000°E / 25.767; 109.000 (Guangxi) Guizhou – from 25°42′N 109°0′E / 25.700°N 109.000°E / 25.700; 109.000 (Guizhou) Guangxi – from 25°31′N 109°0′E / 25.517°N 109.000°E / 25.517; 109.000 (Guangxi) 21°37′N 109°0′E / 21.617°N 109.000°E / 21.617; 109.000 (South China Sea) South China Sea Gulf of Tonkin – passing just west of Weizhou Island, People's Republic of China (at 21°2′N 109°4′E / 21.033°N 109.067°E / 21.033; 109.067 (Weizhou)) 19°34′N 109°0′E / 19.567°N 109.000°E / 19.567; 109.000 (China) People's Republic of China Island of Hainan 18°22′N 109°0′E / 18.367°N 109.000°E / 18.367; 109.000 (South China Sea) South China Sea 14°49′N 109°0′E / 14.817°N 109.000°E / 14.817; 109.000 (Vietnam) Vietnam Quảng Ngãi Bình Định – from 14°40′N 109°0′E / 14.667°N 109.000°E / 14.667; 109.000 (Bình Định) Phú Yên – from 13°31′N 109°0′E / 13.517°N 109.000°E / 13.517; 109.000 (Phú Yên) Khánh Hòa – from 12°42′N 109°0′E / 12.700°N 109.000°E / 12.700; 109.000 (Khánh Hòa) Ninh Thuận – from 11°55′N 109°0′E / 11.917°N 109.000°E / 11.917; 109.000 (Ninh Thuận) 11°20′N 109°0′E / 11.333°N 109.000°E / 11.333; 109.000 (South China Sea) South China Sea Passing just east of the island of Cù Lao Thu, Vietnam (at 10°31′N 108°57′E / 10.517°N 108.950°E / 10.517; 108.950 (Cù Lao Thu)) 2°34′N 109°0′E / 2.567°N 109.000°E / 2.567; 109.000 (Indonesia) Indonesia Island of Serasan 2°32′N 109°0′E / 2.533°N 109.000°E / 2.533; 109.000 (South China Sea) South China Sea 1°17′N 109°0′E / 1.283°N 109.000°E / 1.283; 109.000 (Indonesia) Indonesia Island of Borneo 0°18′N 109°0′E / 0.300°N 109.000°E / 0.300; 109.000 (South China Sea) South China Sea Passing just east of the island of Karimata, Indonesia (at 1°36′S 108°58′E / 1.600°S 108.967°E / -1.600; 108.967 (Karimata)) 2°50′S 109°0′E / 2.833°S 109.000°E / -2.833; 109.000 (Java Sea) Java Sea 6°48′S 109°0′E / 6.800°S 109.000°E / -6.800; 109.000 (Indonesia) Indonesia Islands of Java and Kambangan Island 7°46′S 109°0′E / 7.767°S 109.000°E / -7.767; 109.000 (Indian Ocean) Indian Ocean 60°0′S 109°0′E / 60.000°S 109.000°E / -60.000; 109.000 (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean 66°53′S 109°0′E / 66.883°S 109.000°E / -66.883; 109.000 (Antarctica) Antarctica Australian Antarctic Territory, claimed by Australia +See also +Hadith studies (Arabic: علم الحديث‎ ʻilm al-ḥadīth "knowledge of hadith" or science of hadith) are a number of religious disciplines used in the study and evaluation of the Islamic hadith (the collections of the reports of what the Islamic prophet Muhammad said verbatim on any matter) by Muslim scholars.[1] It has been described by one hadith specialist, Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti, as the science of the principles by which the conditions of both the sanad, the chain of narration, and the matn, the text of the hadith, are known. This science is concerned with the sanad and the matn with its objective being distinguishing the sahih, authentic, from other than it. Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani said the preferred definition is: knowledge of the principles by which the condition of the narrator and the narrated are determined.[2] +The 2015 ASEAN School Games, officially known as the 7th ASEAN School Games, is a multi-sport event played in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei in November 2015.[3] +Participating Nations +Brunei Darussalam (85, host) Indonesia (95) Laos Malaysia (122) Philippines Singapore (97) Thailand (112) Vietnam (48) +References +SRF 1 is a Swiss television channel run under the public SRG SSR broadcasting group. It is the first of three national German-language channels in Switzerland (the others being SRF zwei and SRF info). +On December 16, 2012 the channel formerly called SF1 was renamed together with the other two national German-speaking TV and five radio channels to emphasise their common broadcasting group and to create a shared web-site under one name. +References +External links +The meridian 14° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, Iceland, the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. +The 14th meridian west forms a great circle with the 166th meridian east. +From Pole to Pole +Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 14th meridian west passes through: +Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 90°0′N 14°0′W / 90.000°N 14.000°W / 90.000; -14.000 (Arctic Ocean) Arctic Ocean 81°48′N 14°0′W / 81.800°N 14.000°W / 81.800; -14.000 (Greenland) Greenland 81°1′N 14°0′W / 81.017°N 14.000°W / 81.017; -14.000 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean Greenland Sea 65°36′N 14°0′W / 65.600°N 14.000°W / 65.600; -14.000 (Iceland) Iceland 64°43′N 14°0′W / 64.717°N 14.000°W / 64.717; -14.000 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean 28°43′N 14°0′W / 28.717°N 14.000°W / 28.717; -14.000 (Spain) Spain Island of Fuerteventura 28°12′N 14°0′W / 28.200°N 14.000°W / 28.200; -14.000 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean 26°28′N 14°0′W / 26.467°N 14.000°W / 26.467; -14.000 (Western Sahara) Western Sahara Claimed by Morocco 21°20′N 14°0′W / 21.333°N 14.000°W / 21.333; -14.000 (Mauritania) Mauritania 16°21′N 14°0′W / 16.350°N 14.000°W / 16.350; -14.000 (Senegal) Senegal 13°33′N 14°0′W / 13.550°N 14.000°W / 13.550; -14.000 (Gambia) Gambia 13°17′N 14°0′W / 13.283°N 14.000°W / 13.283; -14.000 (Senegal) Senegal 12°40′N 14°0′W / 12.667°N 14.000°W / 12.667; -14.000 (Guinea-Bissau) Guinea-Bissau 11°39′N 14°0′W / 11.650°N 14.000°W / 11.650; -14.000 (Guinea) Guinea 9°59′N 14°0′W / 9.983°N 14.000°W / 9.983; -14.000 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean Passing just east of Ascension Island, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (at 7°57′S 14°18′W / 7.950°S 14.300°W / -7.950; -14.300 (Ascension Island)) 60°0′S 14°0′W / 60.000°S 14.000°W / -60.000; -14.000 (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean 71°57′S 14°0′W / 71.950°S 14.000°W / -71.950; -14.000 (Antarctica) Antarctica Queen Maud Land, claimed by Norway +See also +13th meridian west 15th meridian west +The meridian 11° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. +The 11th meridian west forms a great circle with the 169th meridian east. +From Pole to Pole +Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 11th meridian west passes through: +Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 90°0′N 11°0′W / 90.000°N 11.000°W / 90.000; -11.000 (Arctic Ocean) Arctic Ocean 82°15′N 11°0′W / 82.250°N 11.000°W / 82.250; -11.000 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean Passing just east of Nordostrundingen, Greenland 28°47′N 11°0′W / 28.783°N 11.000°W / 28.783; -11.000 (Morocco) Morocco 27°40′N 11°0′W / 27.667°N 11.000°W / 27.667; -11.000 (Western Sahara) Western Sahara Claimed by Morocco 26°0′N 11°0′W / 26.000°N 11.000°W / 26.000; -11.000 (Mauritania) Mauritania 15°14′N 11°0′W / 15.233°N 11.000°W / 15.233; -11.000 (Mali) Mali 12°12′N 11°0′W / 12.200°N 11.000°W / 12.200; -11.000 (Guinea) Guinea 9°45′N 11°0′W / 9.750°N 11.000°W / 9.750; -11.000 (Sierra Leone) Sierra Leone 7°27′N 11°0′W / 7.450°N 11.000°W / 7.450; -11.000 (Liberia) Liberia 6°33′N 11°0′W / 6.550°N 11.000°W / 6.550; -11.000 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean 60°0′S 11°0′W / 60.000°S 11.000°W / -60.000; -11.000 (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean 71°1′S 11°0′W / 71.017°S 11.000°W / -71.017; -11.000 (Antarctica) Antarctica Queen Maud Land, claimed by Norway +Nikorn Anuwan(Thai นิกร อนุวรรณ), born April 26, 1978) is a Thai footballer. +He plays for Thailand Premier League clubside Pattaya United. +He played for Chonburi FC in the 2008 AFC Champions League group stages.[1][2] +Clubs +Chonburi FC - 2007-2008 Pattaya United - 2009- +Honours +Thailand Premier League 2007 Winner with Chonburi FC Kor Royal Cup 2008 Winner with Chonburi FC +References +tagesschau24 is a digital television channel produced by the German broadcaster ARD and managed by the Hamburg-based ARD regional broadcaster NDR. +History +External links +Tagesschau24 website +References +Cathay Pacific Flight 700Z was a flight flown and operated by Hong Kong's Cathay Pacific that crashed on 15 June 1972. +Flight +Flight 700Z originated from Singapore International Airport[1] (Now Paya Lebar Air Base) and had a stopover at Bangkok's Don Mueang International Airport, with the final destination being Hong Kong's Kai Tak Airport. +While flying at 29000 ft (8,839 m) (FL290) over Pleiku, South Vietnam, a bomb placed inside a cosmetics case placed under a seat exploded, resulting in the aircraft's disintegration. All 71 passengers and 10 crew on the flight were killed. +Aftermath +Following a British Civil Aviation Department and Hong Kong police investigation, as well as 6 years of reporting by a Bangkok Post journalist,[2] "a police officer whose fiancée and daughter were aboard was charged with the crime".[3] Somchai Chaiyasut, who had taken out three travel insurance policies on his fiancee and daughter, was declared not guilty due to lack of evidence.[4] He sued the insurance companies and received ฿5.5 million but died of cancer in 1985 after "airline staff and relatives [had considered] hiring a hitman to kill him".[2] +References +Cathay Pacific Flight 700Z bombing +Linus Gabriel Sebastian (born August 20, 1986) is a YouTube personality, presenter, producer, and founder of Linus Media Group. +He is best known for creating and hosting three technology oriented YouTube channels Linus Tech Tips, Techquickie and Channel Super Fun which have a combined subscriber base of 3.54 million. From 2007-2015 he had also been a regular presenter of technology videos for the Canadian computer retailer NCIX. +In 2015, Inc. magazine ranked Sebastian 4th in a list of the "Top 30 Power Players in Tech".[2] +As of January 2016, Linus Tech Tips is ranked the 12th most watched Science and Technology channel on YouTube.[3][4] In 2014, Tubefilter named the channel as being within the "top 1% of Google's preferred advertising channels" on YouTube for the technology category.[5] +Career +NCIX and Linus Tech Tips +Sebastian, originally working as category manager for the Canadian online computer store, was the original host for the NCIX technology channel, which was created to help demonstrate products for the retailer. Sebastian worked with an unidentified cameraman and editor, with limited resources, forcing them to begin shooting videos with a camera borrowed from the son of the president of the company.[6] +Due to high costs and low viewership during the early days of the channel, Sebastian was instructed to create the Linus Tech Tips channel as a cheaper offshoot of the NCIX channel, to allow for lower production values without impacting the NCIX brand. They were inspired to grow the channel to compete with the web presence of TigerDirect and Newegg.[6] It was created on the 24th November, 2008.[7] +Sebastian did not develop videos full time at NCIX. During his time at the company, he worked different jobs, as full time sales representative, high end systems designer, product manager, and category manager.[8][9] +Linus Media Group +Sebastian founded Linus Media Group in January 2013 out of a garage, with Luke Lafreniere, Edzel Yago, and Brandon Lee.[8] The group developed the Linus Tech Tips channel as an independent venture. Sebastian also began working on Techquickie. +In September 2013, Sebastian was interviewed by Chris Pirillo. Sebastian discussed the future of his channel and answered questions that had been sent to Pirillo through social media.[10] +Personal life +Sebastian has been married to Yvonne Ho since April 2011.[19] Together they have a son and a daughter.[20] He enjoys spending time with his family, stating in a 2015 interview with LifeHacker that "[my family] definitely gives me a reason to get up every day and build my company."[9] +References +The year 2016 is the 234th year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Thailand. +It is the 71st year in the reign of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), and is reckoned as year 2559 in the Buddhist Era. +Incumbents +Event +January 29 – the CC published drafting a new constitution and forwarded it to the NRC for approval +Predicted and Scheduled Events +June +June 9 – 70th Anniversary Celebrations of Bhumibol Adulyadej's Accession +YouTube Red is a paid subscription service offered by YouTube to internet users in the United States; it provides advertising-free streaming of videos hosted by the service, offline and background playback of videos on mobile devices, access to new original content, and access to advertising-free music streaming in November 2014. +It offered ad-free streaming of music and music videos from participating labels on YouTube and Google Play Music.[1][2][3] The service was re-launched in a revised form as YouTube Red on October 28, 2015, expanding its scope to offer ad-free access to all YouTube videos, as opposed to just music, as well as premium content produced in collaboration with notable YouTube producers and personalities.[4] +History +The service was first unveiled in November 2014 as Music Key, serving as a collaboration between YouTube and Google Play Music, and meant to succeed the former's own subscription service. +Music Key offered ad-free playback of music videos from participating labels hosted on YouTube, as well as background and offline playback of music videos on mobile devices from within the YouTube app. The service also included access to Google Play Music All Access, which provides ad-free audio streaming of a library of music.[5] Alongside Music Key, Google also introduced tighter integration between Play Music and YouTube's apps, including the sharing of music recommendations, and access to YouTube's music videos from within the Play Music app.[2][3] Music Key was not YouTube's first foray into premium content, having launched film rentals in 2010,[6] and premium, subscription-based channels in 2013.[7] +On October 21, 2015, it was announced that the service would be re-launched in a revised form as YouTube Red on October 28, 2015, expanding its scope to offer ad-free access to all YouTube videos, as opposed to just music, as well as premium content produced in collaboration with notable YouTube producers and personalities.[4] Prominent YouTube personality PewDiePie, who is involved in one of the planned originals for the service,[8] explained that the service was meant to mitigate profits lost due to the use of ad blocking.[9] +Features +A YouTube Red subscription allows users to watch videos on YouTube without advertisements across the website and its mobile apps, including the dedicated YouTube Music and YouTube Gaming apps. Through the apps, users can also save videos to their device for offline viewing, and play them in the background.[2][3] YouTube Red will also offer original, premium content exclusive to subscribers, the content will be created and published by YouTube's largest channels and creators.[10] The service also offers ad-free music streaming through the Google Play Music All Access service.[4] +Reception +Licensing terms +In May 2014, prior to the official unveiling of the Music Key service, the independent music trade organization Worldwide Independent Network alleged that YouTube was using non-negotiable contracts with independent labels that were "undervalued" in comparison to other streaming services, and stated that YouTube threatened to block a label's videos from public access if they did not agree to the new terms. In a statement to the Financial Times in June 2014, Robert Kyncl confirmed that these measures were "to ensure that all content on the platform is governed by its new contractual terms." +Stating that 90% of labels had reached deals, he went on to say that "while we wish that we had [a] 100% success rate, we understand that is not likely an achievable goal and therefore it is our responsibility to our users and the industry to launch the enhanced music experience."[12][13][14][15] The Financial Times later reported that YouTube had reached an aggregate deal with Merlin Network—a trade group representing over 20,000 independent labels, for their inclusion in the service. However, YouTube itself has not confirmed the deal.[3] +Following the unveiling of YouTube Red, it was stated that these same contractual requirements would now apply to all YouTube Partner Program members; partners who do not accept the new terms and revenue sharing agreements related to the YouTube Red service will have their videos blocked entirely in regions where YouTube Red is available.[16] The YouTube channels of ESPN were a notable party affected by the change; a representative of ESPN's parent, The Walt Disney Company, stated that conflicts with third-party rightsholders in regards to sports footage contained in ESPN's YouTube videos prevented them from being offered under the new terms. A limited number of older videos remain on ESPN's main channel.[17] +Similarly, a large amount of content licensed by Japanese and Korean record labels was also blocked from access in the United States following the launch of the service. The Japanese music industry has traditionally shown a stricter stance towards copyright enforcement and a resistance to most digital distribution of music. It was believed that the ability to download videos for offline viewing was a subject of hesitation for their participation in the program.[18][19][20] +References +YouTube Red +Tanaporn Polrueng (born (1994-02-04)4 February 1994) is a Thai female volleyball player. She was part of the Thailand women's national volleyball team.[1] +References +From Pole to Pole +Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 111th meridian east passes through: +Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 90°0′N 111°0′E / 90.000°N 111.000°E / 90.000; 111.000 (Arctic Ocean) Arctic Ocean 79°23′N 111°0′E / 79.383°N 111.000°E / 79.383; 111.000 (Laptev Sea) Laptev Sea 76°44′N 111°0′E / 76.733°N 111.000°E / 76.733; 111.000 (Russia) Russia Krasnoyarsk Krai — Taymyr Peninsula 74°32′N 111°0′E / 74.533°N 111.000°E / 74.533; 111.000 (Khatanga Gulf) Khatanga Gulf 73°55′N 111°0′E / 73.917°N 111.000°E / 73.917; 111.000 (Russia) Russia Krasnoyarsk Krai — for about 14km Sakha Republic — for about 14km from 73°49′N 111°0′E / 73.817°N 111.000°E / 73.817; 111.000 (Sakha Republic) Krasnoyarsk Krai — for about 13km from 73°40′N 111°0′E / 73.667°N 111.000°E / 73.667; 111.000 (Krasnoyarsk Krai) Sakha Republic — from 73°34′N 111°0′E / 73.567°N 111.000°E / 73.567; 111.000 (Sakha Republic) Krasnoyarsk Krai — from 72°34′N 111°0′E / 72.567°N 111.000°E / 72.567; 111.000 (Krasnoyarsk Krai) Sakha Republic — from 70°50′N 111°0′E / 70.833°N 111.000°E / 70.833; 111.000 (Sakha Republic) Irkutsk Oblast — from 59°14′N 111°0′E / 59.233°N 111.000°E / 59.233; 111.000 (Irkutsk Oblast) Republic of Buryatia — from 56°52′N 111°0′E / 56.867°N 111.000°E / 56.867; 111.000 (Buryatia) Zabaykalsky Krai — from 51°41′N 111°0′E / 51.683°N 111.000°E / 51.683; 111.000 (Zabaykalsky Krai) 49°12′N 111°0′E / 49.200°N 111.000°E / 49.200; 111.000 (Mongolia) Mongolia 43°18′N 111°0′E / 43.300°N 111.000°E / 43.300; 111.000 (China) People's Republic of China Inner Mongolia Shaanxi – from 39°33′N 111°0′E / 39.550°N 111.000°E / 39.550; 111.000 (Shaanxi) Shanxi – from 39°0′N 111°0′E / 39.000°N 111.000°E / 39.000; 111.000 (Shanxi) Henan – from 34°43′N 111°0′E / 34.717°N 111.000°E / 34.717; 111.000 (Henan) Shaanxi – from 33°29′N 111°0′E / 33.483°N 111.000°E / 33.483; 111.000 (Shaanxi) Henan - for about 8 km from 33°16′N 111°0′E / 33.267°N 111.000°E / 33.267; 111.000 (Henan) Hubei – from 33°12′N 111°0′E / 33.200°N 111.000°E / 33.200; 111.000 (Hubei), crossing the Three Gorges Dam (at 30°49′N 111°0′E / 30.817°N 111.000°E / 30.817; 111.000 (Three Gorges Dam)) Hunan – from 30°1′N 111°0′E / 30.017°N 111.000°E / 30.017; 111.000 (Hunan) Guangxi – from 26°19′N 111°0′E / 26.317°N 111.000°E / 26.317; 111.000 (Guangxi) Hunan – from 25°8′N 111°0′E / 25.133°N 111.000°E / 25.133; 111.000 (Hunan) Guangxi – from 24°54′N 111°0′E / 24.900°N 111.000°E / 24.900; 111.000 (Guangxi) Guangdong – from 22°38′N 111°0′E / 22.633°N 111.000°E / 22.633; 111.000 (Guangdong) 21°23′N 111°0′E / 21.383°N 111.000°E / 21.383; 111.000 (South China Sea) South China Sea 19°44′N 111°0′E / 19.733°N 111.000°E / 19.733; 111.000 (China) People's Republic of China Island of Hainan 19°39′N 111°0′E / 19.650°N 111.000°E / 19.650; 111.000 (South China Sea) South China Sea Passing through the disputed Paracel Islands 1°36′N 111°0′E / 1.600°N 111.000°E / 1.600; 111.000 (Malaysia) Malaysia Sarawak – on the island of Borneo 1°1′N 111°0′E / 1.017°N 111.000°E��� / 1.017; 111.000 (Malaysia) Indonesia Island of Borneo 3°5′S 111°0′E / 3.083°S 111.000°E / -3.083; 111.000 (Java Sea) Java Sea 6°25′S 111°0′E / 6.417°S 111.000°E / -6.417; 111.000 (Malaysia) Indonesia Island of Java 8°15′S 111°0′E / 8.250°S 111.000°E / -8.250; 111.000 (Indian Ocean) Indian Ocean 60°0′S 111°0′E / 60.000°S 111.000°E / -60.000; 111.000 (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean 66°2′S 111°0′E / 66.033°S 111.000°E / -66.033; 111.000 (Antarctica) Antarctica Australian Antarctic Territory, claimed by Australia +A rabies vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent rabies.[1] There are a number of available that are both safe and effective. They can be used to prevent rabies before and for a period of time after exposure to the virus such as by a dog or bat bite. The immunity that develops is long lasting after three doses. +Most vaccines do not contain thimerosal. Vaccines made from nerve tissue are used in a few countries, mainly in Asia and Latin America, but are less effective and have greater side effects. Their use is thus not recommended by the World Health Organization.[1] +Millions of people globally have been vaccinated and it is estimated that this saves more than 250,000 people a year.[1] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication recommended for a basic health system.[2] The wholesale cost is between 44 and 78 USD for a course of treatment as of 2014.[3] In the United States a course of rabies vaccine is more than 750 USD.[4] +The 57th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 57 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane. No land lies on the parallel — it crosses nothing but ocean. +Around the world +Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 57° south passes through: +Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 57°0′S 0°0′E / 57.000°S 0.000°E / -57.000; 0.000 (Prime Meridian) Atlantic Ocean 57°0′S 20°0′E / 57.000°S 20.000°E / -57.000; 20.000 (Indian Ocean) Indian Ocean 57°0′S 147°0′E / 57.000°S 147.000°E / -57.000; 147.000 (Pacific Ocean) Pacific Ocean 57°0′S 67°16′W / 57.000°S 67.267°W / -57.000; -67.267 (Atlantic Ocean)[1] Atlantic Ocean Passing just north of Vindication Island and Candlemas Island, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (claimed by Argentina) +See also +56th parallel south 58th parallel south +References +Zhangjiajie (simplified Chinese: 张家界; traditional Chinese: 張家界; pinyin: Zhāngjiājiè) is a prefecture-level city in the northwestern part of Hunan province, People's Republic of China. It comprises the district of Yongding and counties of Cili and Sangzhi. Within it is located Wulingyuan Scenic Area which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992 as well as an AAAAA scenic area by the China National Tourism Administration.[1] +History +The city itself was previously named Dayong (大庸), and has a recorded history dating back to 221 BC. Humans lived here along both banks of the Lishui River (the mother river in Zhangjiajie), now within the boundaries of Zhanagjiajie City, very early during the Stone Age. Human settlement in this region dates back 100,000 years, rivaling such famous sites as Xi’an, Beijing and others. +In 1986, the Academy of Chinese Social Science discovered Stone Age relics in Cili County, unearthing 108 articles of stoneware; mostly tapered-form, hacked-tamped and plate-shaped works. According to archaeological experts’ textual research, all of these wares were produced about 100,000 years ago. +Shortly thereafter, in 1988, the Archaeological Institute of Hunan Province found other relics in Sangzhi County, including three pieces of stoneware which were estimated to have been fashioned over 100,000 years ago. +This seems understandable in view of Zhangjiajie's remote geographical position, its undeveloped land and river transportation, and its mountainous terrain making cultivation difficult. For these reasons, Zhangjiajie has been labeled "the Land of the Savage Southern Minority" since the earliest recorded history. Additional name descriptors have been the "Wuling Rude People" and "Tujia Rude People", indicative of discriminatory views held against the regional culture.[2] +Origin of the name +Wulingyuan +The new name of Zhangjiajie City was adopted in 1994, after the National Forest Park in the Wulingyuan Scenic Area (武陵源) in order to give it more prominence and after this site had been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992. The National Forest Park had been given the name of Zhangjiajie after the name of a small village located within its bounds, and now a popular tourist attraction within the park. +The three-character name (张家界) can be interpreted as follows: "Zhang" (张) is a common surname in China; "jia" (家) can be translated as "family"; and "jie" (界) can be translated as "homeland", giving the completed translation of "Zhang family homeland." +It has been reported that at least one tourist guide has said that the name may have been chosen to convey the idea or impression of "Open the family door to welcome the world" (张开家门引进世界), but this is not the locally accepted and directly-translated meaning of the name. The official version of its name is linked to a Han general, Zhang Liang, who resettled in the area after a suspicious Liu Bang, the Han emperor, started to persecute his staffs and generals who had contributed to his becoming emperor. It was so named to signify that the Zhang family had set up home there.[3] +Economy +The prefecture is mainly a tourist area. It attracts visitors from all over China and other Asian countries such as Korea, and is increasing in popularity for other international tourists. +Tourist attractions +The Wulinyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area comprises the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, the Tianzishan (天子山) mountain ranges, Baofenghu (宝峰湖) and the Suoxi Valley (索溪峪), and is a very popular filming and tourist destination. +Also in the Zhangjiajie area, Huanglongdong (黄龙洞) and Longwangdong (龙王洞) are caves known for many natural rock formations (much like Wulingyuan) and its underground cataract. +The Bailong Elevator is also located in the area. +Transportation +The Zhangjiajie Airport services scheduled service to major airports in China.It is about 5 km away from the downtown and 30 km away from Wulingyuan Scenic Area. There are domestic flights available between Zhangjiajie and other cities, such as Changsha, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou etc. Flights between Zhangjiajie and Seoul, Busan are also available.[5] +International relations +Zhangjiajie is twinned with: +Hadong County, South Korea (2006) Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States (2009) Naruto, Tokushima, Japan (2011) +References +External links +The 49th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 49 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and South America. +Around the world +Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 49° south passes through: +Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 49°0′S 0°0′E / 49.000°S 0.000°E / -49.000; 0.000 (Prime Meridian) Atlantic Ocean 49°0′S 20°0′E / 49.000°S 20.000°E / -49.000; 20.000 (Indian Ocean) Indian Ocean 49°0′S 68°48′E / 49.000°S 68.800°E / -49.000; 68.800 (French Southern & Antarctic Lands) French Southern and Antarctic Lands Kerguelen Islands 49°0′S 69°36′E / 49.000°S 69.600°E / -49.000; 69.600 (Indian Ocean) Indian Ocean 49°0′S 147°0′E / 49.000°S 147.000°E / -49.000; 147.000 (Pacific Ocean) Pacific Ocean 49°0′S 75°35′W / 49.000°S 75.583°W / -49.000; -75.583 (Chile) Chile Patagonic Archipelago and mainland 49°0′S 72°59′W / 49.000°S 72.983°W / -49.000; -72.983 (Argentina) Argentina 49°0′S 67°31′W / 49.000°S 67.517°W / -49.000; -67.517 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean +See also +Notable mandalas in classical Southeast Asian history (circa 5th to 15th century). From north to south; Bagan, Ayutthaya, Champa, Angkor, Srivijaya and Majapahit. +Maṇḍala is a Sanskrit word that means "circle". The mandala is a model for describing the patterns of diffuse political power distributed among Mueang or Kedatuan (principalities) in early Southeast Asian history, when local power was more important. The concept of a mandala counteracts modern tendencies to look for unified political power, i.e., the power of large kingdoms and nation states of later history — an inadvertent byproduct of 15th-century advances in map-making technologies.[1][2] In the words of O. W. Wolters who further explored the idea in 1982: +It is employed to denote traditional Southeast Asian political formations, such as federation of kingdoms or vassalized polity under a center of domination. It was adopted by 20th century European historians from ancient Indian political discourse as a means of avoiding the term "state" in the conventional sense. Not only did Southeast Asian polities not conform to classical Chinese and European views of a territorially defined state with fixed borders and a bureaucratic apparatus, but they diverged considerably in the opposite direction: the polity was defined by its centre rather than its boundaries, and it could be composed of numerous other tributary polities without undergoing administrative integration.[4] +In some ways similar to the feudal system of Europe, states were linked in suzerain–tributary relationships. Compared to feudalism however, the system gave greater independence to the subordinate states; it emphasised personal rather than official or territorial relationships; and it was often non-exclusive. Any particular area, therefore, could be subject to several powers, or none. +Terminology +The term draws a comparison with the mandala of the Hindu and Buddhist worldview; the comparison emphasises the radiation of power from each power center, as well as the non-physical basis of the system. +King's Highway 416, commonly referred to as Highway 416 and as the Veterans Memorial Highway, is a 400-series highway in the Canadian province of Ontario that connects the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 417) in Ottawa with Highway 401 between Brockville and Cornwall. The 76.4-kilometre-long (47.5 mi) freeway acts as an important trade corridor from Interstate 81 between New York and Eastern Ontario via Highway 401, as well as the fastest link between Ottawa and Toronto. Highway 416 passes through a largely rural area, except near its northern terminus where it enters the suburbs of Ottawa. +Ontario Highway 416 +See also +References +The 31st parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 31 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Africa, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America and the Atlantic Ocean. +At this latitude the sun is visible for 14 hours, 10 minutes during the summer solstice and 10 hours, 8 minutes during the winter solstice.[1] +Around the world +Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 31° north passes through: +Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 31°0′N 0°0′E / 31.000°N 0.000°E / 31.000; 0.000 (Prime Meridian) Algeria 31°0′N 9°22′E / 31.000°N 9.367°E / 31.000; 9.367 (Tunisia) Tunisia 31°0′N 10°17′E / 31.000°N 10.283°E / 31.000; 10.283 (Libya) Libya 31°0′N 17°33′E / 31.000°N 17.550°E / 31.000; 17.550 (Mediterranean Sea) Mediterranean Sea Gulf of Sidra 31°0′N 20°8′E / 31.000°N 20.133°E / 31.000; 20.133 (Libya) Libya 31°0′N 24°56′E / 31.000°N 24.933°E / 31.000; 24.933 (Egypt) Egypt 31°0′N 28°43′E / 31.000°N 28.717°E / 31.000; 28.717 (Mediterranean Sea) Mediterranean Sea 31°0′N 29°35′E / 31.000°N 29.583°E / 31.000; 29.583 (Egypt) Egypt 31°0′N 34°21′E / 31.000°N 34.350°E / 31.000; 34.350 (Israel) Israel 31°0′N 35°24′E / 31.000°N 35.400°E / 31.000; 35.400 (Jordan) Jordan 31°0′N 37°30′E / 31.000°N 37.500°E / 31.000; 37.500 (Saudi Arabia) Saudi Arabia 31°0′N 42°14′E / 31.000°N 42.233°E / 31.000; 42.233 (Iraq) Iraq 31°0′N 47°42′E / 31.000°N 47.700°E / 31.000; 47.700 (Iran / Iraq border) Iran / Iraq border 31°0′N 48°1′E / 31.000°N 48.017°E / 31.000; 48.017 (Iran) Iran 31°0′N 61°50′E / 31.000°N 61.833°E / 31.000; 61.833 (Afghanistan) Afghanistan 31°0′N 66°35′E / 31.000°N 66.583°E / 31.000; 66.583 (Pakistan) Pakistan Balochistan Punjab 31°0′N 74°33′E / 31.000°N 74.550°E / 31.000; 74.550 (India) India Punjab Himachal Pradesh Uttarakhand 31°0′N 79°32′E / 31.000°N 79.533°E / 31.000; 79.533 (China) People's Republic of China Tibet Sichuan Chongqing Hubei Anhui Zhejiang Jiangsu Zhejiang - for about 5 km Jiangsu - for about 5 km Zhejiang - for about 11 km Shanghai 31°0′N 121°53′E / 31.000°N 121.883°E / 31.000; 121.883 (East China Sea) East China Sea 31°0′N 130°39′E / 31.000°N 130.650°E / 31.000; 130.650 (Japan) Japan Cape Sata, the southernmost point of the island of Kyūshū 31°0′N 130°41′E / 31.000°N 130.683°E / 31.000; 130.683 (Pacific Ocean) Pacific Ocean 31°0′N 116°20′W / 31.000°N 116.333°W / 31.000; -116.333 (Mexico) Mexico Baja California peninsula 31°0′N 114°50′W / 31.000°N 114.833°W / 31.000; -114.833 (Gulf of California) Gulf of California 31°0′N 113°6′W / 31.000°N 113.100°W / 31.000; -113.100 (Mexico) Mexico 31°0′N 105°33′W / 31.000°N 105.550°W / 31.000; -105.550 (United States) United States Texas Louisiana Mississippi / Louisiana border Mississippi Alabama Alabama / Florida border Georgia 31°0′N 81°28′W / 31.000°N 81.467°W / 31.000; -81.467 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean 31°0′N 9°49′W / 31.000°N 9.817°W / 31.000; -9.817 (Morocco) Morocco 31°0′N 3°33′W / 31.000°N 3.550°W / 31.000; -3.550 (Algeria) Algeria +See also +Around the world +Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 36° north passes through: +Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 36°0′N 0°0′E / 36.000°N 0.000°E / 36.000; 0.000 (Prime Meridian) Mediterranean Sea 36°0′N 0°7′E / 36.000°N 0.117°E / 36.000; 0.117 (Algeria) Algeria 36°0′N 8°18′E / 36.000°N 8.300°E / 36.000; 8.300 (Tunisia) Tunisia 36°0′N 10°31′E / 36.000°N 10.517°E / 36.000; 10.517 (Mediterranean Sea) Mediterranean Sea Passing just north of the island of Linosa, Italy Passing between the islands of Comino and Malta, Malta 36°0′N 23°10′E / 36.000°N 23.167°E / 36.000; 23.167 (Aegean Sea) Aegean Sea Passing between the islands of Kythira and Antikythera, Greece Passing just north of Saria Island, Greece 36°0′N 27°45′E / 36.000°N 27.750°E / 36.000; 27.750 (Greece) Greece Island of Rhodes 36°0′N 27°55′E / 36.000°N 27.917°E / 36.000; 27.917 (Mediterranean Sea) Mediterranean Sea 36°0′N 35°59′E / 36.000°N 35.983°E / 36.000; 35.983 (Turkey) Turkey Hatay Province 36°0′N 36°22′E / 36.000°N 36.367°E / 36.000; 36.367 (Syria) Syria 36°0′N 41°17′E / 36.000°N 41.283°E / 36.000; 41.283 (Iraq) Iraq 36°0′N 45°21′E / 36.000°N 45.350°E / 36.000; 45.350 (Iran) Iran 36°0′N 61°10′E / 36.000°N 61.167°E / 36.000; 61.167 (Turkmenistan) Turkmenistan 36°0′N 63°49′E / 36.000°N 63.817°E / 36.000; 63.817 (Afghanistan) Afghanistan 36°0′N 71°15′E / 36.000°N 71.250°E / 36.000; 71.250 (Pakistan) Pakistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Gilgit-Baltistan - claimed by India 36°0′N 76°6′E / 36.000°N 76.100°E / 36.000; 76.100 (Shaksgam Valley) Shaksgam Valley Area administered by People's Republic of China, claimed by India 36°0′N 76°48′E / 36.000°N 76.800°E / 36.000; 76.800 (China) People's Republic of China Xinjiang Tibet Qinghai Gansu — passing just south of Lanzhou Ningxia Gansu Shaanxi Shanxi Henan Shandong Henan (for about 15 km) Shandong — passing just south of Qingdao 36°0′N 120°18′E / 36.000°N 120.300°E / 36.000; 120.300 (Yellow Sea) Yellow Sea 36°0′N 126°42′E / 36.000°N 126.700°E / 36.000; 126.700 (South Korea) South Korea South Chungcheong Province North Jeolla Province North Gyeongsang Province passing just north of Daegu-Palgong Mountain North Gyeongsang Province 36°0′N 129°35′E / 36.000°N 129.583°E / 36.000; 129.583 (Sea of Japan) Sea of Japan 36°0′N 133°1′E / 36.000°N 133.017°E / 36.000; 133.017 (Japan) Japan Island of Chiburi-shima: — Shimane Prefecture 36°0′N 133°4′E / 36.000°N 133.067°E / 36.000; 133.067 (Sea of Japan) Sea of Japan 36°0′N 135°58′E / 36.000°N 135.967°E / 36.000; 135.967 (Japan) Japan Island of Honshū: — Fukui Prefecture — Gifu Prefecture — Nagano Prefecture — Gunma Prefecture − for about 4 km — Saitama Prefecture — Chiba Prefecture − for about 6 km — Ibaraki Prefecture 36°0′N 140°40′E / 36.000°N 140.667°E / 36.000; 140.667 (Pacific Ocean) Pacific Ocean 36°0′N 121°30′W / 36.000°N 121.500°W / 36.000; -121.500 (United States) United States California Nevada Arizona New Mexico Texas Oklahoma Arkansas Missouri / Arkansas border (approximate) Tennessee North Carolina (Madison County, for about 14 km) Tennessee (Unicoi County, for about 12 km) North Carolina 36°0′N 75°39′W / 36.000°N 75.650°W / 36.000; -75.650 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean 36°0′N 5°50′W / 36.000°N 5.833°W / 36.000; -5.833 (Strait of Gibraltar) Strait of Gibraltar Passing a few metres south of Punta de Tarifa, Spain - the most southerly point of the European mainland 36°0′N 5°25′W / 36.000°N 5.417°W / 36.000; -5.417 (Mediterranean Sea) Mediterranean Sea +Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 90°0′N 87°0′E / 90.000°N 87.000°E / 90.000; 87.000 (Arctic Ocean) Arctic Ocean 81°8′N 87°0′E / 81.133°N 87.000°E / 81.133; 87.000 (Kara Sea) Kara Sea 75°8′N 87°0′E / 75.133°N 87.000°E / 75.133; 87.000 (Russia) Russia Krasnoyarsk Krai Tomsk Oblast — from 59°53′N 87°0′E / 59.883°N 87.000°E / 59.883; 87.000 (Tomsk Oblast) Kemerovo Oblast — from 56°32′N 87°0′E / 56.533°N 87.000°E / 56.533; 87.000 (Kemerovo Oblast) Altai Krai — from 53°3′N 87°0′E / 53.050°N 87.000°E / 53.050; 87.000 (Altai Krai) Republic of Khakassia — from 52°54′N 87°0′E / 52.900°N 87.000°E / 52.900; 87.000 (Khakassia) Altai Krai — from 52°45′N 87°0′E / 52.750°N 87.000°E / 52.750; 87.000 (Altai Krai) Altai Republic — from 52°39′N 87°0′E / 52.650°N 87.000°E / 52.650; 87.000 (Altai Republic) 49°18′N 87°0′E / 49.300°N 87.000°E / 49.300; 87.000 (Kazakhstan) Kazakhstan 49°6′N 87°0′E / 49.100°N 87.000°E / 49.100; 87.000 (China) People's Republic of China Xinjiang Tibet — from 36°18′N 87°0′E / 36.300°N 87.000°E / 36.300; 87.000 (Tibet) 27°57′N 87°0′E / 27.950°N 87.000°E / 27.950; 87.000 (Nepal) Nepal 26°32′N 87°0′E / 26.533°N 87.000°E / 26.533; 87.000 (India) India Bihar Jharkhand — from 24°37′N 87°0′E / 24.617°N 87.000°E / 24.617; 87.000 (Jharkhand) West Bengal — from 23°51′N 87°0′E / 23.850°N 87.000°E / 23.850; 87.000 (West Bengal) Odisha — from 22°2′N 87°0′E / 22.033°N 87.000°E / 22.033; 87.000 (Odisha) 21°25′N 87°0′E / ���21.417°N 87.000°E / 21.417; 87.000 (Indian Ocean) Indian Ocean 20°45′N 87°0′E / 20.750°N 87.000°E / 20.750; 87.000 (India) India Odisha 20°39′N 87°0′E / 20.650°N 87.000°E / 20.650; 87.000 (Indian Ocean) Indian Ocean 60°0′S 87°0′E / 60.000°S 87.000°E / -60.000; 87.000 (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean 66°6′S 87°0′E / 66.100°S 87.000°E / -66.100; 87.000 (Antarctica) Antarctica Australian Antarctic Territory, claimed by Australia +Captain Sir Basil Henry Liddell Hart (31 October 1895–29 January 1970), commonly known throughout most of his career as Captain B. H. Liddell Hart, was an English soldier, military historian and military theorist. He is often credited with greatly influencing the development of armoured warfare,[1] although recent research casts doubt on the extent of his influence upon the pre-war German military in the years before the Second World War.[2] +Meningococcal vaccine refers to any of the vaccines used to prevent infection by Neisseria meningitidis.[1] Different versions are effective against some or all of the following types of meningococcus: A, C, W135, and Y. The vaccines are between 85 and 100% effective for at least two years.[1] They result in a decrease in meningitis and sepsis among populations were they are widely used.[2][3] They are given either by injection into a muscle or just under the skin.[1] +The World Health Organization recommends that countries with a moderate or high rate of disease or with frequent outbreaks should routinely vaccinate.[1][4] In countries with a low risk of disease, they recommend that high risk groups should be immunized.[1] In the African meningitis belt efforts to immunize all people between the ages of one and thirty with the meningococcal A conjugate vaccine are ongoing.[4] In Canada and the United States the vaccines effective against all four types are recommended routinely for teenagers and others who are at high risk.[1] They are also required for people travelling to Mecca for Hajj.[1] +Safety is generally good. Some develop pain and redness at the site of injection.[1] Use in pregnancy appears to be safe.[4] Severe allergic reactions occur in less than one in a million doses.[1] +The first meningococcal vaccine became available in the 1970s.[5] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication needed in a basic health system.[6] The wholesale cost is between 3.23 and 10.77 USD per dose as of 2014.[7] In the United States it costs 100 to 200 USD for a course.[8] +References +Measles vaccine is a vaccine that is very effective at preventing measles.[1] After one dose 85% of children nine months of age and 95% over twelve months of age are immune.[2] Nearly all of those who do not develop immunity after a single dose develop it after a second dose. When rates of vaccination within a population are greater than 93% outbreaks of measles typically no longer occur; however, they may occur again if rates of vaccination decrease. The vaccine's effectiveness lasts many years. +This may include pain at the site of injection or mild fever. Anaphylaxis has been documented in about one per hundred thousand people. Rates of Guillian-Barre syndrome, autism and inflammatory bowel disease do not appear to be increased.[1] +The vaccine is available both by itself and in combination with other vaccines including rubella vaccine, mumps vaccine, and varicella vaccine (the MMR vaccine and MMRV vaccine). The vaccine works equally well in all formulations. The World Health Organization recommends it be given at nine months of age in areas of the world where the disease is common. +About 85% of children globally have received this vaccine as of 2013.[3] In 2008 at least 192 countries offered two doses.[1] It was first introduced in 1963.[2] The combination measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine first became available in 1971.[4] The chickenpox vaccine was added to these three in 2005 giving the MMRV vaccine.[5] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication needed in a basic health system.[6] The vaccine is not very expensive.[1] +References +Portrait of Ludwik Rydygier with his assistants by Leon Wyczółkowski +The intelligentsia (Latin: intellegentia, Polish: inteligencja, Russian: интеллигенция; IPA: [ɪntʲɪlʲɪˈɡʲentsɨjə]) is a social class of people engaged in complex mental labour aimed at guiding or critiquing, or otherwise playing a leadership role in shaping a society's culture and politics.[1] This therefore might include everyone from artists to school teachers, as well as academics, writers, journalists, and other hommes de lettres (men of letters) more usually thought of as being the main constituents of the intelligentsia. Intelligentsia is the subject of active polemics concerning its own role in the development of modern society not always positive historically, often contributing to higher degree of progress, but also to its backward movement.[2] +In a social sense, the stratum of intelligentsia arose first in Russian-controlled Poland during the age of Partitions. The term was borrowed from Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel in around the 1840s, to describe the educated and professionally active segment of patriotic bourgeoisie able to become the spiritual leaders of the country ruled by a foreign power in an authoritarian way. +Deprived of socio-political influence in the form of enterprises or any "effective levers of economic development", the educated intelligentsia became a characteristic indicator of the East-European cultural periphery unlike the German Bildungsbürgertum or the British professions for whom leading societal roles were available.[2] +In pre-revolutionary Russia the term was first used to describe people possessing cultural and political initiative.[3] It was commonly used by those individuals themselves to create an apparent distance from the masses, and generally retained that narrow self-definition.[citation needed] More recently the term mass intelligentsia has been popularized to describe the intellectual effect of tertiary education upon a population. +History of the notion +The emergence of intelligentsia preceded the term 'intelligentsia' as proposed by the Polish Romantics.[4] It was associated with the development of cities, the mass spread of printing and the construction of tenement houses available for rental occupancy in the urban core. That's where the embryonic intelligentsia: journalists, teachers, civil servants, could find an apartment outside traditional class divisions.[4] In the opinion of historian Maciej Janowski (The Rise of the Intelligentsia, 1750-1831) the new intelligentsia became "servants" to the modern state in the degree that the state they served, i.e. the partitioned Poland became increasingly backward and repressive. In the Polish language the term 'inteligencja' was popularised in a meaning close to the present one by the Polish philosopher Karol Libelt, and became widespread in Polish science after the publication of his O miłości ojczyzny (On Love of the Fatherland) in 1844. +On the behavioral indicators of intelligentsia from 'Culture and Intelligentsia' by Dr. Vitaly Tepikin:[9] +advanced for its time moral ideals, sensitiveness to fellow creature, tact in manifestations; persistent self-education; patriotism, which is based on faith in its own people and whole-hearted, inexhaustible love [of] little and big Motherland; creative activity as a crucial part of intelligentsia lifestyle (this applies not only to artists, as many would consider, but also to scientists and engineers - from a creative approach of their main occupation, to recreational culture; various hobbies and self-improvement practices, like sports and hiking); independence, aspiration toward freedom of self-expression and finding of themselves in it. +See also +References +Chu Jinling (楚金玲; born 29 July 1984) is a Chinese volleyball player. +Chu currently plays club ball for Liaoning, and has played for the national team[1] during many of its recent successes. +Major titles +World Grand Prix 2003 (World title) +References +Racism in Thailand is a prevalent but little discussed topic.[citation needed] +Racism towards Thailand's ethnic minorities +Thailand's ethnic minorities have been subjected to widespread persecution in Thailand for a very long time. Especially the 1 million-over members of Thailand's hill tribes were viewed as illiterate drug peddlers and opium-growers, with Thai mainstream media perpetuating this image. According to Dr Chayan Vaddanaputti of Chiang Mai University, this was not always the case: +"Earlier, they were seen by ordinary people in the lowlands as friends and trading partners in a mutually symbiotic relationship between the hills and the valleys. But growing environmental problems after Thailand's national social and economic development plans took off in the late '60s and early '70s, and an influx of Vietnamese migrants during the Vietnam War changed this relationship forever. +Then they became the enemies, the 'other.' The demonization and criminalization of ethnic minorities and the perpetuation of the myth that they are non-Thai has been embedded in Thai textbooks, in Thai history and in the mainstream media."[1] +Extrajudicial killings, torture, disappearances, and intimidation of members of Thailand's hilltribes by Thai police and military were especially ruthless under prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra's "War on Drugs", which started in 2003, based on the aforementioned stereotyping of the hilltribes.[2] +The Muslim Malay Patani kingdom of southern Thailand was incorporated into the Thai state in 1785 CE. +Being called khaek ("foreigner"or "guest"), the Thai Malays were subjected to discriminatory actions and political suppression, especially during the regimes of Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram and the Thaification policies of the mid 20th century. The South Thailand insurgency of the past 10 years, has repeatedly been met with brutal force by successive Thai governments, especially under the Thaksin Shinawatra administration.[3][4] +Thai Chinese, who now make up 14% of Thailand's population, also have had to bear xenophobic sentiments. Besides having had their language and writing suppressed during the Thaification period of the mid 20th century, those of Chinese descent have been forced to change their last names to "Thai" sounding names. +Thailand has had long standing racial issues with Middle Easterners,[citation needed] who collectively are also called khaek, meaning "foreigner" or "guest". This remnant from the time of the Ayutthaya Kingdom can be used in a neutral manner but it can also be used as a racial slur.[5] +Prejudice towards dark skinned people +As in much of Asia, dark skin is equated with outdoor labor conditions and the lower classes, but, contrary to the view in Western countries, it is not connected to slavery.[6][7] Open displays of blackface in Thailand are prevalent and tolerated, and considered funny. A Dunkin Donuts blackface ad aired on television in 2013, causing a stir in Western media, which was met for the most part with incomprehension in Thailand. The ad, says Thai cultural commentator Kaewmala, may be controversial, but "it’s not a comment on black people in general, it’s about concepts of beauty and social snobbery in Asia."[8] +As most Thai people traditionally have never encountered people of African descent personally, prejudice toward and stereotypes of people of African descent were absorbed by Thais through movies from the West.[9] Common brands featuring people of African descent include mops, toilet brushes and tooth paste.[10][11] +Prior to contact with the West, Indian culture permeated the early civilizations of Southeast Asia, which included the ideal of fair skin over darker skin. The 20 million Isan population for instance, many of whom are of Laotian and Khmer descent, traditionally had darker skin and studies show that many view themselves as less desirable than those with lighter skin. Skin whitening products have proven increasingly popular in most of Asia, including Thailand and are marketed in such a way as to promote light skin as beautiful and desirable.[12] +Xenophobia +Thai attitudes towards Burma have been formed by the Thai ethnocentric media of the 1990s and a nationalistic school system, which teaches that Burma is Thailand's traditional enemy, based on repeated wars between the two from the 16th century CE onward. This negative view was further popularized in novels and films, presenting heroic Thais fighting against villainous Burmese invaders. +Examples of recent films that portray this are Bang Rajan (2000), The Legend of Suriyothai (2001),[13] King Naresuan (film series, 2007 onwards), and Siyama (2008). +The strong condemnation of the 2014 Thai coup d'état by countries such as the United States of America and Australia have given rise to an "anti-foreigner sentiment" with those Thais who are in favor of the coup.[14] In March 2012, Ombudsman Prof. Siracha Charoenpanij, a public advocate appointed by the government, blamed foreigners for the difficulties that Thais faced in owning land, incorrectly claiming that a third of the land area of Thailand, some 100 million rai or 160.000 km2 of premium land primarily in established beach resorts, was now owned by non-Thais through proxy, and obtained through corruption and the use of legal loopholes. The National Institute of Development Administration supposedly provided these numbers.[15][16] +Due to a huge increase of Russian and Eastern European tourists to Phuket, Russians have also been the target of xenophobia, with protests and banners saying "Russians Get Out" in Phuket, and "a taxi blockade over suspected Russian transport drivers; illegal shops and businesses".[17] Other issues include the Singapore Tourism Board organising a Songkran festival in Singapore without the endorsement of either Thai expats in Singapore, or sponsorship from the Thai authorities.[18] Singapore was accused of "stealing 'our' (Thailand's) Songkran",[19] with Thai officials threatening lawsuits.[20] +In 2014, Thai officials started to check for passports of Chinese tourists who wanted to enter the terrain of a university in Chiang Mai due to said tourists using buses reserved for students, attending lectures, and eating at the student cafeteria.[21] Popular anti-Cambodian sentiment (already high due to border clashes over Preah Vihear temple) has been stirred up by Suthep Thaugsuban (a Yellow Shirt leader) for the sake of political gain in 2014.[22] +See also +Crime in Thailand +References +Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infection.[1] In countries that include it as a routine vaccine, rates of severe Hib infections have decreased more than 90%. It has therefore resulted in a decrease in the rate of meningitis, pneumonia, and epiglottitis.[1] +It is recommended by both the World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.[2][1] Two or three doses are should be given before six months of age. The first dose is recommended around six weeks of age with four weeks between doses. If only two doses are used another dose latter in life is recommended. +About 20 to 25% of people develop pain at the site of injection while about 2% develop a fever. There is no clear association with severe allergic reactions. The Hib vaccine is available by itself, in combination with the diptheria/tetanus/pertussis vaccine, and in combination with the hepatitis B vaccine, among others. +An initial Hib vaccine was developed in 1977 which was replaced by a more effective formulation in the 1990s. As of 2013, 184 countries include it in their routine vaccines.[1] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[3] The wholesale cost of a pentavalent vaccine which includes Hib was 15.40 USD per dose as of 2014.[4] In the United States it costs about 25 to 50 USD per dose.[5] +References +Hepatitis B vaccine is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis B.[1] The first dose is recommended within 24 hours of birth with either two or three more doses given after that. This includes in those with poor immune function such as from HIV/AIDS and in those born premature. In healthy people routine immunization results in more than 95% of people being protected.[1] +Blood testing to verify that the vaccine has worked is recommended in those at high risk. Additional doses may be needed in people with poor immune function but are not necessary for most people. In those who have been exposed to hepatitis B virus but not immunized, hepatitis B immune globulin should be given in addition to the vaccine. +It has not been linked to Guillain-Barre syndrome. The current vaccines are produced with recombinant DNA techniques. They are available both by themselves and in combination with other vaccines.[1] +The first hepatitis B vaccine was approved in the United States in 1981.[2] A safer version came to market in 1986.[1] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[3] The wholesale cost is between 0.58 and 13.20 USD per dose as of 2014.[4] In the United States it costs between 50 and 100 USD.[5] +References +Hepatitis A vaccine is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis A.[1] It is effective in around 95% of cases and lasts for at least fifteen years and possibly a person's entire life.[2][1] If given, two doses are recommended beginning after the age of one. It is given by injection into a muscle.[1] +The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends universal vaccination in areas where the diseases is moderately common. Where the disease is very common widespread vaccination is not recommended as all people typically develop immunity through infection when a child.[1] The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends vaccinating adults who are at high risk and all children.[3] +Most hepatitis A vaccines contain inactivated virus while a few contain weakened virus. The ones with weakened virus are not recommended during pregnancy or in those with poor immune function. A few formulations combine hepatitis A with either hepatitis B or typhoid vaccine.[1] +The first hepatitis A vaccine was approved in Europe in 1991 and the United States in 1995.[4] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication needed in a basic health system.[5] In the United States it costs between 50 and 100 USD.[6] +References +A spherical cow jumps over the Moon +A spherical cow is a humorous metaphor for highly simplified scientific models of complex real life phenomena.[1][2] The implication is that theoretical physicists will often reduce a problem to the simplest form they can imagine in order to make calculations more feasible, even though such simplification may hinder the model's application to reality. The concept is known commonly enough that it is sometimes referred to in scientific discourse without need for further explanation.[3] +Details +The phrase comes from a joke that spoofs the simplifying assumptions that physics students are taught to use as they approach nearly any question: +Or in a more detailed version:[4] +It is told in many variants,[5] including a spherical horse in a vacuum, from a joke about a physicist who said he could predict the winner of any horse race, provided it involved perfectly elastic spherical horses moving through a vacuum.[6][7] +Popular culture +The joke sometimes shows up outside the physics community. In an episode of the sitcom The Big Bang Theory, the joke is told with a slight variation, the punchline mentioning "spherical chickens in a vacuum".[8] +Consider a Spherical Cow is the title of a 1988 book about problem solving using very simplified models,[9] and "Spherical Cow" was chosen as the codename for the Fedora 18 Linux distribution.[10] +See also +Assume a can opener Fermi problem Frictionless plane Isolated system Occam's razor Naïve physics Unobtainium You have two cows +References +External links +Siam Air, is a Thai airline. It operates services out of Bangkok's Don Mueang International Airport, from which its first flight serviced to Hong Kong in October 2014. +The airline began operations with 2 Boeing 737-300's in 2014, with 2 Boeing 737-800 added to its fleet in late 2015.[1] Siam Air started commercial flights out of Don Mueang to Hong Kong in 2014. +It expanded by adding Zhengzhou and Guangzhou to its network in early 2015. +In late 2015, the airline launched flights to Macau and Singapore. +Destinations +Siam Air currently flies to the following destinations:[2] +Guangzhou - Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Zhengzhou - Zhengzhou Xinzheng International Airport +Hong Kong - Hong Kong International Airport +Macau - Macau International Airport +Singapore - Singapore Changi Airport +Bangkok - Don Mueang International Airport Hub +Fleet +Siam Air's Boeing 737-300 at Bangkok Don Mueang Airport +As of December 2015, Siam Air consists of the following aircraft: +Siam Air Fleet[3] Aircraft In Service Orders Passengers Notes J Y Total Boeing 737-300 2 — — 145 145 HS-BRU, HS-BRV Boeing 737-800 2 — — 186 186 HS-EEE, HS-RRR. Total 4 — +References +Offices of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, which house the CAB +The Japan Civil Aviation Bureau (航空局, Kōkūkyoku?, JCAB) is the civil aviation authority of Japan and a division of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT). Its head office is in the MLIT building in Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda, Tokyo.[1] It is the Japanese equivalent of the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration.[2] +References +External links +Civil Aviation Bureau Civil Aviation Bureau (Japanese) "Working Arrangement between The Civil Aviation Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Japan (CAB) and The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)." (Archive) +Inside Gimhae International Airport (International terminal) +Curfew +The curfew prevents aircraft from taking off or landing between the hours of 11 P.M. and 6 A.M. +Gimhae International Airport (formerly Kimhae International Airport) (IATA: PUS, ICAO: RKPK) is located on the western end of Busan, South Korea. +It opened in 1976. A new international terminal opened on October 31, 2007.[3] Gimhae International Airport is the main hub for Air Busan. Runway 18L/36R is used for military purposes only, but due to increasing traffic, there are plans to open the runway for airliners. +In 2015, 12,382,150 passengers used the airport. +Around 2013, Busan had announced that it was proposing to cease Gimhae International Airport's operation on all passenger planes, due to the small size, small maximum amounts of space and sky-routes, and safety. They plan to move Busan's airport to the island of Gadeokdo (south sector of Busan New Port), an island in southwestern Busan and 'Busan New Port' in South 7 km. +Airlines and destinations +Passenger +Traffic and statistics +Top carriers +In 2015, the ten carriers with the largest percentage of passengers flying into, out of, or through Gimhae International Airport are as follows: +Top carriers (2015) Rank Carrier Domestic passengers International passengers Total % 1 Air Busan 2,648,696 1,628,846 4,277,542 34.55% 2 Korean Air 2,214,395 1,330,737 3,545,132 28.63% 3 Jeju Air 1,043,928 507,982 1,551,910 12.53% 4 Asiana Airlines 101,968 446,378 548,346 4.43% 5 Jin Air 399,176 100,851 500,027 4.04% 6 Vietnam Airlines 291,998 291,998 2.36% 7 Japan Airlines 181,032 181,032 1.46% 8 China Airlines 166,587 166,587 1.35% 9 Philippine Airlines 161,273 161,273 1.30% 10 China Eastern Airlines 149,833 149,833 1.21% +Top destinations +Domestic +Busiest domestic routes (2015) Rank Airport Passengers 2015 Flight Top carriers 1 Jeju 3,736,582 22,842 Air Busan, Asiana Airlines, Eastar Jet, Jeju Air, Jin Air, Korean Air 2 Seoul-Gimpo 2,334,144 18,684 Air Busan, Jeju Air, Korean Air 3 Seoul-Incheon 353,268 2,594 Air Busan, Asiana Airlines, Korean Air +International +External links +In 2012, it was estimated that there were some 1.2 million methamphetamine addicts in Thailand,[9] though this number may have been underestimated.[9] Methampetamines are so widely abused that animals, such as gibbons, slow lorises,[10][11] and elephants[12] are force-fed the stimulants to make them work longer hours, sedated to allow petting and entertain tourists.[citation needed] +In May 2012, it was discovered that nearly 50 million legal pseudoephedrine tablets had been stolen from Thai hospitals.[citation needed] Two billion more tablets were smuggled in from Taiwan and South Korea, with forged documents showing two Thai companies importing some eight billion more.[12] They had reported the drugs to be imports of electronics and automobile parts. Thailand responded by close monitoring of the sale and distribution of pseudoephedrine. +Druggings of tourists and locals alike by sex workers and thieves are a rare, but not uncommon, occurrence in major tourist centers like Pattaya or Phuket.[citation needed] A United Nations report on the situation in Thailand states, "Many of those now incarcerated in Thailand's prisons are likely to be low-level traders and drug users, as they are more easy targets for police, rather than large scale traffickers and organised criminals".[13] +Crime in Thailand is a persistent, growing, complex, internationalized, and under-recognized problem. Since the 2014 coup, crime in Thailand is reported by the Royal Thai Police; however, there is no single agency which acts as a watchdog and publishes statistics.[citation needed] +Official corruption is rampant in Thailand.[citation needed] It ranges from bribery to outright police collusion. The interplay of extremely addictive drugs, prostitution, political paralysis, corruption and collusion, a culture of impunity,[1] international tourism and trade, liberal sexual mores, traditional Buddhist tolerance[2] and tendency to ignore problems has led to an increasingly multifaceted and complex crime epidemic in the country. Juvenile delinquency has also been increasing in recent years.[3][4] +The military coup of May 2014 brought the promise of a crackdown on crime in Thailand. +But in November 2015, the New York Times reported that in the fiscal year ending September 2015, the national police have seen a surge in thefts, burglaries, and robberies, more than 75,557 thefts and other property crimes in the fiscal year, 10.5 percent higher than the previous year. Violent crime was up 8.6 percent during the same period.[5] These figures have been contested by the police and by Amorn Wanichwiwatana, a criminologist at Chulalongkorn University, who said he was not aware of any significant uptick in crime since the military came to power. +"I don’t think that’s the case. It's not possible," he said of the 60 percent increase reported by the Times. Crime statistics from the Royal Thai Police (RTP) show a statistically negligible increase of 1.9 percent over the same period, with 920 additional crimes reported after an overall decline since 2009.[6] +By location +The prime areas of drug abuse are Bangkok, Phuket, and Pattaya, but not limited to these areas. The prime transit corridor for drugs entering northern Thailand is from the Golden Triangle, as well as from ethnically divided rebel-controlled areas within the fragmented state of Myanmar, especially Shan State. Thailand's international ports, like Laem Chabang near Pattaya, and Suvarnabhumi International Airport, have seen a number of African[7] and former Commonwealth of Independent States gangs, as well as other transnational gangs and drug mules involved in the trade. +Crime by type +Drugs and druggings +Thailand has a growing problem of drugs and the violence associated with it.[8] The drugs involved range from the traditional, kratom,[9] to ya baa, opium from Myanmar, and local herbal medicines. +Since about 2005, a surge of nightlife-inspired party drugs took hold, with increasingly violent behavior exhibited by users.[9] +A previous attempt to control the drug trade by declaring the 2003 War on Drugs, was met with allegations of Thaksin-allied, politically-inspired targeted killings, quotas of dead drug traffickers, and the targeting of innocent victims.[citation needed] +Animal abuse +Animal abuse in Thailand is widespread, including elephants tortured for tourism,[14] killing elephants for their tusks,[15] smuggling them from Myanmar,[16] exploiting elephants in cities,[17] and trading in animal parts.[18] +Rape +In 2013, some 87 women came forward daily to report sexual abuse or to seek counseling as a result of sexual abuse in Thailand, with most offenders known to the victim. +Police refused to accept complaints, giving excuses such as "political unrest". The youngest victim was aged one year and nine months and eldest was 85. The youngest offender was a 10-year-old boy who took part in a gang-rape and the eldest was an 85-year-old man who molested a young girl.[19] +Fraud +Thailand as a major tourist destination is infamous for scams and touts. Among the most famous and lucrative are the gem scam, Thai tailor scam, and fake travel agents[20][21] and Thai zig zag scam. +The boiler room scam (a fake stock trading scam) is perhaps the most publicized white collar crime in Thailand.[22][23][24][25] +Stateless persons are targeted with fake UN working rights cards.[26] +Serious passport and identification forgery caught the attention of US authorities after the disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370. +Some 259 stolen visa labels had disappeared from a Thai consulate in Malaysia in August 2013.[27] They were used to cross the Thai border illegally. Thirty-five Iranians, one Cameroonian, 20 Nigerians, four Pakistanis, four Indians, and others from Asia made the crossing.[28] +Human trafficking and prostitution +In 2013, the US State Department stated that Thailand faced the lowest rank (e.g. failing) in its Trafficking In Persons Report.[29] The 2013 report stated that Thai police and immigration officials "extorted money or sex" from detainees or "sold Burmese migrants unable to pay labor brokers or sex traffickers,".[29] According to officials from the International Labour Organisation (ILO), Thailand was the only government to vote against the United Nations Forced Labour Convention at the ILO's annual ministerial conference in June 2014.[30][31] +In response, Walmart and Costco retail chains in USA have dumped Charoen Pokphand as a supplier of seafood products due to suppliers that "own, operate or buy from fishing boats manned with slaves." [32] The Thai government on 15 June 2014 caved to international pressure and explained its intention to rescind its previous ILO vote.[33] +Domestic violence +Violence against women has been rising in Thailand, some 27,000 victims have been admitted to hospitals in the years of 2007-2012.[34] In 2006, 13,550 cases of domestic violence against women and children were reported by Thailand's Public Health Ministry.[35] +Crime dynamics +School violence and delinquency +Technical colleges for years have seen rival gang shootings at major intersections in Bangkok and elsewhere, and tends to be an urban phenomenon.[36] In one famous case, one such shootout began in response to Gangnam style faceoff.[37] One technical school student is quoted as saying, "Guns are like school supplies. On our campus, we might use a gun to protect ourselves from violent, unruly seniors. Outside, we have rival schools..."[38] +Juvenile delinquency from 2003 to 2007 exploded, increasing some 70 percent, with both genders reporting large increases, despite the country moving up world economic rankings.[39] +Prison infrastructure and corruption +Thailand has woefully inadequate prison infrastructure, as well as a lack of political will to deal with the exploding crime problem.[citation needed] In Rayong Central Prison, which was designed to house 3,000 inmates but holds 6,000, improvised rocket canisters were used to relay goods from the outside world over the top of walls into the prison.[1] Mail sent to prisoners contained items such as mobile phones used to coordinate and organize crime outside of the prison.[40] This situation is not unique to Rayong Prison, and is commonplace throughout Thailand.[41] +Corrupt prison officials add to the issues of dealing with escalating crime.[41] In one case, a prison nurse was caught dealing drugs.[42] In a sting operation some 28 prison wardens were found to be smuggling drugs.[43] Authorities are so corrupt or incompetent that females were found in one male cell feeding five babies.[44] Thai authorities have responded by installing mobile phone jamming equipment, but these jammers has been proven to offer a false sense of security, as a wall crack was used to store phones where the jammers could not penetrate.[45] Other initiatives include x-ray scanners,[1] and installing CCTV equipment. A new super-max prison is in the planning stages.[46] +Buddhist monks +Crime has infiltrated all components of Thai society, including Buddhist institutions. The monastic life offers a veil of legitimacy to criminal organizations. There have been a number of monks in a string of cases in recent years caught with methamphetamines, selling drugs,[47] prostitutes, pornography, and guns, including senior monks.[48] +One case involved two monks attempting to ditch speed pills at a police checkpoint.[49][50] Another case involved a senior monk who claimed he needed money to "refurbish his temple", yet used the money for drugs and sex.[8] Murder by clergy has been reported increasingly.[51] There was even a case of Thai monks killing each other in the United States.[52] In addition, sexual assaults committed by Thai monks are common and just beginning to enter the media. There is widespread sexual assault of male novices in temples, and of maechees (Buddhist nuns) and lay women.[53] +Deaths of foreigners +A number of high-profile Westerners have died in Bangkok hotels including Hollywood actor David Carradine, The director of Tata Motors, Karl Slym, (British), and American businesswoman Wendy Albano.[54] +David Miller and Hannah Witheridge, a backpacking couple from England, were murdered on the island of Ko Tao in 2014. +In December 2015 the suspected killers were found guilty. +They face execution by lethal injection.[55] Other British backpackers who have been murdered include Jayne Nixon (found dead in a Bangkok hotel) and in another case Kirsty Jones (tourist) was raped and murdered in Chiang Mai.[56] In 2013 an American expat was chopped to death by his Bangkok cabbie with a sword.[57] Murders are frequent enough that one writer produced a book called How Not To Get Murdered In Thailand[58] The author mentions the case of the murdered American Troy Pilkington and noted the contrasting dangers of both taxi cabs and public transportation.[59] One of the issues with cabbies is their alleged drug use and abuse at the hands of Chinese organized crime network which often charge them high fee to operate in the city.[59] The cabbies are typically poor farmers trying to earn money for their rural families.[59] Whatever the reasons for their demise, indeed many of the deaths are confusing or have unclear causes, Thailand has remained popular for adventures.[60] One young Brit, Christina Annesley, was found dead on Thai's Ko Tao.[60] Musicians at a Thailand bar stabbed an American businessman to death in front of his son, there to celebrate his birthday with his family.[61] Thai police arrested three of the musicians for the crime.[61] +Foreigners have committed crimes against other foreigners in Thailand; for example in the case of Wendy Albano, the chief suspect was an Indian man who fled Thailand.[54] +The Thai government has worked with other countries to manage crime and, for example, has a prisoner exchange agreement with Australia.[62] +See also +Firearms proliferation in Thailand Corruption in Thailand Racism and xenophobia in Thailand +References +Retrieved 2014-04-12. ↑ Murdoch, Lindsay. +"Jet-setting Buddhist monk at centre of scandal". stuff.co.nz. +Retrieved 3 April 2016. 1 2 Asian Correspondent Staff. "Tata boss 'suicide' becomes latest high-profile Bangkok hotel death - Asian Correspondent". asiancorrespondent.com. ↑ "Families of British backpackers in Thailand for murder trial". the Guardian. ↑ "Second British backpack girl feared murdered in Thai hotel". +The 64th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 64 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Southern Ocean and Antarctica. +Around the world +Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 64° south passes through: +Thinley Dorji (born 5 May 1995) is a Bhutanese international footballer, currently playing for Yeedzin. He made his first appearance for the Bhutan national football team in 2012.[1] +References +References +External links +A tyrant (Greek τύραννος, tyrannos), in its modern English usage, is an absolute ruler unrestrained by law or constitution, or one who has usurped legitimate sovereignty. Often described as a cruel character, a tyrant defends his position by oppressive means, tending to control almost everything in the state.[1][2] The original Greek term, however, merely meant an authoritarian sovereign without reference to character,[3] bearing no pejorative connotation during the Archaic and early Classical periods. However, it was clearly a negative word to Plato, and on account of the decisive influence of philosophy on politics, its negative connotations only increased, continuing into the Hellenistic period. +Plato and Aristotle define a tyrant as "one who rules without law, and uses extreme and cruel tactics—against his own people as well as others".[4] It is defined further in the Encyclopédie as a usurper of sovereign power who makes his subjects the victims of his passions and unjust desires, which he substitutes for laws.[5] During the seventh and sixth centuries BC, tyranny was often looked upon as an intermediate stage between narrow oligarchy and more democratic forms of polity. However, in the late fifth and fourth centuries BC, a new kind of tyrant, the military dictator, arose, specifically in Sicily. +Tyrant +In physics or engineering education, a Fermi problem, Fermi quiz, Fermi question, Fermi estimate, or order estimation is an estimation problem designed to teach dimensional analysis, approximation, and such a problem is usually a back-of-the-envelope calculation. The estimation technique is named after physicist Enrico Fermi as he was known for his ability to make good approximate calculations with little or no actual data. Fermi problems typically involve making justified guesses about quantities and their variance or lower and upper bounds. +Historical background +An example is Enrico Fermi's estimate of the strength of the atomic bomb that detonated at the Trinity test, based on the distance traveled by pieces of paper he dropped from his hand during the blast.[1] Fermi's estimate of 10 kilotons of TNT was remarkably close to the now-accepted value of around 20 kilotons. +Examples +The classic Fermi problem, generally attributed to Fermi,[2] is "How many piano tuners are there in Chicago?" A typical solution to this problem involves multiplying a series of estimates that yield the correct answer if the estimates are correct. For example, we might make the following assumptions: +Pianos that are tuned regularly are tuned on average about once per year. It takes a piano tuner about two hours to tune a piano, including travel time. Each piano tuner works eight hours in a day, five days in a week, and 50 weeks in a year. +From these assumptions, we can compute that the number of piano tunings in a single year in Chicago is +(9,000,000 persons in Chicago) ÷ (2 persons/household) × (1 piano/20 households) × (1 piano tuning per piano per year) = 225,000 piano tunings per year in Chicago. +We can similarly calculate that the average piano tuner performs +(50 weeks/year) × (5 days/week) × (8 hours/day) ÷ (2 hours to tune a piano) = 1000 piano tunings per year per piano tuner. +Dividing gives +(225,000 piano tunings per year in Chicago) ÷ (1000 piano tunings per year per piano tuner) = 225 piano tuners in Chicago. +The actual number of piano tuners in Chicago is about 290.[3] +A famous example of a Fermi-problem-like estimate is the Drake equation, which seeks to estimate the number of intelligent civilizations in the galaxy. The basic question of why, if there were a significant number of such civilizations, ours has never encountered any others is called the Fermi paradox. +Advantages and scope +The far larger number of factors and operations involved can obscure a very significant error, either in mathematical process or in the assumptions the equation is based on, but the result may still be assumed to be right because it has been derived from a precise formula that is expected to yield good results. Without a reasonable frame of reference to work from it is seldom clear if a result is acceptably precise or is many degrees of magnitude (tens or hundreds of times) too big or too small. The Fermi estimation gives a quick, simple way to obtain this frame of reference for what might reasonably be expected to be the answer, giving context to the results. +As long as the initial assumptions in the estimate are reasonable quantities, the result obtained will give an answer within the same scale as the correct result, and if not gives a base for understanding why this is the case. For example, if the estimate tells you there should be a hundred or so tuners but the precise answer tells you there are many thousands then you know you need to find out why there is this divergence from the expected result. First looking for errors, then for factors the estimation didn't take account of - Does Chicago have a number of music schools or other places with a disproportionately high ratio of pianos to people? +See also +Dead reckoning Handwaving Heuristic Orders of approximation Stein's example +Notes and references +Fermi problem +Further reading +There are a number of university level courses devoted to estimation and the solution of Fermi problems. The materials for these courses are a good source for additional Fermi problem examples and material about solution strategies +External links +It is more than a guess but less than an accurate calculation or mathematical proof. The defining characteristic of back-of-the-envelope calculations is the use of simplified assumptions. A similar phrase is "back of a napkin", which is also used in the business world to describe sketching out a quick, rough idea of a business or product.[1] In British English, a similar idiom is "back of a fag packet". +History +In the hard sciences, back-of-the-envelope calculation is often associated with physicist Enrico Fermi,[2] who was well known for emphasizing ways that complex scientific equations could be approximated within an order of magnitude using simple calculations. He went on to develop a series of sample calculations, which are called "Fermi Questions" or "Back-of-the-Envelope Calculations" and used to solve Fermi problems.[3][4] +Fermi was known for getting quick and accurate answers to problems that would stump other people. The most famous instance came during the first atomic bomb test in New Mexico on 16 July 1945. +As the blast wave reached him, Fermi dropped bits of paper. By measuring the distance they were blown, he could compare to a previously computed table and thus estimate the bomb energy yield. He estimated 10 kilotons of TNT; the measured result was 18.6.[5] +A story is told about how Albert Einstein and his wife visited the Mount Wilson Observatory in 1931. When she heard that the 100-inch telescope there is used to determine the shape of the universe, Elsa Einstein stated "Well, my husband does that on the back of an old envelope."[6] +Another example is Victor Weisskopf's pamphlet Modern Physics from an Elementary Point of View.[7] In these notes Weisskopf used back-of-the-envelope calculations to calculate the size of a hydrogen atom, a star, and a mountain, all using elementary physics. +Nobel laureate Charles Townes describes in a video interview for the University of California, Berkeley on the 50th anniversary of the laser, how he pulled an envelope from his pocket while sitting in a park and wrote down calculations during his initial insight into lasers.[8] +See also +Buckingham pi theorem, a technique often used in fluid mechanics to obtain order-of-magnitude estimates Fermi problem Guesstimate Scientific Wild-Ass Guess Heuristic Order-of-magnitude analysis Rule of thumb Sanity testing +Notes and references +External links +Orders of magnitude are written in powers of 10. For example, the order of magnitude of 1500 is 3, since 1500 may be written as 1.5 × 103. +See also +References +Big O notation Decibel Names of large numbers Names of small numbers Number sense Orders of approximation Orders of magnitude (numbers) +External links +Further reading +Differences in order of magnitude can be measured on the logarithmic scale in "decades" (i.e., factors of ten).[1] Examples of numbers of different magnitudes can be found at Orders of magnitude (numbers). +Uses +If numbers differ by one order of magnitude, x is about ten times different in quantity than y. If values differ by two orders of magnitude, they differ by a factor of about 100. Two numbers of the same order of magnitude have roughly the same scale: the larger value is less than ten times the smaller value. +Order of magnitude +Willie Simpson Coburn (13 April 1941 – 5 December 2015) was a Scottish footballer who played much of his career with St Johnstone and also played for Forfar Athletic and Cowdenbeath.[1] +Coburn joined St Johnstone from Crieff Earngrove juniors in 1962 and went on to make 238 appaearnces for the Perth club before leaving in 1972 for Forfar Athletic.[2] +Coburn died on 5 December 2015 at the age of 74.[3] +References +Theodore Robert Armstrong (June 17, 1933 – January 5, 2016) was an American basketball player. +Born in Detroit, Michigan, he played collegiately for Michigan State University. +He was selected by the Rochester Royals in the 1955 NBA draft. +He played for the Philadelphia Warriors (1956–1957) in the NBA for 19 games.[1] +References +Charles Brown was a Canadian tennis player. He reached the quarterfinals of the men's singles event at the 1908 Summer Olympics and competed at Wimbledon in 1904.[1] +References +Trees, fractals +Spirals +Patterns from nature (as art) +External links +Waves, dunes +Bubbles, foam +Tessellations +Cracks +Spots, stripes +Later research has managed to create convincing models of patterns as diverse as zebra stripes, giraffe blotches, jaguar spots (medium-dark patches surrounded by dark broken rings) and ladybird shell patterns (different geometrical layouts of spots and stripes, see illustrations).[76] Richard Prum's activation-inhibition models, developed from Turing's work, use six variables to account for the observed range of nine basic within-feather pigmentation patterns, from the simplest, a central pigment patch, via concentric patches, bars, chevrons, eye spot, pair of central spots, rows of paired spots and an array of dots.[77][78]:6 More elaborate models simulate complex feather patterns in the Guinea fowl, Numida meleagris, in which the individual feathers feature transitions from bars at the base to an array of dots at the far (distal) end. These require an oscillation created by two inhibiting signals, with interactions in both space and time.[78]:7–8 +Pattern formation +This could cause continuous fluctuations in the amount of morphogen as it diffused around the body. A second mechanism is needed to create standing wave patterns (to result in spots or stripes): an inhibitor chemical that switches off production of the morphogen, and that itself diffuses through the body more quickly than the morphogen, resulting in an activator-inhibitor scheme. The Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction is a non-biological example of this kind of scheme, a chemical oscillator.[75] +See also +Patterns can form for other reasons in the vegetated landscape of tiger bush[79] and fir waves.[80] Tiger bush stripes occur on arid slopes where plant growth is limited by rainfall. Each roughly horizontal stripe of vegetation effectively collects the rainwater from the bare zone immediately above it.[79] Fir waves occur in forests on mountain slopes after wind disturbance, during regeneration. When trees fall, the trees that they had sheltered become exposed and are in turn more likely to be damaged, so gaps tend to expand downwind. +In permafrost soils with an active upper layer subject to annual freeze and thaw, patterned ground can form, creating circles, nets, ice wedge polygons, steps, and stripes. Thermal contraction causes shrinkage cracks to form; in a thaw, water fills the cracks, expanding to form ice when next frozen, and widening the cracks into wedges. These cracks may join up to form polygons and other shapes.[82] +References +Natural patterns form as wind blows sand in the dunes of the Namib Desert. The crescent shaped dunes and the ripples on their surfaces repeat wherever there are suitable conditions. +Bibliography +Pioneering authors +General books +Patterns of the veiled chameleon, Chamaeleo calyptratus, evolved for camouflage and to signal mood and breeding condition. +Patterns in nature are visible regularities of form found in the natural world. These patterns recur in different contexts and can sometimes be modelled mathematically. Natural patterns include symmetries, trees, spirals, meanders, waves, foams, tessellations, cracks and stripes.[1] Early Greek philosophers studied pattern, with Plato, Pythagoras and Empedocles attempting to explain order in nature. +Scottish biologist D'Arcy Thompson pioneered the study of growth patterns in both plants and animals, showing that simple equations could explain spiral growth. In the 20th century, British mathematician Alan Turing predicted mechanisms of morphogenesis which give rise to patterns of spots and stripes. Hungarian biologist Aristid Lindenmayer and French American mathematician Benoît Mandelbrot showed how the mathematics of fractals could create plant growth patterns. +Mathematics, physics and chemistry can explain patterns in nature at different levels. Patterns in living things are explained by the biological processes of natural selection and sexual selection. Studies of pattern formation make use of computer models to simulate a wide range of patterns. +History +Fibonacci patterns occur widely in plant structures including this cone of Queen sago, Cycas circinalis +Plato (c 427 – c 347 BC) — looking only at his work on natural patterns — argued for the existence of universals. He considered these to consist of ideal forms (εἶδος eidos: "form") of which physical objects are never more than imperfect copies. Thus, a flower may be roughly circular, but it is never a perfect mathematical circle.[2] Pythagoras explained patterns in nature like the harmonies of music as arising from number, which he took to be the basic constituent of existence.[3] Empedocles to an extent anticipated Darwin's evolutionary explanation for the structures of organisms.[4] +In 1202, Leonardo Fibonacci (c 1170 – c 1250) introduced the Fibonacci number sequence to the western world with his book Liber Abaci.[5] Fibonacci gave an (unrealistic) biological example, on the growth in numbers of a theoretical rabbit population.[6] In 1917, D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson (1860–1948) published his book On Growth and Form. +His description of phyllotaxis and the Fibonacci sequence, the mathematical relationships in the spiral growth patterns of plants, is classic. He showed that simple equations could describe all the apparently complex spiral growth patterns of animal horns and mollusc shells.[7] +The Belgian physicist Joseph Plateau (1801–1883) formulated the mathematical problem of the existence of a minimal surface with a given boundary, which is now named after him. He studied soap films intensively, formulating Plateau's laws which describe the structures formed by films in foams.[8] +The German psychologist Adolf Zeising (1810–1876) claimed that the golden ratio was expressed in the arrangement of plant parts, in the skeletons of animals and the branching patterns of their veins and nerves, as well as in the geometry of crystals.[9][10][11] +Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919) painted beautiful illustrations of marine organisms, in particular Radiolaria, emphasising their symmetry to support his faux-Darwinian theories of evolution.[12] +The American photographer Wilson Bentley (1865–1931) took the first micrograph of a snowflake in 1885.[13] +D'Arcy Thompson pioneered the study of growth and form in his 1917 book +In 1952, Alan Turing (1912–1954), better known for his work on computing and codebreaking, wrote The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis, an analysis of the mechanisms that would be needed to create patterns in living organisms, in the process called morphogenesis.[14] He predicted oscillating chemical reactions, in particular the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction. These activator-inhibitor mechanisms can, Turing suggested, generate patterns of stripes and spots in animals, and contribute to the spiral patterns seen in plant phyllotaxis.[15] +In 1968, Hungarian theoretical biologist Aristid Lindenmayer (1925–1989) developed the L-system, a formal grammar which can be used to model plant growth patterns in the style of fractals.[16] L-systems have an alphabet of symbols that can be combined using production rules to build larger strings of symbols, and a mechanism for translating the generated strings into geometric structures. In 1975, after centuries of slow development of the mathematics of patterns by Gottfried Leibniz, Georg Cantor, Helge von Koch, Wacław Sierpiński and others, Benoît Mandelbrot wrote a famous paper, How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension, crystallising mathematical thought into the concept of the fractal.[17] +Causes +Composite patterns: aphids and newly born young in arraylike clusters on Sycamore leaf, divided into polygons by veins, which are avoided by the young aphids +Living things like orchids, hummingbirds, and the peacock's tail have abstract designs with a beauty of form, pattern and colour that artists struggle to match.[18] The beauty that people perceive in nature has causes at different levels, notably in the mathematics that governs what patterns can physically form, and among living things in the effects of natural selection, that govern how patterns evolve.[19] +The growth patterns of certain trees resemble these Lindenmayer system fractals. +Types of pattern +Symmetry +Lászlo Sólyom (born November 29, 1955) is a former ethnic Hungarian ice hockey player in Romania. He played for the Romania men's national ice hockey team at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid.[1] +References +Xu Beihong (Chinese: 徐悲鴻; pinyin: Xú Bēihóng; 19 July 1895 – 26 September 1953) was a Chinese painter born in Yixing, Jiangsu province. +He was primarily known for his Chinese ink paintings of horses and birds and was one of the first Chinese artists to articulate the need for artistic expressions that reflected a modern China at the beginning of the 20th century. He was also regarded as one of the first to create monumental oil paintings with epic Chinese themes – a show of his high proficiency in an essential Western art technique.[1] +Gallery +External links +Yakov Yan Toumarkin (born February 15, 1992 in Chelyabinsk, Russia) is an Israeli swimmer.[2] +Swimming career +In July 2010, he won a gold medal in the 100-meter backstroke (55.20) and a bronze medal in the 200 m backstroke (2:01.14) at the 2010 European Junior Swimming Championships.[3] +In August 2010, representing Israel at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics, he won the silver medal in the Boys' 100-meter backstroke, finishing a tenth of a second behind the gold medalist at 55.28 seconds.[4][5][6][7] He also won a silver medal in the Boys' 200 meter backstroke, at 1:59.39.[8] It was the third-best-time ever for an Israeli, after times of Guy Barnea and Yoav Gat, and an Israeli youth record.[8] +He thereby qualified to represent Israel at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.[2][10] +References +External links +The Phnom Penh Post (Khmer: ភ្នំពេញបុស្តិ៍) is a daily English-language newspaper published in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Founded in 1992 by publisher Michael Hayes and Kathleen O'Keefe, it is Cambodia's oldest English-language newspaper. It is printed in full-color tabloid format. +The Phnom Penh Post is also available in Khmer language.[1] It also publishes a special weekend-edition called 7Days.[2] and Post Weekend (on July 2014).[3] +See also +Media of Cambodia +External links +External links +Pakistan competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, from 27 July to 12 August 2012. +This was the nation's sixteenth appearance at the Olympics, except the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, because of its partial support to the United States boycott. +Athletics +Men +Athlete Event Heat Quarterfinal Semifinal Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Liaquat Ali 100 m 10.90 4 Did not advance +Women +Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Rabia Ashiq 800 m 2:17.39 6 Did not advance +Field hockey +Men's tournament +Shooting +Men +Swimming +Men +Women +References +Eén (English: one, stylized as één) is a public Dutch-language TV station in Belgium, owned by the VRT, which also owns Ketnet, Canvas and several radio stations. Although the channel is commercial-free, short sponsorship messages are broadcast in between some programmes. +Eén focuses on drama, entertainment, news and current affairs in a similar vein to BBC One in the United Kingdom.[original research?] The station was formally known as VRT TV1 until the current Eén branding was launched as part of a major station revamp on 21 January 2005. +On-screen presentation +Seasonal identity +As of its 2005 rebrand[citation needed] as Eén, the channel uses different idents, logos, blips and a different colour scheme every season. This seasonality concept was abolished when Eén got a new look in early 2009. +Winter 2007 Spring 2008 Summer 2008 2009 - 2015 2015 - present +References +External links +(Dutch) Eén's website +Lingua Franca Nova (or Elefen) is an auxiliary constructed language originally created by C. George Boeree of Shippensburg University, Pennsylvania.[2] Its vocabulary is based on the Romance languages French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Catalan.[3] The grammar is highly reduced and similar to the Romance creoles.[3][4] The language has phonemic spelling, using 22 letters of either the Latin or Cyrillic scripts.[3][4] +Boeree was inspired[3] by the Mediterranean Lingua Franca, a pidgin used in the Mediterranean in centuries past, and by creoles such as Papiamento, Haitian Creole, and Bislama. He used French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Catalan as the basis for his new language.[3] +Lingua Franca Nova +Jan Wallman (May 14, 1922 – October 8, 2015) was an American night club owner and producer. +Life +She studied at University of Minnesota. She managed the night club Upstairs-at-the-Duplex. Many performers had their start there, including Barbra Streisand, Joan Rivers, and Woody Allen.[1] +In 1986, a celebration was held in her honor at Carnegie Hall.[2] +References +External links +The Samsung E1120 is a mobile phone made by Samsung, released in 2009. It is designed for lower budget markets, and is a small, light, basic and simple phone. +Features +Clock, Alarm, Calendar, Organizer Calculator, Converter T9 predictive text Hands-free operation, Vibration Games Phone tracker SOS messages Torch light Stopwatch, Timer Profiles Wallpapers, Themes Power saving mode uTrack +External links +The Samsung SGH-M310 is a cellular phone manufactured by Samsung. +It was marketed as cheap with elegant shapes. +The SGH-M310 mobile phone comes with FM radio, a VGA camera, and a MP3 decoder.[1][2] +The phone was mainly released in Europe and Samsung only lists it in its German site.[3] +References +Samsung SGH-M310 +The Motorola C168/C168i is a low-cost 850/1900-band GSM mobile phone, made by Motorola. It was released in the fourth quarter of 2005. +Main Features +Downloadable wallpaper, screensaver and ringtones MMS and SMS WAP 2.0 and GPRS for Internet access FM stereo radio +References +Product page on Motorola website +This is a list of countries by industrial production growth rate mostly based on The World Factbook, accessed in February 2016. +Country Industrial production growth rate (mostly 2015, see reference for actual year) Monaco 20.00 Maldives 14.00 Burma 12.20 Papua New Guinea 10.80 Laos 10.00 Togo 9.70 Cambodia 9.60 Mauritania 9.60 Cuba 9.60 Bangladesh 9.40 Mozambique 9.10 Iraq 8.80 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 8.70 Ethiopia 8.50 Vietnam 7.50 China 7.00 Turkmenistan 7.00 Niger 6.80 Cote d'Ivoire 6.50 Philippines 6.50 Kenya 6.10 Bhutan 6.00 Senegal 5.80 Uganda 5.50 Malaysia 5.50 Tanzania 5.30 Burundi 5.20 Mali 5.20 Eritrea 5.00 Czech Republic 5.00 Dominican Republic 5.00 Paraguay 5.00 New Caledonia 5.00 Haiti 5.00 Slovenia 4.90 Panama 4.50 Djibouti 4.50 Montenegro 4.50 Slovakia 4.50 Indonesia 4.50 Ghana 4.50 Turkey 4.50 Gambia, The 4.40 Rwanda 4.40 Solomon Islands 4.30 Sao Tome and Principe 4.30 Namibia 4.30 Morocco 4.30 Georgia 4.30 Poland 4.30 Zimbabwe 4.20 Malawi 4.10 Nicaragua 4.00 Macau 4.00 Guatemala 4.00 Central African Republic 4.00 Colombia 4.00 Cameroon 4.00 Uzbekistan 4.00 Thailand 4.00 Romania 4.00 Madagascar 3.80 Costa Rica 3.60 Jordan 3.60 Bolivia 3.60 Lithuania 3.60 Pakistan 3.60 Bulgaria 3.50 Saint Lucia 3.50 Seychelles 3.50 Sweden 3.50 Albania 3.40 Faroe Islands 3.40 Uruguay 3.30 Egypt 3.30 Honduras 3.30 Mexico 3.30 Benin 3.20 Israel 3.20 Estonia 3.20 Gaza Strip 3.10 Ireland 3.00 Turks and Caicos Islands 3.00 United States 3.00 Burkina Faso 3.00 Hungary 3.00 Latvia 3.00 Macedonia 3.00 Iran 2.90 Mongolia 2.90 Saudi Arabia 2.80 India 2.80 United Arab Emirates 2.80 Sudan 2.70 Sri Lanka 2.70 Australia 2.70 Croatia 2.60 Nepal 2.60 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2.60 British Virgin Islands 2.50 New Zealand 2.50 Moldova 2.50 Comoros 2.50 Somalia 2.50 Guinea-Bissau 2.30 Canada 2.30 Switzerland 2.20 El Salvador 2.20 Fiji 2.20 Zambia 2.20 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2.20 Portugal 2.00 Suriname 2.00 Montserrat 2.00 Jamaica 2.00 Cayman Islands 2.00 Anguilla 2.00 Antigua and Barbuda 2.00 Tajikistan 2.00 Cabo Verde 1.80 Angola 1.80 Bermuda 1.80 United Kingdom 1.80 Oman 1.80 South Africa 1.70 Chile 1.70 Lebanon 1.70 Finland 1.60 Germany 1.50 Iceland 1.50 Azerbaijan 1.50 Spain 1.50 Bahamas, The 1.50 Dominica 1.50 European Union 1.50 Congo, Republic of the 1.30 Afghanistan 1.20 Taiwan 1.20 Tonga 1.20 Hong Kong 1.20 Austria 1.10 Swaziland 1.10 Kiribati 1.10 Luxembourg 1.00 Netherlands 1.00 Cook Islands 1.00 Trinidad and Tobago 1.00 Korea, North 1.00 Brunei 0.90 Mauritius 0.90 Kazakhstan 0.80 Lesotho 0.80 Bahrain 0.80 Denmark 0.70 Japan 0.70 Qatar 0.70 Italy 0.60 Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.50 Belize 0.50 France 0.50 Algeria 0.40 Armenia 0.30 Argentina 0.30 Norway 0.00 Peru -0.30 Liberia -0.50 Belgium -0.60 Tunisia -0.80 Puerto Rico -0.90 Ecuador -1.00 Grenada -1.00 San Marino -1.10 Botswana -1.20 Chad -1.30 Korea, South -1.50 West Bank -1.70 Serbia -2.00 Guinea -2.00 Cyprus -2.30 Greece -2.60 Nigeria -2.60 Kyrgyzstan -3.00 Russia -3.50 Singapore -3.50 Barbados -3.60 Malta -3.60 Kuwait -4.00 Syria -4.80 Vanuatu -5.00 Brazil -5.00 Samoa -5.00 Timor-Leste -6.00 Belarus -7.00 Gabon -8.00 Venezuela -8.00 Guyana -10.00 Equatorial Guinea -10.80 Libya -13.00 Ukraine -15.00 Tuvalu -26.10 Sierra Leone -51.00 Yemen -72.00 +Nokia 6650 +The Nokia 6650 was the world's first 3G phone supporting the W-CDMA 2100 MHz band, announced by Nokia in late 2002.[1] A 1900 MHz version known as the 6651 was released for the North American market soon after. +With an appearance very similar to that of the Nokia 6100, but with a larger screen and external antenna. The 6650 uses the Nokia Series 40 platform, and is equipped with a VGA camera and supports Java ME applications. +References +Samsung SPH-M810 (also known as Instinct S30 or the Instinct Mini) was an Internet-enabled phone designed and marketed by Samsung and carried by Sprint Nextel. It uses a Haptic touchscreen interface, and three touchscreen buttons (from left to right - [back], [home], and [phone]). The Instinct, in addition to being a mobile phone, also functions as a camera phone, portable media player, text messenger, and a complete web browser and e-mail client. +References +This is a list of countries by barley production in 2013 based on Food and Agriculture Organization database. +Production by country >1,000,000 tonnes +Rank Country/Region Barley production (tonnes)[1] 1 Russia 15,388,704 2 Germany 10,343,600 3 France 10,315,900 4 Canada 10,237,100 5 Spain 10,057,600 6 Turkey 7,900,000 7 Ukraine 7,561,650 8 Australia 7,471,592 9 United Kingdom 7,092,000 10 Argentina 4,705,160 11 United States 4,682,735 12 Denmark 3,949,900 13 Iran 3,200,000 14 Poland 2,920,400 15 Morocco 2,722,621 16 Kazakhstan 2,539,030 17 People's Republic of China 2,300,000 18 Sweden 1,940,100 19 Ethiopia 1,932,818 20 Finland 1,904,200 21 Algeria 1,750,000 22 India 1,750,000 23 Belarus 1,673,695 24 Ireland 1,663,000 25 Czech Republic 1,593,760 26 Romania 1,542,247 27 Hungary 1,071,100 - World total 144,755,038 +References +The following is a list of countries by maize exports. Data is for 2012, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by The Observatory of Economic Complexity. +Currently the top twenty countries are listed. +# Country Value 1 United States 10,236 2 Brazil 5,357 3 Argentina 4,846 4 Ukraine 3,888 5 France 2,311 6 Hungary 1,241 7 India 1,079 8 Romania 644 9 Serbia 617 10 Russia 539 11 Paraguay 528 12 Germany 401 13 South Africa 380 14 Chile 301 15 Canada 299 16 Zambia 291 17 Poland 271 18 Mexico 237 19 Bulgaria 230 20 Netherlands 222 +References +The following is a list of countries by wheat exports. Data are for 2012, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by The Observatory of Economic Complexity. +Currently the top twenty countries are listed. +# Country Value 1 United States 7,843 2 Australia 7,026 3 Canada 6,317 4 Russia 6,211 5 France 5,197 6 Argentina 3,146 7 Ukraine 3,063 8 Germany 2,141 9 Kazakhstan 1,741 10 India 1,289 11 Romania 771 12 Bulgaria 725 13 Brazil 652 14 Lithuania 598 15 United Kingdom 453 16 Uruguay 432 17 Czech Republic 411 18 Hungary 351 19 Latvia 348 20 Paraguay 338 +References +World feldspar output in 2011. +References +This is a list of countries by feldspar in 2011 mostly based on British Geological Survey accessed in April 2013.[1] +Rank Country/Region Feldspar production (tonnes) World 20,875,000 1 Italy 4,700,000 2 Turkey 4,478,000 3 China 2,400,000 4 Thailand 1,041,000 5 United States 690,000 6 Iran 655,000 7 Spain 650,000 7 France 650,000 8 Japan 600,000 9 Poland 550,000 10 India 542,000 11 Czech Republic 407,000 12 South Korea 384,000 13 Mexico 383,000 14 Malaysia 380,000 15 Argentina 220,000 16 Egypt 210,000 17 Vietnam 200,000 18 Portugal 180,000 19 Ukraine 179,000 20 Algeria 160,000 20 Russia 160,000 21 Germany 150,000 22 Brazil 120,000 23 South Africa 101,000 24 Australia 94,000 25 Colombia 85,000 26 Bulgaria 80,000 27 Ecuador 60,000 28 Venezuela 57,000 29 Sri Lanka 53,000 30 Morocco 44,000 31 Saudi Arabia 40,000 32 Sweden 30,000 33 Finland 26,000 34 Indonesia 26,000 35 Norway 25,000 36 Macedonia 25,000 37 Pakistan 23,000 38 Philippines 22,000 39 Peru 12,000 40 Greece 10,000 41 Chile 8,000 42 Guatemala 8,000 43 Uzbekistan 4,000 44 Romania 4,000 45 Cuba 3,000 46 Jordan 3,000 47 Uruguay 1,000 48 United Kingdom 500 +World copper output in 2012. +This is a list of countries by mined copper production for 2014.[1] +Rank Country/region 2014 copper production (thousand tonnes) World 18,500 1 Chile 5,750 2 China 1,760 3 Peru 1,380 4 United States 1,360 5 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 1,030 6 Australia 970 7 Russia 742 8 Zambia 708 9 Canada 696 10 Mexico 515 Other Countries 3,600 +By way of comparison, here are figures from a century ago.[2] +Rank Country/region 1907 copper production (thousand metric tonnes) World 723 1 United States 399 2 Mexico 61 3 Spain and Portugal 50 4 Japan 50 5 Australasia 42 6 Chile 27 7 Germany 21 8 Russia 15 +References +Further reading +This is a list of countries by tin production in 2014. +Rank Country/Region tin production (tonnes) World 296,000 1 China 125,000 2 Indonesia 84,000 3 Peru 23,700 4 Bolivia 18,000 5 Brazil 12,000 6 Myanmar 11,000 7 Australia 6,100 8 Vietnam 5,400 9 Malaysia 3,500 10 Congo, the Democratic Republic of the 3,000 11 Rwanda 2,000 12 Laos 800 13 Russia 600 14 Nigeria 500 15 Thailand 200 16 Other countries 100 +External links +The following is a list of countries by gas turbine exports. Data is for 2012, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by The Observatory of Economic Complexity. +Currently the top twenty countries are listed. +# Country Value 1 United States 28,953 2 United Kingdom 14,141 3 France 10,522 4 Germany 9,238 5 Japan 5,020 6 Canada 3,231 7 Italy 3,180 8 China 2,442 9 Switzerland 1,990 10 Singapore 1,833 11 Netherlands 1,673 12 Russia 1,543 13 Mexico 1,513 14 Poland 1,419 15 Hong Kong 1,304 16 Belgium & Luxembourg 1,175 17 Sweden 1,021 18 Ukraine 939 19 United Arab Emirates 857 20 Spain 829 +References +Prince Manvendra Singh Gohil (born 23 September 1965) is an openly gay Indian man who runs a charity, The Lakshya Trust, which works with the LGBT community. Manavendra is the son and probable heir of the Maharaja of Rajpipla in Gujarat. +In the media, after coming out +He was interviewed for a BBC Radio 4 documentary in April 2007, titled The Gay Prince of Rajpipla which charted his coming out as a gay man and the HIV/AIDS prevention work of his charity, The Lakshya Trust. The report examined the ground-breaking work of the Lakshya Trust in training female field workers who educate women married to MSM about safe sex practices. +Since July 2010, Manvendra has served as editor of the gay male-centric print magazine Fun,[8][9] which is published in Rajpipla.[10] +References +External links +External links +This is a list of countries by magnesium production in 2013 based on United States Geological Survey figures.[1] +Countries +Rank Country/Region Magnesium production production (thousand tonnes) — World 5,960 1 China 4,000 2 Russia 400 3 Turkey 300 4 Austria 250 5 Slovakia 200 6 Korea, North 150 7 Brazil 140 8 Spain 120 9 Greece 100 10 India 100 11 Australia 90 — Other Countries 110 +References +This is a list of countries by lithium production in 2014. +Rank Country/Region lithium production (tonnes) World 36,000 1 Australia 13,000 2 Chile 12,900 3 China 5,000 4 Argentina 2,900 5 Zimbabwe 1,000 6 Portugal 570 7 Brazil 400 +External links +The following is a list of countries by car exports. Data is for 2012, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Currently the top twenty countries are listed. +# Country Value 1 Germany 148,350 2 Japan 104,286 3 United States 53,390 4 Canada 47,632 5 South Korea 42,484 6 United Kingdom 35,424 7 Mexico 30,901 8 France 23,785 9 Spain 23,683 10 Belgium & Luxembourg 21,955 11 Czech Republic 14,638 12 Slovakia 12,767 13 Italy 9,587 14 Turkey 6,408 15 Poland 5,761 16 Thailand 5,667 17 Sweden 5,239 18 India 4,828 19 China 4,565 20 Hungary 4,357 +References +The following is a list of countries by coffee exports. Data is for 2012, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Currently the top ten countries are listed. +# Country Value 1 Brazil 6,221 2 Vietnam 3,492 3 Germany 2,129 4 Colombia 2,091 5 Switzerland 1,911 6 Honduras 1,386 7 Indonesia 1,308 8 Italy 1,251 9 Guatemala 1,106 10 Peru 1,068 +References +The following is a list of countries by gold exports. Data is for 2012, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Currently the top twenty countries are listed. +# Country Value 1 Switzerland 52,519 2 Hong Kong 48,312 3 United States 27,154 4 South Africa 20,436 5 China 15,754 6 United Arab Emirates 14,745 7 Australia 13,530 8 Turkey 13,152 9 Germany 11,037 10 Peru 9,686 11 Italy 9,248 12 Mexico 8,379 13 Ghana 7,203 14 Thailand 6,451 15 Japan 6,122 16 Russia 5,845 17 Singapore 4,640 18 Canada 3,730 19 Colombia 3,423 20 South Korea 3,353 +References +The following is a list of countries by telephone exports. Data is for 2012, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by The Observatory of Economic Complexity. +Currently the top twenty countries are listed. +# Country Value 1 China 91,759 2 United States 13,479 3 Taiwan 10,623 4 South Korea 10,417 5 Mexico 10,105 6 Malaysia 8,146 7 Netherlands 6,859 8 Hong Kong 6,632 9 Sweden 6,183 10 Germany 6,034 11 Japan 4,987 12 United Kingdom 3,740 13 France 3,519 14 Singapore 3,327 15 Thailand 2,707 16 Czech Republic 2,339 17 Estonia 1,980 18 Vietnam 1,498 19 Poland 1,430 20 Hungary 1,403 +References +The following is a list of countries by raw aluminium exports. Data is for 2012, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by The Observatory of Economic Complexity. +Currently the top ten countries are listed. +# Country Value 1 Russia 6,638 2 Canada 5,570 3 Australia 3,627 4 United Arab Emirates 3,530 5 Norway 2,980 6 Netherlands 2,365 7 Iceland 1,842 8 China 1,393 9 Mozambique 1,312 10 Qatar 1,174 +References +The following is a list of countries by truck exports. Data is for 2012, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Currently the top twenty countries are listed. +# Country Value 1 United States 18,872 2 Mexico 17,324 3 Japan 12,243 4 Germany 11,961 5 Thailand 7,539 6 Spain 5,167 7 China 4,782 8 France 4,700 9 Italy 4,563 10 Argentina 3,949 11 Turkey 3,692 12 United Kingdom 3,255 13 Sweden 3,160 14 South Africa 2,949 15 Netherlands 2,723 16 South Korea 2,298 17 Belgium & Luxembourg 2,165 18 Brazil 2,090 19 India 1,789 20 Belarus 1,622 +References +The following is a list of countries by diamond exports. Data is for 2012, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Currently the top ten countries are listed. +# Country Value 1 United Kingdom 9,983 2 Belgium & Luxembourg 9,941 3 South Africa 8,465 4 Russia 4,677 5 United Arab Emirates 3,122 6 India 2,411 7 Israel 2,027 8 Switzerland 1,819 9 Canada 1,690 10 Hong Kong 1,047 +References +The following is a list of countries by ship exports. Data is for 2012, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by The Observatory of Economic Complexity. +Currently the top twenty countries are listed. +# Country Value 1 South Korea 29,010 2 China 5,491 3 Poland 2,781 4 Germany 2,513 5 Philippines 1,162 6 Norway 1,114 7 Romania 1,063 8 Japan 944 9 Italy 931 10 Panama 782 11 Singapore 669 12 Russia 591 13 Taiwan 564 14 Croatia 552 15 Finland 456 16 Netherlands 442 17 Turkey 436 18 India 435 19 Greece 345 20 Nigeria 303 +References +The following is a list of countries by iron ore exports. Data is for 2012, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by The Observatory of Economic Complexity. +Currently the top twenty countries are listed. +# Country Value 1 Australia 54,397 2 Brazil 32,738 3 South Africa 5,580 4 Canada 4,569 5 India 3,212 6 Ukraine 3,170 7 Sweden 3,076 8 Russia 2,813 9 Kazakhstan 2,362 10 Mauritania 1,583 11 United States 1,534 12 Iran 1,499 13 Chile 1,389 14 Peru 889 15 Venezuela 730 16 Indonesia 684 17 Oman 547 18 Malaysia 516 19 Mongolia 514 20 Norway 473 +References +The following is a list of countries by integrated circuit exports. Data is for 2012, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by The Observatory of Economic Complexity. +Currently the top twenty countries are listed. +# Country Value 1 Taiwan 57,905 2 South Korea 49,126 3 China 41,653 4 United States 19,353 5 Japan 19,192 6 Singapore 17,874 7 Philippines 16,913 8 Malaysia 13,315 9 Germany 11,485 10 Costa Rica 10,783 11 France 5,865 12 Netherlands 5,757 13 Thailand 3,744 14 Italy 2,533 15 Vietnam 2,443 16 Hong Kong 2,404 17 United Kingdom 2,392 18 Ireland 2,220 19 Austria 1,621 20 Malta 1,594 +List of countries by integrated circuit exports +References +The following is a list of countries by exports of refined petroleum, including gasoline. Data is for 2012, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by The Observatory of Economic Complexity. +Currently the top twenty countries are listed. +# Country Value 1 Netherlands 72,296 2 Russia 70,646 3 Singapore 62,440 4 India 52,905 5 United States 51,929 6 South Korea 51,540 7 Belgium & Luxembourg 31,689 8 United Kingdom 30,125 9 Italy 25,040 10 Malaysia 23,924 11 United Arab Emirates 21,319 12 Taiwan 21,118 13 Kuwait 17,943 14 Germany 17,535 15 Spain 16,904 16 France 16,109 17 Belarus 15,022 18 Saudi Arabia 14,957 19 China 14,536 20 Sweden 13,363 +References +The following is a list of countries by pharmaceutical exports. Data is for 2013, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by The Observatory of Economic Complexity. +Currently the top twenty countries are listed. +# Country Value 1 Germany 50,856 2 United States 37,304 3 Switzerland 31,130 4 France 27,793 5 Italy 22,064 6 United Kingdom 20,283 7 Belgium & Luxembourg 19,681 8 Ireland 19,138 9 Netherlands 12,883 10 India 11,808 11 Spain 10,392 12 Denmark 8,685 13 Sweden 6,945 14 Israel 5,937 15 Austria 5,766 16 Canada 5,515 17 Singapore 4,684 18 Hungary 3,652 19 Japan 3,065 20 Australia 2,481 +List of countries by pharmaceutical exports +References +The following is a list of countries by refined copper exports. Data is for 2012, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by The Observatory of Economic Complexity. +Currently the top ten countries are listed. +# Country Value 1 Chile 21,962 2 Japan 4,542 3 Kazakhstan 3,637 4 Australia 2,904 5 Poland 2,672 6 Russia 2,528 7 Zambia 2,349 8 India 2,248 9 Germany 2,106 10 Peru 1,989 +References +The following is a list of countries by raw cotton exports. Data is for 2012, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by The Observatory of Economic Complexity. +Currently the top ten countries are listed. +# Country Value 1 United States 6,309 2 India 3,857 3 Australia 2,660 4 Brazil 2,154 5 Uzbekistan 714 6 Greece 572 7 Pakistan 426 8 Mali 396 9 Burkina Faso 327 10 Ivory Coast 227 +References +This list of countries by Internet connection speed lists the Akamai State of the Internet Report "Average Connection Speed" of Internet access. +External links +References +Akamai Q1 2016 rankings +Rank Country/Territory Avg. connection speed (Mb/s)[1] Relative speed - Global 1 Romania 2 Sweden 3 Norway 4 Japan 5 Netherlands 6 Hong Kong 7 Latvia 8 Switzerland 9 Finland 10 Denmark +Akamai Q3 2015 rankings +Country/Territory Avg. connection speed (Mb/s) Avg. Peak Connection Speed (Mb/s) Above 4 Mb/s Above 10 Mb/s Above 15 Mb/s Global 5.1 32.2 65% 27% 15% Argentina 4.2 26.9 39% 3.10% 0.50% Bolivia 1.8 13.9 2.80% 0.20% 0.10% Brazil 3.6 29 32% 2.20% 0.60% Canada 11.9 52.4 87% 43% 21% Chile 5.7 42 62% 7.10% 1.60% Colombia 4.2 28.1 48% 1.70% 0.40% Costa Rica 3.2 16.4 20% 1.10% 0.50% Ecuador 4.1 25.5 36% 2.50% 0.60% Mexico 5.5 27.3 64% 6.40% 1.70% Panama 3.5 16.9 33% 1.50% 0.40% Paraguay 1.5 13.4 2.10% 0.10% 0.10% Peru 4.4 30.4 46% 2.90% 0.60% United States 12.6 57.3 80% 46% 24% Uruguay 5.9 60.2 68% 7.70% 1.60% Venezuela 1.5 11.8 2.10% 0.20% 0.10% Australia 7.8 41.9 72% 18% 7.40% China 3.7 23.1 33% 1.60% 0.30% Hong Kong 15.8 101.1 92% 59% 36% India 2.5 18.7 14% 2.30% 0.80% Indonesia 3 31 17% 0.90% 0.40% Japan 15 78.4 90% 54% 32% Malaysia 4.9 38.3 52% 4.00% 0.90% New Zealand 8.7 42 87% 22% 8.20% Philippines 2.8 25.3 10% 0.90% 0.30% Singapore 12.5 135.4 87% 51% 27% South Korea 20.5 86.6 96% 68% 45% Sri Lanka 5.1 33.5 76% 2.20% 0.60% Taiwan 10.1 77.9 88% 29% 13% Thailand 8.2 58.3 93% 18% 5.80% Vietnam 3.4 25.5 31% 0.60% 0.10% Austria 11.4 44 90% 33% 17% Belgium 12.8 59.3 91% 52% 26% Czech Republic 14.5 50.9 86% 46% 27% Denmark 14 50.1 94% 51% 29% Finland 14.8 57.4 91% 51% 28% France 8.2 38.9 74% 21% 8.70% Germany 11.5 49.2 87% 37% 19% Hungary 10.7 53.9 90% 36% 18% Ireland 12.4 52 76% 41% 23% Israel 11.2 70 94% 36% 14% Italy 6.5 30.1 71% 9.20% 3.40% Netherlands 15.6 63.5 95% 60% 34% Norway 16.4 55.9 88% 54% 37% Poland 10.6 45.6 88% 34% 17% Portugal 10.6 47.9 85% 37% 19% Romania 13.1 72.9 94% 57% 27% Russia 10.2 57.9 87% 38% 15% Slovakia 11.2 49 85% 28% 17% South Africa 3.7 18.9 22% 2.90% 1.70% Spain 10.4 53.5 85% 34% 17% Sweden 17.4 69 92% 55% 38% Switzerland 16.2 62.6 93% 61% 36% Turkey 6.2 38.5 77% 7.60% 2.90% United Arab Emirates 6.8 45.8 85% 10% 2.30% United Kingdom 13 54.2 87% 46% 28% +This is a list of countries by home ownership rate, the ratio of owner-occupied units to total residential units in a specified area.[1] +References +Rank Country Home ownership rate(%) Date of Information 1 Romania 96.1 2014[2] 2 Lithuania 89.9 2014[2] 3 Slovakia 90.3 2014[2] 4 Singapore 90.3 2014[3] 5 China 90 2012[4] 6 Hungary 88.2 2014[2] 7 Croatia 89.7 2014[2] 8 India 86.6 2011[5] 9 Bulgaria 84.3 2014[2] 10 Russia 84.0 2012[6] 11 Poland 83.5 2014[2] 12 Norway 84.4 2014[2] 13 Latvia 80.9 2014[2] 14 Estonia 81.5 2014[2] 15 Malta 80.0 2014[2] 16 Czech Republic 78.9 2014[2] 17 Mexico 80.0 2009[7] 18 Thailand 80.0 2002[8] 18 Spain 78.8 2014[2] 19 Iceland 78.2 2014[2] 20 Slovenia 76.7 2014[2] 21 Trinidad & Tobago 76.0 2013[9] 22 Greece 74.0 2014[2] 23 Brazil 74.4 2008[10] 24 Portugal 74.9 2014[2] 25 Cyprus 72.9 2014[2] 26 Finland 73.2 2014[2] 27 Italy 73.1 2014[2] 28 Luxembourg 72.5 2014[2] 29 Belgium 72.0 2014[2] 30 Ireland 68.6 2014[11] 31 Sweden 69.3 2014[2] 32 Canada 67.6 2013[12] 33 Turkey 67.3 2011[13] 34 Netherlands 67.0 2014[2] 35 Australia 67.0 2011[14] 36 New Zealand 64.8 2013[15] 37 United Kingdom 64.8 2014[2] 38 United States 64.5 2014[16] 39 France 65.0 2014[2] 40 Denmark 63.3 2014[2] 41 Japan 61.6 2008[17] 42 Austria 57.2 2014[2] 43 South Korea 54.2 2010[18] 44 Germany 52.5 2014[2] 45 Hong Kong 51.0 2014[19] 46 Switzerland 44.0 2013[2] +Notes +References +This is a list of the Arab States. +Country Area (Rank) Area (km2)[Note 1] Area (sq mi) Area (% of Total) Area (Notes) Pop Pop (World rank) Density (rank) Density (/km2) Density (/mi2) Algeria 1 18.1% Largest country in Africa and in the Arab world. +37,100,000 34 17 Bahrain 22 0.005% 1,234,596 155 1 Comoros 21 0.01% 691,000 163 4 Djibouti 16 0.1% 864,000 159 15 Egypt 6 7.6% Excluding the Hala'ib Triangle (20,580 km2/7,950 sq mi). 81,650,212[1] 16 9 Iraq 10 3.3% 30,747,000 40 12 Jordan 14 0.7% 6,316,000 106 11 Kuwait 17 0.1% 2,700,000 134 5 Lebanon 19 0.08% 4,224,000 125 3 Libya 4 11.4% 6,420,000 103 21 Mauritania 5 7.8% 3,291,000 138 22 Morocco 9 3.4% Does not include Western Sahara (266,000 km2/103,000 sq mi). +36,064,173 35 10 Oman 11 2.4% 2,845,000 139 20 State of Palestine 20 0.05% 4,550,368 126 2 Qatar 18 0.08% 2,155,446 149 6 Saudi Arabia 2 16.4% Largest country in the Middle East. 28,146,658 45 19 Somalia 7 4.9% Longest Coastline in Africa and the Arab League. +9,133,000 85 18 Sudan 3 14.2% Formerly the largest country in Africa. 30,894,000 39 16 Syria 12 1.4% Including the part of the Golan Heights (1,200 km2/460 sq mi) currently occupied by Israel. 21,906,000 55 7 Tunisia 13 1.2% 10,673,800 77 13 United Arab Emirates 15 0.6% 8,264,070 93 8 Yemen 8 4.0% 23,580,000 49 14 TOTAL Arab League # # # # # 349,870,608 +References +This is a list of countries by coal production in 2012, based mostly on the Statistical Review of World Energy published in 2013 by British Petroleum,[1] ranking countries with coal production larger than 10 millions tonnes. Shares are based on data expressed in tonnes oil equivalent. +Countries +Rank Country/Region Coal production (million tonnes) Share of Total[3] (%) — World 7,864.8 1 China 3,650.0 46.4 2 United States 922.1 11.7 3 India 605.8 7.7 — European Union 580.7 7.4 4 Australia 431.2 5.5 5 Indonesia 386.0 4.9 6 Russia 354.8 4.5 7 South Africa 260.0 3.3 8 Germany 196.2 2.5 9 Poland 144.1 1.8 10 Kazakhstan 116.4 1.5 11 Colombia 89.2 1.1 12 Ukraine 88.2 1.1 13 Turkey 72.0 0.9 14 Canada 66.9 0.9 15 Greece 60.4 0.8 16 Czech Republic 55.0 0.7 17 North Korea 43.2[4] 0.5 18 Serbia 42.0[4] 0.5 19 Vietnam 41.9 0.5 20 Mongolia 37.0[4] 0.5 21 Romania 34.1[4] 0.5 22 Bulgaria 32.8 0.4 23 Thailand 18.3 0.2 24 United Kingdom 16.8 0.2 25 Mexico 13.8 0.2 26 Bosnia and Herzegovina 13.9[4] 0.2 +Direct investment excludes investment through purchase of shares. +References +The list is based on the CIA World Factbook data.[1] +Rank Country Stock of FDI abroad Date of information — World 16,220,000,000,000 2008 est. +This is a list of countries by Internet access from smartphones as published by the OECD in 2014.[1] +2014 OECD rankings +Rank Country % of users accessing Relative size 1 South Korea 2 Spain 3 Iceland 4 Denmark 5 Switzerland 6 Norway 7 Sweden 8 Netherlands 9 Luxembourg 10 Finland 11 Austria 12 Germany 13 United Kingdom 14 Slovenia 15 Portugal 16 Ireland 17 Hungary 18 Estonia 19 Canada 20 France 21 Belgium 22 Slovakia 23 Italy 24 Poland 25 Japan 26 United States 27 Lithuania 28 Greece 29 Czech Republic +References +Science +Rank Country Science score Annual change 1 Hong Kong 555 2.1 2 Singapore 551 3.3 3 Japan 547 2.6 4 Finland 545 -3.0 5 Estonia 541 1.5 6 South Korea 538 2.6 7 Vietnam 528 N/A 8 Poland 526 4.6 9 Canada 525 -1.5 10 Liechtenstein 525 0.4 11 Germany 524 1.4 12 Taiwan 523 -1.5 13 Netherlands 522 -0.5 14 Ireland 522 2.3 15 Australia 521 -0.9 16 Macao 521 1.6 17 New Zealand 516 -2.5 18 Switzerland 515 0.6 19 Slovenia 514 -0.8 20 United Kingdom 514 -0.1 21 Czech Republic 508 -1.0 22 Austria 506 -0.8 23 Belgium 505 -0.8 24 Latvia 502 2.0 - OECD average 501 0.5 25 France 499 0.6 26 Denmark 498 0.4 27 United States 497 1.4 28 Spain 496 1.3 29 Lithuania 496 1.3 30 Norway 495 1.3 31 Hungary 494 -1.6 32 Italy 494 3.0 33 Croatia 491 -0.3 34 Luxembourg 491 0.9 35 Portugal 489 2.5 36 Russian Federation 486 1.0 37 Sweden 485 -3.1 38 Iceland 478 -2.0 39 Slovak Republic 471 -2.7 40 Israel 470 2.8 41 Greece 467 -1.1 42 Turkey 463 6.4 43 Bulgaria 446 2.0 44 Chile 445 1.1 45 Serbia 445 1.5 46 Thailand 444 3.9 47 Romania 439 3.4 48 Cyprus 438 N/A 49 Costa Rica 429 -0.6 50 Kazakhstan 425 8.1 51 Malaysia 420 -1.4 52 Uruguay 416 -2.1 53 Mexico 415 0.9 54 Montenegro 410 -0.3 55 Jordan 409 -2.1 56 Argentina 406 2.4 57 Brazil 405 2.3 58 Colombia 399 1.8 59 Tunisia 398 2.2 60 Albania 397 2.2 61 Qatar 384 5.4 62 Indonesia 382 -1.9 63 Peru 373 1.3 +Reading +Rank Country Reading score Annual change 1 Hong Kong 585 2.3 2 Singapore 562 5.4 3 Japan 548 1.5 4 South Korea 536 0.9 5 Finland 524 -1.7 6 Ireland 523 -0.9 7 Taiwan 523 4.5 8 Canada 523 -0.9 9 Poland 518 2.8 10 Estonia 516 2.4 11 Liechtenstein 516 1.3 12 New Zealand 512 -1.1 13 Australia 512 -1.4 14 Netherlands 511 -0.1 15 Belgium 509 0.1 16 Switzerland 509 1.0 17 Macao 509 0.8 18 Vietnam 508 N/A 19 Germany 508 1.8 20 France 505 0.0 21 Norway 504 0.1 22 United Kingdom 499 0.7 23 United States 498 -0.3 - OECD average 496 0.3 24 Denmark 496 0.1 25 Czech Republic 493 -0.5 26 Italy 490 0.5 27 Austria 490 -0.2 28 Latvia 489 1.9 29 Hungary 488 1.0 30 Spain 488 -0.3 31 Luxembourg 488 0.7 32 Portugal 488 1.6 33 Israel 486 3.7 34 Croatia 485 1.2 35 Sweden 483 -2.8 36 Iceland 483 -1.3 37 Slovenia 481 -2.2 38 Lithuania 477 1.1 39 Greece 477 0.5 40 Turkey 475 4.1 41 Russian Federation 475 1.1 42 Slovak Republic 463 -0.1 43 Cyprus 449 N/A 44 Serbia 446 7.6 45 Chile 441 3.1 46 Thailand 441 1.1 47 Costa Rica 441 -1.0 48 Romania 438 1.1 49 Bulgaria 436 0.4 50 Mexico 424 1.1 51 Montenegro 422 5.0 52 Uruguay 411 -1.8 53 Brazil 410 1.2 54 Tunisia 404 3.8 55 Colombia 403 3.0 56 Jordan 399 -0.3 57 Malaysia 398 -7.8 58 Indonesia 396 2.3 59 Argentina 396 -1.6 60 Albania 394 4.1 61 Kazakhstan 393 0.8 62 Qatar 388 12.0 63 Peru 384 5.2 +The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) publishes a report on the performance of students across countries and, in two instances, cities. The report has recently included more countries outside the OECD member countries. The most recent report, from 2012, is used in this list and excludes the cities of Shanghai and Dubai from the country rankings. +References +External links +Mathematics +Rank Country Mathematics score Annual change 1 Hong Kong 594 3.8 2 Singapore 591 1.3 3 Taiwan 560 1.7 4 South Korea 554 1.1 5 Macao 538 1.0 6 Japan 536 0.4 7 Liechtenstein 535 0.3 8 Switzerland 531 0.6 9 Netherlands 523 -1.6 10 Estonia 521 0.9 11 Finland 519 -2.8 12 Canada 518 -1.4 13 Poland 518 2.6 14 Belgium 515 -1.6 15 Germany 514 1.4 16 Vietnam 511 N/A 17 Austria 506 0.0 18 Australia 504 -2.2 19 Ireland 501 -0.6 20 Slovenia 501 -0.6 21 Denmark 500 -1.8 22 New Zealand 500 -2.5 23 Czech Republic 499 -2.5 24 France 495 -1.5 - OECD average 494 -0.3 25 United Kingdom 494 -0.3 26 Iceland 493 -2.2 27 Latvia 491 0.5 28 Luxembourg 490 -0.3 29 Norway 489 -0.3 30 Portugal 487 2.8 31 Italy 485 2.7 32 Spain 484 0.1 33 Russian Federation 482 1.1 34 Slovak Republic 482 -1.4 35 United States 481 0.3 36 Lithuania 479 -1.4 37 Sweden 478 -3.3 38 Hungary 477 -1.3 39 Croatia 471 0.6 40 Israel 466 4.2 41 Greece 453 1.1 42 Serbia 449 2.2 43 Turkey 448 3.2 44 Romania 445 4.9 45 Cyprus 440 N/A 46 Bulgaria 439 4.2 47 Kazakhstan 432 9.0 48 Thailand 427 1.0 49 Chile 423 1.9 50 Malaysia 421 8.1 51 Mexico 413 3.1 52 Montenegro 410 1.7 53 Uruguay 409 -1.4 54 Costa Rica 407 -1.2 55 Albania 394 5.6 56 Brazil 391 4.1 57 Argentina 388 1.2 58 Tunisia 388 3.1 59 Jordan 386 0.2 60 Colombia 376 1.1 61 Qatar 376 9.2 62 Indonesia 375 0.7 63 Peru 368 1.0 +This is a list of countries by external debt, the total public and private debt owed to nonresidents repayable in internationally accepted currencies, goods, or services,[1] where the public debt is the money or credit owed by any level of government, from central to local, and the private debt the money or credit owed by private households or private corporations based in the country under consideration. This is not to be confused with public debts which can be found under "List of countries by public debt". +References +Notes +Rank Country External debt[2] US dollars Date Per capita[3][4][5][6] US dollars % of GDP[7][8][9] 7000100000000000000♠1 United States 7013191360524339690♠19,136,052,433,969[10] 31 December 2015 7004582550000000000♠58,255 7002103000000000000♠103 7000200000000000000♠2 United Kingdom 7012959167200000000♠9,591,672,000,000 31 March 2014 7004462440000000000��46,244 7002569000000000000♠569 7000300000000000000♠3 France 7012575015200000000♠5,750,152,000,000 31 March 2014 7004863170000000000♠86,317 7002222000000000000♠222 7000400000000000000♠4 Germany 7012554686900000000♠5,546,869,000,000 31 March 2014 7004687200000000000♠68,720 7002145000000000000♠145 7000500000000000000♠5 Luxembourg[note 1] 7012347228200000000♠3,472,282,000,000 31 March 2014 7006369646700000000♠3,696,467 7003344300000000000♠3,443 7000600000000000000♠6 Japan 7012286148800000000♠2,861,488,000,000 31 March 2014 7004240000000000000♠24,000 7001600000000000000♠60 7000700000000000000♠7 Italy 7012265141300000000♠2,651,413,000,000 31 March 2014 est. +The following is a list of countries by exports of aircraft, including helicopters, and spacecraft. Data is for 2012, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by The Observatory of Economic Complexity. +Currently the top twenty countries are listed. +# Country Value 1 United States 39,630 2 France 35,717 3 Germany 32,267 4 Canada 7,322 5 Brazil 5,126 6 Italy 1,916 7 Spain 1,420 8 Switzerland 1,154 9 Russia 1,147 10 Argentina 868 11 Ukraine 847 12 United Kingdom 709 13 Austria 611 14 Ireland 464 15 Israel 419 16 Poland 381 17 China 342 18 Australia 321 19 Sweden 286 20 Singapore 284 +References +The following is a list of countries by exports of aircraft components. Data is for 2012, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by The Observatory of Economic Complexity. +Currently the top twenty countries are listed. +# Country Value 1 United States 17,013 2 United Kingdom 8,863 3 Germany 8,698 4 France 7,227 5 Japan 4,287 6 Italy 2,818 7 Canada 2,758 8 Spain 1,946 9 China 1,176 10 Switzerland 907 11 Netherlands 895 12 Belgium & Luxembourg 828 13 Mexico 826 14 South Korea 819 15 India 813 16 Austria 735 17 Singapore 674 18 Australia 638 19 Israel 561 20 Malaysia 466 +References +The following is a list of countries by automotive component exports. Data is for 2012, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by The Observatory of Economic Complexity. +Currently the top twenty countries are listed. +# Country Value 1 Germany 54,509 2 Japan 42,212 3 China 21,693 4 South Korea 20,496 5 France 19,311 6 Italy 12,839 7 Czech Republic 9,827 8 Spain 9,411 9 Poland 8,424 10 United States 6,574 11 United Kingdom 5,961 12 Belgium & Luxembourg 5,577 13 Sweden 5,548 14 Thailand 5,360 15 Austria 4,473 16 Netherlands 4,331 17 Turkey 4,026 18 Hungary 3,838 19 Brazil 3,816 20 Slovakia 3,813 +References +The following is a list of countries by telecommunications equipment exports. Data is for 2012, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by The Observatory of Economic Complexity. +Currently the top twenty countries are listed. +# Country Value 1 China 110,979 2 South Korea 15,443 3 Vietnam 11,520 4 United States 6,227 5 Netherlands 6,068 6 Mexico 5,510 7 Hungary 4,297 8 Germany 4,091 9 Malaysia 3,789 10 India 3,482 11 United Kingdom 2,916 12 Ireland 2,779 13 Hong Kong 2,408 14 Singapore 2,037 15 Taiwan 1,876 16 France 1,676 17 United Arab Emirates 1,567 18 Czech Republic 1,476 19 Canada 1,415 20 Belgium & Luxembourg 1,266 +References +References +External links +The table below lists the 32 OECD countries' net per capita financial assets in Euro, as published in 2015 by the European financial services firm, Allianz.[1] +Rank Country Net per capita financial assets in Euro (2014) 1 Switzerland 157,446 2 United States 138,714 3 United Kingdom 86,233 4 Belgium 84,771 5 Sweden 82,925 6 Netherlands 78,063 7 Canada 76,508 8 Japan 73,547 9 Denmark 72,310 10 New Zealand 65,646 11 Israel 58,910 12 Australia 53,799 13 France 50,773 14 Italy 49,422 15 Austria 48,416 16 Germany 44,769 17 Ireland 43,031 18 Finland 25,059 19 Spain 24,923 20 South Korea 24,157 21 Norway 22,039 22 Portugal 19,256 23 Slovenia 19,256 24 Greece 11,645 25 Chile 11,491 26 Czech Republic 11,275 27 Estonia 11,026 28 Hungary 9,178 29 Mexico 6,408 30 Poland 6,194 31 Slovakia 5,232 32 Turkey 2,091 +This is a list of countries by total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2010. It is based on data for carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, perfluorocarbon, hydrofluorocarbon, and sulfur hexafluoride emissions compiled by the World Resources Institute.[1] The emissions data shown below do not include land-use change and forestry. +References +List of countries by 2010 emissions +Country GHG emissions (MtCO2e) Percentage of global total (%) World 42,669.72 100 % European Union (15)[2] 3,733.60 8.7 % European Union (28)[3] 4,663.41 10.9 % Afghanistan 26.54 0.1 % Albania 7.10 0 % Algeria 165.24 0.4 % Angola 222.22 0.5 % Antigua and Barbuda 1.05 0 % Argentina 363.79 0.9 % Armenia 7.12 0 % Australia 560.64 1.3 % Austria 85.06 0.2 % Azerbaijan 58.53 0.1 % Bahamas 2.73 0 % Bahrain 27.95 0.1 % Bangladesh 126.60 0.3 % Barbados 3.55 0 % Belarus 97.63 0.2 % Belgium 129.86 0.3 % Belize 8.95 0 % Benin 17.41 0 % Bhutan 1.41 0 % Bolivia 62.08 0.1 % Bosnia and Herzegovina 27.22 0.1 % Botswana 11.72 0 % Brazil 1,104.64 2.6 % Brunei 20.93 0 % Bulgaria 61.19 0.1 % Burkina Faso 20.34 0 % Burundi 37.37 0.1 % Cambodia 26.05 0.1 % Cameroon 89.80 0.2 % Canada 710.72 1.7 % Cape Verde 0.72 0 % Central African Republic 89.50 0.2 % Chad 38.09 0.1 % Chile 94.14 0.2 % China 9,679.30 22.7 % Colombia 170.94 0.4 % Comoros 0.28 0 % Republic of the Congo 13.35 0 % Democratic Republic of the Congo 171.26 0.4 % Cook Islands 0.12 0 % Costa Rica 15.22 0 % Ivory Coast 56.74 0.1 % Croatia 27.48 0.1 % Cuba 55.54 0.1 % Cyprus 8.87 0 % Czech Republic 136.26 0.3 % Denmark 59.00 0.1 % Djibouti 1.17 0 % Dominica 0.23 0 % Dominican Republic 31.44 0.1 % Ecuador 52.71 0.1 % Egypt 276.58 0.6 % El Salvador 12.79 0 % Equatorial Guinea 20.29 0 % Eritrea 5.69 0 % Estonia 21.57 0.1 % Ethiopia 123.05 0.3 % Fiji 2.19 0 % Finland 77.66 0.2 % France 513.23 1.2 % Gabon 6.27 0 % Gambia 7.40 0 % Georgia 12.98 0 % Germany 903.98 2.1 % Ghana 28.23 0.1 % Greece 109.10 0.3 % Grenada 1.92 0 % Guatemala 34.73 0.1 % Guinea 19.63 0 % Guinea-Bissau 2.11 0 % Guyana 3.93 0 % Haiti 7.80 0 % Honduras 19.60 0 % Hungary 67.19 0.2 % Iceland 2.98 0 % India 2,432.18 5.7 % Indonesia 814.71 1.9 % Iran 698.38 1.6 % Iraq 227.82 0.5 % Ireland 61.19 0.1 % Israel 86.99 0.2 % Italy 496.27 1.2 % Jamaica 11.23 0 % Japan 1,257.10 2.9 % Jordan 25.82 0.1 % Kazakhstan 300.83 0.7 % Kenya 47.47 0.1 % Kiribati 0.08 0 % North Korea 94.52 0.2 % South Korea 661.69 1.6 % Kuwait 191.88 0.4 % Kyrgyzstan 10.07 0 % Laos 21.82 0.1 % Latvia 12.90 0 % Lebanon 24.40 0.1 % Lesotho 2.74 0 % Liberia 1.89 0 % Libya 145.75 0.3 % Lithuania 21.57 0.1 % Luxembourg 12.14 0 % Macedonia 12.39 0 % Madagascar 48.45 0.1 % Malawi 17.61 0 % Malaysia 282.60 0.7 % Maldives 1.16 0 % Mali 25.73 0.1 % Malta 3.01 0 % Mauritania 9.39 0 % Mauritius 5.96 0 % Mexico 681.87 1.6 % Moldova 12.67 0 % Mongolia 28.27 0.1 % Montenegro 3.50 0 % Morocco 90.98 0.2 % Mozambique 26.55 0.1 % Myanmar 160.04 0.4 % Namibia 15.52 0 % Nauru 0.09 0 % Nepal 37.37 0.1 % Netherlands 218.03 0.5 % New Zealand 71.27 0.2 % Nicaragua 17.74 0 % Niger 19.50 0 % Nigeria 320.04 0.8 % Niue 0.05 0 % Norway 51.11 0.1 % Oman 99.09 0.2 % Pakistan 304.85 0.7 % Palau 0.30 0 % Panama 15.10 0 % Papua New Guinea 10.80 0 % Paraguay 40.62 0.1 % Peru 79.68 0.2 % Philippines 147.75 0.3 % Poland 378.01 0.9 % Portugal 73.68 0.2 % Qatar 75.28 0.2 % Romania 128.75 0.3 % Russia 2,291.57 5.4 % Rwanda 4.63 0 % Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.36 0 % Saint Lucia 1.11 0 % Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.28 0 % Samoa 0.40 0 % São Tomé and Príncipe 0.17 0 % Saudi Arabia 510.14 1.2 % Senegal 22.45 0.1 % Serbia 60.14 0.1 % Seychelles 0.77 0 % Sierra Leone 5.03 0 % Singapore 70.05 0.2 % Slovakia 43.46 0.1 % Slovenia 19.55 0 % Solomon Islands 0.54 0 % South Africa 458.29 1.1 % Spain 350.27 0.8 % Sri Lanka 41.37 0.1 % Sudan 165.90 0.4 % Suriname 4.37 0 % Swaziland 2.79 0 % Sweden 62.01 0.1 % Switzerland 53.94 0.1 % Syria 95.13 0.2 % Taiwan 278.34 0.7 % Tajikistan 10.82 0 % Tanzania 73.10 0.2 % Thailand 346.34 0.8 % Togo 8.29 0 % Tonga 0.38 0 % Trinidad and Tobago 45.72 0.1 % Tunisia 35.06 0.1 % Turkey 382.29 0.9 % Turkmenistan 101.01 0.2 % Uganda 27.90 0.1 % Ukraine 380.89 0.9 % United Arab Emirates 202.56 0.5 % United Kingdom 582.11 1.4 % United States 6,668.79 15.6 % Uruguay 32.94 0.1 % Uzbekistan 215.36 0.5 % Vanuatu 0.61 0 % Venezuela 284.99 0.7 % Vietnam 263.98 0.6 % Yemen 34.15 0.1 % Zambia 67.70 0.2 % Zimbabwe 20.24 0 % +List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions +The Gyalsey (born 5 February 2016)[1][2] is the eldest child and heir apparent of King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck. +The name of the royal child will be announced on 16 April 2016.[3] The title Gyalsey means prince.[4] In honor of his birth, 108,000 trees were planted by tens of thousands of volunteers in Bhutan.[5] +Titles, styles, and honours +5 February 2016 – present: His Royal Highness The Gyalsey. +References +This article is about the demographic features of the population of Bhutan, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. +Births and deaths [6] +Year Population (x1000) Live births Deaths Natural increase Crude birth rate Crude death rate Rate of natural increase TFR 2005 12 538 4 498 8 040 19.7 7.1 12.6 +Structure of the population +References +External links +Bhutanese people in national dress at the Wangdi Phodrang festival +The Royal Government of Bhutan listed the country's population as 752,700 in 2003.[1] The CIA Factbook in 2003 estimated the population at 2,327,849.[2] +Vital statistics +Below is a table of Bhutan vital statistics since 1950 published by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.[5] +Period Live births per year Deaths per year Natural change per year CBR1 CDR1 NC1 TFR1 IMR1 1950-1955 9 000 5 000 4 000 47.9 27.1 20.8 6.67 184.8 1955-1960 10 000 6 000 5 000 49.0 26.8 22.3 6.67 181.4 1960-1965 12 000 6 000 6 000 48.5 25.7 22.8 6.67 174.1 1965-1970 13 000 7 000 7 000 47.8 24.1 23.8 6.67 163.1 1970-1975 16 000 7 000 8 000 47.0 22.0 25.1 6.67 149.3 1975-1980 18 000 8 000 10 000 45.8 19.6 26.2 6.67 133.2 1980-1985 20 000 8 000 12 000 42.7 17.1 25.6 6.39 117.1 1985-1990 21 000 8 000 13 000 40.4 15.0 25.3 6.11 104.0 1990-1995 19 000 7 000 12 000 35.2 12.5 22.7 5.27 87.5 1995-2000 16 000 5 000 11 000 29.2 9.9 19.3 4.13 69.7 2000-2005 15 000 5 000 11 000 25.2 7.9 17.2 3.30 52.8 2005-2010 15 000 5 000 10 000 21.5 7.2 14.4 2.61 44.4 1 CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births +Oman News Agency or ONA was established by Royal decree in 1997 and the official news agency of the government of Oman. +It is bilingual in English and Arabic languages.[1][2] +References +External links +Official website +Boys at a festival wear the gho. +Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, Druk Gyalpo of Bhutan, wearing a gho and royal saffron kabney +The gho or g'ô (Dzongkha: བགོ, IPA: [ɡ̊hoː˨])[1] is the traditional and national dress for men in Bhutan. Introduced in the 17th century by Ngawang Namgyal, 1st Zhabdrung Rinpoche, to give the Ngalop people a more distinctive identity, it is a knee-length robe tied at the waist by a cloth belt known as the kera (སྐེད་རགས་).[2][3][4] On festive occasions, it is worn with a kabney. +The government of Bhutan requires all men to wear the gho if they work in a government office or school. Men are also required to wear the gho on formal occasions. In its modern form, the law dates from 1989, but the driglam namzha dress code is much older. +References +Gho +The Rotavirus Vaccine Program and the Accelerated Vaccine Introduction initiative have worked to study rotavirus vaccines among developing-country populations to assist developing countries in introducing rotavirus vaccines into routine immunization programs. These partnerships are spearheaded by international non-governmental organization PATH, WHO, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization.[22] +Cost +The cost of rotavirus vaccination has fallen by 67 percent between 2006 and 2011 to USD 2.50 per dose,[23] as part of an offer made by a pharmaceutical company to the GAVI Alliance. However, the vaccine is still more expensive than most other childhood vaccines included in the WHO's Expanded Programme on Immunization.[24] India based Bharat Biotech sells Rotavac for $1 to governments in low-income countries.[25] +The cost in developed countries, where it is not mandatory, can be however much higher. In France for example the vaccine is available to the public for EUR 60.38 (Jan 2016) , fully at the user's charge.[26] +The development of new vaccines intended to be offered at lower cost than the approved vaccines is ongoing. A vaccine from Sanofi affiliate Shantha Biotechnics is currently (2015) in Phase III clinical trials.[27] +Temporary suspension +On March 22, 2010, the detection of DNA from porcine circovirus types 1 and 2 within RotaTeq and Rotarix prompted the FDA to suspend the use of rotavirus vaccines while conducting an investigation the finding of DNA from porcine circovirus-1 (PCV1) in the vaccine in collaboration with the 12 members of the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee (VRBPAC).[28] On May 6, 2010, the FDA announced its decision to revoke the suspension, stating that porcine circovirus types 1 and 2 pose no safety risks in humans and concluded that health risks involved did not offset the benefits of the vaccination.[28] In May 2010 the suspension of the Rotarix vaccine was lifted.[29] +Rotavirus vaccine is a vaccine used to protect against rotavirus infections.[2] These viruses are the leading cause of severe diarrhea among young children.[2] The vaccines prevent 15 to 34% of severe diarrhea in the developing world and 37 to 96% of severe diarrhea in the developed world.[3] The vaccines appear to decrease the risk of death among young children due to diarrhea.[2] Immunizing babies appears to decrease rates of disease among older people and those who have not been immunized.[4] +The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that rotavirus vaccine be included in routine vaccinations especially in areas where the disease is common. This should be done along with promoting breastfeeding, handwashing, clean water and good sanitation. It is given by mouth and requires two or three doses. +A prior version of the vaccine was linked to intussusception, but the current versions are not clearly linked. Due to a potential risk they are not recommended in babies who have had intussusception. The vaccines are made from weakened rotavirus.[2] +The vaccine first became available in the United States in 2006.[1] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication needed in a basic health system.[5] The wholesale cost is between 6.96 and 20.66 USD per dose as of 2014.[6] In the United States it is more than 200 USD.[7] As of 2013 there are two types of vaccine available globally, Rotarix and RotaTeq, with a number of others available in certain countries.[2] +Medical uses +Effectiveness +A 2009 review estimated that vaccination against rotavirus would prevent about 45% of deaths due to rotavirus gastroenteritis, or about 228,000 deaths annually worldwide. At $5 per dose the estimated cost per life saved was $3,015, $9,951 and $11,296 in low-, lower-middle-, and upper-middle-income countries, respectively.[8] +Safety and efficacy trials in Africa and Asia found that the vaccines dramatically reduced severe disease among infants in developing countries, where a majority of rotavirus-related deaths occur.[9] A 2012 Cochrane review concluded that they are effective vaccines.[3] +Rotavirus vaccines are licensed in more than 100 countries, but only 31[10] countries have introduced routine rotavirus vaccination as of 2011[update].[11] The incidence and severity of rotavirus infections has declined significantly in countries that have acted on the recommendation to introduce the rotavirus vaccine.[12] In Mexico, which in 2006 was among the first countries in the world to introduce rotavirus vaccine, the diarrheal disease death rates from rotavirus dropped by more than 65% among children age two and under during the 2009 rotavirus season .[13] In Nicaragua, which in 2006 became the first developing country to introduce the rotavirus vaccine, investigators recorded a substantial impact, with rotavirus vaccine preventing 60% of cases against severe rotavirus and cutting emergency room visits in half.[14] In the United States, vaccination has reduced rotavirus-related hospitalizations by as much as 86% since 2006. The vaccines may also prevent illness in non-vaccinated children by limiting exposure through the number of circulating infections.[4] In September 2013, the vaccine will be offered to all children in the UK, aged between two and three months, and it is expected to halve the cases of severe infection and reduce the number of children admitted to hospital because of the infection by 70 percent.[15] +Schedule +The World Health Organization recommends the vaccine be given right after 6 weeks of age. Two or three doses more than a month apart should be given. It is not needed after two years of age.[2] +Types +Rotarix is a monovalent, human, live attenuated rotavirus vaccine containing one rotavirus strain of G1P[8] specificity. ROTARIX is indicated for the prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis caused by G1 and non-G1 types (G3, G4, and G9) when administered as a 2-dose series in infants and children.[16] It was approved by the U.S. FDA in April 2008[17] +H. Fred Clark and Paul Offit, the inventors of RotaTeq. +Four reassortant rotaviruses express one of the outer capsid, VP7, proteins (serotypes G1, G2, G3, or G4) from the human rotavirus parent strain and the attachment protein VP4 (type P7) from the bovine rotavirus parent strain. The fifth reassortant virus expresses the attachment protein VP4, (type P1A), from the human rotavirus parent strain and the outer capsid protein VP7 (serotype G6) from the bovine rotavirus parent strain. In February 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved RotaTeq for use in the United States. +History +Clinical trials in the United States, Finland, and Venezuela had found it to be 80 to 100% effective at preventing severe diarrhea caused by rotavirus A, and researchers had detected no statistically significant serious adverse effects. The manufacturer of the vaccine, however, withdrew it from the market in 1999, after it was discovered that the vaccine may have contributed to an increased risk for intussusception, or bowel obstruction, in one of every 12,000 vaccinated infants. There then followed eight years of delay until rival manufacturers were able to introduce new vaccines which were shown to be more safe and effective in children: Rotarix by GlaxoSmithKline[16] and RotaTeq by Merck.[20] Both are taken orally and contain disabled live virus. +The experience, however, provoked debate about the relative risks and benefits of a rotavirus vaccine. This is because rotavirus is responsible for 29% of deaths from diarrhea in children below 5 years worldwide, and thus 4.2 million deaths could be avoided during that 8 years in different parts of the world. Meanwhile, other countries such as Brazil and Mexico undertook their own independent epidemiological studies which demonstrated that 4 deaths were attributable to vaccine, while it had prevented approximately 80,000 hospitalization and 1300 deaths from diarrhea each year in their countries.[21] This example shed light on the importance of careful country-specific epidemiology, which enables rational balancing between benefit and risk. +Additional rotavirus vaccines are under development.[30] These include: a human neonatal P[6]G3 strain, RV3, developed by Ruth Bishop and colleagues in Australia, a human bovine reassortant vaccine developed by Albert Kapikian and presently undergoing development and trials in different countries and a neonatal strain vaccine (G9P11) being developed by Bharat Biotech in India. This G9P(11) virus strain has the VP4 of bovine rotavirus origin, and all other segments of human rotavirus origin. Other approaches to the development of rotavirus vaccines are also being pursued. +References +J. 30 (1 Suppl): S1–5. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e3181fefa1f. PMID 21183833. +CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) ↑ "WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines" (PDF). +J Infect Dis 200 (Suppl 1): S16–27. doi:10.1086/605026. PMID 19817595. +CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) ↑ World Health Organization (December 2009). +The Journal of Infectious Diseases 200 (Suppl 1): S1–8. doi:10.1086/605061. PMID 19817589. +CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) ↑ Giaquinto C, Dominiak-Felden G, Van Damme P, Myint TT, Maldonado YA, Spoulou V, Mast TC, Staat MA (July 2011). +Human Vaccines 7 (7): 734–48. doi:10.4161/hv.7.7.15511. PMID 21734466. +CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) ↑ Richardson V, Hernandez-Pichardo J, Quintanar-Solares M, et al. +The Journal of Infectious Diseases 202 (Suppl): S72–9. doi:10.1086/653549. PMID 20684721. +CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) ↑ Kang G, et al. +Rotavirus vaccine +Go Asean (styled as GOASEAN) is a 24-hour English language travel channel and broadcasts content exclusive about ASEAN, including promoting the region as a travel destination and a key economic driver.[1] +Broadcast rights +Brunei +Kristal-Astro Channel 737 (HD) +Malaysia +Astro Channel 737 (HD) Astro NJOI Channel 737 (HD) +External links +References +Infant mortality (under 1 year) rates, 2013 +Figures are from the United Nations World Population Prospects report, by five years averages,[1] and the CIA World Factbook.[2] +Lists +Notes +References +List of countries by infant mortality rate +This graph depicts trends in changes in global forest cover annually for various regions and sub-regions. +References +This article is a list of places by forest area. Types of places listed include the entire planet, continents, regions, countries, provinces, states, and territories. Percentage data was calculated using information from the CIA's World Factbook 2011.[1] +External links +Countries +Choropleth map of forest area by country, compiled from data in this table. +Country Forested area (km2) Source % of land area Russia 7,762,602 [8] 45.40% Brazil 4,776,980 [7] 56.10% Canada 3,104,340 [7] 31.06% United States 3,030,890 [7] 30.84% China 1,821,000 [9] 18.21% Democratic Republic of the Congo 1,819,326 [10] 50.00% Australia 1,470,832 [5] 19.00% Argentina 945,336 [11] 34.00% Indonesia 884,950 [12] 46.46% India 778,424 [13] 24.68% Mexico 710,000 [14] 36.50% Peru 687,420 [7] 53.49% Sudan (including South Sudan) 675,460 [7] 26.96% Mozambique 620,000 [15] 78.00% Colombia 607,280 [7] 53.32% Angola 591,040 [7] 47.41% Bolivia 587,400 [7] 53.47% Venezuela 471,378 [7] 51.68% Myanmar (Burma) 430,560 [16] 63.64% Zambia 376,309 [17] 50.00% Tanzania 352,570 [7] 37.22% Sudan 327,909 17.62% Sweden 234,850 [18] 58.00% Papua New Guinea 294,370 [7] 63.60% Spain 283,007 [19] 57.00% Zimbabwe 259,267 [20] 66.35% Japan 253,203 [21] 67.00% France including overseas 246,640 [22] 36.76% Finland 233,320 [23] 72.00% Central African Republic 227,550 [7] 36.53% Gabon 227,517 [24] 85.00% Congo 224,710 [7] 65.70% Cameroon 212,450 [7] 44.68% Turkey 216,781 [25] 27.60% Malaysia 195,200 [26] 59.50% Paraguay 184,750 [7] 45.42% Laos 170,000 [27] 71.60% Chile 158,781 [28] 21.00% Guyana 151,040 [7] 70.26% South Sudan 148,196 [29] 23.00% Suriname 147,760 [7] 90.20% Thailand 147,620 [30] 29.00% Madagascar 128,380 [7] 21.87% Mali 125,720 [7] 10.14% Vietnam 123,000 [31] 37.14% Botswana 119,430 [7] 20.53% Chad 119,210 [7] 09.28% Ecuador 115,510 [32] 42.00% Germany 113,176 [33] 31.70% Niger 112,000 [34] 08.00% Nigeria 110,890 [7] 12.00% Iran 110,750 [7] 06.72% Guatemala 108,894 [35] 51.00% Italy 106,736 [36] 35.00% Ukraine 105,000 [37] 17.00% Mongolia 102,520 [7] 06.55% Norway 93,870 [7] 28.99% Cambodia 93,350 [38] 51.56% Morocco 111,325 [39] 11.54% Poland 90,000 [40] 28.80% South Africa 89,170 [41] 07.31% Senegal 86,730 [7] 44.09% New Zealand 85,424 [42] 31.87% Belarus 80,134 [43] 38.60% Namibia 76,610 [7] 09.29% North Korea 76,240 [44] 73.00% Philippines 71,620 [7] 23.87% Somalia 71,310 [7] 11.18% Greece 37,520 [7] 28.43% Burkina Faso 67,940 [7] 24.78% Honduras 67,254 [45] 60.00% Guinea 67,240 [7] 27.35% South Korea 63,940 [46] 64.00% Romania 63,700 [7] 26.72% Benin 61,860 [47] 54.93% Kazakhstan 54,498 [48] 02.00% Nicaragua 51,890 [7] 39.80% Uganda 50,000 [49] 20.74% Panama 42,940 [7] 56.93% Pakistan 42,240 [50] 05.31% Algeria 42,000 [51] 01.70% Turkmenistan 41,270 [7] 08.46% Austria 39,600 [52] 47.20% Ethiopia 39,313 [53] 03.56% Nepal 39,000 [54] 26.50% Bulgaria 36,250 [7] 32.69% Malawi 33,176 [55] 28.00% Portugal 32,400 [56] 42.00% Liberia 31,540 [7] 28.32% Côte d'Ivoire 30,000 [57] 09.30% Latvia 28,807 [58] 60.00% United Kingdom 28,650 [59] 11.76% Georgia 27,880 [60] 40.00% Sierra Leone 27,540 [7] 38.39% Cuba 27,130 [7] 24.47% Saudi Arabia 27,000 [61] 01.26% Czech Republic 26,000 [62] 34.00% Bosnia and Herzegovina 25,599 [63] 53.00% Croatia 24,901 [64] 44.00% Bhutan 24,764 [65] 64.50% Ghana 24,600 [66] 10.20% Estonia 23,066 [67] 61.00% Solomon Islands 22,534 to 23,117 [68] 78.00 to 80.00% Lithuania 21,223 [69] 33.00% Serbia 20,868 [70] 23.63% Guinea-Bissau 20,720 [7] 57.36% Tunisia 20,615 [71] 12.60% Costa Rica 20,440 [72] 40.00% Slovakia 20,006 [73] 40.80% Uzbekistan 19,690 [74] 04.40% Sri Lanka 19,330 [75] 29.46% Hungary 18,513 [76] 20.30% Belize 16,530 [7] 71.98% Equatorial Guinea 16,320 [7] 58.18% Eritrea 15,540 [7] 13.21% Dominican Republic 13,384 [77] 27.50% Kenya 13,200 [78] 02.27% Oman 13,050 [79] 04.22% Slovenia 12,574 [80] 60.00% Switzerland 12,425 [81] 30.80% Albania 10,349 [82] 36.00% Macedonia 10,285 [83] 40.00% Fiji 10,000 [7] 54.72% Azerbaijan 9,360 [7] 10.81% Bangladesh 8,710 [7] 06.05% Kyrgyzstan 8,690 [7] 04.35% Iraq 8,220 [7] 01.88% Togo 8,000 [84] 14.00% Timor-Leste 7,980 [7] 53.65% Ireland 7,390 [7] 10.85% Uruguay 7,000 [85] 04.00% Belgium 6,607 [86] 21.64% Montenegro 6,252 [87] 45.26% Denmark 5,171 [88] 12.00% Bahamas 5,150 [7] 51.45% Gambia 4,857 [89] 43.00% Syria 4,610 [90] 02.49% Yemen 4,490 [91] 00.85% Vanuatu 4,470 [92] 36.67% Tajikistan 4,100 [93] 02.87% Netherlands 3,650 [7] 08.79% Jamaica 3,308 [94] 30.10% Moldova 3,290 [7] 09.72% Rwanda 3,161 [95] 12.00% United Arab Emirates 3,120 [7] 03.73% El Salvador 2,980 [7] 14.16% Armenia 2,974 [96] 10.00% Brunei 2,780 [7] 48.22% Mauritania 2,670 [7] 00.26% Trinidad and Tobago 2,260 [7] 44.07% Libya 2,170 [7] 00.12% Cyprus 1,740 [7] 18.81% Afghanistan 1,631 [97] 00.25% Israel 1,600 [98] 07.00% Lebanon 1,383 [99] 13.30% Burundi 1,270 [100] 04.50% Samoa 1,050 [101] 37.00% Iceland 1,030 [102] 01.00% Jordan 893 [103] 01.00% Luxembourg 870 [7] 33.64% Cape Verde 840 [7] 20.83% Egypt 670 [7] 00.07% Micronesia, Federated States of 630 [7] 89.74% Mauritius 612 [104] 30.00% Dominica 488 [105] 65.00% Haiti 416 [106] 01.50% Seychelles 407 [107] 89.45% Palau 400 [7] 87.15% Sao Tome and Principe 270 [7] 28.01% Swaziland 174 [108] 01.00% Saint Lucia 170 [7] 27.60% Andorra 160 [7] 34.19% Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 127 [109] 32.56% Antigua and Barbuda 90 [110] 21.00% Palestine 90 [7] 01.45% Lesotho 80 [7] 00.26% Liechtenstein 70 [7] 43.75% Djibouti 60 [7] 00.26% Kuwait 60 [7] 00.34% Comoros 50 [7] 02.24% Saint Kitts and Nevis 50 [7] 19.16% Grenada 40 [7] 11.63% Tonga 40 [111] 05.35% Tuvalu 23 [112] 89.12% Barbados 20 [7] 04.65% Kiribati 20 [7] 02.47% Singapore 20 [113] 03.00% Maldives 10 [7] 03.56% Bahrain 5 NC 00.67% Malta 3 NC 00.95% San Marino 1 NC 01.64% Qatar 0 [114] 00.00% +This is a list of independent countries and inhabited dependent territories by total population, based on estimates published by the United Nations. It refers to de facto population in a country or area using the "medium fertility" variant. +See also +Notes +References +External links +Population by rank Rank Country/area Population (1 July 2013)[1] — World 7,162,119,434 1 China 1,385,566,537 2 India 1,252,139,596 3 United States 320,050,716 4 Indonesia 249,865,631 5 Brazil 205,361,925 6 Pakistan 182,142,594 7 Nigeria 173,615,345 8 Bangladesh 156,594,962 9 Russia 142,833,689 10 Japan 127,143,577 11 Mexico 122,332,399 12 Philippines 98,393,574 13 Ethiopia 94,100,756 14 Vietnam 91,679,733 15 Germany 82,726,626 16 Egypt 82,056,378 17 Iran 77,447,168 18 Turkey 74,932,641 19 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 67,513,677 20 Thailand 67,010,502 21 France 64,291,280 22 United Kingdom 63,136,265 23 Italy 60,990,277 24 Myanmar 53,259,018 25 South Africa 52,776,130 26 Korea, South 49,262,698 27 Tanzania[lower-alpha 1] 49,253,126 28 Colombia 48,321,405 29 Spain 46,926,963 30 Ukraine 45,238,805 31 Kenya 44,353,691 32 Argentina 41,446,246 33 Algeria 39,208,194 34 Poland 38,216,635 35 Sudan 37,964,306 36 Uganda 37,578,876 37 Canada 35,181,704 38 Iraq 33,765,232 39 Morocco 33,008,150 40 Afghanistan 30,551,674 41 Venezuela 30,405,207 42 Peru 30,375,603 43 Malaysia 29,716,965 44 Uzbekistan 28,934,102 45 Saudi Arabia 28,828,870 46 Nepal 27,797,457 47 Ghana 25,904,598 48 Mozambique 25,833,752 49 Korea, North 24,895,480 50 Yemen 24,407,381 51 Australia[lower-alpha 2] 23,342,553 52 Taiwan[lower-alpha 3] 23,329,772 53 Madagascar 22,924,851 54 Cameroon 22,253,959 55 Syria 21,898,061 56 Romania 21,698,585 57 Angola 21,471,618 58 Sri Lanka 21,273,228 59 Côte d'Ivoire 20,316,086 60 Niger 17,831,270 61 Chile 17,619,708 62 Burkina Faso 16,934,839 63 Netherlands 16,759,229 64 Kazakhstan 16,440,586 65 Malawi 16,362,567 66 Ecuador 15,737,878 67 Guatemala 15,468,203 68 Mali 15,301,650 69 Cambodia 15,135,169 70 Zambia 14,538,640 71 Zimbabwe 14,149,648 72 Senegal 14,133,280 73 Chad 12,825,314 74 Rwanda 11,776,522 75 Guinea 11,745,189 76 South Sudan 11,296,173 77 Cuba 11,265,629 78 Greece 11,127,990 79 Belgium 11,104,476 80 Tunisia 10,996,515 81 Czech Republic 10,702,197 82 Bolivia 10,671,200 83 Portugal 10,608,156 84 Somalia 10,495,583 85 Dominican Republic 10,403,761 86 Benin 10,323,474 87 Haiti 10,317,461 88 Burundi 10,162,532 89 Hungary 9,954,941 90 Sweden 9,571,105 91 Serbia[lower-alpha 4] 9,510,506 92 Azerbaijan[lower-alpha 5] 9,413,420 93 Belarus 9,356,678 94 United Arab Emirates 9,346,129 95 Austria 8,495,145 96 Tajikistan 8,207,834 97 Honduras 8,097,688 98 Switzerland 8,077,833 99 Israel 7,733,144 100 Papua New Guinea 7,321,262 101 Jordan 7,273,799 102 Bulgaria 7,222,943 — Hong Kong 7,203,836 103 Togo 6,816,982 104 Paraguay 6,802,295 105 Laos 6,769,727 106 El Salvador 6,340,454 107 Eritrea 6,333,135 108 Libya 6,201,521 109 Sierra Leone 6,092,075 110 Nicaragua 6,080,478 111 Denmark 5,619,096 112 Kyrgyzstan 5,547,548 113 Slovakia 5,450,223 114 Finland 5,426,323 115 Singapore 5,411,737 116 Turkmenistan 5,240,072 117 Norway 5,042,671 118 Costa Rica 4,872,166 119 Lebanon 4,821,971 120 Ireland 4,627,173 121 Central African Republic 4,616,417 122 New Zealand 4,505,761 123 Congo, Republic of the 4,447,632 124 Georgia[lower-alpha 6] 4,340,895 125 Palestine[lower-alpha 7] 4,326,295 126 Liberia 4,294,077 127 Croatia 4,289,714 128 Mauritania 3,889,880 129 Panama 3,864,170 130 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3,829,307 — Puerto Rico 3,688,318 131 Oman 3,632,444 132 Moldova[lower-alpha 8] 3,487,204 133 Uruguay 3,407,062 134 Kuwait 3,368,572 135 Albania 3,173,271 136 Lithuania 3,016,933 137 Armenia 2,976,566 138 Mongolia 2,839,073 139 Jamaica 2,783,888 140 Namibia 2,303,315 141 Qatar 2,168,673 142 Macedonia 2,107,158 143 Lesotho 2,074,465 144 Slovenia 2,071,997 145 Latvia 2,050,317 146 Botswana 2,021,144 147 Gambia 1,849,285 148 Guinea-Bissau 1,704,255 149 Gabon 1,671,711 150 Trinidad and Tobago 1,341,151 151 Bahrain 1,332,171 152 Estonia 1,287,251 153 Swaziland 1,249,514 154 Mauritius 1,244,403 155 Cyprus[lower-alpha 9] 1,141,166 156 Timor-Leste 1,132,879 157 Fiji 881,065 — Réunion 875,375 158 Djibouti 872,932 159 Guyana 799,613 160 Equatorial Guinea 757,014 161 Bhutan 753,947 162 Comoros 734,917 163 Montenegro 621,383 — Western Sahara 567,315 — Macau 566,375 164 Solomon Islands 561,231 165 Suriname 539,276 166 Luxembourg 530,380 167 Cape Verde 498,897 — Guadeloupe[lower-alpha 10] 465,800 168 Malta 429,004 169 Brunei 417,784 — Martinique 403,682 170 Bahamas 377,374 171 Maldives 345,023 172 Belize 331,900 173 Iceland 329,535 174 Barbados 284,644 — French Polynesia 276,831 — New Caledonia 256,496 175 Vanuatu 252,763 — French Guiana 249,227 — Mayotte 222,152 176 São Tomé and Príncipe 192,993 177 Samoa 190,372 178 Saint Lucia 182,273 — Guam 165,124 — Guernsey & Jersey 162,018 — Curaçao 158,760 179 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 109,373 — Virgin Islands, United States 106,627 180 Grenada 105,897 181 Tonga 105,323 182 Micronesia, Federated States of 103,549 — Aruba 102,911 183 Kiribati 102,351 184 Seychelles 92,838 185 Antigua and Barbuda 89,985 — Isle of Man 85,888 186 Andorra 79,218 187 Dominica 72,003 — Bermuda 65,341 — Cayman Islands 58,435 — Greenland 56,987 — American Samoa 55,165 188 Saint Kitts and Nevis 54,191 — Northern Mariana Islands 53,855 189 Marshall Islands 52,634 — Faroe Islands 49,469 — Sint Maarten 45,233 190 Monaco 37,831 191 Liechtenstein 36,925 — Turks and Caicos Islands 33,098 192 San Marino 31,448 — Gibraltar 29,310 — Virgin Islands, British 28,341 193 Palau 20,918 — Cook Islands 20,629 — Caribbean Netherlands[lower-alpha 11] 19,130 — Anguilla 14,300 — Wallis and Futuna 13,272 194 Nauru 10,051 195 Tuvalu 9,876 — Saint Pierre and Miquelon 6,043 — Montserrat 5,091 — Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 4,129 — Falkland Islands 3,044 — Niue 1,344 — Tokelau 1,195 196 Vatican City[lower-alpha 12] 799 +References +This is a list of countries by average overall rating in corporate governance +Rank Country Companies Average Overall Rating 1 United Kingdom 394 7.60 2 Canada 132 7.36 3 Ireland 19 7.21 4 United States 1,761 7.16 5 New Zealand 10 6.70 6 Australia 194 6.65 7 Netherlands 30 6.45 8 Finland 28 6.38 9 South Africa 43 6.09 10 Sweden 40 5.88 11 Switzerland 51 5.86 12 Germany 79 5.80 13 Austria 22 5.77 14 Italy 52 5.25 15 Poland 14 5.11 16 Norway 26 4.90 17 Singapore 52 4.82 18 Denmark 24 4.79 19 France 100 4.70 20 India 56 4.54 21 Belgium 24 4.35 22 Greece 24 4.25 23 Malaysia 28 4.21 24 Thailand 15 4.20 25 Portugal 11 4.14 26 Hong Kong 72 4.06 27 Spain 43 3.97 28 South Korea 88 3.93 29 Brazil 67 3.91 30 Russia 25 3.90 31 Taiwan 78 3.84 32 Israel 17 3.79 33 Turkey 17 3.62 34 China 91 3.37 35 Japan 392 3.30 36 Indonesia 21 3.14 37 Mexico 21 2.43 38 Chile 15 2.13 +Princess Ashi Sonam Dechan Wangchuck (born August 5, 1981) is a princess of Bhutan. +She is the daughter of the 4th King of Bhutan Jigme Singye Wangchuck and half-sister of the 5th King, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck. She has a degree in international relations from Stanford University and a masters in law from Harvard Law School.[1] She has also clerked for the Royal High Court of Bhutan. She currently works at the Judiciary of the Kingdom of Bhutan as President of the Bhutan National Legal Institute. +Titles, styles, and honours +Titles and styles +5 August 1981 – present: Her Royal Highness Princess Ashi Sonam Dechan Wangchuck. +Honours +National honours +Foreign honours +References +Prince Dasho Ugyen Jigme Wangchuck (born 11 November 1994)[1] is a member of the royal family of Bhutan and is one of the sons of Jigme Singye Wangchuck and Queen Mother Ashi Tshering Pem. +Early life +Ugyen Jigme Wangchuck has participated in a large amount of official royal matters including foreign affairs meetings. From 2008 HRH Prince Ugyen Jigme Wangchuck has been educated in the exclusive Swiss boarding school, Institut Le Rosey. He attended the Early Learning Center in Thimphu, Bhutan, before going to Switzerland. +Titles, styles, and honours +Titles and styles +11 November 1994 – present: His Royal Highness Prince Dasho Ugyen Jigme Wangchuck. +Honours +National honours +See also +References +This is a list of countries by employment rate (the proportion of working age adults employed, here with working age between 15 and 64 years old). The information is based largely on data from the OECD as at 2013 and can be expanded as new data (with sources) is found. Employment data for the European Union countries can be retrieved from Eurostat . +List +Rank by sovereign state Rank by entity Entity Employment rate (%) Source / date of information 1 1 Turkey 81.6 2014 OECD . +Methods of calculation and presentation of unemployment rate vary from country to country. Some countries count insured unemployed only, some count those in receipt of welfare benefit only, some count the disabled and other permanently unemployable people, some countries count those who choose (and are financially able) not to work, supported by their spouses and caring for a family, some count students at college and so on. +For purposes of comparison, harmonized values are published by International Labour Organization (ILO) and by OECD. The ILO harmonized unemployment rate refers to those who are currently not working but are willing and able to work for pay, currently available to work, and have actively searched for work. The OECD harmonized unemployment rate gives the number of unemployed persons as a percentage of the labour force. +References +Country / Region Unemployment rate (%) Source / date of information Afghanistan 35.1 2008[1] Albania 16.9 2013 (Q4)[2][verification needed] Algeria 10.2 2013(September)[3] American Samoa (United States) 49.9 2011 (March)[4] Andorra 2.9 2013 Anguilla (United Kingdom) 7.8 2013 (July)[5] Antigua and Barbuda 11.0 2014[1] Argentina 6.9 2014 (Q4)[6] Armenia 17.3 2013[7] Aruba (Netherlands) 15.7 2013[8] Australia 5.8 2016 (Feb)[9] Austria 6.0 2016 (February)[10] Azerbaijan 5.4 2014[1] Bahrain 4.1 2014[1] Bangladesh 5.0 2014[1] Barbados 11.5 2013 (Q1)[11] Belarus 0.7 2014[12] Belgium 8.6 2016 (February)[10] Belize 12.9 2014[1] Bermuda 9.0 2014[1] Bhutan 3.2 2014[1] Bolivia 7.3 2014[1] Bosnia and Herzegovina 43.9 2014[13] Botswana 17.8 2009[1] Brazil 7.6 2015 (September)[14] British Virgin Islands (United Kingdom) 3.1 2007[15] Brunei 2.7 2014[1] Bulgaria 7.4 2016 (February)[10] Burma 5.2 2014[1] Cambodia 1.6 2010[16] Cameroon 4.4 (underemployment - 75.8) 30.0[1] (CIA estimate) 2005[17] Canada 7.2 2016 (January)[18] Cape Verde 13.1 2010 (May)[19] Cayman Islands (United Kingdom) 4.0 (5.5 - 2010 estimate)[20] 2008[21] Central African Republic 8.0 2001[1] Chad 22.6 2006[22] Chile 6.5 2015 (August)[23] China, People's Republic of 4.1 2013 (December)[24] Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australia) 11.3 2006[25] Colombia 8.9 2015 (March)[26] Comoros 20.0 1996[1] Cook Islands 13.1 2005 [1] Costa Rica 9.7 2014 (December)[27] Croatia 15.1 2016 (February)[10] Cuba 3.3 2014 [28] Cyprus 12.6 2016 (February)[10] Czech Republic 4.5 2016 (February)[10] Denmark 5.8 2016 (February)[10] Djibouti 60.0 2014[1] Dominica 23.0 2000[1] Dominican Republic 14.4 2010 (April)[29] East Timor 20.0 2006 Ecuador 4.3 2014[1] Egypt 8.1 2013 (Q2)[30] El Salvador 6.2 2014[1] Equatorial Guinea 22.3 2009[1] Estonia 6.4 2016 (January)[10] European Union 8.9 2016 (February)[10] Faroe Islands (Denmark) 3.1 2015 (April)[31] Fiji 8.6 2007[32][33] Finland 9.2 2016 (February)[10] France 10.2 2016 (February)[10] French Polynesia (France) 11.7 2007[34] Gabon 21.0 2006[1] Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories) 41.5 2015 (Q2)[35][36] Georgia 13.7 2014[37] Germany 4.3 2016 (February)[10] Ghana 3.6 2008 (September)[38] Gibraltar (United Kingdom) 1.8 2011[39] Greece 24.0 2015 (December)[10] Greenland (Denmark) 7.8 2009[40] Grenada 24.5 2009 (June)[41] Guam (United States) 7.4 2014 (March)[42] Guatemala 4.1 2011[1] Guernsey (United Kingdom) 1.5 2010 (Q2)[43] Guyana 9.0 2009 (July)[44] Honduras 4.3 2014[1] Hong Kong 3.3 2014 (October–December)[45] Hungary 5.9 2016 (January)[10] Iceland 3.1 2016 (February)[10] India 3.6 2014 [46] Indonesia 5.7 2014[47] Iran 11.212 2014 [48] Iraq 16 2012[1] Ireland 8.8 2016 (February)[10] Isle of Man 1.8 2010 (August)[49] Israel 5.4 2015 (November)[50] Italy 11.7 2016 (February)[10] Jamaica 14.2 2014[1] Japan 3.3 2014[51] Jersey (United Kingdom) 2.7 2009 (July)[52] Jordan 11.1 2014 [28] Kazakhstan 6.1 2010 (May)[53] Kenya 42.0 2009[54] Kiribati 38.2 2006[55] Kosovo 30.9 2013[1] Kuwait 3.0 2014[1] Kyrgyzstan 8.0 2013[1] Laos 1.4 2013[1] Latvia 10.1 2016 (February)[10] Lebanon 10.0 2009 (July)[56] Lesotho 42.7 2008[57] Libya 13.0 2005 (May)[58] Liechtenstein 2.3 2012[1] Lithuania 8.8 2016 (February)[10] Luxembourg 6.3 2016 (February)[10] Macau (China) 1.9 2013[1] Macedonia 24.6 2015 (Q4)[59] Malaysia 3.1 2015 (October)[60] Mali 8.2 2013[1] Malta 5.1 2016 (February)[10] Marshall Islands 36.0 2006[1] Mauritania 31.0 2013[1] Mauritius 7.9 2012 (Q13)[61] Mayotte (France) 25.4 2005[1] Mexico 4.9 2013 (September) [62] Federated States of Micronesia 22 2000[63] Moldova 9.1 2010 (Q1)[64] Monaco 2.0 2012[1] Mongolia 7.7 2014[1] Montenegro 15.0 2013 (December 30th) [65] Montserrat (United Kingdom) 6.0 1998[1] Morocco 5.5 2010 (Q1)[66][67] Mozambique 60.0 2009 Namibia 28.1 2014[1] Nauru 23 2011[68] Nepal 46.0 2008[1] Netherlands 6.5 2016 (February)[10] Netherlands Antilles (Netherlands) 10.0 2008[69] New Caledonia (France) 17.1 2004[1] New Zealand 5.3 2015 (December quarter)[70] Nicaragua 6.0 2014[1] Nigeria 6.4 2015 (May)[71][72] North Korea 25.6 2013[1] Northern Mariana Islands (United States) 11.2 2010[1] Norway 4.8 2016 (January)[10] Niue 10.7 2006[73] Pakistan 6.8 2014[1] Palau 4.2 2005[1] Panama 5.6 2011[74] Papua New Guinea 1.9 2008[1] Paraguay 7.3 2014[1] Peru 6.1 2015 (August)[75] Philippines 5.6 2015 (October)[76] Poland 6.8 2016 (February)[10] Portugal 12.3 2016 (February)[10] Puerto Rico (United States) 13.7 2014 (December)[77] Qatar 0.4 2014[1] Romania 6.5 2016 (February)[10] Russia 5.5 2015 (February) Saint Helena (United Kingdom) 14.0 1998[1] Saint Kitts and Nevis 5.1 2006[78] Saint Lucia 15.7 2006[79] Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France) 9.9 2008[1] Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 18.0 2009 (June)[41] San Marino 8.7 2014[1] Saudi Arabia 12 2015[80] Senegal 48.0 (30.0 among adults aged 24 and under[81]) 2007[1] Serbia 16.8 2014 (Q3)[82] Singapore 1.9 2014 (Q4) Slovakia 10.3 2016 (February)[10] Slovenia 8.2 2016 (February)[10] South Africa 24.3 2014 (Q3)[83] South Korea 4.9 2016 (February)[84] Spain 20.4 2016 (February)[10] Sri Lanka 4.2 2012 (Q1)[85] Sudan 13.6 2014[1] Suriname 8.9 2014[1] Swaziland 40.6 2007[86] Sweden 7.0 2016 (February)[10] Switzerland 3.5 2015 (January)[87] Syria 40.0 2014[1] Taiwan 3.62 2015 (May)[88] Tajikistan 2.4 2015 (March)[89] Thailand 0.9 2014 (May)[90] The Bahamas 15.0 2014[1] Tonga 1.1 2006[91] Trinidad and Tobago 3.7 2013 (Q1)[92] Tunisia 15.2 2014[93] Turkey 9.3 2015 [94] Turkmenistan 3.5 2013 (November)[95] Turks and Caicos Islands 5.4 2007[96] Ukraine 9.4 2015 (Q3)[30] United Arab Emirates 4.3 2010[97] United Kingdom 5.1 2016 (January)[98] United States 4.9 2016 (February)[99] Uruguay 7.4 2015 (January)[100] Uzbekistan 8.0 2008 (December)[101] Vanuatu 4.6 2009 [102] Venezuela 6.7 2014 (July)[103] Vietnam 3.4 2014[1] U.S. Virgin Islands (United States) 12.3 2014 (December)[104] Wallis and Futuna (France) 12.2 2008[105] West Bank (Palestinian territories) 15.4 2015 (Q2)[35][36] Yemen 35.0 2009 (June)[106] Zambia 15.0 2008 [1] Zimbabwe 11.3 2015 [1] +This is a List of foreign aid recipients based on the official development assistance (ODA) they have received for the given year. +Although development aid rose in 2013 to the highest level ever recorded, a trend of a falling share of aid going to the neediest sub-Saharan African countries continued.[1] +References +List of foreign aid recipients +A map of official development assistance distribution in 2005. +Foreign aid received in millions of US dollars[6] Continent Country 2012 2013 Asia Afghanistan 6,725.0 5265.95 Europe Albania 341.6 298.38 Africa Algeria 144.5 207.96 Africa Angola 242.3 287.61 Americas Antigua & Barbuda 2.3 1.5 Americas Argentina 178.9 30.12232 Europe Armenia 272.7 292.76 Europe Azerbaijan 284.9 -63.13 Asia Bangladesh 2152.0 2669.1 Europe Belarus 103.2 104.68 Americas Belize 25.1 49.55 Africa Benin 511.3 652.61 Asia Bhutan 161.2 134.69 Americas Bolivia 658.6 699.15 Europe Bosnia-Herzegovina 571.1 550.04 Africa Botswana 73.8 108.38 Americas Brazil 1.2 1150.17 Africa Burkina Faso 1,158.5 1040.11 Africa Burundi 522.7 546.27 Asia Cambodia 807.4 804.81 Africa Cameroon 596.2 737.49 Africa Cape Verde 246.1 243.37 Africa Central African Republic 227.2 189.25 Africa Chad 478.5 399.33 Americas Chile 125.5 78.52 Asia China -194,13 -651,11 Americas Colombia 764.4 852.03 Africa Comoros 68.6 81.9 Africa Congo, Dem. +List of foreign aid recipients +This is a list of countries by irrigated land area mostly based on The World Factbook.[1] +References +External links +Rank Country/Region Irrigated land (km²) Date of information - World 3,263,413 2010[2] 1 India 558,080 2003 2 China 545,960 2003 3 United States 223,850 2003 4 Pakistan 182,300 2003 - European Union 168,050 2003 est. +References +This is a list of countries which border two or more oceans, including both sovereign states and dependencies, provided the same contiguous territory borders on more than one of the five named oceans, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic.[1] Countries which border on multiple oceans because of discontiguous regions are excluded here but included in the list of transcontinental countries. +List +The Natural increase in population per 1000 people, from the CIA World Factbook, 2010. +This article contains a list of countries by rate of natural increase. +References +The birth rates[1] and the death rates [2] are the CIA World Factbook estimates for the year 2010. +Countries +Country Crude death rate Crude birth rate Crude natural increase Lesotho[3] 14.89 25.47 10.58 Ukraine[3] 14.46 10.72 -3.74 Bulgaria[3] 14.44 8.92 -5.52 Guinea-Bissau[3] 14.33 33.38 19.05 Latvia[3] 14.31 10.00 -4.31 Serbia[3] 13.66 9.08 -4.58 Hungary[4] 12.73 9.16 -3.57 Estonia[4] 13.69 10.29 -3.40 Germany[4] 11.29 8.42 -2.87 Slovenia[4] 11.25 8.54 -2.71 Belarus[4] 13.51 10.86 -2.65 Croatia[4] 12.13 9.49 -2.64 Romania[4] 11.88 9.27 -2.61 Monaco[4] 9.01 6.72 -2.29 Greece[4] 11.00 8.80 -2.20 Lithuania[4] 11.55 9.36 -2.19 Russia[3] 13.69 11.60 -2.09 Austria[4] 10.38 8.76 -1.62 Saint Pierre and Miquelon[4] 9.27 7.70 -1.57 Portugal[4] 10.97 9.42 -1.55 Japan[4] 9.38 8.07 -1.31 Italy[4] 10.10 8.84 -1.26 Belgium[4] 10.76 9.99 -0.77 Bosnia and Herzegovina[4] 9.64 8.89 -0.75 Poland[4] 10.37 9.77 -0.60 Czech Republic[4] 10.29 9.79 -0.50 Moldova[4] 12.60 12.21 -0.39 Finland[4] 10.51 10.35 -0.16 Denmark[4] 10.23 10.22 -0.01 Sweden[4] 10.20 10.14 -0.06 Hong Kong 6.91 7.45 0.54 Georgia 9.79 10.70 0.91 Switzerland 8.65 9.56 0.91 Slovakia 9.56 10.55 0.99 San Marino 7.75 9.18 1.43 Netherlands 8.78 10.30 1.52 Norway 9.26 10.90 1.64 Isle of Man 9.87 11.54 1.67 Malta 8.49 10.38 1.89 Guernsey 8.35 10.25 1.90 Taiwan 6.87 8.97 2.10 Spain 8.72 10.91 2.19 Liechtenstein 7.49 9.69 2.20 Montenegro 8.76 11.09 2.33 Canada 7.87 10.28 2.41 Korea, South 6.15 8.72 2.57 South Africa 16.99 19.61 2.62 Palau 7.81 10.68 2.87 United Kingdom 9.33 12.34 3.01 Macedonia 8.87 11.92 3.05 Luxembourg 8.46 11.70 3.24 Jersey 7.49 10.73 3.24 Puerto Rico 7.82 11.42 3.60 Cuba 7.29 11.02 2.18 France 8.65 12.43 3.78 Andorra 6.21 10.03 3.82 Singapore 4.80 8.65 3.85 Montserrat 7.82 11.72 3.90 Korea, North 10.60 14.58 3.98 Barbados 8.39 12.43 4.04 Saint Helena 6.91 10.95 4.04 Bermuda 7.43 11.47 4.04 Faroe Islands 8.66 12.90 4.24 Armenia 8.42 12.74 4.32 U.S. Virgin Islands 6.96 11.51 4.55 Uruguay 9.06 13.67 4.61 Cyprus 6.42 11.38 4.96 Aruba 7.76 12.77 5.01 China 6.89 12.17 5.28 Macau 3.60 8.98 5.38 United States 8.38 13.83 5.45 Australia 6.81 12.39 5.58 Albania 6.04 11.88 5.84 Gibraltar 8.17 14.20 6.03 Trinidad and Tobago 8.21 14.37 6.16 Iceland 6.90 13.36 6.46 Thailand 6.47 13.01 6.54 Greenland 8.05 14.68 6.63 New Zealand 7.10 13.81 6.71 Saint Kitts and Nevis 7.11 14.23 7.12 Kazakhstan 9.39 16.66 7.27 Cayman Islands 5.00 12.29 7.29 Netherlands Antilles 6.54 14.05 7.51 Mauritius 6.63 14.17 7.54 Dominica 8.12 15.68 7.56 Saint Lucia 6.90 14.81 7.91 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6.94 14.89 7.95 Cook Islands 7.22 15.67 8.45 Chile 5.90 14.46 8.56 Anguilla 4.40 13.00 8.60 Seychelles 6.92 15.53 8.61 Lebanon 6.46 15.10 8.64 Namibia 12.97 21.82 8.85 Grenada 7.90 17.20 9.30 Bahamas, The 6.89 16.25 9.36 Azerbaijan 8.28 17.75 9.47 Wallis and Futuna 4.56 14.08 9.52 Sri Lanka 6.20 15.88 9.68 Ireland 6.30 16.37 10.07 Tunisia 5.24 15.31 10.07 British Virgin Islands 4.41 14.52 10.11 Argentina 7.39 17.75 10.36 Guyana 7.24 17.61 10.37 Antigua and Barbuda 5.77 16.43 10.66 Maldives 3.68 14.50 10.82 French Polynesia 4.80 15.67 10.87 Suriname 5.53 16.61 11.08 Burma 8.23 19.49 11.26 New Caledonia 5.23 16.52 11.29 Vietnam 5.97 17.29 11.32 World 8.37 19.86 11.49 Brazil 6.35 18.11 11.76 Algeria 4.66 16.71 12.05 Swaziland 14.99 27.12 12.13 Turkey 6.11 18.28 12.17 Indonesia 6.25 18.45 12.20 Uzbekistan 5.29 17.51 12.22 Costa Rica 4.29 16.65 12.36 Bhutan 7.25 19.62 12.37 Bahrain 4.37 16.81 12.44 El Salvador 5.61 18.06 12.45 Colombia 5.24 17.76 12.52 Iran 5.94 18.52 12.58 Tonga 4.95 17.78 12.83 Peru 6.13 19.00 12.87 Jamaica 6.48 19.47 12.99 Qatar 2.44 15.54 13.10 Paraguay 4.55 17.73 13.18 Turkmenistan 6.27 19.62 13.35 Botswana 9.02 22.54 13.52 Vanuatu 7.49 21.08 13.59 Tuvalu 9.36 23.01 13.65 India 7.53 21.34 13.81 United Arab Emirates 2.08 15.98 13.90 Israel 5.45 19.51 14.06 Mexico 4.83 19.39 14.56 Morocco 4.74 19.40 14.66 Brunei 3.32 18.00 14.68 Haiti[4] 7.91 22.83 14.92 Mongolia 6.08 21.03 14.95 Panama 4.62 19.71 15.09 Venezuela 5.14 20.29 15.15 Cape Verde 6.41 21.67 15.26 Ecuador 5.00 20.32 15.32 Nepal 6.89 22.43 15.54 Kiribati 7.48 23.06 15.58 Dominican Republic 4.30 19.90 15.60 Fiji 5.88 21.52 15.64 Saudi Arabia 3.34 19.43 16.09 Turks and Caicos Islands 4.17 20.44 16.27 Malaysia 4.92 21.41 16.49 Zimbabwe 14.90 31.57 16.67 Kyrgyzstan 6.85 23.58 16.73 Djibouti 8.37 25.58 17.21 Cambodia 8.19 25.58 17.39 Samoa 5.36 22.92 17.56 Bangladesh 5.81 23.43 17.62 Northern Mariana Islands 3.17 21.05 17.88 Federated States of Micronesia 4.40 22.57 18.17 Bolivia 6.95 25.16 18.21 Pakistan 7.06 25.30 18.24 Laos 8.28 26.57 18.29 Nicaragua 4.28 22.77 18.49 American Samoa 4.09 23.05 18.96 Ghana 8.93 28.09 19.16 Kuwait 2.29 21.64 19.35 Angola 23.74 43.33 19.59 Nigeria 16.31 36.07 19.76 Tajikistan 6.72 26.49 19.77 Timor-Leste 5.93 25.93 20.00 Egypt 4.85 25.02 20.17 Papua New Guinea 6.62 26.95 20.33 Oman 3.47 23.90 20.43 Afghanistan 17.65 38.11 20.46 Honduras 4.99 25.61 20.62 Philippines 5.06 25.68 20.62 Syria 3.70 24.44 20.74 Belize 5.82 26.84 21.02 Cote d'Ivoire 10.43 31.48 21.05 Tanzania 12.31 33.44 21.13 Libya 3.40 24.58 21.18 West Bank 3.62 24.91 21.29 Central African Republic 15.30 36.79 21.49 Cameroon 12.01 33.58 21.57 Nauru 6.15 28.16 22.01 Guatemala 5.04 27.40 22.36 Gabon 12.90 35.39 22.49 Western Sahara 9.13 32.56 23.43 Chad 15.79 40.12 24.33 Jordan 2.66 27.06 24.40 Iraq 4.92 29.41 24.49 Solomon Islands 3.96 28.60 24.64 Mauritania 9.00 33.67 24.67 Sudan 11.66 36.58 24.92 Eritrea 8.25 33.48 25.23 Gambia, The 12.03 37.31 25.28 Marshall Islands 4.42 29.94 25.52 Kenya 9.26 35.14 25.88 Mozambique 12.34 38.83 26.49 Guinea 10.72 37.21 26.49 Equatorial Guinea 9.26 36.00 26.74 Sierra Leone 11.97 38.79 26.82 Rwanda 10.19 37.26 27.07 Yemen 7.24 34.37 27.13 Liberia 10.88 38.14 27.26 Comoros 7.40 34.71 27.31 Malawi 13.69 41.28 27.59 Togo 8.15 35.88 27.73 Senegal 9.49 37.27 27.78 Somalia 15.24 43.33 28.09 Congo, Republic of the 11.75 41.01 29.26 Benin 9.23 38.67 29.44 Madagascar 7.97 37.89 29.92 Sao Tome and Principe 8.45 39.09 30.64 Democratic Republic of the Congo 11.39 42.26 30.87 Burkina Faso 13.02 43.98 30.96 Mali 14.64 46.09 31.45 Burundi 9.87 41.43 31.56 Mayotte 7.05 38.76 31.71 Zambia 12.84 44.63 31.79 Ethiopia 11.29 43.34 32.05 Gaza Strip 3.36 36.26 32.90 Uganda 11.90 47.55 35.65 Niger 14.47 51.08 36.61 +List of countries by natural increase +The World Happiness Report is a measure of happiness published by the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network. +References +External links +World Happiness Report Sustainable Development Solutions Network +Each variable measured reveals a populated-weighted average score on a scale running from 0 to 10 that is tracked over time and compared against other countries. These variables currently include: real GDP per capita, social support, healthy life expectancy, freedom to make life choices, generosity, and perceptions of corruption. Each country is also compared against a hypothetical nation called Dystopia. +2016 ranking [4] +Rank [6][7] Country Score Change Over Prior Year GDP per capita Social support Healthy life expectancy Freedom to make life choices Generosity Trust 1 Denmark 7.526 -0.401 2 Switzerland 7.509 0.035 3 Iceland 7.501 0.000 4 Norway 7.498 0.082 5 Finland 7.413 -0.259 6 Canada 7.404 -0.041 7 Netherlands 7.339 -0.119 8 New Zealand 7.334 -0.097 9 Australia 7.313 0.002 10 Sweden 7.291 -0.017 11 Israel 7.267 0.258 12 Austria 7.119 -0.003 13 United States 7.104 -0.261 14 Costa Rica 7.087 -0.171 15 Puerto Rico 7.039 0.446 16 Germany 6.994 0.486 17 Brazil 6.952 0.474 18 Belgium 6.929 -0.311 19 Ireland 6.907 -0.238 20 Luxembourg 6.871 0.000 21 Mexico 6.778 0.225 22 Singapore 6.739 0.099 23 United Kingdom 6.725 -0.161 24 Chile 6.705 0.826 25 Panama 6.701 0.191 26 Argentina 6.650 0.457 27 Czech Republic 6.596 0.126 28 United Arab Emirates 6.573 -0.161 29 Uruguay 6.545 0.804 30 Malta 6.488 0.000 31 Colombia 6.481 0.399 32 France 6.478 -0.336 33 Thailand 6.474 0.631 34 Saudi Arabia 6.379 -0.794 35 Taiwan 6.379 0.190 36 Qatar 6.375 0.000 37 Spain 6.361 -0.711 38 Algeria 6.355 0.000 39 Guatemala 6.324 0.211 40 Suriname 6.269 0.000 41 Kuwait 6.239 0.164 42 Bahrain 6.218 0.000 43 Trinidad and Tobago 6.168 0.336 44 Venezuela 6.084 -0.762 45 Slovakia 6.078 0.814 46 El Salvador 6.068 0.572 47 Malaysia 6.005 -0.132 48 Nicaragua 5.992 1.285 49 Uzbekistan 5.987 0.755 50 Italy 5.977 -0.735 51 Ecuador 5.976 0.966 52 Belize 5.956 -0.495 53 Japan 5.921 -0.446 54 Kazakhstan 5.919 0.322 55 Moldova 5.897 0.959 56 Russia 5.856 0.738 57 Poland 5.835 0.098 58 South Korea 5.835 0.295 59 Bolivia 5.822 0.322 60 Lithuania 5.813 -0.069 61 Belarus 5.802 0.165 62 Northern Cyprus 5.771 0.000 63 Slovenia 5.768 -0.044 64 Peru 5.743 0.730 65 Turkmenistan 5.658 0.000 66 Mauritius 5.648 0.000 67 Libya 5.615 0.000 68 Latvia 5.560 0.872 69 Cyprus 5.546 -0.692 70 Paraguay 5.538 0.536 71 Romania 5.528 0.310 72 Estonia 5.517 0.165 73 Jamaica 5.510 -0.698 74 Croatia 5.488 -0.333 75 Hong Kong 5.458 -0.053 76 Somalia 5.440 0.000 77 Kosovo 5.401 0.298 78 Turkey 5.389 0.216 79 Indonesia 5.314 0.295 80 Jordan 5.303 -0.638 81 Azerbaijan 5.291 0.642 82 Philippines 5.279 0.425 83 China 5.245 0.525 84 Bhutan 5.196 0.000 85 Kyrgyzstan 5.185 0.515 86 Serbia 5.177 0.426 87 Bosnia and Herzegovina 5.163 0.263 88 Montenegro 5.161 -0.035 89 Dominican Republic 5.155 0.070 90 Morocco 5.151 0.000 91 Hungary 5.145 0.070 92 Pakistan 5.132 -0.374 93 Lebanon 5.129 0.059 94 Portugal 5.123 -0.282 95 Macedonia 5.121 0.627 96 Vietnam 5.061 -0.299 97 Somaliland region 5.057 0.000 98 Tunisia 5.045 0.000 99 Greece 5.033 -1.294 100 Tajikistan 4.996 0.474 101 Mongolia 4.907 0.298 102 Laos 4.876 -0.344 103 Nigeria 4.875 0.075 104 Honduras 4.871 -0.375 105 Iran 4.813 -0.507 106 Zambia 4.795 0.381 107 Nepal 4.793 0.135 108 Palestinian Territories 4.754 0.321 109 Albania 4.655 0.021 110 Bangladesh 4.643 0.170 111 Sierra Leone 4.635 1.028 112 Iraq 4.575 0.000 113 Namibia 4.574 -0.312 114 Cameroon 4.513 0.413 115 Ethiopia 4.508 0.000 116 South Africa 4.459 -0.686 117 Sri Lanka 4.415 0.037 118 India 4.404 -0.750 119 Myanmar 4.395 0.000 120 Egypt 4.362 -0.996 121 Armenia 4.360 -0.226 122 Kenya 4.356 -0.044 123 Ukraine 4.324 -0.701 124 Ghana 4.276 -0.600 125 Republic of the Congo 4.272 0.000 126 Georgia 4.252 0.561 127 Democratic Republic of the Congo 4.236 0.000 128 Senegal 4.219 -0.328 129 Bulgaria 4.217 0.373 130 Mauritania 4.201 0.052 131 Zimbabwe 4.193 0.639 132 Malawi 4.156 -0.205 133 Sudan 4.139 0.000 134 Gabon 4.121 0.000 135 Mali 4.073 0.059 136 Haiti 4.028 0.274 137 Botswana 3.974 -0.765 138 Comoros 3.956 0.000 139 Ivory Coast 3.916 0.000 140 Cambodia 3.907 0.045 141 Angola 3.866 0.000 142 Niger 3.856 -0.144 143 South Sudan 3.832 0.000 144 Chad 3.763 -0.025 145 Burkina Faso 3.739 -0.170 146 Uganda 3.739 -0.356 147 Yemen 3.724 -0.754 148 Madagascar 3.695 -0.285 149 Tanzania 3.666 -0.460 150 Liberia 3.622 -0.080 151 Guinea 3.607 0.000 152 Rwanda 3.515 -0.700 153 Benin 3.484 0.154 154 Afghanistan 3.360 0.000 155 Togo 3.303 0.100 156 Syria 3.069 0.000 157 Burundi 2.905 0.000 +World Happiness Report +Princess Ashi Chimi Yangzom Wangchuck (born 10 January 1980) is a princess of Bhutan. +She is the daughter of the 4th King of Bhutan Jigme Singye Wangchuck and Queen Mother Ashi Tshering Pem. She is a half-sister of the 5th King, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck. +Biography +Her Royal Highness was educated at Luntenzampa Middle Secondary School and Yangchenphug Higher Secondary School, Dana Hall School. +Later, she completed a bachelor's degree with double majors in international relations and economics from Wellesley College in Massachusetts and a master's degree in public administration from Columbia University in New York City, is interested in working with youth. +Titles, styles, and honours +Titles and styles +10 January 1980 – present: Her Royal Highness Princess Ashi Chimi Yangzom Wangchuck. +Honours +National honours +References +External links +TV3 is a television channel owned by Modern Times Group (MTG) and targeted at a Lithuanian-speaking audience. +It was founded on May 7, 1992 and launched on April 11, 1993 as "Tele-3" before being renamed "TV3" in June 8, 1997. +External links +TRT 1 is the first Turkish national television station. +Introduction +TRT 1, the first television channel in Turkey, started their test transmissions on January 31, 1968, and commenced full national broadcasts in December 1971. +It was the only channel in Turkey until September 15, 1986, when TRT started test transmissions for 2. +Kanal. It is also available in Azerbaijan via terrestrial broadcasting. +TRT 1 HD +On 19 May 2012, concurrent with TRT 1 started to broadcast in high definition. +HD broadcast Türksat 3A, D-Smart, Digiturk, and can be traced to Teledünya. +Comparison of male and female life expectancy at birth for countries and territories as defined in the 2013 CIA Factbook, with selected bubbles labelled. The dotted line corresponds to equal female and male life expectancy. The apparent 3D volumes of the bubbles are linearly proportional to their population.[1][2] (In the SVG file, hover over a bubble to highlight it and show its data.) +List by the United Nations, for 2010–2015 +Life expectancy at birth (years), UN World Population Prospects 2010 Rank state/territory Overall Male Female 1 Japan 83.7 80.9 86.6 2 Hong Kong 83.3 80.0 86.5 3 Switzerland 82.7 80.4 84.7 4 Australia 82.1 79.9 84.3 5 Italy 82.8 80.3 85.2 6 Iceland 82.3 80.7 83.8 7 France (metropol.) 81.8 78.8 84.9 8 Sweden 81.9 80.1 83.7 9 Spain 82.3 79.4 85.0 10 Israel 82.1 80.2 83.8 11 Singapore 82.6 79.6 85.6 12 Canada 81.8 79.7 83.8 13 Norway 81.3 79.2 83.4 14 Austria 81.1 78.5 83.6 15 Netherlands 81.3 79.4 83.1 16 New Zealand 81.6 79.7 83.3 17 Martinique ( France) 81.2 77.8 84.4 18 Macau ( China) 80.3 78.1 82.5 19 South Korea 81.4 78.0 84.6 20 Germany 80.6 78.2 83.1 21 Belgium 80.5 78.0 83.0 22 Ireland 80.6 78.4 82.7 23 United Kingdom 79.53 77.38 81.68 24 Greece 80.6 77.6 83.6 25 Channel Islands ( UK) 80.4 78.5 82.4 26= Luxembourg 81.3 78.9 83.7 26= Guadeloupe ( France) 80.5 76.8 84.0 28 Finland 80.5 77.6 83.4 29= Cyprus 78.94 76.84 81.07 29= U.S. Virgin Islands ( US) 78.94 75.89 82.01 31 Costa Rica 79.2 76.7 81.7 32 Malta 78.80 76.34 81.19 33 Puerto Rico ( US) 78.70 74.69 82.67 34 Chile 78.65 75.54 81.68 35= Portugal 78.59 75.32 81.79 35= Slovenia 78.59 74.97 81.99 37 Cuba 78.50 76.55 80.52 38 Denmark 78.25 75.99 80.50 39 Lebanon 78.60 82.30 80.10 40 United States 78.9 76.5 81.3 41 Qatar 77.88 78.07 77.29 42 Brunei 77.51 75.29 79.98 43 Réunion ( France) 77.26 73.69 81.08 44 Mayotte 77.14 73.69 81.08 45 Czech Republic 77.01 73.78 80.15 46 Algeria 73.39[4] 70.12[4] 77.72[4] 46 Albania 76.38 73.43 79.72 47 Uruguay 76.36 72.72 79.85 48 Barbados 76.25 73.00 79.50 49 Mexico 76.19 73.73 78.63 50 Netherlands Antilles ( Netherlands) 76.14 72.65 79.36 50 Libya 76.04[4] 74.36[4] 77.82[4] 51 Croatia 76.01 72.45 79.49 52 United Arab Emirates 75.94 75.25 77.04 53 French Guiana ( France) 75.89 72.55 79.89 54 Maldives 75.55 74.64 76.52 55= Poland 75.51 71.17 79.85 55= Panama 75.51 72.98 78.21 57= Brazil 75.50 71.75 79.25 58 Tunisia 75.40[4] 72.2[4] 78.6[4] 57= Guam ( US) 75.50 73.25 77.94 58= Syria 75.35 73.91 76.85 58= Grenada 75.35 73.71 76.79 60 Belize 75.34 73.93 76.80 61 New Caledonia ( France) 75.33 72.31 78.71 62 Argentina 75.30 71.53 79.07 63 Bosnia and Herzegovina 75.12 72.43 77.70 64 Ecuador 75.03 72.14 78.06 65 Bahamas 74.79 71.60 77.83 66 Aruba ( Netherlands) 74.75 72.28 77.09 67 Slovakia 74.72 70.73 78.65 68 Bahrain 74.60 74.03 75.37 69 French Polynesia ( France) 74.49 72.21 77.08 70 Vietnam 74.35 72.33 76.21 71 Sri Lanka 74.25 71.20 77.40 72 Macedonia 74.22 72.12 76.32 73 Kuwait 74.17 73.47 75.19 75 Montenegro 74.01 71.55 76.47 76 Serbia 74.00 71.70 76.34 77 Saint Lucia 73.92 71.42 76.58 78 Estonia 73.91 68.35 79.17 80 Venezuela 73.73 70.83 76.78 81 Armenia 73.69 70.21 76.74 82 Hungary 73.64 69.54 77.64 83 Thailand 73.56 70.17 77.06 84 Cape Verde 73.54 69.41 77.36 85 Malaysia 73.38 71.24 75.72 86 Peru 73.18 70.57 75.90 87 Romania 73.16 69.57 76.83 88 Saudi Arabia 73.13 72.24 74.41 89 Georgia 73.05 69.36 76.50 90 Nicaragua 72.98 69.91 76.12 91 Turkey 76.3 73.70 79.4 92 Colombia 72.92 69.24 76.66 93 Jordan 72.91 71.65 74.29 94 Mauritius 72.80 69.49 76.19 95= China 72.71 71.10 74.45 95= Bulgaria 72.71 69.21 76.35 97 Oman 72.58 70.88 74.83 98 Dominican Republic 72.52 69.85 75.44 99= Egypt 72.51 71.23 75.82 101 Latvia 72.27 66.88 77.45 102= Jamaica 72.24 69.57 74.97 104 Palestine 72.17 70.60 73.81 105 Honduras 72.07 69.74 74.51 106 Iran 72.06 70.33 73.91 108 Tonga 71.84 69.05 74.70 109 Paraguay 71.73 69.67 73.90 110 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 71.64 69.59 73.80 111 Samoa 71.54 68.62 74.89 112 El Salvador 71.43 66.55 76.08 113 Lithuania 71.31 65.46 77.24 114 Morocco 71.16 68.96 73.44 115 Guatemala 70.27 66.73 73.79 116 Azerbaijan 70.12 67.09 73.14 117 Vanuatu 69.99 68.20 72.06 118 Suriname 69.65 66.42 73.11 119 Belarus 69.44 63.59 75.53 120 Trinidad and Tobago 69.40 65.80 72.90 121 Fiji 68.80 66.09 71.90 122 Guyana 68.70 65.53 71.93 123 North Korea 68.39 64.80 71.75 124 Federated States of Micronesia 68.35 67.56 69.11 125 Moldova 68.23 64.42 72.06 127 Indonesia 67.86 66.29 69.43 128 Bangladesh 67.84 67.41 68.29 129 Philippines 67.80 64.54 71.29 130 Russian Federation 67.68 61.56 74.03 131 Ukraine 67.54 61.78 73.54 132 Uzbekistan 67.44 64.33 70.66 133 Nepal 67.42 66.71 68.04 134= Mongolia 67.32 63.40 71.47 134= Iraq 67.32 63.37 71.69 136 Kyrgyzstan 66.70 62.66 71.04 137 Tajikistan 66.44 63.29 69.91 138 Solomon Islands 66.39 65.12 67.76 139 Laos 66.06 64.77 67.31 140 Western Sahara 65.95 64.27 68.10 141 Bhutan 65.79 64.08 67.77 142 Kazakhstan 65.78 60.18 71.53 143 Madagascar 65.77 64.27 67.30 144 Bolivia 65.56 63.43 67.70 145 Turkmenistan 64.65 60.62 68.91 146 Pakistan 64.57 63.78 65.42 147 India 64.19 62.80 65.73 148 Yemen 63.94 62.52 65.36 149 São Tomé and Príncipe 63.82 62.46 65.11 150 Myanmar 63.54 62.08 64.98 151 Ghana 62.71 61.84 63.61 152 Cambodia 61.54 60.21 62.61 153 Papua New Guinea 61.50 59.49 63.66 154 Gabon 61.28 60.24 62.35 155 Namibia 61.09 60.35 61.62 156 Haiti 60.99 59.94 62.02 157 Timor-Leste 60.80 59.94 61.68 158 Sudan 60.27 58.59 62.01 159 Eritrea 60.03 57.61 62.23 160 Comoros 59.65 58.33 61.00 161 Senegal 58.17 57.19 59.13 162 Mauritania 57.53 55.89 59.16 163 Gambia 57.34 56.25 58.49 164 Ethiopia 57.21 55.70 58.74 165 Djibouti 56.64 55.24 58.04 166 Congo 56.02 54.88 57.16 167 Togo 55.69 54.24 57.14 168 Tanzania 55.44 54.62 56.19 169 Kenya 54.98 53.96 55.93 170 Benin 54.64 52.72 56.50 171 Liberia 54.42 53.45 55.35 172 Rwanda 53.94 52.70 55.14 173 Burkina Faso 53.87 52.84 54.78 174 Botswana 53.33 53.80 52.54 175 Niger 53.08 52.66 53.55 176 Côte d'Ivoire 53.02 52.14 54.05 177 Guinea 52.44 50.93 54.01 178 Uganda 52.24 51.68 52.73 179 Malawi 51.55 51.51 51.48 180 South Africa 51.20 50.13 52.08 181 Nigeria 50.26 49.50 51.03 182 Somalia 50.24 48.71 51.79 183 Equatorial Guinea 50.10 48.87 51.48 184 Mali 49.99 48.89 50.99 185 Cameroon 49.97 49.02 50.89 186 Angola 49.62 48.21 51.04 187 Burundi 48.81 47.48 50.05 188 Mozambique 48.77 47.56 49.88 189 Chad 48.52 47.15 49.90 190 Democratic Republic of the Congo 47.42 45.93 48.91 191 Swaziland 47.36 47.56 47.04 192 Afghanistan 47.32 47.19 47.47 193 Zambia 46.93 46.49 47.26 194 Guinea-Bissau 46.76 45.33 48.22 195 Zimbabwe 46.59 47.45 45.43 196 Sierra Leone 46.26 45.65 46.88 197 Lesotho 46.02 46.46 45.18 198 Central African Republic 45.91 44.47 47.31 +This is a collection of lists of countries by life expectancy at birth. +List by the CIA (2012) +The US CIA published the following life expectancy data in its annual world factbook 2012.[1] +Rank Entity Overall life expectancy at birth Male life expectancy at birth Female life expectancy at birth 1 Monaco 89.57 85.77 93.69 2 Macau 84.48 81.45 87.52 3 Japan 84.46 80.5 85.74 4 Singapore 84.38 80.35 84.64 5 San Marino 83.18 78.96 85.72 6 Hong Kong 82.16 79.5 84.95 7 Andorra 82.14 79.53 84.96 8 Guernsey 82.04 79.32 84.97 9 Australia 81.81 79.4 84.35 10 Italy 81.77 79.16 84.53 11 France (metropolitan) 81.50 78.2 84.80 12 Jersey 81.38 78.96 83.94 13 Canada 81.38 78.81 84.1 14 Spain 81.17 78.16 84.37 15 Switzerland 81.07 78.24 84.05 16 Sweden 81.07 78.78 83.51 17 Israel 80.96 78.79 83.24 18 Iceland 80.9 78.72 83.17 19 Anguilla 80.87 78.32 83.51 20 Cayman Islands 80.68 78.02 83.39 21 Bermuda 80.71 77.49 83.99 22 Isle of Man 80.64 79.09 82.32 23 New Zealand 80.59 78.61 82.67 24 Liechtenstein 80.31 76.86 83.77 25 Norway 80.2 77.53 83.02 26 Ireland 80.19 77.96 82.55 27 Germany 80.07 77.82 82.44 28 United Kingdom 80.05 77.95 82.25 29 Jordan 80.05 78.73 81.45 30 Greece 79.92 77.36 82.65 31 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 79.87 77.61 82.26 32 Taiwan 79.78 76.87 82.84 33 South Korea 79.72 77.25 82.35 34 Austria 79.72 77.45 82.12 35 Faroe Islands 79.68 77.06 82.44 36 Malta 79.61 76.36 83.08 37 Netherlands 79.51 76.35 82.81 38 Luxembourg 79.45 76.47 82.43 39 Belgium 79.35 76.0 82.7 40 Portugal 79.33 76.29 82.55 41 U.S. Virgin Islands 79.27 75.79 82.89 42 Finland 79.11 76.39 81.97 43 Turks and Caicos Islands 79.05 75.84 82.49 44 Wallis and Futuna 78.98 76 82.11 45 Puerto Rico 78.92 75.31 82.71 46 European Union 78.82 75.7 82.13 47 Bosnia and Herzegovina 78.81 75.25 82.63 48 Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 78.76 75.83 81.83 49 Gibraltar 78.68 75.84 81.72 50 Denmark 78.63 76.25 81.14 51 United States 78.37 75.92 80.93 52 Bahrain 78.15 76.03 80.33 53 Cyprus 77.82 75.04 80.74 54 Panama 77.79 75.02 80.68 55 Costa Rica 77.72 75.10 80.46 56 Chile 77.70 74.44 81.13 57 Cuba 77.70 75.46 80.08 58 Libya 77.65 75.34 80.08 59 British Virgin Islands 77.63 76.32 78.99 60 Albania 77.41 74.82 80.30 61 Dominican Republic 77.31 75.16 79.55 62 Slovenia 77.30 73.64 81.20 63 Czech Republic 77.19 73.93 80.66 64 Georgia 77.12 73.80 80.82 65 French Polynesia ( France) 77.10 74.62 79.70 66 Kuwait 77.09 75.95 78.3 67 Northern Mariana Islands ( US) 77.08 74.45 79.87 68 Argentina 76.95 73.71 80.36 69 Saint Lucia 76.84 74.15 79.68 70 New Caledonia ( France) 76.75 72.67 81.03 71 Netherlands Antilles ( Netherlands) 76.65 74.33 79.09 72 United Arab Emirates 76.51 73.94 79.22 73 Mexico 76.47 73.65 79.43 74 Uruguay 76.35 73.1 79.72 75 Saudi Arabia 76.3 74.23 78.48 76 Poland 76.28 73.12 79.44 77 People's Republic of China 76.04 74.79 77.3 78 Tunisia 75.78 73.98 77.7 79 Paraguay 75.77 73.19 78.49 80 Brunei 75.74 73.52 78.07 81 Dominica 75.55 72.61 78.64 82 Slovakia 75.4 71.47 79.53 83 Brazil 75.35 71.52 79.38 83 Croatia 75.35 71.72 79.18 84 Qatar 75.35 71.66 77.14 85 Ecuador 75.3 72.37 78.37 86 Aruba ( Netherlands) 75.28 72.25 78.38 87 Sri Lanka 75.14 73.08 77.28 88 Lithuania 74.9 69.98 80.1 89 Hungary 74.79 71.04 78.76 90 Antigua and Barbuda 74.76 72.81 91 Macedonia 74.68 72.18 77.38 92 West Bank 74.54 72.54 76.65 93 Cook Islands 74.22 71.46 77.13 94 Oman 74.16 71.87 76.55 95 Algeria 74.02 72.35 75.77 96 Mauritius 74 70.53 77.65 97 Maldives 73.97 71.78 76.28 98 Barbados 73.94 71.65 76.26 99 Serbia 73.9 71.09 76.89 100 Suriname 73.73 71 76.65 101 American Samoa ( US) 73.72 70.8 76.82 102 Solomon Islands 73.69 71.14 76.37 103 Lebanon 73.66 71.15 76.31 104 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 73.65 71.82 75.54 105 Venezuela 73.61 70.54 76.83 106 Jamaica 73.53 71.83 75.3 107 Gaza Strip 73.42 71.82 75.12 108 Malaysia 73.29 70.56 76.21 109 Saint Kitts and Nevis 73.2 70.33 76.25 110 Thailand 73.1 70.77 75.55 111 Bulgaria 73.09 69.48 76.91 112 Seychelles 73.02 68.33 77.85 113 Estonia 72.82 67.45 78.53 114 Colombia 72.81 68.98 76.76 115 Montserrat 72.76 74.74 70.68 116 Armenia 72.68 69.06 76.81 117 Romania 72.45 68.95 76.16 118 El Salvador 72.33 68.72 76.11 119 Latvia 72.15 66.98 77.59 120 Egypt 72.12 69.56 74.81 122 Turkey 71.96 70.12 73.89 123 Uzbekistan 71.96 68.95 75.15 124 Samoa 71.86 69.03 74.84 125 Morocco 71.8 69.42 74.3 126 Cape Verde 71.61 68.27 75.05 127 Vietnam 71.58 68.78 74.57 128 Nicaragua 71.5 69.35 73.75 129 Palau 71.22 68.08 74.54 130 Marshall Islands 71.19 69.15 73.34 131 Syria 71.19 69.8 72.68 132 Iran 71.14 69.65 72.72 133 Philippines 71.09 68.17 74.15 134 Federated States of Micronesia 70.94 69.06 72.93 135 Trinidad and Tobago 70.86 67.98 73.82 136 Moldova 70.8 67.1 74.71 137 Indonesia 70.76 68.26 73.38 138 Peru 70.74 68.33 73.15 139 Fiji 70.73 68.18 73.41 140 Tonga 70.73 68.18 73.41 141 Belarus 70.63 64.95 76.67 142 Russia 70.3 64.3 76.4 144 Guatemala 70.29 68.49 72.19 144 Greenland ( Denmark) 70.07 67.44 72.85 145 Iraq 69.94 68.6 71.34 146 India 69.89 67.46 72.61 147 Kyrgyzstan 69.43 65.43 73.64 148 Honduras 69.4 67.86 71.02 149 Tuvalu 69.29 66.99 71.7 150 São Tomé and Príncipe 68.32 66.65 70.04 151 Ukraine 68.25 62.37 74.5 152 Belize 68.2 66.44 70.05 153 Kazakhstan 67.87 62.58 73.47 154 Turkmenistan 67.87 64.94 70.95 155 Mongolia 67.65 65.23 70.19 156 East Timor 67.27 64.92 69.75 157 Bolivia 66.89 64.2 69.72 158 Guyana 66.68 64.09 69.4 159 Azerbaijan 66.66 62.53 71.34 160 Papua New Guinea 66.34 64.08 68.72 161 Bhutan 66.13 65.33 66.97 162 Grenada 65.95 64.06 67.85 163 The Bahamas 65.78 62.63 68.98 164 Nepal 65.46 64.3 66.67 165 Tajikistan 65.33 62.29 68.52 166 Pakistan 64.49 63.4 65.64 167 Nauru 64.2 60.58 68.01 168 Vanuatu 63.98 62.37 65.66 169 North Korea 63.81 61.23 66.53 170 Comoros 63.47 61.07 65.94 171 Burma 63.39 61.17 65.74 172 Yemen 63.27 61.3 65.33 173 Kiribati 63.22 60.14 66.45 174 Mayotte ( France) 62.91 60.65 65.24 175 Madagascar 62.89 60.93 64.91 176 Cambodia 62.1 60.03 64.27 177 Botswana 61.85 61.72 61.99 178 Eritrea 61.78 59.71 63.9 179 Equatorial Guinea 61.61 60.71 62.54 180 Haiti 60.78 59.13 62.48 181 Mauritania 60.37 58.22 62.59 182 Bangladesh 60.25 57.57 63.03 183 Ghana 59.85 58.98 60.75 184 Benin 59 57.83 60.23 185 Senegal 59 57.12 60.93 186 Togo 58.69 56.56 60.88 187 Kenya 57.86 57.49 58.24 188 Guinea 57.09 55.63 58.6 189 Laos 56.68 54.56 58.9 190 Côte d'Ivoire 55.45 54.64 56.28 191 Ethiopia 55.41 52.92 57.97 192 The Gambia 55.35 53.43 57.34 193 Democratic Republic of the Congo 54.36 52.58 56.2 194 Western Sahara 54.32 52 56.73 195 Republic of the Congo 54.15 52.9 55.43 196 Cameroon 53.69 52.89 54.52 197 Gabon 53.11 52.19 54.05 198 Burkina Faso 52.95 51.04 54.91 199 Uganda 52.72 51.66 53.81 200 Niger 52.6 51.39 53.85 201 Burundi 52.09 51.2 53.01 202 Tanzania 52.01 50.56 53.51 203 Sudan 62.57 60.58 64.67 204 Namibia 51.24 51.61 50.86 205 Rwanda 50.52 49.25 51.83 206 Mali 50.35 48.38 52.38 207 Afghanistan 50.11 48.81 51.47 208 Somalia 49.63 47.78 51.53 209 South Africa 48.98 49.81 48.13 210 Guinea-Bissau 47.9 46.07 49.79 211 Chad 47.7 46.67 48.77 212 Nigeria 46.94 46.16 47.76 213 Zimbabwe 45.77 46.36 45.16 214 Central African Republic 44.47 44.4 44.54 215 Malawi 43.82 44.07 43.57 216 Djibouti 43.37 41.89 44.89 217 Liberia 41.84 40.71 43 218 Sierra Leone 41.24 38.92 43.64 219 Mozambique 41.18 41.83 41.53 220 Lesotho 40.38 41.18 39.54 221 Zambia 38.63 38.53 38.73 222 Angola 38.2 37.24 39.22 +List by the World Health Organization (2013) +Data published in 2015.[7] (Retrieved on 11 February 2016) +Country Overall rank Overall life expectancy Female rank Female life expectancy Male rank Male life expectancy Japan 1 84 1 87 6 80 Spain 2 83 2 86 6 80 Andorra 2 83 2 86 16 79 Singapore 2 83 4 85 2 81 Switzerland 2 83 4 85 2 81 Australia 2 83 4 85 6 80 Italy 2 83 4 85 6 80 San Marino 2 83 11 84 1 83 France 9 82 4 85 16 79 Monaco 9 82 4 85 16 79 Republic of Korea 9 82 4 85 27 78 Iceland 9 82 11 84 2 81 Israel 9 82 11 84 2 81 Canada 9 82 11 84 6 80 Cyprus 9 82 11 84 6 80 Luxembourg 9 82 11 84 6 80 New Zealand 9 82 11 84 6 80 Norway 9 82 11 84 6 80 Sweden 9 82 11 84 6 80 Austria 20 81 11 84 16 79 Greece 20 81 11 84 16 79 Finland 20 81 11 84 27 78 Portugal 20 81 11 84 27 78 Germany 20 81 25 83 16 79 Ireland 20 81 25 83 16 79 Netherlands 20 81 25 83 16 79 United Kingdom 20 81 25 83 16 79 Malta 20 81 32 82 16 79 Slovenia 29 80 11 84 34 77 Belgium 29 80 25 83 27 78 Chile 29 80 25 83 34 77 Denmark 29 80 32 82 27 78 Lebanon 29 80 32 82 27 78 Nauru 34 79 25 83 44 75 Costa Rica 34 79 36 81 34 77 United States of America 34 79 36 81 39 76 Qatar 34 79 44 80 16 79 Barbados 38 78 36 81 44 75 Colombia 38 78 36 81 44 75 Croatia 38 78 36 81 44 75 Czechia 38 78 36 81 44 75 Cuba 38 78 44 80 34 77 Kuwait 38 78 53 79 27 78 Maldives 38 78 53 79 34 77 Estonia 45 77 32 82 71 72 Uruguay 45 77 36 81 50 74 Poland 45 77 36 81 61 73 Bosnia and Herzegovina 45 77 44 80 44 75 Panama 45 77 44 80 50 74 Suriname 45 77 44 80 50 74 Brunei Darussalam 45 77 53 79 39 76 Peru 45 77 53 79 39 76 Bahrain 45 77 66 78 39 76 United Arab Emirates 45 77 66 78 39 76 Argentina 55 76 44 80 61 73 Slovakia 55 76 44 80 71 72 Venezuela 55 76 44 80 71 72 Vietnam 55 76 44 80 89 71 Oman 55 76 53 79 50 74 Ecuador 55 76 53 79 61 73 Cook Islands 55 76 66 78 50 74 Montenegro 55 76 66 78 50 74 Saudi Arabia 55 76 66 78 50 74 Macedonia 55 76 66 78 50 74 Tunisia 55 76 66 78 50 74 Bahamas 55 76 66 78 61 73 Syria 55 76 66 78 61 73 Brazil 68 75 53 79 71 72 Saint Lucia 68 75 53 79 71 72 Turkey 68 75 53 79 71 72 Hungary 68 75 53 79 89 71 Thailand 68 75 53 79 89 71 Mexico 68 75 66 78 61 73 Belize 68 75 66 78 71 72 Niue 68 75 66 78 71 72 Paraguay 68 75 66 78 71 72 Sri Lanka 68 75 66 78 71 72 Bulgaria 68 75 66 78 89 71 Cabo Verde 68 75 66 78 89 71 China 68 75 88 77 50 74 Antigua and Barbuda 68 75 88 77 61 73 Libya 68 75 88 77 61 73 Dominica 68 75 88 77 71 72 Serbia 68 75 88 77 71 72 Latvia 85 74 53 79 108 69 Lithuania 85 74 53 79 108 69 Georgia 85 74 66 78 89 71 Romania 85 74 66 78 89 71 Saint Kitts and Nevis 85 74 66 78 89 71 Mauritius 85 74 66 78 100 70 Seychelles 85 74 66 78 100 70 Honduras 85 74 88 77 71 72 Jamaica 85 74 88 77 71 72 Nicaragua 85 74 88 77 89 71 Albania 85 74 99 76 61 73 Iran 85 74 99 76 71 72 Jordan 85 74 99 76 71 72 Malaysia 85 74 99 76 71 72 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 85 74 99 76 71 72 Dominican Republic 85 74 112 74 61 73 Grenada 101 73 88 77 100 70 Samoa 101 73 88 77 100 70 El Salvador 101 73 88 77 113 68 Palau 101 73 105 75 89 71 Cambodia 101 73 105 75 100 70 Belarus 106 72 66 78 126 66 Azerbaijan 106 72 105 75 100 70 Guatemala 106 72 105 75 113 68 Vanuatu 106 72 112 74 89 71 Algeria 106 72 112 74 100 70 Ukraine 111 71 99 76 126 66 Armenia 111 71 105 75 119 67 Egypt 111 71 112 74 108 69 Trinidad and Tobago 111 71 112 74 119 67 Indonesia 111 71 118 73 108 69 Morocco 111 71 118 73 108 69 Bangladesh 111 71 125 72 100 70 Tonga 111 71 129 70 50 74 Republic of Moldova 119 70 105 75 126 66 Iraq 119 70 112 74 119 67 Marshall Islands 119 70 118 73 113 68 Fiji 119 70 118 73 119 67 Democratic People's Republic of Korea 119 70 118 73 126 66 Russian Federation 124 69 105 75 144 63 Kyrgyzstan 124 69 118 73 126 66 Uzbekistan 124 69 125 72 119 67 Philippines 124 69 125 72 133 65 Micronesia 124 69 129 70 113 68 Tajikistan 124 69 129 70 113 68 Solomon Islands 124 69 129 70 119 67 Kazakhstan 131 68 118 73 144 63 Mongolia 131 68 125 72 140 64 Nepal 131 68 129 70 119 67 Namibia 131 68 129 70 126 66 Tuvalu 131 68 129 70 126 66 Bolivia 131 68 129 70 133 65 Bhutan 131 68 137 69 113 68 Sao Tome and Principe 138 67 137 69 133 65 Timor-Leste 138 67 137 69 133 65 Kiribati 138 67 137 69 140 64 India 141 66 141 68 133 65 Lao People's Democratic Republic 141 66 141 68 133 65 Myanmar 141 66 141 68 140 64 Pakistan 141 66 145 67 133 65 Rwanda 145 65 145 67 140 64 Ethiopia 145 65 148 66 144 63 Turkmenistan 147 64 141 68 160 60 Guyana 147 64 145 67 160 60 Madagascar 147 64 148 66 144 63 Senegal 147 64 148 66 144 63 Yemen 147 64 148 66 144 63 Eritrea 147 64 148 66 154 61 Botswana 147 64 153 65 144 63 Gabon 147 64 153 65 151 62 Mauritania 155 63 153 65 151 62 Sudan 155 63 153 65 154 61 United Republic of Tanzania 155 63 153 65 154 61 Ghana 155 63 159 64 151 62 Haiti 155 63 159 64 154 61 Papua New Guinea 160 62 153 65 160 60 Liberia 160 62 162 63 154 61 Comoros 160 62 162 63 160 60 Djibouti 160 62 162 63 160 60 Gambia 164 61 162 63 160 60 Kenya 164 61 162 63 160 60 Afghanistan 164 61 167 62 154 61 South Africa 167 60 159 64 171 57 Malawi 167 60 168 61 168 58 Uganda 169 59 168 61 171 57 Zimbabwe 169 59 168 61 178 56 Congo 169 59 171 60 168 58 Benin 169 59 171 60 171 57 Niger 169 59 175 59 167 59 Burkina Faso 169 59 175 59 168 58 Togo 175 58 171 60 171 57 Zambia 175 58 171 60 171 57 Guinea 175 58 175 59 171 57 Cameroon 178 57 178 58 178 56 Mali 178 57 180 57 171 57 Burundi 180 56 178 58 182 54 Equatorial Guinea 180 56 180 57 180 55 South Sudan 180 56 180 57 180 55 Nigeria 183 55 184 55 182 54 Somalia 184 54 183 56 184 53 Guinea-Bissau 184 54 184 55 184 53 Mozambique 184 54 184 55 184 53 Côte d'Ivoire 187 53 187 54 188 52 Swaziland 187 53 189 53 184 53 Democratic Republic of the Congo 189 52 187 54 189 51 Chad 189 52 189 53 189 51 Angola 189 52 189 53 191 50 Central African Republic 192 51 192 52 191 50 Lesotho 193 50 192 52 193 48 Sierra Leone 194 46 194 46 194 46 +References +External links +This is a list of countries by mobile banking usage as measured by the percentage of people who had mobile banking transactions in the previous three months. The data is sourced from Bain, Research Now and Bain along with GMI NPS surveys in 2012. +Rank Country/Territory Usage in 2012[1] 1 South Korea 47% 2 China 42% 3 Hong Kong 41% 4 Singapore 38% 5 India 37% 6 Spain 34% 7 United States 32% 8 Mexico 30% 9 Australia 27% 10 France 26% 10 United Kingdom 26% 12 Thailand 24% 13 Canada 22% 14 Germany 14% +References +TV3 Latvia is a television channel targeted at a Latvian language audience owned by Modern Times Group (MTG). It was launched in 1998, but did not receive a terrestrial license until 2001. The channel has since increased its viewing share to become the most popular channel in Latvia as of September 2007,[1] surpassing its closest rival LNT. +References +External links +Official website Viasat Latvia +EinsPlus is a digital television channel from the German broadcaster ARD and managed by ARD regional broadcaster SWR. The channel launched on 29 August 1997 under the name EinsMuXx,[1] and was renamed EinsPlus on 23 April 2005.[3] +External links +EinsPlus homepage +References +The Nokia 1208 is a low-end GSM cell phone sold by the Finnish company Nokia under their Ultrabasic series. The phone was announced in May of 2007. +Features +It has a 45.72 mm QQVGA screen and it supports EGSM900/1800. It has FM (headset required) and a speaking clock. It does not support any connectivity option like GPRS, EDGE, or Bluetooth.[when?] +References +Homicidal sleepwalking, also known as homicidal somnambulism or sleepwalking murder, is the act of killing someone during an episode of sleepwalking. In a few cases, sleepwalkers kill people, usually a family member, during their sleepwalking act. There have been several rare cases in which an alleged act of homicide has occurred, and the prime suspect may have committed the act while sleepwalking. +The veracity of recorded cases is disputed. About 68 cases had been reported in literature up to the year 2005.[1] +Cases +Historic cases +Boshears case +Sergeant Willis Boshears was a US serviceman based in the UK. He confessed to strangling local woman Jean Constable in the early hours of New Years Day 1961 but claimed he was asleep and only woke to realise what he had done. +The following day, Boshears disposed of the body in an isolated lane. Several days later he was arrested and charged with murder. +At his trial in February 1961 at the Essex Assizes he pleaded not guilty on the basis of being asleep at the time he committed the offence and was acquitted.[2][3] +Parks case +In 1987, Kenneth James Parks was a married 23-year-old man with a 5-month-old daughter. +He had a very close relationship to his in-laws, with his 42-year-old mother-in-law Barbara Ann Woods referring to him as "her gentle giant." The summer before the controversial events, he developed a gambling problem and fell into deep financial problems. To cover his losses, he took funds from his family's savings and then began to embezzle at work. +Eventually, in March 1987, his actions were discovered, and he was fired from his job. On May 20, he went to his first Gamblers Anonymous meeting. He made plans to tell his grandmother the following Saturday (May 23) and his in-laws on Sunday (May 24) about his gambling problems and financial difficulties. +In the early morning hours of May 23, 1987, Parks reportedly got up from his bed, still asleep, drove roughly 23 km to his in-laws' home and broke in, assaulted his father-in-law, Dennis Woods, and stabbed his mother-in-law to death. After all this, he managed to drive himself to the police station. Aside from a few isolated events, the next thing he could recall was being at the police station asking for help, saying “I think I have killed some people…my hands.” +However, after careful investigation, the specialists could find no other explanation. Parks’ EEG readings were highly irregular even for a parasomniac. This combined with the facts that there was no motive, that he was amazingly consistent in his stories for more than seven interviews despite repeated attempts of trying to lead him astray, that the timing of the events fit perfectly with the proposed explanation, and that there is no way to fake EEG results, led to a jury acquitting Parks of the murder of his mother-in-law and the attempted murder of his father-in-law. +Falater case +Scott Falater, a resident of Phoenix, Arizona was accused of murdering his wife, Yarmila, by stabbing her 44 times on the night of January 16, 1997. +According to an eyewitness, Falater was also seen holding his wife’s head underwater. When he was tried, the prosecution claimed that after the murder had been committed, Falater changed his clothes, put the murder weapon in a Tupperware container, put the container in a trash bag with his boots and socks, stashed the bag in the spare tire well in the trunk of his car, and hid all items that showed that he was the person who killed her. Prosecutors testified that Falater's actions were "too complex" to have been carried out while sleepwalking. +In June 1999, Scott Falater was convicted of first degree murder and sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole.[5] +Nieto case +Antonio Nieto, 58, a resident of Malaga, Spain murdered his wife and mother in law using an ax and a hammer on January 11, 2001. +Nieto's daughter suffered a jaw fracture but was left alone after feigning death, and his son disarmed him after receiving a cut on the ear. Nieto claimed to have been asleep during the attack and dreaming that he was defending himself against aggressive ostriches, but his children declared that he had recognized them and told his son to not turn on the lights because their mother (gravely injured already) was sleeping. +In 2007 Nieto (already under psychiatric treatment) was sentenced to 10 years interment in a psychiatric hospital and to compensate the victims' families with 171,100 euros. He also lost custody of his children and was banned from interacting with them or being less than 500 meters near them.[6] +Lowe case +On October 30, 2004, the body of 83-year-old Edward Lowe was found on his driveway in Manchester, England. +His son, Jules, admitted that he caused his father's death, but did not remember committing the act. He has used "automatism" as his defense. He was found not guilty by reason of insanity and detained at Her Majesty's pleasure (that is, indefinitely) in a secure hospital.[7] He was released after ten months. +Cases from the Book of Lists 3 +In the Book of Lists 3 there is a list of eight people who were recorded as having killed in their sleep, including use of firearms, fighting, or mishandling infants. Their names were "A. F." (only his initials were recorded), Willis Boshears, Simon Fraser, Wasyl Gnypiuk, Esther Griggs, Jo Ann Kiger, Robert Ledru, and William Pollard. (Contributor to The Book of Lists 3: John M. B. Edwards.) +"A.F." case +"A. F. " was a gun fancier and a hunter, and kept loaded firearms in his room. His father, with similar interests, slept in the adjoining room. Hearing a bump against the connecting door early one morning, "A.F.", still asleep, hollered "You dog, what do you want here?" and fired the gun nearest to his reach. +Fraser Case +Simon Fraser, of Glasgow, Scotland, often dreamed that a beast had invaded his home at night. One time, he dreamed that a white beast had come up through the floor. He seized it and dashed it to the ground. +Gnypiuk Case +Wasyl Gnypiuk, a Polish immigrant (to England) had suffered Nazi internment, which caused him to have nightmares; in one of these, he dreamed of fighting back. In fact, he was in the home of his landlady, and when he woke up it turned out he had beaten her to death. +He was found guilty of capital murder, sentenced to death and hanged at Lincoln on January 27, 1961. +Griggs case +Esther Griggs, resident of London and a mother of three, dreamt one night her house was on fire. Screaming "save my children!" though asleep, Ms. Griggs threw her baby into the street. This episode was probably a night terror, with or without sleepwalking. +Kiger case +Jo Ann Kiger, a teenager, was asleep when she took a revolver in each hand, poised to defend her family against a "monster." She fired, and fatally shot her brother and her father. +Ledru case +In the 1880s, Robert Ledru (†1937), a French police detective, was asked to investigate the murder of Andre Monet on the beach at Le Havre. Examining the evidence—the fatal bullet and some footprints—he decides he himself had been sleepwalking on the beach and fired the fatal shot. +Pollard case +William Pollard was a farmer whose neighbors knew him well as a sleepwalker and sleepworker—doing his chicken-farm chores while fast asleep. One night he dreamt he was fighting with a marauding stranger. When his wife awakened him, he found he had killed their daughter. +Causes +Needless to say, this is an incredible number compared to normal sleepers who almost never experience this. Nobody is sure why some people will commit murders in their sleepwalking episodes, but it seems reasonable to assume that many conditions must be met. Using Kenneth Parks as an example again, he was planning to go to his in-laws’ residence the next day, he was stressed and depressed from marital and financial troubles, and he had been sleep deprived because he couldn’t get any sleep the night before.[9] +See also +References +World uranium output in 2005. +This is a list of countries by uranium production in 2014. +Rank Country/Region Uranium production (2014) (tonnes U)[1] Uranium Production (2011) (thousands pounds U3O8)[2] Percentage of World Production (2014) World 56,217 139,513 1 Kazakhstan 23,127 46,284 41.1 2 Canada 9,134 25,434 16.2 3 Australia 5,001 15,339 8.9 4 Niger 4,057 10,914 7.2 5 Namibia 3,255 11,689 5.8 6 Russia 2,990 1,516 5.3 7 Uzbekistan 2,400 6,239 4.3 8 United States 1,919 4,316 3.4 9 China 1,500 2,150 2.7 10 Ukraine 926 2,210 1.6 11 South Africa 573 2,210 1.0 12 India 385 1,040 0.7 13 Malawi 369 1,742 0.7 14 Brazil 231 385 0.4 15 Czech Republic 193 660 0.3 16 Romania 77 200 0.1 17 Pakistan 45 117 0.1 18 Germany 33 52 0.1 19 France 3 18 0.0 +References +This is a list of countries by fluorite in 2006 mostly based on British Geological Survey accessed in July 2008. +Rank Country/Region Fluorite production (tonnes) World 5,500,000 1 China 3,000,000 2 Mexico 936,433 3 South Africa 240,000 4 Russia 210,000 5 Spain 146,946 6 Mongolia 138,000 7 Namibia 132,249 8 Kenya 132,030 9 Morocco 115,000 10 Brazil 63,604 11 United Kingdom 60,000 12 Germany 53,009 13 France 40,000 14 Romania 15,000 15 North Korea 12,000 16 Argentina 8,278 17 Egypt 7,700 18 Kyrgyzstan 4,000 19 Thailand 3,240 20 Vietnam 3,000 21 India 2,203 22 Pakistan 1,050 23 Turkey 800 +External links +This is a list of countries by aluminium production in 2014. +Rank Country/Region Aluminium production (thousands of tonnes) — World 49,300[1] 1 People's Republic of China 23,300[1] 2 Russia 3,500[1] 3 Canada 2,940[1] 4 United Arab Emirates 2,400[1] 5 India 2,100[1] 6 United States 1,720[1] 7 Australia 1,680[1] 8 Norway 1,200[1] 9 Brazil 960[1] 10 Bahrain 930[1] 11 Iceland 810[1] 12 South Africa 735[1] 13 Qatar 610[1] 14 Mozambique 560[1] 15 Saudi Arabia 500[1] 15 Germany 500[1] 17 Argentina 425 — Other Countries 4,440[1] +References +World iron ore production (thousands of tonnes) in 2008: +Pig iron production +This is a list of countries by pig iron production. +Iron ore production (million metric tons): Rank Country 1980 2013 2015 World 506 1,168 1,180 1 People's Republic of China 38 709 710 2 Japan 87 84 84 3 India 8.5 50 54 4 Russia n/a 50 51 5 South Korea 5.6 41 47 6 Brazil 13 26 30 7 Germany 36 27 28 8 United States 62 30 26 9 Ukraine n/a 29 25 10 United Kingdom 6.2 9.4 9 other countries 246 91 101 +References +This is a list of countries by iron ore production based on U.S. Geological Survey data. +List +Rank Country Iron ore production (thousand tonnes) year World 3,320,000 2015 1 China 1,380,000[1] 2015 2 Australia 824,000 2015 3 Brazil 428,000 2015 4 India 129,000 2015 5 Russia 112,000 2015 6 Ukraine 68,000 2015 7 South Africa 80,000 2015 8 United States 43,000 2015 9 Canada 39,000 2015 10 Sweden 37,000 2015 11 Iran 33,000 2015 12 Kazakhstan 25,000 2015 13 Chile 17,109 2013 14 Mexico 14,500 2013 15 Mauritania 13,000 2013 16 Venezuela 10,583 2013 17 Malaysia 10,000 2013 18 Peru 6,788 2013 19 Mongolia 6,011 2013 20 North Korea 5,300 2013 21 Turkey 4,500 2013 22 Norway 3,900 2013 23 Egypt 3,000 2013 24 Vietnam 2,830 2013 25 New Zealand 2,400 2013 26 Austria 2,100 2013 27 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2,100 2013 28 Greece 1,200 2013 29 Algeria 1,067 2013 30 Colombia 710 2013 31 South Korea 600 2013 32 Germany 450 2013 33 Pakistan 400 2013 34 Morocco 270 2013 35 Azerbaijan 220 2013 other countries <200 or 0 +List of countries by iron ore production +World Production +This is a list of countries by platinum production. It is based on information from the United States Geological Survey.[1] +Rank Country/Region 2014 Platinum production (kilograms) World 161,000 1 South Africa 110,000 2 Russia 25,000 3 Zimbabwe 11,000 4 Canada 7,200 5 United States 3,650 Other countries 3,800 +References +External links +This is a list of countries by silver production in 2013 based on United States Geological Survey Data.[1] +Countries +Rank Country/Region Silver production (tonnes) — World 26,000 1 Mexico 5,400 2 China 4,000 3 Peru 3,500 4 Russia 1,700 5 Australia 1,700 6 Bolivia 1,200 7 Chile 1,200 8 Poland 1,150 9 United States 1,090 10 Canada 720 — Other Countries 4,300 +References +List of countries by silver production +This is a list of countries by hospital beds per 1000 people as published by the OECD, an important indicator of the health care system of a country.[1] +Rank Country/Territory Hospital beds per 1000 people Year 1 Japan 13.4 2011 2 South Korea 9.56 2011 3 Germany 8.27 2011 4 Austria 7.65 2011 5 Hungary 7.17 2011 6 Czech Republic 6.84 2011 7 Poland 6.55 2011 8 France 6.37 2011 9 Belgium 6.31 2012 10 Slovakia 6.06 2011 10 Finland 5.52 2011 11 Luxembourg 5.37 2010 12 Estonia 5.31 2011 13 Switzerland 4.87 2011 14 Slovenia 4.63 2011 15 Argentina 4.70 2011 16 Australia 3.77 2010 17 Denmark 3.50 2010 18 Italy 3.42 2011 19 Portugal 3.38 2011 20 Norway 3.32 2011 21 Iceland 3.29 2012 22 Israel 3.26 2012 23 Spain 3.18 2011 24 United States 3.05 2010 25 Ireland 2.95 2011 26 United Kingdom 2.95 2011 27 New Zealand 2.81 2012 28 Canada 2.75 2010 29 Sweden 2.71 2011 30 Turkey 2.54 2011 31 Chile 2.22 2011 32 Mexico 1.68 2011 +References +List of countries by hospital beds +A constitutional referendum was held in South Korea on 17 December 1962.[1] The new constitution was approved by 80.6% of voters, with a turnout of 85.3%.[2] +Results +Choice Votes % For 8,339,333 80.6 Against 2,008,801 19.4 Invalid/blank votes 237,864 – Total 10,585,998 100 Registered voters/turnout 12,412,798 85.1 Source: Nohlen et al. +References +A constitutional referendum was held in South Korea on 17 October 1969.[1] The changes to the constitution were approved by 67.5% of voters, with a turnout of 77.1%.[2] +Results +Choice Votes % For 7,553,655 67.5 Against 3,636,369 32.5 Invalid/blank votes 414,014 – Total 11,604,038 100 Registered voters/turnout 15,048,925 77.1 Source: Nohlen et al. +References +A constitutional referendum was held in South Korea on 12 February 1975.[1] The referendum was aimed at confirming the authenticity of the constitution, and was approved by 74.4% of voters, with a turnout of 79.8%.[2] +Results +References +International Volunteer Day (IVD) (December 5) is an international observance designated by the United Nations since 1985. +It offers an opportunity for volunteer organizations and individual volunteers to make visible their contributions - at local, national and international levels - to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). +The International Volunteer Day is marked by many non-governmental organizations, including Red Cross, scouts and others. It is also marked and supported by United Nations Volunteers. +Apart from mobilising thousands of volunteers every year, the United Nations Volunteers (UNV) programme works closely with partners and governments to establish national volunteer programmes to create structures that foster and sustain local volunteerism in countries. Through the Online Volunteering service volunteers can take action for sustainable human development by supporting the activities of development organizations over the Internet. +The main focus of IVD 2014 is not only celebrate volunteerism in all its facets – but also pay special tribute to people’s participation in making a difference locally, nationally and globally. IVD 2014 highlights the contribution of volunteers in engaging people from the grass-roots in decision-making processes, ultimately creating space for participation that leads to: stronger governance, social cohesion, peace and sustainable development.[1] +"Founded on the values of solidarity and mutual trust, volunteerism transcends all cultural, linguistic and geographic boundaries. By giving their time and skills without expectation of material reward, volunteers themselves are uplifted by a singular sense of purpose." Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, Message for the International Volunteer Day for Economic and Social Development 5 December 2012 +Background +International Volunteer Day is a chance for individual volunteers, communities and organizations to promote their contributions to development at the local, national and international levels. By combining UN support with a grassroots mandate, International Volunteer Day is a unique opportunity for people and volunteer-involving organizations to work with government agencies, non-profit institutions, community groups, academia and the private sector. +A focus on partnership and development +Through the years, International Volunteer Day has been used strategically: many countries have focused on volunteers’ contributions to achieving the Millennium Development Goals, a set of time-bound targets to combat poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation and discrimination against women. +The organization of International Volunteer Day is generally the result of a partnership between the UN system, governments, volunteer-involving organizations and committed individuals. Representatives from the media or academia, foundations, the private sector, faith groups, and sports and recreational organizations are often involved too. +Resolutions +The General Assembly invited Governments to observe annually, on 5 December, an International Volunteer Day for Economic and Social Development (resolution 40/212 of 17 December 1985) and urged them to take measures to heighten awareness of the important contribution of volunteer service, thereby stimulating more people in all walks of life to offer their services as volunteers, both at home and abroad. +Online Volunteering Award +The UNV Online Volunteering service[2] connects development organizations directly with online volunteers who can provide services and advice over the internet. Every year, UNV mobilizes more than 11,000 UN Online Volunteers who undertake more than 17,000 online volunteering assignments. 60 percent of online volunteers come from developing countries. +Every year, UNV announces the winners of the UNV Online Volunteering Award around mid-November and launches a global voting campaign for the public’s favorite winner. In the lead up to International Volunteer Day on 5 December, UNV invites citizens worldwide to be inspired by the winners’ stories and participate in the global voting for their favorite winner on the service's website. The team that gets the most votes is announced as the public’s favorite on International Volunteer Day (IVD). +References +External links +References +Cash Cab is a TV game show devised by Adam Wood[1] that originated in the United Kingdom and has been licensed to television networks in numerous other countries. Passengers in a specially outfitted taxi are surprised and offered the chance to win money by correctly answering a series of general knowledge or trivia questions on the way to their destination. +Country Name Host Channel Premiere Asia-Pacific Cash Cab Asia Oli Pettigrew AXN Asia 000000002011-10-18-000018 October 2011 Arab World كاش تاكسي Cash Taxi Hisham Abdel Rahman MBC 1 000000002008-01-01-00002008 Australia Cash Cab Charlie Pickering James Kerley Channel V 000000002007-10-29-000029 October 2007 Austria QUIZ TAXI Max Schmiedl Puls 4 000000002011-10-16-000016 October 2011 QUIZ TAXI eXtreme Max Schmiedl Puls 4 000000002011-10-23-000023 October 2011 Belgium Taxi Vanoudenhoven Rob Vanoudenhoven Eén 000000002012-06-10-000010 June 2012 Brazil Taxi do Milão Supla RedeTV! 000000002010-01-01-00002010 Canada Cash Cab Adam Growe Discovery Channel Canada ( Canada) 000000002008-09-10-000010 September 2008 Taxi Payant Alexandre Barrette (French) V ( Quebec) 000000002009-09-03-00003 September 2009 Chile MEGA 000000002012-01-01-00002012 China 超级现金车 Cash Cab[2] Song Peng (宋鹏) TVS3 000000002012-12-17-000017 December 2012 Colombia CityTV Czech Republic Taxík Aleš Háma Tomáš Matonoha Monika Absolonová Česká televize 000000002008-01-01-00002008 France Taxi Cash Alexandre Devoise W9 000000002010-10-23-000023 October 2010 Denmark Taxaquizzen Sigurd Kongshøj Larsen TV2 000000002011-09-29-000029 September 2011 Egypt كاش تاكسي Cash Taxi Nashwa Mustafa MBC Masr 000000002013-07-09-00009 July 2013 Germany Quiz Taxi Thomas Hackenberg Kabel eins 000000002006-04-18-000018 April 2006 Greece Taxi Girl Vicki Stavropoulou Mega TV 000000002006-01-01-00002006 Hungary Tutifuvar - A taxiquiz Gianni Annoni Viasat 3 000000002007-01-01-00002007 India Airtel Cash Cab Munish Mukhija UTV Bindass 000000002007-01-01-00002007 Indonesia Taxi Selebritis Farhan antv 000000002009-01-01-00002009 Italy Cash Taxi Marco Berry Sky Uno Cielo LA7 000000002009-01-01-00002009 Israel מונית הכסף Monit Hakesef Ido Rozenblum Channel 2 (Keshet) 000000002007-05-19-000019 May 2007 Jamaica Claro Cash Cab Felisha Lord Wayne W. Whyte Television Jamaica 000000002010-11-15-000015 November 2010 Japan キャッシュキャブ Kyasshukyabu Toshihiro Ito Fuji TV 000000002008-03-01-00001 March 2008 Kazakhstan Такси Taxi Murat Ospanov NTK 000000002009-01-01-00002009 Lithuania Pinigų taksi Karina Krysko LNK 000000002008-06-30-000030 June 2008 Malaysia Teksi Tunai Bob Lokman Astro Prima 000000002007-01-01-00002007 Mexico Taxi Cash Andrés Bustamante Televisa 000000002008-01-28-000028 January 2008 Netherlands Cash Cab Kurt Rogiers Edo Brunner BNN 000000002006-01-01-00002006 Peru Gana Taxi Carlos Vílchez Frecuencia Latina 000000002011-01-01-00002011 Philippines Cash Cab Philippines Ryan Agoncillo AXN Asia 000000002015-12-22-000022 December 2015[3] Poland TV4 Russia Такси Taxi Alex Kulichkov Eugene Rybov TNT 000000002005-12-20-000020 December 2005 Serbia Кеш такси Keš taksi Ivan Ivanović Fox televizija reruns on Prva Plus 000000002007-01-12-000012 January 2007[4] Slovakia Taxík Peter Kočiš Jednotka 000000002012-01-01-00002012 Slovenia Taksi: Kviz z Jožetom Jože Robežnik RTV SLO 000000002016-01-01-00002016 Spain Taxi, taxi Joan Domínguez ( Madrid) Telemadrid 000000002006-01-01-00002006 ¡Taxi! +Phabricator is a suite of web-based software development collaboration tools, including the Differential code review tool, the Diffusion repository browser, the Herald change monitoring tool,[5] the Maniphest bug tracker and the Phriction wiki.[6] Phabricator integrates with Git, Mercurial, and Subversion. It is available as free software under the Apache License, version 2. +Phabricator was originally developed as an internal tool at Facebook.[7][8][9] Phabricator's principal developer is Evan Priestley.[1] Priestley left Facebook to continue Phabricator's development in a new company called Phacility.[2] +Some of Phabricator's users include:[10] +Blender[11] Bloomberg DeviantArt Dropbox Enlightenment window manager Facebook[12] FreeBSD[13] Haskell[14] KDE[15] Khan Academy[16] LLVM[17] MemSQL Pinterest Quora[18] Uber Wikimedia Foundation[19] +See also +References +External links +Chatham House +The Chatham House Rule is a system for holding debates and discussion panels on controversial issues, named after the headquarters of the UK Royal Institute of International Affairs, based in Chatham House, London, where the rule originated in June 1927. +At a meeting held under the Chatham House Rule, anyone who comes to the meeting is free to use information from the discussion, but is not allowed to reveal who made any comment. It is designed to increase openness of discussion. +The Rule +Since its refinement in 2002, the rule states:[1] +Sometimes the reference is made to Chatham House rules, plural.[2] +Purpose +The rule is designed to increase openness of discussion of public policy and current affairs, as it allows people to express and discuss controversial opinions and arguments without suffering the risk of dismissal from their job, and with a clear separation from the opinion and the view of their employer. +Speakers are free to voice their own opinions, without concern for their personal reputation or their official duties and affiliations. The Chatham House Rule resolves a boundary problem faced by many communities of practice, in that it permits acknowledgement of the community or conversation, while protecting the freedom of interaction that is necessary for the community to carry out its conversations. It is designed to reduce the risk of what has come to be described as groupthink, where unpopular views are excluded from discussion, reducing the range of opinions an organisation can discuss. +The aim of the rule is to guarantee anonymity to those speaking within its walls so that better international relations may be achieved. +The rule is now used internationally as an aid to free discussion.[3] The original rule of 1927 was refined in October 1992 and again in 2002.[1] Chatham House has translated the rule into Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Portuguese, Spanish and Russian.[4] +The rule is a contrast (or a compromise) between private meetings, where revealing what was said in the meeting is forbidden, and on the record events where the discussion is completely public and attributed. +In May 2015, the release of an originally rules-bound speech by European Central Bank board member Benoît Cœuré triggered broader attention to the bank's use of the system. The Cœuré speech influenced currency, stock and bond markets.[5][6][7] In the aftermath, other recent ECB invocations of the rules regarding a question-and-answer session and opening remarks for Cœuré, respectively, by ECB Vice President Vitor Constancio and another member of the board, Peter Praet, also gained attention. An ECB governing council member Boštjan Jazbec of Slovenia also had, the same month, held a Questions & Answers session under the rules.[2] +See also +Journalism sourcing Whistleblower Groupthink +References +External links +World map of countries by number of cigarettes smoked per adult per year (2007) +References +This is a list of countries by annual per capita consumption of tobacco cigarettes. +About 800 million of these smokers are men. While smoking rates have leveled off or declined in developed nations, especially among men, in developing nations tobacco consumption continues to rise. More than 80% of all smokers now live in countries with low or middle incomes, and 60% in just 10 countries, a list headed by China.[1] Smokers are over half of adult males in Indonesia (57%, but mostly kretek, a local form of cigarette) and China (53% estimated), and nearly half in Bangladesh, though for women the figure is much lower.[2] +List +Ranking Country Number of cigarettes per adult per year 1 Greece 2,996 2 Serbia 2,924 3 Bulgaria 2,822 4 Russia 2,786 5 Romania 2,520 6 Moldova 2,479 7 Lebanon 2,451 8 Ukraine 2,401 9 Slovenia 2,360 10 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2,278 11 Belarus 2,266 12 Montenegro 2,157 13 Czech Republic 2,125 14 South Korea 1,958 15 Macedonia 1,934 16 Kazakhstan 1,934 17 Azerbaijan 1,877 18 Japan 1,841 19 Kuwait 1,812 20 Spain 1,757 21 Switzerland 1,722 22 China 1,711 23 Austria 1,650 24 Tunisia 1,628 25 Croatia 1,621 26 Armenia 1,620 27 Cyprus 1,620 28 Poland 1,586 29 Estonia 1,523 30 Hungary 1,518 31 Italy 1,475 32 Belgium 1,455 33 Denmark 1,413 34 Slovakia 1,403 35 Turkey 1,399 36 Malta 1,378 37 Jordan 1,372 38 Cuba 1,261 39 Albania 1,116 40 Portugal 1,114 41 Trinidad and Tobago 1,106 42 Egypt 1,104 43 Indonesia 1,085 44 Tajikistan 1,046 45 Germany 1,045 46 Argentina 1,042 47 Georgia 1,039 48 Monaco 1,038 49 Israel 1,037 50 Australia 1,034 51 United States 1,028 52 Syria 1,013 53 Ireland 1,006 54 Vietnam 1,001 55 Kyrgyzstan 942 56 Luxembourg 928 57 Iraq 864 58 Chile 860 59 France 854 60 Oman 852 61 Philippines 838 62 Libya 818 63 Canada 809 64 Saudi Arabia 809 65 Lithuania 804 66 Netherlands 801 67 Mauritius 787 68 Latvia 785 69 Andorra 784 70 Algeria 775 71 Uruguay 770 72 Brunei 751 73 United Kingdom 750 74 Sweden 715 75 Finland 671 76 Papua New Guinea 670 77 Bahrain 661 78 Iran 657 79 North Korea 650 80 Nauru 626 81 Paraguay 619 82 United Arab Emirates 583 83 Comoros 583 84 New Zealand 579 85 Seychelles 565 86 Thailand 560 87 Mongolia 555 88 Singapore 547 89 Malaysia 549 90 Namibia 534 91 Norway 534 92 Fiji 530 93 Costa Rica 529 94 Brazil 504 95 Gabon 501 96 Morocco 500 97 Venezuela 496 98 Iceland 477 99 Pakistan 468 100 South Africa 459 101 Cambodia 452 102 Uzbekistan 449 103 Laos 435 104 Nepal 420 105 Angola 414 106 Colombia 412 107 Yemen 402 108 Senegal 398 109 Equatorial Guinea 391 110 Nicaragua 377 111 Antigua and Barbuda 375 112 Mexico 371 113 Belize 367 114 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 351 115 Barbados 344 116 Cape Verde 339 117 Dominica 339 118 Botswana 336 119 Djibouti 309 120 Togo 307 121 Swaziland 303 122 The Bahamas 288 123 Saint Kitts and Nevis 287 124 Jamaica 283 125 Qatar 281 126 Madagascar 260 127 Saint Lucia 249 128 Guatemala 235 129 Dominican Republic 234 130 Grenada 229 131 Ecuador 227 132 Honduras 217 133 El Salvador 209 134 Mozambique 200 135 Panama 197 136 Sri Lanka 195 137 Myanmar 189 138 Zimbabwe 189 139 Bolivia 179 140 Sierra Leone 177 141 Maldives 170 142 Bangladesh 154 143 Ivory Coast 148 144 Kenya 144 145 Burundi 137 146 Peru 137 147 Turkmenistan 135 148 Tanzania 132 149 Mali 127 150 Bhutan 120 151 Nigeria 116 152 Liberia 113 153 Burkina Faso 109 154 Democratic Republic of the Congo 105 155 Central African Republic 102 156 Haiti 100 157 Guinea-Bissau 97 158 India 96 159 Rwanda 94 160 Cameroon 93 161 Chad 86 162 Mauritania 86 163 Gambia 85 164 Sudan 75 165 Eritrea 74 166 Zambia 74 167 Benin 71 168 São Tomé and Príncipe 69 169 Somalia 67 170 Lesotho 62 171 Afghanistan 61 172 Suriname 57 173 Niger 52 174 Guyana 49 175 Malawi 48 176 Tonga 48 177 Ghana 44 178 Vanuatu 43 179 Ethiopia 42 180 Samoa 34 181 Tuvalu 29 182 Uganda 24 183 Kiribati 22 184 Solomon Islands 18 185 Guinea 9 +List of countries by cigarette consumption per capita +This is a list of OECD countries by cancer rate, as measured by the number of new cancer cases per 100,000 population among OECD countries in 2012.[1] +List of OECD countries by cancer rate +References +Elizabeth Ruth Naomi Belville (5 March 1854 – 7 December 1943), also known as the Greenwich Time Lady, was a businesswoman from London. +She, her mother Maria Elizabeth, and her father John Henry, sold people the time. This was done by setting a watch to Greenwich Mean Time, as shown by the Greenwich clock, and then selling people the time by letting them look at their watch.[1] +History +Maria Belville, 1892 +Ruth Belville's father, John Henry Belville, created a service for 200 clients in 1836. +Each morning, John Henry went to Greenwich Observatory, where he worked, and set his watch to Greenwich Mean Time. He would then set off in his buggy and would set the clocks correctly for clients subscribed to the service.[2] +John Henry continued this service up until his death in 1856. +His widow, Maria, was granted the privilege of carrying on the work as a means of livelihood and continued the business until her retirement in 1892, when she was in her eighties. +Ruth Belville then took over the business.[3] She continued the business up until 1940, by which time World War Two had started.[1] Belville was in her eighties when she retired and at the age of 86 she was still able to journey about twelve miles from her home and attend at the Observatory by 9 am. She died at the age of 89.[3][dead link] +Criticism +Belville's business came under attack from St John Wynne, a director of the Standard Time Company, which sold a telegraphic time signal service and was therefore Belville's main competitor. Wynne made a speech at the city United Wards Club attacking Belville, claiming, "that her [Belville's] methods were amusingly out of date," he also implied that she might have been using her femininity to gain business."[3][dead link] +The speech was published in The Times newspaper, but the article did not mention the Standard Time Company and the fact that he was Belville's competitor. Following the publication of the comments, Belville was besieged by reporters interested in her business and also the possible scandal, which was implied by Wynne's comments. However, Belville managed to cope, and the resulting publicity resulted in an increase in sales. +References +Further reading +This is a list of countries by number of heliports based on CIA World Factbook[1] along with the civil and military helicopter fleet. +References +Heliports and Helicopters by country +External links +Country Heliports Civil Helicopters fleet Military Helicopters [2] Notes World 34,553 [3] Afghanistan 11 29 129 [2] Albania 1 22 Algeria 2 41 210 [4][5][2][6] Angola 105 [2] Antarctica 53 Argentina 2 319 96 [7][8][9][2] Armenia 41 Australia 1 1,862 166 [10][3][2] Austria 1 177 66 [11][12] Azerbaijan 1 52 85 [13] Bahamas 1 Bahrain 1 62 Bangladesh 3 24 54 [14][15][16][17] Belarus 1 57 Belgium 1 181 36 [18] Bhutan 1 1 Bolivia 30 Bosnia and Herzegovina 5 20 Brazil 13 1,812 251 [10][19] [3][2] Brunei 3 7 [20][21] Bulgaria 3 25 Burma 6 Burundi 1 Cambodia 1 9 16 [20] Canada 12 2,303 175 [3][2] Chad 19 Chile 45[22] 257 84 [23][24][25] China 48 927 802 [3][2] Colombia 2 217 241 [26][27][2][28] DRC 27 Croatia 1 15 31 [29] Cyprus 9 [30] Czech Republic 1 233 57 [31] Denmark 119 32 [32] Ecuador 2 48 Egypt 6 255 [2] El Salvador 1 Eritrea 1 Estonia 1 Ethiopia 33 European Union 99 6,860 4,487 [10][33][34] Fiji 9 Finland 85 27 [35] France 1 1,053 611 [36][3][2] French Polynesia 1 Gabon 16 Gaza Strip 1 Georgia 3 30 41 Germany 25 890 359 [36][2][37] Greece 9 108 224 [2] Guatemala 19 Hong Kong 170[38] 30 [39] Hungary 5 133 [40] Iceland 10 [41] India 1141 270 646 [42][43][2] Indonesia 64 179 152 [20][2] Iran 19 70 128 [2][44] Iraq 21 43 159 [2] Ireland 34 Israel 3 61 143 [2] Italy 6 870 421 674 turbines Helicopters[3][2] Japan 15 800 638 [45][36][2] Jordan 1 6 126 [2][46] Kazakhstan 3 69 North Korea 22 202 [2] South Korea 510 192 679 [45][20][2] Kenya 59 62 [47][48] Kosovo 2 Kuwait 4 2 42 [49] Laos 6 [20] Latvia 4 [50] Lebanon 48 Libya 2 27 Luxembourg 1 12 [51] Macau 2 30 [39] Malaysia 3 180 79 [45] Mexico 1 588 189 Counting turbines copters only[3][2] Monaco 1 Mongolia 1 6 [20] Montenegro 1 Morocco 1 184 126 [52][2][53] Myanmar 13 87 [20][2] Namibia 30 [54] Nepal 28 18 [55] Netherlands 1 74 68 [56] New Caledonia 8 New Zealand 27 750 24 [10] Nicaragua 17 Nigeria 4 115 38 [57] Northern Mariana Islands 1 Norway 1 263 34 [58] Oman 3 45 Pakistan 20 11 306 [59][60][2] Panama 3 Papua New Guinea 2 102 [20] Paraguay 2 8 Peru 1 107 83 [61] Philippines 2 180 91 [45] Poland 7 192 210 [62][63][64][2] Portugal 92 25 [65] Puerto Rico 40 [66] Qatar 1 46 45 [67] Romania 3 86 Russia 50 2,220 1,237 [3][2] El Salvador 30 Saudi Arabia 9 35 204 [2][68] Serbia 2 37 Sierra Leone 2 Singapore 1 3 71 [20][69] Slovakia 1 16 Slovenia 33 [70] Solomon Islands 3 South Africa 1 1,262 96 577 Piston helicopters[10][2] Spain 9 530 159 [2][71] Spratly Islands 3 Sri Lanka 12 45 Sudan 5 64 Svalbard 1 Sweden 2 250 46 [72] Switzerland 1 335 43 [73] Syria 7 168 [2] Taiwan 30 41 307 [20][2] Tajikistan 20 Thailand 4 115 282 [45][2] Timor-Leste 8 Tunis 76 Turkey 47 79 445 [74][75][2] Turkmenistan 1 Uganda 22 Ukraine 7 194 92 [76][2][77] United Arab Emirates 5 77 199 [78][79][80][2] United Kingdom 11 1,076 348 [36][3][2] United States 5,664[81] 9,751 6,084 [3][2] Uzbekistan 69 Venezuela 4 351 86 [82][83][84] Vietnam 1 28 150 [20][2] Yemen 62 Zimbabwe 29 +Anophthalmus hitleri (Slovene: Hitlerjev brezokec) is a species of blind cave beetle found only in five humid caves in Slovenia. The blind cave beetle shares its genus with 41 other species and 95 different subspecies.[1] Members of its subfamily (Trechinae) are, like most Carabidae, predatory, so the adults and larvae of A. hitleri are presumed to be predators on smaller cave inhabitants. +Name +The scientific name of the beetle comes from a German collector, Oscar Scheibel, who was sold a specimen of a then undocumented species in 1933. +Its species name was made a dedication to Adolf Hitler, who had recently become Chancellor of Germany. The genus name means eyeless, so the full name can be translated as "the eyeless one of Hitler". The dedication did not go unnoticed by the Führer, who sent Scheibel a letter showing his gratitude.[1] Despite its strong political meaning, it is of taxonomic tradition not to change the binomial name of an organism, with exceptions for religious names, which are not to be made in the first place.[1] +The species exhibits no notable characteristics, such as extravagant colors or antennae, and is poached by collectors of Hitler memorabilia and beetle collectors purely as a result of its name.[2] +See also +List of organisms named after famous people +References +A taxon (e.g. species or genus; plural: taxa) named in honor of another entity is an eponymous taxon, and names specifically honoring a person or persons are known as patronyms. Scientific names are generally formally published in peer-reviewed journal articles or larger monographs along with descriptions of the named taxa and ways to distinguish them from other taxa. Following rules of Latin grammar, species or subspecies names derived from a man's name often end in -i or -ii if named for an individual, and -orum if named for a group of men or mixed-sex group, such as a family. +This list includes organisms named after famous individuals or ensembles (including bands and comedy troupes), but excludes companies, institutions, ethnic groups or nationalities, and populated places. It does not include organisms named for fictional entities, for biologists or other scientists,[lower-alpha 1] nor for associates or family members of researchers who are not otherwise notable. The scientific names are given as originally described: subsequent research may have placed species in different genera, or rendered them taxonomic synonyms of previously described taxa. +See also +List of bacterial genera named after personal names List of rose cultivars named after people +References +References +A map depicting world energy consumption per capita based on 2003 data from the International Energy Agency. +The World Bank : Kilograms of oil equivalent (2011) +This is a list of countries by total energy consumption per capita.[1] +Country Total energy consumption per capita per annum (2003) [kgoe/a] The same value in GJ per capita per annum (1000 kgoe = 42 GJ) The same value in W per capita (1 GJ/a = 31.7 W) (multiply by 8.766 to get kWh/year) Afghanistan[2] 90 3.78 119.8 Albania 648.3 27.23 863.2 Algeria 1138.2 47.81 1515.5 Angola 716.5 30.09 953.9 Argentina 1846.8 77.57 2458.9 Armenia 790.8 33.22 1052.9 Australia 5593.2 234.92 7446.8 Austria 4033.6 169.41 5370.3 Azerbaijan 1307.5 54.91 1740.8 Bahrain 7753.7 325.65 10323.2 Bangladesh 208.8 8.77 278.1 Belarus 2922.0 122.73 3890.4 Belgium 5585.6 234.59 7436.6 Benin 412.8 17.34 549.6 Bolivia 737.4 30.97 981.7 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1703.4 71.54 2267.9 Botswana 1127.8 47.37 1501.6 Brazil 1362.5 57.23 1814.1 Brunei Darussalam 8308.4 348.95 11061.9 Bulgaria 2370.1 99.55 3155.6 Cambodia 355.4 14.93 473.1 Cameroon 362.7 15.23 482.9 Canada 7379.6 309.94 9825.2 Chile 1806.7 75.88 2405.5 China 1806.8 75.88 2405.5 Colombia 696.3 29.24 927.1 Congo, Dem. +List of countries by energy consumption per capita +A world map of countries by oil importation, 2006. +References +Trends in the top five crude oil-importing countries, 1960-2012 +This is a list of countries by oil imports based on The World Factbook and other sources.[1] Many countries also export oil, and some export more oil than they import. +Countries +Country/Region Oil - imports (bbl/day) Date of information Oil - imports (bbl/day) Date of information European Union 11,658,750 2010 est. +The global Natural Gas Trade in 2013, numbers are in cubic meters. As can be seen a large amount of the Gas trade is transported by sea now. Qatar exports more than half as much gas as Russia through their sea network without any pipelines.[1] +References +Top five exporters of natural gas (US EIA) +This is a list of countries by natural gas exports mostly based on The World Factbook . For informational purposes several non-sovereign entities are also included in this list. +Rank Country/Region Natural gas - exports (cu m) Date of Information — World 929,900,000,000 2007 est. +[1]This is a list of countries by annual natural gas consumption mostly based on The World Factbook.[2] For informational purposes several non-sovereign entities are also included in this list. +References +Rank Country/Region Natural Gas- consumption (m³/year) Date of Information — World 3,319,000,000,000 2010 est. +List of countries by natural gas consumption +This is a list of countries by electricity exports mostly based on The World Factbook.[1] +References +Rank Country Electricity exports (GWh) Date — World 655,600 2007 est. +Country Men Women Difference Average Source Albania 30.5 24.9 5.6 27.7 [13] Austria 32.2 29.8 2.4 31 [13] Azerbaijan 27.7 23.7 4 25.7 [13] Armenia 29.1 25.8 3.3 27.45 [13] Belarus 27.1 25 2.1 26.05 [13] Belgium 32 29.6 2.4 30.8 [13] Bosnia and Herzegovina 29.6 26.4 3.2 28 [13] Bulgaria 30.6 27.5 3.1 29.05 [13] Croatia 31 28 3 29.5 [13] Czech Republic 32.3 29.8 2.5 31.05 [22] Cyprus 30.9 29 1.9 29.95 [13] Denmark 34.8 32.2 2.6 33.5 [13] Estonia 31.3 28.8 2.5 30.05 [23] Finland 33.1 30.9 2.2 32 [13] France 31.8 30 1.8 30.9 [13] Georgia 30.1 26.9 3.2 28.5 [13] Germany 33.5 30.7 2.8 32.1 [13] Greece 32.5 29.6 2.9 31.05 [13] Hungary 32.3 29.5 2.8 30.9 [13] Iceland 34.6 32.7 1.9 33.65 [13] Ireland 33.9 32.3 1.6 33.1 [24] Italy 33.8 30.8 3 32.3 [13] Latvia 30.4 28.5 1.9 29.45 [13] Lithuania 29.3 27 2.3 28.15 [13] Luxembourg 31.9 29.8 2.1 30.85 [13] Macedonia 28.6 25.8 2.8 27.2 [13] Malta 29.9 27.8 2.1 28.85 [13] Moldova 26 24 2 25 [13] Montenegro 31 28 3 29.5 [13] Netherlands 33.1 30.5 2.6 31.8 [25] Norway 33.5 31.4 2.1 32.45 [13] Poland 27.9 25.9 2 26.9 [13] Portugal 31.4 29.9 1.5 30.65 [13] Romania 30 27 3 28.5 [13] Russia 27.4 24.9 2.5 26.15 [26] Serbia 31 28 3 29.5 [13] Slovakia 30.7 28.1 2.6 29.4 [13] Slovenia 32 29 3 30.5 [13] Spain 33.8 31.7 2.1 32.75 [13] Sweden 35.6 33 2.6 34.3 [13] Switzerland 31.8 29.5 2.3 30.65 [13] Turkey 26.7 23.5 3.2 25.1 [27] Ukraine 27 25 2 26 [13] United Kingdom 33.1 30 3.1 31.55 [13] +This is an incomplete list of the average ages of people when they first marry in various countries. This list is current (from year 2000 or later) and does not treat the topic in history. +Oceania +References +External links +Americas +Country Men Women Average Year Source Brazil 28 26 27 2006 [2] Canada 31.1 29.1 30.1 2008 [3] Chile 35.39 32.65 34.02 2013 [4] Mexico 29 26 27.9 2011 [5] United States 29 27 28 2013 [6] +Asia +Average age at first marriage. Darker is younger +Chogyal Wangchuk Tenzing Namgyal (Sikkimese: དབང་ཕྱུག་བསྟན་འཛིན་རྣམ་རྒྱལ་; Wylie: dbang-phyug bstan-'dzin rnam-rgyal) (b. +1 April 1953) is the second son of Palden Thondup Namgyal, the last sovereign king of Sikkim. Educated at Harrow, he is also the present heir of the Namgyal dynasty and claimant to the Sikkim throne. +Honours +National Honours +Palden Thondup Namgyal Coronation Medal (4 April 1965).[1] +References +External links +MTV Vietnam is a 24-hour music channel owned by MTV Networks Asia, a division of Viacom and UTV Corporation, a division of BHD Group and is under management of Vietnam Television. +It features international music, news and few of reality programs. It also has programs brought from MTV program in the US and a few Asian programs. Its target will be viewers in the 15–34 age group. +External links +MTV Vietnam's Official Site MTV Vietnam at Facebook +Giant panda at San Diego Zoo +Panda pornography (or panda porn) refers generally to movies depicting mating pandas, intended to promote sexual arousal in captive giant pandas. Under zoo conditions, the animals have in general proven unenthusiastic about mating, placing their species in danger of extinction.[1] +History +The method was popularized following reports of an experiment performed by zoologists in Thailand, in which they showed several captive giant pandas at Chiang Mai Zoo a number of videos showing other giant pandas having sex.[2][3] Though the researchers behind the project state that they believe there have been successful matings due to usage of sex videos for animals, such success so far has not been achieved outside of China,[4] where 31 cubs were born over a ten-month period following commencement of the experiment. Other methods, including the use of Viagra to sexually stimulate pandas, have thus far been unsuccessful.[5] +References +References +Countries +This is a list of countries by oil consumption based on the CIA World Factbook.[2] +Rank Country/Region Oil consumption (bbl/day) Year 1 United States 19,840,000 2011 est. +The Global Terrorism Index (GTI) is an attempt to systematically rank the nations of the world according to terrorist activity. The index combines a number of factors associated with terrorist attacks to build an explicit picture of the impact of terrorism over a 10-year period, illustrating trends, and providing a data series for analysis by researchers and policymakers. It is the product of Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) and is based on data from the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) which is collected and collated by the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) at the University of Maryland. +References +External links +Global Terrorism Index Report 2015 +Rank[4][5] Country Score Change in score (Actual year 2013 to 2014) 1 Iraq 10 0.406 2 Afghanistan 9.233 0.238 3 Nigeria 9.213 1.018 4 Pakistan 9.065 -0.009 5 Syria 8.108 0.358 6 India 7.747 0.046 7 Yemen 7.642 0.486 8 Somalia 7.6 0.48 9 Libya 7.29 0.966 10 Thailand 7.279 0.096 11 Philippines 7.27 0.073 12 Ukraine 7.2 4.059 13 Egypt 6.813 0.475 14 Central African Republic 6.721 1.638 15 South Sudan 6.712 1.392 16 Sudan 6.686 0.988 17 Colombia 6.662 0.218 18 Kenya 6.66 0.362 19 Republic of the Congo 6.487 0.733 20 Cameroon 6.466 4.945 21 Lebanon 6.376 0.17 22 China 6.294 1.212 23 Russia 6.207 -0.432 24 Israel 6.034 1.118 25 Bangladesh 5.921 0.448 26 Mali 5.871 0.683 27 Turkey 5.737 -0.144 28 United Kingdom 5.613 0.162 29 Greece 4.976 -0.259 30 Uganda 4.894 2.133 31 Bahrain 4.871 0.198 32 Nepal 4.791 -0.643 33 Indonesia 4.755 -0.021 34 Algeria 4.75 -0.635 35 United States 4.613 -0.055 36 France 4.553 -0.331 37 Mozambique 4.386 0.278 38 South Africa 4.231 0.707 39 Iran 4.222 -0.439 40 Paraguay 4.094 0.391 41 Myanmar 4.08 -0.275 42 Sri Lanka 4.077 0.004 43 Saudi Arabia 4.006 1.234 44 Mexico 3.985 -0.524 45 Tanzania 3.979 0.356 46 Chile 3.969 0.797 47 Tunisia 3.697 0.145 48 Ireland 3.663 0.487 49 Malaysia 3.579 0.056 50 Ethiopia 3.544 -0.085 51 Niger 3.485 0.767 52 Senegal 3.467 -0.067 53 Germany 3.442 1.676 54 Italy 3.364 0.483 55 Burundi 3.342 -0.506 56 Rwanda 3.334 -0.476 57 Peru 3.316 0.051 58 Ivory Coast 3.141 -0.657 59 Australia 3.114 2.894 60 Sweden 3.083 1.37 61 Cyprus 3.08 -0.106 62 Kosovo 3.018 -0.188 63 Nicaragua 2.928 2.928 64 Norway 2.738 -0.674 65 Spain 2.622 -0.112 66 Dominican Republic 2.581 1.394 67 Djibouti 2.567 2.567 68 Czech Republic 2.484 1.62 69 Madagascar 2.444 0.635 70 Bulgaria 2.421 -0.333 71 Georgia 2.373 -0.576 72 Canada 2.297 0.368 73 Macedonia 2.252 0.875 74 Brazil 2.207 0.585 75 Chad 2.142 1.937 76 Venezuela 2.139 1.514 77 Belarus 2.125 -0.653 78 Albania 2.116 1.896 79 Austria 2.088 0.406 80 Honduras 2.077 -0.261 81 Guatemala 2.009 -0.632 82 Belgium 1.977 0.944 83 Kazakhstan 1.881 -0.666 84 Tajikistan 1.869 -0.244 85 Jordan 1.751 -0.207 86 Kyrgyzstan 1.722 1.474 87 Zimbabwe 1.71 0.141 88 Argentina 1.674 -0.682 89 Eritrea 1.636 -0.709 90 Trinidad and Tobago 1.583 -0.646 91 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.516 0.038 92 Morocco 1.446 -0.648 93 Azerbaijan 1.381 1.247 93 Ghana 1.381 1.381 95 Switzerland 1.349 -0.677 96 Iceland 1.219 1.143 96 Liberia 1.219 1.143 98 Guinea 1.187 -0.665 98 Hungary 1.187 1.044 98 New Zealand 1.187 1.187 101 United Arab Emirates 1.045 0.768 102 Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.823 -0.683 103 Montenegro 0.659 -0.657 104 Ecuador 0.577 -0.699 105 Netherlands 0.429 -0.596 106 Serbia 0.41 -0.744 107 Bhutan 0.305 0 107 Burkina Faso 0.305 -0.354 107 Mauritania 0.305 -0.841 110 Portugal 0.267 -0.282 111 Angola 0.243 -0.443 112 Jamaica 0.229 0.229 113 Cambodia 0.153 -0.152 113 Guinea-Bissau 0.153 -0.267 113 Taiwan 0.153 -0.152 116 Armenia 0.115 -0.229 116 Croatia 0.115 -0.114 118 Denmark 0.091 -0.09 119 Bolivia 0.076 -0.349 119 Estonia 0.076 -0.077 121 Laos 0.038 -0.038 121 Moldova 0.038 -0.31 123 Kuwait 0.019 -0.019 124 Benin 0 0 124 Botswana 0 0 124 Costa Rica 0 0 124 Cuba 0 0 124 El Salvador 0 0 124 Equatorial Guinea 0 -0.129 124 Finland 0 0 124 Gabon 0 0 124 Gambia 0 0 124 Guyana 0 0 124 Haiti 0 0 124 Japan 0 -0.086 124 Latvia 0 0 124 Lesotho 0 -0.086 124 Lithuania 0 0 124 Malawi 0 0 124 Mauritius 0 0 124 Mongolia 0 0 124 Namibia 0 0 124 North Korea 0 0 124 Oman 0 0 124 Panama 0 -0.038 124 Papua New Guinea 0 0 124 Poland 0 0 124 Qatar 0 0 124 Romania 0 0 124 Sierra Leone 0 0 124 Singapore 0 0 124 Slovakia 0 0 124 Slovenia 0 0 124 South Korea 0 0 124 Swaziland 0 0 124 Timor-Leste 0 0 124 Togo 0 0 124 Turkmenistan 0 0 124 Uruguay 0 0 124 Uzbekistan 0 -0.286 124 Vietnam 0 0 124 Zambia 0 0 +Global Terrorism Index +This is a list of countries by total number of peacekeepers contributed to United Nations operations based on United Nations report for the year 2015.[1] +References +List +Rank Country/Region Peacekeepers 1 Bangladesh 9432 2 Ethiopia 8309 3 India 7800 4 Pakistan 7533 5 Rwanda 5591 6 Nepal 5332 7 Senegal 3575 8 Ghana 3156 9 China 3084 10 Nigeria 2940 11 Indonesia 2729 12 United Republic of Tanzania 2316 13 Morocco 2314 14 South Africa 2160 15 Egypt 2144 16 Burkina Faso 2056 17 Niger 1880 18 Jordan 1768 19 Togo 1726 20 Uruguay 1455 21 Benin 1449 22 Cameroon 1380 23 Burundi 1279 24 Brazil 1182 25 Chad 1141 26 Italy 1126 27 Republic of the Congo 989 28 Democratic Republic of the Congo 964 29 Kenya 954 30 Mongolia 945 31 France 926 32 Malawi 895 33 Malaysia 877 34 Cambodia 861 35 Sri Lanka 765 36 Zambia 693 37 Fiji 625 38 Republic of Korea 619 39 Spain 619 40 Ukraine 564 41 Peru 562 42 Netherlands 522 43 Gabon 442 44 Argentina 387 45 Chile 381 46 Ireland 368 47 Finland 339 48 Yemen 335 49 Gambia 318 50 Serbia 316 51 Guatemala 309 52 Sweden 306 53 United Kingdom 288 54 Guinea 282 55 Japan 272 56 Bolivia 233 57 Austria 220 58 Germany 198 59 El Salvador 190 60 Philippines 188 61 Tunisia 184 62 Cote d'Ivoire 181 63 Slovakia 163 64 Djibouti 159 65 Mauritania 152 66 Turkey 125 67 Paraguay 117 68 Canada 115 69 Namibia 108 70 Mali 106 71 Sierra Leone 95 72 Hungary 93 73 Romania 93 74 Zimbabwe 92 75 Norway 87 76 United States 80 77 Russian Federation 71 78 Armenia 65 79 Portugal 50 80 Honduras 49 81 Uganda 48 82 Denmark 47 83 Liberia 46 84 Greece 45 85 Bosnia and Herzegovina 44 86 Australia 43 87 Estonia 43 88 Brunei 30 89 Switzerland 27 90 Kyrgyzstan 23 91 Thailand 21 92 Croatia 17 93 Ecuador 17 94 Slovenia 17 95 Madagascar 16 96 Samoa 16 97 Jamaica 14 98 Poland 14 99 Bhutan 13 100 Colombia 12 101 New Zealand 11 102 Czech Republic 10 103 Moldova 9 104 Kazakhstan 7 105 Central African Republic 6 106 Belarus 5 107 Belgium 5 108 Vanuatu 5 109 Vietnam 5 110 Montenegro 4 111 Albania 3 112 Bulgaria 3 113 Lithuania 3 114 Qatar 3 115 Timor-Leste 3 116 Grenada 2 117 Iran 2 118 Lesotho 2 119 Mexico 2 120 Cyprus 2 121 Guinea-Bissau 2 +List of countries by number of UN peacekeepers +This article includes a list of countries in the world sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate, the rate of economic growth of the value of all final goods and services produced within a state in a given year in an economy. +countries by real GDP growth rate (2014). +Cumulative real growth +References and Notes +External links +List +Rank Country Real GDP growth rate in percent (mostly 2015)[1] 1 Papua New Guinea 16.00 2 Macau[2] 11.90 3 Turks and Caicos Islands[3] 11.20 4 Monaco 9.30 5 Ethiopia 8.70 6 Turkmenistan 8.50 7 Myanmar 8.50 8 Democratic Republic of the Congo 8.40 9 Cote d'Ivoire 8.20 10 Nauru 8.00 11 Bhutan 7.70 12 Maldives 7.60 13 Laos 7.50 14 India 7.30 15 China 7.20 16 Cambodia 7.00 17 Mozambique 7.00 18 Tanzania 6.90 19 Chad 6.90 20 Uzbekistan 6.80 21 Rwanda 6.50 22 Kenya 6.50 23 Vietnam 6.50 24 Bangladesh 6.50 25 Djibouti 6.50 26 Niue[4] 6.20 27 Panama 6.00 28 Gibraltar[5] 6.00 29 Philippines 6.00 30 Dominican Republic 5.50 31 Benin 5.50 32 Central African Republic 5.50 33 Sri Lanka 5.50 34 Togo 5.40 35 Cameroon 5.30 36 Uganda 5.20 37 West Bank 5.10 38 Senegal 5.10 39 Burkina Faso 5.00 40 Sao Tome and Principe 5.00 41 Mali 5.00 42 Saint Kitts and Nevis 5.00 43 Morocco 4.90 44 Republic of Ireland 4.80 45 Namibia 4.80 46 Indonesia 4.70 47 Guinea-Bissau 4.70 48 Qatar 4.70 49 The Gambia 4.70 50 Malaysia 4.70 51 Northern Mariana Islands[6] 4.50 52 Luxembourg 4.40 53 Oman 4.40 54 Zambia 4.30 55 Niger 4.30 56 Fiji 4.30 57 Timor-Leste 4.30 58 Egypt 4.20 59 Pakistan 4.20 60 Mauritania 4.10 61 Bolivia 4.10 62 Nicaragua 4.00 63 Nigeria 4.00 64 Malawi 4.00 65 Azerbaijan 4.00 66 Palau 4.00 67 Czech Republic 3.90 68 Guatemala 3.80 69 Iceland 3.70 70 Sint Maarten[7] 3.60 71 Curacao[8] 3.60 72 Cabo Verde 3.50 73 Gabon 3.50 74 Ghana 3.50 75 Mongolia 3.50 76 Honduras 3.50 77 Tuvalu 3.50 78 Seychelles 3.50 79 Montserrat[9] 3.50 80 Sudan 3.50 81 Angola 3.50 82 Poland 3.50 83 Grenada 3.40 84 Romania 3.40 85 Saudi Arabia 3.40 86 Bahrain 3.40 87 Nepal 3.40 88 Malta 3.40 89 Madagascar 3.40 90 Solomon Islands 3.30 91 Macedonia 3.20 92 Mauritius 3.20 93 Montenegro 3.20 94 Guyana 3.20 95 Slovakia 3.20 96 Kosovo 3.20 97 Spain 3.10 98 Turkey 3.00 99 Tajikistan 3.00 100 Paraguay 3.00 101 Hungary 3.00 102 Costa Rica 3.00 103 United Arab Emirates 3.00 104 Algeria 3.00 105 Jordan 2.90 106 Faroe Islands[10] 2.90 107 Uruguay 2.80 108 Sweden 2.80 109 New Caledonia[11] 2.80 110 Dominica 2.80 111 Tonga 2.70 112 South Korea 2.70 113 Albania 2.70 114 United States 2.60 115 Botswana 2.60 116 Samoa 2.60 117 Somalia 2.60 118 Lesotho 2.60 119 Thailand 2.50 120 Israel 2.50 121 Haiti 2.50 122 United Kingdom 2.50 123 Colombia 2.50 124 Hong Kong[12] 2.50 125 Armenia 2.50 126 French Polynesia[13] 2.40 127 Peru 2.40 128 Australia 2.40 129 Aruba[14] 2.40 130 Slovenia 2.30 131 Mexico 2.30 132 El Salvador 2.30 133 Chile 2.30 134 Belize 2.20 135 Singapore 2.20 136 Taiwan 2.20 137 Antigua and Barbuda 2.20 138 New Zealand 2.20 139 Isle of Man[15] 2.20 140 Latvia 2.20 141 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2.10 142 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2.10 143 Georgia 2.00 144 Lebanon 2.00 145 Kyrgyzstan 2.00 146 Afghanistan 2.00 147 Estonia 2.00 148 Swaziland 1.90 149 Kiribati 1.80 150 European Union 1.80 151 Saint Lucia 1.80 152 Lithuania 1.80 153 Netherlands 1.80 154 Liechtenstein 1.80 155 Bulgaria 1.70 156 Cayman Islands[16] 1.70 157 Marshall Islands 1.70 158 Denmark 1.60 159 Portugal 1.60 160 Kazakhstan 1.50 161 Germany 1.50 162 Suriname 1.50 163 Zimbabwe 1.40 164 South Africa 1.40 165 British Virgin Islands[17] 1.30 166 Belgium 1.30 167 Cuba 1.30 168 Kuwait 1.20 169 France 1.20 170 The Bahamas 1.20 171 Jamaica 1.10 172 Cocos (Keeling) Islands[18] 1.00 173 Republic of the Congo 1.00 174 Switzerland 1.00 175 Trinidad and Tobago 1.00 176 North Korea 1.00 177 Barbados 1.00 178 Canada 1.00 179 Comoros 1.00 180 San Marino 1.00 181 Tunisia 1.00 182 Greenland[19] 0.90 183 Norway 0.90 184 Liberia 0.90 185 Guernsey[20] 0.90 186 Croatia 0.80 187 Austria 0.80 188 Italy 0.80 189 Iran 0.80 190 Guam[21] 0.60 191 Japan 0.60 192 Cyprus 0.50 193 Serbia 0.50 194 Argentina 0.40 195 Finland 0.40 196 Eritrea 0.20 197 Cook Islands[22] 0.10 198 Iraq 0.00 199 Guinea 0.00 200 Federated States of Micronesia -0.20 201 Jersey[23] -0.30 202 Puerto Rico[24] -0.60 203 Ecuador -0.60 204 Moldova -1.00 205 Brunei -1.20 206 Andorra -1.60 207 Vanuatu -2.00 208 Greece -2.30 209 American Samoa[25] -2.40 210 Bermuda[26] -2.50 211 Brazil -3.00 212 Belarus -3.60 213 Russia -3.90 214 South Sudan -5.30 215 United States Virgin Islands -5.40 216 Libya -6.10 217 Burundi -7.20 218 Anguilla[27] -8.50 219 Syria -9.90 220 Venezuela -10.00 221 Equatorial Guinea -10.20 222 Ukraine -11.00 223 Gaza Strip -15.00 224 Sierra Leone -23.90 225 Yemen -28.10 +The grapheme Ž (minuscule: ž) is formed from Latin Z with the addition of caron (Czech: háček, Slovak: mäkčeň, Slovene: strešica, Croatian: kvačica). It is used in various contexts, usually denoting the voiced postalveolar fricative, a sound similar to English g in mirage, or Portuguese and French j. In the International Phonetic Alphabet this sound is denoted with [ʒ], but the lowercase ž is used in the Americanist phonetic notation, as well as in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet. +For use in computer systems, Ž and ž are at Unicode codepoints U+017D and U+017E, respectively. On Windows computers, it can be typed with Alt+0142 and Alt+0158, respectively. +Ž is the final letter of most alphabets that contain it, exceptions including Estonian and Turkmen. +Origin +The symbol originates with the 15th century Czech alphabet as introduced by the reforms of Jan Hus. It was also used for the closely related Slovak language. From Czech, it was adopted into the Croatian alphabet by Ljudevit Gaj in 1830, and then into the Slovak, Slovenian, Serbian and Bosnian alphabets. +See also +References +Notes +This article summarizes the world steel production by country. +References +External links +Countries +This is a list of countries by steel production in 1967, 1980, 1990, 2000 and from 2007 to 2014, based on data provided by the World Steel Association.[1][2][3][4] [5] [6] [7] [8] +List of countries by steel production +Eurowings GmbH is a German low-cost airline headquartered in Düsseldorf and a fully owned subsidiary of the Lufthansa Group. It serves a network of domestic and European destinations as well as some long-haul routes and maintains bases at Cologne Bonn Airport, Düsseldorf Airport, Hamburg Airport and Vienna International Airport. +It was part of Lufthansa Regional until October 2014 when it instead began operating on behalf of Germanwings within their network. Since spring 2015, Eurowings itself is being redeveloped into a low-cost carrier for short- and long-haul flights. By October 2015, it also started to incorporate Germanwings' route network as this brand will be integrated into Eurowings during 2016.[1] +History +The airline was formed on 1 February 1993, following a merger of Nürnberger Flugdienst (NFD) and Reise- und Industrieflug (RFG), two commuter airlines based in Nürnberg and Dortmund, respectively. Flight operations using an initial fleet of ATR 42 and 72 aircraft inherited from Eurowing's predecessors were launched on 1 January 1994. Subsequently, BAe 146 aircraft were added to the fleet, which were later followed by larger Airbus A320 family aircraft and even an Airbus A310.[2] Lufthansa took an initial 24,9% stake in Eurowings in 2001, increasing it to 49% in 2004. +A former Eurowings BAe 146-200 +As of 31 December 2006, Lufthansa had a 49% shareholding in Eurowings with a call option for 50.91% of the remaining stakes, bringing the company into the Lufthansa Group fold.[3] At that time, Eurowings was the owner of Germanwings, thus creating a low-cost branch within the Lufthansa trust. Plans to merge these two airlines with TUIfly (controlled by TUI Travel) into a joint and independent holding company, were brought forth during 2008, but did not materialize.[4] Instead, Lufthansa announced in December 2008 to acquire Germanwings from Eurowings.[5] +Fleet +Current fleet +Eurowings Airbus A320-200 (2015) +Eurowings Airbus A330 +As of December 2015, the Eurowings fleet consists of the following aircraft:[22] +References +Eurowings fleet Aircraft In Service Orders Passengers Notes C E Y Total Bombardier CRJ900 16 — — — 86 86 To be transferred to Lufthansa CityLine[23] and replaced Airbus A320-200 9 21 — — 174 180 174 180 6 to be transferred from Lufthansa (2015-2016), 6 to be delivered pre-owned (2016)[24] and 10 new from Airbus (2016-2017)[25] Airbus A330-200 2 5 — 21 289 310 Operated by SunExpress Deutschland[26] Airbus A340-300 1 — 18 19 261 297 Operated by Lufthansa CityLine for Lufthansa on Cologne/Bonn-Dubai route Boeing 737-800 — 4 — — 189 189 Operated by SunExpress Deutschland[27] Boeing 767-300ER 1 — — 31 260 291 Operated by TUIfly Total 29 30 +Eurowings +This is a list of countries by silicon production in 2011 based on USGS figures.[1] +Rank Country/Region Silicon production (thousands of tonnes) — World 8,000 1 China 5,400 2 Russia 670 3 United States 350 4 Norway 320 5 Brazil 230 6 France 140 7 South Africa 130 8 Iceland 75 9 India 68 10 Venezuela 62 11 Canada 52 Other Countries 400 +References +List of countries by silicon production +In mathematics, there are many logarithmic identities. +Trivial identities +This is a list of countries by titanium production in 2010–2013 based on USGS figures.[1][2] The production figures are for titanium sponge, units are in metric tons. +Rank Country/Region 2010 2011 2012 2013 World 137,000 186,000 200,000 222,000 1 China 57,800 60,000 80,000 100,000 2 Russia 25,800 40,000 44,000 45,000 3 Japan 31,600 56,000 40,000 40,000 4 Kazakhstan 14,500 20,700 25,000 27,000 5 Ukraine 7,400 9,000 10,000 10,000 6 India 00 00 00 500 +References +List of countries by titanium production +The following is a list of countries by combustion engine exports. Data is for 2012, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Currently the top ten countries are listed. +# Country Value 1 United States 7,771 2 Germany 6,923 3 Japan 5,799 4 United Kingdom 4,294 5 France 3,214 6 Poland 2,592 7 South Korea 2,205 8 Italy 2,081 9 Hungary 1,824 10 Sweden 1,780 +References +List of countries by engine exports +This is a list of countries by business research and development intensity as a percentage of value added in the industry, published by the OECD in 2013.[1] +2013 OECD rankings +Rank Country Business R&D intensity Relative size 1 South Korea 2 Finland 3 Japan 4 Sweden 5 Denmark 6 Germany 7 Slovenia 8 Austria 9 United States 10 France 11 Belgium 12 Netherlands 13 United Kingdom 14 Ireland 15 Czech Republic 16 Canada 17 Hungary 18 Norway 19 Estonia 20 Portugal 21 Italy 22 Spain 23 Slovakia 24 Poland 25 Greece 26 Mexico +References +This is a list of countries by size of the labour force mostly based on The World Factbook.[1] +Notes +Rank Country/Region Labour force Date of information — World 3,312,265,000 — 1 China 797,600,000 2013 est. +List of countries by labour force +References +This is a list of countries by number of telephone lines mostly based on The World Factbook [1] accessed in September 2010. +External links +Rank Country/Region Number of telephone lines Date of Information — Worldwide 1.16 billion 2011 est.[2] 1 China 269,910,000 Mar 2011 [3] 2 United States 114,000,000 2011 est. +List of countries by number of telephone lines in use +This is an alphabetically sorted list of Asian countries, with their factual and estimated gross domestic product data by the International Monetary Fund for 2015. +Country or territory GDP nominal millions of USD GDP nominal per capita USD GDP PPP millions of USD GDP PPP per capita USD Location Afghanistan 19,681 614 62,658 1,957 South Asia Bahrain 30,914 23,898 65,895 50,169 West Asia Bangladesh 202,333 1,265 576,986 3,609 South Asia Bhutan 2,209 2,836 6,384 8,196 South Asia Brunei 11,634 27,759 32,986 78,475 Southeast Asia Myanmar 65,775 1,268 267,736 5,164 Southeast Asia Cambodia 17,714 1,139 54,174 3,485 Southeast Asia China (PRC) 11,384,763 8,280 19,509,983 14,189 East Asia India 2,182,577 1,688 8,027,031 6,209 South Asia Indonesia 872,615 3,415 2,838,643 11,111 Southeast Asia Iran 396,915 5,047 1,381,672 17,571 West Asia Iraq 165,057 4,694 531,393 15,112 West Asia Israel 298,866 35,702 281,757 33,658 West Asia Japan 4,116,242 32,480 4,842,395 38,210 East Asia Jordan 38,210 5,599 82,991 12,162 West Asia Kazakhstan 195,005 11,028 430,496 24,345 Central Asia North Korea N/A N/A N/A N/A East Asia South Korea 1,392,952 27,512 1,849,398 36,528 East Asia Kuwait 123,228 29,982 288,763 70,258 West Asia Kyrgyzstan 7,158 1,197 19,805 3,314 Central Asia Laos 12,548 1,785 37,499 5,334 Southeast Asia Lebanon 54,395 11,945 83,862 18,416 West Asia Malaysia 313,479 10,073 813,517 26,141 Southeast Asia Maldives 3,031 8,713 4,732 13,604 South Asia Mongolia 12,409 4,179 36,429 12,268 East Asia Nepal 21,356 751 70,076 2,464 South Asia Oman 60,179 15,672 171,745 44,727 West Asia Pakistan 270,961 1,427 930,759 4,902 South Asia Philippines 299,314 2,951 742,251 7,318 Southeast Asia Qatar 192,077 78,829 324,167 133,039 West Asia Saudi Arabia 632,073 20,138 1,681,176 53,564 West Asia Singapore 293,959 53,224 468,909 84,900 Southeast Asia Sri Lanka 79,524 3,767 234,708 11,119 South Asia Syria N/A N/A N/A N/A West Asia Tajikistan 8,045 949 23,301 2,748 Central Asia Thailand 373,536 5,426 1,107,000 16,081 Southeast Asia Timor-Leste 4,231 3,330 7,476 5,884 Southeast Asia Turkmenistan 44,362 7,534 90,293 15,334 Central Asia United Arab Emirates 339,085 35,392 641,880 66,996 West Asia Uzbekistan 65,953 2,129 185,820 5,999 Central Asia Vietnam 198,805 2,170 551,256 6,019 Southeast Asia Yemen 34,929 1,234 75,519 2,670 West Asia +List of Asian countries by GDP +ORF 2 is an Austrian television channel owned by ORF. +ORF 2 was launched on 11 September 1961 as a technical test programme. +Since 1970, ORF 2 broadcasts on seven days a week. Today it is one of the four public TV channels in Austria. +External links +This is a list of countries by manganese in 2006, mostly based on British Geological Survey accessed in June 2008. +Rank Country/Region Manganese production (tonnes) World 31,200,000 1 China 6,000,000 2 South Africa 5,213,338 3 Australia 4,567,000 4 Brazil 3,128,000 5 Gabon 2,978,972 6 Kazakhstan 2,200,000 7 India 2,092,000 8 Ukraine 2,000,000 9 Ghana 1,800,000 10 Mexico 381,982 11 Georgia 328,643 12 Iran 115,000 13 Ivory Coast 73,500 14 Romania 70,910 15 Hungary 50,000 16 Russia 44,400 17 Chile 37,169 18 Bulgaria 20,500 19 Egypt 20,000 20 Namibia 18,918 21 Morocco 16,000 22 Malaysia 6,500 23 Thailand 1,000 +References +External links +This is a list of sovereign states without a stock exchange. +In addition, the following Central America countries are served by the Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange (ECSE), thus, they do not own an individual stock exchange on their territories: +See also +References +This is a list of countries by total waterways length mostly based on The World Factbook [1] accessed in May 2009. +Notes +Rank Country Waterways (km) Date of information — World 671,886 2004 1 China 110,000 2011 2 Russia 102,000 2009 — European Union 52,332 2006 3 Brazil 50,000 2008 4 United States 41,009 2008 5 Indonesia 21,579 2008 6 Colombia 18,000 2008 7 Vietnam 17,702 2008 8 Democratic Republic of the Congo 15,000 2008 9 India 14,500 2008 10 Burma 12,800 2008 11 Argentina 11,000 2007 12 Papua New Guinea 11,000 2006 13 Bolivia 10,000 2007 14 Peru 8,808 2008 15 Nigeria 8,600 2008 16 France 8,501 2008 17 Bangladesh 8,370 2007 18 Finland 7,842 2008 19 Germany 7,467 2008 20 Malaysia 7,200 2008 21 Venezuela 7,100 2008 22 Netherlands 6,215 2007 23 Iraq 5,279 2008 24 Laos 4,600 2008 25 Sudan 4,068 2008 26 Kazakhstan 4,000 2008 27 Thailand 4,000 2008 28 Poland 3,997 2007 29 France 3,760 2008 30 Egypt 3,500 2007 31 Philippines 3,219 2008 32 United Kingdom 3,200 2008 33 Paraguay 3,100 2008 34 Mexico 2,900 2008 35 Central African Republic 2,800 2007 36 Belarus 2,500 2003 37 Cambodia 2,400 2008 38 Italy 2,400 2008 39 North Korea 2,250 2008 40 Zambia 2,250 2008 41 Nicaragua 2,220 2008 42 Ukraine 2,176 2007 43 Sweden 2,052 2007 44 Belgium 2,043 2008 45 Australia 2,000 2006 46 Mali 1,800 2008 47 Japan 1,770 2007 48 Romania 1,731 2006 49 Hungary 1,622 2008 50 South Korea 1,608 2008 51 Gabon 1,600 2008 52 Uruguay 1,600 2008 53 Norway 1,577 2008 54 Ecuador 1,500 2008 55 Angola 1,300 2008 56 Uzbekistan 1,300 2008 57 Guinea 1,300 2008 58 Ghana 1,293 2008 59 Afghanistan 1,200 2008 60 Turkey 1,200 2008 61 Suriname 1,200 2008 62 Republic of the Congo 1,120 2008 63 Turkmenistan 1,100 2014 64 Senegal 1,000 2008 65 Spain 1,000 2008 66 Guatemala 990 2007 67 Côte d'Ivoire 980 2008 68 Ireland 956 2008 69 Syria 900 2008 70 Iran 850 2008 71 Belize 825 2008 72 Panama 800 2008 73 Sierra Leone 800 2007 74 Croatia 785 2008 75 Costa Rica 730 2008 76 Malawi 700 2008 77 Czech Republic 664 2008 78 Canada 636 2008 79 Kyrgyzstan 600 2008 80 Madagascar 600 2008 81 Serbia 587 2008 82 Mongolia 580 2007 83 Bulgaria 470 2008 84 Honduras 465 2008 85 Mozambique 460 2008 86 Lithuania 441 2007 87 Moldova 424 2008 88 Denmark 400 2008 89 Gambia 390 2008 90 Austria 358 2007 91 Guyana 330 2008 92 Estonia 320 2008 93 Latvia 300 2007 94 Niger 300 2008 95 Cuba 240 2008 96 Portugal 210 2008 97 Brunei 209 2008 98 Fiji 203 2008 99 Tajikistan 200 2008 100 Slovakia 172 2008 101 Sri Lanka 160 2008 102 Benin 150 2007 103 Switzerland 65 2008 104 Togo 50 2008 105 Albania 43 2008 106 Luxembourg 37 2008 107 Liechtenstein 28 2008 108 Greece 6 2008 109 Kiribati 5 2007 +Philippines News Agency, also known as PNA, is the official news agency in the Philippines. It was established on March 1, 1973 in Manila. +It currently has its headquarters in Quezon City.[1][2] +References +External links +Philippines News Agency official website BBC Philippines Media +Khaosan Pathet Lao also known as KPL, or the Lao News Agency in English, is the official news agency of the Laos Government and the ruling Communist Party. It was started as the news agency of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party on 6 January 1968 in Viengsay and later became the official news agency of Laos after the communists seized power in 1976. +External links +Khaosan Pathet Lao BBC Laos Media +The Myanmar News Agency (Burmese: မြန်မာသတင်းဌာန; abbreviated MNA) is the official state news agency of the Myanmar government, based in Yangon, Burma. +It was established in 1963 after the 1962 Burmese coup d'état as News Agency Burma (NAB).[1][2] It is currently under the News and Periodical Enterprise of the Ministry of Information.[3] MNA has the sole right to take pictures of government-arranged events, including meetings of opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi and government officials. Local Burmese weeklies rely on the MNA for pictures to be carried with their stories. +Notes +References +Economic and demographic indicators[1] Parameter South India National Per capita net state domestic product (SDP) ₹29027.75 (US$430)y ₹23222 (US$350) Percentage share in total FDI approved (1993–2003) 5.48 NA Average annual growth of SDP 5.6 5.6 Percentage of population below poverty line 17.41 26.10 Percentage of urban population 32.82 27.81 Percentage of households with electricity 89.32 67.4 Literacy rate 72.87 61[2] +Similarly, Kerala experienced economic decline in the 1970s while the economies of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka consistently exceeded national average growth rates after 1970. Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka were noted by some to be more reform-oriented in terms of economic policy when compared to other Indian states.[3] Over the last decade South India has grown at 8% annually. Future economic growth will be shackled by relatively low proportion of active age population to the number of dependents. +More than 65% of heavy vehicles produced in the country, such as cars, buses, lorries, trains and bicycles, are produced in Chennai, and it is referred to as the Detroit of Asia. Coimbatore (also known as "Cotton City" and "Manchester of South India") in Tamil Nadu is the source of nearly 35% of India's cotton production. Erode and Tirupur are the largest producers of cotton vests and textiles in India; it exports much of its production to South East Asian and European countries. +George Alexandru (21 November 1957 – 1 January 2016) was a Romanian film and theater actor. +[1] +Filmography +References +External links +CCTV-15 is one of the official broadcasting channels of China Central Television launched on March 29, 2004. +It aims to broadcast a diverse assortment of different music genres, including Classical music, Chinese traditional and minority music, as well as popular music. It also has periodic music programs on famous classical or popular composers as well as music in movies. +External links +Christina Carmen Dominica Broccolini (born March 9, 1984[1][dubious – discuss]) is a Canadian actress and producer. She appeared on the television series Mystery Hunters and in the films Clubscene, Face Divided, You Are So Undead. +Biography +Broccolini was born in West Island in Montreal on March 9, 1989. +Her family is of Italian descent.[2] She appeared starting in 2002 in the TV show Mystery Hunters, together with David Acer and Araya Mengesha.[3] +References +External links +Richard K. Ransom (September 13, 1919 – April 11, 2016) was an American businessman, and founder of Hickory Farms. +Life +He served in World War II, at Okinawa. Starting in 1951, he built a specialty foods business, using the technique of "free samples". He sold Hickory Farms to General Host Corporation in 1980.[1][2] +He was on the board of the Toledo Zoo and Riverside Hospital. He was board chairman of St. John's Jesuit High School and Academy.[3][4] +References +External links +Hanlon's razor is an aphorism expressed in various ways including "never assume bad intentions when assuming stupidity is enough", "never assume malice when stupidity will suffice", and "never attribute to malice that which is adequately explained by stupidity". It recommends a way of eliminating unlikely explanations for a phenomenon (a philosophical razor). +As an eponymous law, it may have been named after Robert J. Hanlon. There are also earlier sayings that convey the same idea dating back at least as far as Goethe in 1774. +Origins and etymology +Inspired by Occam's razor,[1] the aphorism was popularized in this form and under this name by the Jargon File, a glossary of computer programmer slang.[2][3] In 1990, it appeared in the Jargon File described as a "'murphyism' parallel to Occam's Razor".[4] Later that same year, the Jargon File editors noted lack of knowledge about the term's derivation and the existence of a similar epigram by William James.[5] In 1996, the Jargon File entry on Hanlon's Razor noted the existence of a similar quotation in Robert A. Heinlein's short story "Logic of Empire" (1941), with speculation that Hanlon's Razor might be a corruption of "Heinlein's Razor".[6][3] (Heinlein termed it the "devil theory" of sociology, and wrote, "You have attributed conditions to villainy that simply result from stupidity".)[7] +Similar quotations +Another similar quotation appears in Goethe's The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774): +"Heinlein's Razor" has since been defined as variations on "Never attribute to malice that which can be adequately explained by stupidity, but don't rule out malice." This quotation is falsely attributed to Albert Einstein in Peter W. Singer's book Wired for War (2009).[16] +See also +References +External links +Editcountitis, or obsessive edit-counting disorder (OECD), is a serious condition consisting of an unhealthy obsession with the number of edits one has made to Wikipedia (or another online resource). Luckily, no fatalities or serious injuries have been recorded so far. Furthermore, if caught early, resumption of normal life activities may be possible. +Getting frustrated if you click on "My contributions" and then click on "Edit count", only to be confronted with an icon saying that the replication lag is high so that any edits made within the last eight hours will not be counted. Being especially frustrated if you clicked on the "My contributions" icon and then clicked on "Edit count" at 22:52 UTC on April 2, 2012, when information was given that the replication lag was so high that any edits made within the previous "2 weeks, 1 hours, 36 minutes, 21 seconds" prior to that date would not be counted (or in particularly bad cases, calling this "black letter day"). Being overcome by overwhelming emotion and relief when the aforementioned replication lag problem ended on April 3, 2012. +If you find yourself exhibiting at least one of these symptoms, consider seeking professional help. Remember: +Wikipedia:Editcountitis +Alexandra Elbakyan is a Kazakhstani graduate student,[2] computer programmer and the creator of the site Sci-Hub.[3] The New York Times has compared her to Edward Snowden for leaking information and because she avoids American law by residing in Russia.[4] Ars Technica has compared her to Aaron Swartz.[5] +Biography +Born in Kazakhstan in 1988, Elbakyan undertook university studies in Astana, where she developed skills in computer hacking. +A year working in computer security in Moscow gave her the money to proceed to Freiburg in 2010 to work on a brain-computer interface project, and she developed an interest in transhumanism, which led her to a summer internship at Georgia Institute of Technology in the USA. +She began Sci-Hub on her return to Kazakhstan in 2011, characterised by Science as 'an awe-inspiring act of altruism or a massive criminal enterprise, depending on whom you ask'.[1] Following a lawsuit brought in the USA by the publisher Elsevier, Elbakyan is presently in hiding due to the risk of extradition.[6] According to a 2016 interview, her neuroscience research is on hold, but she has enrolled in a history of science master’s program at a “small private university” in an undisclosed location. Appropriately enough, her thesis focuses on scientific communication.[1] +See also +Peter Sunde Lib-Gen +References +External links +This Kazakhstani biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e +Peter Sunde Kolmisoppi (born 13 September 1978), alias brokep, is a politician, computer expert, and spokesperson with Norwegian and Finnish ancestry.[1][2] He is best known for being a co-founder and ex-spokesperson of The Pirate Bay, a BitTorrent search engine.[3] He is an equality advocate and has expressed concerns over issues of centralization of power to the European Union in his blog.[4] Sunde also participates in the Pirate Party of Finland. +Personal life +Before the founding of the Pirate Bay Sunde worked for a large German medical company. +In 2003 he became a member of Sweden's Piratbyrån (The Pirate Bureau) and a few months later Sunde, Fredrik Neij and Gottfrid Svartholm started The Pirate Bay with Sunde as the spokesperson.[5] He remained The Pirate Bay's spokesperson until late 2009 (three years after the ownership of the site transferred to Reservella). +In August 2011 Sunde and fellow Pirate Bay co-founder Fredrik Neij launched file-sharing site BayFiles, that aims to legally share.[6] Sunde is vegan[7] and speaks Swedish, Finnish, Norwegian, English and German. +Peter Sunde ran for European Parliament in 2014 election with the Pirate Party of Finland.[8] +On 31 May 2014, just days after the EU elections and exactly eight years after the police raided The Pirate Bay servers, Sunde was arrested at a farm in Oxie, Malmö to serve his prison sentence for the pirate bay case.[9] He was released five months later after having served two-thirds of his eight-month sentence.[10] +The Pirate Bay trial +On 31 January 2008, The Pirate Bay operators – Sunde, Fredrik Neij, Gottfrid Svartholm and Carl Lundström (CEO of The Pirate Bay's former ISP) – were charged with "assisting [others in] copyright infringement".[11] The trial began on 16 February 2009. On 17 April 2009, Sunde and his co-defendants were found to be guilty of "assisting in making copyright content available" in the Stockholm District Court. +Each defendant was sentenced to one year in prison and ordered to pay damages of 30 million SEK (approximately €2,740,900 or US$3,620,000), to be apportioned among the four defendants.[12] After the verdict a press conference was held where Sunde held up a handwritten IOU statement claiming that is all the damages he will pay, adding "Even if I had any money I would rather burn everything I own and not even give them the ashes. They could have the job of picking them up. That's how much I hate the media industry."[13] +Segments of an interview with Sunde talking about copyright, the Internet, and culture are featured in the 2007 documentary Steal This Film and 2013 documentary TPB AFK. +Flattr is a micropayments system started by Sunde and Linus Olsson, which enables viewers of websites to make small donations to the developer by clicking a "Flattr this" button. +At the time of the projects's announcement in February 2010, Sunde explained that "the money you pay each month will be spread evenly among the buttons you click in a month. We want to encourage people to share money as well as content."[16] Flattr itself takes a 10% administration fee.[16] +After Wikileaks's initial publication of the U.S. Diplomatic Cables, companies including Visa, MasterCard, PayPal and Moneybookers blocked donations and money transfers to the site. Flattr, however, continued allowing donations to Wikileaks. Sunde commented "We [Flattr] think their work is exactly what is needed and if we can help just a little bit, we will."[17] +References +External links +The Wiki Game is a hypertextual game designed to work specifically with Wikipedia. The Wiki Game (known casually as the "Wikipedia race") requires only a computer, Internet access, a web browser and a time-keeping device (optional) to play. +Objective +Players (one or more) start on the same randomly selected article and must navigate to another pre-selected article (home) only clicking links within the current article. The goal is to arrive at the home article in the fewest number of clicks (articles) or the least time. The single-player Wiki Game, known as Wikirace, Wikispeedia, WikiLadders, WikiClick, or WikiWhack, involves reducing one's previous time or number of clicks. +Setup +Use the Random Article link in the navigation box to or have someone else (see procedure 1 for more information) select two random articles. One is the start article and the other is the home article. Navigate all players' browsers to the start article. +Procedures +A round in the Wiki Game can be played at one computer terminal, where players take turns, or at multiple computers simultaneously. In the latter option, a "session" begins immediately after everyone loads their randomized Starting Page and ends when the last person returns to his/her Homing Page. NOTE: It is from our experience that rounds with a session consisting of several people require both referees and cooperation between opponents to make sure all are treated fairly. +The game can also be played by seeing who can get to the designated page first, regardless of the number of clicks. +Variations +If one ever grows tired of the "traditional" version of Wikiracing, several variations of the game have sprung up, created to spice things up or otherwise raise the stakes. +Time Trials: Rather than using the click rules, the winner can be determined by whoever reaches the "Homing Page" in the shortest amount of time. This is easier with two parallel machines, although it should be noted that they ought to have equivalent internet connections. 'One-Can't-Go' rule: Essentially, if you find yourself in a doomed-scenario (i.e. stumbled into a stub with no wiki-links) you are allowed to use one of the Category links at the bottom of an entry (e.g. 1904 deaths or Philosophy). +The Don'ts +Except where otherwise noted, any player breaking these rules automatically forfeits the game. +DO NOT use any of the links outside of the page's contents. The contents of a page are demarcated by gray lines which intersect to make the page box. DO NOT click (for example) "Help", "Donations", "Related changes", "Category:..." etc. +DO NOT use the backspace or back arrow to return to a previous page. History is bunk in the Wiki Game (unless a referee or an opponent demands a recount). DO NOT click on dates e.g. 2001, as these pages are too broad to pose a challenge. +External links +Li Jong-ok +Li Jong-ok (1916–1999) was the Premier of North Korea from 1977 to 1984. +He was the recipient of the Order of Kim Il-sung, Order of the National Flag (first class), Order of Freedom and Independence (first class) and other honors.[1] +References +Robert Juckel (born (1981-12-12)12 December 1981) is a German male artistic gymnast, representing his nation at international competitions. He participated at the 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Summer Olympics. He won the bronze medal in the team event at the 2007 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships.[1] +References +Jigme Tshering (born 18 October 1959), is a archer who internationally represented Bhutan +Tshering competed for Bhutan at the 1988 Summer Olympics held in Seoul, he finished 80th in the individual event and 22nd in the team event.[1] +References +Arthur Abele, 2007 +Arthur Abele (born 30 July 1986 in Mutlangen, Baden-Württemberg) is a decathlete who competed for Germany at the 2008 Summer Olympics. +Achievements +External links +Norman Casmir (born 16 October 1930) is a German fencer. +He competed in the individual and team foil events at the 1952 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Adolf Davids (19 October 1867 – 9 August 1963) was a German fencer. +He competed in the individual foil event at the 1912 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +People's Television Network, Inc. (PTNI / PTV Philippines) (Filipino: Telebisyon ng Bayan, abbreviated PTV) is the flagship government television network owned by the Philippine Government under the helm of the Presidential Communications Operations Office. Its head office, studios and transmitter are located at Broadcast Complex, Visayas Avenue, Barangay Vasra, Diliman, Quezon City. +Uwe Proske (born 10 October 1961) is a German fencer. +He competed in the individual épée event for East Germany at the 1988 Summer Olympics. Four years later, he won a gold in the team épée event for Germany at the 1992 Summer Olympics.[1][2] +References +Olga Oelkers (21 May 1887 – 10 January 1969) was a German fencer. +She won a bronze medal in the women's individual foil event at the 1928 Summer Olympics.[1][2] +References +Otto Fahr (August 19, 1892 – February 28, 1969) was a German backstroke swimmer, who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. +He was born and died in Bad Cannstatt. +Fahr participated in only one event and won the silver medal in the 100 metre backstroke competition. +External links +Otto Ammermann (born 7 September 1932) is a German equestrian and Olympic medalist. +He competed in eventing at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, and won a silver medal with the German team.[1] +References +August Heim (13 March 1904 – 8 May 1976) was a German fencer. +He won two bronze medals at the 1936 Summer Olympics.[1][2] +References +August Heim +Johann Major (2 January 1533 - 6 March 1600, Zerbst) was a German Protestant theologian, humanist and poet. +Life +Major was born in Sankt Joachimsthal. He matriculated in 1549 at the University of Wittenberg. +Bibliography +Lale Karci (born 15 November 1969) is a Turkish-German actress and model. +Filmography +Television +Year Film Role Notes 2001 Verbotene Liebe 1999 Hinter Gittern - Der Frauenknast Ayse Manculi 1999 Der Solist – Kein Weg zurück 1994–1998 Unter Uns Aylin Eray +References +External links +Story +However, the car crashes into Jason, killing him, while Ethan himself is injured and falls into a coma for six months. Two years after the accident, Ethan is suffering from severe depression, agoraphobia, and blackouts that last for several hours. He is estranged from his wife, and his remaining son, Shaun, is distant with him.[13] While at a park with Shaun, Ethan has another blackout, and wakes to find Shaun missing. +Shaun's disappearance is soon tied to the serial murders of the 'Origami Killer'. The criminal's modus operandi is to abduct a young boy during the rainy fall season, after which their bodies are found several days later in a remote location, drowning being the cause of death, along with an origami animal figure in their hands, and an orchid on their chest. FBI profiler Norman Jayden, having come to assist the police with the Origami Killer, concludes that the child is locked in a location where, after 6 inches of rainfall, their bodies will be completely submerged and they will die from drowning. +Awards +External links +References +Heavy Rain is an interactive drama action-adventure video game developed by Quantic Dream and published by Sony Computer Entertainment exclusively for the PlayStation 3 in February 2010. +The game is a film noir thriller, featuring four diverse protagonists involved with the mystery of the Origami Killer, a serial killer who uses extended periods of rainfall to drown his victims. The player interacts with the game by performing actions highlighted on screen related to motions on the controller, and in some cases, performing a series of quick time events during fast-paced action sequences. The player's decisions and actions during the game will affect the narrative. +Heavy Rain was a critical and commercial success, winning multiple Game of the Year awards and selling over three million copies.[6] A film adaptation of the game is currently in development. A PlayStation 4 version, featuring improved graphics and resolution, was released as both a standalone title and in the Quantic Dream Collection with Beyond: Two Souls, in March 2016. +Gameplay +The game is divided into several scenes, each centering on one of four playable characters. The choices the player makes or the actions performed or not performed will affect later scenes in the game. For example, it is possible that a character dies or becomes detained, and will not be present in a later scene.[7] There is no immediate "game over" in Heavy Rain; the game will progress to a number of different endings depending on the sum of the player's performance even if all the characters become incapacitated in some manner.[8] Once the game is complete, the player can return to earlier scenes and replay them, possibly altering the events as they play through other chapters. +Within most scenes, the player can control the main character by moving them around the environment; they can also hold down a button to see what thoughts are going through the character's mind, and trigger them to hear an internal monologue on that thought. When the player is near an object or another character they can interact with, they will be presented with a context sensitive icon that represents what control they need to do. These controls include pressing a button on the DualShock controller, moving the analogue sticks in a specific manner, or rotating the motion-sensitive controller in a specific way; in the version with PlayStation Move support, further actions based on the Move controllers are also present. +Additionally, the game includes a difficulty level functionality that the user can change through the menu at any point during the game. While adjusting the level will not alter the storyline of the game directly, a higher difficulty will influence the prompts, for example, requiring more inputs during sequences in order to avoid a failed action. +Plot +Characters +The player controls one character at a time, generally playing different characters in each chapter of the game. The characters were voiced, motion captured and modeled after several actors;[9] the three males are modeled after their voice actors, while the female is modeled after a professional model. Some chapters in the game have the players play as multiple characters. +She eventually finds herself involved in the latest Origami Killer case, conducting her own investigations. She also becomes a good friend of Ethan, mending his wounds and helping him with trials; in fact, two of the endings show them together (in a time of either grief or absolute happiness). She was modeled after Jacqui Ainsley, who provided her body motion capture, but her facial motion capture and voice was performed by actress Judi Beecher. +GamesRadar praised the Origami Killer's role as an antagonist, putting them in their 2013 list of the best villains in video game history at number 42.[11] That same year, Madison was ranked as the 41st greatest heroine in video game history by Complex.[12] +He receives a letter that directs him to a locker, and finds a shoebox containing a mobile phone, a handgun, and five origami figures. The phone instructs him to complete a set of trials written on each origami figure to display the lengths he is prepared to go to in order to save Shaun, after which he will receive pieces of a street address. The trials present increasing risk as they proceed, from driving against traffic for five miles at a high speed, subjecting himself to physical pain and electrocution, cutting off part of his finger, killing a man, and drinking poison.[14] As he attempts these trials, he meets Madison Paige, a woman who suffers from chronic insomnia, who helps him to recover physically and emotionally from the trials. +Ethan's ex-wife visits the police and informs them of Ethan's blackouts, which lead them to Ethan's psychiatrist. Blake is sure that Ethan is the Origami Killer, while Jayden continues to follow the trail of evidence to confirm otherwise. During these events, private investigator Scott Shelby begins visiting several of the victims' parents for information, and obtains several items that relate to the Origami Killer. +Ending +With the heavy rain and the pipe filled almost to the brim with water, John is in danger of drowning before his brother's eyes. The flashback ends at this time, with the player naturally assuming that John's brother is the Origami Killer. Later in the game another flashback reveals that John's brother ran to their father for help, but being drunk his father neither believed him nor cared, leaving the child to return without help and witness his brother slowly drowning. +A character's ending depends on multiple variables: whether the Origami Killer was apprehended, whether Shaun Mars was saved, and whether they lived or died. For example, the best ending shows Ethan, Madison and Shaun living happily together as a family, with Scott dead, Norman leaving the FBI and living a normal life and Lauren cursing at Scott's grave. The worst ending shows Ethan hanging himself in prison, with Madison, Lauren, and Norman dead, and Scott getting away with everything. +Honor Awards Presented by Technical Innovation 7th British Academy Video Games Awards[80] BAFTA Original Music Story Outstanding Achievement in Visual Engineering 2011 Interactive Achievement Awards[81] AIAS Outstanding Innovation in Gaming Outstanding Achievement in Original Music Composition Adventure Game of the Year[82] Game of the Year 2010 GameSpy PlayStation 3 Game of the Year[83] PlayStation 3 Game of the Year[84] Game of the Year 2010 IGN +Adolf Fischer (18 November 1900 - 21 October 1984) was a German actor.[1] He appeared in more than sixty films from 1931 to 1977. +Selected filmography +Year Title Role Notes 1977 The Incorrigible Barbara 1965 Solange Leben in mir ist 1946 Somewhere in Berlin 1943 Circus Renz 1942 Doctor Crippen Beloved World 1941 Stukas 1939 D III 88 Shoulder Arms Uproar in Damascus 1938 The Muzzle By a Silken Thread 1937 Alarm in Peking Unternehmen Michael 1933 Three Bluejackets and a Blonde 1932 Kuhle Wampe Spoiling the Game 1931 Kameradschaft +References +External links +Albert Lippert (1901-1978) was a German stage, television and film actor. +He was the manager of the Deutsches Schauspielhaus between 1948 and 1955. +Selected filmography +External links +Thea Aichbichler Mohr (21 August 1889 - 25 June 1957) was a German actress.[1] She appeared in more than thirty films from 1934 to 1957. +Selected filmography +References +External links +Rainer Basedow is a German film and television actor.[1] +Selected filmography +References +Bibliography +External links +Helmut Brasch (1912–1987) was a German film and television actor.[1] +Selected filmography +References +Bibliography +External links +Lars Eidinger (born 21 January 1976) is a German actor. +In February 2016, he was named as one of the jury members for the main competition section of the 66th Berlin International Film Festival.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Tim Bergmann (born 2 March 1972) is a German actor.[1] He appeared in more than ninety films since 1993. +Selected filmography +Film Year Title Role Notes 2010 Sasha 1996 Regular Guys +TV Year Title Role Notes 2012 Rommel 2001 Mondscheintarif +References +External links +External links +Wilhelm Bernhard Max Rose (4 February 1902 - 16 June 1978) was a German actor.[1] He appeared in more than one hundred films from 1936 to 1978. +Selected filmography +Year Title Role Notes 1975 The Net 1970 Die Feuerzangenbowle 1960 We Cellar Children Freddy and the Melody of the Night 1958 Two Hearts in May 1957 The Girl Without Pyjamas 1956 The Captain from Köpenick 1955 Urlaub auf Ehrenwort My Leopold 1951 Queen of the Night 1950 The Rabanser Case 1949 Girls in Gingham 1944 The Black Robe 1943 Circus Renz Melody of a Great City 1942 Geheimakte W.B.1 1941 Above All Else in the World U-Boote westwärts Riding for Germany 1940 Twilight The Girl at the Reception 1939 Uproar in Damascus Target in the Clouds Legion Condor 1938 The Four Companions 1937 The Divine Jetta Patriots 1936 The Impossible Woman The Traitor +Willi Rose +References +Martin Benrath (9 November 1926 – 31 January 2000) was a German film actor. +He appeared in 65 films between 1954 and 2000. +Selected filmography +External links +Carl Boese (26 August 1887 – 6 July 1958) was a German film director, screenwriter and producer.[1] He directed 158 films between 1917 and 1957. +References +External links +Stefan Krah is a German violinist who cracked one of the last three remaining World War II enigma codes on March 4, 2006.[1] +References +External links +Helmut Artelt (born 7 November 1940) is a German former sports shooter. He competed in the 50 metre pistol event at the 1968 Summer Olympics for East Germany.[1] +References +Peter Blecher (born 3 February 1934) is a German former sports shooter. +He competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics and the 1984 Summer Olympics for West Germany.[1] +References +Bruno Timm (1902-1972) was a German cinematographer. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Ulrich Beiger (26 August 1918 – 18 September 1996) was a German actor.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Hermann Vallentin (24 May 1872 – 18 September 1945) was a German actor. +Vallentin was born in Berlin and died at age 76 in Tel Aviv, Israel. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Peter Voß (1891–1979) was a German film actor.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Josef Sieber (28 April 1900 – 3 December 1962) was a German film actor.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Elsa Wagner (1881–1975) was a German actress.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Mario Almirante (18 February 1890 – 30 September 1964) was an Italian film director and screenwriter. +He directed 26 films between 1920 and 1933. +He directed the 1927 film La bellezza del mondo, which featured an early appearance from Vittorio De Sica.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Mario Brenta (born 17 April 1942) is an Italian film director and screenwriter. +His film Barnabo delle montagne was entered into the 1994 Cannes Film Festival.[1] +Filmography +References +External links +Elio Altramura (died 2004) was an Italian art director. +He won an Academy Award in the category Best Art Direction for the film A Room with a View.[1][2] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Don Backy, real name — Aldo Caponi, (born 21 August 1939 in Santa Croce sull'Arno) is an Italian singer and author.[1] He collaborated with Sofia Rotaru for "Grey Bird" - Ukrainian version of Italian song "L'immensità".[citation needed] +Don Backy +Wolf Ackva (30 July 1911 – 16 January 2000) was a German actor.[1] He appeared in more than 70 films and television shows between 1935 and 1996. +Selected filmography +Year Title Role 1935 If It Were Not for Music (Wenn die Musik nicht wär) 1936 Lucky Kids (Glückskinder) Sekretär bei Jackson 1939 Hurrah! +References +External links +María is a novel written by Colombian writer Jorge Isaacs between 1864 and 1867. +It is a costumbrist novel representative of the Spanish romantic movement. It may be considered a precursor of the criollist novel of the 1920s and 1930s in Latin America. +Despite being Isaacs' only novel, María is considered one of the most important works of 19th-century Spanish American literature. Alfonso M. Escudero characterized it as the greatest Spanish-language romantic novel.[1] The romantic style of the novel has been compared to the one of Chateaubriand's Atala. Notable are the description of the landscape and the artistic style of the prose. +The novel has several autobiographical elements, such as both main characters being natives of Valle del Cauca, or Efraín's departure to Bogotá to pursue his studies. It has been claimed that Maria herself is based, at least in part, upon a cousin of the author. The hacienda "El Paraíso", owned by Isaacs' family, also figures as an important location throughout the novel; it is currently preserved as a museum. +In the middle of a romantic and bucolic landscape, the young characters fall in love with each other but circumstances prevent the full realization of their love. The first hurdle is Efraín's departure for six years to Bogotá, the capital of Colombia, in order to pursue his high school education. After Efraín returns to Valle del Cauca the couple is able to live together, albeit for only three months, before he is forced to travel to London in order to study medicine. +Notes +See also +External links +Bauré is a nearly extinct Arawakan language spoken by only 40 of the thousand Baure people of the Beni department of northwest of Magdalena, Bolivia. Some Bible portions have been translated into Baure. Most speakers have been shifting to Spanish. +Baure has an active–stative syntax.[3] +References +External links +Selected filmography +Uwe Bohm (born 23 January 1962) is a German actor. +He has appeared in over 70 films and television shows since 1976. He starred in the 1990 film Herzlich willkommen, which was entered into the 40th Berlin International Film Festival.[1] +References +External links +"Do You Hear the People Sing?" or À la volonté du peuple (At the people's will) in the original French version, is one of the principal and most recognizable songs from the musical Les Misérables. A stirring anthem, it is sung twice in the stage musical. +Use in various languages +The song used as a slogan in the 2014 Hong Kong protests +The original French version of Les Miserables did not end with the full ensemble singing this song; It only later became the musical's Finale song when it was revamped for the English-language version. At the special Les Miserables 10th Anniversary Concert in 1995, Do You Hear the People Sing? was sung by 17 different actors who had played Jean Valjean around the world. +Each actor sang a line of the song in his own language. The languages sung were English, French, German, Japanese, Hungarian, Swedish, Polish, Dutch, Norwegian, Czech, Danish, and Icelandic. There are also unofficial adaptations of Do You Hear the People Sing? in various Chinese dialects, intended as actual protest songs; better known versions include "Ask Who Hasn't Spoken Out" (問誰未發聲), written in Cantonese for Occupy Central with Love and Peace, and Lí Kám Ū Thiann-tio̍h Lán Ê Kua (你敢有聽着咱的歌) in Taiwanese Hokkien.[1] +Use as a protest song +Aside from the aforementioned Cantonese and Taiwanese Hokkien adaptations, The Telegraph said that the song "has long chimed with people protesting around the world", adding that it was heard at the 2011 Wisconsin protests, the 2013 protests in Turkey, and a protest against the opening of a McDonald's restaurant in Australia in 2013.[1] +References +Thomas Roth (born November 21, 1951 in Heilbronn) is a German news anchor presenter and television presenter. +Life +Since August 2013 Roth works as news anchor man in daily news television magazine Tagesthemen on German broadcaster ARD.[1] +Work by Roth +External links +References +Ri Yong-ae (born 4 November 1965) is a retired North Korean long jumper. +Her personal best jump was 6.79 metres, achieved in May 1988 in Kuala Lumpur.[1] This is the current North Korean record. +She also holds the national 100 metres record. +Achievements +References +External links +.wiki is a top-level domain name. It was proposed in ICANN's New generic top-level domain (gTLD) Program, and became available to the general public on May 26, 2014. +Top Level Design (TLD) is the domain name registry for the string. +History +In June 2012, TLD submitted an application to ICANN for the .wiki gTLD.[1] On November 7, 2013, ICANN and TLD entered into a "Registry Agreement", officially allowing the company to operate as the registry for .wiki.[2] Following the acquisition, Ray King, CEO of TLD, stated many people "from within [the domain] industry tell me that .wiki is their dark horse for a successful [g]TLD," because ".wiki" describes the site format. "So, when I go to craftbeer.wiki, I can expect a vibrant site with passionate folks discussing all things relevant to brewing beer. This is not the case with craftbeer.com or craftbeer.guru, where you could be accessing a storefront, a blog, a brewery tourguide or any number of things."[3] +In January 2014, .wiki was named one of the "Top 10 gTLDs to Watch in 2014" by ClickZ for having the "potential to provide great secure, shared workspaces for companies large and small".[4] The application was delegated to the DNS root zone on February 19, 2014.[5] By mid-March, TLD had signed agreements with more than 120 domain name registrars to retail .wiki names.[6] It was announced in May that the Wikimedia Foundation, the non-profit organization mostly known for hosting Wikipedia, would use "w.wiki" as a URL shortener.[7] The Foundation also endorsed TLD's proposal to ICANN's Registry Services Evaluation Process to unblock 179 two-letter strings representing language codes (all two-character strings are blocked under ICANN's standard Registry Agreement).[8][9][10] +See also +References +External links +Kōji Chino is Japanese film director. +Filmography +References +Carina Aulenbrock (born (1994-09-22)22 September 1994) is a German female volleyball player. She is part of the Germany women's national volleyball team. On club level she played for Schweriner SC in 2014.[1] +References +This is a list of North American nations ranked by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita in nominal terms, which are calculated at market or government official exchange rates. The figures provided are 2013 estimates from The World Factbook by the Central Intelligence Agency.[1] +Region Rank World Rank Country 2013 GDP (nominal) per capita millions of International dollars 1 14 United States 52,800 2 15 Canada 52,100 3 31 The Bahamas 26,200 4 40 Trinidad and Tobago 22,000 5 50 Saint Kitts and Nevis 15,000 6 51 Barbados 14,700 7 54 Antigua and Barbuda 13,500 8 62 Panama 11,400 9 66 Mexico 10,600 10 70 Costa Rica 10,300 11 74 Saint Lucia 8,400 12 79 Grenada 7,400 13 85 Dominica 6,700 14 82 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7,100 15 90 Cuba 6,051 16 93 Dominican Republic 5,800 18 103 Belize 4,900 17 104 Jamaica 4,900 19 111 El Salvador 4,000 20 129 Guatemala 5,300 21 135 Honduras 4,800 22 137 Nicaragua 1,900 23 167 Haiti 800 +References +Elke Aberle (born 1 July 1950) is a German actress.[1] +Selected filmography +Television roles +References +External links +Lily Kann (1893–1978) was a German-born British actress.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Nagisa Abe (あべ なぎさ, Abe Nagisa?, born 31 October 1983 in Obihiro, Hokkaidō, Japan) is a singer and actress who had a minor role in the 2004 movie Swing Girls.[1] +References +Yumi Adachi (安達 祐実, Adachi Yumi?, born 14 September 1981 in Taito, Tokyo) is a Japanese actress and singer. +Biography +Adachi appeared in Kiyoshi Kurosawa's 2005 horror film Loft.[1] +Filmography +Film +Television +Discography +Albums +Singles +References +External links +Yōko Akino (秋野 暢子 Akino Yōko, born Yōko Tashiro, 田代 暢子 Tashiro Yōko, born 18 January 1957 in Osaka, Japan) is a Japanese actress. +Selected filmography +Film +Year Title Role 2001 Hush! Yōko Kurita 2014 The Snow White Murder Case Miki's mother +Television +Year Title Role 2016 Toto Neechan[1] Matsu Morita +References +External links +Michiko Hada (羽田美智子, Hada Michiko?), (born 24 September 1968 in Mitsukaido, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan), is a Japanese actress. +Filmography +References +External links +This is a list of countries by their gross domestic product at purchasing power parity per person currently employed. +World Bank (1990-2010)[1] CIA World Factbook[2][3] Rank Country GDP per person employed (current Intl. $) Employed / total pop. (%) Year 1 Luxembourg 191,633 44.9 2010 2 Norway 111,004 51.6 2010 3 Qatar 102,684 70.1 2007 4 United States 101,473 46.0 2010 5 Singapore 98,952 51.3 2009 6 Ireland 98,457 41.1 2010 7 Kuwait 96,735 50.4 2005 8 Brunei 93,859 40.2 1991 9 Belgium 91,495 41.2 2010 10 United Arab Emirates 89,861 62.1 2008 — Macao 86,066 59.2 2009 — Hong Kong 86,045 50.2 2009 11 Switzerland 84,252 55.1 2010 12 Italy 83,889 38.0 2010 13 Netherlands 82,792 50.9 2010 14 Denmark 81,878 49.0 2010 15 France 81,673 41.8 2010 16 Austria 80,982 49.4 2010 17 Sweden 80,750 48.7 2010 18 Finland 79,258 46.0 2010 19 Spain 79,146 40.3 2010 20 Germany 78,074 47.9 2010 21 Canada 76,252 51.2 2010 22 Australia 75,855 50.3 2010 23 United Kingdom 75,670 47.2 2010 24 Greece 69,734 40.7 2010 25 Japan 68,220 49.7 2010 26 Israel 68,122 38.9 2010 27 Saudi Arabia 67,492 32.7 2009 28 Bahrain 65,830 41.3 2004 29 Iceland 65,255 54.5 2010 30 Malta 64,980 40.5 2010 31 Bahamas, The 63,840 48.9 2009 32 New Zealand 59,822 50.3 2010 33 Korea, South 59,344 48.5 2010 34 Slovenia 57,134 47.1 2010 35 Portugal 54,174 46.9 2010 36 Slovakia 54,152 42.9 2010 37 Czech Republic 54,128 46.6 2010 38 Hungary 53,611 38.3 2010 39 Trinidad and Tobago 51,901 49.2 2009 40 Croatia 49,123 39.4 2010 41 Turkey 48,631 32.1 2010 42 Estonia 47,101 43.3 2010 43 Cyprus 46,510 49.7 2010 44 Poland 46,211 43.1 2010 45 Lithuania 44,585 40.7 2010 46 Russia 40,529 49.3 2010 47 Latvia 38,813 42.0 2010 48 Iran 38,213 29.5 2008 49 Barbados 38,200 52.8 2008 50 Gabon 37,715 30.0 1993 51 Chile 37,174 43.2 2010 52 Macedonia, Republic of 36,051 31.2 2010 53 South Africa 36,045 28.5 2009 54 Lebanon 35,628 30.3 2007 55 Mexico 35,156 41.4 2010 56 Argentina 34,772 41.9 2009 57 Malaysia 33,954 40.5 2009 58 Bulgaria 33,327 41.8 2010 59 Romania 33,007 44.0 2010 60 Panama 31,996 43.8 2010 61 Mauritius 31,782 42.9 2010 62 Bosnia and Herzegovina 30,482 28.6 2010 63 Botswana 30,115 41.0 2006 64 Algeria 29,997 28.0 2010 65 Venezuela 29,175 42.6 2009 66 Tunisia 29,092 30.5 2008 67 Serbia 28,939 39.3 2010 68 Uruguay 27,257 46.9 2009 69 Costa Rica 25,918 42.9 2009 70 Jordan 25,425 22.6 2009 71 Namibia 25,022 24.9 2008 72 Dominican Republic 24,340 38.2 2010 73 Saint Lucia 23,044 43.1 2007 74 Kazakhstan 22,562 50.2 2009 75 Colombia 22,264 42.3 2010 76 Brazil 21,902 47.4 2009 77 Albania 21,637 39.9 2009 78 Syria 21,522 24.4 2010 79 Azerbaijan 19,890 47.4 2009 80 Egypt 19,599 30.0 2009 81 Jamaica 19,187 40.4 2009 82 Armenia 18,812 32.4 2008 83 Belize 18,120 37.3 2008 84 Ecuador 17,667 43.8 2009 85 Peru 17,593 49.6 2009 86 Suriname 17,327 33.1 2004 87 Maldives 17,035 37.8 2006 88 El Salvador 17,015 38.2 2009 89 Iraq 16,777 19.0 2006 90 Swaziland 14,989 23.4 1997 — West Bank and Gaza 14,548 16.0 2004 91 Morocco 14,256 32.2 2009 92 Thailand 14,140 55.6 2009 93 Ukraine 13,754 46.0 2009 94 Djibouti 13,620 11.9 2002 95 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13,225 31.3 1991 96 Sri Lanka 13,019 39.2 2010 97 China 11,933 57.1 2009 98 Fiji 11,854 38.5 2007 99 Guatemala 11,479 37.6 2006 100 Georgia 11,141 44.0 2008 101 Yemen 10,967 22.7 2009 102 Tonga 10,794 39.4 2006 103 Paraguay 10,781 43.8 2008 104 Vanuatu 10,530 41.4 2009 105 Bhutan 10,466 47.4 2009 106 Honduras 10,303 36.7 2007 107 Philippines 10,280 38.4 2010 108 Bolivia 9,993 42.5 2007 109 Indonesia 9,438 45.7 2010 110 Solomon Islands 9,031 26.1 1999 111 Mauritania 8,657 20.3 2004 112 Moldova 8,628 33.1 2009 113 Samoa 8,466 34.9 2001 114 Pakistan 7,869 32.0 2008 115 Mongolia 6,977 41.0 2005 116 Nicaragua 6,969 37.5 2007 117 Guyana 6,961 33.9 2002 118 India 5,636 39.2 2005 119 São Tomé and Príncipe 5,406 28.4 2006 120 Cameroon 5,396 39.9 2007 121 Kyrgyzstan 5,250 42.5 2010 122 Vietnam 5,015 56.5 2008 123 Lesotho 4,852 30.2 2008 124 Côte d'Ivoire 4,509 36.7 1998 125 Senegal 4,502 38.4 2006 126 Cape Verde 3,980 25.9 1990 127 Cambodia 3,809 54.1 2008 128 Comoros 3,585 23.2 1991 129 Laos 3,577 47.4 2005 130 Bangladesh 3,405 45.7 2009 131 Mali 3,346 24.9 2004 132 Kenya 3,311 34.3 1999 133 Ghana 3,224 40.2 2006 134 Afghanistan 3,217 23.3 2005 135 Uganda 3,197 38.5 2009 136 Zambia 3,186 36.3 2005 137 Benin 3,181 39.0 2002 138 Papua New Guinea 3,160 38.6 1990 139 Haiti 2,868 34.7 1999 140 Burkina Faso 2,551 44.0 2007 141 Ethiopia 2,457 38.7 2009 142 Tanzania 2,341 47.6 2006 143 Nepal 2,173 51.0 2008 144 Madagascar 1,858 46.7 2005 145 Niger 1,750 32.0 2001 146 Sierra Leone 1,643 37.0 2004 147 Liberia 1,615 33.1 2010 148 Malawi 1,533 40.8 2004 149 Chad 1,477 39.0 1993 150 Guinea 1,234 38.2 1994 151 Rwanda 1,174 45.1 1996 152 Burundi 998 49.9 1990 153 Mozambique 817 46.1 1997 Rank Country GDP per person employed (current Intl. $) GDP per capita (current Intl. $) Employed / total pop. (%) Year 1 Luxembourg 223,300 86,500 39 2011 est. +References +This is a list of countries and dependent territories by food self-sufficiency rates (on a calorie supply basis). +Ranking Country Rate (%) Reference Year 1 Australia 173 [1] 2010 2 United States 124 [1] 2010 3 France 111 [1] 2010 4 Germany 80 [1] 2010 5 Italy 63 [1] 2010 6 United Kingdom 60 [2] 2014 7 Switzerland 54 [1] 2010 8 South Korea 44 [1] 2010 9 Japan 39 [3] 2015 +Graph of food self-sufficiency rates +References +List of countries by food self-sufficiency rate +This list ranks the countries of the world by the number of mobile phones in use. +Notes +Rankings Country or regions Number of mobile phones Population Connections/100 citizens Date of evaluation World 6,880,000,000+ 7,012,000,000[1] 97 2013[2][3] 01 China 1,276,660,000[4] 1,364,270,000[5] 93.2 October 2014[4] 02 India 1,017,968,757[6] 1,295,291,543[5] 80.30 31 January 2016[6] 03 United States 327,577,529 317,874,628[7] 103.1 April 2014[8] 04 Brazil 284,200,000 201,032,714[9] 141.3 May 2015[10] 05 Russia 256,116,000 142,905,200[9] 155.5 July 2013[11] 06 Indonesia 236,800,000 237,556,363 99.68 September 2013[9] 07 Nigeria 167,371,945 177,155,754 94.5 Feb 2014[12] 08 Pakistan 150,000,000[13] 180,854,781[14] 80[15] Nov 2015[16] 09 Bangladesh 133,720,000[17] 157,497,000[18] 84.95 April 2015[19] 10 Japan 121,246,700 127,628,095 95.1 11 Germany 107,000,000 81,882,342 130.1 2013[20] 12 Philippines 106,987,098 94,013,200 113.8 October 2013[21] 13 Mexico 101,339,000 112,322,757 90.2 Jul. +References +External links +See also +List of countries by Internet access from smartphones List of countries by number of broadband Internet subscriptions List of countries by number of Internet users List of countries by number of telephone lines in use List of mobile network operators List of multiple-system operators List of telephone operating companies +References +This is a list of countries by smartphone penetration as measured by Google's Our Mobile Planet.[1][2] It shows the percentage of the population owning and using a smartphone. +2015 rankings +Rank Country/Territory Penetration 1** Japan 94.7% - Research by OP 1 United Arab Emirates 73.8% 2 South Korea 73.0% 3 Saudi Arabia 72.8% 4 Singapore 71.7% 5 Norway 67.5% 6 Australia 64.6% 7 Sweden 62.9% 8 Hong Kong 62.8% 9 United Kingdom 62.2% 11 Ireland 57.0% 12 Israel 56.6% 14 Canada 56.4% 14 United States 56.4% 15 Spain 55.4% 16 Switzerland 54.0% 17 New Zealand 53.6% 18 Netherlands 52.0% 19 Taiwan 50.8% 20 Austria 48.0% 21 China 46.9% 22 Slovakia 45.9% 23 Finland 45.5% 24 France 42.3% 25 Czech Republic 41.6% 26 Italy 41.3% 28 Germany 39.8% 28 South Africa 39.8% 29 Philippines 38.7% 30 Mexico 36.8% 31 Russia 36.2% 32 Poland 35.0% 33 Malaysia 34.5% 34 Hungary 34.4% 35 Belgium 33.5% 36 Greece 32.5% 37 Portugal 32.1% 38 Thailand 31.0% 39 Argentina 30.7% 40 Turkey 29.6% 41 Romania 27.9% 42 Brazil 26.3% 43 Vietnam 19.7% 44 Ireland 59.0% 45 Ukraine 14.4% 46 Indonesia 14.0% +Harue Akagi (赤木春恵, Akagi Harue?, born March 14, 1924) is a Japanese actress.[1][2] +Filmography +Films +Television +Kinpachi-sensei (1979–2011) Onna Taikōki (1981), as Naka (Hideyoshi's mother) +Honours +References +Ryōko Aoyagi (青柳 涼子, Aoyagi Ryōko?) +(December 18, 1972 — September 5, 2009), was a Japanese actress and singer. +Filmography +Baki the Grappler (2 episodes in 2001) – Mai[1] +Discography +References +External links +This is a list of countries by number of television broadcast stations mostly based on The World Factbook accessed in June 2008. +Rank Country/Region Number of television broadcast stations Note Date of Information 1 Russia 7,306 1998 2 China 3,240 of which 209 are operated by China Central Television, 31 are provincial TV stations, and nearly 3,000 are local city stations 1997 - European Union 2,700 sum of individual country television broadcast stations excluding repeaters. +Yuta Fukui (福井 裕太, Fukui Yūta?, born December 21, 1987 in Japan) is a professional squash player who represents Japan. He reached a career-high world ranking of World No. 173 in May 2013.[1][2] +References +External links +External links +A selfie stick is a monopod used to take selfie photographs by positioning a smartphone or camera beyond the normal range of the arm.[1] The metal sticks are typically extendable, with a handle on one end and an adjustable clamp on the other end to hold a phone in place.[2] Some have remote or Bluetooth controls, letting the user decide when to take the picture,[2] and models designed for cameras have a mirror behind the viewscreen so that the shot can be lined up.[3][4] In contrast to a monopod for stabilising a camera on the ground, a selfie stick's arm is thickest and strongest at the opposite end from the camera in order to provide better grip and balance when held aloft.[5] Safety concerns and the inconvenience the product causes to others have resulted in their being banned at many venues, including all Disney Parks, both Universal Studios Orlando and Hollywood.[6] +A fully extended selfie stick with a smartphone attached +History +Homemade selfie sticks could date back as early as 1925. +A photo from that year shows a man taking a photograph of himself and his wife, with the aid of a long pole which is pointed towards the camera and out of frame. Amateur box cameras of the period would not have been able to capture a self-portrait in focus when held at arm's length, requiring photographers to use remote shutter devices such as cables or sticks.[7] +The selfie stick was listed in Time magazine's 25 best inventions of 2014.[21] The selfie stick has been criticized for its association with the perceived narcissism and self-absorption of contemporary society, with commentators in 2015 dubbing the tool the "Narcisstick"[22] or "Wand of Narcissus".[23] +Bans and restrictions +A "no selfie sticks" sign at the Museum of Brisbane, 2015 +Bans and restrictions on the use of selfie sticks have been imposed across a range of public venues generally on the grounds of safety and inconvenience to others. +Several concert venues in Australia[24] and the United Kingdom have banned the use of selfie sticks, along with some music festivals in the United States. Organisers have cited their role in the "illegal recording" of bands' sets, and the inconvenience and safety issues to fellow audience members.[24] The sticks have been banned in some museums, galleries[25][26] and historical sites[27] because of concerns about possible damage to artworks and other objects.[25][26] +Theme parks including Walt Disney World Resort[28] and Six Flags[29] have banned selfie sticks. The sticks have always been banned on rides at Disney World for safety reasons, but after a number of instances where rides had to be stopped because of a guest pulling out a selfie stick in mid-ride, such as incidents on California Screamin' and Big Thunder Mountain Railroad, Disney issued a park-wide ban on the accessories.[28] +See also +List of selfie-related injuries and deaths +A tourist using a selfie stick near the top of the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan +References +This is a list of serious injuries and deaths that occurred during, or in immediate connection with, the taking of a selfie.[1][2] The Telegraph wrote that, in 2015, more people were killed taking selfies than by shark attacks.[3] As of February 2016, India has recorded more selfie-related deaths than any other country.[4][5] +Uma Sudhir (5 April 2016). +A 21-year-old Spanish man died from electrocution after climbing on top of a train to take a selfie with friends and touching a wire that (contrary to the assumptions of the group) turned out to be live. One of the friends was taken to hospital and as of 18 March remained "in serious condition".[6] +A 17-year-old Russian amateur photographer climbed atop a railway bridge in Saint Petersburg to take a selfie. She lost her balance and fell to her death.[7][8] A 32-year-old woman from North Carolina collided with a truck moments after posting selfies of herself online.[9] +Puerto Rican musician Jadiel El Tsunami died in an accident shortly after taking a selfie on his motorbike.[10] He had previously released a track entitled, "Me Descontrolo" ("I lose control").[11][12] In the United States, the pilot of a Cessna 150K and his passenger were killed when the pilot was distracted taking selfies and lost control of the plane.[13] In Kerala, India, a 15-year-old boy was killed instantly by a speeding train while posing for a selfie on the track.[14] +A 16-year-old girl died in Italy after plunging 60 feet while she was trying to take a photograph of herself on the seafront during a school trip to the seaside town of Taranto.[15] +Caroline Beil (2014) +Caroline Beil (2012) +Caroline Beil (born 3 November 1966 in Hamburg) is a German actress and television presenter. She is best known for the role of Fiona Marquardt in the German soap opera Storm of Love. +External links +Thomas "Tom" Helmut Beck (born February 26, 1978 in Nuremberg, Germany) is a German actor and singer. +Filmography +Discography +Tom Beck at Saarspektakel 2014 in Saarbrücken +Albums +Singles +References +External links +Hans-Uwe Bauer (born 26 August 1955) is a German actor.[1] He appeared in more than ninety films since 1979. +Selected filmography +Year Title Role Notes 2010 Three 2006 The Lives of Others 2003 Good Bye, Lenin! 2001 As Far as My Feet Will Carry Me 1985 The Woman and the Stranger 1984 Where Others Keep Silent 1983 The Turning Point +References +External links +Josef Bierbichler (born 26 April 1948) is a German actor. +Awards +Adolf Grimme Award (1998), best performance in the ZDF TV film Freier Fall Adolf Grimme Award (2006), best performance in Hierankl, along with Johanna Wokalek, Barbara Sukowa and Peter Simonischek[1] Theaterpreis Berlin (2008)[2] +Filmography +References +External links +Hermann Erhardt (January 9, 1903 in Landshut - November 30, 1958 in Vienna) was a German actor who played in more than 50 movies, among them Heimkehr and A Devil of a Woman. +Selected filmography +External links +Numan Acar (born 1974) is a Turkish-born German actor and film producer.[1] +Acar, who lives in Berlin, speaks several languages fluently including German, Turkish, Spanish and English and has knowledge of Kurdish, Azerbaijani and Arabic.[1] +Filmography +References +External links +Marie Madeleine Berthe Lebeau (10 June 1923 – 1 May 2016) was a French film actress. +Early life +Lebeau married actor Marcel Dalio in 1939; it was his second marriage. They had met while performing a play together. +In 1939 she appeared in her first film, the melodrama Jeunes filles en détresse (Girls in Distress).[citation needed] +Death +Lebeau died on 1 May 2016 in Estepona, Spain, after breaking her thigh bone.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Madeleine Lebeau +The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in North Korea (numbers may be approximate): +Name Date Location Deaths Notes Sinchon Massacre Fall 1950, over a 52-day period near Sinchon 35,000 +The following are a list of massacres that have occurred in Malaysia and its predecessors: +Name Date Location Deaths Notes Batang Kali massacre December 12, 1948 Batang Kali, Malaya 24 Parit Sulong Massacre January 23, 1942 Johor, Malaya +The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in Burma (numbers may be approximate): +Name Date Location Notes Rohingya massacre March 28, 1942 Arakan Kalagong massacre July 7, 1945 Kalagong Depayin massacre May 30, 2003 +The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in Singapore (numbers may be approximate): +Name Date Location Deaths Notes Sook Ching massacre February 18-March 2, 1942 Singapore 40,000-50,000 Selarang Barracks Incident August 30-September 5, 1942 Singapore ≥4 Double Tenth Incident October 10, 1943 Singapore 57 +Events from the year 1985 in North Korea. +Incumbents +Premier: Kang Song-san Supreme Leader: Kim Il-sung +Events +Births +2 July - Pak Nam-chol 2 September - Cha Jong-hyok. 5 September - Pak Chol-jin. +References +Events from the year 1988 in North Korea. +Incumbents +Premier: Li Gun-mo (until 12 December), Yon Hyong-muk (starting 12 December) Supreme Leader: Kim Il-sung +Events +Births +5 April - Jon Kwang-ik. 3 October - Pak Nam-chol. 10 December - Pak Chol-min. +References +1988 in North Korea +Events from the year 1989 in North Korea. +Incumbents +Premier: Yon Hyong-muk Supreme Leader: Kim Il-sung +Births +5 January - Kim Kuk-jin. 9 March - Hong Un-jong. 19 April - Kim Jong. +Events from the year 1961 in North Korea. +Incumbents +Premier: Kim Il-sung Supreme Leader: Kim Il-sung +Events +July 11 - Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty +See also +Events from the year 1972 in North Korea. +Incumbents +Premier: Kim Il-sung (until 28 December) Kim Il (starting 28 December) Supreme Leader: Kim Il-sung +Events +Births +See also +Peter Jordan (born 26 April 1967) is a German actor.[1] He appeared in more than seventy films since 1995. +Selected filmography +Year Title Role Notes 2015 Amour Fou 2012 Die Kirche bleibt im Dorf 2009 Soul Kitchen 2008 Robert Zimmermann Is Tangled Up in Love 2004 The Runaway +References +External links +Christina Große (born 23 September 1970) is a German actress.[1] She appeared in more than seventy films since 1995. +Selected filmography +Film Year Title Role Notes 2010 The Hairdresser 2005 Netto +TV Year Title Role Notes 2014 14 - Diaries of the Great War Käthe Kollwitz 2007 Der Kriminalist Ellen Hansen +References +External links +Christina Große +Incumbents +Monarch: Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck Prime Minister: Jigme Thinley +Events +October +October 13 - The King of Bhutan, Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuck, marries 21-year-old college student Jetsun Pema in Punakha.[2] +References +Yuta Abe (阿部 裕太, Abe Yūta?, born (1981-08-08)8 August 1981) is a Japanese male volleyball player. He was part of the Japan men's national volleyball team.[1] +References +External links +The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in Slovenia or its territory (numbers may be approximate): +Name Date Location Deaths Notes Marburg's Bloody Sunday 27 January 1919 Maribor 9 – 13 civilians of German ethnic origin +Motor vehicles produced by country in 2013. +References and notes +External links +Events from the year 1952 in North Korea. +Incumbents +Premier: Kim Il-sung Supreme Leader: Kim Il-sung +Events +Battle of Triangle Hill. +See also +See also +Wine List of wine-producing regions +References +The following is a list of the top 40 wine-producing countries and their volume of wine production for the year 2013 in metric tonnes, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), which is an agency of the United Nations; this is the latest information presently available from them. +Their data show a total worldwide production of 27,421,931 tonnes (1,000 kg) of wine (which roughly corresponds to 1,000 l) with the top fifteen producing countries accounting for over 96% of the total.[1] +Wine production by country 2013 Rank Country (with link to wine article) Production (tonnes) 1 France 4,293,466 2 Italy 4,107,370 3 United States 3,217,000 4 Spain 3,200,000 5 Chile 1,832,000 6 China 1,700,000 7 Argentina 1,498,400 8 Australia 1,231,000 9 South Africa 1,097,200 10 Germany 840,900 11 Portugal 630,800 12 Russia 573,200 13 Romania 410,000 14 Greece 311,530 15 Brazil 273,100 16 Hungary 261,800 17 New Zealand 248,400 18 Austria 239,195 19 Serbia 230,580 20 Ukraine 168,247 21 Bulgaria 130,500 21 Moldova 120,104 22 Georgia 98,800 23 Switzerland 83,863 24 Japan 80,000 25 Macedonia 78,077 26 Peru 70,000 27 Uruguay 67,000 28 Czech Republic 50,000 29 Algeria 49,800 30 Canada 47,376 31 Croatia 46,000 32 Turkmenistan 39,000 33 Uzbekistan 35,840 34 Morocco 34,500 35 Slovakia 32,527 36 Turkey 30,000 37 Tunisia 28,500 38 Belarus 28,150 39 Slovenia 25,000 40 Kazakhstan 20,902 41 Albania 18,000 42 Mexico 17,951 43 Montenegro 16,000 44 Lebanon 15,000 45 Cuba 11,620 46 Cyprus 11,183 47 Luxembourg 10,089 48 Bolivia 8,389 49 Madagascar 8,350 50 Azerbaijan 7,874 52 Armenia 6,422 53 Lithuania 5,743 54 Israel 5,200 55 Egypt 4,500 56 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4,163 57 Belgium 2,900 58 Malta 2,450 59 Latvia 2,200 60 Kyrgyzstan 1,752 61 Zimbabwe 1,750 +References +See also +Steel industry List of countries by steel production Global steel industry trends List of steel producers List of countries by iron ore production +External links +The following is a list of European countries by steel production. Figures are from the World Steel Association.[1][2][3][4] +Crude steel production (million tonnes): Rank Country/Region 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 — World 1,351.3 1326.5 1,219.7 1,413.6 1,490.1 1547.8 - European Union 210.2 198.2 139.3 172.8 177.7 169.4 5 Russia 72.4 68.5 60.0 66.9 68.7 70.6 7 Germany 48.6 45.8 32.7 43.8 44.3 42.7 8 Turkey 25.8 26.8 25.3 29.0 34.1 35.9 10 Ukraine 42.8 37.3 29.9 33.6 35.3 32.9 11 Italy 31.6 30.6 19.7 25.8 28.7 27.2 14 France 19.3 17.9 12.8 15.4 15.8 15.6 17 Spain 19.0 18.6 14.3 16.3 15.6 13.6 18 United Kingdom 14.3 13.5 10.1 9.7 9.5 9.8 19 Poland 10.6 9.7 7.2 8.0 8.8 8.4 20 Belgium 10.7 10.7 5.6 8.1 8.1 7.4 21 Austria 7.6 7.6 5.7 7.2 7.5 7.4 23 Netherlands 7.4 6.8 5.2 6.7 6.9 6.9 27 Czech Republic 7.1 6.4 4.6 5.2 5.6 5.1 31 Slovakia 5.1 4.5 3.7 4.6 4.2 4.4 33 Sweden 5.7 5.2 2.8 4.8 4.9 4.3 34 Kazakhstan 4.8 4.3 4.1 4.3 4.7 3.9 35 Romania 6.3 5.0 2.7 3.9 3.8 3.8 36 Finland 4.4 4.4 3.1 4.0 4.0 3.8 38 Belarus 2.4 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 40 Luxembourg 2.9 2.6 2.2 2.6 2.6 2.2 40 Greece 2.6 2.5 2.1 2.0 +Aimone Alletti (born (1988-06-28)28 June 1988) is a Italian male volleyball player. He is part of the Italy men's national volleyball team. On club level he plays for Power Volley.[1] +References +External links +Kim Hye-jin (born February 28, 1975) is a South Korean actress.[1] She is best known for her role in the 2009 television series Iris. +References +Obsidian Entertainment is an American video game developer whose corporate headquarters is located in Irvine, California. It was founded in 2003 by ex-Black Isle employees Feargus Urquhart, Chris Avellone, Chris Parker, Darren Monahan, and Chris Jones after the closure of Black Isle Studios. +Although they have created original intellectual property, many of their games are sequels based on licensed properties. Early projects include Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords and Neverwinter Nights 2, both sequels to BioWare-developed games. The team then developed their first original game, Alpha Protocol, in 2010. +Throughout the studio's history, many projects—including Futureblight, Dwarves, Aliens: Crucible, and a project codenamed North Carolina—were cancelled. Due to having so many projects cancelled, the company entered a severe financial crisis in 2012. As a result, Obsidian decided to crowdfund their next game, Pillars of Eternity, a role-playing game played from an isometric perspective, which ultimately became a success and saved the studio from closure. +The team's focus then changed from developing licensed titles to creating original games based on the studio's own intellectual property. Obsidian has developed a close relationship with another studio that was founded by ex-Interplay Entertainment employees, inXile Entertainment. The company is currently working on Tyranny, a role-playing game set in a world where the war between good and evil has been fought with evil coming out on top, and Armored Warfare, a massively multiplayer online game with a focus on controlling tanks. +In 2011, the company began working on a third-person open world game code named "North Carolina". It was rumored that the game was being produced for the then-unannounced successor to the Xbox 360. The title was ultimately cancelled in 2012 by its publisher, Microsoft Studios, causing Obsidian to lay off between 20 and 30 people.[4][36][37] +2012–15: The Stick of Truth, financial troubles, and Pillars of Eternity +In October 2009, Obsidian was contacted by South Park Digital Studios to develop a game set within the South Park universe.[38] The team originally thought the phone call from South Park Digital Studios was a prank carried out by another company located in the same building.[39] Obsidian met with South Park's creators, Matt Stone and Trey Parker, with the two parties agreeing that it was critical that the game share the television show's construction paper-like visual aesthetic. Funding was originally provided by Viacom, the parent company of the television channel that South Park is broadcast on. In 2011, Viacom decided to let the video game publisher THQ take over as the game's publisher.[4] Shortly after THQ took over, they entered into financial crisis, eventually going bankrupt in late 2011. +With THQ unable to continue its publishing and funding roles, an auction was held for other publishers to acquire their titles. Obsidian was worried about that if the project were cancelled, they too would face severe financial difficulties. Eventually Ubisoft acquired the game,[40] which was released as South Park: The Stick of Truth in March 2014.[41] +Obsidian has also maintained a friendly relationship with inXile Entertainment. +Like Obsidian, inXile was founded by former employees of Interplay Entertainment. The two companies signed an agreement to share their technology with each other.[42] Obsidian assisted in the development of inXile's Wasteland 2 after its Kickstarter campaign raised $2.1 million,[43] Wasteland 2 was released in late 2014 and received generally positive reviews upon release.[44] +The studio received only a small "kill fee" for their work on North Carolina.[4] They also lost their bonus for Fallout: New Vegas, as the game failed to meet Bethesda's standard—an aggregate review score of 85 at Metacritic—by 1 point.[45] The team lacked sufficient resources to keep the company's operation running. According to Adam Brennecke, an executive producer at Obsidian, if they failed to pitch a project to a publisher in time they would have exhausted their money and gone bankrupt.[46] At that time, the crowdfunding platform Kickstarter was growing popular and Josh Sawyer, creative director of New Vegas, proposed that the studio put their cancelled game on Kickstarter and attempt to secure funding for it there. Some team members were skeptical about the idea and feared that they may not even be able to raise $100,000 through the platform. +Obsidian Entertainment is currently working on three projects; the westernization of Skyforge,[61] and the free-to-play multiplayer military shooter Armored Warfare.[62] On August 13, 2014, Obsidian announced that they had licensed the Pathfinder Roleplaying Game to make electronic games, starting with a tablet adaptation of the Pathfinder Adventure Card Game, which is scheduled to be released on March 29, 2016 for iOS and Android, with releases for other platforms to be announced.[63] Paizo CEO Lisa Stevens also confirmed plans for an Obsidian-developed computer role-playing game.[64] Urquhart had stated a desire to collaborate with BioWare again on a new Star Wars game. After the release of New Vegas, there is also a desire to work on another Fallout game.[65][66][67] +In June 2015, studio co-founder Chris Avellone announced his departure from Obsidian.[57] In August 2015, Obsidian partnered with inXile and Double Fine to launch a new funding website named Fig, with Urquhart serving as a member of the company's advising board.[58] The new platform's aim is to offer "equity crowdfunding", and it will only focus exclusively on video games-related projects.[59] Obsidian is set to use Fig as its future crowdfunding platform.[60] +2016: Tyranny, Armored Warfare, and Pathfinder +On March 15, 2016, Obsidian announced their new project called Tyranny, an isometric RPG set in a world where evil has already won. The game was announced for release in 2016 on Microsoft Windows, Mac and Linux, and will be published by Paradox Interactive.[68] In April 2016, Leonard Boyarsky joined Obsidian, becoming the second Troika Games co-founder to work for the company.[69] +Games +References +External links +History +2003: Founding +At Black Isle they created several role-playing games including Icewind Dale, Planescape: Torment, and Fallout 2, and collaborated with BioWare on Neverwinter Nights, Baldur's Gate, and Baldur's Gate II. Most of these games were critically and commercially successful, but Interplay's financial situation was poor and the studio lost its license to produce Dungeons & Dragons-based games.[lower-alpha 1][2] This led to the cancellation of Baldur's Gate III: The Black Hound.[3] Urquhart and most of the staff members were dissatisfied and frustrated with the cancellation, as the game had already been under development for a year and a half. Urquhart became convinced that staying in Black Isle was no longer a "viable option" for the team, and decided to leave the company. +At the time of the company's establishment there were seven employees, including the company's five founders. +Parker, Urquhart, and Monahan invested $100,000 to $125,000 into their newly founded company.[2] When choosing the name of the company, they had prepared a short list of names for them to choose. The list included "Scorched Earth" and "Three Clown Software". The team eventually chose "Obsidian Entertainment", which they thought was strong, memorable, and felt similar to name of their old studio, Black Isle.[6] +Upon its establishment, the studio needed more capital in order to keep its operation running, and thus needed to gain support from publishers. They approached Electronic Arts, but it did not result in a project. The studio also contacted Ubisoft looking to make a Might & Magic game, but Ubisoft instead ended up contracting with Arkane Studios on that project, which became Dark Messiah of Might & Magic. +Obsidian pitched a game to Take-Two Interactive called Futureblight, which was described as a Fallout-style game powered by the Neverwinter Nights engine. Similar to the EA and Ubisoft projects, Futureblight was never made.[4] +Late 2003–08: The Sith Lords and Neverwinter Nights 2 +Their idea was rejected, and Jeffrey instead asked Obsidian to create a follow-up to the BioWare-developed Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic, as the team at Obsidian was familiar with the technology that the original game used.[4] The partnership between the two companies finalized in late 2003, and development of the game, which became Star Wars Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords, began in October 2003.[7] Obsidian was given 15 months to develop The Sith Lords. Originally set for a holiday 2004 release, LucasArts gave the studio an extension into 2005, before shifting the release date back to holiday 2004 following the Electronic Entertainment Expo.[7] While LucasArts did dispatch members of its own staff to help get the game out on time,[8] a number of features wound up being cut due to time constraints. Due to the moved deadline, Obsidian also did not have enough time to polish the game, and The Sith Lords suffered from crashes and other technical issues.[4][9] Despite its issues, The Sith Lords was released to positive critical reception.[4] The cut features were eventually restored by modders, who began their effort in 2009 and finished in 2012.[10] +Atari acquired the license to produce Dungeons & Dragons-based games, and wanted Obsidian to create a sequel to Neverwinter Nights, which became Neverwinter Nights 2. Development of the game began in July 2005 with team of ten people.[10][12][13] The development of the game was headed by Monahan and Avellone. Obsidian became the game's lead developer, while Neverwinter Nights creator BioWare provided technical assistance.[14] While they were developing the game, the team's size grew to about 50 people.[2] The team were given sufficient time for the game's development, and Atari was willing to delay the project's targeted release window from Christmas 2005 to October 31, 2006.[12] Neverwinter Nights 2 received a generally positive critical reception.[15] Two expansions, Mask of the Betrayer and Storm of Zehir, were released in 2007 and 2008.[16][17] +During Neverwinter Nights 2's development, the team approached other publishers to work on additional projects. Disney Interactive Studios commissioned Obsidian to develop a prequel to Snow White and the Seven Dwarves called Dwarves, which was set to be a third-person action game for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.[18] The team developed a prototype and was a year into development when the CEO of Disney was replaced. The change of CEO led Disney to head in a completely different direction, which made the Snow White franchise "untouchable" and resulted in the cancellation of the project.[19] According to Urquhart, the team loved the game and its cancellation was a "heartbreaking" experience for them.[4] +2009–11: Alpha Protocol, Fallout: New Vegas, and Dungeon Siege III +Electronic Arts wanted Obsidian to develop a role-playing game to compete with The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion, and another publisher was also interested in having Obsidian develop a fantasy RPG.[4] The third publisher was Sega, who wanted the studio to develop an action role-playing game set within the Alien franchise. The game, titled Aliens: Crucible, was to feature base-building, dialogue choices, and character customization.[18][20] In February 2009 Obsidian sent a prototype to Sega. Sega decided to cancel the game three weeks later without inspecting the demo.[4] The cancellation was officially confirmed in June of that year.[21] At around the same time, Atari again approached Obsidian, this time to revive Baldur's Gate III.[22] Obsidian requested a large budget, which Atari could not afford, and the deal between the two companies fell apart when Atari Europe was sold to Namco Bandai Games.[23] +The game's development was troubled; the team did not have a precise vision for Alpha Protocol and struggled to settle on what gameplay elements to include and what the target audience should be. As a result, it suffered from an identity crisis and featured elements from multiple genres.[25] Sega, for its part, was also unable to make decisions quickly and the publisher cut features from the game after their completion. This resulted in numerous delays and excessively long production time; Alpha Protocol took four years to develop. +Their first original game, Alpha Protocol received mostly mixed reviews from critics. It was also a commercial failure for Sega, which led to their decision to put any plans for a sequel on hold.[26] After the game's launch, Urquhart admitted that there was still room for improvements.[27] Even though the game was a commercial failure, it was well received by the community, which has often demanded that Obsidian make a sequel. Urquhart responded by saying that the team hoped that they can develop Alpha Protocol 2, and "do better" with it.[28] Avellone later added that they were unable to develop a sequel because the rights to the game were owned by Sega and crowdfunding would not be a suitable option.[29] +On February 11, 2010, Red Eagle Games and Obsidian announced that they would co-develop one or more games based on The Wheel of Time fantasy novel series by Robert Jordan.[30] On April 25, 2014, however, Urquhart told Computer & Video Games that the agreement between the companies had dissolved after Red Eagle had failed to secure the necessary funding.[31] +Prior to working on New Vegas, they were contacted by Bethesda Softworks about developing a Star Trek game, but the idea never gained traction. After Bethesda released Fallout 3 and began to shift its own focus back towards its Elder Scrolls series, it approached Obsidian with the idea of having the later studio develop another game in the Fallout series, as several of Obsidian's founders had worked on the franchise while at Black Isle. In developing New Vegas, the Obsidian looked at fan requests, which led to New Vegas giving a more prominent role to the in-game factions. +As was the case with The Sith Lords, the development team did not thoroughly assess New Vegas for bugs and glitches before it was released. Some players were unable to play the game due to constant crashes.[32] These problems were later patched and fixed. +Obsidian considered New Vegas to be a learning experience; it was the studio's first AAA game, and it taught the studio how to manage quality assurance.[4] Between The Sith Lords and New Vegas, Obsidian had built a reputation for creating games with technical problems.[4][9] The team was determined to change this with future titles, and made improvements to their bug-tracking system,[4] These improvements were applied to the studio's next project, Dungeon Siege III, a sequel to the Gas Powered Games-developed Dungeon Siege,[33] published by Square Enix.[34] The game received mixed reviews upon release in 2011, but it enjoyed a stable launch.[4] Dungeon Siege III was the first game to use Obsidian's own in-house Onyx engine.[35] +This is a table of countries by their length of expressways, according to the CIA Factbook and updated with official sources.[1][2] +List +List of countries by length of expressways +This is a list of countries by natural disaster risk, as measured in the World Risk Index, calculated by the United Nations University for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS) and featured in the 2013 World Risk Report (WRR 2013) published by the Alliance Development Works/Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft (BEH). The report systematically considers a country’s vulnerability, and its exposure to natural hazards to determine a ranking of countries around the world based on their disaster risk. +References +External links +The WRI developed by UNU-EHS and BEH the main feature of the WRR, determines the risk of becoming a victim of a disaster as a result of vulnerability and natural hazards such as earthquakes, storms, floods, droughts and sea level rise for 173 countries worldwide. The WRI is based on 28 indicators and research data which are globally freely available and results in a global risk ranking and maps which allow for comparison between countries. Risk is at its highest where a high level of exposure to natural hazards coincides with very vulnerable societies.[1] +2013 rankings +Key: ██ 0.10-3.61, ██ 3.62-5.68, ██ 5.69-7.43, ██ 7.44-10.37, ██ 10.38-36.43. +Country Rank Disaster risk[2] Qatar 1 0.11% Malta 2 0.61% Barbados 3 1.16% Saudi Arabia 4 1.32% Grenada 5 1.44% Iceland 6 1.55% Kiribati 7 1.78% Bahrain 8 1.81% United Arab Emirates 9 2.10% Sweden 10 2.26% Finland 11 2.28% Egypt 12 2.34% Norway 13 2.35% Israel 14 2.49% Singapore 15 2.49% Estonia 16 2.52% Seychelles 17 2.58% Switzerland 18 2.61% Luxembourg 19 2.68% Oman 20 2.74% Cyprus 21 2.77% France 22 2.79% Denmark 23 3.10% Mongolia 24 3.10% Ukraine 25 3.14% Lithuania 26 3.18% Canada 27 3.18% Germany 28 3.24% Belarus 29 3.31% Sao Tome and Principe 30 3.35% Spain 31 3.38% Belgium 32 3.42% Poland 33 3.46% Latvia 34 3.48% Czech Republic 35 3.61% Slovakia 36 3.63% Slovenia 37 3.69% Kuwait 38 3.70% United Kingdom 39 3.71% Argentina 40 3.76% Russia 41 3.78% Austria 42 3.80% Portugal 43 3.80% Kazakhstan 44 3.84% Paraguay 45 3.85% Libya 46 3.93% United States 47 3.99% The Bahamas 48 3.99% Uruguay 49 4.09% Croatia 50 4.24% Brazil 51 4.26% Bulgaria 52 4.43% Equatorial Guinea 53 4.49% Samoa 54 4.51% Australia 55 4.51% New Zealand 56 4.69% Ireland 57 4.69% Iraq 58 4.83% Italy 59 4.88% Jordan 60 4.88% Iran 61 4.92% South Korea 62 4.94% Moldova 63 5.05% Lebanon 64 5.05% Bolivia 65 5.08% Botswana 66 5.37% Turkey 67 5.52% Nepal 68 5.53% Syria 69 5.67% Namibia 70 5.68% Hungary 71 5.69% Laos 72 5.71% South Africa 73 5.80% Tunisia 74 5.90% Gabon 75 5.93% Yemen 76 6.03% Venezuela 77 6.16% Macedonia 78 6.19% Azerbaijan 79 6.28% Thailand 80 6.34% Eritrea 81 6.35% Mexico 82 6.39% Bosnia and Herzegovina 83 6.42% Malaysia 84 6.45% Angola 85 6.45% Cuba 86 6.51% Central African Republic 87 6.57% Turkmenistan 88 6.57% Romania 89 6.61% Belize 90 6.62% Uganda 91 6.69% Georgia 92 6.83% Colombia 93 6.90% China 94 6.91% Armenia 95 6.97% Kenya 96 7.02% Peru 97 7.08% Lesotho 98 7.09% Morocco 99 7.13% India 100 7.17% Pakistan 101 7.21% Tajikistan 102 7.35% Greece 103 7.36% Ethiopia 104 7.38% Rwanda 105 7.43% Zambia 106 7.46% Panama 107 7.49% Comoros 108 7.52% Serbia 109 7.53% Congo 110 7.57% Trinidad and Tobago 111 7.65% Swaziland 112 7.65% Sri Lanka 113 7.67% Liberia 113 7.71% Ecuador 114 7.77% Sudan 115 7.87% Bhutan 116 7.98% Tanzania 117 7.99% Malawi 118 8.02% Algeria 119 8.13% Mauritania 120 8.26% Nigeria 121 8.32% Guinea 122 8.32% Kyrgyzstan 123 8.43% Suriname 124 8.55% Mali 125 8.65% Uzbekistan 126 8.66% Netherlands 127 8.76% Ghana 128 8.81% Mozambique 129 8.89% Cote d'Ivoire 130 8.86% Myanmar 131 9.10% Burkina Faso 132 9.72% Djibouti 133 9.84% Afghanistan 134 9.93% Zimbabwe 135 9.96% Albania 136 10.01% Togo 137 10.34% Sierra Leone 138 10.37% Burundi 139 10.46% Indonesia 140 10.54% Cape Verde 141 10.80% Honduras 142 10.91% Senegal 143 10.99% Chad 144 11.06% Madagascar 145 11.09% Cameroon 146 11.23% Dominican Republic 147 11.28% Benin 148 11.32% Niger 149 11.62% Guyana 150 11.65% Gambia 151 11.71% Haiti 152 11.88% Jamaica 153 12.15% Chile 154 12.28% Vietnam 155 12.81% Guinea-Bissau 156 13.09% Fiji 157 13.56% Japan 158 14.10% Nicaragua 159 14.89% Mauritius 160 15.18% Brunei Darussalam 161 15.58% Papua New Guinea 162 15.90% Timor-Leste 163 16.37% El Salvador 164 16.85% Cambodia 165 16.90% Costa Rica 166 16.94% Solomon Islands 167 18.11% Bangladesh 168 19.81% Guatemala 169 20.88% Philippines 170 27.52% Tonga 171 28.23% Vanuatu 172 36.43% +References +It lists OECD countries' workers' chance of losing their job in 2012, with some non-OECD countries also included. Workers facing a high risk of job loss are more vulnerable, especially in countries with smaller social safety nets. This indicator presents the probability to become unemployed, calculated as the number of people who were unemployed in 2012, but were employed in 2011 over the total number of employed in 2011. +Rank Country/Territory Chance of losing job in 2012[1] 1 Switzerland 2.8% 2 Japan 2.9% 2 Norway 2.9% 4 South Korea 3.0% 5 Germany 3.2% 6 Austria 3.4% 7 Netherlands 3.6% 8 Luxembourg 4.0% 8 Russia 4.0% 10 Czech Republic 4.2% 11 Iceland 4.3% 12 Australia 4.4% 13 Belgium 4.5% 14 Mexico 4.7% 14 Chile 4.7% 16 Brazil 4.8% 17 Slovenia 5.0% 18 Estonia 5.3% 19 Italy 5.5% 20 United Kingdom 5.6% 21 Slovakia 5.8% 21 New Zealand 5.8% 21 Denmark 5.8% 24 United States 6.3% 25 Ireland 6.4% 25 Finland 6.4% 27 Israel 6.5% 27 Sweden 6.5% 27 France 6.5% 30 Canada 6.6% 31 Hungary 6.7% 32 Poland 7.3% 33 Turkey 7.8% 34 Portugal 9.1% 35 Greece 12.0% 36 Spain 17.7% +External links +References +Further reading +This is a list of OECD countries by long-term unemployment rate published by the OECD for the year 2012. +This indicator refers to the number of persons who have been unemployed for one year or more as a percentage of the labour force (the sum of employed and unemployed persons). Unemployed persons are defined as those who are currently not working but are willing to do so and actively searching for work. +2012 rankings +Rank Country/Territory Long-term unemployment rate[1] 1 South Korea 0.01% 2 Mexico 0.09% 2 Norway 0.28% 4 Canada 0.90% 5 New Zealand 0.91% 4 Israel 0.91% 5 Australia 1.06% 7 Austria 1.07% 8 Sweden 1.40% 8 Switzerland 1.48% 10 Luxembourg 1.56% 11 Finland 1.65% 12 Japan 1.67% 13 Iceland 1.68% 14 Russia 1.69% 14 Netherlands 1.78% 16 Chile 2.01% 17 Denmark 2.11% 18 Brazil 2.17% 19 Turkey 2.29% 20 United States 2.36% 21 Germany 2.52% 21 United Kingdom 2.75% 21 Czech Republic 3.03% 24 Belgium 3.37% 25 Poland 3.51% 25 France 3.98% 27 Slovenia 4.23% 27 Hungary 5.05% 27 Estonia 5.46% 30 Italy 5.67% 31 Portugal 7.62% 32 Slovakia 8.89% 33 Ireland 9.24% 34 Spain 11.13% 35 Greece 14.37% +This is a list of countries by military expenditure per capita, the amount spent by a nation on its military per capita in a given year. This list is sourced from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute for the year 2015.[1][2] Note: by 2014 there had been a large change in Saudi military expenditure per capita, standing at 80.8 billion[3] for a population of some 30.8 million,[4] thus surpassing $2623 per capita spending by Saudi Arabia. In April 2015 it was confirmed that of all the world's countries, Saudi Arabia's military spending was the highest "by far" as percent of GDP[5] as well as highest in per capita military spending. +Per capita spending +Rank Country Amount in USD$ 1 Saudi Arabia 6,909[6] 2 Singapore 2,385 3 Israel 1,882 4 United States 1,859 5 Kuwait 1,289 6 Norway 1,245 7 Greece 1,230 8 United Kingdom 1,066 9 France 977 10 Bahrain 912 11 Australia 893 12 Brunei 866 13 Luxembourg 809 14 Denmark 804 15 Netherlands 759 +References +Predicted events +In contemporary history, the third millennium is a period of time that began on January 1, 2001, and will end on December 31, 3000 of the Gregorian calendar.[1][2] It is the third and current period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era.[2][3] +Biological events +2099 - According to one study, 83% of the Amazon rainforest may have been destroyed.[26] By 2100, 12% (about 1250) of the bird species existing at the beginning of the 21st century are expected to be extinct or threatened with extinction.[27] By 2100, emperor penguins could be pushed to the brink of extinction due to global climate change, according to a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution study from January 2009. +The study applied mathematical models to predict how the loss of sea ice from climate warming would affect an Antarctica colony of emperor penguins, and they forecast a decline of 87% in the colony's population by the end of the century.[28] +2096 is the last leap year before 2100, which will not be a leap year. On March 1, 2100 (which will be February 16, 2100 in the Julian calendar), the difference between the Julian calendar and the Gregorian calendar reaches 14 days. Since 14 is divisible by 7, this will be the first time in history since its inception that the Gregorian calendar will have the same day of the week for each day of the month for the whole year as the Julian calendar. +August 12, 2045 - A total solar eclipse will take place in the United States, producing a path from California to Florida. Some parts of Florida are predicted to experience totality for six minutes, the longest in US history. November 11, 2069 – Transit of Mercury October 27, 2088 - Mercury occults Jupiter, first time since 1708, but very close to the Sun and impossible to view with naked eye. +Last occultation of Spica by Venus was on November 10, 1783.[citation needed] December 24, 2197 - Earth's Moon will occult Neptune. 2209 and 2284 - perihelion of Comet Halley. May 27, 2221 - near-Earth asteroid (285263) 1998 QE2 will pass Earth at a distance of 0.038 AU (5,700,000 km; 3,500,000 mi).[19] 2221 - Triple conjunction of Mars and Saturn. +The last time this is believed to have occurred was on February 1, 949.[20] June 10, 2498 - Transit of Venus. May 5, 2600 - First total solar eclipse[21] visible from London since 2151.[22] The width of its path is predicted to be exceptionally wide at its maximum point. April 7, 2515 - At 10:37 UTC, Mars will occult Neptune.[23] January 25, 2518 - At 22:41 UTC, Venus will occult Saturn.[23] 2562 - The dwarf planet Eris will have completed one orbit of the Sun, since its discovery in 2005. +The fourth millennium of the Gregorian calendar will begin on January 1, 3001, and end on December 31, 4000. It will be the fourth millennium in the Anno Domini or Common Era. +Predicted/scheduled events +Global sea levels could rise by 6.8 metres (22 ft) by the 31st century under a high emissions scenario.[1] 3015: A camera placed by Jonathon Keats will finish its exposure time after its placement at the ASU Art Museum in Tempe, Arizona, in 2015.[2] December 18, 3089: First transit of Venus which is not part of a pair since November 23, 1396. 3117: Minimum time by which, according to physicist Andrew Kennedy, humanity can expect to have reached Barnard's Star, assuming an annual economic growth rate (and corresponding increase in power output) of 1.4% from 2007.[3] Due to the precession of the equinoxes, γ Cephei will be the northern pole star between 3000 and 5200. The Time pyramid, a public art work at Wemding, Germany, is scheduled for completion in 3183.[4] December 20, 3332: Transit of Venus. +3412: Expected return of Comet McNaught-Russell. 3500: According to Tzedakis, et al. time by which Earth will have entered a new glacial maximum.[5] 3711/12: multi-triple conjunction between Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. The prophecies of Nostradamus cover events from the present day (1555) to 3797. +References +This is a list of countries by freshwater withdrawal mostly based on The World Factbook,[1] accessed in June 2008. +References +Rank Country Total withdrawal (km³/year) Per capita withdrawal (m³/year) Domestic withdrawal (%) Industrial withdrawal (%) Agricultural withdrawal (%) Date of Information 1 India 645.84 585 8 5 86 2000 2 China 549.76 415 7 26 68 2000 3 United States 477 1,600 13 46 41 2000 4 Vietnam 169.39 1,072 2 2 96 2000 5 Japan 88.43 690 20 18 62 2000 6 Indonesia 82.78 372 8 1 91 2000 7 Thailand 82.75 1,288 2 2 95 2000 8 Uzbekistan 79.4 560 3 1 96 2000 9 Mexico 78.22 731 17 5 77 2000 10 Russia 76.68 535 19 63 18 2000 11 Iran 72.88 1,048 7 2 91 2000 12 Pakistan 71.39 847 8 24 68 2000 13 Egypt 68.3 923 8 6 86 2000 14 Brazil 59.3 318 20 18 62 2000 15 Bangladesh 58.34 2,194 5 2 93 2000 16 Canada 44.72 1,386 20 69 12 1996 17 Iraq 42.7 1,482 3 5 92 2000 18 Italy 41.98 723 18 37 45 1998 19 Turkey 39.78 544 15 11 74 2001 20 Germany 38.01 460 12 68 20 2001 21 Ukraine 37.53 807 12 35 52 2000 22 Sudan 37.32 1,030 3 1 97 2000 23 Spain 37.22 864 13 19 68 2002 24 Turkmenistan 35 2,360 2 17 82 2000 25 Burma 33.23 658 1 1 98 2000 26 France 33.16 548 16 74 10 2000 27 Colombia 29.19 753 17 9 74 2000 28 Philippines 28.52 343 17 9 74 2000 29 South Korea 25.47 549 36 16 48 2003 30 Kazakhstan 24.65 5,104 2 1 98 2000 31 Australia 24.06 1,193 15 10 75 2000 32 Afghanistan 23.26 779 2 0 98 2000 33 Hungary 21.03 2,082 9 59 32 2001 34 Peru 20.13 720 8 10 82 2000 35 Syria 19.95 1,048 3 2 95 2000 36 Saudi Arabia 17.32 705 10 1 89 2000 37 Azerbaijan 17.25 2,051 5 28 68 2000 38 Ecuador 16.98 1,283 12 5 82 2000 39 Madagascar 14.96 804 3 2 96 2000 40 Sri Lanka 12.61 608 2 2 95 2000 41 Morocco 12.6 400 10 3 87 2000 42 Chile 12.55 770 11 25 64 2000 43 South Africa 12.5 264 31 6 63 2000 44 Tajikistan 11.96 1,837 4 5 92 2000 45 United Kingdom 11.75 197 22 75 3 1994 46 Poland 11.73 304 13 79 8 2002 47 Portugal 11.09 1,056 10 12 78 1998 48 Argentina 10.71 235 50 4 46 2000 49 Nepal 10.18 375 3 1 96 2000 50 Kyrgyzstan 10.08 1,916 3 3 94 2000 51 Malaysia 9.02 356 17 21 62 2000 52 Korea, North 9.02 401 20 25 55 2000 53 Netherlands 8.86 544 6 60 34 2001 54 Greece 8.7 782 16 3 81 1997 55 Venezuela 8.37 313 6 7 47 2000 56 Cuba 8.2 728 19 12 69 2000 57 Nigeria 8.01 61 21 10 69 2000 58 Belgium 7.44 714 13 85 1 1998 59 Bulgaria 6.92 895 3 78 19 2003 60 Yemen 6.63 316 4 1 95 2000 61 Mali 6.55 484 9 1 90 2000 62 Romania 6.5 299 9 34 57 2003 63 Algeria 6.07 185 22 13 65 2000 64 Ethiopia 5.56 72 6 0 94 2002 65 Tanzania 5.18 135 10 0 89 2000 66 Libya 4.27 730 14 3 83 2000 67 Zimbabwe 4.21 324 14 7 79 2002 68 Cambodia 4.08 290 1 0 98 2000 69 Austria 3.67 448 35 64 1 1999 70 Georgia 3.61 808 20 21 59 2000 71 Dominican Republic 3.39 381 32 2 66 2000 72 Lithuania 3.33 971 78 15 7 2003 73 Somalia 3.29 400 0 0 100 2000 74 Paraguay 3.15 910 2 1 96 2000 75 Laos 3 507 4 6 90 2000 76 Namibia 2.95 977 30 4 66 2000 77 Belarus 2.79 286 23 47 30 2000 78 Norway 2.68 296 37 54 9 2002 79 Costa Rica 2.68 619 29 17 53 2000 80 Tunisia 2.64 261 14 4 82 2000 81 Switzerland 2.52 348 24 74 2 2002 82 Sweden 2.4 519 23 67 10 1996 83 Finland 2.33 444 14 84 3 1999 84 Mongolia 2.31 549 10 58 33 2000 85 United Arab Emirates 2.3 511 23 9 68 2000 86 Macedonia 2.27 1,118 NA NA NA cu 87 Senegal 2.22 190 4 3 93 2002 88 Niger 2.18 156 4 0 95 2000 89 New Zealand 2.11 524 48 9 42 2000 90 Israel 2.05 305 31 7 62 2000 91 Guatemala 2.01 160 6 13 80 2000 92 Czech Republic 1.91 187 41 57 2 2002 93 Zambia 1.74 149 17 7 76 2000 94 Albania 1.71 546 27 11 62 2000 95 Mauritania 1.7 554 9 3 88 2000 96 Guyana 1.64 2,187 2 1 98 2000 97 Kenya 1.58 46 30 6 64 2000 98 Guinea 1.51 161 8 2 90 2000 99 Bolivia 1.44 157 13 7 81 2000 100 Estonia 1.41 1,060 56 39 5 2002 101 Lebanon 1.38 385 33 1 67 2000 102 Oman 1.36 529 7 2 90 2000 103 Nicaragua 1.3 237 15 2 83 2000 104 El Salvador 1.28 186 25 16 59 2000 105 Ireland 1.18 284 23 77 0 1994 106 Swaziland 1.04 1,010 2 1 97 2000 107 Slovakia 1.04 193 NA NA NA cu 108 Malawi 1.01 78 15 5 80 2000 109 Jordan 1.01 177 21 4 75 2000 110 Haiti 0.99 116 5 1 94 2000 111 Cameroon 0.99 61 18 8 74 2000 112 Ghana 0.98 44 24 10 66 2000 113 Côte d'Ivoire 0.93 51 24 12 65 2000 114 Slovenia 0.9 457 NA NA NA cu 115 Honduras 0.86 119 8 12 80 2000 116 Panama 0.82 254 67 5 28 2000 117 Burkina Faso 0.8 60 13 1 86 2000 118 Suriname 0.67 1,489 4 3 93 2000 119 Denmark 0.67 123 32 26 42 2002 120 Mozambique 0.63 32 11 2 87 2000 121 Mauritius 0.61 488 25 14 60 2000 122 Uruguay 0.49 80 20 8 71 2000 123 Moldova 0.44 166 20 27 52 2000 124 Kuwait 0.44 164 45 2 52 2000 125 Bhutan 0.43 199 5 1 94 2000 126 Jamaica 0.41 155 34 17 49 2000 127 Sierra Leone 0.38 69 5 3 92 2000 128 Congo, Democratic Republic of the 0.36 6 53 17 31 2000 129 Angola 0.35 22 23 17 60 2000 130 Trinidad and Tobago 0.31 237 68 26 6 2000 131 Uganda 0.3 10 43 17 40 2002 132 Armenia 0.3 148 24 5 71 2000 133 Eritrea 0.3 68 3 0 97 2000 134 Bahrain 0.3 411 40 3 57 2000 135 Hong Kong 0.295 2008[2] 136 Qatar 0.29 358 24 3 72 2000 137 Burundi 0.29 38 17 6 77 2000 138 Latvia 0.25 108 55 33 12 2003 139 Chad 0.23 24 17 0 83 2000 140 Cyprus 0.21 250 27 1 71 2000 141 Singapore 0.19 44 45 51 4 1975 142 Botswana 0.19 107 41 18 41 2000 143 Guinea-Bissau 0.18 113 13 5 82 2000 144 Togo 0.17 28 53 2 45 2000 145 Iceland 0.17 567 34 66 0 2003 146 Rwanda 0.15 17 24 8 68 2000 147 Belize 0.15 556 7 73 20 2000 148 Benin 0.13 15 32 23 45 2001 149 Gabon 0.12 87 50 8 42 2000 150 Liberia 0.11 34 27 18 55 2000 151 Equatorial Guinea 0.11 220 83 16 1 2000 152 Papua New Guinea 0.1 17 56 43 1 1987 153 Brunei 0.09 243 NA NA NA cu 154 Barbados 0.09 333 33 44 22 2000 155 Fiji 0.07 82 14 14 71 2000 156 Luxembourg 0.06 121 42 45 13 1999 157 Lesotho 0.05 28 40 40 20 2000 158 Gambia, The 0.03 20 23 12 65 2000 159 Congo, Republic of the 0.03 8 59 29 12 2000 160 Central African Republic 0.03 7 80 16 4 2000 161 Malta 0.02 50 74 1 25 2000 162 Dominica 0.02 213 NA NA NA cu 163 Djibouti 0.02 25 84 0 16 2000 164 Cape Verde 0.02 39 7 2 91 2000 165 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.01 83 NA NA NA cu 166 Saint Lucia 0.01 81 NA NA NA cu 167 Comoros 0.01 13 48 5 47 1999 168 Antigua and Barbuda 0.005 63 60 20 20 1990 169 Maldives 0.003 9 98 2 0 1987 +List of countries by freshwater withdrawal +The fifth millennium of the Gregorian calendar will begin on January 1, 4001, and end on December 31, 5000. It will be the fifth millennium in the Anno Domini or Common Era. +Astronomical events +October 21: The Mayan king Pacal of Palenque predicted that on this date the eightieth Calendar Round anniversary of his accession will be celebrated. 49th century: The Great Comet of 1811 is expected to return to the inner solar system. According to calculations made at the time, the comet should return around the year 4876. +Other events +By this time, Earth will likely have undergone a geomagnetic reversal.[1] +References +Astronomical events +5001 September 11: Mercury occults Regulus. c. 5200: Iota Cephei replaces Gamma Cephei as the North Star, which it has been from around 3000. 5366 August 27: Venus occults Aldebaran, the first occultation of Aldebaran by a planet since July 15, 18,980 BC. +5898 August 30: Venus occults Regulus. c. 5965: the SNAP-10A falls back to Earth after 4000 years. 5974 September 25: Mercury occults Regulus. +Science predictions +5200: Formation of a Type II civilization under the Kardashev scale, according to Kardashev's extrapolation of 1% energy usage growth per year.[1] +Astronomical events +These are astronomical dates, so they are given in the astronomical format of Year Month Day, which allows them to be ordered. +6727 August 25: Mars occults Regulus for the first time since June 28, 17,619 BC. Despite the over 24,300 year wait, it will happen three more times over the next 677 years. 6757 July 5: There is anticipated to be a simultaneous solar eclipse and transit of Mercury, the first such simultaneous eclipse and planetary transit in over 13 millennia.[1] 6947 October 9: Mercury occults Regulus. +Other +In the year 6970, the Expo'70 Time Capsule from the year 1970, buried under a monument near Osaka Castle, Japan, is scheduled to be opened after 5000 years. The Age of Capricorn will end its 2000-year reign. By 7000 AD, Venus could feasibly have been terraformed, according to Martyn J. Fogg in Terraforming: Engineering Planetary Environments. +References +Astronomical events +All these dates are in a uniform time scale such as Terrestrial Time. When converted to our ordinary solar time or Universal Time, which is decidedly non-uniform, via ΔT, the dates would be about one day earlier. +7404 September 20: Mars occults Regulus. 7541 February 14: Jupiter occults Saturn.[2] 7541 June 18: Jupiter occults Saturn.[2] 7565 October 17: Mercury occults Regulus. ~7800: Plutoid 90377 Sedna will pass its aphelion in the decades around the year 7800. 7874 October 22: Mercury occults Regulus. +Science predictions +7800: Formation of a Type III Civilization under the Kardashev scale, according to Kardashev's extrapolation of 1% energy usage growth per year.[3] +Time capsule +The Crypt of Civilization, a time capsule located at Oglethorpe University in Atlanta, Georgia, is scheduled to be unsealed on May 28, 8113. +Astronomical events +When converted to our ordinary solar time or Universal Time, which is decidedly non-uniform, via ΔT, the dates would be about one day earlier. Because of this difference, these dates have no anniversary relation to historical dates and should not be linked to them. Furthermore, they are only astronomical dates, so they are given in the astronomical format of Year Month Day, which allows them to be ordered. +8018 December 30: Venus occults Regulus. 8059 July 20: Simultaneous annular solar eclipse and transit of Mercury.[1] 8136 September 6: Mercury occults Aldebaran. 8183 October 26: Mercury occults Regulus. +9361 August 4: Simultaneous annular solar eclipse and transit of Mercury.[1] 9622 February 4: Simultaneous annular solar eclipse and transit of Mercury.[1] 9682 November 16: Mercury occults Regulus. 9847 November 21: Mars occults Regulus. c. 9800: Earth's axial precession makes Deneb the North star.[2] 9966 August 11: Simultaneous total solar eclipse and transit of Mercury.[1] +Year 10,000 problem +Software that encodes the CE / AD calendar year of a date as a four-character binary-coded decimal will no longer be able to encode the contemporaneous date. +References +10th millennium +Birke Bruck is a German film and television actress.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Birke Bruck +Thomas Alder (1932–1968) was a German actor.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Fritz Alberti (October 22, 1877 – September 15, 1954) was a German actor.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Maria Andergast (4 June 1912 – 14 February 1995) was a German actress.[1] She appeared in more than 60 films between 1934 and 1974. +Selected filmography +References +External links +Valy Arnheim (1883–1950) was a German film actor.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +The Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (Greek: Ελληνική Ραδιοφωνία Τηλεόραση, Ellinikí Radiofonía Tileórasi or ERT, literally "Greek Radio-Television") is the state-owned public radio and television broadcaster for Greece. 100% of its funding comes from television licence fees. +History +Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation +Günther Ballier (18 October 1900 – 20 April 1980) was a German actor.[1] He appeared in more than 80 films and television shows between 1933 and 1975. +Selected filmography +References +External links +Karl Dannemann (22 March 1896 – 4 May 1945) was a German actor.[1] He appeared in more than 50 films between 1934 and 1945. +Selected filmography +References +External links +Peter Carsten (30 April 1928 – 20 April 2012)[1] was a German actor and film producer. +He appeared in 90 films between 1953 and 1999. +Selected filmography +References +External links +Paul Beckers (1 November 1878 – 27 April 1965) was a German actor.[1] He appeared in 23 films between 1918 and 1936. +Selected filmography +References +External links +Erica Beer (19 January 1925 – 27 December 2013)[1] was a German film actress. +She was born in Munich.[2] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Harry Frank (1896–1947) was a German actor. +Selected filmography +External links +Hans Marr (1878–1949) was a German actor. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Paul Wolfgang Mederow (30 June 1887 – 17 December 1974) was a German stage and film actor. +Mederow was born in Stralsund, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany and died at age 87 in Brissago, Ticino, Switzerland. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Paul Mederow +Rut Rex-Viehöver is a German actor and musician.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Ewald Balser (5 October 1898 – 17 April 1978) was a German film actor. +He appeared in 53 films between 1935 and 1975. +He was born in Elberfeld, Germany and died in Vienna, Austria. +Selected filmography +External links +Fita Benkhoff (1 November 1901 – 26 October 1967) was a German actress.[1] She appeared in more than 100 films between 1933 and 1967. +Selected filmography +References +External links +Albert Bessler (15 February 1905 – 4 December 1975) was a German film actor. +He appeared in 40 films between 1942 and 1975. +He was born in Hamburg, Germany and died in Berlin, Germany. +Selected filmography +External links +Rainer Brandt (born 19 January 1936) is a German film actor. +He appeared in 40 films between 1959 and 1986. +He was born in Berlin, Germany. +Selected filmography +Actor +German dubbing/voice acting +External links +Alfred Braun (1928) +Alfred Braun (13 May 1888 – 3 January 1978) was a German screenwriter, actor and film director. +Selected filmography +Actor +Director +Bibliography +External links +Ina Halley (January 9, 1927 – June 7, 1992) was a German actress. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Jens Harzer (born 14 March 1972) is a German actor. +He has appeared in 15 films since 1995. He won the Silver George for Best Actor at the 28th Moscow International Film Festival for his role in Running on Empty.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Weiß Ferdl (28 June 1883 – 19 June 1949) was a German actor.[1] He appeared in 19 films between 1928 and 1941. +Selected filmography +References +External links +Cele Abba (25 May 1906 – 1 January 1992) was an Italian actress, sister of actress Marta Abba. +She was born in Milan, Italy.[1] +Selected filmography +References +Dino Abbrescia (born Bernardo Abbrescia, 18 August 1966) is an Italian actor.[1] He appeared in more than forty films since 1998. +Selected filmography +Year Title Role Notes 2009 Cado dalle nubi 2007 Non pensarci 2061: An Exceptional Year 2005 Manual of Love 2003 I'm Not Scared 2002 Soul Mate +References +External links +Elga Brink (1905–1985) was a German film actress.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Lotte Stein (1894–1982) was a German actress. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Annemarie Steinsieck, 1917. +Annemarie Steinsieck (21 September 1889 – 29 August 1977) was a German actress.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Maria Ehrich (born 26 February 1993) is a German actress.[1] She appeared in more than twenty films since 2003. +Selected filmography +Film Year Title Role Notes 2014 Sapphire Blue Gwendolyn "Gwen" Shepherd 2013 Ruby Red Gwendolyn "Gwen" Shepherd 2004 My Brother Is a Dog +TV Year Title Role Notes 2013 Das Adlon. +Awards +2015: Goldene Kamera newcomer award[2] +References +External links +Ellen Bang was a German film actress.[1] She appeared in thirty films between 1934 and 1950. +Selected filmography +References +Bibliography +External links +Julia Haacke (born September 2, 1971 in Munich) is a German actress and voice actress. +Selected filmography +External links +Max Hiller (? - 18 December 1948) was a German actor.[1] He appeared in more than twenty films from 1917 to 1948. +Selected filmography +Year Title Role Notes 1944 The Buchholz Family 1938 The Blue Fox Nanon 1937 Unternehmen Michael 1930 The Last Company 1926 The Sweet Girl 1925 Fire of Love 1924 The Last Laugh +References +External links +Charlotte "Loo" Hardy (1898–1938) was a German film actress of the silent era.[1] She later emigrated to London where she died. +Selected filmography +References +Bibliography +External links +Loni Heuser (January 22, 1908 in Düsseldorf – March 6, 1999 in Berlin) was a German film actress.[1] +Partial filmography +References +External links +Hans Schlenck (born 14 March 1901 in Bischofsheim an der Rhön – 13 November 1944) was a German stage and film actor. +Selected filmography +External links +Tina Engel (born 6 April 1950) is a German actress. +She has appeared in 50 films and television shows since 1975. She starred in the 1981 film The Boat Is Full, which was entered into the 31st Berlin International Film Festival, where it won a Silver Bear.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Arthur Bergen (24 October 1875 - 1943) was an Austrian actor and film director. He died at Auschwitz concentration camp during the Holocaust. +Selected filmography +Actor +Screenwriter +Director +Bibliography +External links +Brian D. Turk is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Gabriel in the award-winning HBO television series Carnivàle. +Filmography +External links +Pertussis vaccine is a vaccine that protects against whooping cough.[1] There are two main types: whole-cell vaccines and acellular vaccines.[1] The whole-cell vaccine is about 78% effective while the acellular vaccine is 71–85% effective.[1][2] The effectiveness of the vaccines appears to decrease by between 2 and 10% per year with a more rapid decrease with the acellular vaccines. Vaccinating during pregnancy may protect the baby.[1] The vaccine is estimated to have saved over half a million lives in 2002.[3] +The World Health Organization and Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommend all children be vaccinated for pertussis and that it be included in routine vaccinations.[1][4] This includes for people who have HIV/AIDS. Three doses starting at six weeks of age are typically recommended in young children. Additional doses may be given to older children and adults. +The acellular vaccines are more commonly used in the developed world due to less side effects. Between 10 and 50% of people given the whole-cell vaccines develop redness at the injection site and fever. Febrile seizures and long periods of crying occur in less than one percent. +The pertussis vaccine was developed in 1926.[5] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication needed in a basic health system.[6] A version that also includes tetanus, diphtheria, polio, and Hib vaccine costs 15.41 USD per dose as of 2014.[7] +Rotavirus vaccine is a vaccine used to protect against rotavirus infections.[2] These viruses are the leading cause of severe diarrhea among young children.[2] The vaccines prevent 15 to 34% of severe diarrhea in the developing world and 37 to 96% of severe diarrhea in the developed world.[3] The vaccines appear to decrease the risk of death among young children due to diarrhea.[2] Immunizing babies appears to decrease rates of disease among among older people and those who have not been immunized.[4] +The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that rotavirus vaccine be included in routine immunizations especially in areas where the disease is common. This should be done along with promoting breastfeeding, handwashing, and good water and sanitation. It is given by mouth and requires two or three doses. +A prior version of the vaccine was linked to intussusception, but the current versions are not clearly linked. Due to a potential risk they are not recommended in babies who have had intussusception. The vaccines are made from weakened rotavirus.[2] +The vaccine first became available in the United States in 2006.[1] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication needed in a basic health system.[5] The wholesale cost is between 6.96 and 20.66 USD per dose as of 2014.[6] In the United States it is more than 200 USD.[7] As of 2013 there are two types of vaccine available globally, Rotarix and RotaTeq, with a number of others available in certain countries.[2] +Rubella vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent rubella.[1] Effectiveness begins about two weeks after a single dose and occurs in around 95%. Countries with high rates of immunization no longer see cases of rubella or congenital rubella syndrome. When there is a low level of childhood immunization in a population it is possible for rates of congenital rubella to increase as more women make it to child bearing age without either vaccination or exposure to the disease. +The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that the rubella vaccine be included in routine immunizations. If not all people are immunized at least women of childbearing age should be immunized. It should not be given to those who are pregnant or those with very poor immune function. +Severe allergies are rare. Rubella vaccine is available either by itself or in combination with other vaccines. Combinations include with measles and mumps vaccine (MMR vaccine) and measles, mumps and varicella vaccine (MMRV vaccine).[1] +A rubella vaccine was first licensed in 1969.[2] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication needed in a basic health system.[3] As of 2009 more than 130 included it in their routine immunizations.[1] The wholesale cost of the MMR vaccine is 0.24 USD per dose as of 2014.[4] +My Love Story!!, also known in Japan as It's My Story!! (Japanese: 俺物語!!, Hepburn: Ore Monogatari!!?), is a Japanese romantic comedy manga series written by Kazune Kawahara and illustrated by Aruko. The manga is currently being serialized in Shueisha's Bessatsu Margaret magazine and is published in English by Viz Media.[1] A television anime adaptation by Madhouse began airing in April 2015 and a live action film adaptation of the same name was released on October 31, 2015. +External links +Story +The story follows Takeo Gōda, a tall and muscular student who doesn't have much luck with women, as every girl he likes ends up falling for his best friend, Makoto Sunakawa, who is charming and good-looking. This all changes when he saves Rinko Yamato, a petite shy girl who, above all other expectations, falls in love with Takeo, beginning a unique love story. +Characters +Media +Manga +Anime +Film +Reception +References +The Microsoft Lumia 435[1] is a mobile phone developed by Microsoft Mobile Oy for emerging markets. It was introduced in January 2015 to compete with Google's Android One.[2][3] The phone offers Lumia Denim out of the box and comes pre-installed with Lumia Selfie.[4] +It is available on the US for $50.[5][6] +References +External links +Terence "Terry" Chi-Shen Tao FAA FRS (simplified Chinese: 陶哲轩; traditional Chinese: 陶哲軒; pinyin: Táo Zhéxuān) (born 17 July 1975, Adelaide), is an Australian-American mathematician who has worked in various areas of mathematics. He currently focuses on harmonic analysis, partial differential equations, algebraic combinatorics, arithmetic combinatorics, geometric combinatorics, compressed sensing and analytic number theory. +As of 2015[update], he holds the James and Carol Collins chair in mathematics at the University of California, Los Angeles. +Tao was a co-recipient of the 2006 Fields Medal and the 2014 Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics. +Tao's father, Dr. Billy Tao (Chinese: 陶象國; pinyin: Táo Xiàngguó), was a paediatrician who was born in Shanghai and earned a MBBS at University of Hong Kong in 1969.[2] Tao's mother, Grace (Chinese:梁蕙蘭, English: Leung Wai-lan), is a Hongkonger who got first-class honours in physics and mathematics at HKU, too.[3] She was a secondary school teacher of mathematics in Hong Kong.[4] They met at the university while they were studying there.[5] His parents are immigrants from Hong Kong to Australia.[6] +Tao has two brothers living in Australia, both of whom represented Australia at the International Mathematical Olympiad. +Nigel Tao was part of the team at Google Australia that created Google Wave.[7] He now works on the Go programming language. Trevor Tao has a double degree in mathematics and music and is an autistic savant.[7] +Tao, his wife Laura, an engineer at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory,[8] and their son and daughter live in Los Angeles, California. +Within the field of mathematics, Tao is known for his collaboration with Ben J. Green of Oxford University; together they proved the Green–Tao theorem. +Known for his collaborative mindset, by 2006 Tao had worked with over 30 others in his discoveries,[11] reaching 68 co-authors by October 2015. +References +Professional life +Death +Obedience to authority +Small world phenomenon +Lost letter experiment +Anti-social behavior experiment +See also +References +Further reading +External links +Biography +Early and personal life +Stanley Milgram Born (1933-08-15)August 15, 1933 New York City, New York, U.S. Died December 20, 1984(1984-12-20) (aged 51) Manhattan, New York City, New York, U.S. Cause of death Heart attack[1] Education Queens College, New York (B.A., Political Science, 1954) Harvard University (Ph.D., Social Psychology, 1960) Known for Milgram experiment Small world experiment Familiar stranger Title Professor[2] Spouse(s) Alexandra Menkin Milgram Children 2[2] Parent(s) Samuel and Adele Milgram[3] +Milgram, S. (1974), Obedience to Authority; An Experimental View ISBN 0-06-131983-X Milgram, S. (1977), The individual in a social world: Essays and experiments. 3rd expanded edition published 2010 by Pinter & Martin, ISBN 978-1-905177-12-7. Blass, T. (2004). +The Man Who Shocked the World: The Life and Legacy of Stanley Milgram. ISBN 0-7382-0399-8 Milgram, S. (1965), Liberating Effects of Group Pressure Milgram, S.; Liberty; II; Toledo, R.; Blacken, J. (1956). "Response to intrusion in waiting lines". +Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. +51: 683–9. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.4.683. Baumann, Michael; Leist, Anton, eds. (1998). +"Milgram und die Täter des Holocaust (1998 heft 1 abstracts)" [Milgram and the perpetrators of the Holocaust (1998 issue 1 abstracts)] (PDF). Analyse & Kritik (in German and English). Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag. +Stanley Milgram (August 15, 1933 – December 20, 1984) was an American social psychologist, best known for his controversial experiment on obedience conducted in the 1960s during his professorship at Yale.[4] Milgram was influenced by the events of the Holocaust, especially the trial of Adolf Eichmann, in developing the experiment. +After earning a Ph.D. in social psychology from Harvard University, he taught at Yale, Harvard, and then for most of his career as a professor at the City University of New York Graduate Center, until he died in 1984. His small-world experiment while at Harvard led researchers to analyze the degree of connectedness, including the six degrees of separation concept. Later in his career, Milgram developed a technique for creating interactive hybrid social agents (cyranoids), which has since been used to explore aspects of social- and self-perception. +He is widely regarded as one of the most important figures in the history of social psychology. +A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Milgram as the 46th-most-cited psychologist of the 20th century.[5] +Milgram, who was Jewish,[6] was born in 1933 in the Bronx in New York City,[7] the son of Adele (née Israel) and Samuel Milgram (1902–1953), who had emigrated to the United States from Romania and Hungary respectively during World War I.[8][9][10][11] He was the second of three children.[12][13] Milgram's family was affected by the Holocaust, and after the war members of his family who had survived Nazi concentration camps, and bore concentration camp tattoos, stayed with his family for a time.[14] +His Bar Mitzvah speech was on the subject of the plight of the European Jews and the impact that World War II events would have on Jewish people around the world.[13][15][16] He said, upon becoming a man under Jewish law: "As I ... find happiness in joining the ranks of Israel, the knowledge of the tragic suffering of my fellow Jews ... makes this ... an occasion to reflect upon the heritage of my people—which now becomes mine. ... I shall try to understand my people and do my best to share the responsibilities which history has placed upon all of us."[16] He later wrote to a friend from childhood: "I should have been born into the German-speaking Jewish community of Prague in 1922 and died in a gas chamber some 20 years later. How I came to be born in the Bronx Hospital, I'll never quite understand."[17] Milgram married his wife, Alexandra, in a ceremony at the Brotherhood Synagogue in Greenwich Village in Manhattan on December 10, 1961, and they had two children, Michele and Marc.[18] +Milgram's interest in the Holocaust had its basis in what his biographer, Professor Thomas Blass, referred to as Milgram's "lifelong identification with the Jewish people".[19] Author Kirsten Fermaglich wrote that Milgram as an adult had "a personal conflict as a Jewish man who perceived himself both as an outsider, a victim of the Nazi destruction, and as an insider, as scientist".[20] Alexandra stated that Milgram's Jewish identity led to his focus on the Holocaust and his obedience-to-authority research.[20] He shared this as well with Herbert Winer, one of his obedience study subjects, who noted after speaking to Milgram about the experiment that "Milgram was very Jewish. I was Jewish. We talked about this. +Milgram's father worked as a baker, providing a modest income for his family until his death in 1953 (upon which Stanley's mother took over the bakery). +Milgram attended PS 77 and James Monroe High School in the Bronx (which he graduated from in three years),[10][11] and excelled academically and was a great leader among his peers. By the time he was college age, his family had moved to nearby Queens.[15] In 1954, Milgram received his bachelor's degree in political science from Queens College in New York, which he attended tuition-free.[4] He also studied at Brooklyn College, where he received A-grades in "Psychology of Personality" and "An Eclectic Approach to Social Psychology".[6] He applied to a Ph.D. program in social psychology at Harvard University, and was initially rejected due to an insufficient background in psychology (he had not taken any undergraduate courses in psychology at Queens College). +He was eventually accepted to Harvard in 1954 after first enrolling as a student in Harvard's Office of Special Students.[4] +In 1960, Milgram received a Ph.D. in social psychology from Harvard. He became an assistant professor at Yale in the fall of 1960. +He served as an assistant professor in the Department of Social Relations at Harvard from 1963 to 1966 on a three-year contract. +The contract was then extended for one additional year, but with the lower rank of a lecturer.[21] Most likely because of his controversial obedience experiment, Milgram was denied tenure at Harvard. +In 1967 he accepted an offer to become a tenured full professor at the City University of New York Graduate Center, and he taught at City University until he died in 1984.[4][22] Milgram had a number of significant influences, including psychologists Solomon Asch and Gordon Allport.[23] +Milgram died on December 20, 1984, aged 51, of a heart attack in New York City. +It was his fifth heart attack.[22] He left behind a widow, Alexandra "Sasha" Milgram, a daughter, Michele Sara, and a son, Marc Daniel.[24] +In 1963, Milgram submitted the results of his obedience experiments in the article "Behavioral Study of Obedience". In the ensuing controversy, the American Psychological Association held up his application for membership for a year because of questions about the ethics of his work, but eventually did grant him full membership. Ten years later, in 1974, Milgram published Obedience to Authority. +He won the AAAS Prize for Behavioral Science Research in 1964, mostly for his work on the social aspects of obedience.[25] Inspired in part by the 1961 trial of Adolf Eichmann, his models were later also used to explain the 1968 My Lai Massacre (including authority training in the military, depersonalizing the "enemy" through racial and cultural differences, etc.). +He produced a film depicting his experiments, which are considered classics of social psychology. +An article in American Psychologist [26] sums up Milgram's obedience experiments: +On the one hand, the strapped learner demands to be set free, he appears to suffer pain, and going all the way may pose a risk to his health. On the other hand, the experimenter, if asked, insists that the experiment is not as unhealthy as it appears to be, and that the teacher must go on. In sharp contrast to the expectations of professionals and laymen alike, some 65% of all subjects continue to administer shocks up to the very highest levels. +More recent tests of the experiment have found that it only works under certain conditions; in particular, when participants believe the results are necessary for the "good of science".[27] +According to Milgram, "the essence of obedience consists in the fact that a person comes to view himself as the instrument for carrying out another person's wishes, and he therefore no longer sees himself as responsible for his actions. Once this critical shift of viewpoint has occurred in the person, all of the essential features of obedience follow." Thus, "the major problem for the subject is to recapture control of his own regnant processes once he has committed them to the purposes of the experimenter."[28] Besides this hypothetical agentic state, Milgram proposed the existence of other factors accounting for the subject's obedience: politeness, awkwardness of withdrawal, absorption in the technical aspects of the task, the tendency to attribute impersonal quality to forces that are essentially human, a belief that the experiment served a desirable end, the sequential nature of the action, and anxiety. +A competing explanation[26] of Milgram's results invokes belief perseverance as the underlying factor. What "people cannot be counted on is to realize that a seemingly benevolent authority is in fact malevolent, even when they are faced with overwhelming evidence which suggests that this authority is indeed malevolent. Hence, the underlying cause for the subjects' striking conduct could well be conceptual, and not the alleged 'capacity of man to abandon his humanity . . . as he merges his unique personality into larger institutional structures."' +Milgram's obedience experiments came under severe attacks. Some critics argued that the validity of these experiments hinged on the acting ability of the learner and experimenter and that most subjects probably sensed the unreality of the situation. Others questioned the relevance of these artificial laboratory setting to the real world. +The most devastating criticisms involved the ethics of the basic experimental design. Professor Milgram, for his part, felt that such misgivings were traceable to the unsavory nature of his results: "Underlying the criticism of the experiment," Milgram wrote, "is an alternative model of human nature, one holding that when confronted with a choice between hurting others and complying with authority, normal people reject authority." [29] +Daniel Raver looks back: +Even though Milgram’s personal interests were diverse, his greatest contribution to psychology came through one set of experiments, but in that set he contributed monumentally. He helped justify a science some dismiss as unimportant, contributed to the understanding of humanity, and, even if by way of attacks against him, contributed to the consideration of the treatment of research participants. +The six degrees of separation concept originates from Milgram's 1967 "small world experiment" that tracked chains of acquaintances in the United States. In the experiment, Milgram sent several packages to 160 random people living in Omaha, Nebraska, asking them to forward the package to a friend or acquaintance who they thought would bring the package closer to a set final individual, a stockbroker from Boston, Massachusetts. +Each "starter" received instructions to mail a folder via the U.S. Post Office to a recipient, but with some rules. Starters could only mail the folder to someone they actually knew personally on a first-name basis. When doing so, each starter instructed their recipient to mail the folder ahead to one of the latter's first-name acquaintances with the same instructions, with the hope that their acquaintance might by some chance know the target recipient. +Milgram monitored the progress of each chain via returned "tracer" postcards, which allowed him to track the progression of each letter. Surprisingly, he found that the very first folder reached the target in just four days and took only two intermediate acquaintances. Overall, Milgram reported that chains varied in length from two to ten intermediate acquaintances, with a median of five intermediate acquaintances (i.e. six degrees of separation) between the original sender and the destination recipient. +Milgram's "six degrees" theory has been severely criticized. He did not follow up on many of the sent packages, and as a result, scientists are unconvinced that there are merely "six degrees" of separation.[30] Elizabeth DeVita–Raebu has discussed potential problems with Milgram's experiment.[31] +In 2008, a study by Microsoft showed that the average chain of contacts between users of its '.NET Messenger Service' (later called Microsoft Messenger service) was 6.6 people.[32] +Milgram developed a technique, called the "lost letter" experiment, for measuring how helpful people are to strangers who are not present, and their attitudes toward various groups. Several sealed and stamped letters are planted in public places, addressed to various entities, such as individuals, favorable organizations like medical research institutes, and stigmatized organizations such as "Friends of the Nazi Party". Milgram found most of the letters addressed to individuals and favorable organizations were mailed, while most of those addressed to stigmatized organizations were not.[33][34] +In 1970–71, Milgram conducted experiments which attempted to find a correlation between media consumption (in this case, watching television) and anti-social behavior. The experiment presented the opportunity to steal money, donate to charity, or neither, and tested whether the rate of each choice was influenced by watching similar actions in the ending of a specially crafted episode of the popular series Medical Center.[34] +6 (2): 139–152. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) 1 2 "The Man Who Shocked the World: The Life and Legacy of Stanley Milgram - Thomas Blass - Google Books". +"From New Haven to Santa Clara : A Historical Perspective on the Milgram Obedience Experiments" (PDF). Uni-muenster.de. Retrieved 2016-05-05. +1 2 Thomas Blass. +"The Man Who Shocked the World: The Life and Legacy of Stanley Milgram". +Books.google.com. +Retrieved 2016-05-05. ↑ Tartakovsky, Margarita (2011-09-04). "Stanley Milgram & The Shock Heard Around the World | World of Psychology". Psychcentral.com. +Retrieved 2016-05-05. ↑ Thomas Blass. +"The Man Who Shocked the World: The Life and Legacy of Stanley Milgram". Books.google.com. p. 74. Retrieved 2016-05-05. ↑ Thomas Blass. +"From New Haven to Santa Clara : A Historical Perspective on the Milgram Obedience Experiments" (PDF). +Uni-muenster.de. +Retrieved 2016-05-05. 1 2 3 Kirsten Fermaglich. +"American Dreams and Nazi Nightmares: Early Holocaust Consciousness and ...". +Books.google.com. p. 100. +Retrieved 2016-05-05. ↑ "Stanley Milgram". faculty.frostburg.edu. +Retrieved 2015-10-23. 1 2 Philip Banyard; Cara Flanagan. "OCR Psychology: AS Core Studies and Psychological Investigations". +Books.google.com. p. 149. +Retrieved 2016-05-05. ↑ Cary L. Cooper (2004-10-01). +"A sparky study that tests your blind obedience". +Times Higher Education. Retrieved 2009-07-25. ↑ Goleman, Daniel (December 22, 1984). "Dr. Stanley Milgram, 51, ss dead". +New York Times. Retrieved 2008-08-07. +Dr. Stanley Milgram, a psychologist widely known for his experiments on obedience to authority, died of a heart attack Thursday night at the Columbia Medical Center. He was 51 years old and lived in New Rochelle, N.Y. Dr. Milgram, who was a professor of psychology at the Graduate ... ↑ "AAAS Prize for Behavioral Science Research". Archives.aaas.org. +Retrieved 2016-05-05. 1 2 Nissani, Moti (1990). "A cognitive reinterpretation of Stanley Milgram's observations on obedience to authority". +45: 1384–1385. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.45.12.1384. ↑ "The Bad Show". WNYC. Retrieved 19 April 2012. ↑ Milgram, Stanley (1974). +New York: Harper & Row. pp. xii, xiii. ↑ Milgram, Stanley (1974). Obedience to Authority. New York: Harper & Row. p. 169. ↑ "Could It Be A Big World After All?". +Flag of Ukraine +Public holidays in Ukraine +The following are public holidays in Ukraine.[1] +Date English name Ukrainian name Remarks January 1 New Year's Day Новий Рік January 7 Orthodox Christmas Різдво Religious holiday March 8 International Women's Day Міжнародний жіночий день moveable Orthodox Easter Великдень Religious holiday moveable Easter + 49 days Orthodox Pentecost Трійця Religious holiday May 9 Victory Day over Nazism in World War II День перемоги над нацизмом у Другій світовій війні To commemorate the end of World War II and the Allied victory over Nazi Germany. June 28 Constitution Day День Конституції To commemorate Ukraine's Constitution of 1996. August 24 Independence Day День Незалежності From the USSR in 1991 October 14[2] Defender of Ukraine Day День захисника України +References +Araya Mengesha (born March 9, 1989)[2] is a Canadian actor, best known for his roles as Kandae in Nurse.Fighter.Boy, Michael in Cul de sac and Zoffi in Ruby Skye P.I.: The Maltese Puppy. +Filmography +Year Title Role Notes 2002 Conviction William Conamacher TV Movie 2008 Nurse.Fighter.Boy Kandae TV Drama 2010 Nikita Ben Prentice TV series 2011 Degrassi: The Next Generation Frat Guy #1 TV Series 2012 Cul de sac Michael Short 2013 Saving Hope Den Bailli TV Series 2014 Ruby Skye P.I.: The Maltese Puppy Zoffi Web series 2014 Ryan Gosling Must Be Stopped Bus Stop Guy TV Mini-Series +References +External links +Astrid Frank (born 1945) is a retired German film and television actress.[1] +Selected filmography +References +Bibliography +External links +Karin Baal (born 19 September 1940), real name Karin Blauermel,[1] is a German film actress. She has appeared in more than 90 films since 1956. +Filmography +Films 1956: Die Halbstarken 1957: Der müde Theodor 1957: Jede Nacht in einem anderen Bett 1957: The Heart of St. Pauli 1958: Rosemary 1958: Der eiserne Gustav 1959: So angelt man keinen Mann 1959: Bobby Dodd greift ein 1959: Jons und Erdme 1959: Arzt ohne Gewissen 1959: Der Jugendrichter 1960: Wir Kellerkinder 1960: Juke box - Urli d'amore (it) 1960: The Young Sinner 1960: Und sowas nennt sich Leben! 1961: The Dead Eyes of London 1961: Vertauschtes Leben 1961: Blond muß man sein auf Capri 1961: Das letzte Kapitel 1962: So toll wie anno dazumal 1962: Voyage to Danger (de) (Zwischen Shanghai und St. Pauli) 1962: Straße der Verheißung 1962: Film an Bord 1963: Karibisches Vergnügen 1964: Mord am Canale Grande (Agent spécial à Venise) 1966: Ganovenehre (de) 1967: Der Hund von Blackwood Castle 1969: Hannibal Brooks 1972: What Have You Done to Solange? 1977: Gefundenes Fressen 1981: Lili Marleen 1981: Angels of Iron 1981: Desperado City 1981: Lola 1982: Deadly Game (Die Jäger) 1982: Der Mann auf der Mauer (de) 1984: Tausend Augen 1986: Rosa Luxemburg 1988: The Passenger - Welcome to Germany 1991: Im Kreise der Lieben 1992: Cosimas Lexikon 2001: Sass (de) 2004: Vinzent 2004: Das Kuckucksei 2005: Sieben Tage Sonntag Television 1963: Der Privatsekretär 1964: Spätsommer 1964: Das Blaue vom Himmel 1965: Michael Kramer 1966: Der Mann aus Brooklyn 1966: Ein Mädchen von heute 1966: Herr Puntila und sein Knecht Matti 1968: Tragödie auf der Jagd 1969: Ein Jahr ohne Sonntag (TV-Serie) 1973: Ein für allemal 1974: Haus ohne Hüter 1976: Erikas Leidenschaften 1976: Derrick - Season 3, Episode 5: "Schock" 1977: Haus der Frauen 1979: Drei Freundinnen 1979: Desperado 1979: Wunder einer Nacht 1979: Die Weber 1979/80: Berlin Alexanderplatz 1980: Derrick - Season 7, Episode 8: "Auf einem Gutshof" 1980: Sternensommer (Series) 1981: Derrick - Season 8, Episode 6 "Tod Eines Italieners" 1983: Liebe ist kein Argument 1984: Blaubart 1984: Der letzte Zivilist 1984: Tod eines Schaustellers 1984: Die Abschiebung 1984: Derrick - Season 11, Episode 8: "Ein Mörder zu wenig" 1985: Der Galaxenbauer 1986: ...ist nichts mehr wie vorher 1989: Der letzte Gast 1990: Marleneken 1993: Wenn Engel reisen (Series) 1995: Zu treuen Händen 1996: 5 Stunden Angst - Geiselnahme im Kindergarten 1998: Alice auf der Flucht / Angst im Nacken 2001: Der Tunnel 2002: Betty - Schön wie der Tod 2003: Für immer verloren 2004: Fliege hat Angst 2005: Irren ist sexy 2006: Blackout - Die Erinnerung ist tödlich 2007: Hurenkinder 2009: Pfarrer Braun +References +External links +Balduin Baas (9 June 1922 – 22 May 2006) was a German actor. +He appeared in 77 films and television shows between 1956 and 2002. +Selected filmography +External links +Carl Balhaus (4 November 1905 – 28 July 1968) was a German stage and film actor. +After the Second World War he worked as director for the East German state-owned studio DEFA. He was an uncle of the Academy Award nominated cinematographer Michael Ballhaus.[1] +Selected filmography +Actor +Director +Bibliography +External links +References +Charly Berger (born c. +1890) was an early German film actor. +Selected filmography +External links +Ursula Herking (28 January 1912 – 17 November 1974) was a German film actress. +She appeared in more than 130 films between 1933 and 1972. +She was born in Dessau, Germany and died in Munich, Germany. +Selected filmography +External links +Alf Marholm during Edgar Wallace meeting +Alf Marholm (1918–2006) was a German actor.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Liesl Karlstadt (12 December 1892 – 27 June 1960) was a German actress and cabaret performer.[1] Alongside Karl Valentin, she set the tone for a generation of popular culture in Munich.[2] She appeared in more than 75 films between 1913 and 1960. +Selected filmography +References +Further reading +External links +Carl Hinrichs +Carl Hinrichs (September 18, 1907 – December 7, 1967) was a German stage and film actor. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Karl Platen (6 March 1877 – 4 July 1952) was a German actor. +Karl Platen (1906) +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Thomas Jahn (born 9 July 1965) is a German film and television director. +Filmography +Feature films +TV film +Television series episodes +References +External links +Maria Paudler (20 June 1903 – 17 August 1990) was an Austro-Hungarian-born German actress. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Armin Rohde (born 4 April 1955) is a German actor. +Filmography +Year Title Role Notes 2012 Fünf Freunde Peters 2011 Contagion Damian Leopold 2010 Jew Suss: Rise and Fall Heinrich George 2005 A Sound of Thunder John Wallenbeck 1998 Run Lola Run Herr Schuster 1997 Life is All You Get Harri 1994 Der bewegte Mann Metzger 1992 Kleine Haie (de) Bierchen Schtonk! +Year Title Role Notes 2003 Das Wunder von Lengede 1996 Der Schattenmann +References +External links +Robert Scholz (23 April 1886 – 10 October 1927) was a German film actor of the silent era. +He appeared in 76 films between 1919 and 1928. +He was born in Germany and died in Berlin. +Selected filmography +External links +Otz Tollen (9 April 1882 – 19 July 1965) was a German actor and film director. +Selected filmography +Actor +Screenwriter +Bibliography +External links +Hans Sternberg (3 July 1878 – 13 May 1948) was a German stage and film actor. +Selected filmography +External links +Carl Sebastian Martin Wery (born Wery de Lemans, Trostberg, Upper Bavaria, 7 August 1894 – Munich, 14 March 1975, aged 80) was a German actor. +Filmography +Notes +External links +Bobby Todd (22 June 1904 – 7 September 1980) was a German film actor. +He appeared in 34 films between 1926 and 1961. +Selected filmography +External links +Robert Taube (1880–1961) was a Russian-born German stage and film actor. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Gerd Briese (25 December 1897 – August 1957) was a German film actor. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Paul Hermann Bildt (19 May 1885 – 13 March 1957) was a German film actor. +He appeared in more than 180 films between 1910 and 1956. +He was born and died in Berlin, Germany. +Selected filmography +External links +Beppo Brem was a German film actor,[1] who was in over 200 works.[2] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Betty Astor (21 April 1905 – 1972) was a German film actress. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Horst Birr (17 February 1912 – 8 October 1943) was a German actor.[1] He appeared in more than 40 films between 1934 and 1941. +Birr was a member of the Nazi Party.[2] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Victor Colani (1895–1957) was a German actor. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Victor Colani +Marie Schanzer von Bülow (1857–1941) was an Austrian-German stage and film actress. +In July 1882, she married the pianist and conductor Hans von Bülow. +Selected filmography +External links +Marie von Buelow at the Internet Movie Database +Eugen Burg, c. +1920. +Eugen Burg (January 6, 1871 – April 17, 1944) was a German film actor. +His daughter was Hansi Burg. +Burg was a close friend of the actor Hans Albers.[1] +Selected filmography +References +Bibliography +External links +Hansi Burg (1898–1975) was an Austrian-born German stage and film actress. +Filmography +Bibliography +External links +Heinz Baumann is a German actor.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Ferdinand von Alten (1885–1933) was a Russian-born German actor. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Elsa Bassermann (1878–1961) was a German screenwriter, stage and film actress. +She was married to Albert Bassermann and often acted with him. +As she was Jewish the couple had to leave Nazi Germany and go into exile in Switzerland and the United States. She later returned to Germany, where she died in 1961. +Partial filmography +Bibliography +External links +Michael Cramer (1 March 1930 in Wickrath - 28 November 2000 Munich) was a German actor. +Selected filmography +External links +Michael Cramer (actor) +Theodor Becker in 1920. +Theodor Becker (18 February 1880, Mannheim – 26 June 1952, Coppenbrügge) was a German stage and film actor. +He was married to Maria Fein and was the father of Maria Becker. +Becker acted mostly at the Niedersächsisches Staatstheater Hannover but also appeared on the Berlin stage as well as in a number of silent films. +Selected filmography +External links +Hanne Brinkmann (22 September 1895 – 29 July 1984) was a German actress.[1] She appeared in 24 films between 1915 and 1929. +Selected filmography +References +External links +Angela Brunner (1931–2011) was a German actress. +Selected filmography +External links +Walter Bluhm (1907–1976) was a German film and television actor. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Carl Theodor Auen (16 February 1892 – 23 June 1972) was a German film actor of the silent era. +He appeared in 119 films between 1914 and 1938. +Auen was a member of the Militant League for German Culture and also a member of the Advisory Council (Präsidialrat) of the president of the Reichsfilmkammer.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Lissy Arna (20 December 1900 – 22 January 1964) was a German film actress. +She appeared in 62 films between 1915 and 1962. +She starred in the 1931 film The Squeaker, which was directed by Martin Frič and Karel Lamač. +She Entered films in German silents and entered U.S. films in 1930.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Gaston Briese (1898–1953) was a German stage and film actor. +He appeared in more than forty films during his career, which spanned from the late silent era to the mid-1940s. +His final appearance was in the 1946 rubble film Somewhere in Berlin.[1] +Selected filmography +References +Bibliography +External links +The invasion of Iceland, codenamed Operation Fork, was a British military operation conducted by the Royal Navy and Royal Marines during World War II to occupy and deny Iceland to Germany. At the start of the war, Britain imposed strict export controls on Icelandic goods, preventing profitable shipments to Germany, as part of its naval blockade. Britain offered assistance to Iceland, seeking cooperation "as a belligerent and an ally", but Reykjavik declined and reaffirmed its neutrality. +Anita Bärwirth (August 30, 1918 – July 13, 1994) was a German gymnast who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics. +In 1936 she won the gold medal as member of the German gymnastics team. +References +Lambert Hamel (born 7 June 1940 in Ludwigshafen, Germany) is a German television and film actor. +Filmography +External links +Rolf Becker 2016 +Rolf Becker (born 31 March 1935 in Leipzig, Germany) is a German television actor. +By his first wife, actress Monika Hansen, he is the father of actor Ben Becker, and actress and singer Meret Becker. +Selected filmography +External links +Olivia Pascal (born Olivia Gerlitzki: May 26, 1957 in Munich, West Germany) is a German actress. +Selected filmography +External links +Olivia Pascal +Dietmar Bär. +Dietmar Bär (born February 5, 1961 in Dortmund) is a German actor. +Since 1997 he has starred in the Westdeutscher Rundfunk version of the popular television crime series Tatort. +Selected filmography +References +Ute Christensen (born December 21, 1955 in Neubrandenburg, Germany) is a German actress. +Selected filmography +External links +Irene Clarin (born 16 May 1955 in Munich, Germany) is a German television and theatre actress. +Selected filmography +External links +Thomas Drechsel (2014) +Thomas Drechsel (born 15 January 1987 in Berlin[1]) is a German actor. +Filmography +Cinema +Television +References +External links +Gundi Ellert (born September 8, 1951 in Lengenfeld, Germany) is a German television actress. +Selected filmography +External links +Paul Esser (24 April 1913 – 20 January 1988) was a German stage and television actor and voice actor. +He is remembered for playing the lead role in the Sender Freies Berlin version of the detective series Tatort. Esser was born in Geldern-Kapellen and died in Tenerife. +Selected filmography +References +Anton Feichtner (born 1942 in Garching, Germany) is a German television actor. +Selected filmography +External links +Stefano Abbati (born 23 February 1955) is an Italian actor.[1] He appeared in more than sixty films since 1983. +Selected filmography +Year Title Role Notes 1986 Devil in the Flesh The Moro Affair 1991 Ask for the Moon 1993 Where Are You? +References +External links +Antonio Acqua (5 November 1910, Rome - 18 October 1976, Rome ) was an Italian actor of the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s. +Selected filmography +External links +Hansi Jochmann (born 19 February 1953) is a German actress. +She appeared in more than seventy films since 1960. +Selected filmography +Year Title Role Notes Film 2014 Labyrinth of Lies 1996 Victory 1992 Shining Through 1960 The Fair +Year Title Role Notes TV 2003–2011 Pfarrer Braun Margot Roßhauptner +External links +Bully Buhlan (February 3, 1924 – November 7, 1982) was a German musician and actor.[1] +Selected filmography +References +Bibliography +External links +Silke Bodenbender (born 31 January 1974 in Bonn) is a German actress.[1] +Silke Bodenbender (2012) +Selected filmography +References +External links +Tino Mewes (born 5 April 1983) is a German actor.[1] He appeared in more than fifty films since 2002. +Selected filmography +Year Title Role Notes 2013 Zur Sache, Macho! 2011 205 – Room of Fear 2008 The Red Baron The Wave 2003 Liegen lernen 2002 Do Fish Do It? +References +External links +Katja Bennefeld was a German film actress, active in the 1930s.[1] +Selected filmography +References +Bibliography +External links +Renan Demirkan (born 12 June 1955) is a Turkish–German writer and actress. +Filmography +Publications +External links +Renan Demirkan +Hans Kremer (born 19 March 1954) is a German actor.[1] He appeared in more than fifty films since 1984. +Selected filmography +Year Title Role Notes 2008 The Red Spot 1995 The Promise 1986 Stammheim Jan-Carl Raspe +References +External links +Mark Keller (born 5 May 1965) is a German actor. +He is best known as detective André Fux in Alarm für Cobra 11 – Die Autobahnpolizei.[1] +Selected filmography +Year Title Role Notes 2000 I Love You, Baby 2005 Barfuss 2008 1½ Knights – In Search of the Ravishing Princess Herzelinde +References +External links +Dieter Mann +Dieter Mann (born 20 June 1941 in Berlin) is a German actor. +Filmography +References +Ali Ghito (1905–1983) was a German film actress.[1] +Selected filmography +References +Bibliography +External links +Walter Hugo Gross (5 February 1904 - 17 May 1989) was a German actor.[1] He appeared in more than one hundred films from 1933 to 1989. +Selected filmography +Year Title Role Notes 1974 Auch ich war nur ein mittelmäßiger Schüler One or the Other of Us 1961 Kauf dir einen bunten Luftballon 1960 Conny und Peter machen Musik 1958 Two Hearts in May The Green Devils of Monte Cassino Mikosch, the Pride of the Company 1957 Drei Mann auf einem Pferd 1956 If We All Were Angels Robert 1955 The Last Man Kellner Otto 1953 Wedding in Transit Gabor 1952 Homesick for You 1951 Queen of the Night Ganove 1946 Under the Bridges 1945 The Man in the Saddle 1943 Back Then Melody of a Great City 1939 Renate in the Quartet Shoulder Arms D III 88 1938 The Stars Shine 1936 The Hour of Temptation 1934 An Evening Visit Hearts are Trumps 1934 Rivalen der Luft +References +External links +Arno Assmann (30 July 1908 – 30 November 1979) was a German actor, film director and television writer. +He committed suicide. +Filmography +As an actor +As a director +External links +Robert Garrison (18 July 1872 – 6 January 1930) was a German film actor. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +The Constitution of Prussia (German: Verfassung von Preußen), was the constitution of the Free State of Prussia. It came into effect on 30 November 1920. +External links +Klaus Herm (13 January 1925; Berlin, Germany–24 May 2014) was a German television actor.[1] +Selected filmography +External links +Julia Biedermann (born 15 March 1963) is a German television actress.[1] +She has made 29 appearances mostly in television since 1981. In 1993 she appeared in the Austrian set comedy film Hochwürden erbt das Paradies. +References +Julia Biedermann +Peter Ehrlich (25 March 1933 – 26 July 2015) was a German television actor.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Peter Fricke (born 26 August 1939 in Berlin, Germany) is a German television actor. +Filmography (incomplete) +External links +Uwe Friedrichsen, 2010 +Uwe Friedrichsen (27 May 1934 in Hamburg, Germany – 30 April 2016) was a German television actor. +Selected filmography +External links +Dirk Galuba (born 28 August 1940 in Schneidemühl now Piła, Poland) is a German television actor. +Selected filmography +External links +Manfred Zapatka (b. +2 October 1942 in Bremen, Germany) is a German actor. +Selected filmography +Manfred Zapatka +External links +Rudi Godden (18 April 1907 – 4 January 1941) was a German singer and film actor, notable for his role in Nazi-era musical films such as Hello Janine! and Robert and Bertram. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Erna Fentsch (21 April 1909 – 26 November 1997) was a German actress and screenwriter.[1] She appeared 18 films between 1932 and 1944. +Selected filmography +References +External links +Erna Fentsch +Marek Harloff (born 22 April 1971) is a German actor.[1] He appeared in more than seventy films since 1984. +Selected filmography +References +External links +Sven Pippig (27 May 1963 – 25 September 2013) was a German actor.[1] He appeared in more than sixty films from 1993 to 2013. +Selected filmography +Year Title Role Notes 2012 Lore 2010 Henri 4 2009 Lilly the Witch: The Dragon and the Magic Book 2006 Four Minutes 2003 Wolfsburg 2002 FeardotCom 2001 Something to Remind Me TV +References +External links +Carsten Johannes Marcus Hübner (born 4 December 1972) is a German actor.[1] He appeared in more than eighty films since 2003. +Selected filmography +Year Title Role Notes 2011 The Good Neighbour Robert Gratez 2009 The Countess 2008 Hardcover 2007 The Three Robbers 2006 The Lives of Others +References +External links +Charly Hübner +Lucie Höflich playing Viola in the German version of Shakespeare's Twelfth Night in 1907 +Lucie Höflich was a German actress, teacher and head of the Staatliche Schauspielschule in Berlin. +She was born Helene Lucie von Holwede on 20 February 1883[1] in Hannover and died on 9 October 1956 in Berlin.[1][2] In 1937 she was named the Staats-Schauspielerin and in 1953 she was awarded the Bundesverdienstkreuz.[3] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Gernot Roll (born 9 April 1939 in Dresden) is a German cinematographer. +In several films he collaborated with directors Edgar Reitz and Sönke Wortmann. +Selected filmography +Film Year Title Director Notes 1970 The Last Escape Walter Grauman 1977 Zero Hour Edgar Reitz 1984 Heimat Edgar Reitz TV series 1994 Der bewegte Mann Sönke Wortmann 1996 Beyond Silence Caroline Link 2001 Nowhere in Africa Caroline Link +Awards +External links +Walter Giller in 1955 +Walter Giller (23 August 1927 – 15 December 2011) was a German actor.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Erich Adolf Dunskus (27 July 1890 – 25 November 1967) was a German film actor. +He appeared in 170 films between 1927 and 1966. +He was born in Pillkallen, East Prussia and died in Hagen, Germany. +Selected filmography +External links +Robert Dorsay (16 August 1904 – 29 October 1943) was a German actor, dancer, and singer. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Käthe (Katharina) Dorsch (29 December 1890 – 25 December 1957) was a German actress. +Selected filmography +External links +Harry Halm (1901–1980) was a German film actor. +He was the son of the Austrian director Alfred Halm. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Ernst Dumcke (13 November 1887 – 21 June 1940) was a German film actor. +Selected filmography +External links +Renate Blume (born 3 May 1944) is a German actress.[1] She has appeared in more than 70 films and television shows since 1964. +She was a member of the jury at the 14th Moscow International Film Festival.[2] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Renate Ewert (9 November 1933 in Königsberg, East Prussia, Germany - now Kaliningrad, Russia – 4 December 1966, Munich, West Germany) was a German actress.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Valerie Boothby (1906–1982) was a German actress. +Selected filmography +External links +Albert Eugen Rollomann (25 October 1909 – 5 August 1982), better known as Dieter Borsche, was a German actor. +He appeared in over 90 films between 1935 and 1981. He was born in Hanover, Germany and died in Nuremberg, Germany. +Selected filmography +External links +Paula Braend (1905–1989) was a German actress. +Selected filmography +External links +Grit Hegesa (1891–1972) was a German dancer and silent film actress. +She appeared in seventeen films, including Ewald André Dupont's Whitechapel.[1] She was born Caroline Margaretha Schmidt. +Selected filmography +References +Bibliography +External links +Leonhard Haskel (7 April 1872 – 30 December 1923) was a German stage and film actor and drama teacher. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Andrews Engelmann (23 March 1901 – 25 February 1992) was a Russian-born German actor. +He worked primarily in Germany, where he specialised in playing Russian roles, but also appeared in a number of British films during his career. +He was born as Andrei Engelman and also credited by various other names during his career including André von Engelman. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Heidy Bohlen is a German film actress.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Grete Berger (1883–1930) was a German actress. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +External links +Matthias Habich (born 12 January 1940) is a German actor. +Films (selection) +Paul Biensfeldt (1869–1933) was a German stage and film actor. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Erwin Biegel (March 25, 1896 – May 24, 1954) was a German stage and film actor who appeared in over eighty feature films in a variety of supporting roles. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Friedrich Emil Rittershaus (3 April 1834 – 8 March 1897) was a German poet. +Works +References +Ann Cotten (born 1982, Ames, Iowa) is an American-born German writer. +Publications +External links +Karl Friedrich Henckell, c. +Karl Friedrich Henckell (17 April 1864, Hanover – 30 July 1929, Lindau) was a German author, poet, and publisher. +Works +References +External links +Toni Impekoven (1881–1947) was a German actor and writer. +Impekovenw was a popular playwright, who co-authored the hit comedy The Scoundrel with Hans Reimann. +The play was turned into films on two occasions.[1] He was the brother of Sabine Impekoven and the wife of Frieda Impekoven, with whom he had a daughter Niddy Impekoven. +Selected filmography +References +Bibliography +External links +Armin Meier (1943-1978) was a German actor, best known for his performances in films of Rainer Werner Fassbinder. +Filmography +References +External links +Jonas Berg live (2014) +Jonas Merlin Berg (born 13 October 2001 in Bielefeld, Germany) is a German comedian.[1] +Filmography +References +External links +Niels Ruf in August 2011 +Niels Ruf (born 21 May 1973 in Worms) is a German television presenter, author and actor.[1][2][3][4][5] +External links +References +Zoltan Spirandelli is a German film director, actor, producer and screenwriter.[1] +Filmography +Awards +References +Radost Bokel in 2012. +Radost Bokel (born 4 June 1975 in Bad Langensalza) is a German actress. +Life +Bokel works as an actress in Germany. As a child, she starred in the film Momo.[1] Later she appeared in several other German films.[2] In 2008, Bokel married singer Tyler Woods. +She lives with her family in Raleigh, North Carolina, in the United States. +Filmography +Awards +References +External links +Leonard Carow (born 26 June 1994) is a German actor. +He has appeared in several German television films and series, and in Steven Spielberg's 2011 film, War Horse. +Filmography +Cinema +Television +External links +Tristano Alessandro Casanova (born 13 October 1983) is a German actor and voice actor. +Early life +Casanova born in München, Italian and American parents. +Filmography +Films +External links +Hansi Kraus (born 26 June 1952 in Gliwice, Silesia, Poland is a German actor. His real name is Hans Krause. +Filmography (Selection) +External links +Nick Romeo Reimann (born 14 January 1998 in Munich) is a German actor. +Filmography +Awards and nominations +References +External links +Karin Kiwus (born 9 November 1942) is a German poet[1] from Berlin. +After studying journalism, German studies and politology she worked as an editor as well as a university teacher in Austin, Texas. She was the domestic partner of the German film director Frank Beyer until his death in 2006. She has been active in the field of collaborative poetry, writing renshi under the guidance of Makoto Ooka.[2] +Works +References +Annett Renneberg (Born 16 March 1978 Rudolstadt) is a German actress and singer. +Theater +Film +Television +Awards +External links +Lya Lys (18 May 1908 – 2 June 1986) was a German-born actress. +Lya Lys Feit died on 2 June 1986 at Hoag Memorial Hospital in Newport Beach, from heart failure at the age of 78. +She was survived by George Feit, her husband of 32 years, daughter Joyce Wells and two grandchildren.[13] +Filmography +Quote +Source +External links +Claire Rommer (7 December 1904 – 19 August 1996) was a German actress. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Ada Svedin (1900–1975) was a German stage and film actress.[1] +Selected filmography +References +Bibliography +External links +Ursula Lingen (9 February 1928, Berlin – 20 October 2014, Vienna)[1] was a German-Austrian actress. +Selected filmography +References +External links +Lotte Lorring (1893–1939) was a German stage and film actress.[1] +Selected filmography +References +Bibliography +External links +Monika Lundi is a German television and film actress.[1] +Selected filmography +Television +References +External links +Margot Hielscher at the Eurovision Song Contest 1958 +Margot Hielscher (born 29 September 1919 in Berlin) is a German singer and film actress. +She appeared in over fifty films between and 1939 and 1994. +Selected filmography +External links +Trude Hesterberg (2 May 1892 – 31 August 1967) was a German film actress. +She appeared in 89 films between 1917 and 1964. +Selected filmography +External links +Lucie Mannheim (30 April 1899 – 28 July 1976) was a German singer and actress. +Filmography +External links +Inge Meysel (30 May 1910 – 10 July 2004) was a German actress. +From the early 1960s until her death, Meysel was one of Germany's most popular actresses. +She had a successful stage career and played more than 100 roles in film and on television. +Selected filmography +External links +Jan Sosniok (born 14 March 1968 in Gummersbach) is a German actor. +Filmography +Theatre +Television +Film +External links +Blanche Kommerell (born 10 March 1950) is a German actress and writer.[1] She appeared in more than fifty films since 1962. +Selected filmography +Film Year Title Role Notes 1975 Jacob the Liar 1971 Effi Briest 1966 The Sons of Great Bear 1962 Rotkäppchen +References +External links +Ulrich Gebauer (born 28 January 1956) is a German actor.[1] He appeared in more than eighty films since 1981. +Selected filmography +Year Title Role Notes 2016 Gut zu Vögeln 2012 Die Kirche bleibt im Dorf 2002 A Map of the Heart 1988 The Cat Ehser +References +External links +Carl Geppert was a German actor.[1] He appeared in more than fifty films from 1919 to 1932. +Selected filmography +Year Title Role Notes 1931 Once I Loved a Girl in Vienna 1930 Pension Schöller 1929 The Gypsy Chief We Stick Together Through Thick and Thin Revenge for Eddy 1928 You Walk So Softly Robert and Bertram Herkules Maier Love and Thieves 1927 The Beggar from Cologne Cathedral Weekend Magic The False Prince The Pink Slippers 1926 The Bohemian Dancer The Flight in the Night We'll Meet Again in the Heimat 1925 Countess Maritza Curfew Women You Rarely Greet 1924 By Order of Pompadour 1923 The Woman Worth Millions Friend Ripp 1922 Tingeltangel Lola Montez, the King's Dancer The Count of Charolais 1921 The Secret of Satana Magarita Lady Hamilton 1920 Whitechapel +References +External links +Oliver Stritzel (2010) +Oliver Stritzel (born 9 March 1957) is a German actor and voice actor from Berlin. +Roles +Acting Roles +Television animation +Theatrical animation +Live action dubbing +External links +7008330264000000000♠10 years, 170 days Angela Merkel since 2005 +This is a list of Chancellors of the Federal Republic of Germany by time in office. This is based on the difference between dates; if counted by number of calendar days all the figures would be one greater. (Note that the shortest-reigning and longest-reigning pope lists use numbers of calendar days.) +# in office Chancellor Time in office Rank 6 Helmut Kohl 7008507168000000000♠16 years, 26 days 1 1 Konrad Adenauer 7008444484800000000♠14 years, 31 days 2 8 Angela Merkel 7008330264000000000♠10 years, 170 days 3 5 Helmut Schmidt 7008264384000000000♠8 years, 138 days 4 7 Gerhard Schröder 7008223149600000000♠7 years, 26 days 5 4 Willy Brandt 7008143337600000000♠4 years, 198 days 6 2 Ludwig Erhard 7007986472000000000♠3 years, 46 days 7 3 Kurt Georg Kiesinger 7007911088000000000♠2 years, 324 days 8 +List of Chancellors of the Federal Republic of Germany by time in office +Karin Evans (1907–2004) was a South African-born German stage and film actress. +Evans was born in Johannesburg to one British and one German parent. In 1923 she moved to Berlin to study theatre, and began performing in the stage productions of Max Reinhardt. She made her film debut in the 1927 silent crime film The Trial of Donald Westhof (1927) and then appeared intermittently in a mixture of leading and supporting roles. +In 1964 she appeared in the comedy Fanny Hill[1] which proved to be her final screen appearance. She was married to the painter Wolf Hoffman. +Selected filmography +References +Bibliography +External links +Else Elster (1910–1998) was a German actress who appeared in over forty films during the Weimar and Nazi eras. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Rudolf Fernau (7 January 1898 – 4 November 1985) was a German film actor. +He appeared in 53 films between 1936 and 1982. +He was born and died in Munich, Germany. +Selected filmography +External links +Gustav Botz (1883–1932) was a German actor. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Karl Etlinger (16 October 1879 – 8 May 1946) was a German film actor. +He appeared in 117 films between 1914 and 1946. +Selected filmography +External links +Fritzi Haberlandt at the 2013 Berlin Film Festival +Fritzi Haberlandt (born 6 June 1975, East-Berlin) is a German actress. She studied theatre at the Ernst Busch Academy of Dramatic Arts. Early in her career she played the role of Lucile Duplessis in Danton's Death with the Berliner Ensemble in a production directed by Robert Wilson. +She has appeared in such films as Learning to Lie, The Moon and Other Lovers, Cold Is the Breath of Evening and Summer Window. +Selected filmography +External links +Karl Conrad Elzer (2 August 1881 – 30 August 1938) was a German film actor. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Horst Frank (28 May 1929 – 25 May 1999) was a German film actor. +He appeared in more than 100 films between 1955 and 1999. +He was born in Lübeck, Germany and died in Heidelberg, Germany.[1][2][3] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Volker von Collande (21 November 1913 – 29 October 1990) was a German actor and film director.[1] He appeared in more than 40 films between 1934 and 1987. +He also directed more than 20 films between 1942 and 1967. +Collande was a member of the Nazi Party.[2] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Kai Fischer (born 18 March 1934) is a German film actress. +She has appeared in 54 films between 1955 and 1999. +Selected filmography +External links +Ursula Grabley (8 December 1908 – 3 April 1977) was a German actress.[1] She appeared in more than 80 films and television shows between 1929 and 1977. +Selected filmography +References +External links +Robert Naegele was a German film and television actor.[1][2] +Selected filmography +Film +Television +References +Bibliography +External links +External links +Joseph Offenbach (born Joseph Ziegler; 28 December 1904 – 15 October 1971) was a German actor.[1] He appeared in more than one hundred films from 1942 to 1969. +Selected filmography +Year Title Role Notes 1971 The Captain 1965 4 Schlüssel 1963 Homesick for St. Pauli 1961 Via Mala The Liar Freddy and the Millionaire The Forger of London The Dead Eyes of London 1960 The Ambassador 1959 Der Schinderhannes 1958 Thirteen Old Donkeys The Girl from the Marsh Croft Man in the River 1957 Love from Paris Tired Theodore Queen Louise At the Green Cockatoo by Night 1956 The Captain from Köpenick The Trapp Family 1955 Des Teufels General Ingrid – Die Geschichte eines Fotomodells 1954 Canaris 1953 The Flower of Hawaii 1952 Unter den tausend Laternen 1951 You Have to be Beautiful 1950 Chased by the Devil 1947 The Millionaire 1944 I Need You 1943 The Endless Road +References +Shoko Aida (相田 翔子, Aida Shōko?, born 23 February 1970) is a female J-Pop artist and actress. She was born in Higashimurayama, Tokyo, and debuted as a member of the J-Pop duo Wink. She began working as a solo artist on 1 April 1996, one month after Wink dissolved. +Discography +Singles +Albums +Compilations +DVD +Filmography +Araburu Tamashiitachi Yurusarezaru Mono (March 2003), directed by Shunji Miike Hana and Alice (March 2004), directed by Shunji Iwai Rainbow Song (October 2006), directed by Naoto Kumazawa, produced by Shunji Iwai +External links +The Star Trek film series is the cinematic branch of the Star Trek media franchise, which began in 1966 as a weekly television series on NBC, running for three seasons until it was canceled in 1969 because of poor ratings. +Reruns of the series proved to be wildly successful in syndication during the 1970s, which persuaded the series' then-owner, Paramount Pictures, to expand the franchise. +Paramount originally began work on a Star Trek feature film in 1975 after lobbying by the creator of the franchise, Gene Roddenberry. The studio scrapped the project two years later in favor of creating a television series, Star Trek: Phase II, with the original cast. +However, following the huge success of Star Wars and Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Paramount changed its mind again, halting production on the television series and adapting its pilot episode into the Star Trek feature film, Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979). Five more films featuring the entire original cast followed. The cast of the 1987–1994 spin-off series Star Trek: The Next Generation starred in a further four films. +After a 6-year hiatus following the release of Star Trek: Nemesis (2002), a new film was released on May 16, 2009, simply titled Star Trek, serving as a reboot to the franchise with a new cast portraying younger versions of the original series' characters. A sequel to Star Trek (2009), Star Trek Into Darkness, was released in theaters on May 16, 2013. A second sequel, Star Trek Beyond, was released on July 22, 2016, on the franchise's 50th anniversary. +Star Trek (film series) +Mikhail Andreyevich Suslov (Russian: Михаи́л Андре́евич Су́слов; 21 November [O.S. 8 November] 1902 – 25 January 1982) was a Soviet statesman during the Cold War. He served as Second Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1965, and as unofficial Chief Ideologue of the Party until his death in 1982. Suslov was responsible for party democracy and the power separation within the Communist Party. +Bibliography +Mikhail Suslov +SuperStar SMTOWN is a South Korean rhythm game developed by Dalcomsoft Inc. which was first launched on Google Play in August 2014. The game features songs by artists of the entertainment company, S.M. Entertainment, such as BoA, TVXQ, Super Junior and Girls' Generation.[1] 'SMTOWN' is the umbrella name for S.M. Entertainment's recording artists. The game is available in the South Korean, Thailand, and just recently the Singaporean, Malaysian, Hong Kong and Philippine market and is in English and Korean.[2][3] +SuperStar SMTOWN is a score-based, note-matching music game. The goal is to complete a song and unlock the following song in three levels: Easy, Medium and Hard.[4] As of July 20, 2016, the game features more than 260 songs from 26 solo artists, groups and units of SM Entertainment. +Background and history +S.M. Entertainment, one of the top entertainment companies in South Korea, launched the game in August 2014 and said they wanted K-pop fans to enjoy both the game and their favorite celebrities. It was first released on Google Play, but was made available for the iOS in the next month.[1] +Months after the departure of former Girls' Generation member Jessica Jung and former EXO member Lu Han from the company and their respective groups, S.M. Entertainment announced that the artists' 'Star Cards' will be removed from the game and gave the players the option to trade their cards for other artists' cards. On April 8, 2015, both cards were removed from the game.[6] +Like most rhythm games, players tap colored bars when they descend and reach the bar at the bottom of the screen, hitting them on time correctly to gain 'rhythm points', with combos gaining more points. After each song, scores are recorded and enables the player to compare scores with other players online. With enough points, a player can go up a rank on the player chart. +'Star Cards' (Cards that feature the solo artists and individual group members of S.M. Entertainment) is also a feature of the game. New cards are earned after completing a song, although a player may purchase them from the game's store in packs. When equipped, cards enable the player to gain more points, with an even bigger advantage if the player collects all the cards that corresponds to the theme of the group or artist. +'Headphones' act as lives which are used everytime a song plays. Headphones may be earned when a song is completed, but when a player runs out of headphones, they will be unable to play and must wait five minutes to get another one or by purchasing headphones from the store. Headphones are gained after every 5 minutes, but only a maximum of five can be stored. +References +On March 4, 2015, Daum Kakao announced that it will jointly publish the game with China's mobile game publisher, Chukong.[5] +Gameplay +Soundtrack +SuperStar SMTOWN has more than 260 songs from 26 of S.M. Entertainment's boy groups, girl groups, sub-groups and solo artists, namely: BoA, TVXQ!, Super Junior, KyuHyun, Super Junior-D&E, M&D, RYEOWOOK, YESUNG, Super Junior-M, Henry, ZhouMi, Girls' Generation, Girls' Generation-TTS, TAEYEON, TIFFANY. SHINee, TAEMIN, JONGHYUN, f(x), AMBER, LUNA, EXO-K, EXO-M, Red Velvet and [127. Songs by the S.M. unit, S.M. the Ballad and SMTOWN are also included. +The songs must be unlocked in all three levels of the game, Easy, Medium and Hard. Below is a list of songs available for the game: +Artist Song title BoA "Only One" TVXQ! "수리수리 (Spellbound)" EXO-K "December, 2014 (The Winter's Tale)" EXO-M "December, 2014 (The Winter's Tale)" JONGHYUN "NEON" KyuHyun "Eternal Sunshine" TAEMIN "괴도 (Danger)" YESUNG "문 열어봐 (Here I am)" SHINee "Love Sick" TAEYEON "I (feat. +Foxes are small-to-medium-sized, omnivorous mammals belonging to several genera of the family Canidae. Foxes are slightly smaller than a medium-size domestic dog, with a flattened skull, upright triangular ears, a pointed, slightly upturned snout, and a long bushy tail (or brush). +Mieko Matsuki (松木 美愛子, Matsuki Mieko, September 14, 1977 – October 27, 2015), better known by her stage name Miyu Matsuki (松来 未祐, Matsuki Miyu) was a Japanese voice actress from Kure, Hiroshima, best known for her work in anime. +She was affiliated with 81 Produce at the time of her death.[1] +Matsuki had been under treatment for acute pneumonia from July 14, 2015 until her death on October 27, 2015 in Tokyo from lymphoma caused by Chronic active EBV infection.[2][3][4][5] At the time of her death, she was cast as Charlotte Dimandias in the anime Hundred.[2] She is replaced by Yui Horie, Kana Asumi, Reina Ueda and Noriko Shitaya from her ongoing roles. +Miyu Matsuki +A Thai passport +Visa requirements for Thai citizens are administrative entry restrictions imposed on citizens of Thailand by the authorities of other states. In February 2016, Thai citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 71 countries and territories, ranking the Thai passport 67th in the world according to the Visa Restrictions Index.[1] +Visa requirements map +Visa requirements +Japanese encephalitis vaccine is a vaccine that protects against Japanese encephalitis.[1] The vaccines are more than 90% effective. How long this protection lasts is not clear but its effectiveness appears to decrease over time. They are given either by injection into a muscle or just under the skin.[1] +Extra doses are not typically needed in areas where the disease is common. In those with HIV/AIDS or those who are pregnant an inactivated vaccine should be used. Immunization of travellers who plan to spend time outdoors in areas areas where the disease is common is recommended.[1] +Pain and redness may occur at the site of injection. As of 2015, 15 different vaccines are available. Some are based on recombinant DNA techniques, others are weakened virus, and others are inactivated virus.[1] +The Japanese encephalitis vaccines first became available in the 1930s.[2] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication needed in a basic health system.[3] In the United States it costs between 100 and 200 USD for a course of immunizations.[4] +Pneumococcal vaccines are vaccines against the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae.[1] There use can prevent some cases of pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. There are two types of pneumococcal vaccines: conjugate vaccines and polysaccharide vaccines. They are given either by injection into a muscle or just under the skin.[1] +This includes in those with HIV/AIDS. Three or four doses are recommended which is between 71 and 93% effective at preventing severe disease. The polysaccharide vaccines while effective in otherwise healthy adults are not effective in children less than two years old or those with poor immune function.[1] +With the conjugate vaccine about 10% of babies develop redness at the site of injection, fever, or change in sleep. Fever may also occur. Severe allergies are very rare.[1] +The first pneumococcal vaccine was developed in the 1980s.[1] They are on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication needed in a basic health system.[2] The wholesale cost is about 17 USD per dose as of 2014.[3] In the United States it is between 25 and 100 USD.[4] +In an effort to improve fuel efficiency, McDonnell Douglas designed the MD-11's center of gravity to be much further aft than other commercial aircraft. There was also a fuel-ballast tank in the MD-11's horizontal stabilizer since its tailplane was smaller than the DC-10's to improve fuel efficiency, but this was found to inhibit the MD-11's crosswind performance.[4] These design features significantly reduced the MD-11's margin for error during the takeoff and landing phases, making it more difficult to handle than the smaller DC-10.[5] A number of operators have introduced special training to assist crews in safely handling the MD-11's critical phases of flight.[47] +Specifications +The MD-11 has had problems with its flight control systems that have resulted in multiple accidents and incidents since the aircraft's introduction.[45] The initial design of the slat/flap lever in the cockpit was conducive to accidental dislodgement by crew in flight. The defect has been corrected since 1992.[46] In the early 2000s, Boeing improved the flight control software at the urging of the FAA to reduce the possibility of violent unintentional pitch movements.[45] +Deliveries +The McDonnell Douglas MD-11 is an American three-engine medium- to long-range wide-body jet airliner, manufactured by McDonnell Douglas and, later, by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. Based on the DC-10, it features a stretched fuselage, increased wingspan with winglets, refined airfoils on the wing and smaller tailplane, new engines and increased use of composite materials. Two of its engines are mounted on underwing pylons and a third engine at the base of the vertical stabilizer. +It also features a glass cockpit that decreases the flight deck crew from the three required on the DC-10 to two by eliminating the need for a flight engineer. +While continuing their research for a new aircraft, McDonnell Douglas designated the program DC-10 Super 60, previously known for a short time as DC-10 Super 50. The Super 60 was to be an intercontinental aircraft incorporating many aerodynamic improvements in the wings, and a fuselage lengthened by 26 feet 8 inches (8.13 m) to allow for up to 350 passengers to be seated in a mixed-class layout, compared to 275 in the same configuration of the DC-10.[2] +It would be capable of carrying up to 350 passengers (mixed class) or 440 passengers (all-economy), similar to the later Boeing 777-200 or the Airbus A330-300/A340-300/500. Finally, the series 63 would have incorporated the same fuselage as the DC-10-61 as well as all the larger wing of the -62. After high-profile accidents in the 1970s, such as Turkish Airlines Flight 981 and American Airlines Flight 191, the trijet's reputation was seriously damaged by doubts regarding its structural integrity. +McDonnell Douglas was again planning new DC-10 versions that could incorporate winglets and more efficient engines developed at the time by Pratt & Whitney (PW2037) and Rolls-Royce (RB.211-535F4). The manufacturer finally rationalized all these studies under the MD-EEE (Ecology-Economy-Efficiency) designation, that was later modified to the MD-100 following some more changes. The MD-100 was proposed in two versions: the Series 10, having an airframe shorter by 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) compared to the DC-10 and seating up to 270 passengers in a mixed-class configuration; and the Series 20, incorporating a fuselage stretch of 20 ft 6 in (6.25 m) over the DC-10 and able to seat up to 333 passengers in the same kind of configuration as the Series 10. +The lack of innovation from McDonnell Douglas during the MD-11's design had been attributed to the company's declining cash flow, as it struggled with problems with its military contracts and declining orders for its commercial jets.[3] Limited company resources resulting in the MD-11 being developed as a refinement of the existing DC-10, in contrast to rivals Airbus and Boeing who during this time period developed all-new aircraft designs would become the Airbus A330/A340 and Boeing 777. As a trijet the MD-11 was less fuel-efficient but had a greater range than its mid-size widebody contemporaries which were twinjets, the existing Boeing 767 and upcoming Airbus A330.[4] Aerospace consultant Scott Hamilton, in a 2014 article, said that the MD-11 was "classically ill-timed" as "it came at the end of the three- or four-engine era, just ahead of the real move to ETOPS with the 777".[5] +Launch and production +An MD-11 (left) and DC-10 comparison +On December 30, 1986, McDonnell Douglas launched the MD-11 with commitments for 52 firm orders and 40 options[6] in three different versions (passenger, combi and freighter) from ten airlines (Alitalia, British Caledonian, Dragonair, FedEx Express, Finnair, Korean Air, Scandinavian Airlines System, Swissair, Thai Airways International, and VARIG)[6] and two leasing companies (Guinness Peat Aviation and Mitsui).[6] Orders from Dragonair, Scandinavian and UTA,[6] an undisclosed customer, were canceled by 1988. +Cockpit of an Aeroflot-Cargo's MD-11F +It failed to meet its targets for range and fuel burn.[8] American Airlines in particular was unimpressed with the 19 MD-11s that it received, as was Singapore Airlines who canceled their order for 20 MD-11s and instead ordered ordered 20 Airbus A340-300s. American Airlines cited problems with the performance of the airframe and the Pratt & Whitney PW4000 engines, while Singapore Airlines stated that the MD-11 could not operate on the airline's long haul routes.[9] Pre-flight estimates indicated that the P&W-powered MD-11 was to have a 7,000 nautical miles (13,000 km) range with 61,000 pounds (28,000 kg) of payload. With the Phase 1 drag reduction in place then, the aircraft could only achieve its full range with 48,500 pounds (22,000 kg) of payload, or a reduced range of 6,493 nautical miles (12,025 km) with a full payload.[10] +On April 6, 1993, China Eastern Flight 583, an MD-11 went into severe oscillations when a crew member accidentally deployed the slats during cruise flight over the Pacific Ocean near the Aleutian Islands. Two passengers were seriously injured and later died.[37] On July 31, 1997, FedEx Express Flight 14, MD-11 N611FE, crashed during a landing at Newark Liberty International Airport, New Jersey. The aircraft flipped onto its back and subsequently burned, following a landing attempt from an unstabilized flare. +The cause of the crash was determined to be a fire caused by improper wiring of passenger entertainment system units added for Swissair. The fire started at the front of the aircraft and quickly grew uncontrollable, attributed partly to the poor flame retardant properties of its metalized mylar insulation. On April 15, 1999, Korean Air Cargo Flight 6316, MD-11, registration number HL7373, crashed shortly after takeoff while operating cargo flight KE6316 from Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport to Seoul. +The MD-11X-10, based on a DC-10-30 airframe, offered a range of 6,500 nautical miles (12,000 km) with passengers. That first version would have had a maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of 580,000 pounds (260,000 kg) and would have used CF6-80C2 or PW4000 engines. The MD-11X-20 was to have a longer fuselage, accommodating up to 331 passengers in a mixed-class layout, and a range of 6,000 nautical miles (11,000 km).[2] +As more orders for the DC-10 were received, McDonnell Douglas used the time gained before the end of DC-10 production to consult with potential customers and to refine the proposed new trijet. In July 1985, the Board of Directors authorized the Long Beach plant to offer the MD-11 to potential customers. At the time, the aircraft was still proposed in two versions, both with the same fuselage length, a stretch of 22 ft 3 in (6.78 m) over the DC-10 airframe, as well as the same engine choice as the MD-11X. +Following that division's closure, the five aircraft were returned to their lessor in January 2009.[19] MD-11CF (six built): the Convertible Freighter variant was launched in 1991 by an order from Martinair for three aircraft plus two options. The MD-11CF feature a large forward port side cargo door (140 by 102 inches (3.6 m × 2.6 m)) located between the first two passenger doors, and can be used in an all-passenger or in an all-cargo configuration. As a freighter, it can transport 26 pallets of the same dimensions (88 by 125 inches (2.2 m × 3.2 m)) or 96 by 125 inches (2.4 m × 3.2 m)) as for the MD-11C and MD-11F for a main deck cargo volume of 14,508 cubic feet (410.8 m3) and offers a maximum payload of 196,928 pounds (89,325 kg). +There will be two variants, the A330-800neo and the A330-900neo.[1] The letters "neo" stand for "New Engine Option". The A330neo will be powered by the new Rolls-Royce Trent 7000[1] and will feature enhancements such as winglets (inspired by the Airbus A350), a longer wingspan (64 meters) and new engine pylons. According to Airbus, these enhancements will reduce the fuel burn per seat by 14%, with additionally lower capital cost making the A330neo the most cost-efficient medium-range wide-body aircraft in the market.[5][6][7] As such, the A330neo will have longer range than its predecessor. +Airbus A330neo +Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent tick-borne encephalitis (TBE).[1] The disease is most common in Central and Eastern Europe, and Northern Asia. More than 87% of people who receive the vaccine develop immunity.[2] It is not useful following the bite of an infected tick. It is given by injection into a muscle.[1] +The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends immunizing all people in areas where the disease is common. Otherwise the vaccine is just recommended for those who are at high risk. Three doses are recommended followed by additional doses every three to five years. +Minor side effects may include fever, and redness and pain at the site of injection. Older formulations were more commonly associated with side effects. The vaccine appears to be safe during pregnancy.[1] +The first vaccine against TBE was developed in 1937.[1] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication recommended for a basic health system.[3] It costs between 50 and 70 British Pounds.[4] The vaccine is not available in the United States.[5] +References +↑ XS Studios. "وليد أحمد". uae.agleague.ae. Retrieved 2016-05-23. +Waleed Ahmed (Arabic:وليد أحمد) (born 22 January 1986) is a Emirati footballer. He currently plays for Al-Sharjah .[1] +Waleed Ahmed at Soccerway +Waleed Ahmed at Soccerway +RIK 1 is a Cypriot television channel owned and operated by Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation. +It was launched in 1957. +External links +GTA TV is a Ghanaian television channel owned by the Ghana Football Association (GFA). +The GFA TV bring all the news events on Ghana football, Ghana Premier League, Ghana national football team, Ghanaian FA Cup, Ghana Football Leagues and semi-professional football.[2] +Programs +References +External links +Film Year Film Role Notes 2008 Evet, ich will! +External links +Sinan Akkuş (born December 17, 1971) is a Turkish-German actor, director, film producer and writer. +Filmography +External links +Ning Jing (born April 27, 1972) is a Chinese actress of mixed Han and Nakhi descent. +Film +Year Title Role Notes 1999 Love In Shanghai 上海之恋 Bian Tinghua 2001 Lü Buwei: Hero in Times of Disorder 乱世英雄吕不韦 Lady Zhao 2001 Yingxiong 英雄 Tang Lan 2002 Cao Cao Yu Cai Wenji 曹操与蔡文姬 Diaochan 2002 Mengduan Zijincheng 梦断紫禁城 Qinglian 2003 Da Qinchai Zhi Huangcheng Shenying 大钦差之皇城神鹰 Jin Fenghuang 2003 Legendary Fighter: Yang's Heroine 杨门女将 Mu Guiying 2003 Obeisance Moon Cabin 拜月亭 Ruilan 2003 Xiaozhuang Mishi 孝庄秘史 Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang 2003 Baofeng Fating 暴风法庭 Su Jie 2003 Dazhaimen 大宅门 Zhen'er 2004 Huang Taizi Mishi 皇太子秘史 Princess Jianning 2004 Da Han Tian Zi 2 大汉天子2 Empress Wei Zifu 2004 Xin Wunü Baishou 新五女拜寿 Nuanbing 2004 Wutong Xiangsi Yu 梧桐相思雨 Empress Dowager Longyu 2004 Hunduan Loulan 魂断楼兰 Maya 2004 Baiyin Gu 白银谷 Du Yunqing 2004 Zhenxiang De Beihou 真相的背后 Xue Wenjun 2004 Da Ma Bang 大马帮 Guoguo 2004 Liuzhi Qinmo 六指琴魔 Wang Xuemei 2004 Zuijian Enchou Lu 醉剑恩仇录 Ruan Hong 2005 Yueshang Jiangnan Zhi Di Renjie Xiyuan Lu 月上江南之狄仁杰洗冤录 Bai Ruxue 2005 Fengliu Xiwang 风流戏王 Li Xiangjun 2005 Langzi Yan Qing 浪子燕青 Lü Siniang 2005 Devildom 魔界之龙珠 Fu Tianjiao 2005 Ming Mo Fengyun 明末风云 Zhang Yan 2005 Shaxiaozi Li Yuanba 傻小子李元霸 Xiao Meiniang 2005 Ma Dashuai 2 马大帅2 Li Ping 2005 Lost City in Snow Heaven 雪域迷城 Leng Yun 2005 Trail of the Everlasting Hero ��影仙踪 Empress Dowager Yu 2005 Donggui Yingxiong Zhuan 东归英雄传 Yangjin 2006 Shiquan Shimei Zhi Youmeng Niandai 十全十美之有梦年代 Langqin 2006 The Lucky Stars 福禄寿三星报喜 Wangmu Niangniang 2006 Ruan Lingyu 阮玲玉 Hudie 2006 Gushang Zao Shi Qian 鼓上蚤时迁 Pan Qiaoyun 2006 Hujia Hanyue 胡笳汉月 Empress Wenming 2006 Royal Tramp 鹿鼎记 Chen Yuanyuan 2006 Sela Qingchun 色拉青春 Duan Yuanyuan 2006 King of Nanyue Kingdom 南越王 Princess Wuyang 2008 Ai Jiu Ai Daodi 爱就爱到底 Yang Xi 2008 Great Porcelain Merchant 大瓷商 Yin Xiuli 2009 Zan Ba Zan Ma Liushi Nian 咱爸咱妈六十年 Bai Yulan 2010 Da Guanjia 大管家 Wang Xiaoxi 2010 Lady Shexiang 奢香夫人 Lady Shexiang 2010 Hong Huai Hua 红槐花 Feng'er +Filmography +Year Title Role Notes 1991 Red Fists 联手警探 Lin Na 1992 I'm Ugly but I'm Gentle 我很丑，但我很温柔 Liu Tingting 1993 The Video Tape 偷拍的录像带 Laiyun 1993 Red Firecracker, Green Firecracker 炮打双灯 Chunji 1994 Miss Morphis 奥菲斯小姐 Yi Meng 1994 Winner 赢家 Lu Xiaoyang 1994 In the Heat of the Sun 阳光灿烂的日子 Milan 1995 Warrior Lan Ling 兰陵王 Yingying 1996 Shanghai Grand 新上海滩 Fung Ching-ching 1997 Red River Valley 红河谷 Danzhu a.k.a. +Jin Yan with Qin Yi, his second wife +Jin Yan (April 7, 1910 – December 27, 1983) was a Korean-born actor who gained fame in China during the country's golden age of cinema, based in Shanghai. +His acting talents and good looks gained him much popularity in the 1930s. He was dubbed the "Film Emperor" and the "Rudolph Valentino of Shanghai".[2] +Filmography +Bibliography +Jin Yan with Wang Renmei, his first wife +Year Film Chinese Title Character Portrayed 1928 Mulan Joins the Army 花木蘭從軍 Soldier 1929 Four Heroes of the Wang Family II 王氏四俠-續集 Wang Zhang Yun (王長雲) 1929 Romantic Swordsman 風流劍客 Long Fei (龍飛) 1930 Wild Flowers (1930 film) (zh) 野草閒花 Huang Yun (黃雲) 1931 Love and Duty 戀愛與義務 Li Zu Yi (李祖義) 1931 A Spray of Plum Blossoms 一剪梅 Hu Lun Ting (胡倫廷) [Valentine] 1931 Peach Blossom Weeps Tears of Blood 桃花泣血記 Jin De En (金德恩) 1931 Two Galaxy Stars 銀漢雙星 Yang Yi Yun (楊倚雲) 1932 Wild Roses (1932 film) (zh) 野玫瑰 Jiang Bo (江波) 1932 Confront the National Crisis Together 共赴國難 Volunteer Soldier 1932 Humanity 人道 Zhao Min Jie 1932 A Music Teacher 海外鵑魂 Zhong Zhi Gang 1933 Three Modern Women 三個摩登女性 Zhang Yu 1933 Night in the City 城市之夜 1933 Light of Mother 母性之光 Jia Hu (家瑚) 1934 Golden Age 黄金时代 Zeng Zhang Chun 1934 The Big Road 大路 Jin Ge (金哥) 1935 The New Peach Blossom Fan 新桃花扇 Fang Yu Min 1936 Soaring Aspiration (zh) 壯志凌雲 Shun Er (Young Adult) (順兒青年) 1936 Waves Washing the Sand 浪淘沙 Ah Long 1936 Return to Nature 到自然去 Ma Long 1938 Unexpected Tears of Blood 情天血淚 1938 Wu Song and Pan Jin Lian 武鬆與潘金蓮 Wu Song 1939 Lin Chong, the Outlaw 林沖雪夜殲仇記 1940 The Vast Sky Jin Wan Li 1947 Ideal Son-in-Law 乘龍快婿 Situ Yan (司徒炎) 1947 Spring Melody 迎春曲 Dong Fan Xi 1949 Lost Love 失去的愛情 1950 The World Bright Again 大地重光 Lao Shen (老沈) 1954 The Great Beginning 偉大的起點 Department Head Nie (聶部長) 1956 Mother 母親 Lao Deng (老鄧) 1957 Brave Eagle in the Rainstorm 暴風雨中的雄鷹 Lao Ba Er (老巴爾) 1958 Red Flag at the Sea 海上紅旗 Secretary Tang (唐書記) 1958 Love the Factory as a Home 愛廠如家 Industrial Department Head (工業部長) +External links +Table of sovereign states in Europe by GDP per capita based on international dollars (PPP) +This is map and list of European countries by GDP (PPP) per capita for year 2014 from World Bank. +External links +Country 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Albania 9 297 9 640 9 666 9 925 10 428 Armenia 6 376 6 812 7 421 7 776 8 137 Austria 41 804 44 028 44 872 45 081 46 164 Azerbaijan 15 627 15 754 16 173 17 142 17 515 Belarus 15 385 16 603 17 210 17 650 18 184 Belgium 39 211 40 945 41 397 41 572 42 725 Bosnia and Herzegovina 8 746 9 248 9 356 9 535 9 904 Bulgaria 14 690 15 278 15 671 15 731 16 323 Croatia 18 968 20 571 21 113 21 350 21 252 Cyprus 33 934 32 983 32 553 31 198 30 873 Czech Republic 27 051 28 603 28 674 29 017 30 444 Denmark 41 806 43 314 43 560 43 782 44 862 Estonia 21 085 23 575 24 735 25 823 26 355 Finland 38 296 40 251 40 209 39 869 39 754 France 35 868 37 327 37 258 37 594 38 850 Georgia 5 818 6 322 6 822 7 159 7 582 Germany 39 553 42 079 43 522 43 887 45 615 Greece 28 900 26 675 25 462 25 666 26 098 Hungary 21 477 22 523 22 494 23 336 24 498 Iceland 38 659 39 619 40 606 42 035 43 392 Ireland 42 900 44 912 45 242 45 677 47 804 Italy 34 716 35 901 35 524 35 075 34 757 Kazakhstan 19 204 20 772 21 891 23 213 24 204 Kosovo N/A N/A N/A 8 884 N/A Latvia 17 488 19 405 21 176 22 533 23 337 Lithuania 20 052 22 530 24 083 25 714 26 642 Luxembourg 84 200 91 469 91 849 91 047 N/A Macedonia 11 449 11 431 11 669 12 263 12 937 Malta 26 671 28 177 28 276 29 126 N/A Moldova 3 845 4 179 4 225 4 692 4 982 Montenegro 13 339 14 081 13 588 14 135 14 323 Netherlands 44 743 46 388 46 053 46 162 47 130 Norway 58 772 62 736 66 363 65 640 64 893 Poland 20 757 22 333 23 151 23 994 24 882 Portugal 26 924 26 932 27 000 27 509 28 326 Romania 16 252 17 362 18 136 18 972 19 401 Russia 20 498 22 569 24 063 25 032 25 635 Serbia 11 805 12 571 12 805 13 019 13 577 Slovakia 24 432 25 066 25 718 26 496 27 584 Slovenia 27 563 28 491 28 450 28 858 29 917 Spain 32 350 32 674 32 769 33 092 33 763 Sweden 41 727 43 709 43 869 44 646 45 143 Switzerland 51 321 54 550 55 915 56 939 N/A Turkey 16 193 17 908 18 221 18 808 19 250 Ukraine 7 685 8 281 8 468 8 614 8 665 United Kingdom 35 920 36 549 37 385 38 255 39 136 +List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP) per capita +The Khmer Power Party (Khmer: គណបក្សអំណាចខ្មែរ; KPP) is a Cambodian pro-American political party founded on 18 March 2010 by Cambodian American Sourn Serey Ratha.[1] It did not officially register until March 2015.[2] The party is in favor of abolishing the monarchy, and establish a second Khmer Republic government.[3] +See also +References +The Republican Party of Australia is a minor Australian political party dedicated to ending the country's links with the United Kingdom and establishing a republic. +It was formed in 1982, and achieved registration federally in 1992.[1] It contested the 2004 federal election, but was not registered at the time of the 2007 election, although some of its members stood as independent candidates.[2] The party was re-registered on 9 July 2013, but was deregistered on 15 February 2016 after failing to demonstrate the required number of members. +It is not linked with the Australian Republican Movement. +References +The Parti republicain/Republican Party was a Quebec-based Canadian political party that nominated two candidates in federal by-elections in 1971. +None were elected. +References +Sources +Newsline is an English language news program, broadcast live on National Broadcasting Services of Thailand (NBT), previously known as Channel 11, on weekdays. It is the longest-running English-language news program in Thailand.[citation needed] +Launched on May 3, 1999, Newsline provides local, international, and sports news, as well as special events interviews on various issues of interest, all in English. +Cuba at the Pan American Games. +Medal count +Year Host city Total 1951 Buenos Aires 9 9 10 28 1955 Mexico City 1 6 6 13 1959 Chicago 2 4 4 10 1963 São Paulo 4 6 4 14 1967 Winnipeg 7 16 24 47 1971 Cali 31 49 25 105 1975 Mexico City 56 45 33 134 1979 San Juan 64 47 34 145 1983 Caracas 79 53 43 175 1987 Indianapolis 75 52 48 175 1991 Havana 140 62 63 265 1995 Mar del Plata 112 66 60 238 1999 Winnipeg 70 40 47 157 2003 Santo Domingo 72 41 39 152 2007 Rio de Janeiro 59 35 41 135 2011 Guadalajara 58 35 43 136 2015 Toronto 36 27 34 97 Total 875 593 558 2,026 +Notes +Winter +References +Argentina has competed at every edition of the Pan American Games since the first edition of the multi-sport event in 1951, in which it hosted.[1] Argentina competed in the first ever Pan American Winter Games in 1990, however it failed to medal. +External links +Medal count +1 Hosting edition +Summer +Year Ref. Edition Host city Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total 1951 a [2] I Buenos Aires 1 1st 7001680000000000000♠68 7001470000000000000♠47 7001390000000000000♠39 7002154000000000000♠154 1955 b [3] II Mexico City 2nd 7001270000000000000♠27 7001330000000000000♠33 7001200000000000000♠20 7001800000000000000♠80 1959 c [4] III Chicago 2nd 7000900000000000000♠9 7001190000000000000♠19 7001110000000000000♠11 7001390000000000000♠39 1963 d [5] IV São Paulo 4th 7000800000000000000♠8 7001150000000000000♠15 7001160000000000000♠16 7001390000000000000♠39 1967 e [6] V Winnipeg 4th 7000800000000000000♠8 7001140000000000000♠14 7001120000000000000♠12 7001340000000000000♠34 1971 [7] VI Cali 6th 7000600000000000000♠6 7000400000000000000♠4 7001120000000000000♠12 7001220000000000000♠22 1975 [8] VII Mexico City 6th 7000300000000000000♠3 7000500000000000000♠5 7000700000000000000♠7 7001150000000000000♠15 1979 [9] VIII San Juan 4th 7001120000000000000♠12 7000700000000000000♠7 7001170000000000000♠17 7001360000000000000♠36 1983 [10] IX Caracas 7th 7000200000000000000♠2 7001110000000000000♠11 7001220000000000000♠22 7001350000000000000♠35 1987 [11] X Indianapolis 5th 7001120000000000000♠12 7001140000000000000♠14 7001220000000000000♠22 7001480000000000000♠48 1991 [12] XI Havana 6th 7001110000000000000♠11 7001150000000000000♠15 7001290000000000000♠29 7001550000000000000♠55 1995 [13] XII Mar del Plata 1 4th 7001400000000000000♠40 7001450000000000000♠45 7001740000000000000♠74 7002159000000000000♠159 1999 [14] XIII Winnipeg 5th 7001250000000000000♠25 7001190000000000000♠19 7001280000000000000♠28 7001720000000000000♠72 2003 [15] XIV Santo Domingo 7th 7001160000000000000♠16 7001200000000000000♠20 7001270000000000000♠27 7001630000000000000♠63 2007 [16] XV Rio de Janeiro 8th 7001110000000000000♠11 7001160000000000000♠16 7001330000000000000♠33 7001600000000000000♠60 2011 [17] XVI Guadalajara 7th 7001210000000000000♠21 7001190000000000000♠19 7001350000000000000♠35 7001750000000000000♠75 2015 [18] XVII Toronto 7th 7001150000000000000♠15 7001290000000000000♠29 7001300000000000000♠30 7001740000000000000♠74 Total f 5th 7002294000000000000♠294 7002331000000000000♠331 7002435000000000000♠435 7000106000000000000♠1.060 +References +Aruba has competed at every edition of the Pan American Games since the tenth edition of the multi-sport event in 1987. Aruba did not compete at the first and only Pan American Winter Games in 1990. +Medal count +Summer +Year Ref. Edition Host city Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total 1951 [1] I Buenos Aires Did not participate 1955 [2] II Mexico City Did not participate 1959 [3] III Chicago Did not participate 1963 [4] IV São Paulo Did not participate 1967 [5] V Winnipeg Did not participate 1971 [6] VI Cali Did not participate 1975 [7] VII Mexico City Did not participate 1979 [8] VIII San Juan Did not participate 1983 [9] IX Caracas Did not participate 1987 [10] X Indianapolis — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 1991 [11] XI Havana — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 1995 [12] XII Mar del Plata — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 1999 [13] XIII Winnipeg — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 2003 [14] XIV Santo Domingo — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 2007 [15] XV Rio de Janeiro — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 2011 [16] XVI Guadalajara — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 2015 XVII Toronto — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 Total — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 +References +The Bahamas has competed at every edition of the Pan American Games since the second edition of the multi-sport event in 1955. +Bahamas did not compete at the first and only Pan American Winter Games in 1990. +Medal count +Summer +Year Ref. Edition Host city Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total 1951 [1] I Buenos Aires Did not participate 1955 [2] II Mexico City — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 1959 [3] III Chicago 9th 7000200000000000000♠2 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 7000200000000000000♠2 1963 [4] IV São Paulo — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 1967 [5] V Winnipeg — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 1971 [6] VI Cali — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 1975 [7] VII Mexico City — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 1979 [8] VIII San Juan 16th 5000000000000000000♠0 7000100000000000000♠1 5000000000000000000♠0 7000100000000000000♠1 1983 [9] IX Caracas 16th 5000000000000000000♠0 7000100000000000000♠1 5000000000000000000♠0 7000100000000000000♠1 1987 [10] X Indianapolis 18th 5000000000000000000♠0 7000200000000000000♠2 7000300000000000000♠3 7000500000000000000♠5 1991 [11] XI Havana 18th 5000000000000000000♠0 7000100000000000000♠1 7000100000000000000♠1 7000200000000000000♠2 1995 [12] XII Mar del Plata 20th 5000000000000000000♠0 7000200000000000000♠2 7000100000000000000♠1 7000300000000000000♠3 1999 [13] XIII Winnipeg 11th 7000200000000000000♠2 5000000000000000000♠0 7000100000000000000♠1 7000300000000000000♠3 2003 [14] XIV Santo Domingo 19th 5000000000000000000♠0 7000200000000000000♠2 5000000000000000000♠0 7000200000000000000♠2 2007 [15] XV Rio de Janeiro 15th 7000200000000000000♠2 7000200000000000000♠2 7000300000000000000♠3 7000700000000000000♠7 2011 [16] XVI Guadalajara 15th 7000100000000000000♠1 7000100000000000000♠1 7000100000000000000♠1 7000300000000000000♠3 2015 XVII Toronto 24th 7000200000000000000♠2 7000200000000000000♠2 7000200000000000000♠2 7000600000000000000♠6 Total 18th 7000900000000000000♠9 7001140000000000000♠14 7001120000000000000♠12 7001350000000000000♠35 +Nathan Law Kwun-chung (Chinese: 羅冠聰; born 13 July 1993) is a politician in Hong Kong. +As a former student leader, he had been chairman of the Representative Council of the Lingnan University Students' Union, acting president of the Lingnan University Students' Union (LUSU) and secretary general of the Hong Kong Federation of Students (HKFS). He was one of the student leaders during the 79-days Umbrella Revolution in 2014. +He is the current chairman of Demosisto, a new political party derived from the 2014 protests. +Early life +Law was born on 13 July 1993 in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China, to a Hong Kong father and a Mainland mother. +He moved to Hong Kong with his mother for family reunion when he was around six years old.[1] He studied at HKFEW Wong Cho Bau Secondary School and Cultural Studies at the Lingnan University (LU). +Political career +Law was elected alongside allies Lau Siu-lai and Eddie Chu.[11] At age 23, Law was the youngest-ever person to become a Hong Kong legislator.[12] +References +Electoral performance +President +Election Candidate Number of votes Share of votes Outcome of election 1992 Miriam Defensor Santiago 4,468,173 19.72% Lost 1998 Miriam Defensor Santiago 797,206 2.96% Lost 2004 Supported Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo who won 2010 Supported Manny Villar who lost 2016 Miriam Defensor Santiago 1,455,532 3.42% Lost +Senate +Election Number of votes Share of votes Seats won Seats after Outcome of election 1992 6,141,565 2.2% Lost 1995 19,619,923 10.9% Lost 1998 Lost 2001 9.622,742 4.0% Lost 2004 12,187,401 4.8% Lost 2007 Nacionalista Party-led coalition 2010 17,344,742 5.8% PMP-led coalition +House of Representatives +Election Number of votes for Lakas Share of votes Seats won Outcome of election 1995 171,454 0.9% Lost +The People's Reform Party (abbrev: PRP) (Filipino: Partido ng Repormang Pantao) is a centre-left political party in the Philippines. +Founded on April 12, 1991 as the political party of former Agrarian Reform Secretary Miriam Defensor Santiago for her bid as President in the 1992 Presidential Elections. During the 1992 Elections, the party nominated Santiago as President and Ramon Magsaysay, Jr. as Vice President respectively, however both Santiago and Magsaysay lost the elections to former Defense Secretary Fidel Ramos and Senator Joseph Estrada. +The Kayin People's Party (Burmese: ကရင်ပြည်သူ့ပါတီ; KPP) is a political party in Myanmar (Burma). It was formed by retired Kayin government officers to contest the 2010 general elections. It is based in Yangon where many Kayin people are living. +References +The Republican Party of Canada was founded in 1967.[1] It nominated two candidates in the 1968 federal election in Vancouver: Gerald Guejon won 420 votes (0.9% of the total) in Vancouver Centre, and Robert Hein won 175 votes (0.5%) in Vancouver Quadra. +Notes +The People's Party (Hangul: 국민의당; hanja: 國民의黨; RR: Gungminui Dang) is a political party in South Korea established on January 10, 2016. +The party was established by Ahn Cheol-soo and Kim Han-gil, and was officially founded on February 2, 2016.[5] +Electoral performance +Legislative elections +Election Total seats won Total votes Vote share Outcome of election Leader 2016 6,355,572 26.7% 18 seats; Minority Ahn Cheol-soo; Chun Jung-bae +References +Jo Woo-ri (born March 29, 1992) is a South Korean actress. +She starred in television series such as Medical Top Team (2013), Modern Farmer (2014), A Daughter Just Like You (2015) and Descendants of the Sun (2016).[1] +Filmography +Television series +Year Title Role Network 2011 Real School Seo Kyung-jong MBC Every 1 2012 Drama Special - The Brightest Moment in Life Friend of Se-yeon KBS2 Can Love Become Money Young Yoon Da-ran MBN Drama Special - Friendly Criminal Young Yeong-hwa KBS2 Jeon Woo-chi Sol-mi KBS2 2013 Drama Special - Sirius So-ri KBS2 Pure Love Go Da-bi KBS2 Medical Top Team Yeo Min-Ji MBC 2014 Modern Farmer Hwang I-ji SBS 2015 A Daughter Just Like You So Jeong-i MBC 2016 Descendants of the Sun Jang Hee-eun KBS2 +References +External links +Jo Soo-min (born March 5, 1999) is a South Korean actress. +Filmography +Television series +Year Title Role Network 2006 Seoul 1945 KBS1 Famous Princesses Mi-ra KBS2 The Invisible Man, Choi Jang-soo Choi Sol-mi KBS2 2008 Mom's Dead Upset Lee So-ra KBS2 2009 Hometown of Legends "Come with Me to Hell" Bo-ri KBS2 2013 Melody of Love Lee Ja-hye KBS1 +Film +Year Title Role 2008 His Last Gift Jo Se-hee +References +External links +Evening 5 (イブニング・ファイブ, Evening Five?) is the news program made by Tokyo Broadcasting System, Inc. +It has been broadcast from March 28, 2005 to March 27, 2009. +JNN Evening News +Monday to Sunday at 5:50pm to 6:15pm, it is broadcast as "JNN Evening News" nationwide for "a JNN Network". +Opening Theme +(from March 28, 2005 to March 30, 2008) +(from March 31, 2008 to March 27, 2009) +External links +Swedish Republican Association (in Swedish: Republikanska föreningen - RepF) is a politically and religiously independent association that promotes the abolition of the Monarchy of Sweden and the establishment of a republican form of government.[1] The Swedish Republican Association was founded in 1997 by Magnus Simonsson and Fredrik Högberg. +The current chairperson is Mia Sydow Mölleby.[2] +Notes +See also +Swedish Royalist Association Alliance of European Republican Movements +External links +Ho Ping (何平, pinyin: Hé Píng) is a film director born in 1958 in Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China. He graduated from Tunghai University after studying Chemical Engineering. +Because of his interest in art and painting, he studied film making in the US after graduating. In 1987, he got an MFA degree from Syracuse University, and returned to Taiwan to do work in film. +Filmography +External links +Abby Fung (Chinese: 馮媛甄; pinyin: Féng Yuànzhēn) (born October 30, 1982) is a Taiwanese actress.[1][2][3] +Filmography +References +External links +Bianca Bai (Chinese: 白歆惠; pinyin: Bái Xīnhuì) (born on 23 October 1982) is a Taiwanese model and actress. +Bai is of Japanese descent. +Films +Television dramas +Television Dramas Year Title Role Network Notes With 2005 It Started With a Kiss 恶作剧之吻 Bai Hui Lan CTV Supporting role 2006 Angel Lover 天使情人 Li Xi Ai Star TV Lead role Ming Dao 2008 Fated to Love You 命中注定我爱你 Shi Anna/Dai Xin Yi TTV Main cast Ethan Juan & Baron Chen 2009 Shining Days 闪亮的日子 Fang Yi An CTV 2010 P.S. Man 偷心大聖 P.S. 男 Amanda TTV 2011 Soldier 勇士們 Li Min Hui TTV Lead role Skip Beat 華麗的挑戰 Jiang Nanqin FTV Main cast 2012 Loves in Penghu 陽光正藍 Li Mei Juan TTV Lead role 2014 If I Love You 如果我爱你 Shan Shan Hunan TV Main Cast 2015 Liao Zhai 4 聊斋新编 ZJTV Supporting role +References +External links +Television series +References +External links +Winston Chao Wen-hsuan (born 9 June 1960) is a Taiwanese actor. +He came to international attention for his performance in the 1993 film The Wedding Banquet. +He is also known for his roles in Red Rose White Rose and Eat Drink Man Woman, and for his five portrayals of Sun Yat-sen, notably in the films The Soong Sisters (1997), Road to Dawn (2007) and 1911 (2011). His notable television roles include the adaptation of Cao Yu's play Thunderstorm (1997), a double role in the historical drama Palace of Desire, the biographical mini-series The Legend of Eileen Chang (2004), the historical drama Da Tang Fu Rong Yuan (2007), the adaptation of Ba Jin's novel Cold Nights (Han ye, 2009), and the portrayal of Confucius (2011). He acted in the Indian film, Kabali (2016), in a villainous role opposite Rajinikanth. +Filmography +Feature films +Year Title Role Notes 1993 The Wedding Banquet 喜宴 Wai-Tung Gao / 高偉同 1993 Top Cool 想飛 ~ 傲空神鷹 1994 In Between 新同居時代 Wong Man Fai / 黃文輝 aka Conjugal Affairs, The New Age of Living Together 1994 Eat Drink Man Woman 飲食男女 Li Kai / 李凱 1994 Red Rose White Rose 紅玫瑰白玫瑰 Tong Zhen-bao / 佟振保 1995 Xiu Xiu 繡繡和她的男人 Dr. Li Zhao 1995 I Want to Go on Living 我要活下去 Go Chun 1996 Your Black Hair and My Hand 談情說愛 Wenshan / 文山 aka Crazy Little Thing Called Love 1996 Tonight Nobody Goes Home 今天不回家 Chen Siming / 陳斯明 1996 Thunder Cop 新喋血雙雄 Chiu Kwok-ho / 趙國豪 1996 In a Strange City 在陌生的城市 Hsiang Kuo-chien / 向國前 1997 The Island of Greed 黑金 Minister of legal department 1997 Intimates 自梳 Wah / 華 1997 Destination: 9th Heaven 衝上九重天 Chin Cheng / 錢程 1997 The Soong Sisters 宋家皇朝 Sun Yat-sen / 孫中山 1998 A Little Life-Opera 一生一台戲 Sanpeng / 三朋 1998 Burning Harbor 燃烧的港湾 Sato / 佐藤 2002 The Touch 天脈傳奇 Yin's father / 嫣父 2005 Those Were the Days 随风而去 Hu Weichen / 胡维臣 television film Lily Award for Best Actor 2007 Road to Dawn 夜·明 Sun Yat-sen / 孙中山 SIFF Press Prize for Most Attractive Actor Guangzhou Student Film Festival Award for Most Popular Actor 2011 1911 辛亥革命 Sun Yat-sen / 孙中山 Nominated — Hundred Flowers Award for Best Actor 2012 Great Rescue 非常营救 Chu Fucheng / 褚辅成 2013 The Palace 宫锁沉香 Emperor Kang Xi 2015 Zhong Kui: Snow Girl and the Dark Crystal 钟馗伏魔：雪妖魔灵 2015 Surprise 萬萬沒想到 2016 Chinese Wine 国酒 2016 Kabali கபாலி Tony Lee Tamil language, Indian film 2016 Skiptrace TBA Love War +Chen Chao-jung (Chinese: 陳昭榮; pinyin: Chén Zhāoróng) is a Taiwanese actor. He is most famous for starring in several of Tsai Ming-liang's films, including Rebels of the Neon God and Vive L'Amour. +Filmography +External links +Jacky Chu (simplified Chinese: 祝钒刚; traditional Chinese: 祝釩剛; pinyin: Zhù Fán Gāng) is a Taiwanese actor and is a former member of Taiwanese group 183 Club. +Discography +Albums +告解 (November 2002) +Filmography +TV +References +References +External links +Sandrine Pinna (Chinese: 張榕容; pinyin: Zhāng Róngróng; Wade–Giles: Chang Jung-jung; borrn 10 April 1987)[1] is a Taiwanese-French actress. +She started her career as a child actress and appeared in many advertisements.[2] +Filmography +Year Chinese title English title Role Remarks 2001 起毛球了 Play Ball 阿阿 2002 給我一隻貓 Drop Me a Cat Wang Wei Wen's sister 2006 單車上路 Bicycle Ride Julia 一年之初 Do Over Xiao Hui (小惠) 2008 花吃了那女孩 Candy Rain U 天黑 Night Fall 筱捷 百獄 Jail 暖暖 渺渺 Miao Miao Chen Ai Yuan/Xiao Ai (沈璦媛/小璦) 宇宙歌女 Universe Songstress alien 匿名遊戲 Anonymous Game memberAAAAA 陽陽 Yang Yang Zhang Xin Yang (張欣陽) 2010 財神到 Here Comes Fortune Dong Jing Jing (董晶晶) First Mainland China film 2011 飆風雷哥 Rango Beans Mandarin voice over 2012 逆光飛翔 Touch of the Light 小潔 2013 女蛹之人皮嫁衣 The Chrysalis Guan Wenxin 2015 恋爱中的城市 Cities in Love Fan Li Sha Zhang 2015 我們全家不太熟 We Are Family Kaka 2016 消失愛人 The Secret Yanzi 2016 六弄咖啡館 At Café 6 Miss Liang Cameo 2016 寵物當家 The Secret Life of Pets Chloe Mandarin voice over +Television series +Year Chinese title English title Role Network 2001 貧窮貴公子 Poor Prince Si Mei (四妹) i.e. fourth sister CTS 2007 熱情仲夏 Summer x Summer Tina 蒂娜 CTS/GTV 2008 波麗士大人 Police et vous Kindergraden teacher (ep 3-6) TTV/SET 霹靂MIT Mysterious Incredible Terminator Wen Xin Lan (溫心蘭) (ep 1) GTV/FTV 2010 愛∞無限 Endless Love Song Rui En (宋瑞恩) - lead actress CTS/GTV 2013 沒有名字的甜點店 Amour et Patisserie Chen Tian Tian (陳甜甜) PTS 2016 滾石愛情故事 Rock Records in Love Chu Chia-Ling PTS/EBC +Chang Chen (born 14 October 1976), sometimes credited as Chen Chang according to Western name order, is a Taiwanese actor. +His father Chang Kuo-chu and his brother Hans Chang (zh) are also actors.[citation needed] +Filmography +References +External links +Marcus Chang (Chinese: Zhang Wen Qian, born on 28 May 1990) is a Taiwanese singer songwriter, actor and music video producer. He is also known as Zhang Li'Ang (張立昂). +He is known for his roles as Ze-yu in Café. Waiting. Love[1] and as Zhang Zhen Lun in To the Dearest Intruder. +Biography +He has one brother. He graduated from the University of Auckland majoring in performance arts. His debut is at one of the advertisement by Asia-Pacific Interactive Service.[2] Marcus become well known since he starred at one of Giddens Ko's movie, Café. +Filmography +Television series +Movies +Theater +Advertisements +References +Chang Shu-hao (Chinese: 張書豪) (born October 22, 1988) is a Taiwanese actor. +He has won the Mini Drama Series Best Actor Award of the Golden Bell Awards in 2007.[1] He is now a student in Ming Chuan University.[2] +Filmography +Year Title Chinese Title Role 2006 Dangerous Mind 危險心靈 Shén Wěi(沈韋) 2006 It's fortunate that we are still here 還好，我們都還在這裡 Moron(白目) 2008 Wish to see you again 這裡發現愛 seventeen-year-old Mǎ Yǔn Rè (17歲時的馬永睿) 2008 1895 一八九五 Jīang Shào Zŭ(姜紹祖) 2009 Play Ball 比賽開始 Jīang Qìng Chéng(姜慶成) 2010 Year of the Rain 那年，雨不停國 Zhāng Fú Hǎi (張福海) 2010 Ni Yada 倪亞達 Xĭao Shùai (小帥) 2010 One Day 有一天 Ā Cōng (阿聰) 2011 Zhuan Shan 轉山 Xìe Wàng Lín (謝旺霖) 2012 We Are Family 2012 9AM 2012 GF*BF 2012 Bad Boys’ Diary 2013 Unpolitical Romance 2014 Meeting Dr. Sun +References +External links +The Civil Party (Chinese: 公民黨) is a minor political party in Taiwan. It has no representation in the Legislative Yuan, but won one seat in the National Assembly election of 2005. +In the 2008 legislative election it had the following policies in its manifesto: establishing a Zhonghua minzu Taiwan Grand Republic (中華民族台灣大公國), being a federation of seven or ten small constituent republics;[1] developing nuclear weapons; releasing all prisoners except those convicted of grave offences; legalization of euthanasia and prostitution. +References +External links +The Hakka Party (Chinese: 客家黨; pinyin: Kèjiādǎng) is a minor party in Taiwan, aiming to represent the Hakka people. +Their party leader is Tsai Chua Niu. +References +External links +The Taiwan Farmers' Party (TFP; Chinese: 台灣農民黨) is a minor party of the Republic of China (Taiwan). +External links +Official website +The Taiwan Number One Party (Chinese: 台灣吾黨; pinyin: Táiwān Wúdǎng) is a minor political party in Taiwan.[1] +References +The Arab Unity Party (Arabic: حزب الوحدة العربية‎‎) was a political party in Iraq. The party was founded around late 1967 or 1968, as the group around Sobhi Abdul Hamid, Khalid Ali as-Salah and Khiruddin Hassib broke away from one of the factions of the Arab Socialist Movement. +The activity of the party inside Iraq was ended by the July 17, 1968 revolution. +But a smaller group of the party continued to function in exile. The party was disbanded in 1971, as Sobhi Abdul Hamid withdrew from his political activities.[1] +References +The Rwandan Socialist Party (French: Parti Socialiste Rwandais, PSR) is a pro-government political party in Rwanda. +References +The Freedom Party of Afghanistan (Dari: Hizb-e Azadi-ye Afghanistan, alternately Afghanistan Liberation Party) is an Afghan political party headed by Abdul Malik Pahlawan. +References +The Union for the Republic (UNIR) is the ruling political party in Togo. The party emerged from the former Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) which was dissolved in 2012 .[1] +Election results +Presidential election +Date Candidate Votes Status # % 2015 Faure Gnassingbé 1,221,756 58.8 % Elected +Parliamentary election +Date Votes Seats # % ± pp # ± 2013 880,608 46.7 % +46.7 New +References +External links +The Liberal Democratic Party was a Cambodian political party founded in 1992 by former Khmer People's National Liberation Armed Forces commander Sak Sutsakhan.[1] The party was created after infighting between Sutsakhan and Son Sann following the Paris Peace Accords of 1991 led Sutsakhan to split from the Khmer People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF), an anti-communist group originally started by Son Sann. +The Liberal Democratic Party won 62,698 votes (1.6%) in the 1993 national election.[2] +References +List of programs broadcast on MRTV-4[10] +English name Original Name (Burmese) Origin Artist Thein Shwe Kyi ၁ာဝများ (ပန်းချီဆရာသိန်းရွှေကြည်) Remembrances from the Photos ဓာတ်ပုံထဲမှအမှတ်တရများ Milestones of Contemporary Music Selection ခေတ်ပြိုင်ဂီတမှမှတ်တိုင်များ First Beauty of Life ဦးဆုံးအစ ဘဝရဲအလှ Fashion design ဆန်းသစ်တီထွင် ဒီဇိုင်းဖက်ရှင် Meeting with singer R Zar Ni သူတို့ပြောတဲ့သူတို့အကြောင်း Fashion Music Festival Go and eat သွားမယ် စားမယ် The Lamp Lady ကျန်းမာပျော်ရွင် မီးအိမ်ရှင် Fashion Guide ဖက်ရှင် လမ်းညွန် Myanmar Video Rhythm Health Knowledge ကျန်းမာခြင်းဆိုင်ရာ သိကောင်းစရာများ Science Technology Today ယနေ့ သိပ္ပံနှင့် နည်းပညာ Premier League အင်္ဂလိပ် ပရီးမီးယားလိဂ် ပွဲကြိုသုံးသပ်ချက် Celebrity Profile Basic Computer Learning For Beginner ကွန်ပြူတာအခြေခံ လေ့လာမှုသင်ခန်းစာ International arts နိုင်ငံတကာ အနုပညာရေးရာ Game Guide ဂိမ်း လမ်းညွန် International Song Request နိုင်ငံတကာ သီချင်းတောင်း ကဏ္ဏ Around Arts အနုပညာရပ်ဝန်းမှ ပဲ့တင်သံများ Natural Benefit သဘာဝကပေးတဲ့ အကျိုးအာနိသင် Family Sunday မိသားစု တနင်္ဂနွေ Song Request သီချင်းကောင်းကောင်း သီချင်းတောင်း Music Gallery သီချင်း ပြခန်း Sunday Talk တနင်္ဂနွေ စကားဝိုင်း +MRTV-4 also broadcasts foreign films with Burmese subtitles.[11] +References +External links +Official website of MRTV-4 (English/Burmese) +Myanmar Radio and Television 4, known as MRTV-4, is a Burmese state-owned television station and satellite television. It consists of 16 local channels and 154 foreign channels. +Channel details +The channel was launched in May 2004.[1] The channel is jointly operated by MRTV and the Forever Group, broadcasting programs between 7am and 11pm.[2] However, it is only available to viewers with MMBox satellite or terrestrial DVB-T receivers.[2] +The channel is run under the Ministry of Information, and international news broadcasts undergo censorship.[3] +Today, MRTV-4 broadcasts 24 hours a day.[4] +Notes +This is a list of countries and dependent territories in the Americas by population, which is sorted by the 2015 mid-year normalized demographic projections. +Table +Rank Country (or dependent territory) July 1, 2015 projection[1] % of pop. Average relative annual growth (%)[2] Average absolute annual growth [3] Estimated doubling time (Years)[4] Official figure (where available) Date of last figure Source 1 United States 321,234,000 32.71 0.75 2,377,000 93 324,054,000 September 16, 2016 Official population clock 2 Brazil 204,519,000 20.82 0.86 1,750,000 81 206,475,000 September 16, 2016 Official population clock 3 Mexico 121,006,000 12.32 1.08 1,293,000 65 122,273,473 July 1, 2016 Official estimate 4 Colombia 48,218,000 4.91 1.16 555,000 60 48,856,000 September 16, 2016 Official population clock 5 Argentina 43,132,000 4.39 1.09 463,000 64 43,590,368 July 1, 2016 Official estimate 6 Canada 35,819,000 3.65 0.79 279,000 89 35,851,774 July 1, 2015 Official estimate 7 Peru 31,153,000 3.17 1.10 338,000 64 31,488,625 June 30, 2016 Official estimate 8 Venezuela 30,620,000 3.12 1.37 414,000 51 31,028,637 2016 Official estimate 9 Chile 18,006,000 1.83 1.05 187,000 66 18,191,884 2016 Official estimate 10 Ecuador 16,279,000 1.66 1.57 252,000 44 16,590,600 September 16, 2016 Official population clock 11 Guatemala 16,176,000 1.65 2.93 461,000 24 16,176,133 July 1, 2015 Official estimate 12 Cuba 11,252,000 1.15 0.25 28,000 278 11,238,317 December 31, 2014 Official estimate 13 Haiti 10,994,000 1.12 2.31 248,000 30 10,911,819 2015 Official estimate 14 Bolivia 10,520,000 1.07 1.73 179,000 40 10,985,059 2016 Official estimate 15 Dominican Republic 9,980,000 1.02 0.98 97,000 71 9,980,243 2015 Official estimate 16 Honduras 8,950,000 0.91 2.29 200,000 31 8,576,500 July 1, 2015 Official estimate 17 Paraguay 7,003,000 0.71 1.58 109,000 44 6,854,536 2016 Official estimate 18 Nicaragua 6,514,000 0.66 2.37 151,000 30 6,071,045 June 30, 2012 Official estimate 19 El Salvador 6,460,000 0.66 0.92 59,000 76 6,520,675 2016 Official estimate 20 Costa Rica 4,851,000 0.49 1.63 78,000 43 4,832,234 June 30, 2015 Official estimate 21 Panama 3,764,000 0.38 1.37 51,000 51 3,764,166 July 1, 2015 Official estimate 22 Puerto Rico (US)[5] 3,508,000 0.36 -1.13 -40,000 - 3,548,397 July 1, 2014 Official estimate 23 Uruguay 3,310,000 0.34 0.18 6,000 382 3,480,222 June 30, 2016 Official estimate 24 Jamaica 2,729,000 0.28 0.26 7,000 270 2,723,246 December 31, 2014 Official estimate 25 Trinidad and Tobago 1,357,000 0.14 0.52 7,000 134 1,349,667 2015 Official estimate 26 Guyana 747,000 0.08 0.00 0 - 747,884 September 15, 2012 Preliminary 2012 census result 27 Suriname 560,000 0.06 1.08 6,000 64 541,638 August 13, 2012 Final 2012 census result 28 Guadeloupe (France) 405,000 0.04 0.25 1,000 280 403,314 January 1, 2012 Official estimate 29 Martinique (France) 383,000 0.04 -0.52 -2,000 - 388,364 January 1, 2012 Official estimate 30 Bahamas 379,000 0.04 1.34 5,000 52 369,670 2015 Official estimate 31 Belize 369,000 0.04 2.50 9,000 28 368,310 June 2015 Official estimate 32 Barbados 283,000 0.03 0.35 1,000 196 277,821 May 1, 2010 2010 census result 33 French Guiana 262,000 0.03 2.75 7,000 26 239,648 January 1, 2012 Official estimate 34 Saint Lucia 172,000 0.02 0.58 1,000 119 166,526 May 10, 2010 Preliminary 2010 census result 35 Curaçao (Kingdom of the Netherlands) 157,000 0.02 0.64 1,000 108 154,843 January 1, 2014 Official estimate 36 Aruba (Kingdom of the Netherlands) 110,000 0.01 1.85 2,000 38 109,517 2015 Official estimate 37 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 110,000 0.01 0.00 0 - 109,434 2014 Official estimate 38 United States Virgin Islands (US) 105,000 0.01 0.00 0 - 106,405 April 1, 2010 2010 census result 39 Grenada 104,000 0.01 0.00 0 - 103,328 May 12, 2011 Preliminary 2011 census result 40 Antigua and Barbuda 89,000 0.01 1.14 1,000 61 85,567 May 27, 2011 Final 2011 census result 41 Dominica 71,000 0.01 0.00 0 - 71,293 May 14, 2011 Preliminary 2011 census result 42 Bermuda (UK) 65,000 0.01 0.00 0 - 64,237 May 20, 2010 Final 2010 census result 43 Cayman Islands (UK) 59,000 0.01 3.51 2,000 20 58,238 December 31, 2014 Official estimate 44 Greenland (Denmark) 56,000 0.01 0.00 0 - 56,114 July 1, 2015 Official estimate 45 Saint Kitts and Nevis 46,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 46,204 May 15, 2011 2011 census result 46 Sint Maarten (Kingdom of the Netherlands) 39,000 0.00 2.63 1,000 27 37,224 February 1, 2014 Official estimate 47 Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) 37,000 0.00 5.71 2,000 12 31,618 January 25, 2012 Preliminary 2012 census result 48 Saint Martin (France) 36,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 35,742 January 1, 2012 Official estimate 49 British Virgin Islands (UK) 31,000 0.00 3.33 1,000 21 28,054 July 12, 2010 2010 census result 50 Caribbean Netherlands (Kingdom of the Netherlands) 26,000 0.00 4.00 1,000 18 24,593 January 1, 2015 Official estimate 51 Anguilla (UK) 14,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 13,037 May 11, 2011 Final 2011 census result 52 Saint Barthélemy (France) 10,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 9,131 January 1, 2012 Official estimate 53 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France) 6,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 6,069 January 1, 2012 Official estimate 54 Montserrat (UK) 5,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 4,922 May 12, 2011 2011 census result 55 Falkland Islands (UK)[6] 3,000 0.00 0.00 0 - 2,563 April 15, 2012 Final 2012 census result Total 982,093,000 100.00 0.99 9,588,000 71 +The National Liberal Party of Cuba (Partido Liberal Nacional de Cuba) was a liberal party in Cuba, founded in 2004. +The party's Headquarters are in Havana. +References +The National Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Nacional) was a liberal party in Panama.[1] At the last legislative elections, 2 May 2004, the party won 5.2% of the popular vote and 3 out of 78 seats. The party was an observer at Liberal International. +References +The Liberal Party (PL) is a small centrist, predominantly ethnic Hutu political party in Burundi. +The Liberal Party (Partai Liberal) is a liberal party in East Timor. At the 30 August 2001 elections, the party won 1.1% of the popular vote and 1 out of 88 seats. +Liberal Party (East Timor) +The Indian Communist Party was a small communist group in India, led by U. Krishnappa from Karnataka. In May 1985 ICP merged into the Communist Organisation of India (Marxist-Leninist).[1] +References +The Communist Party of Argentina (Spanish: Partido Comunista de la Argentina, also simply known as "PC") is a communist party in Argentina. +It was founded in 1918. +References +External links +ETV2 is an Estonian television channel, transmitted in digital format. +ETV2 began broadcasting on 8 August 2008, coinciding with the Olympic Games. +On 25 August 2008, ETV2 continued broadcasting children's programs. Since 2 January 2009, the channel in the evening news broadcast will be "hot chamber" (19.30 - 20.00) and the publicist for the transfer of Russian-speaking audience. +References +External links +This page charts a list of countries by importance. +References +Methodology +The table below is based upon global Gallup Poll in 2009 research which asked "Is religion important in your daily life?". +Percentages for "yes" and "no" answers are listed below; they often do not add up to 100% because some answered "don't know" or did not answer.[1] +Countries +Country Yes, important[1] No, unimportant[1] Estonia 16% 84% Sweden 17% 82% Denmark 19% 80% Japan 24% 75% Hong Kong 24% 74% United Kingdom 27% 73% Vietnam 30% 69% France 30% 69% Russia 34% 60% Belarus 34% 56% Luxembourg 39% 59% Hungary 39% 58% Albania 39% 53% Latvia 39% 58% Germany 40% 59% Uruguay 41% 59% Switzerland 41% 57% Kazakhstan 43% 48% Canada 42% 57% Lithuania 42% 49% South Korea 43% 56% Ukraine 46% 48% Slovenia 47% 52% Spain 49% 50% Azerbaijan 50% 49% Uzbekistan 51% 46% Israel 51% 48% Serbia 54% 44% Ireland 54% 46% United States 65% 34% Argentina 66% 33% Croatia 70% 28% Chile 70% 29% Singapore 70% 29% Montenegro 71% 28% Greece 71% 28% Italy 72% 25% Moldova 72% 19% Kyrgyzstan 72% 25% Mexico 73% 25% Armenia 73% 25% Poland 75% 19% Cyprus 75% 24.5% Macedonia 76% 22% Bosnia and Herzegovina 77% 21% Venezuela 79% 21% Costa Rica 79% 19.5% Turkmenistan 80% 18% Georgia 81% 16% Turkey 82% 15% Ecuador 82% 17% Colombia 83% 16% El Salvador 83% 16% Peru 84% 14% Iraq 84% 11% Nicaragua 84% 15% Romania 84% 12% Pakistan 92% 6% Saudi Arabia 93% 4% Democratic Republic of the Congo 94% 5% Ghana 95% 5% Zambia 95% 5% Qatar 95% 4% Algeria 95% 4% Chad 95% 5% Rwanda 95% 5% Mali 95% 3% Cameroon 96% 4% Malaysia 96% 3% Nigeria 96% 3% Philippines 96% 4% Cambodia 96% 3% Senegal 96% 4% Afghanistan 97% 3% Morocco 97% 2% Egypt 97% 2% Comoros 97% 2% Thailand 97% 2% Burundi 98% 2% Djibouti 98% 2% Mauritania 98% 2% Somalia 98% 2% Sri Lanka 99% 1% Malawi 99% 1% Indonesia 99% 1% Yemen 99% 1% Niger 100% 0% Ethiopia 100% 0% +References +Barbados at the Pan American Games. +Medal count +Summer +Year Ref. Edition Host city Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total 1951 [1] I Buenos Aires Did not participate 1955 [2] II Mexico City Did not participate 1959 [3] III Chicago Did not participate 1963 [4] IV São Paulo 18th 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 7000300000000000000♠3 7000300000000000000♠3 1967 [5] V Winnipeg 15th 5000000000000000000♠0 7000100000000000000♠1 5000000000000000000♠0 7000100000000000000♠1 1971 [6] VI Cali 19th 5000000000000000000♠0 7000100000000000000♠1 5000000000000000000♠0 7000100000000000000♠1 1975 [7] VII Mexico City 20th 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 7000100000000000000♠1 7000100000000000000♠1 1979 [8] VIII San Juan — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 1983 [9] IX Caracas — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 1987 [10] X Indianapolis — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 1991 [11] XI Havana — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 1995 [12] XII Mar del Plata — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 1999 [13] XIII Winnipeg 21st 5000000000000000000♠0 7000100000000000000♠1 7000100000000000000♠1 7000200000000000000♠2 2003 [14] XIV Santo Domingo 27th 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 7000100000000000000♠1 7000100000000000000♠1 2007 [15] XV Rio de Janeiro 25th 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 7000100000000000000♠1 7000100000000000000♠1 2011 [16] XVI Guadalajara 24th 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 7000200000000000000♠2 7000200000000000000♠2 2015 XVII Toronto 20th 5000000000000000000♠0 7000100000000000000♠1 7000200000000000000♠2 7000300000000000000♠3 Total 30th 5000000000000000000♠0 7000400000000000000♠4 7001110000000000000♠11 7001150000000000000♠15 +References +Belize has competed at every edition of the Pan American Games since the fifth edition of the multi-sport event in 1967. Belize did not compete at the first and only Pan American Winter Games in 1990. +Belize's only two medals were won in softball.[1] +Medal count +Year Ref. Edition Host city Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total 1951 [2] I Buenos Aires Did not participate 1955 [3] II Mexico City Did not participate 1959 [4] III Chicago Did not participate 1963 [5] IV São Paulo Did not participate 1967 [6] V Winnipeg — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 1971 [7] VI Cali — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 1975 [8] VII Mexico City — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 1979 [9] VIII San Juan 18th 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 7000100000000000000♠1 7000100000000000000♠1 1983 [10] IX Caracas 20th 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 7000100000000000000♠1 7000100000000000000♠1 1987 [11] X Indianapolis — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 1991 [12] XI Havana — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 1995 [13] XII Mar del Plata — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 1999 [14] XIII Winnipeg — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 2003 [15] XIV Santo Domingo — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 2007 [16] XV Rio de Janeiro — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 2011 [17] XVI Guadalajara — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 2015 XVII Toronto — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 Total 39th 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 7000200000000000000♠2 7000200000000000000♠2 +References +Bermuda at the Pan American Games. +Medal count +Year Ref. Edition Host city Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total 1951 [1] I Buenos Aires Did not participate 1955 [2] II Mexico City Did not participate 1959 [3] III Chicago — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 1963 [4] IV São Paulo Did not participate 1967 [5] V Winnipeg 14th 5000000000000000000♠0 7000100000000000000♠1 7000100000000000000♠1 7000200000000000000♠2 1971 [6] VI Cali — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 1975 [7] VII Mexico City — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 1979 [8] VIII San Juan — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 1983 [9] IX Caracas — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 1987 [10] X Indianapolis 23rd 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 7000100000000000000♠1 7000100000000000000♠1 1991 [11] XI Havana — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 1995 [12] XII Mar del Plata 29th 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 7000100000000000000♠1 7000100000000000000♠1 1999 [13] XIII Winnipeg 16th 7000100000000000000♠1 7000200000000000000♠2 5000000000000000000♠0 7000300000000000000♠3 2003 [14] XIV Santo Domingo 23rd 5000000000000000000♠0 7000100000000000000♠1 5000000000000000000♠0 7000100000000000000♠1 2007 [15] XV Rio de Janeiro — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 2011 [16] XVI Guadalajara — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 2015 XVII Toronto 28th 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 7000100000000000000♠1 7000100000000000000♠1 Total 25th 7000100000000000000♠1 7000400000000000000♠4 7000400000000000000♠4 7000900000000000000♠9 +The United States Virgin Islands has competed at the Pan American Games since 1967. +Medal count +Year Host city Total 1951 Buenos Aires did not participate 1955 Mexico City did not participate 1959 Chicago did not participate 1963 São Paulo did not participate 1967 Winnipeg 0 0 1 1 1971 Cali 0 0 0 0 1975 Mexico City 0 0 0 0 1979 San Juan 0 0 1 1 1983 Caracas 0 0 0 0 1987 Indianapolis 0 1 1 2 1991 Havana 1 0 0 1 1995 Mar del Plata 0 3 0 3 1999 Winnipeg 0 0 0 0 2003 Santo Domingo 0 0 0 0 2007 Rio de Janeiro 0 0 0 0 2011 Guadalajara 0 0 0 0 2015 Toronto 0 0 0 0 Total 1 4 3 8 +Benny Chan Muk-Sing (simplified Chinese: 陈木胜; traditional Chinese: 陳木勝; pinyin: Chén Mùshèng; born on October 7, 1961, is a Hong Kong film director, producer and screenwriter.[1] +Filmography as a director +External links +Teddy Chan or Teddy Chen Tak Sum (陳德森) is a Hong Kong film director, producer, writer and actor. +Filmography +References +External links +Aman Chang (張敏) is a Hong Kong film director. +Filmography +References +External links +Billy Tang Hin-Shing (鄧衍成) is a Hong Kong film director. +Filmography +References +External links +Li Jie (Chinese: 励婕; pinyin: Lì Jié), more commonly known by her pen name Anni Baobei or Annie Baby (Chinese: 安妮宝贝), is a Chinese novelist, born 11 July 1974 in Ningbo, Zhejiang.[1] Her first work in print was the 2000 novella Goodbye Vivian.[1] +Works +References +External links +Zheng Xiaolong (郑晓龙) (born 1953) is a Chinese TV and film director and screenwriter. +Selected Filmography +Stories from the Editorial Board (1991) — China's first sitcom A Native of Beijing in New York (1992) — first Chinese TV series shot in the US, see Beijinger in New York The Gua Sha Treatment (2001) Golden Marriage (2008) Chuncao (2008) I'm a Boss (2009) Empresses in the Palace (2011) Red Sorghum (2014) Legend of Miyue (2015) +External links +References +External links +Fu Biao (September 27, 1963 – August 30, 2005) was a Chinese actor. +Filmography +Film +Year English title Chinese title Role Notes 1984 North China Red Beans 北国红豆 1995 Shanghai Triad 搖啊搖，搖到外婆橋 Zheng Sanye 1997 The Sorrows of Xiaoxinzhuang 小辛庄的烦恼 TV film The Dream Factory 甲方乙方 Zhang Fugui Keep Cool 有话好好说 1998 Restless Shen Gang Rhapsody of Spring 春天的狂想 1999 Sorry Baby 没完没了 Ruan Dawei 2000 Sigh 一声叹息 Liu Dawei Happy Times 幸福时光 Little Fu 2001 Decorating with Lanterns and Festoons 张灯结彩 TV film Escort 押解的故事 Yu Tai Big Shot's Funeral 大腕 himself cameo One Hundred... +Miao Tien (Chinese: 苗天, 6 December 1925 – 19 February 2005) was a Chinese film actor.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Jiang Wu (born 4 November 1967) is a Chinese actor. He starred in Zhang Yimou's To Live (1994), and Zhang Yang's Shower (1999). +He is the younger brother of Jiang Wen and is or was a member of the Beijing Experimental Theatre Troupe.[1] +Filmography +References +External links +A constitutional referendum was held in Abkhazia on 3 October 1999, alongside presidential elections. +Voters were asked whether they approved of the constitution that had been approved by the Supreme Soviet on 26 November 1994,[1] together with an amendment abolishing the life term for appointed judges and replacing it with five year terms.[2] It was approved by 97.7% of voters. However, ethnic Georgians who had been expelled from Abkhazia during the conflict of 1992–93 did not participate in the referendum and the results were not recognised internationally.[3] +Results +Choice Votes % For 97.7 Against 2.3 Invalid/blank votes – Total 100 Registered voters/turnout 219,534 87.6 Source: RRC +Aftermath +Following the referendum, the Abkhazian government passed the Act of State Independence of the Republic of Abkhazia on 12 October. +Soi Cheang Pou-Soi (Chinese: 鄭保瑞) is a Hong Kong film director, assistant director, screenwriter, script supervisor, and actor. +Filmography as director +References +External links +Jacob Cheung Chi-Leung is a Hong Kong film director, producer, screenwriter, and actor. +His credits include A Battle Of Wits (2006), which was nominated for Best Director and Best Screenplay at the Golden Bauhinia Awards, and Beyond the Sunset (1989), which was nominated for two awards at the 9th Hong Kong Film Awards. +Filmography +Director +Actor +Producer +Screenplay +Executive Associate Producer +External links +Joe Cheung Tung-cho (張同祖) is a Hong Kong director, producer, scriptwriter and actor. +Filmography +External links +Doe Ching (1915 – 16 May 1969) was a Chinese film director and screenwriter who worked in the cinema of Hong Kong. +He directed 51 films between 1952 and 1969. His 1967 film The Blue and the Black was ranked 91st in the 100 Greatest Chinese-Language Films by the Golden Horse Film Festival in January 2011.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Zhang Baojian (September 16, 1934 – ), better known as Chor Yuen, is a Hong Kong-based Chinese film director, screenwriter and actor. +Filmography +As director +As actor +Television series +References +External links +Clarence Fok Yiu-leung (霍耀良) is a Hong Kong film director and actor from Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. +He is perhaps best known for directing the international cult classic Naked Killer (1992).[1] +Filmography +As director +As actor +References +External links +References +External links +Stanley Fung Shui-fan is a Hong Kong actor and film director. +He was one of the Lucky Stars. +Filmography +Richard Li Han Hsiang (Chinese: 李翰祥; pinyin: Lǐ Hànxiáng; 7 March 1926 in Jinxi, Liaoning[1] - 17 December 1996 in Beijing) was a Chinese film director. +Li directed more than 70 films in his career beginning in the 1950s and lasting till the 1990s. +His The Enchanting Shadow, The Magnificent Concubine, and Empress Wu Tse-Tien were entered into the Cannes Film Festival in 1960, 1962, and 1963 respectively. +Selected filmography +Year Title Notes 1954 Lady from the Moon 1956 Red Bloom in the Snow Beyond the Blue Horizon 1957 A Mating Story Lady in Distress Little Angels of the Streets A Mellow Spring He Has Taken Him for Another 1958 Give Me a Kiss The Magic Touch Diau Charn The Angel Dan Fung Street The Blessed Family 1959 Love Letter Murder The Kingdom and the Beauty The Adventure of the 13th Sister 1960 The Enchanting Shadow Hong Kong submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film 1962 The Magnificent Concubine 1963 Empress Wu Tse-Tien The Love Eterne Hong Kong submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film 1972 Legends of Lust Cheating Panorama The Admarid Girl 1975 The Empress Dowager 1976 The Last Tempest Hong Kong submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film 1983 The Burning of the Imperial Palace Reign Behind a Curtain 1986 The Last Emperor Snuff Bottle 1989 The West Empress +References +External links +Ho Meng Hua, also He Meng Hua and Hoh Mung Wa (Chinese: 何夢華) (1 January 1923 - 19 May 2009) was a Chinese film director from Shanghai, working in the Cinema of Hong Kong and the Cinema of Taiwan.[1] After joining the famous Shaw Brothers studio in 1955, he eventually became one the studios' most prolific directors, directing about fifty films between then and 1980.[2] +Filmography +References +External links +Huang Feng (黃楓) (born 1919) is a Hong Kong based film director, screenwriter, and actor. +Filmography +External links +Vincent Kok Tak-Chiu (born 15 August 1965) is a Hong Kong actor, scriptwriter and film director. +Filmography +References +External links +Derek Kwok (Kwok Chi-kin) (Chinese: 郭子健) is a film director. +He won the 28th Hong Kong Film Awards for Best New Director with his film The Moss. +Director +Screenplay +References +Derek Kwok +External links +Peter Kam Pui-Tat (Chinese: 金培達) is a music composer for Hong Kong films including The Warlords, Bodyguards and Assassins and Dragon. +Partial filmography +External links +Stephanie Cheng (born 10 October 1984) is a female cantopop singer in Hong Kong introduced by Go East Music (consolidated with Universal Music in 2003). +She was born in Hong Kong and studied at Heep Yunn School and the Australian International School. After her graduation, she began modeling jobs until she was invited to be a singer. +Discography +Filmography +References +External links +Mizz Eva (a.k.a. Chan Sze-wai, born 17 October 1981[1]) was the first female rapper in Hong Kong.[2] Her first album was "L for..(2004)". +Filmography +References +External links +Winnie Lau Siu Wai (Chinese: 劉小慧) is a Hong Kong singer and actress. +She has two daughters with her husband, Edmund So, from Grasshopper. +Discography +Filmography +Year Title Role Notes 1991 Twin Bracelets 雙鐲 Lau Siu-wai (Hsiu) 1993 Legend of the Liquid Sword 笑俠楚留香 Sung Tim-yee 1993 Future Cops 超級學校霸王 Siu-Wai/Crab Angel +References +Alex To (born Alejandro Delfino on 10 February 1962) is a Hong Kong and Taiwan based singer and actor. +He is the winner of the 4th annual New Talent Singing Awards in 1985. He has released numerous albums throughout his career and mainly has R&B influenced songs. +Filmography +Tv Series +References +External links +Zhao Jiping (simplified Chinese: 赵季平; traditional Chinese: 趙季平; pinyin: Zhào Jìpíng) (b. Pingliang, Gansu, China, August 1945) is a Chinese composer from Shaanxi. He is best known for his film scores for the Fifth Generation Chinese director Zhang Yimou. +Film scores +External links +Telejornal is a news program aired each day at 20:00 on the Portuguese public television channel RTP1, the flagship channel of Rádio e Televisão de Portugal (RTP). The first show aired in 1959 and has kept its name since. The title translates as tele-journal. +The term 'Telejornal' in Portugal has become synonymous with television news. The show is one of the most viewed in the country and the oldest long-running of Portuguese television. +Telejornal also simulcasts on other RTP channels such as RTP Internacional, RTP África, RTP Açores, RTP Madeira and RTP Play. +References +External links +Telejornal (Portugal) +Your Lie in April, known in Japan as Shigatsu wa Kimi no Uso (四月は君の嘘?, lit. +April is Your Lie) , or just simply Kimiuso is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Naoshi Arakawa. The series was serialized in Kodansha's Monthly Shōnen Magazine from April 2011 to May 2015. An anime television series adaptation by A-1 Pictures aired from October 2014 to March 2015 on Fuji TV's noitamina block.[2] A live-action film adaptation of the same name has been scheduled to be released in September 2016.[3] +Two years later, Kōsei hasn't touched the piano and views the world in monochrome, without any flair or color. He has resigned himself to living out his life with his good friends, Tsubaki and Watari, until, one day, a girl changes everything. Kaori Miyazono, a fourteen-year old audacious, free-spirited violinist whose playing style reflects her manic personality, helps Kōsei return to the music world and shows that it should be free and mold breaking unlike the structured and rigid style Kōsei was used to, and as she continues to uplift him, he quickly realizes that he loves her. +Plot +Reception +The manga won the award for Best Shōnen Manga at the 37th Kodansha Manga Awards.[33] It was nominated for the 5th Manga Taishō.[34] +The anime adaptation was the winner of the Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper's 2016 Sugoi Japan Awards.[35][36] +Wan Kwong (Chinese: 尹光), born Lui Minkwong (呂明光 and also known as Jackson Wan Kwong), is a singer from Hong Kong, known as the "The Temple Street Prince". +Discography +External links +Lin Di (Chinese: 林笛; pinyin: Lín Dí; born 1975 in Shanghai) is a Chinese musician, composer, and vocalist. +Discography +Solo albums +With Swing Shine +With Cold Fairyland +References +Liu Tianhua (simplified Chinese: 刘天华; traditional Chinese: 劉天華; pinyin: Liú Tiānhuá; Wade–Giles: Liu T'ien-hua; 1895–1932) was a Chinese musician and composer best known for his innovative work for the erhu (Chinese two-string fiddle). +Compositions +Erhu +Pipa +References +External links +Ziyu He (Chinese: 何子毓; April 24, 1999) is a Chinese violinist born in Qingdao, China.[1] In 2011, he moved to Salzburg, Austria. At the age of 15, he won the 2014 Eurovision Young Musicians.[2] +References +Philip Kwok (Chinese: 郭追; also known as Kuo Chui, Kwok Chui, Kwok Chun-Fung, or "# 4 Lizard" after one of his famous roles; born 21 October 1951) is a Hong Kong-based actor and stuntman. +Filmography +External links +Jerry Lamb Hiu Fung (Chinese: 林曉峰) (born 29 September 1970) is a Hong Kong actor. +He is also known as Lamb Hiu Fung. +Filmography includes +Jerry Lamb +References +External links +Lau Sek Ming (Chinese: 劉錫明; pinyin: Liu Xi Ming; born 16 July 1964 in Hong Kong) is a Hong Kong actor[1] whose ancestral home is Chaoyang, Guangdong, China. +Filmography +References +Becky Lee (Chinese: 李璧琦, born 11 August 1978) is a Hong Kong TVB actress and host.[1] She also is a vocal music artist. She graduated from the Music Department of Hong Kong Baptist University, majored in vocal music.[2] +Filmography +TV series +Film +References +External links +Becky Lam (林碧琪) is a Hong Kong actress. She won the Hong Kong Film Award for Best Actress at the 2nd Hong Kong Film Awards.[1] +Filmography +References +External links +Gilbert Lam Wai San is a Hong Kong actor formerly with TVB and ATV actor[1] +Filmography +Year Title Role 1989 Looking Back in Anger 1990 Lung Fung Restaurant 1992 The Greed of Man Michael Hard Boiled Satanic Crystals 1994–2000 Hong Kong Today 1996 The Good Old Days 1997 The Year of Chameleon 2002 Where the Legend Begins Yang Xiu Burning Flame II Tong Lai 2003 The King of Yesterday and Tomorrow Shum Yat-lai 2004 Angels of Mission Yeung Siu-fung The Conqueror's Story Chan Ping To Catch the Uncatchable 2005 Doomed to Oblivion Central Affairs 2006 Greed Mask Placebo Cure 2006–2007 Facts 2008 When East Meets West Horrifying Zone 2009 Happy Family 2009 Here Comes The Mammon +References +Jim Tang Wing Kin (simplified Chinese: 邓永健; traditional Chinese: 鄧永健, born June 9, 1983 in Hong Kong with family roots in Panyu, Guangdong) is a Hong Kong actor. +Filmography +Television +Film +External links +Tin Kai-Man, also spelled Tin Kai-mun, is a Hong Kong actor and production manager, most notable for his role in Shaolin Soccer. +A well-known friend of Stephen Chow, he began acting in his films with the 1994 Hail the Judge. Tin also worked with Chow on the actor and director's highly successful Kung Fu Hustle.[1] +Filmography +References +External links +Vowels a i u e o Print (on ཨ ) ཨ ཨི ཨུ ཨེ ཨོ Braille ka ki ku ke ko Print (on ཀ ) ཀ ཀི ཀུ ཀེ ཀོ Braille +Sanskrit vowel-marking includes: +Punctuation +References +Dzongkha Braille, or Bhutanese Braille, is the braille alphabet for writing Dzongkha, the national language of Bhutan. It is based on English braille, with some extensions from international usage. As in print, the vowel a is not written. +Alphabet[1] +Consonant ka kha ga nga ca cha ja nya Print ཀ ཁ ག ང ཅ ཆ ཇ ཉ Braille +Punctuation +Punctuation Quote , . ; : ? ! - ' open close () Braille ⠂ ⠲ ⠆ ⠒ ⠢ ⠖ ⠤ ⠄ ⠦ ⠴ ⠶ +Formatting +(digit) (caps) +References +External links +Albanian Braille is the braille alphabet for writing the Albanian language. Like other braille alphabets for languages written in the Latin script, the simple Latin letters are all assigned values based on international braille. +Alphabet +Letter a b c ç d dh e ë f g gj h Braille ⠁ ⠃ ⠉ ⠩ ⠙ ⠹ ⠑ ⠡ ⠋ ⠛ ⠻ ⠓ Letter i j k l ll m n nj o p q r Braille ⠊ ⠚ ⠅ ⠇ ⠷ ⠍ ⠝ ⠫ ⠕ ⠏ ⠯ ⠗ Letter rr s sh t th u v x xh y z zh Braille ⠟ ⠎ ⠱ ⠞ ⠾ ⠥ ⠧ ⠭ ⠮ ⠽ ⠵ ⠳ +Punctuation and formatting +Common punctuation +Legacy punctuation +Unified Arabic punctuation +External links +It descends from a braille alphabet brought to Egypt by an English missionary prior to 1878, so the letter assignments generally correspond to English Braille and to the same romanization as in other braille systems, like Greek and Russian. However, there were once multiple standards, some of which (such as Algerian Braille) were unrelated to Egyptian Braille. A unified Arabic Braille was adopted in the 1950s as part of the move toward international braille, and it is the standard throughout the Arab world.[1] Other Arabic-based alphabets have braille systems similar to Arabic Braille, such as Urdu and Persian Braille, but differ in some letter and diacritic assignments.[2] +Arabic braille chart +Letters +Print ا‎ ب‎ ت‎ ث‎ ج‎ ح‎ خ‎ د‎ ذ‎ ر‎ Braille +The Arabic keyboard (Arabic: لوحة المفاتيح العربية‎‎) is the Arabic keyboard layout used for the Arabic language. All computer Arabic keyboards contain both Arabic and Latin, as Latin characters are necessary for URLs and Email addresses. Since Arabic is written from right to left, when typing using an Arabic keyboard, the letters will start appearing from the right side of the screen. +Layouts +Arabic typewriter +The first Arabic layout for typewriters was invented by Selim Shibli Haddad, a Syrian artist and inventor, in 1899.[1] +Sakhr/MSX Arabic Keyboard +IBM PC Arabic Keyboard +Mac Arabic Keyboard +Intellark Arabic Keyboard +References +Virtual Dzongkha keyboard layout on a smart phone +The Dzongkha keyboard layout scheme is designed as a simple means for inputting Dzongkha (རྫོང་ཁ) and classical Tibetan (ཆོས་སྐད) text on computers. +This keyboard layout was standardized by the Dzongkha Development Commission (DDC) and the Department of Information Technology (DIT) of the Royal Government of Bhutan in 2000. +It was updated in 2009 to accommodate additional characters added to the Unicode & ISO 10646 standards since the initial version. +Keyboard layout +Dzongkha (Bhutan) - dz-BT +External links +Anneli Granget (August 11, 1935 – April 25, 1971) was a German stage and television actress. +Television +References +External links +Marga Legal (18 February 1908 – 30 October 2001) was a German actress.[1] She is the daughter of actor Ernst Legal and appeared in more than one hundred films from 1952 to 2001. +Selected filmography +Year Title Role Notes 1967 The Banner of Krivoi Rog 1963 The Heyde-Sawade Affair 1962 Star-Crossed Lovers 1961 Five Days, Five Nights 1959 Goods for Catalonia 1952 The Condemned Village +References +External links +Reiko Komatsu (小松 礼子, Komatsu Reiko?, December 28, 1934 – November 13, 2013), professionally known as Chieko Aioi (相生 千恵子, Aioi Chieko?), was a Japanese actress and voice actress. +Aioi was born on December 28, 1934 in Tokyo.[1] +In 2008, Aioi suffered a subarachnoid hemorrhage which ended her acting career. +She died of heart failure on November 13, 2013, aged 78, in Tokyo.[2] +Filmography +External links +References +Yoko Aki (阿木 燿子, Aki Yōko?, born May 1, 1945) is a Japanese songwriter, actress, novelist and essayist.[1] With her husband, Ryudo Uzaki, she has written many songs for other singers, with Aki as lyricist and Uzaki as composer. They are especially famous for a series of hit songs of Momoe Yamaguchi's. +Discography +(as lyricist) +Filmography +External links +References +Kumiko Onodera (小野寺 久美子, Onodera Kumiko?) (born July 29, 1954), better known as Kumiko Akiyoshi (秋吉 久美子, Akiyoshi Kumiko?), is a Japanese actress. She won the award for best actress at the 1st Hochi Film Award for Banka, Saraba natsuno hikariyo and Brother and Sister.[1] +Filmography +References +External links +Ako (亜湖?) is a Japanese actress. +She won the award for best supporting actress at the 1st Yokohama Film Festival for Woman with Red Hair and Wet Weekend.[1] +Filmography +References +Ako (actress) +Shigeru Amachi (天知 茂, Amachi Shigeru?, 4 March 1931 - 27 July 1985) was a Japanese actor. +He appeared in more than 120 films from 1953 to 1984. +Selected filmography +External links +Shigeru Amachi +Kenji Anan (阿南 健治, Anan Kenji?, born on February 24, 1962 in Taketa, Ōita, Japan) is a Japanese stage and film actor. +Filmography +Film +Television +External links +References +External links +Sakura Ando (安藤 サクラ, Andō Sakura?, born February 18, 1986) is a Japanese actress. +Filmography +Film +Television +Noriko Aoyama (青山倫子, Aoyama Noriko?, born 29 December 1978) is a former model and a Japanese actress.[1] She has appeared in more than twenty films since 2002. +Selected filmography +References +External links +Kanjūrō Arashi in 1930s or in 1940s. +Kanjūrō Arashi (嵐 寛壽郎, Arashi Kanjūrō?, 8 December 1903 – 21 October 1980[1]) was a Japanese film actor. +He entered the film industry in 1927 and came to fame playing Kurama Tengu, a character in the Bakumatsu era created by Jirō Osaragi in his novels.[1] In the 1950s he portrayed the Emperor Meiji in several hit films and appeared in yakuza films in the 1960s. +His nickname was "Arakan." +Filmography +His filmography includes over 300 films:[2] +References +Bibliography +External links +Kanjūrō Arashi +Michiyo Aratama (新珠 三千代, Aratama Michiyo, Birthname Kyoko Toda?, 15 January 1930 – 17 March 2001) was a Japanese actress who appeared in leading and supporting roles in such films as Hiroshi Inagaki's Chushingura: Hana no Maki, Yuki no Maki, Kihachi Okamoto's Samurai Assassin and Sword of Doom, and Masaki Kobayashi's Kwaidan, Hymn to a Tired Man and The Human Condition trilogy. +Filmography +With Tatsuya Nakadai in The Human Condition (1959) +External links +Narimi Arimori (有森 也実 Arimori Narimi, born 10 December 1967 in Yokohama, Japan) is a Japanese actress. +Filmography +Film +Television +External links +Miyoko Asada (浅田 美代子, Asada Miyoko?, born February 15, 1956) is a Japanese actress. +She is a former pop idol. She is a high school dropout. +Single discography +# Title Release Date/Chart Position 1 Akai Fuusen (赤い風船?) +Filmography +Television +References +External links +Ruriko Asaoka (浅丘 ルリ子, Asaoka Ruriko?), born 2 July 1940 in Xinjing, Manchukuo (now Changchun, Jilin, China), is a Japanese actress. +Filmography +Film +Television +Honours +External links +Ruriko Asaoka +Shinsuke Ashida (芦田伸介, Ashida Shinsuke?, 14 March 1914 – 10 January 1999) was a Japanese actor.[1] He appeared in over 90 films between 1952 and 1996. +Selected filmography +References +External links +Sei Ashina (芦名 星, Ashina Sei?) (born Igarashi Aya on November 22, 1983) is a Japanese actress,[2] best known for her role in Kamen Rider Hibiki.[3] She is also known for her role as The Mistress in the 2006 film Silk.[4] +Filmography +Movies +Television +References +External links +Kumiko Hiramaru (平丸 久美子, Hiramaru Kumiko?, born 17 June 1978 in Sanmu, Chiba, Japan), better known by her stage name Kumiko Aso (麻生 久美子, Asō Kumiko?), is a Japanese actress. She is also a model and has participated in several commercials. +Filmography +References +External links +Yumi Okumura (奥村 由美, Okumura Yumi?, born August 15, 1963), better known by the stage name Yumi Aso (麻生 祐未, Asō Yumi?), is a Japanese actress. +She is a niece of singer Chiyo Okumura.[1] She married actor Toshiya Nagasawa (ja) in March 2004, and they had one child.[2] The couple separated less than two years later, and officially divorced in 2008.[2] +Selected filmography +Film +Television +References +External links +References +External links +Go Ayano (綾野 剛, Ayano Gō?, born January 26, 1982 in Gifu Prefecture) is a Japanese actor.[1] +Filmography +Film +Television +Junzaburo Ban (伴淳三郎, Ban Junzaburō?, January 10, 1910 - October 26, 1981) was a Japanese comedian and actor.[2] His real name was Hirosada Suzuki (鈴木寛定, Suzuki Hirosada?). +Filmography +References +External links +Sadao Abe (阿部 サダヲ, Abe Sadao?, born Abe Takashi (阿部 隆史?); April 23, 1970) is a Japanese actor, stage actor and musician from Matsudo, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. +He started his acting career after joining a theater company/talent agency, Otona Keikaku, in around 1992 and gained his popularity after the drama series Team Medical Dragon and as being the lead singer of the Japanese comedy rock band Group Tamashii. +Film +Filmography +Television +External links +Toru Abe (安部 徹, Abe Tōru?, 28 March 1917 – 18 July 1993) was a Japanese film actor. +He appeared in more than one hundred films from 1944 to 1985. +Selected filmography +Film Year Title Role Notes 1974 Lady Snowblood 2: Love Song of Vengeance 1970 Tora! +External links +Tsuyoshi Abe (阿部 力, Abe Tsuyoshi?, (born February 13, 1982 in Heilongjiang, China) is a Chinese Japanese (中国系日本人) actor in Japan. +Of mixed Chinese and Japanese descent (his grandmother was Japanese), he is able to speak both Mandarin and Japanese fluently. +TV dramas +Movies +Endorsements +References +External links +Official site +Masanobu Ando (安藤 政信, Andō Masanobu?, born May 19, 1975) is a Japanese actor. +Filmography +Film +Television +Awards +References +External links +Munetaka Aoki (青木 崇高, Aoki Munetaka?, born 14 March 1980) is a Japanese actor. +He played Sanosuke Sagara in the live action adaptation of the manga and anime series Rurouni Kenshin.[1][2] He is married to Japanese actress and model Yūka. +Filmography +TV drama series +References +External links +Sōta Aoyama (青山 草太, Aoyama Sōta?, born September 17, 1979) is a Japanese male actor. +He is best known for his roles as Sadaharu Inui of the first generation Seigaku cast of the Prince of Tennis musical series, Tenimyu, and as Kaito Toma, the human host of Ultraman Max in the 2005 Ultraman Max series.[1] +Filmography +Film and television +Music videos +References +External links +Genjirō Arato (荒戸 源次郎, Arato Genjirō?, born October 10, 1946) is a Japanese film producer, actor and director. +Filmography +Producer +Director +External links +Minoru Chiaki (千秋 実, Chiaki Minoru?, April 28, 1917 – November 1, 1999) was a Japanese actor who appeared in such films as Akira Kurosawa's Rashomon, Seven Samurai and The Hidden Fortress. +Later in his career, he appeared as a secondary actor in many Toei films. +In 1986, he was given the Best Actor prize at the Japan Academy Prize ceremony for his performance in Toei's Gray Sunset (1985).[1] +Filmography +Film +Television +Honours +References +External links +Takeo Chii (地井武男, Chii Takeo?, 5 May 1942 – 29 June 2012)[1] was a Japanese actor. +He appeared in more than 70 films between 1968 and 2012. +Filmography +Films +Television drama +References +External links +Yasuo Daichi (大地 康雄, Daichi Yasuo?, born 25 November 1951) is a Japanese actor. +He has appeared in more than fifty films since 1979. +Selected filmography +Film +Television +External links +Saburo Date (伊達三郎, Date Saburō?, 27 March 1924 – 12 September 1991) was a Japanese actor.[1] He appeared in over 60 films between 1947 and 1987. +Selected filmography +References +External links +Year Title Role Notes 2006 Kōmyō ga Tsuji Toyotomi Hideyoshi Taiga drama 2009–11 Saka no Ue no Kumo Nogi Maresuke 2012-present Folktales from Japan Narrator +Television +Honours +External links +Akira Emoto (柄本 明, Emoto Akira?, born 3 November 1948 in Chūō, Tokyo) is a Japanese actor. +Selected filmography +Year Title Role Notes 1980 Disciples of Hippocrates Katō 1981 Sailor Suit and Machine Gun Kuroki 1982 Dotonbori River Ishizuka Hearts and Flowers for Tora-san Kondō Suspicion Shigekazu Akitani 1983 Amagi Goe 1984 Kesho Kikuo Tsutano Location Konno 1985 Capone Cries a Lot Ushiemon Ikite mitai mō ichido: Shinjuku Basu Hōka Jiken Hirofumi Maruyama Nidaime wa Christian Detective Kumashiro 1986 Final Take Director Saeki 1987 Bedtime Eyes Ooguro The Heartbreak Yakuza Shoji Kato 1988 Angel Guts: Red Vertigo Yakuza Kimurake no Hitobito Shinichi Amemiya The Silk Road 1989 Tora-San Goes to Vienna Heiba Sakaguchi 1990 Uchū no hōsoku Nagayama 1991 Bakumatsu Junjoden Kogorou Katsura 1992 Sumo Do, Sumo Don't Professor Tokichi Anayama 1993 Ahiru no Uta ga Kikoete kuru yo Ryosuke Kaji 1994 Natsu no niwa Nagatomo Godzilla vs. SpaceGodzilla Major Akira Yuki 1995 Maborosi Yoshihiro 1996 Shall We Dance? +Masashi Endō (遠藤雅, Endō Masashi?, born 2 April 1974) is a Japanese actor. +He appeared in more than ten films since 1993 and played a major role in Wild Zero and Sawako Decides. +Selected filmography +Year Title Role Notes 1993 A Touch of Fever 1995 All Night Long 2 2001 19 2009 Sawako Decides +Television +Year Title Role Notes 2002 Toshiie and Matsu Date Masamune Taiga drama +External links +External links +Kenichi Endō (遠藤 憲一, Endō Ken'ichi?, born 28 June 1961) is a Japanese actor and writer.[1][2] He is best known for his roles in Visitor Q (2001), Crows Zero (2007), Crows Zero 2 (2009), and The Raid 2: Berandal (2014). +Appearances +Films +TV dramas +Video games +References +Tatsuya Fuji (Chinese:藤 竜也 ; pinyin:teng longye, Fuji Tatsuya?, born 27 August 1941) is a Japanese actor. +He has starred in two films (Empire of Passion and Bright Future) that have been entered into the Cannes Film Festival.[1] +Selected filmography +Film +Television +References +External links +Yū Fujiki (Chinese: 藤木 悠;pinyin:teng muyou, Fujiki Yū?, 2 March 1931 - 19 December 2005) was a Japanese film actor. +He appeared in more than one hundred films from 1954 to 2005. +Selected filmography +External links +Yū Fujiki +Shunji Fujimura (藤村 俊二, Fujimura Shunji?) (born December 8, 1934) is a Japanese actor from Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan. +He appeared in the second series of Monkey as the horse. He appears in the Death Note live-action movie as Quillsh Wammy A.K.A. Watari. +Filmography +Film +Television +Anime +External links +Wataru Fukuda (福田亘, Fukuda Wataru?) (born April 7, 1964) is a Japanese suit actor.[1] +Partial filmography +References +Seizō Fukumoto (福本 清三, Fukumoto Seizō?) is a Japanese actor. +Filmography +Television +Movies +Award +References +External links +TV commercials +Bibliography +Awards +Elan d'or Awards: Newcomer of the Year in 2014[19] 38th Japan Academy Prize: Newcomer of the Year[20] +References +External links +Sōta Fukushi (福士 蒼汰, Fukushi Sōta?, born May 30, 1993 in Tokyo) is a Japanese actor.[1][2][3] +Filmography +TV series +Year English title Japanese title Role Network Notes 2011 Misaki Number One!! 美咲ナンバーワン!! +Films +Cameras are located in well-known cities as well as lesser known locations. EarthTV cameras usually feature beaches, mountains, seaside resorts, or skylines of major cities. They now have over 70 cameras and air the so-called World Live program, featuring 7 locations in 90 seconds, which is shown in 200 countries, reaching more than 2 billion viewers daily. +The programmes are aired on a multitude of news, travel and geographic channels throughout the globe, including BBC World News, N24, tagesschau24, ZDFinfo, Bahrain TV, TV Alhijrah, Al Iraqiya, Al Sharqiya, Antenne Réunion, Hoggar TV, Nessma TV, Oman TV Satellite, Cambodian Television Network, RTB News, SBS Australia, PPTV, now News, SVT24, RTL Z, Al Arabiya, TRT Haber, TVBN, i-CABLE News Channel, CBC News Network, ANN7, Rai News24, Echo TV, Al Ekhbariya, 24 News Ukraine, China Weather TV, France 24, Al Jazeera Mubasher, NRW, Bloomberg HT, Band News, Channel NewsAsia, Jurnal TV, The Weather Channel, RMC Decouverte, & VNews. +Rei Dan (檀れい, Dan Rei?) is a Japanese actress. +She began her career as a member of the Takarazuka Revue. She was nominated for Best Supporting Actress at the 32nd Japan Academy Prize for Kabei: Our Mother.[1] +Filmography +Dramas +Year Japanese Title Title Role Network Notes 2007 陽炎の辻 Kagero no Tsuji NHK Main Cast 2008 あの戦争は何だったのか Ano Senso wa Nan Datta no ka TBS Supporting Role 2009 そうか、もう君はいないのか Soka, Mo Kimi wa Inai no ka Inoue Noriko Main Cast 2010 八日目の蝉 Rebirth Kiwako Nonomiya NHK Lead Role 2011 美しい隣人 Utsukushii Rinjin Yano Eriko Fuji TV Lead Role 犬の消えた日 Inu no Kieta Hi NTV Lead Role 造花の蜜 Zouka no Mitsu Ran WOWOW Lead Role 2012 平清盛 Taira no Kiyomori Fujiwara no Tamako/Taikenmon'in NHK Supporting Role プラチナタウン Platinum Town Nakazato Erika WOWOW Lead Role 2014 福家警部補の挨拶 Fukuie Keibuho no Aisatsu Assistant Inspector Fukui Fuji TV Lead Role ルーズヴェルト・ゲーム Roosevelt Game Nakamoto Arisa TBS Lead Role ヒガンバナ Higanbana Minegishi Yukino NTV Lead Role 2016 沈まぬ太陽 Shizumanu Taiyō Miki Mitsui WOWOW Main Cast +Film +References +Koji Date (伊達 幸志, Date Kōji?, born November 23, 1987) is a Japanese actor and singer. +He played Ootori Chotarou in The Prince of Tennis movie and The Prince of Tennis musicals. +Discography +Album +Single/EP +Stage performances +Live performances +TV shows +Regular on Yokohama Music Explorer +Musicals +External links +Yoriko Dōguchi (洞口 依子, Dōguchi Yoriko?, born 18 March 1965 in Tokyo) is a Japanese actress. +Selected filmography +External links +Sandayū Dokumamushi (毒蝮 三太夫, Dokumamushi Sandayū?) born Iyoshi Ishii (石井 伊吉, Ishii Iyoshi?) on 31 March 1936 in Osaka, Japan) is a Japanese actor.[1] He portrayed the role of Daisuke Arashi in the original Ultraman series (1966-1967). +He has been a radio personality on the Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS) from October 6, 1969 to the present. His radio program is famous for vulgar language and is popular with an older audience. +Filmography +References +External links +Kenji Ebisawa (海老澤 健次, Ebisawa Kenji?, born October 22, 1986) is a Japanese actor, best known for the role of Gunpei Ishihara/Go-on Black in the 2008 tokusatsu series Engine Sentai Go-onger. +Filmography +Television +Cinema +Other media +Stage +Endorsements +External links +Noriko Eguchi (江口 のりこ, Eguchi Noriko?, born 28 April 1980) is a Japanese film and television actress. +She became a student in the theater troupe Tokyo Kandenchi in 2000,[1] and made her film debut in 2002 with Takashi Miike's Shangri-La.[2] She had her first starring role in Yuki Tanada's Moon and Cherry in 2004.[1] +Filmography +Films +Television +References +External links +Tōru Emori (江守 徹, Emori Tōru?, born Tetsuo Kato (加藤 徹夫); 25 January 1944) is a Japanese actor, voice actor, and theater director. +He has appeared in more than sixty films since 1965. +Selected filmography +References +External links +Ado Endo (遠藤 あど, Endō Ado?, November 6, 1973) is a Japanese actress best known from her work on SeraMyu. +She is the longest performing actress in the Sailor Moon musicals, portraying many background characters, such as Sailor Theta and Sailor Lead Crow +Musicals +External links +Ado Endoh +Kinya Aikawa (愛川 欽也, Aikawa Kin'ya?, June 25, 1934 – April 15, 2015) as Toshiaki Ikawa (井川 敏明, Ikawa Toshiaki?) was a Japanese actor, tarento and voice actor. +Filmography +Acting roles +Films +Television +Voice roles +Television +Films +References +External links +Films +External links +Masaki Aizawa (相沢 まさき, Aizawa Masaki?, born January 19, 1965) is a male Japanese voice actor. As of 2016, he is attached to Bell Production. +His stage name is also Masaki Aizawa, but with a different kanji Aizawa Masaki (相沢 正輝?). +Filmography +Anime +Television +Mitsuo Hashimoto (橋本 光雄, Hashimoto Mitsuo?, May 1, 1931 – May 24, 1997), better known by the stage name Kinpei Azusa (あずさ 欣平, Azusa Kinpei?), was a Japanese voice actor born in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. +He was employed by the talent management firm Aoni Production.[1] +Anime +TV +OVA +Movies +External links +Hirotaka Chiba (千葉 皓敬, Chiba Hirotaka?, born October 5, 1992) is a Japanese former actor and voice actor. +Notable roles +TV +TV commercials +External links +Kazuo Hasegawa as Zenigata Heiji in the film Zenigata Heiji (1951). +Kazuo Hasegawa (長谷川 一夫, Hasegawa Kazuo?, 27 February 1908 – 6 April 1984) was a Japanese film actor. +He appeared in 290 films between 1927 and 1963.[1] +Filmography +Honours +References +External links +Awards +References +External links +Isao Hashizume (橋爪功, Hashizume Isao?, born 17 September 1941) is a Japanese actor.[1] +Selected filmography +Film +Television +Tasuku Hatanaka (畠中 祐, Hatanaka Tasuku?, born August 17, 1994) is a Japanese actor and voice actor from the Kanagawa Prefecture, best known as the original Japanese voice of Yuma Tsukumo in Yu-Gi-Oh! +Zexal, and its second series, Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal II.[1] +Filmography +Television anime +Games +Animated +References +External links +Hiro Hayama (葉山 豪, Hayama Hiro?), born Hiroyoshi Komuro (小室 博義, Komuro Hiroyoshi?), is a Japanese actor and former model based in Hong Kong. +Filmography +External links +Kento Hayashi (林遣都, Hayashi Kento?, born 6 December 1990) is a Japanese actor. +He has appeared in more than thirty films since 2007. +Selected filmography +References +External links +Hiroyuki Hirayama (平山浩行, Hirayama Hiroyuki?, born 17 October 1977) is a Japanese actor. +He appeared in more than forty films since 2004. +Selected filmography +External links +Shoichi Hirose (広瀬正一, Hirose Shoichi?) (born June 23, 1918) was a Japanese actor. +He is probably best known for playing Godzilla's archenemy King Ghidorah and for being the actor inside the King Kong suit in King Kong vs. Godzilla, along with several "tough guy" roles.[1] +Filmography +TV +References +External links +Movies +References +External links +Yoshihiko Hosoda (細田 善彦, Hosoda Yoshihiko?) is a Japanese actor from Tokyo who has starred the movies Detroit Metal City (2008) and Ooku (2010).[2][3][4] He was once affiliated to the talent agency Stardust Promotion the his stage name Yoshihiko Hosoda (though his first name is written in hiragana Hosoda Yoshihiko (細田 よしひこ?)), but left in October 2013.[5] He is currently affiliated to Alpha Agency under his real name.[6] +Television series +Year Title Role Network Other notes 2005 Division 1 Aozora Koi Hoshi Masashi Konno Fuji TV Division 1 1242kHz Kochira Nippon Hoso Shogo Shiratori Fuji TV 2006 Dr. Koto Shinryojo Masato Miyano Fuji TV Seishun Energy Mo Hitotsu no Sugar & Spice Yuta Sugiura Fuji TV 2007 Hyaki Yakosho Toru Kiyama NTV LIFE Katsumi Sako Fuji TV First main role, antagonist 2008 Edison no Haha Yuki Kubo TBS Ando Natsu Yosuke Mitsuya TBS SCANDAL Hayato Mizutani TBS 2009 Voice Katsuhiko Takazawa Fuji TV ep4 Limit Satoshi Isaka NHK Tokyo DOGS Teppei Oyama Fuji TV ep4 LIAR GAME 2 Fuji TV ep6 2010 Shukumei 1969-2010 Toru Arikawa TV Asahi JOKER Yurusarezaru Sosakan Toru Kiuchi Fuji TV ep1 Q10 Jun Nakao NTV 2011 LADY~Saigo no Hanzai Profile~ Junya Ishiwata TBS Piece Vote Yu Komiya NTV Yokai Ningen Bem Koji Kumagawa NTV ep3 2012 Lucky Seven Makoto Shindo Fuji TV ep8 13-sai no Hello Work Shinya Wakamatsu TV Asahi ep9 Mikeneko Holmes no Suiri Shinya Nagae NTV ep3-4 Perfect Blue Keisuke Tamai TBS ep6 2015 Ultraman X Wataru Kazama TV Tokyo Supporting Role Hana Moyu Ryōichirō Arai NHK 2016 Sanada Maru Hōjō Ujinao NHK +Goro Ibuki (伊吹 吾郎, Ibuki Gorō?, born January 2, 1946) is a Japanese actor. +He is known for his parts in jidaigeki film, but is known as part of the cast of Samurai Sentai Shinkenger as Hikoma Kusakabe. +Filmography +Film +Television +External links +Togo Igawa (伊川 東吾, Igawa Togo?), born in Tokyo on 26 September 1946, is a Japanese actor who works primarily in British films and television. +Filmography +Television +Film +Video games +References +External links +Ryō Ikebe (池部 良, Ikebe Ryō?) (11 February 1918 – 8 October 2010) was a Japanese actor. +He graduated from Rikkyō University and originally wanted to be a screenwriter, but ended up debuting as an actor at Tōhō in 1941.[1] He did not achieve popularity until starring in a series of youth films in the late 1940s. He expanded his acting range in the 1950s, while still frequently appearing in genre films, such as Tōhō tokusatsu films and yakuza films at Tōei. He was also known as an essayist.[1] +Selected filmography +Television dramas +References +Bibliography +External links +Kanta Ina (伊奈貫太, Ina Kanta?) is a Japanese actor. +Films +TV +References +External links +External links +Takashi Inagaki (稲垣隆史, Inagaki Takashi?, born May 11, 1937) is a Japanese actor and voice actor. +Filmography +Film +Television animation +Video games +Ryo Ishibashi (石橋 凌, Ishibashi Ryō?, born July 20, 1956) is a Japanese actor and lead singer of the Japanese rock band ARB. He is known around the world for his roles in the classic Japanese Horror films Suicide Club and Audition. +He is also recognized in America for his role as Nakagawa in The Grudge and The Grudge 2. +Filmography +Films +Television +External links +Takuya Ishida (石田 卓也, Ishida Takuya?, born 10 February 1987) is a Japanese actor. +Work +TV drama +Film +Awards +External links +Eiichi Kikuchi (菊池英一, Kikuchi Eiichi?) (born August 21, 1942 in Tokyo Metropolis) is a Japanese actor. +He has appeared in several episodes of the Ultra Series.[1] +TV +Films +References +Eiichi Kikuchi +Stage +Renn Kiriyama (桐山 漣, Kiriyama Ren?, born February 2, 1985) is a Japanese stage and television actor from Yokohama. His debut role was as Bunta Marui in The Prince of Tennis musical Absolute King Rikkai feat. +Rokkaku ~ First Service. Kiriyama is also known for his role in Shotaro Hidari, the male lead and half of the eponymous hero of the television series Kamen Rider W. +Roles +Movies +External links +TV +Ryūji Kita (北 竜二, Kita Ryūji?, 1905 – 16 April 1972) was a Japanese actor. +He appeared in more than 280 films from 1937 to 1972.[1] +Selected filmography +Year Title Role Notes 1951 Chichi Koishi 1952 Hibari no Sākasu Kanashiki Kobato 1958 Equinox Flower 1960 Late Autumn 1962 An Autumn Afternoon 1966 Tokyo Drifter 1967 King Kong Escapes +External links +Tetsu Komai (1894–1970) was a Japanese actor, known for his minor roles in Hollywood films. +He was born in Kumamoto, Japan and died in Gardena, California of congestive heart failure. +Tetsu had small parts in over 50 films from the 1920s until the mid-1960s. In his early films, Tetsu was often described with derogatory terms such as Chinaman,[1] although he was Japanese. +He played the villain in many of his films.[2] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Jun Fubuki (風吹 ジュン, Fubuki Jun?, born May 12, 1952 in Toyama prefecture, Japan) is a Japanese actress. +Filmography +Film +Television +External links +Miho Fujima (藤真 美穂 Fujima Miho, born November 29, 1978 in Nagano Prefecture, Japan) is an actress. +Filmography +External links +Arihiro Fujimura (藤村 有弘, Fujimura Arihiro?, March 6, 1934 – March 16, 1982) was a Japanese actor and voice actor. +He was born in Chiyoda, Tokyo. He died in 1982 of diabetes mellitus. In later life, his hometown was Kanda, Tokyo. +Filmography +Films +TV Drama +Shiho Fujimura (藤村 志保 Fujimura Shiho, born 3 January 1939 in Kawasaki, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan) is a Japanese actress. +She was given a Special Prize for her career at the 2008 Yokohama Film Festival.[1] +Filmography +References +External links +Hideyo Fujita (藤田 秀世, Fujita Hideyo?) (born July 1, 1964 in Tokyo) is a Japanese actor in film, television, and commercials. +He is also an actor in the KERA theatre company (also known as Nylon100℃, Keralino Sandorovic). +Television +Film +Radio +External links +Yumiko Fujita (藤田 弓子; born 12 September 1945 in Meguro, Tokyo, Japan) is a Japanese actress. +Selected filmography +External links +Kanako Fukaura (深浦 加奈子, Fukaura Kanako?, 4 April 1960 – 25 August 2008) was a Japanese actress. +Born in Tokyo, she developed fame largely through many performances as a supporting actress. +Selected filmography +External links +Kazue Fukiishi (吹石 一恵, Fukiishi Kazue?) is a Japanese actress. +She won the award for best supporting actress at the 28th Yokohama Film Festival for What the Snow Brings, Tegami, and Memories of Tomorrow.[1] +Filmography +Films +Television +References +External links +Rina Endō (遠藤 璃菜, Endō Rina?, born October 4, 2005) is a Japanese child actress. +She is represented by Theatre Academy.[1] Besides acting in television dramas and movies, she also acts on stage and is active in voice acting. She has also appeared in several commercials. +In 2012, she became one of the Ueno Zoo's Panda Ambassadors and served as a captain.[2] +Filmography +Television dramas +Movies +Stage +TV anime +Anime films +PV +References +External links +Fumi Dan (檀ふみ, Dan Fumi?) (born June 5, 1954) is a Japanese actress. +She was nominated for Best Supporting Actress at the 17th Japan Academy Prize for her role in Bloom in the Moonlight.[1] Her father is the novelist Kazuo Dan and she herself has won awards for her essays.[2] +Filmography +Television +References +Fumi Dan +Yatarō Kurokawa (黒川 弥太郎, Kurokawa Yatarō?) (15 November 1910 – 23 June 1984) was a Japanese film actor. +Filmography +External links +Hideaki Ito (伊藤 英明, Itō Hideaki?, born August 3, 1975) is a Japanese actor. +Filmography +Film +Television +Bibliography +References +External links +Yūnosuke Itō (伊藤 雄之助, Itō Yūnosuke?, 3 August 1919 – 11 March 1980) was a Japanese film actor. +He appeared in more than ninety films from 1947 to 1979. +Selected filmography +Film Year Title Role Director Notes 1949 Stray Dog Akira Kurosawa 1952 Ikiru Akira Kurosawa 1955 Keisatsu Nikki Seiji Hisamatsu 1958 Giants and Toys Yasuzo Masumura 1958 The Ballad of Narayama Keisuke Kinoshita 1962 Sanjuro Akira Kurosawa 1963 Kanto Wanderer Seijun Suzuki 1963 High and Low Baba Akira Kurosawa 1965 Samurai Assassin Kihachi Okamoto 1972 Lone Wolf and Cub: Sword of Vengeance Kenji Misumi 1979 Taiyō o Nusunda Otoko Bus Hijacker Kazuhiko Hasegawa +External links +Tou Katsu (加津 塔, Katsu Tō?) (born 5 February 1982) (originally named Tetsuya Katsu 勝哲也) is a Japanese actor and model born in Osaka, Japan. He won the grand prix at a Men's Non-no model audition. Afterwards, he moved to Tokyo from Osaka and started his modelling career. +He is known for modeling in Rudo (Japanese magazine), Zozo Town,[1] and Tokyo collection. Recently he expanded his career from modeling to acting. His trademark is his black long hair. +Filmography +Film +Short Film +Television dramas +References +External links +Tou Katsu +Jamaica at the Pan American Games. +Medal count +Year Host city Total 1951 Buenos Aires 0 0 3 3 1955 Mexico City 0 2 1 3 1959 Chicago 2 4 8 14 1963 São Paulo 0 2 2 4 1967 Winnipeg 0 0 3 3 1971 Cali 4 3 4 11 1975 Mexico City 0 1 3 4 1979 San Juan 0 4 1 5 1983 Caracas 0 0 6 6 1987 Indianapolis 2 3 8 13 1991 Havana 2 1 5 8 1995 Mar del Plata 0 2 2 4 1999 Winnipeg 3 4 6 13 2003 Santo Domingo 5 2 6 13 2007 Rio de Janeiro 3 5 1 9 2011 Guadalajara 1 5 1 7 2015 Toronto 3 4 2 9 Total 25 42 62 129 +External links +Mexico at the Pan American Games. +Medal count +Year Host city Total 1951 Buenos Aires 4 9 27 40 1955 Mexico City 17 11 30 58 1959 Chicago 6 11 12 29 1963 São Paulo 2 8 15 25 1967 Winnipeg 7 16 25 48 1971 Cali 7 11 23 41 1975 Mexico City 9 13 38 60 1979 San Juan 3 6 29 38 1983 Caracas 7 11 24 42 1987 Indianapolis 9 11 18 38 1991 Havana 14 23 38 75 1995 Mar del Plata 23 20 37 80 1999 Winnipeg 11 16 30 57 2003 Santo Domingo 20 27 32 79 2007 Rio de Janeiro 18 24 31 73 2011 Guadalajara 42 41 50 133 2015 Toronto 22 30 43 95 Total 221 288 502 1,011 +External links +External links +Joshua Wong Chi-fung (Chinese: 黃之鋒, born 13 October 1996)[3] is a Hong Kong student activist who is the secretary general of Demosistō, a political party. +Before that, he was the convenor and founder of the Hong Kong student activist group Scholarism.[3][4] He was a student at the United Christian College (Kowloon East), and is now a student of the Open University of Hong Kong.[5] He led fellow Hong Kong students in a massive Occupy protest in 2014 that demanded genuine universal suffrage. +Due to his influence in Hong Kong's pro-democracy movement, he was named as one of TIME's Most Influential Teens of 2014, nominated for TIME's Person of the Year 2014.[6] and listed by Fortune as one of the world's greatest leaders in 2015.[7][8] +Detainment in Thailand +Joshua Wong was detained on arrival in Thailand on 5 October 2016. He had been invited to speak at an event marking the 40th anniversary of the Thammasat University massacre, hosted by Chulalongkorn University. +A Thai student activist who invited Wong, Netiwit Chotiphatphaisal, said that Thai authorities had received a letter from the Chinese government earlier regarding Wong’s visit.[52] His request to see Wong was denied.[53] Thai immigration confirmed that it had blacklisted Wong due to a request from China.[52] +References +Nicaragua has competed at the Pan American Games since the first edition of the multi-sport event in 1951. +It has missed three Pan American Games (1955, 1963 and 1979). +Medal count +Nicaragua at the Pan American Games +Panama at the Pan American Games. +Medal count +Year Host city Total 1951 Buenos Aires 0 0 2 2 1955 Mexico City 1 1 0 2 1959 Chicago 0 4 4 8 1963 São Paulo 0 1 3 4 1967 Winnipeg 0 0 2 2 1971 Cali 1 1 4 6 1975 Mexico City 0 2 2 4 1979 San Juan 0 2 2 4 1983 Caracas 0 0 1 1 1987 Indianapolis 0 3 1 4 1991 Havana 0 1 0 1 1995 Mar del Plata 0 1 0 1 1999 Winnipeg 0 1 1 2 2003 Santo Domingo 0 0 2 2 2007 Rio de Janeiro 1 1 0 2 2011 Guadalajara 0 0 1 1 2015 Toronto 0 1 1 2 Total 3 19 26 48 +Paraguay at the Pan American Games. +Medal count +Year Edition Host city Rank Gold Silver Bronze Total 1987 X Indianapolis 23rd 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 7000100000000000000♠1 7000100000000000000♠1 1991 XI Havana — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 1995 XII Mar del Plata 21st 5000000000000000000♠0 7000100000000000000♠1 7000200000000000000♠2 7000300000000000000♠3 1999 XIII Winnipeg — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 2003 XIV Santo Domingo — 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 2007 XV Rio de Janeiro 25th 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 7000100000000000000♠1 7000100000000000000♠1 2011 XVI Guadalajara 25th 5000000000000000000♠0 5000000000000000000♠0 7000200000000000000♠2 7000200000000000000♠2 2015 XVII Toronto 18th 5000000000000000000♠0 7000100000000000000♠1 7000200000000000000♠2 7000300000000000000♠3 Total 32nd 5000000000000000000♠0 7000200000000000000♠2 7000800000000000000♠8 7001100000000000000♠10 +Paraguay at the Pan American Games +Peru at the Pan American Games. +Medal count +External links +External links +Suriname at the Pan American Games. +Medal count +Guatemala at the Pan American Games. +Medal count +Uruguay at the Pan American Games. +Medal count +Year Host city Total 1951 Buenos Aires 0 0 0 0 1955 Mexico City 0 6 3 9 1959 Chicago 1 3 4 8 1963 São Paulo 4 1 7 12 1967 Winnipeg 0 1 4 5 1971 Cali 0 1 4 5 1975 Mexico City 0 0 2 2 1979 San Juan 0 0 0 0 1983 Caracas 1 0 2 3 1987 Indianapolis 2 2 3 7 1991 Havana 0 1 0 1 1995 Mar del Plata 1 4 3 8 1999 Winnipeg 0 1 3 4 2003 Santo Domingo 2 1 5 8 2007 Rio de Janeiro 0 1 2 3 2011 Guadalajara 0 3 2 5 2015 Toronto 1 1 3 5 Total 12 25 46 83 +References +Chile at the Pan American Games. +Medal count +Haiti at the Pan American Games. +Medal count +Year Host city Total 1951 Buenos Aires 0 0 1 1 1955 Mexico City 0 0 0 0 1959 Chicago 0 1 0 1 1963 São Paulo 0 0 0 0 1967 Winnipeg 0 0 0 0 1971 Cali 0 0 0 0 1975 Mexico City 0 0 0 0 1979 San Juan 0 0 0 0 1983 Caracas 0 0 0 0 1987 Indianapolis 0 0 0 0 1991 Havana 0 0 1 1 1995 Mar del Plata 0 0 0 0 1999 Winnipeg 0 0 0 0 2003 Santo Domingo 0 1 2 3 2007 Rio de Janeiro 0 0 1 1 2011 Guadalajara 0 0 0 0 2015 Toronto 0 0 0 0 Total 0 2 5 7 +Medal count +Year Host city Total 1951 Buenos Aires 1 0 0 1 1955 Mexico City 2 3 1 6 1959 Chicago 0 0 0 0 1963 São Paulo 0 0 0 0 1967 Winnipeg 1 2 5 8 1971 Cali 5 9 14 28 1975 Mexico City 2 4 4 10 1979 San Juan 0 1 8 9 1983 Caracas 1 7 13 21 1987 Indianapolis 3 8 13 24 1991 Havana 5 15 21 41 1995 Mar del Plata 5 15 28 48 1999 Winnipeg 7 17 18 42 2003 Santo Domingo 11 7 25 43 2007 Rio de Janeiro 14 20 13 47 2011 Guadalajara 24 25 35 84 2015 Toronto 27 14 31 72 Total 108 147 229 484 +External links +Ecuador at the Pan American Games. +Medal count +Year Host city Total 1951 Buenos Aires 1 0 1 2 1955 Mexico City 0 0 0 0 1959 Chicago 0 1 1 2 1963 São Paulo 0 0 0 0 1967 Winnipeg 0 1 0 1 1971 Cali 1 0 2 3 1975 Mexico City 1 1 1 3 1979 San Juan 0 0 2 2 1983 Caracas 1 0 0 1 1987 Indianapolis 0 1 5 6 1991 Havana 0 1 1 2 1995 Mar del Plata 1 1 3 5 1999 Winnipeg 1 2 5 8 2003 Santo Domingo 3 1 5 9 2007 Rio de Janeiro 5 4 10 19 2011 Guadalajara 7 8 9 24 2015 Toronto 7 9 16 32 Total 28 30 61 119 +External links +Guyana at the Pan American Games. +Medal count +Year Host city Total 1951 Buenos Aires did not participate 1955 Mexico City did not participate 1959 Chicago 0 0 3 3 1963 São Paulo 1 0 0 1 1967 Winnipeg 0 0 1 1 1971 Cali 0 0 1 1 1975 Mexico City 1 1 0 2 1979 San Juan 0 2 1 3 1983 Caracas 0 0 0 0 1987 Indianapolis 0 0 1 1 1991 Havana 0 0 2 2 1995 Mar del Plata 0 0 0 0 1999 Winnipeg 0 0 0 0 2003 Santo Domingo 0 1 1 2 2007 Rio de Janeiro 0 0 1 1 2011 Guadalajara 0 0 1 1 2015 Toronto 0 0 0 0 Total 2 4 12 18 +Takashi Hagino (萩野 崇, Hagino Takashi?, born 27 May 1973) is a Tokyo-born Japanese actor. +He is noted for his roles in tokusatsu dramas, such as the lead role in Choukou Senshi Changéríon (超光戦士シャンゼリオン, Chōkō Senshi Shanzerion?) and his supporting role in Kamen Rider Ryuki (仮面ライダー龍騎, Kamen Raidā Ryūki?) as the Villain Kamen Rider Ouja. +Television roles +Partial filmography +External links +External links +Masato Hagiwara (萩原 聖人, Hagiwara Masato?, born August 21, 1971) is a Japanese actor. +Filmography +Film +Television +Sayoko Hagiwara (萩原 佐代子, Hagiwara Sayoko?, December 1, 1962-) is a Japanese actress from Tokyo, noted for her multiple tokusatsu heroine roles in the 1980s.[1][2] +Filmography +References +External links +Ranko Hanai (花井蘭子, Hanai Ranko?, 15 July 1918 – 21 May 1961) was a Japanese actress.[1] She appeared in more than 190 films between 1931 and 1961. +Selected filmography +References +External links +Feng Yuanzheng (Chinese: 冯远征; born November 16, 1962 in Beijing) is a Chinese actor. +Selected filmography +References +External links +Gao Xixi (Chinese: 高希希; born 1962) is a Chinese television director and producer, famous for directing a number of commercially successful Chinese television series. +Selected filmography +As director +As executive producer +References +Discography +References +Lee Wei(Chinese: 李威) is a Taiwanese actor and singer.[1] +Filmography +References +External links +Tony Yang (Chinese: 楊祐寧; pinyin: Yáng Yòuníng; Cantonese Yale: Yeung Yau Ning; born 30 August 1982, in Taiwan) is a Taiwanese film actor famous for his work in Hong Kong. +Filmography +Title Role Year and Broadcast Channel My Fair Girl:100% Girl Da Zhi (大智) 2001 (CTV) Ugly Girl Transformation Shou Hwa (少華) 2002 (CTS) U-Touch Dorm No. 4 Hsu Hao (徐浩) 2003 (CTS) Crystal Boys Zhao Ying (趙英) 2003 (PTS) Heartbeat Train A Huang (阿晃) 2003(TTV) Mascara Jerry 2003 (PTS) Orange Frangrance Meng Shiao Po (孟曉波) 2003 (GTV) Formula 17 Zhou Tian Cai (周天財) 2004 (Movie) My Pet Husband Gary 2004 (ETTV) Seventeenth Winter 3 Melancholy Teenager 2004 (Short Clip) Dream in Hawaii A Zhou (阿洲) 2004 (Movie) Any Kinds of Romance is OK A Gao (阿告) 2005 (Movie) Holy Ridge Zhao Guang (趙光) 2006 (CTS) Catch Wu Le Zhi(吳樂極).Wu Hwai-Yi(吳懷一) 2006 (Movie) Ming Ming A Tu (阿土) 2007 (Movie) Blood Brothers Shiao Hu (小虎) 2007 (Movie) Snowfall in Taipei 2009 (Movie) Au Revoir Taipei Lei Meng (雷蒙) 2010 (Movie) In Case of Love 2010 (Movie) Tempest of First Love 2010 (Movie) Ni Yada 2010 Love on Credit 2011 Introduction of the Princess 2011 Love Forward Du Tian Ze 2012 (SETTV) Ex-Boyfriend Lai Zhi Ming 2012 The Next Magic 2012 Wishing for Happiness 2012 Finding Love 2012 David Loman 2013 Zone Pro Site 2013 The Crossing 2014 The House That Never Dies 2014 The Queens Tony 2015 Where the Wind Settles 2015 Time to Love 2015 Phantom of the Theatre 2016 Distance Gu Wei Band 2016 My War 2016 David Loman 2 2016 Cold War 2 2016 +Albania is scheduled to participate at the 2015 European Games, in Baku, Azerbaijan from 12 to 28 June 2015.[1] +Team +Competitors from Albania per sport Sport Men Women Total Athletics 10 5 15 Boxing 2 0 2 Cycling road 2 0 2 Judo 1 0 1 Karate 1 0 1 Shooting 1 0 1 Swimming 1 1 2 Taekwondo 0 1 1 Wrestling 3 0 3 Total 21 7 28 +References +Andorra is scheduled to participate at the 2015 European Games, in Baku, Azerbaijan from 12 to 28 June 2015.[1] +Team +Competitors from Andorra per sport Sport Men Women Total 3x3 Basketball 4 0 4 Athletics 13 10 23 Cycling road 1 0 1 Judo 0 1 1 Shooting 0 1 1 Swimming 1 0 1 Total 19 12 31 +Masatō Ibu (伊武 雅刀, Ibu Masatō?, real name: Satoru Murota (室田 悟)) is a Japanese actor and voice actor. +He is sometimes credited as Masato Eve.[1] +Filmography +Films +Television drama +References +External links +Etsuko Ichihara (市原 悦子, Ichihara Etsuko?, born 24 January 1936) is a Japanese actress. +She has appeared in more than one hundred films since 1957. +Selected filmography +Film +Television +External links +Hayato Ichihara (市原 隼人, Ichihara Hayato?, February 6, 1987) is a Japanese actor who is best known for his roles in film and television, including the 2001 film All About Lily Chou-Chou. In 2009 he was voted one of Oricon's "fresh Stars" of the year.[1] In 2009 he was also voted the 4th most attractive male celebrity in a swimsuit.[2] In 2011 in a poll by NTT DoCoMo Ichihara was voted as having the 7th best abs based on 1,720 votes.[3] +Movies +Television series +References +External links +Mikako Ichikawa (Ichikawa Mikako, 市川実日子, born 13 June 1978) is a Japanese actress and model from Tokyo, Japan. She was working as a model for the Japanese fashion magazine Olive under an exclusive contract. She appeared in the movies Blue, Cutie Honey and Memories of Matsuko. +For her role in Blue she won the award for Best Actress at the 24th Moscow International Film Festival.[1] She was given a Best New Talent award at the 2003 Yokohama Film Festival.[2] +Filmography +References +External links +Hisashi Igawa (井川比佐志 born 17 November 1936) is a Japanese actor who has appeared in such films as Akira Kurosawa's Dodesukaden, Ran and Madadayo. +He starred in Abe Kōbō's production of The Man Who Turned Into A Stick, a surrealist play, in 1969.[1] +Selected filmography +Honours +References +External links +Li Weijia (simplified Chinese: 李维嘉; traditional Chinese: 李維嘉; pinyin: Lǐ Weíjiā; born 4 November 1976) also named Vega (维嘉). He is a Chinese host and actor. +He is famous for co-hosting the TV program Happy Camp which airs on Hunan Satellite TV with fellow hosts He Jiong, Xie Na, Du Haitao, and Wu Xin.[1][2][3] +Works +Animated Film +References +Siluck Saysanasy (born January 30, 1974 in Vientiane, Laos) is a Laotian-Canadian television actor. +Filmography +External links +Donald H. White (February 28, 1921 – October 4, 2016) was a 20th-century American composer. +White died at the age of 95 on October 4, 2016.[2] +Compositions +Orch Sagan, overture 1946; Kennebec Suite 1947; Overture 1951; Cello Concerto 1952; Divertimento No. 2 for Strings 1968 +Band Ambrosian Hymn varriants 1963; Terpsimetrics 1968; Concerto for Timpani winds and percussion 1973; Lyric suite for Euphonium and Wind Ensemble 1978; 4 Bagatelles 1989 +Chamber Trumpet sonata 1946; 3 for 5 Woodwind quintet 1964; Serenade No. 3 for Brass Quintet 1965; Trombone Sonata 1966; Tetra Ergon, for Bass Trombone and Piano 1973; Tuba Sonata 1978; Quintet for Brass 1980 +Vocal Song for Mankind for Soloists, Chorus and Orchestra 1970; From the Navajo Children for Chorus and Wind Ensemble 1978 +References +Parliamentary elections were held in South Korea on 12 February 1985.[1] The result was a victory for the Democratic Justice Party, which won 148 of the 276 seats in the National Assembly. Voter turnout was 84.6%. +Results +Party Votes % Seats +/– Democratic Justice Party 7,040,811 35.2 148 –3 New Korea Democratic Party 5,843,827 29.3 67 New Democratic Korea Party 3,930,966 19.7 35 –46 Korean National Party 1,828,744 9.2 20 –5 New Socialist Party 288,863 1.4 1 New Workers and Farmers Party 185,859 0.9 0 New New Democratic Party 112,654 0.6 1 New Civil Rights Party 75,634 0.4 0 –2 National Group Party 17,257 0.1 0 New Independents 650,028 3.3 4 –7 Invalid/blank votes 312,029 – – – Total 20,286,672 100 276 0 Registered voters/turnout 23,987,830 84.6 – – Source: Nohlen et al. +The French Constitution of 1793 was approved by a referendum in the summer of 1793. +It was held via universal male suffrage, with voting on different days in different departments, in some cases after the result was proclaimed in Paris on 9 August 1793. +While most voters abstained, of those who voted, 99.41% majority approved. +The events took place during the French revolution and the Constitution never came into effect. +References +French constitutional referendum, 1793 +The French constitutional referendum of 1795 was a referendum to establish the French Directory. +The vote was held in July 1795 and was passed by a 95% majority. +A constitutional referendum was held in the Helvetic Republic on 25 May 1802.[1] Unlike the constitution approved in 1798, the new constitution, known as the Malmaison constitution, did not provide for any referendums.[1] Non-voters were assumed to have voted in favour of the new constitution, a measure put in place to prevent its rejection.[1] As a result, 72.17% of voters were deemed to be in favour.[1] +Results +Question VII – criminal law +Question VIII – copyright law +Question IX – prohibition of gambling and lotteries +References +A nine-part referendum was held in Switzerland on 14 January 1866.[1] Only two proposals received a majority of votes in favour, and only one had both a majority of votes and majority of cantons.[1] +Results +Question I – weights and measures +Choice Popular vote Cantons Votes % Full Half Total For 159,182 50.4 8 3 9.5 Against 156,396 49.6 11 3 12.5 Invalid/blank votes – – – – Total 315,578 100 19 6 22 Source: Nohlen & Stöver +Question II – equality of rights to settlement for Jews and naturalised people +Question VI – religious and cultural freedom +Question III – local suffrage for settled people +Question IV – taxation and civil rights of settled people +Question V – cantonal suffrage for settled people +A two-part referendum was held in Switzerland on 23 May 1875.[1] A new federal law establishing and certifying civil status and marriage was narrowly approved, whilst a new federal law on suffrage was narrowly rejected.[1] +Results +Federal law on the establishment of civil status and marriage +Federal law on suffrage +References +Two referendums were held in Switzerland in 1876.[1] The first was held on 23 April on the subject of distributing and cashing of banknotes, and was rejected by 61.7% of voters.[1] The second was held on 9 July on a federal law on taxation of compensation for not serving in the military, and was rejected by 54.2% of voters.[1] +Results +Banknotes +Military taxation +References +A three-part referendum was held in Switzerland on 21 October 1877.[1] A federal law on working in factories was approved by voters, whilst a federal law on compensation for not serving in the military and a federal law on the political rights of settled and travelling people and the loss of rights for Swiss citizens were both rejected.[1] +Results +Federal law on working in factories +Federal law on compensation for not serving in the military +Federal law on the political rights of settled and travelling people and on the loss of rights of Swiss citizens +References +Two referendums were held in Switzerland in 1879.[1] A federal law on subsidies for railways in the Alps was passed by 70.7% of voters on 19 January, whilst a referendum on the death penalty on 18 May was passed by 52.5% of voters and a majority of cantons. +Results +References +Three referendums were held in Switzerland in 1882.[1] Two were held on 30 July on copyright law and measures against epidemics, both of which were rejected.[1] The third was held on 26 November on executing article 27 of the federal constitution, and was rejected by 64.9% of voters.[1] +Results +Copyright law +Measures against epidemics +Execution of article 27 of the federal constitution +References +Two referendums were held in Switzerland in 1887.[1] The first was held on 15 May, asking voters whether they approved of a federal law on spirits, and was approved by 65.9% of voters.[1] The second was held on 10 July, asking voters whether they approved of an amendment made to article 64 of the federal constitution, and was approved by 77.9% of voters and 20.5 cantons.[2] +Results +Federal spirits law +Constitutional amendment +References +Central railway purchase +References +Five referendums were held in Switzerland in 1891.[1] The first was held on 15 March on a federal law on federal officials who had become unemployable due to disability, and was rejected by 79.4% of voters.[1] The second was held on 5 July on a constitutional amendment, and was approved by 60.3% of voters.[1] Two referendums were held on 18 October, one on revising article 39 of the federal constitution and one on a federal law on Swiss tariffs; both were approved.[1] The last was held on 6 December on the question of whether the federal government should purchase the Swiss central railway, but was rejected by 31.1% of voters.[1] +Results +Federal officials law +Constitutional amendment (July) +Constitutional amendment (October) +Tariffs +Three referendums were held in Switzerland during 1894.[1] The first was held on 4 March on a federal resolution to amend the constitution regarding trade and commerce, and was rejected by a majority of voters and cantons.[1] The second was held on 3 June on a popular initiative on the right to work, and was rejected by a majority of voters and all cantons.[1] The third was held on 4 November 1894 on a popular initiative on a partial contribution to tariffs from the cantons, and was also rejected by a majority of voters and cantons.[1] +Results +Trade and commerce +Right to work +Tariffs +References +Three referendums were held in Switzerland during 1895.[1] The first was held on 3 February on a popular initiative on a federal law on Swiss embassies abroad, and was rejected by a majority of voters.[1] The second was held on 29 September on a federal resolution on amending the constitution regarding the institution of a match monopoly, and was rejected by a majority of voters and cantons.[1] The third was held on 3 November on a constitutional amendment regarding the military, and was also rejected by a majority of voters and cantons.[1] +Results +Embassies +Match monopoly +Constitutional amendment on the military +References +Shizuka Hasegawa (長谷川 静香, Hasegawa Shizuka?, born September 16, 1988) is a Japanese voice actress from Tokyo, Japan. +Filmography +References +Eriko Hara (原 えりこ, Hara Eriko?, born Setsuko Matsushita (松下 節子, Matsushita Setsuko?), November 1, 1959) is a Japanese voice actress formerly employed by Arts Vision. +Filmography +Television animation +Theatrical animation +OVA +Video games +Sources +Yurina Hase (長谷優里奈, Hase Yurina?, born December 9, 1979,[1] in Izu City, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan), formerly Yurika Ochiai (落合祐里香, Ochiai Yurika?), is a Japanese voice actress. +She is also known by her nickname Yurishi (ゆりしぃ?) in Japan. +Filmography +Television animation +Video games +Internet radio +References +External links +Sayuri Hara (原 紗友里, Hara Sayuri?, born November 5, 1988) is a Japanese voice actress from Tokyo, Japan. She is affiliated with 81 Produce.[1] +Filmography +Anime +Video games +References +External links +Hirō Hase (長谷 弘夫, Hase Hirō?, born January 2, 1936 – March 8, 2002), better known by the stage name Sanji Hase (はせ さん治, Hase Sanji?), was a Japanese voice actor and the father of Macross star Arihiro Hase. +He died of lung cancer on March 8, 2002 at the age of 66. +At the time of his death he was a free agent, but he had been previously represented by Aoni Production. +Notable voice roles +Other +External links +Kazutoshi Hatano (波多野 和俊, Hatano Kazutoshi?, born April 2, 1979) is a male Japanese voice actor from Ōita, Japan. +Voice roles +References +External links +Three referendums were held in Switzerland during 1898.[1] The first was held on 20 February on a federal law that would nationalise the railways, and was approved by a majority of voters,[1] leading to the establishment of Swiss Federal Railways in 1902. The second and third referendums were held on 13 November on revising article 64 and adding article 64bis to the constitution, both of which were approved by a majority of voters and cantons.[1] +Results +Railway nationalisation +Amendment to article 64 of the constitution +Addition of article 64bis to the constitution +References +Makoto Furukawa (古川 慎, Furukawa Makoto?, born September 29, 1989) is a Japanese voice actor affiliated with Space Craft Group.[1] His most notable role is in the anime One-Punch Man, as the main character, Saitama. +Voice roles +TV anime +Film +Video Games +References +External links +Satoshi Goto (後藤 哲, Gotō Satoshi?, born January 18, 1971) is a Japanese voice actor. +Anime voice roles +External links +Two referendums were held in Switzerland during 1918.[1] The first was held on 2 June on introducing a direct federal tax, and was rejected by a majority of voters and cantons.[1] The second was held on 13 October 1918 on introducing proportional representation for National Council elections, and was approved by a majority of voters and cantons.[1] As a result, proportional representation was introduced in the 1919 elections.[2] +Results +Federal tax +Proportional representation +References +Three referendums were held in Switzerland during 1908.[1] The first two were held on 5 July on amending the federal trade law and on banning absinthe.[1] Both were approved by a majority of voters and cantons.[1] The third was held on 25 October on adding article 24bis to the constitution, concerning hydroelectricity and electricity.[1] It was also approved by a majority of voters and cantons.[1] +Results +Trade law amendment +Absinthe ban +Adding article 24bis to the constitution +References +Three referendums were held in Switzerland during 1919.[1] The first two were held on 4 May on amending the constitution to add article 24ter on shipping, and on a constitutional amendment to impose a war tax.[1] Both proposals were approved by a majority of voters and cantons.[1] The third was held on 10 August on temporary amendments to article 73 of the constitution, and was also approved.[1] +Results +Constitutional amendment on shipping +Constitutional amendment on a war tax +Temporary amendment of article 73 +References +Federal law on working time +References +Five referendums were held in Switzerland during 1920.[1] The first three were held on 21 March on a federal law on regulating employment contracts, a ban on creating gambling establishments and a counterproposal to the ban.[1] The fourth was held on 16 May on membership the League of Nations (which Switzerland had become a founding member of the previous year), whilst the fifth was held on 31 October on a federal law on working times on railways and other transport services.[1] Of the five, only the ban on gambling establishments, League of Nations membership and the law on working times were passed.[1] +Results +Federal law on regulating employment contracts +Ban on creating gambling establishments +Counterproposal on gambling establishments +League of Nations membership +References +Four referendums were held in Switzerland during 1921.[1] The first two were held on 30 January on holding referendums on treaties that would be valid for at least 15 years and on abolishing the military judiciary.[1] The treaty proposal was approved, whilst the abolishment of the military judiciary was rejected.[1] The third and fourth were held on 22 May on add articles 37bis and 37ter on road traffic and aviation to the constitution, and on only adding article 37ter on aviation.[1] Both were approved.[1] +Results +Referendums on treaties +Abolishment of the military judiciary +Addition of articles 37bis and 37ter to the constitution +Addition of article 37ter to the constitution +One-off property tax +References +Five referendums were held in Switzerland during 1922.[1] The first three were held on 11 June on the process of obtaining Swiss citizenship, on expelling foreigners and on the eligibility of federal officials to stand in National Council elections.[1] All three were rejected.[1] The fourth was held on 24 September on an amendment of the criminal law regarding constitutional and domestic security, and was also rejected.[1] The fifth was held on 3 December on introducing a one-off property tax, and was rejected by a wide margin.[1] +Results +Citizenship +Expulsion of foreigners +Electoral eligibility of federal officials +Amendment of the criminal law +References +Four referendums were held in Switzerland during 1923.[1] The first two were held on 18 February on protective custody and a federal resolution on relations with France over the former free trade area of Haute-Savoie.[1] The third was held on 15 April on a popular initiative "for the ensuring of people's rights in questions regarding tariffs", whilst the fourth was held on 3 June on amending articles 31 and 32bis of the constitution regarding alcohol.[1] All four were rejected by voters.[1] +Results +Protective custody +Relations with France +Tariffs +Constitutional amendments +Three referendums were held in Switzerland during 1925.[1] The first was held on 24 May on a popular initiative calling for insurance for invalidity, old age and bereavement, and was rejected by voters.[1] The second was held on 25 October on a federal resolution on the settlement and residence of foreigners, and was approved by a majority of voters and cantons.[1] The third was held on 6 December on a federal resolution on insurance for invalidity, old age and bereavement, and was also approved by a majority of voters and cantons.[1] +Results +May referendum +October referendum +December referendum +References +A double referendum was held in Switzerland on 15 May 1927.[1] Voters were asked whether they approved of amending article 30 of the constitution and a federal law on car and bicycle traffic.[1] The constitutional amendment was approved by voters, whilst the traffic law was rejected.[1] +Results +Constitutional amendment +Traffic law +References +Swiss referendum, 1927 +Two referendums were held in Switzerland during 1928.[1] The first was held on 20 May, asking voters whether they approved of amending article 44 of the constitution regarding measures against foreign infiltrators, and was approved by a majority of voters and cantons.[1] The second was held on 2 December, asking voters whether they approved of the "Kursaalspiele" popular initiative on gambling, and was also approved.[1] +Results +Constitutional amendment +Gambling initiative +References +Spirits ban +References +Five referendums were held in Switzerland during 1929.[1] The first three were held on 3 March on the issues of grain supply (a proposal and counter-proposal) and a federal law on tariffs.[1] The counter-proposal to the grain supply question and the tariffs law were both approved.[1] The fourth and fifth referendums were held on 12 May on popular initiatives on road traffic and banning spirits.[1] Both were rejected by voters.[1] +Results +Grain supply +Grain supply counterproposal +Tariffs law +Road traffic initiative +December: Tobacco tax +References +Five referendums were held in Switzerland during 1931.[1] The first was held on 8 February on a federal resolution on a petition for a referendum on article 12 of the constitution concerning bans on religious orders, and was approved by a majority of voters and cantons.[1] The second and third were held on 15 March on revising article 72 of the constitution concerning the election of the National Council and on revising article 76, 96 and 105 on the legislative term.[1] Both were approved.[1] The fourth and fifth were held on 6 December on a federal law on aged and bereavement insurance and a federal law on tobacco taxation. +Both were rejeected.[1] +Results +February: Petition for a referendum on article 12 +March: Election of the National Council +March: Legislative terms +December: Aged and bereavement insurance +Kyōko Hasegawa (長谷川 京子, Hasegawa Kyōko?, born 22 July 1978 in Chiba Prefecture, Japan) is a Japanese model and actress.[1] She is married to Haruichi Shindō, one of the members of the Japanese rock band Porno Graffitti.[2] +Appearances +TV dramas +Films +Bibliography +Magazines +Photobooks +References +External links +Yukio Hashi (橋 幸夫 , はし ゆきお?, born 3 May 1943 in Arakawa, Tokyo) is a Japanese Enka singer and an actor. +Yukio's real name is Yukio Hashi (橋 幸男 , はし ゆきお?), using a different kanji. +Discography +Filmography +His filmography includes 36 films:[1] +Television Appearances +References +External links +Reika Hashimoto (橋本麗香, Hashimoto Reika?, born December 25, 1980 in Tokyo) is a model and actress. +She is of Japanese-Spanish heritage.[citation needed] Her father is an American citizen of Spanish descent.[citation needed] She has been working as a model since she was 10, and her acting debut was in the 1999 movie Hakuchi (directed by Makoto Tezuka, opposite Tadanobu Asano), and has performed in several movies. On television, she had a participation on TV Asahi's Profile and has performed in many Chinese soap operas. +Filmography +Film: +Television: +External links +Reika Hashimoto +Eriko Hatsune (初音映莉子, Hatsune Eriko?) is a Japanese actress. Her career began in 1998, when she appeared in several television commercials.[1] She plays the female lead in the 2012 film Emperor. +Filmography +Year Title Role Notes 2000 Uzumaki Kirie Goshima [2][3] 2000 Oshikiri 2007 Apartment 1303 2007 Creep 2010 Norwegian Wood Hatsumi 2011 Mitsuko Kankaku 2012 Girls for Keeps 2012 Emperor Aya Shimada 2013 Gatchaman 2014 All Around Appraiser Q: The Eyes of Mona Lisa +Notes +External links +Television +Video game +References +External links +Renji Ishibashi (石橋 蓮司, Ishibashi Renji?), born Renji Ishida (石田 蓮司, Ishida Renji?, born August 9, 1941 in Shinagawa, Tokyo) is a Japanese actor. +He won the award for best supporting actor at the 15th Hochi Film Award for Rōnin-gai.[1] +Filmography +Film +Renji Ishibashi +Yuma Ishigaki (石垣 佑磨, Ishigaki Yūma?, born August 28, 1982) is a Japanese actor from Gifu Prefecture and raised in Nerima, Tokyo. +Filmography +Movies +TV drama +Anime +References +External links +Mako Ishino (石野真子, Ishino Mako?, born January 31,[1] 1961), is a Japanese singer and actress. +She is the elder sister of actress Yōko Ishino. Ishino is affiliated with From First Production Co., Ltd. +Discography +Albums +Singles +Videos +Selected filmography +Television +Film +References +External links +Kaede Hondo (本渡 楓, Hondo Kaede?, born March 6, 1996) is a Japanese voice actress from Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture. +She is affiliated with I'm Enterprise.[1] +Filmography +TV Anime +Anime Movies +Video Games +References +External links +Chieko Honda (本多 知恵子, Honda Chieko?, Thursday, March 28, 1963 – Monday, February 18, 2013) was a Japanese voice actress. +During her life, she was attached to Tokyo Actor's Consumer's Cooperative Society and Mix Max; she was attached to Aoni Production at the time of her death. +On February 18, 2013, Honda died of multiple forms of colon cancer while undergoing treatment. +Filmography +Television animation +Unknown date +Original video animation +Animated films +Video games +External links +Mai Hoshikawa (星河 舞, Hoshikawa Mai?, born Miwa Yanagihara (柳原美和, Yanagihara Miwa?) on December 4, 1972) is a Japanese voice actress from Sapporo, Hokkaido. She was part of Haikyo, now she is part of Atomic Monkey. +Filmography +Anime +Games +External links +Mitsuaki Hoshino (星野 充昭, Hoshino Mitsuaki?, born February 19, 1959 in Shizuoka) is a Japanese actor and voice actor who works for Arts Vision. He is married to Yūko Kobayashi. +Notable voice roles +Anime +Game +Tokusatsu +Drama CD +Animation +Live-action +External links +Takanori Hoshino (星野貴紀, Hoshino Takanori?, born 8 May 1980) is a Japanese voice actor. +Takanori debuted in 2000. +Filmography +Television animation +Theatrical animation +Video games +Dubbing +Live-action +Animation +External links +Chizuko Hoshino (星野千寿子, Hoshino Chizuko?) is a female Japanese voice actress from Tokyo, Japan. +Filmography +Anime +Video Games cast in +Drama CDs +References +External links +Osamu Hosoi (細井 治, Hosoi Osamu?, born September 22, 1964 in Saitama) is a Japanese voice actor. +Voice roles +Anime and video game roles +Drama CDs +Dubbing +External links +Tsugumi Higasayama (日笠山亜美, Higasayama Tsugumi?, born March 21, 1978) is a Japanese voice actress from Saitama, Japan. +Her name is sometimes misread as Ami Higasayama.[citation needed] +Filmography +References +Animation +Yurika Hino (日野 由利加, Hino Yurika?, born January 16, 1963 in Kanagawa, Japan), real name Yukari Shimizu, is a Japanese voice actress. +Filmography +Anime +Movies +Video Games +Dubbing +Live-action +External links +Mai Hirano (平野 妹, Hirano Mai?, born October 7) is a Japanese voice actress from Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. She is affiliated with the Amuleto talent agency.[1] +Filmography +Anime +Original video animation (OVA) +References +External links +Jin Horikawa (堀川 仁, Horikawa Jin?, born December 16, 1962) is a Japanese voice actor from Hyōgo Prefecture. He is a member of Office Osawa, the same agency that employs distinguished voice actors such as Yuji Ueda, Mitsuo Iwata, and Fumihiko Tachiki. +His name is sometimes mistranslated as Hitoshi Horikawa. +Notable voice roles +External links/Sources +Mami Horikoshi (堀越 真己, Horikoshi Mami?, born June 9, 1960) is a Japanese voice actress who is affiliated with Office Osawa. +She is originally from Fukushima Prefecture. +Filmography +Anime television series +Video games +CD drama +Dubbing +Live-action +Animation +External links +Hishimi Yuriko (ひし美 ゆり子, Hishimi Yuriko?, born June 10, 1947 in Tokyo, Japan) is a Japanese actress. +She is perhaps best known for portraying Anne Yuri in the Japanese television series Ultra Seven (1967-1968) and subsequent appearances in other Ultra Series film and television and projects. +Movie +TV +External links +Seika Hosokawa (細川聖可, Hosokawa Seika?, born 24 September 1979 in Kochi, Japan) is a Japanese voice actress. +Filmography +Anime +List of voice performances in anime Year Title Role Notes Source 000000002003-10-01-00002003–04 Godannar series Fuyuko Hiiragi 柊冬子 2 seasons [1] 000000002003-10-14-00002003 Maburaho Matsuba Yuki [1] 000000002004-04-04-00002004 Doki Doki School Hours Graduate [1] 000000002005-04-06-00002005 Best Student Council Susie Yamada [1] 000000002005-07-06-00002005 Suzuka Miki Hashiba [1] 000000002006-04-04-00002006 Air Gear Mikan [1] +References +External links +Mako Hyōdō (兵藤 まこ, Hyōdō Mako?, born September 7, 1962 in Tokyo), also credited as Mako Hyoudou, is a Japanese voice actress and member of 81 Produce company. +Notable roles +External links +Mako Hyōdō +Oma Ichimura (壱智村 小真, Ichimura Oma?, born Tomoko Omata (小俣 智子, Omata Tomoko?), May 3, 1977 in Kanagawa) is a Japanese freelance voice actor who worked for Office CHK. +Notable Filmography +External links +Teiya Ichiryūsai (一龍斎 貞弥, Ichiryūsai Teiya?, born February 2) is a Japanese voice actress from Ōita Prefecture affiliated with Aoni Production. Her former stage name is Aya Hara (原 亜弥, Hara Aya?) +Filmography +TV anime +Video games +External links +Takako Ohama (大濱 貴子, Ōhama Takako?, born January 9, 1963 in Tokyo), better known by the stage name Rei Igarashi (五十嵐 麗, Igarashi Rei?), is a Japanese actress and voice actress who works for Office Osawa. +She is married to fellow voice actor Shō Hayami, and is the mother of the Japanese voice actor Hideyuki Hayami. +Notable Filmography +External links +Rei Igarashi at Anime News Network's encyclopedia Rei Igarashi at Ryu's Seiyuu Infos +Masahiro Kono (河野 匡泰, Kōno Masahiro?, born June 1, in Nagano Prefecture, Japan) is a Japanese actor and voice actor. Birth name Kiyoto Kawano now Masahiro Kono had studied acting at drama school of Bungakuza in regular course. After graduating, entered gekidan subaru and performed Interpreter in "The King and I". +Works +Anime +Video games +Drama CD +External links +Masahiro Kono +Original video animation (OVA) +Web Anime +Film +Tokusatsu +Video games +References +External links +Hiromi Konno (今野 宏美, Konno Hiromi?, born September 13,[1] 1975[2]) is a Japanese voice actress from Chitose, Hokkaido.[3] After leaving Marcus and Aoni-juku she is now affiliated with Aoni Production. +Filmography +Anime +Akiko Kōmoto (河本明子, Kōmoto Akiko?, born February 4, 1975) is a Japanese voice actress from Tōkyō Metropolis attached to Arts Vision. +She voiced Midna in Zelda. +Roles +Television animation +OVA +Video games +Tokusatsu +External links +Ryūsaku Chiziwa (千々和 竜策, Chiziwa Ryūsaku?, born May 27, 1969) is a Japanese voice actor from Tokyo, Japan working for Artepro. +Voice roles +References +External links +Mami Deguchi (出口 茉美, Deguchi Mami?, born 18 December 1985 in Mie, Japan) is a Japanese voice actress.[1] +Notable Filmography +References +External links +Ayumi Kida (喜田 あゆ美 Kida Ayumi; born June 7, 1966) is a Japanese-born actress. +Her voice-over credits include the Japanese dub voices of Dexter from Cartoon Network's Dexter's Laboratory and Dib Membrane from Nickelodeon's Invader Zim. +Notable Roles +Video Games +Dubbing Roles +External links +Naomi Kawashima (川島 なお美, Kawashima Naomi?, November 10, 1960 – September 24, 2015) was a Japanese actress, singer and radio entertainer. +She was born on November 10, 1960, in the city of Moriyama, Aichi, (now Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture), Japan and graduated from Aoyama Gakuin University. She made her singing debut in 1979; in 1982 she got an early break on the television show Owarai Manga Dōjō. Noteworthy radio and television appearances include Miss DJ Request Parade (radio, 1981), Expo Scramble (1985), Wakamono no Subete (1994), Meibugyō Tōyama no Kin-san (1995), Shitsurakuen (1997), Magarikado no Kanojo (2005) and Shichinin no Onna Bengoshi (2006). +She is the subject of several photo books, including Woman (1993). Kawashima died on September 24, 2015 from bile duct cancer.[1] She was 54. +Filmography +Dramas +Movies +References +External links +Naoki Kawano (川野 直輝, Kawano Naoki?, born February 22, 1982) is a Japanese actor and musician from Mobara, Chiba Prefecture. He is a former Johnny's Jr. member, and is no longer represented by Johnny & Associates. While a Johnny's Jr., he was part of Kaidan Trio, TOKYO, and Kawano Band. +He was also formerly the drummer of the rock band Dustz, fronted by fellow actor Ray Fujita. His debut role as an actor was as the antagonist Long in the Super Sentai series Juken Sentai Gekiranger. +Filmography +References +External links +Naoki Kawano +Morio Kazama (風間杜夫, Kazama Morio?) is a Japanese actor. +He won the award for best supporting actor at the 2nd Yokohama Film Festival for Shiki Natsuko and Yūgure made and at the 6th and 7th Japan Academy Prizes.[1][2][3] +Filmography +Films +Television drama +Television animation +References +Morio Kazama +Four referendums were held in Switzerland during 1935.[1] The first was held on 24 February on a federal law reorganising the military, and was approved by voters.[1] The second was held on 5 May on a federal law on the transport of goods and animals on roads, and was rejected by two-thirds of voters.[1] The third was held on 2 June on a popular initiative "to combat the economic crisis" and was also rejected by voters.[1] The fourth was held on 8 September on a popular initiative "for a total revision of the federal constitution", and was rejected by 72% of voters.[1] +Results +February: Reorganisation of the military +May: Transport of goods and animals +June: Combating the economic crisis +September: Total revision of the constitution +References +February: Counter-proposal on the private arms industry +July: Penal code +November: Federal budget +References +Six referendums were held in Switzerland during 1938.[1] The first four were held on 20 February; the first on amending articles 107 and 116 of the constitution to make Romansch an official language, which was approved by over 90% of voters and all cantons.[1] The second was on a popular initiative "on urgent federal resolutions and the protection of people's rights" and was rejected by 85% of voters.[1] The third was on a popular initiative on the private arms industry, and was also rejected by a wide margin, whilst the fourth was on a counter-proposal to the arms industry question, and was approved by voters.[1] The fifth referendum was held on 3 July on the penal code, and was approved.[1] The sixth and final referendum of the year was held on 27 November on a federal resolution on the transient order of the federal budget, and was approved by 72% of voters.[1] +Results +February: Romansch as an official language +February: popular initiative on federal resolutions +February: popular initiative on the private arms industry +References +Four referendums were held in Switzerland during 1939.[1] The first two were held on 22 January on a popular initiative on civil rights (which was rejected) and a federal resolution on the restricted use of the urgency clause in the constitution (which was approved).[1] The third was held on 4 June on a constitutional amendment regarding the funding for government policies on defence and unemployment, and was approved by voters.[1] The fourth was held on 3 December on a federal law on the employment status and insurance for federal civil servants, and was rejected by voters.[1] +Results +January: popular initiative on civil rights +January: Use of the urgency clause +June: Funding for defence and unemployment policy +December: Civil servants +Historical Research in Educational Settings (2000); Textbook on how to write British educational history. excerpt; Good bibliography Ringer, Fritz. Education and Society in Modern Europe (1979); focus on Germany and France with comparisons to US and Britain Soysal, Yasemin Nuhoglu; Strang, David (1989). +"Construction of the First Mass Education Systems in Nineteenth-Century Europe". Sociology of Education. 62 (4): 277–88. doi:10.2307/2112831. +JSTOR 2112831. Sturt, Mary. The education of the people: A history of primary education in England and Wales in the nineteenth century (Routledge, 2013) Toloudis, Nicholas. +Teaching Marianne and Uncle Sam: Public Education, State Centralization, and Teacher Unionism in France and the United States (Temple University Press, 2012) 213 pp Sorin-Avram, Virtop (2015). "Romanian Contemporary Approaches to the Continuous Training of History and Geography Teachers". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. +197: 1774–81. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.07.235. Wardle, David. English popular education 1780-1970 (Cambridge UP, 1970) Whitehead, Barbara J., ed. +Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ Bryon K. Marshall, "Universal Social Dilemmas and Japanese Educational History: The Writings of R. P. Dore, History of Education Quarterly, (1972) 12#1 pp 97-106 in JSTOR ↑ Brian Platt, "Japanese Childhood, Modern Childhood: The Nation-State, the School, and 19th-Century Globalization," Journal of Social History, (2005) 38#4 pp 965-985 « in JSTOR ↑ Kathleen S. Uno, Passages to Modernity: Motherhood, Childhood, and Social Reform in Early 20th century Japan (1999) ↑ Mark Jones, Children as Treasures: Childhood and the Middle Class in Early 20th century Japan (2010) ↑ David S. Nivison and Arthur F. Wright, eds. Confucianism in action (1959) p. +302 ↑ "Minute on Education (1835) by Thomas Babington Macaulay". www.columbia.edu. +Retrieved 2016-05-03. ↑ Latika Chaudhary, "Land revenues, schools and literacy: A historical examination of public and private funding of education," Indian Economic & Social History Review, April–June 2010, Vol. 47 Issue 2, pp 179-204 ↑ V. C. Bhutani, "Curzon'S Educational Reform in India," Journal of Indian History, 1973, Vol. 51 Issue 151, pp 65-92 ↑ Christian, Beck. +"EDUCATION OTHERWISE AND HOME EDUCATION IN NORWAY". ↑ "Leaving school before the age of 16". Education.govt.nz. 24 May 2017. +Retrieved 1 December 2017. ↑ McCreadie, Marion. "The Evolution of Education in Australia". IFHAA Australian Schools. ↑ Fitzpatrick, S. (1994). +OCLC 28293091. ↑ Conklin, Alice L. (1998-01-01). "Colonialism and Human Rights, A Contradiction in Terms? The Case of France and West Africa, 1895-1914". +The American Historical Review. 103 (2): 419–442. doi:10.2307/2649774. JSTOR 2649774. ↑ Robinson, K.: Schools Kill Creativity. +TED Talks, 2006, Monterey, CA, USA. ↑ Chris Dede, Comparing Frameworks for 21st Century Skills, Harvard Graduate School of Education, 2009. +Retrieved 2016-03-09 ↑ Stedman Graham, Preparing for the 21st Century: Soft Skills Matter, Huffington Post, April 26, 2015. Retrieved 2016-03-16 ↑ Larry Cuban, Content vs. skills in high schools - 21st century arguments echo 19th century conflicts, November 3, 2015. +Famous Educators and Notable Contributions James Sullivan (1920). +"Education, History of". +Encyclopedia Americana. +History of education +Two referendums were held in Switzerland during 1942.[1] The first was held on 25 January on a popular initiative that would provide for the direct election of the Federal Council, as well as increasing the number of members.[2] It was rejected by voters.[1] The second was held on 3 May on a popular initiative "for the reorganisation of the National Council", and was also rejected.[1] +Results +January referendum +May referendum +Two referendums were held in Switzerland during 1945.[1] The first was held on 21 January on a federal law on the Swiss Federal Railways, and was approved by voters.[1] The second was held on 25 November on a federal resolution on the "for the family" petition, and was also approved.[1] +Results +January referendum +November referendum +References +Two referendums were held in Switzerland during 1946.[1] The first was held on 10 February on a federal resolution on a petition on cargo transportation, and was rejected by voters.[1] The second was held on 8 December on a popular initiative on the "right to work", and was also rejected.[1] +Results +February referendum +December referendum +References +Three referendums were held in Switzerland during 1947.[1] The first was held on 18 May on a popular initiative for "economic reform and rights concerning work", and was rejected by voters.[1] The second and third were both held on 6 July on revising the articles of the federal constitution covering the economy and a federal law on aged and bereavement insurance.[1] Both were approved by voters.[1] +Results +May: Popular initiative on economic reform and work rights +July: Constitutional amendment +July: Aged and bereavement insurance +References +December: Financial order +References +Five referendums were held in Switzerland during 1950.[1] The first was held on 29 January on extending a federal resolution on promoting housebuilding, and was rejected by voters.[1] The second was held on 4 June on the federal budget, and was also rejected by voters.[1] The third was held on 1 October on a popular initiative "for the protection of ground and labour by prohibiting speculation", and was rejected by voters.[1] The final two were held on 3 December on revising article 72 of the constitution regarding the election of the National Council and a federal resolution on financial order between 1951 and 1954.[1] Both were approved by voters.[1] +Results +January: Extending the federal resolution on housebuilding +June: Federal budget +October: popular initiative banning speculation +December: Constitutional amendment +Shinichi Himori (日守新一, Himori Shin'ichi?, 10 January 1907 – 12 September 1959), born Kazuo Moriyama (守山一雄, Moriyama Kazuo?), was a Japanese film actor. +He appeared in more than seventy films from 1925 to 1959. +Selected filmography +Film Year Title Role Notes 1954 Izu no odoriko 1952 Ikiru Deputy Mayor 1950 Scandal 1942 There Was a Father 1938 The Masseurs and a Woman 1936 The Only Son 1931 The Neighbor's Wife and Mine 1929 Days of Youth +External links +Kyoko Hinami (日南 響子, Hinami Kyoko?, born February 6, 1994 in Aichi Prefecture, Japan) is a Japanese gravure idol and actress known for her role as Mitsuki Aoyagi/Akiba Blue in the 2012 Super Sentai parody series Unofficial Sentai Akibaranger. +She is affiliated with Stardust Promotion. +Filmography +TV series +Film +References +External links +Emi Kobayashi (小林 恵美, Kobayashi Emi?, born January 1, 1983) is a Japanese gravure idol. She is from Tokyo, and belongs to the show-business production Suns Entertainment. She belonged to Yellow Cab before 2004. +She portrayed the hostess who became a nun named Saori in Lion-Maru G. +Activities +TV Programs +Bibliography +Photobooks +External links +Akiji Kobayashi (小林昭二, Kobayashi Akiji?, September 6, 1930 – August 27, 1996), sometimes credited as Shōji Kobayashi or Issei Mori, was a Japanese actor. +Partial filmography +Notes +Bibliography +Yō Kitazawa (北沢 洋, Kitazawa Yō?, born July 9, 1963) is a Japanese actor and voice actor. +Voice actor roles +Anime +Video Games +External links +Yō Kitazawa +Masashi Kitamura (北村 允志, Kitamura Masashi?, born May 8, 1977 in Fukui Prefecture) is a Japanese voice actor who is affiliated with Office Kaoru. +He has been voice-acting since the early 2000s. +Filmography +Anime television series +External links +Ryoko Kobayashi (小林涼子, Kobayashi Ryoko?, born 8 November 1989) is a Japanese actress. +Movies +Dramas +External links +External links +Seiran Kobayashi (小林 星蘭, Kobayashi Seiran?, born 14 September 2003) is a Japanese child actress. +Filmography +Movies +Television +References +Yukiko Kobayashi (小林夕岐子, Kobayashi Yukiko?, born 6 October 1946) is a Japanese actress. +She appeared in more than ten films since 1965. +Selected filmography +Film Year Title Role Notes 1970 Space Amoeba 1970 The Vampire Doll 1968 Destroy All Monsters +External links +Ryo Kimura (木村 了, Kimura Ryō?, born September 23, 1988) is a Japanese actor who debuted in 2002. His first movie was Moonlight Jellyfish, in which he co-starred with Tatsuya Fujiwara. +He played the role of Michio, a mentally challenged 15-year-old boy diagnosed with an incurable skin disease called XP (Xeroderma Pigmentosum). +Dramas +Movies +External links +Isao Kimura (木村 功, Kimura Isao?, July 22, 1923 – June 4, 1981), also known as Kō Kimura, was a Japanese actor. +He appeared in several films directed by Akira Kurosawa. The first was Stray Dog (1949) as Yusa the criminal. +Perhaps his most notable role was in Seven Samurai as the youngest of the samurai, Katsushiro. +Partial filmography +External links +Arisa Komiya (小宮 有紗, Komiya Arisa?, born February 5, 1994 in Tochigi, Tochigi, Japan) is a Japanese actress known for starring as Yoko Usami/Yellow Buster in the 2012 Super Sentai series Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters. +She is currently affiliated with Box Corporation. +Filmography +TV dramas +Films +Stage +Photobooks +References +External links +Koen Kondo (Kôen Kondô; 近藤公園; born 11 October 1978) is a Japanese actor. +He made his debut in the popular 2001 film Waterboys. +Selected filmography +External links +Yoshimasa Kondo (近藤 芳正, Kondō Yoshimasa?), born on August 13, 1961 in Nagoya, Japan, is a Japanese theatre and film actor.[1] +Filmography +Film +Television +References +Mahiru Konno (紺野 まひる, Konno Mahiru?, born April 12, 1977 in Toyonaka, Osaka Prefecture) is a Japanese actress. +Filmography +Television +External links +Mako Midori (緑 魔子, Midori Mako?, born 26 March 1944, Taiwan) is a Japanese actress. +Films +Television +References +External links +Yoshio Kosugi (小杉 義男, Kosugi Yoshio?, 15 September 1903 - 12 March 1968) was a Japanese actor. +He appeared in more than 120 films from 1924 to 1967. +Selected filmography +External links +Yōko Mihara (三原 葉子, Mihara Yōko?) was an actress of Japanese exploitation cinema, erotic dancer and pin-up model who was active from the 1950s to 1970s. +Selected filmography +External links +Hiroshi Mikami (三上 博史, Mikami Hiroshi?, born 23 July 1962) is a Japanese actor. +He starred in the musical Hedwig and the Angry Inch in 2004.[1] In 2015, he also features on a song from the album Vitium by Japanese band Sukekiyo.[2] +Filmography +Film +Television +External links +Kayo Matsuo (松尾 嘉代, Matsuo Kayo?, born March 17, 1943 in Tokyo, Japan) is a Japanese actress. +She retired from acting following the Kobe earthquake.[citation needed] +Partial filmography +External links +Nobuo Kaneko (金子信雄, Kaneko Nobuo?, 27 March 1923 – 20 January 1995) was a Japanese actor.[1] He appeared in more than 200 films between 1950 and 1993.[2] He was a versatile character actor, playing roles ranging from comedic buffoons to hardened yakuza bosses. +Selected filmography +External links +Kōichi Iwaki (岩城滉一, Iwaki Kōichi?) is a Koreans in Japan actor. +He won the award for best actor at the 8th Yokohama Film Festival for Minami he hashire, umi no michi o!.[1] He is also a racing car driver.[2] +Filmography +References +External links +Koichi Iwaki +Ran Ito (伊藤 蘭, Ito Ran?, born 13 January 1955) is a Japanese actress and previous member of the 1970s legendary idol group Candies. +As the leading member of Candies, Ran Ito was in charge of the solo of most hit songs. +Filmography +See also +Awards +References +External links +Teruyuki Kagawa (香川 照之, Kagawa Teruyuki?, born December 7, 1965) is a Japanese actor. +Filmography +Film +Television +Asami Kai (甲斐 麻美/かい あさみ?) (born January 9, 1987 in Kumamoto) is a Japanese actress & gravure idol. +TV +Movies +External links +Kento Kaku (賀来 賢人, Kaku Kento?, born July 3, 1989 in Tokyo, Japan) is a Japanese actor. +Filmography +Television +TV dramas +TV movies +External links +Tomohiro Kaku (郭智博, Kaku Tomohiro?, born September 5, 1984) is a Japanese actor. +Filmography +TV +Films +References +External links +Hiroshi Koizumi (小泉博, Koizumi Hiroshi?, birth name written as 小泉 汪) (12 August 1926 – 31 May 2015) was a Japanese actor, best known for his starring role in the 1955 film Godzilla Raids Again as well as other Toho Studios monster movies. +He was born in Japan. +He is a graduate of Keio University in Tokyo.[1] +Filmography +References +External links +Kotaro Koizumi (小泉 孝太郎, Koizumi Kōtarō?, born July 10, 1978 in Yokosuka, Kanagawa) is a Japanese actor and the eldest son of the 87th Japanese Prime Minister, Junichirō Koizumi, and Kayoko Miyamoto. +Filmography +Television +TV dramas +Films +External links +Rino Katase (かたせ梨乃, Katase Rino?, born 8 May 1957) is a Japanese actress. +She won the Award for Best Supporting Actress at the 11th Japan Academy Prize for Gokudō no Onnatachi 2 and Yoshiwara Enjō.[1] +Filmography +Film +Television +References +Jūshirō Konoe (近衛 十四郎, Konoe Jūshirō?, 10 April 1914 – 24 May 1977) was a famous jidaigeki actor. He was born Toraichi Megro in Nagaoka, Niigata.[1] Debuting at Ajia Eiga in 1934, Konoe appeared in jidaigeki at Daito Eiga, Shochiku, and Toei, the latter having him star in a popular series about Yagyu Jubei.[1] Konoe was known for his dazzling swordplay and appeared in over 200 movies and TV dramas. +He retired in 1973 due to his worsening diabetes. +References +External links +Filmography +Year Title Japanese Romanization Role Notes 1939 Chiheisen 1941 Ôzora no isho 1943 The Decisive Battle Kessen 1953 Senkan Yamato 1955 Gokumonchô 1956 Rindo garasu 1956 Kitsune kago 1956 Five Patriots of Kyoto Kyoraku gonin otoko 1957 Rônin-gai Gen'nai Aramaki 1957 Jirochô gaiden: Ishimatsu to oiwake sangorô 1959 Yagyu tabi nikki: Tenchi muso ken Yagyu Jubei 1959 Edo yumin den 1960 Rônin ichiba - Asayake tengu Isuke Asaoka 1960 Tenpô rokkasen - Jigoku no hanamichi Seizô Moritaya 1960 Suronin hyakuman-goku 1960 Jirochô kesshôki: Fuji mitôge no taiketsu 1961 赤穂浪士 Akō rōshi Ikkaku Shimizu 1961 Gokai senryo yari 1961 The Ghost Story of Oiwa's Spirit Kaidan Oiwa no borei 1961 Law in Ghost Island Yurei-jima no okite 1961 Fighting Daimyo Tekka daimyo 1962 Hanagasa dochu 1962 Kisaragi musô ken Tekkan Gamô 1962 Akai kage-bôshi Hanzô Hattori 1962 Inazuma to uge no kettô 1963 Seventeen Ninja Maguro Saiga 1963 Jirochô sangokushi dainibu 1963 Blood and Sand Chi to suna no kettô 1964 Ninja gari Wadakuro 1964 Bakuto tai tekiya 1964 Shafu yukyoden - kenka tatsu 1965 Shirotori Akaza 1965 Mondonosuke Sanban Shobu Yajuro 1965-1972 Tsuronin Tsukikage Hyogo[citation needed] TV series 1966 Nihon daikyôkaku Gisaburo Sakurai 1967 Zatoichi Challenged 座頭市血煙り街道 Zatōichi chikemurikaidō Tajuro Akazuka 1968 Ah kaiten tokubetsu kogetikai 1969 Bakuto Ichidai Chimatsuri Fudo Kojiro 1971 Boryokudan sai buso 1972 Trapped, the Crimson Bat Mekurano Oichi jigokuhada Hanbei +Yūko Nakamura (中村優子, Nakamura Yūko?) is a Japanese actress. +She won the award for best supporting actress at the 28th Yokohama Film Festival for Strawberry Shortcakes.[1] +Filmography +References +Hiroyuki Nishimoto (西本裕行, Nishimoto Hiroyuki?, 3 January 1927 – 19 April 2015) was a Japanese actor. +He began acting in the theatre company Bungakuza and later co-founded Gekidan Kumo (劇団雲; Theatre Company Gekidan) in 1963. Nishimoto then joined Theatre Company Subaru in 1976. He provided the voice of Snufkin in the television adaptions of Moomin, a book series and comic strip by Tove Jansson. +Nishimoto was also known for dubbing the Japanese language versions of many Disney films. He died of an aortic dissection in 2015, aged 88.[1] +Partial filmography +Television +References +External links +Ayana Sakai (酒井彩名, Sakai Ayana?, born 16 May 1985) is a Japanese actress.[1] She has appeared in more than twelve films since 1998. +Selected filmography +Year Title Role Notes 1999 Man, Next Natural Girl: 100 Nights In Yokohama Man Koda TV 2003 Battle Royale II: Requiem 2004 Devilman Mimi Makimura +References +External links +Hideo Murota (室田 日出男, Murota Hideo?, 7 October 1937 – 15 June 2002) was a Japanese actor who appeared in over 100 films. +He won the Best Supporting Actor award at the Yokohama Film Festival for his role in Shinde mo ii.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Satomi in costume as Tokugawa Mitsukuni +Kōtarō Satomi (里見浩太朗, Satomi Kōtarō?, real name Kunitoshi Sano 佐野邦俊[citation needed]) (born 28 November 1936) is a Japanese actor from the city of Fujinomiya, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. He appears in both contemporary and jidaigeki roles. +Selected filmography +Selected television appearances +External links +Chigusa Takaku (高久 ちぐさ, Takaku Chigusa?, born 11 August 1978 in Tokyo) is a Japanese actress. +She has appeared in a number of Japanese TV dramas and films. +Television +Films +External links +References +External links +Shinji Takeda (武田 真治, Takeda Shinji?), born December 18, 1972, is a Japanese actor, talent and saxophone player. +He has had notable roles in such works as The Incite Mill,[1] Kyō Kara Hitman[2][3] and Tokyo Eyes.[4][5] +Filmography +Film +Television +Kei Tanaka (田中圭, Tanaka Kei?, born 10 July 1984 in Tokyo[1]) is a Japanese actor. +Films +Television series +References +Isao Yamagata (山形 勲, Yamagata Isao?, 25 July 1915 – 28 June 1996) was a Japanese film actor. +He appeared in more than 80 films between 1951 and 1984. +Selected filmography +Honours +External links +Miyako Yamaguchi (山口美也子?) (born February 3, 1952) is a Japanese actress. +She won the award for best supporting actress at the 7th Hochi Film Award for Farewell to the Land.[1] +Filmography +References +Asahi Uchida (内田朝陽, uchida asahi?) (born 30 May 1982) is a Japanese actor.[1] He will have a central role in Tokugawa Fūun-roku, scheduled for broadcast on January 2, 2008. +Selected filmography +References +External links +Kōji Ishizaka (石坂 浩二, Ishizaka Kōji?, born 20 June 1941 in Tokyo) is a Japanese actor.[1][2] +Filmography +Film +Television +References +Michiko Kichise (吉瀬 美智子, Kichise Michiko?, born 17 February 1975) is a Japanese actress. +Filmography +Television series +Film +External links +Next Generation Science Standards +BBS 2 is an English 24/7 International and Social television channel, owned by Bhutan government. +BBS 1 is an Dzongkha and English 24/7 News and Social television channel, owned by the Bhutan government. +Yuriko Ishida (石田 ゆり子 (石田 百合子), Ishida Yuriko?, born October 3, 1969) is a Japanese actress and essayist from Nagoya. She was the Japanese voice of the title character San from the 1997 animated film Princess Mononoke. +She is the older sister of Hikari Ishida, also an actress.[citation needed] +Filmography +References +External links +Major causes +According to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), causes of welding defects can be broken down as follows: 45 percent poor process conditions, 32 percent operator error, 12 percent wrong technique, 10 percent incorrect consumables, and 5 percent bad weld grooves.[4] +Hydrogen embrittlement +Residual stresses +The magnitude of stress that can be formed from welding can be roughly calculated using:[5] +Where E is Young's modulus, α is the coefficient of thermal expansion, and ΔT is the temperature change. For steel this calculates out to be approximately 3.5 GPa (510,000 psi). +Cracks +Defects related to fracture. +Arc strike cracking +This forms martensite, which is brittle and may lead to higher chances of micro-cracks. Usually the arc is struck in the weld groove so this type of crack does not occur, but if the arc is struck outside of the weld groove then it must be welded over to prevent the cracking. If this is not an option then the arc spot can be postheated, that is, the area is heated with an oxy-acetylene torch, and then allowed to cool slowly.[6] +Cold cracking +Cold cracking is limited to steels and is associated with the formation of martensite as the weld cools. The cracking occurs in the heat-affected zone of the base material. To reduce the amount of distortion and residual stresses, the amount of heat input should be limited, and the welding sequence used should not be from one end directly to the other, but rather in segments.[7] +Cold cracking only occurs when all the following preconditions are met: +susceptible microstructure (e.g. martensite) hydrogen present in the microstructure (hydrogen embrittlement) service temperature environment (normal atmospheric pressure): -100 to +100 °F high restraint +Eliminating any one of these will eliminate this condition. +Crater crack +Crater cracks occur when a crater is not filled before the arc is broken. This causes the outer edges of the crater to cool more quickly than the crater, which creates sufficient stresses to form a crack. Longitudinal, transverse and/or multiple radial cracks may form.[8] +Hat crack +Hot cracking, also known as solidification cracking, can occur with all metals, and happens in the fusion zone of a weld. To diminish the probability of this type of cracking, excess material restraint should be avoided, and a proper filler material should be utilized.[7] Other causes include too high welding current, poor joint design that does not diffuse heat, impurities (such as sulfur and phosphorus), preheating, speed is too fast, and long arcs.[9] +Underbead crack +An undercut crack, also known as a heat-affected zone (HAZ) crack,[10] is a crack that forms a short distance away from the fusion line; it occurs in low alloy and high alloy steel. The exact causes of this type of crack are not completely understood, but it is known that dissolved hydrogen must be present. The other factor that affects this type of crack is internal stresses resulting from: unequal contraction between the base metal and the weld metal, restraint of the base metal, stresses from the formation of martensite, and stresses from the precipitation of hydrogen out of the metal.[11] +Longitudinal crack +Root cracks start at the root and extent part way into the weld. They are the most common type of longitudinal crack because of the small size of the first weld bead. If this type of crack is not addressed then it will usually propagate into subsequent weld passes, which is how full cracks (a crack from the root to the surface) usually form.[8] +Reheat cracking +It is caused by the poor creep ductility of the heat affected zone. Any existing defects or notches aggravate crack formation. Things that help prevent reheat cracking include heat treating first with a low temperature soak and then with a rapid heating to high temperatures, grinding or peening the weld toes, and using a two layer welding technique to refine the HAZ grain structure.[12][13] +Root and toe cracks +A root crack is the crack formed by the short bead at the root(of edge preparation) beginning of the welding, low current at the beginning and due to improper filler material used for welding.Major reason for happening of these types of cracks is hydrogen embrittlement. These types of defects can be eliminated using high current at the starting and proper filler material. Toe crack occurs due to moisture content present in the welded area,it as a part of the surface crack so can be easily detected. +Transverse crack +These are generally the result of longitudinal shrinkage stresses acting on weld metal of low ductility. Crater cracks occur in the crater when the welding arc is terminated prematurely. Crater cracks are normally shallow, hot cracks usually forming single or star cracks. +Distortion +Shrinkage then introduces residual stresses and distortion. Distortion can pose a major problem, since the final product is not the desired shape. To alleviate certain types of distortion the workpieces can be offset so that after welding the product is the correct shape.[14] The following pictures describe various types of welding distortion:[15] +Gas inclusion +Gas inclusions is a wide variety of defects that includes porosity, blow holes, and pipes (or wormholes). The underlying cause for gas inclusions is the entrapment of gas within the solidified weld. Gas formation can be from any of the following causes: high sulphur content in the workpiece or electrode, excessive moisture from the electrode or workpiece, too short of an arc, or wrong welding current or polarity.[10] +Slag forms from the use of a flux, which is why this type of defect usually occurs in welding processes that use flux, such as shielded metal arc welding, flux-cored arc welding, and submerged arc welding, but it can also occur in gas metal arc welding. This defect usually occurs in welds that require multiple passes and there is poor overlap between the welds. The poor overlap does not allow the slag from the previous weld to melt out and rise to the top of the new weld bead. +Isolated inclusions occur when rust or mill scale is present on the base metal.[17] +Lack of fusion and incomplete penetration +Lack of fusion is the poor adhesion of the weld bead to the base metal; incomplete penetration is a weld bead that does not start at the root of the weld groove. Incomplete penetration forms channels and crevices in the root of the weld which can cause serious issues in pipes because corrosive substances can settle in these areas. These types of defects occur when the welding procedures are not adhered to; possible causes include the current setting, arc length, electrode angle, and electrode manipulation.[18] Defects can be varied and classified as critical or non critical. +Lamellar tearing +Undercut +One reason for this type of defect is excessive current, causing the edges of the joint to melt and drain into the weld; this leaves a drain-like impression along the length of the weld. Another reason is if a poor technique is used that does not deposit enough filler metal along the edges of the weld. A third reason is using an incorrect filler metal, because it will create greater temperature gradients between the center of the weld and the edges. +A welding defect is any flaw that compromises the usefulness of a weldment. There is a great variety of welding defects. Welding imperfections are classified according to ISO 6520[1] while their acceptable limits are specified in ISO 5817 [2] and ISO 10042.[3] +Hat cracks get their name from the shape of the cross-section of the weld, because the weld flares out at the face of the weld. The crack starts at the fusion line and extends up through the weld. They are usually caused by too much voltage or not enough speed.[8] +Hot cracking +Welding defect +Lamellar tearing is a type of welding defect that occurs in rolled steel plates that have been welded together due to shrinkage forces perpendicular to the faces of the plates.[19] Since the 1970s, changes in manufacturing practices limiting the amount of sulfur used have greatly reduced the incidence of this problem.[20] +Lamellar tearing is caused mainly by sulfurous inclusions in the material. Other causes include an excess of hydrogen in the alloy. This defect can be mitigated by keeping the amount of sulfur in the steel alloy below 0.005%.[20] Adding rare earth elements, zirconium, or calcium to the alloy to control the configuration of sulfur inclusions throughout the metal lattice can also mitigate the problem.[21] +1 2 Raj, Jayakumar & Thavasimuthu 2002, p. 126. ↑ Rampaul 2003, p. 208. ↑ Bull, Steve (2000-03-16), Reheat cracking, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, archived from the original on 2009-12-06, retrieved 2009-12-06. ↑ Bull, Steve (2000-03-16), Reheat cracking, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, archived from the original on 2009-12-06, retrieved 2009-12-06. ↑ Weman 2003, pp. 7–8. ↑ Bull, Steve (2000-03-16), Welding Faults and Defects, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, archived from the original on 2009-12-06, retrieved 2009-12-06. ↑ Defects/imperfections in welds - slag inclusions, archived from the original on 2009-12-05, retrieved 2009-12-05. ↑ Bull, Steve (2000-03-16), Welding Faults and Defects, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, archived from the original on 2009-12-05. ↑ Rampaul 2003, p. 216. +1 2 Still, J. R., Understanding Hydrogen Failures, retrieved 2009-12-03. ↑ Ginzburg, Vladimir B.; Ballas, Robert (2000), Flat rolling fundamentals, CRC Press, p. 142, ISBN 978-0-8247-8894-0. ↑ Rampaul 2003, pp. 211–212. +Shielded metal arc welding +Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), also known as manual metal arc welding (MMA or MMAW), flux shielded arc welding[1] or informally as stick welding, is a manual arc welding process that uses a consumable electrode covered with a flux to lay the weld. +An electric current, in the form of either alternating current or direct current from a welding power supply, is used to form an electric arc between the electrode and the metals to be joined. The workpiece and the electrode melts forming a pool of molten metal (weld pool) that cools to form a joint. As the weld is laid, the flux coating of the electrode disintegrates, giving off vapors that serve as a shielding gas and providing a layer of slag, both of which protect the weld area from atmospheric contamination. +Because of the versatility of the process and the simplicity of its equipment and operation, shielded metal arc welding is one of the world's first and most popular welding processes. It dominates other welding processes in the maintenance and repair industry, and though flux-cored arc welding is growing in popularity, SMAW continues to be used extensively in the construction of heavy steel structures and in industrial fabrication. The process is used primarily to weld iron and steels (including stainless steel) but aluminium, nickel and copper alloys can also be welded with this method.[2] +Finding Dory is a 2016 American 3D computer-animated comedy-drama adventure film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Directed and co-written by Andrew Stanton with co-direction by Angus MacLane,[5][6] the screenplay was written by Victoria Strouse and Stanton.[7] The film is a sequel and spinoff[8] to 2003's Finding Nemo and features the reprised voices of Ellen DeGeneres and Albert Brooks, as well as the new voices of Hayden Rolence (replacing Alexander Gould), Ed O'Neill, Kaitlin Olson, Ty Burrell, Diane Keaton and Eugene Levy. Finding Dory focuses on the amnesiac fish Dory, who journeys to be reunited with her parents.[9] Along the way, she is captured and taken to a California public aquarium, from which Marlin and Nemo attempt to rescue her.[10] +Prāṇāyāma (Sanskrit: प्राणायाम prāṇāyāma) is a Sanskrit word alternatively translated as "extension of the prāṇa (breath or life force)" or "breath control." The word is composed from two Sanskrit words: prana meaning life force (noted particularly as the breath), and either yama (to restrain or control the prana, implying a set of breathing techniques where the breath is intentionally altered in order to produce specific results) or the negative form ayāma, meaning to extend or draw out (as in extension of the life force). It is a yogic discipline with origins in ancient India. +Han (simplified Chinese: 韩; traditional Chinese: 韓; pinyin: Hán; Korean: 한) is a common Chinese surname. The spelling "Han" is based on China's pinyin system and so used throughout Mainland China. Spelling can vary from 'Hon' in Cantonese-speaking areas to 'Hang' in Hainan. +Less common Chinese surnames romanized as Han include: 寒 (Hán) and 汉/漢 (Hàn). Han (韩) is currently ranked 25th in China in terms of the number of bearers at around 8 million persons.[1] +Han (Chinese surname) +"Chinese surname history: Han". People's Daily Online. July 21, 2005. +3/2 may refer to: +March 2 (month-day date notation) 3 February (day-month date notation) The Fraction (mathematics) for one and one half (1/2), or in decimal form 1.5 Just perfect fifth 3rd Battalion 2nd Marines A triple metre time signature A common aspect ratio (image) Hemiola +2+1 may refer to: +In physics +2+1 road 2+1 dimensions 2+1 dimensional gravity (String Theory, Quantum gravity) +In music +2 Plus 1 a Polish band +Bandar Bera or Bera Town is a town and district capital of Bera district, Pahang, Malaysia. +Facilities +Bera district mosque Bera District and Land Office Majlis Daerah Bera (MDB) main headquarters +Food and beverage +McDonald's Marrybrown KFC Pizza Hut Delivery +Atm +CIMB Bank Maybank Bank Rakyat +Chen Jianbin (born June 27, 1970) is a Chinese actor active in television and film. +He is most notable for the portrayal of Cao Cao in the 2010 television series Three Kingdoms, for which he won the Best Actor Award at the 2011 Seoul International Drama Awards in Seoul, South Korea.[1] +Filmography +Film Year Title Role Notes 2001 Chrysanthemum Tea (菊花茶) Won–Students' Choice Award for Favorite Actor 2003 Leaving Me, Loving You (大城小事) 2003 Jade Goddess of Mercy (玉觀音) Tiejun 2008 24 City (二十四城记) 2010 Confucius (孔子) Ji Huanzi 2010 Driverless (无人驾驶) Wang Yao 2011 Dragon (武俠) policeman cameo 2011 People Mountain People Sea (人山人海) 2014 When a Peking Family Meets Aupair 2014 Paradise in Service Won– Best Supporting Actor, Golden Horse Film Festival 2014 A Fool Won– Best Actor, Best new director, Golden Horse Film Festival +Chen Jianbin +References +External links +Events +April +April 13 - South Korean legislative election, 2016 +September +September 27-October 2 - 2016 Korea Open Superseries in Seoul +November 1 - Choi Soon-sil, the woman at the center of the South Korean political scandal involving President Park Geun-hye, is detained for questioning.[1] November 12- South Korea In Seoul, a big protest occurs due to the Sun cill Cho's political scandal, and the curruption of Park Geun Hye. +See also +List of South Korean films of 2016 Years in Japan Years in South Korea +References +February 12 (month-day date notation) December 2 (day-month date notation) +Residual stresses are stresses that remain in a solid material after the original cause of the stresses has been removed. Residual stress may be desirable or undesirable. For example, laser peening imparts deep beneficial compressive residual stresses into metal components such as turbine engine fan blades, and it is used in toughened glass to allow for large, thin, crack- and scratch-resistant glass displays on smartphones. +When the finished weldment cools, some areas cool and contract more than others, leaving residual stresses. Another example occurs during semiconductor fabrication and microsystem fabrication[2] when thin film materials with different thermal and crystalline properties are deposited sequentially under different process conditions. The stress variation through a stack of thin film materials can be very complex and can vary between compressive and tensile stresses from layer to layer. +↑ "Residual Stress Engineering". Hill Engineering. ↑ Schiavone, G.; Murray, J.; Smith, S.; Desmulliez, M. P. Y.; Mount, A. R.; Walton, A. J. (2016-01-01). +"A wafer mapping technique for residual stress in surface micromachined films". Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering. 26 (9): 095013. doi:10.1088/0960-1317/26/9/095013. +ISSN 0960-1317. ↑ "Fatigue Life Extension". Hill Engineering's Approach to Residual Stress Engineering. ↑ "Flexural Properties by Four-Point Bending ASTM D6272". ptli.com. ↑ relaxman1993 (13 September 2014). +"Tutoriel Abaqus-Contrainte résiduelle dans une poutre / Residual stress in a beam" – via YouTube. ↑ "Residual Stress Measurement". +Hill Engineering. ↑ G.S.Schajer Practical Residual Stress Measurement Methods. +Wiley 2013, 7, ISBN 978-1-118-34237-4. ↑ Los Alamos National Laboratory – Contour Method. +Retrieved on 19 June 2014 ↑ Los Alamos National Laboratory – Sltting Method. Retrieved on 19 June 2014 ↑ ASTM E1928-13 Standard Practice for Estimating the Approximate Residual Circumferential Stress in Straight Thin-walled Tubing. +On the evening of 10 December 2016, two explosions caused by a car bombing and suicide bombing in Istanbul's Beşiktaş municipality[1] killed 46 people[1][4] and injured 166 others.[7][8] 36 of the victims were police officers, 8 were civilians and one remains unidentified.[9] 19 of the injured remain in critical condition.[9] The Kurdistan Freedom Falcons (TAK) assumed responsibility, claiming that their members killed more than 100 police officers.[6] TAK is a Kurdish nationalist militant group in Turkey seeking an independent Kurdish state in eastern and southeastern Turkey. +December 2016 Istanbul bombings Part of Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present) One of the attack points, Dolmabahçe-Gazhane avenue Location Istanbul, Turkey Date 10 December 2016 22:30 (UTC+3)[1] Target Riot police[2] Attack type Car bombing, suicide bombing Weapons Car bomb and backpack bomb Deaths 46 (36 police officers, 8 civilians, 2 perpetrators)[3][4][5] Non-fatal injuries 155[4] Perpetrators Kurdistan Freedom Falcons[6] +December 2016 Istanbul bombings +1 2 3 4 5 6 "İstanbul'da Vodafone Arena'da şiddetli 2 patlama: Yaralılar var". Cumhuriyet. +Retrieved 10 December 2016. ↑ Margaret Coker (2016-12-11). +"At Least 38 Dead, 150 Wounded in Istanbul". Wall Street Journal. ↑ "Two blasts outside Istanbul stadium kill 29". Sky News. +Retrieved 11 December 2016. +1 2 3 "Vodafone Arena önünde patlamalar". +Al Jazeera. Retrieved 10 December 2016. ↑ sitesi, milliyet.com.tr Türkiye'nin lider haber. "Son dakika haberi: Şehit sayısı 39'a yükseldi... +Hain saldırıyı TAK üstlendi!". MİLLİYET HABER — TÜRKİYE'NİN HABER SİTESİ. Retrieved 11 December 2016. +1 2 "Istanbul stadium attacks: Kurdish TAK group claim attacks". +11 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016 – via www.bbc.com. 1 2 3 "Son Dakika... +İstanbul Beşiktaş'ta Vodafone Arena yakınında bombalı saldırı". +NTV. Retrieved 10 December 2016. ↑ "Explosion rocks Istanbul's Beşiktaş district". DailySabah. +Retrieved 10 December 2016. +1 2 3 4 5 6 "Son dakika haberi... İstanbul'da iki alçak saldırı! +Çok sayıda şehit ve yaralı var". Hürriyet. Retrieved 11 December 2016. ↑ "Dolmabahçe'de terör; İstanbul'da 2016'nın 7'nci saldırısı!". +Diplomatic relations +The One-China policy refers to the policy or view that there is only one state called "China", despite the existence of two governments that claim to be "China". As a policy, this means that countries seeking diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China (PRC, Mainland China) must break official relations with the Republic of China (ROC, Taiwan) and vice versa.[1][2] +The One China policy is also different from the "One China principle", which is the principle that insists both Taiwan and mainland China are inalienable parts of a single "China".[3] A modified form of the "One China" principle known as the "1992 Consensus" is the current policy of the PRC government, and at times, the policy of the ROC government, depending on which major political party is in power. Under this "consensus", both governments "agree" that there is only one sovereign state encompassing both mainland China and Taiwan, but disagree about which of the two governments is the legitimate government of this state. An analogous situation exists with Korea. +Territory controlled by the People's Republic of China (purple) and the Republic of China (orange). The size of minor islands have been exaggerated in this map for ease of identification. +On December 2, 2016 US President elect Donald Trump and Taiwan President Tsai Ing-wen conducted a short call regarding "the close economic, political and security ties between Taiwan and the US". [21] +PRC embassy in Canberra, Australia. Australia does not recognize the ROC +ROC embassy in Mbabane, Swaziland. Swaziland does not recognize the PRC +The PRC has traditionally attempted to get nations to recognize that "the Government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legal government of China... and Taiwan is an inalienable part of the territory of the People's Republic of China." However, many nations are unwilling to make this particular statement and there was often a protracted effort to find language regarding one China that is acceptable to both sides. Some countries use terms like "acknowledge", "understand", "take note of", while others explicitly use the term "support" or "recognize" for Beijing's position on the status of Taiwan. +The name "Chinese Taipei" is used in some international arenas since "Taiwan" suggests that Taiwan is a separate country and "Republic of China" suggests that there are two Chinas, and thus both violate the One-China Principle. Taiwan could also be used as shorthand for the Customs Union between Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu. For example, in Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) Declaration on the March 2007 elections, issued on behalf of the European Union and with support of 37 countries, express mention is made of "Taiwan." +Most countries that recognize Beijing circumvent the diplomatic language by establishing "Trade Offices" that represent their interests on Taiwanese soil, while the ROC government represents its interests abroad with TECRO, Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office. The United States (and any other nation having diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China) does not have formal diplomatic relations with the ROC. Instead, external relations are handled via nominally private organizations such as the American Institute in Taiwan or the Canadian Trade Office in Taipei. +As for the Philippines, the unofficial Embassy is called the Manila Economic and Cultural Office. Though it is an 'cultural and economic' office, the website explicitly says that it is the 'Philippine Representative Office in Taiwan'. It also offers various consular services, such as granting visa and processing passport. +One-China policy The One China policy in practice. People's Republic of China (PRC, China) Republic of China (ROC, Taiwan) Countries recognizing PRC only Countries recognizing ROC only Countries recognizing PRC with informal ROC relations Traditional Chinese 一個中國政策 Simplified Chinese 一个中国政策 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Yīgè Zhōngguó zhèngcè One China principle Traditional Chinese 一個中國原則 Simplified Chinese 一个中国原则 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Yīgè Zhōngguó yuánzé +1 2 "Exploring Chinese History :: Politics :: International Relations :: Nationalist Era Policy". ibiblio.org. ↑ Congressional Research Service: Evolution of the "One China" policy, http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL30341_20090817.pdf ↑ Assistant Secretary James Kelly, "The Taiwan Relations Act: The Next Twenty-Five Years," testimony before the Committee on International Relations, U.S. House of Representatives, April 21, 2004, p. +The Japanese peace treaty of 1951 ended Japanese sovereignty over the islands but did not formally cede them to "China," either Communist or Nationalist. ↑ "DPP Party Convention". taiwandc.org. ↑ Metzler, John J. (7 December 2016). "Trump's Taiwan call: Tempest in a teapot?". www.atimes.com. Retrieved 14 December 2016. ↑ "CONSTITUTION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA". +First Lady of the United States +Role in 2016 U.S. presidential election +Born in Slovenia, she became a permanent resident of the United States in 2001 and a citizen in 2006. She is to assume the role of First Lady of the United States on January 20, 2017. She will be the second foreign-born First Lady of the United States, following Louisa Adams in 1825, and the only First Lady to date not to have been born a citizen of the United States or in what would later become the United States. +Melania supporting the Donald Trump presidential campaign +On July 18, 2016, Melania gave a speech on the first day of the 2016 Republican National Convention. The speech contained a paragraph that was nearly identical to a paragraph of Michelle Obama's speech at the 2008 Democratic National Convention.[51][52][53] When asked about the speech, Trump said she wrote the speech herself "with as little help as possible".[54] Two days later, Trump staff writer Meredith McIver took responsibility and apologized for the "confusion".[55] +Melania Trump meeting with First Lady Michelle Obama at the White House on November 10, 2016 +Melania Trump First Lady of the United States Designate Taking office January 20, 2017 President Donald Trump Succeeding Michelle Obama Personal details Born Melanija Knavs (1970-04-26) April 26, 1970 Novo Mesto, SR Slovenia, SFR Yugoslavia Political party Republican[1] Spouse(s) Donald Trump (m. 2005) Children Barron Residence Trump Tower Alma mater University of Ljubljana (withdrew) +Melania Trump (born Melanija Knavs;[2][lower-alpha 1] April 26, 1970; anglicized to Melania Knauss[3]) is a Slovene-born American former model who is married to American businessman and President-elect of the United States, Donald Trump. +Melania is expected to assume the role of First Lady of the United States on January 20, 2017. She will be the second foreign-born woman to hold the position (after Louisa Adams, the British-born American wife of John Quincy Adams who served from 1825 to 1829) and the only First Lady to date not to have been born a citizen of the United States or in what would later become the United States.[lower-alpha 2][61][62] At 5 foot 11 inches, she will also be one of the tallest First Ladies to hold the office, tied with Michelle Obama and Eleanor Roosevelt who were also that height.[63] +She is expected to remain living in Trump Tower with her son Barron at least until the end of his current school term.[67][68] +The Childhoods, Courtships, Marriages, Campaigns, Accomplishments, and Legacies of Every First Lady from Martha Washington to Michelle Obama. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. +ISBN 1579128092. ↑ "Louisa Adams - First Ladies". +History.com. Retrieved November 19, 2016. ↑ Diamond, Jeremy (November 10, 2016). +"America, meet your new first lady". CNN. +Retrieved November 20, 2016. ↑ "Melania to be 1st foreign-born First Lady since 1820s". The Hindu. November 9, 2016. +Retrieved November 9, 2016. ↑ "US election: Trump children - who is the new first family?". +BBC News. +November 9, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2016. ↑ "A crash course on Melania Trump". CBS News. ↑ "Melania Trump: Ending social media bullying would be focus as first lady". +Retrieved November 11, 2016. ↑ "Read Melania Trump's Campaign Speech Addressing Cyberbullying". Time. +November 3, 2016. +Retrieved November 11, 2016. ↑ "Melania Trump rebukes her husband "all the time" for Twitter use". +Retrieved November 14, 2016. ↑ "Melania, Barron Trump to remain in NYC until end of school year". Fox News. November 20, 2016. +Retrieved 29 November 2016. ↑ Andrews-Dyer, Helena (November 20, 2016). "Donald Trump confirms that wife Melania and son Barron will stay in New York after the presidential inauguration". The Washington Post. +Reunification of China, Chinese Reunification, or Cross-Strait (Re)unification refers to the potential political unification of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) into a single sovereign state. +The Republic of China was founded in 1912 to govern Mainland China, which the PRC now governs, after defeating the Imperial Qing government. In 1945, Japanese forces in Taiwan surrendered to Chiang Kai-shek, the leader of ROC, on behalf of the World War II allies, and Taiwan became part of China. During the last years of the Chinese Civil War (1946-1949), the ROC lost mainland China to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), and relocated its government to Taiwan. +The PRC government claimed that Taiwan is a "rebel province" of the PRC and that recovering the island is a high priority. It established the One-China policy to clarify its intent. The PRC threatened to invade Taiwan should it consider peaceful incorporation not possible. +Most Taiwanese people oppose joining the PRC for various reasons, including fears of the loss of Taiwan's democracy and human rights. Opponents either favour maintaining the status quo of Republic of China administrating Taiwan or the pursuit of Taiwanese independence.[1] The ROC Constitution states that its territory includes the mainland, but the official policy of the ROC government is dependent on which coalition is currently in power. The position of the Pan-blue coalition, which comprises the Kuomintang (KMT), the People First Party and the New Party is to eventually incorporate the mainland into the ROC, while the position of Pan-Green Coalition, composed of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) and the Taiwan Solidarity Union, is to pursue Taiwan independence. +Often, if someone claimed to be the Emperor of China with the Mandate of Heaven, then all other regimes within the country were either considered rebel or tributary. Accordingly, from the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949 until the mid-1970s the concept of reunification was not the main subject of discourse between the PRC and the ROC; each formally envisioned a military takeover of the other. The Kuomintang (KMT) believed that they would, probably with American help, one day retake mainland China, while Mao Zedong's communist regime would collapse in a popular uprising and the Kuomintang forces would be welcomed. +In addition, supporters see Taiwanese identity as one piece of a broader Chinese identity rather than as a separate cultural identity. However, supporters do oppose desinicization inherent in Communist ideology such as that seen during the Cultural Revolution, along with the effort to emphasize a Taiwanese identity as separate from a Chinese one. As of the 2008 election of President Ma Ying-Jeou, the KMT agreed to the One China principle, but defined it as led by the Republic of China rather than the People's Republic of China. +Anti-Taiwan independence protesters in Washington, D.C. during Lee Teng-hui's visit. +According to the 1995 proposal outlined by CPC General secretary and President Jiang Zemin, Taiwan would lose sovereignty and the right to self-determination, but would keep its armed forces and send a representative to be the "number two leader" in the PRC central government, in accord with the One China, Two Systems approach adopted for Hong Kong and Macau. Thus, under this proposal, the Republic of China would become fully defunct.. +Some Taiwanese also advocated "One Country, Two Systems" while more moderate supporters argued to uphold the status quo until mainland China democratized and industrialized to the same level as Taiwan. In the 2000 presidential election, independent candidate James Soong proposed a European Union-style relation with mainland China (this was echoed by Hsu Hsin-liang in 2004) along with a non-aggression pact. In the 2004 presidential election, Lien Chan proposed a confederation-style relationship. +Unification proposals were not actively floated in Taiwan and the issue remained moot under President Chen Shui-bian, who refused to accept talks under Beijing's pre-conditions. Under the PRC administration of Hu Jintao, incorporating Taiwan lost emphasis amid the reality that the DPP presidency in Taiwan would be held by pro-independence President Chen until 2008. Instead, the emphasis shifted to meetings with politicians who opposed independence. +Chinese unification Territory controlled by the People's Republic of China (PRC) (purple) and the Republic of China (ROC) (orange). The size of minor islands has been exaggerated in this map for ease of visibility. Traditional Chinese 中國統一 Simplified Chinese 中国统一 Literal meaning China unification Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhōngguó tǒngyī Cross-Strait (Re)unification Traditional Chinese 海峽兩岸統一 Simplified Chinese 海峡两岸统一 Literal meaning Two shores of strait unification Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Hǎixiá liǎng'àn tǒngyī +Chinese unification +↑ ↑ Archived July 11, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. +Chong Khneas Catholic Church +Chong Khneas Catholic Church is a Roman Catholic church in Cambodia. It is unique, given that it is a floating church, lying on the Tonle Sap lake. +List of recorded songs +Tokyo Square is a Singaporean band formed in 1984 by lead singer Linda Elizabeth and guitarist Peter Han. +After receiving regular gigs with at a theater disco lounge, the band was then joined by Dana's half brother, singer Max Surin with four other technical members. +A year after their formation, Tokyo Square recorded a rendition of the song "Within You'll Remain" IN 1985, a song originally performed by Hong Kong band Chyna, for the WEA Singapore compilation entitled Class Acts. +Tokyo Square's version topped the charts in their home country and Thailand. Popularity of Tokyo Square is not confined to Singapore, as they have developed a following in many other Asian countries and also internationally with "Within You'll Remain" becoming a substantial radio hit in many other Southeast Asian countries throughout 1985 and 1986. +"Within You'll Remain" (originally performed by Chyna, written by Don Ashley, appears on Class Acts in 1985)[4] "Silent Talk" (appears on Class Acts in 1985)[4] "Oriental City" (written by Stephen D. Joseph, appears on Class Acts 2 in 1986)[8] "Without Your Love" (appears on Class Acts 2 in 1986)[8] +External links +Filmography +Yōko Ishino (いしの ようこ) (born February 20, 1968) is a Japanese actress and tarento. +She was born in Ashiya, Hyōgo. +Yōko Ishino at the Internet Movie Database JMDb profile (Japanese) +External links +Filmography +Movies +References +Television +Itsuji Itao (板尾 創路, Itao Itsuji, born July 18, 1963) is a Japanese comedian and actor. +He is a member of the comedy duo 130R and former cast member of one of Downtown's previous shows. He usually appears in their batsu games. +Itsuji Itao +External links +Film +Filmography +Television +Shall We Dance? (1996) Mutant Girls Squad (2010) - Sayuri Runway Beat (2011) - Mei's mother +Official Homepage Ito Maiko at the Internet Movie Database JMDb Profile (in Japanese) +External links +Film +Filmography +Television +Arata Iura (井浦 新, Iura Arata, born September 15, 1974 in Tokyo), formerly better known by his stage name Arata, is a Japanese actor, model and fashion designer. +Official website (Japanese) Arata Iura at the Internet Movie Database Arata Iura at the Japanese Movie Database (Japanese) +External links +Selected filmography +Ryosuke Kagawa (香川良介, Kagawa Ryōsuke, 10 October 1896 – 17 April 1987) was a Japanese actor.[1] He appeared in more than 110 films between 1928 and 1984. +Story of a Beloved Wife (1951) Dedication of the Great Buddha (1952) Gate of Hell (1953) Ugetsu (1953) Sansho the Bailiff (1954) The Second Son (1955) The Renyasai Yagyu Hidden Story (1956) The Loyal 47 Ronin (1958) Samurai Vendetta (1959) Scar Yosaburo (1960) The Sword of Doom (1966) as Dansho Tsukue[2] +Complete Index to World Film. Retrieved 2012-06-01. ↑ Stuart Galbraith IV (16 May 2008). The Toho Studios Story: A History and Complete Filmography. +Ryosuke Kagawa at the Internet Movie Database +External links +Location of Jimokuji in Aichi Prefecture +Jimokuji (甚目寺町, Jimokuji-chō) was a town located in Ama District, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. +As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 37,651 and a density of 4,035.48 persons per km². The total area was 9.33 km². +Media related to Jimokuji, Aichi at Wikimedia Commons +Ama official website (Japanese) +Jimokuji, Aichi +Jūshiyama in Aichi Prefecture +Jūshiyama (十四山村, Jūshiyama-mura) was a village located in Ama District, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. +As of 2003, the village had an estimated population of 5,687 and a density of 570.41 persons per km². The total area was 9.97 km². +External links +Yatomi official website (Japanese) +01 or '01 may refer to: +The year 2001 '01 (Richard Müller album) 01 (Son of Dave album) 01 (Urban Zakapa album) +See also +.303 may refer to: +.303 British, a rifle cartridge .303 Savage, a rifle cartridge Lee–Enfield rifle .303 (film), a short film +⊿ may refer to: +Right triangle, a triangle containing a right angle Triangle (Perfume album), the third album of techno-pop group Perfume +. . or ._. can refer to: +Emoticon O, in Morse code +-.- may refer to: +Emoticon In Morse code, the letter K +47th may refer to: +47th (CTA Green Line), on the Green Line 47th (CTA Red Line), on the Red Line +1988 Olympics refers to both: +The 1988 Winter Olympics, which were held in Calgary, Alberta, Canada The 1988 Summer Olympics, which were held in Seoul, South Korea +1984 Olympics refers to both: +The 1984 Winter Olympics, which were held in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia The 1984 Summer Olympics, which were held in Los Angeles, California +1980 Olympics may refer to the following: +1964 Olympics refers to both: +The 1964 Winter Olympics, which were held in Innsbruck, Austria The 1964 Summer Olympics, which were held in Tokyo, Japan +10/90 may refer to: +Mullet (haircut) 10/90, a production model for a television show +Kualao Restaurant is a Lao restaurant in Vientiane, the capital city of Laos. It provides upscale Lao cuisine and showcases traditional Lao dance and music performances to its clientele. +Oral histories and a map of 1963 Vientiane Capital suggest that the Royal Lao Government made use of the colonial villa as a Tax Department.[1] Until 1993, the house had been the government-owned residence of former Lao Deputy Minister of Education, Khampong Phankongsa, who had been residing there for a number of years (a convenience offered to civil servants for their public service). After an agreement was reached between the Ministry of Finance (responsible for managing state property) and the Deputy Minister, Kualao Restaurant was granted an operating license by the Ministry of Information, Culture and Tourism in 1994. It was opened by the Lane Xang Travel Company, along with Hotel Lao, to meet the Government of Laos’ requirement, at that time, for all travel and tour companies to provide a full-service tourism operation, including a hotel and a restaurant, in order to obtain a tourism business license. +Kualao Restaurant employs ethnically Lao chefs and produces traditional Lao dishes using local ingredients. The restaurant serves many typical Lao dishes, including sticky rice (also called glutinous rice), which is steamed in a woven bamboo basket, larb, a minced meat salad which is widely regarded as the ‘national dish’ of Laos and the Pakao, a large set menu served on a traditional rattan platter that includes small portions of many of the most common Lao dishes. Local desserts, such as Nam Vaan, a sweet fruit salad mixed with rice balls and coconut milk and served in a coconut shell, are also included on the menu. +In addition, many regional celebrities have also visited Kualao Restaurant, including Thai entertainment personalities "Janie" Janie Tienphosuwan, “Noon” Woranut Bhirombhakdi, “Ploy” Laila Boonyasak (formerly known as Chermarn Boonyasak), ‘Pancake’ Khemanit Jamikorn, “Film” Rattapoom Toekongsap, “Jui” Warattaya Nilkuha, "Not" Vorarit Fuangarome, Pete Thongchua, "Sek Loso" Seksan Sukpimai, and stand-up comic “Nose” Udom Taepanich. +This location is known as the That Dam Intersection as its namesake, the ‘Black Stupa’, sits at the center of the nearby roundabout. The restaurant itself is housed in a two-story colonial villa. The public areas of the compound consist of a large, high-ceilinged room that serves as the main dining hall, a VIP room and two function halls. +Kualao Restaurant is frequented by tourists, international visitors and Lao eaters. Certain travel forums, such as TripAdvisor, have generally favorable reviews of the restaurant and, whilst many tourists appear to appreciate the opportunity to experience Lao food and entertainment in a clean and modern environment, some reviewers feel it is an overpriced ‘tourist trap’ and note that there are other restaurants serving similar dishes in Vientiane at lower prices. +Some customers have also questioned the authenticity of Kualao Restaurant’s food as traditional Laotian fare. Critics cite the inclusion of Thai and Chinese dishes on the menu and the inclusion of monosodium glutamate (MSG) in some dishes as key factors affecting authenticity. +In 2011, Kualao was named ‘Restaurant of the Year' by the Tourism Alliance Awards at the International Travel Expo, in HCM, Vietnam.[2] +Kualao Restaurant was featured in the #1 New York Times Bestselling book 1,000 Places to See Before You Die by Patricia Schultz.[3] +Fodor’s Travel referred to Kualao Restaurant as “one of Vientiane’s best Lao restaurants.”[4] +The New York Times featured Kualao Restaurant in an article in 2007 entitled ‘The Centuries-Old Allure of Laos’s Relaxed Capital’ where journalist Daniel Altman wrote "some colonial gems have also reached an international standard, like Kualao."[5] +Frommer’s Southeast Asia (7th Edition) has also mentioned Kualao Restaurant.[6] +AOL Travel mentions that the restaurant "is a must for all food travelers and connoisseurs."[7] +J&C Expats Article Contributor, Russell J. Peterson has described the cuisine served at Kualao as "exceptional."[8] +Kualao Restaurant has played host to many high-ranking dignitaries and state officials from Laos and beyond. These have included Japanese Prime Ministers Shinzo Abe, Yoshihiko Noda, Junichiro Koizumi and Keizo Obuchi, Japan’s Imperial Highness Fumihito, Prince Akishino, Vaclav Klaus, former President of the Czech Republic, Helen Clark, former President of New Zealand and S.R. Nathan, former President of Singapore and Ben Rhodes (White House staffer). High-ranking Lao officials and members of the Vientiane business elite and foreign diplomatic community make up a significant proportion of the restaurant’s regular clientele. +University of Texas at Austin Libraries. ↑ "International Travel Expo". ↑ Schultz, Patricia. 1000 Places to See Before You Die (2nd ed.). Workman Publishing Company. p. 1200. +08/15 may refer to: +MG 08/15, machine gun 08/15 (film series) 08/15 (film), first part of the film series +3+2 may refer to: +Three Plus Two, a 1963 film 3+2 (band), a Belarusian band +1928 legislative elections can refer to: +Greek legislative election, 1928 French legislative election, 1928 Luxembourgian legislative election, 1928 Philippine legislative election, 1928 Polish legislative election, 1928 +1931 general election may refer to: +New Zealand general election, 1931 Spanish general election, 1931 United Kingdom general election, 1931 +1936 Olympics may refer to: +The 1936 Winter Olympics, which were held in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany The 1936 Summer Olympics, which were held in Berlin, Germany +1940 Olympics refers to both: +1944 Olympics may refer to: +The 1944 Winter Olympics, which were to be held in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, before being cancelled due to World War II The 1944 Summer Olympics, which were to be held in London, England, before being cancelled due to World War II +1948 Olympics may refer to: +The 1948 Winter Olympics, which were held in St. Moritz, Switzerland The 1948 Summer Olympics, which were held in London, England +1947 legislative elections may refer to: +Gambian legislative election, 1947 Polish legislative election, 1947 Sri Lankan legislative election, 1947 +There were two United Kingdom general elections in 1974: +United Kingdom general election, February 1974 United Kingdom general election, October 1974 +1812 election may refer to: +Louisiana gubernatorial election, 1812 United Kingdom general election, 1812 United States presidential election, 1812 United States House of Representatives elections, 1812 +1857 earthquake may refer to: +1857 Basilicata earthquake (Italy) 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake (California, USA) 1857 Parkfield earthquake, see collective article Parkfield earthquake (California, USA) +1812 earthquake may refer to: +1812 Caracas earthquake (Venezuela) 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes (Mississippi River, USA) (river tsunamis) 1812 Wrightwood earthquake (California, USA), also known as the San Juan Capistrano earthquake +The term Greek legislative election, 2012 may refer to: +Greek legislative election, May 2012 Greek legislative election, June 2012 +Route 0, or Highway 0, may refer to routes in the following countries: +Belgium +R0 motorway (Belgium), the ring road around Brussels. +Canada +0 Avenue, British Columbia. +Czech Republic +D0 motorway (Czech Republic), bypassing Prague. +Hungary +M0 motorway (Hungary), bypassing Budapest. +External links +Selected filmography +Gigio Alberti (born 19 June 1956) is an Italian actor. +Gigio Alberti at the Internet Movie Database +External links +References +Selected filmography +Helga Anders (11 January 1948 – 30 March 1986)[1] was an Austrian television actress. +Helga Anders at the Internet Movie Database Biographical information Short Biography (German) +Bibliography +External links +Selected filmography +Angelika Hauff (1922–1983) was an Austrian stage and film actress. +She played the lead in several post-war films such as The Marriage of Figaro and Fräulein Casanova (1953).[1] She died after a short illness in 1983, aged 60, approximately 12 days before her 61st birthday. +Angelika Hauff at the Internet Movie Database +Bibliography +External links +References +Selected filmography +Ekkehard Arendt (10 June 1892 – 10 May 1954) was an Austrian stage and film actor. +Arendt served in the Austrian Army during the First World War, before moving to Germany to work in the theatre and film industry. +He played the role of Handel Vane in Alfred Hitchcock's 1931 film Mary[1] and the dishonest bank director in The Virtuous Sinner (1931).[2] Arendt later returned to live in Austria. +Ekkehard Arendt at the Internet Movie Database +External links +References +Selected filmography +Julia Arnall is an Austrian actress.[1] +Julia Arnall at the Internet Movie Database +Viktoria von Ballasko (24 January 1909, Vienna – 10 May 1976, Berlin) was an Austrian actress. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Viktoria von Ballasko at the Internet Movie Database +External links +Selected filmography +Ady Berber (4 February 1913 – 3 January 1966) was an Austrian film actor, wrestler and café owner. +He appeared in 38 films between 1936 and 1966. +He was born and died in Vienna, Austria. +Ady Berber at the Internet Movie Database "Ady Berber". +Wolfram Berger, 2013. +Wolfram Berger (left) +Wolfram Berger is an Austrian actor.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Wolfram Berger at the Internet Movie Database +External links +Selected filmography +Teddy Bill (1900–1949) was an Austrian actor. +Teddy Bill at the Internet Movie Database +Selected filmography +Betty Bird was born on June 18, 1901 in Vienna, Austria-Hungary as Hilde Elisabeth Ptack. +She was an actress, known for Die spanische Fliege (1931), Corazones sin rumbo (1928) and Sturm auf drei Herzen (1930). She was married to Gustav Ucicky. She died in 1998 in Italy. +Julius Brandt (5 March 1873 in Olmütz – 26 December 1949 in Vienna) was an Austrian stage and film actor. +Selected filmography +External links +Julius Brandt at the Internet Movie Database +References +Selected filmography +Rudolf Carl (19 June 1899 – 15 January 1987) was an Austrian actor who appeared in more than 150 German language films between 1934 and 1969. +He also directed two films Der Leberfleck and Dort in der Wachau.[1][2] +Bibliography +External links +Selected filmography +Carmen Cartellieri (1891–1953) was an Austrian actress. +Carmen Cartellieri at the Internet Movie Database Carmen Cartellieri at Women Film Pioneers Project +External links +References +Selected filmography +Gaby Dohm is an Austrian actress.[1] She is the daughter of actor Will Dohm. +Gaby Dohm at the Internet Movie Database +Bibliography +External links +References +Selected filmography +Inge Egger (27 August 1923 – 5 September 1976) was an Austrian stage, television and film actress. +She played the female lead in the 1953 operetta film The Rose of Stamboul.[1] +Inge Egger at the Internet Movie Database +Bibliography +External links +Selected filmography +Hugo Flink (16 August 1879 – 2 May 1947) was an Austrian stage and film actor. +Flink was one of the earliest actors to play Sherlock Holmes on screen. +Hugo Flink at the Internet Movie Database +Karl Forest anno 1904 +Karl Forest (1874–1944) was an Austrian actor. He was married to the actress Traute Carlsen. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Karl Forest at the Internet Movie Database +External links +Selected filmography +Bert Fortell (1924-1996) was an Austrian actor. +Bert Fortell at the Internet Movie Database +Bert Fortell +External links +Selected filmography +Erik Frey (1 March 1908 – 2 September 1988) was an Austrian film actor. +He appeared in over 110 films between 1936 and 1988. +He was born and died in Vienna, Austria. He was married to the actress Jane Tilden. +Erik Frey at the Internet Movie Database +External links +Selected filmography +Arno Frisch (born 13 November 1975) is an Austrian actor. +He has had central roles in two films by Michael Haneke, namely, Benny's Video and Funny Games.[1] +Benny's Video (1992) as Benny[2] Funny Games (1997) as Paul Angel Express (1998) as Doctor Juie's Spirit (2001) as Mark Blackout Journey (2003) as Valentin Your Name Is Justine (2005) as Niko The Austrian Method (2006) as Sascha Falco - Verdammt, wir leben noch! (2008) as Alois Hölzel Make Yourself at Home (2008) as John Waits Sleeping Songs (2009) as Rick Bedways (2010) as Max Konig Glückliche Fügung (2010) as Herbert +↑ Roberts, Jason Kelly (Summer 2010). "Michael Haneke: a little colder than reality [Book Review]". Jump Cut: Review of Contemporary Media. +Arno Frisch at the Internet Movie Database +External links +Selected filmography +Alfons Fryland (1 May 1888 – 29 November 1953) was an Austrian film actor. +He appeared in 47 films between 1921 and 1933. +He was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary (now Austria) and died in Graz, Austria. +Alfons Fryland at the Internet Movie Database Photographs of Alfons Fryland +Bibliography +External links +References +Selected filmographys +Friedl Czepa (1898–1973) was an Austrian stage, film and television actress. +Czepa made her film debut in 1935, and went on to appear in roughly thirty cinema and television films during her career. Along with Oskar Sima, Fred Hennings and Leni Riefenstahl she was identified as being an active supporter of the Nazi Party.[1] She was the director of the Vienna Stadttheater from 1940 to 1945. Because of her Nazi links, she received a progessional ban following the Second World War but slowly rebuilt her career. +Friedl Czepa at the Internet Movie Database +External links +Filmography +Bruno Dallansky (19 September 1928 – 5 August 2008) was an Austrian actor who was best known for his roles on television and stage. +Bruno Dallansky at the Internet Movie Database Kurier: Actor Bruno Dallansky dies (German) ORF: Bruno Dallansky dies (German) +External links +Selected filmography +Theodor Danegger (31 August 1891 – 11 October 1959) was an Austrian film actor. +He appeared in 73 films between 1932 and 1959. +He was born in Lienz, Austria and died in Vienna, Austria. +Theodor Danegger at the Internet Movie Database +External links +References +Selected filmography +Karl Hanft (25 July 1904 – 2 February 1982) was an Austrian film actor.[1] +Karl Hanft at the Internet Movie Database +External links +Selected filmography +Heinz Hanus (24 May 1882 – 16 March 1972) was an Austrian actor and film director.[1] He directed 21 films between 1908 and 1929. +↑ "Heinz Hanus". filmportal. Retrieved 2013-07-17. +Heinz Hanus at the Internet Movie Database +References +Selected filmography +Harry Hardt (born Hermann Karl Viktor Klimbacher Edler von Reichswahr, Pula, 4 August 1899 – Vienna, 14 November 1980) was an Austrian actor. +The son of a military officer, he initially planned a military career for himself, studying at a military academy and serving during World War I. He later turned to acting, having a long career both in films and on television. +Harry Hardt at the Internet Movie Database Portraits of Harry Hardt at Virtual History +External links +Filmography +References +Emel Heinreich (born 27 June 1962) is a Turkish Austrian[1] actress, author and film-director. +Emel Heinreich at the Internet Movie Database Cocon-Kultur Verein Improvisation zu Mimpi Manis "Projekt von Emel Heinreich und Rupert Huber" "Hintergrundinformation zum Projekt Hochzeit" Tatort-Fundus "Baum der Erlösung" Clip zu "Mein Leben mir Selbst - Eigenproduktion Cocon-Kultur +External links +Selected filmography +Karl Hellmer (11 March 1896 – 18 May 1974) was an Austrian film actor. +He appeared in 92 films between 1932 and 1969. +He was born in Vienna, Austria and died in Berlin, Germany. +Karl Hellmer at the Internet Movie Database +External links +References +Selected filmography +Maria Holst (1917–1980) was an Austrian film actress.[1] +Maria Holst at the Internet Movie Database +External links +References +Selected filmography +Hans Holt (22 November 1909 – 10 August 2002) was an Austrian film actor.[1] He appeared in more than 100 films between 1935 and 1990. +Hans Holt at the Internet Movie Database +Actor +External links +Selected filmography +Adrian Hoven (18 May 1922 – 28 April 1981) was an Austrian actor, producer and film director. +He appeared in 100 films between 1947 and 1981. +He was born in Wöllersdorf, Austria as Wilhelm Arpad Hofkirchner and died in Tegernsee, Germany. +Adrian Hoven at the Internet Movie Database +Bibliography +External links +References +Selected filmography +Eugen Jensen (1871–1957) was an Austrian stage and film actor. +He worked frequently in the Austrian and German cinemas during the silent era in supporting roles in films such as The Love of Jeanne Ney (1927).[1] Following the Anchluss of 1938, Jensen emigrated to Switzerland. He was married to the actresses Alice Lach and Rosa Montani. +Eugen Jensen at the Internet Movie Database +External links +References +Selected filmography +Gertraud Jesserer is an Austrian film and television actress.[1] She was the wife of German actor Peter Vogel and the mother of actor-journalist Nikolas Vogel. +Gertraud Jesserer at the Internet Movie Database +Eva Kerbler is an Austrian actress.[1] +References +External links +Eva Kerbler at the Internet Movie Database +External links +References +Selected filmography +Hansi Knoteck (2 March 1914 – 23 February 2014) was an Austrian film actress.[1] +Hansi Knoteck at the Internet Movie Database Obituary +External links +Selected filmography +Egon von Jordan (19 March 1902 – 27 December 1978) was an Austrian film actor. +He appeared in 85 films between 1923 and 1974. +Egon von Jordan at the Internet Movie Database +Bibliography +External links +Selected filmography +Jenny Jugo (14 June 1904 – 30 September 2001) was an Austrian actress. +Jenny Jugo at the Internet Movie Database Jenny Jugo profile, virtual-history.com; accessed 25 October 2014. +Leopold Kramer (1869–1942) was an Austrian stage and film actor. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Leopold Kramer at the Internet Movie Database +External links +References +Selected filmography +Rudolf Lenz (25 May 1920 – 12 July 1987) was an Austrian actor.[1] +Rudolf Lenz at the Internet Movie Database +External links +Selected filmography +Fred Louis Lerch (1902–1985) was an Austrian actor who was a star of German films.[1] From 1951 till 1961 he worked again for German cinema as a production manager. +[1][2] [3] +1 2 "Louis Lerch". BFI. ↑ "Fred Louis Lerch". Theiapolis - People. ↑ "European Film Star Postcards". filmstarpostcards.blogspot.co.uk. +Fred Louis Lerch at the Internet Movie Database +External links +References +Selected filmography +Gerhard Liebmann (born 20 April 1970) is an Austrian actor.[1] He appeared in more than fifty films since 1998. +Year Title Role Notes 2009 The Bone Man Lourdes 2010 The Unintentional Kidnapping of Mrs. Elfriede Ott 2011 Breathing A Day for a Miracle 2013 Blood Glacier Janek +Bibliography +External links +Selected filmography +Emil Lind (1872–1948) was an Austrian actor. +Emil Lind at the Internet Movie Database +Bibliography +External links +Selected filmography +Oskar Marion (April 2, 1896 – March 1986) was an Austrian film actor. +Oskar Marion at the Internet Movie Database +Bibliography +External links +References +Selected filmography +Eva May (29 May 1902 – 10 September 1924) was an Austrian actress. +She was the daughter of the film director Joe May and his wife Mia May. +She was married three times on each occasion to a film director: Manfred Liebenau, Lothar Mendes and the final time to Manfred Noa. In 1924 she committed suicide by gunshot.[1] +Eva May at the Internet Movie Database +Eva May +External links +Selected filmography +Mia May aka Hermine Pfleger (2 June 1884 – 28 November 1980) was an Austrian actress.[1] She was married to the Austrian film producer and director Joe May[2] and appeared in 41 films between 1912 and 1924. +Her daughter was the actress Eva May. +Retrieved 17 July 2013. ↑ Halle, Randall; McCarthy, Margaret (2003). Light motives: german popular film in perspective. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press. +Mia May at the Internet Movie Database +Karl Meixner (1903–1976) was an Austrian film actor. +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Karl Meixner at the Internet Movie Database +Edith Mill (1925-2007) was an Austrian actress.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Edith Mill at the Internet Movie Database +Bibliography +External links +References +Selected filmography +Harry Nestor (1893–1969) was an Austrian actor. +Harry Nestor at the Internet Movie Database +Bibliography +External links +Selected filmography +Eugen Neufeld (1882–1950) was an Austrian film actor. +Eugen Neufeld at the Internet Movie Database +Bibliography +External links +References +Selected filmography +Hans Olden (1892–1975) was an Austrian stage and film actor. +Olden appeared in more than eighty films during his career, mostly in Austria but occasionally also in Germany. +He was a supporter of the Austrian Nazi Party, his interest in Nazism pre-dating the Anchluss by some years.[1] After the Second World War Olden appeared in a number of Heimat films. +Hans Olden at the Internet Movie Database +.357 may refer to: +.357 (film), a film by Scott Rawsthorne .357 Magnum, a firearm cartridge (revolver) .357 SIG, a firearm cartridge (pistol) +Sixty-four or 64 may refer to: +Nintendo 64 64 (number) 64 BC, 64 AD, 1964, 2064, etc., the years 64 (song), 2011 song +Sixty-three or 63 may refer to: +63 (number) 63 BC, 63 AD, 1963, 2063, etc., the years Flight 63 +Sixty-two or 62 may also refer to: +62 (number) 62 BC 1962 2062 Maybach 62, a car +Sixty-one or 61 may refer to: +61 (number) 61 BC, 61 AD, 1961, 2061, etc., the years In some countries, a slang name for the Cyrillic letter Ы +Sixty or 60 may refer to: +60 (number) 60 BC, 60 AD, 1960, 2060, etc., the years +Fifty-nine or 59 may refer to: +59 (number) 59 BC, 59 AD, 1959, 2059, etc., the years +Fifty-eight or 58 may refer to: +58 (number) 58 BC, 58 AD, 1958, 2058, etc., the years 58 (band), an American rock band +Fifty-six or 56 may refer to: +56 (number) 56 BC, 56 AD, 1956, 2056, etc., the years Fiftysix, Arkansas, unincorporated community in United States Fifty-Six, Arkansas, city in United States +Fifty-four or 54 or 54th may refer to: +54 (number), the natural number following 53 and preceding 55 54 BC, 54 AD, 1954, 2054, etc. the years 54 (novel), a 2002 novel by Wu Ming Studio 54, a New York City nightclub from 1977 until 1981 54 (film), a 1998 American drama film about the club 54th Division (disambiguation) 54th Regiment of Foot (disambiguation) 54th Infantry (disambiguation) +Fifty-three or 53 or 53rd may refer to: +53 (number) FiftyThree, an American privately held technology company that specializes in tools for mobile creation and visual thinking 53 BC, 53 AD, 1953, 2053, etc., the years 53rd Regiment Alabama Cavalry 53rd Regiment of Foot (disambiguation) 53rd Division (disambiguation) +Fifty-two or 52 may refer to: +52 (number) 52-hertz whale an individual male whale, also known as the loneliest whale, calling at the unusual 52 hertz range 52 BC, 52 AD, 1952, 2052, etc., the years +Fifty-one or 51 may refer to: +51 (film), a 2011 film 51 (number) 51 BC, 51 AD, 1951, 2051, etc., the years The Breaking Bad episode "Fifty-One" +Sixty-five or 65 may refer to: +65 (number) 65 BC, 65 AD, 1965, 2065, etc., the years +Sixty-six may refer to: +66 (number), the natural number 66 BC, 66 AD, 1966, 2066, etc., the years Sixty-six (card game), a German card game Sixty Six (film), a 2006 film Sixty-Six (novel), a novel by film director Barry Levinson The Sixty-Six, the New Jersey-based rock band founded by Scott Liss +Sixty-seven or 67 or 67th may refer to: +67 (number) 67 BC, 67 AD, 1967, 2067, etc., the years 67 (song), 1992 song by Love Battery from the album Between the Eyes +Sixty-eight or 68 may refer to: +68 (number) 68 BC, 68 AD, 1968, 2068, etc., the years 68 Publishers, a Czech-Canadian publishing firm '68 (band), an American rock band '68 (comic book) a comic book series from Image Comics +Sixty-nine or 69 may refer to: +69 (number) 69 BC, 69 AD, 1969, 2069, etc., the years 69 (sex position), a sex position facilitating mutual oral sex or other types of stimulation of the genitals 69 (novel), a novel by Ryu Murakami 69 (film), a 2004 film based on the novel Lake 69, a small lake in the region of Áncash. *69, the Last Call Return feature code in the US and Canada List of highways numbered 69 Texas State Highway 112, formerly designated as State Highway 69 The astrological symbol for Cancer +Seventy or 70 may refer to: +70 (number) 70 BC, 70 AD, 1970, 2070, etc., the years Seventy (Latter Day Saints) - Seventy is a priesthood office in the Melchizedek priesthood of several denominations within the Latter Day Saint movement. Seventy (LDS Church) - Seventy is a priesthood office in the Melchizedek priesthood of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). +Seventy-one or 71 may refer to: +71 (number) 71 BC, 71 AD, 1971, 2071, etc., the years '71 (film), a film set in Belfast in 1971 +Seventy-two or 72 may refer to: +72 (number) 72 BC, 72 AD, 1972, 2072, etc., the years +Seventy-three or 73 may refer to: +73 (number) 73 BC, 73 AD, 1973, 2073, etc., the years 73 Best regards, a popular Morse code abbreviation +Seventy-four or 74 may refer to: +74 (number) 74 BC, 74 AD, 1974, 2074, etc., the years a seventy-four gun ship +Seventy-five or 75 may refer to: +75 (number) 75 (album), an album by Joe Zawinul 75 BC, 75 AD, 1975, 2075, etc., the years +Seventy-seven or 77 may refer to: +77 (number) 77 BC, 77 AD, 1977, 2077, etc., the years Interstate 77, an interstate highway that runs between Cleveland, Ohio and Columbia, South Carolina Talking Heads: 77, an album 77 (band), a Spanish hard rock band 77 (Nude Beach album), an album by the band Nude Beach +Seventy-eight or 78 may refer to: +78 (number) 78 BC, 78 AD, 1978, 2078, etc., the years 78 RPM phonograph (gramophone) record +'77 may refer to the year 1977. +It may also refer to: +Talking Heads: 77, a 1977 Talking Heads studio album '77 (film), a 2007 comedy film also known as 5-25-77 ' +'78 may refer to: +1978 '78, album by China Forbes, which features a track by the same name +Seventy-nine or 79 may refer to: +79 (number) 79 BC, 79 AD, 1979, 2079, etc., the years 79 A.D., a 1962 historical epic film Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79, a catastrophic volcanic eruption in what is now Italy +Eighty or 80 may refer to: +80 (number), the natural number following 79 and preceding 81 80 BC, 80 AD, 1980, 2080, etc., the years B. B. King & Friends: 80 80 (Tolis Voskopoulos album), 1980 Audi 80, a precursor of Audi A4 automobile +Eighty-one or 81 may refer to: +81 (number) 81 BC, 81 AD, 1981, 2081, etc., the years +Eighty-two or 82 may refer to: +82 (number) 82 BC, 82 AD, 1982, 2082, etc., the years 82, a studio album by Kenyan electronic music band Just a Band +Eighty-three or 83 may refer to: +83 (number) 83 BC, 83 AD, 1983, 2083, etc., the years +Eighty-four or 84 may refer to: +84 (number) 84 BC, 84 AD, 1984, 2084, etc., the years Eighty Four, Pennsylvania +See also +Eighty-five or 85 may refer to: +85 (number) 85 AD An abbreviation of years ending in 85, e.g. 1985, 2085 List of highways numbered 85 +85 BC +Eighty-six or 86 may refer to: +86 (number) 86 (term), slang for excluding or forbidding someone 86 BC, 86 AD, 1986, 2086, etc., the years Toyota 86 Agent 86 Maxwell Smart +Eighty-seven or 87 may refer to: +87 (number) 87 BC, 87 AD, 1987, 2087, etc., the years Intel 8087, a floating-point coprocessor +Eighty-eight or 88 may refer to: +88 (number) 88 BC, 88 AD, 1988, 2088, etc., the years "88", a song by Sum 41 from Chuck 88, an ABC documentary about a march by Aboriginal Australians in 1988. The 88, an American indie rock band The 88 (album), the debut album by New Zealand band Minuit (2003) The 88 (San Jose), a residential skyscraper in San Jose, California, USA 88 Generation Students Group, a Burmese pro-democracy movement 8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41, known as the eighty-eight, a German anti-tank and anti-aircraft gun from World War II. 88 (film), a 2015 film directed by April Mullen and starring Katharine Isabelle 88 White supremacism code word for "Heil Hitler" (H being the 8th letter in the alphabet) +Eighty-nine or 89 may refer to: +89 (number) 89 BC, 89 AD, 1989, 2089, etc., the years +Ninety or 90 may refer to: +90 AD 90 (number) List of highways numbered 90 Saab 90 Ninety (album), an album by the electronic music group 808 State Audi 90, a strengthened Audi 80, also a precursor of Audi A4 automobile +Ninety-One or 91 may refer to: +the year 91 91 (number) Interstate 91 Saab 91 91:an, Swedish comic +Ninety-Two or 92 may refer to: +the year 92 92 (number) Interstate 92 (disambiguation) Saab 92 +Ninety-Three or 93 may refer to: +the year 93 93 (number) 93 (Thelema) Saab 93 Ninety-Three, a novel by the French writer Victor Hugo United Airlines Flight 93, hijacked on September 11, 2001 +Ninety-Four or 94 may refer to: +the year 94 94 (number) Interstate 94 Saab 94 +Ninety-Five or 95 may refer to: +the year 95 C.E. the year 95 BCE 95 (number) Interstate 95 Saab 95 Windows 95 +Ninety-Seven or 97 may refer to: +the year 1997 97 (number) Madden NFL 97 Saab 97 '97 song +Ninety-Eight or 98 may refer to: +the year 98 98 (number) 98 Degrees the band Madden NFL 98 Windows 98 +101 may refer to: +101, the year 101 (number), the number 101 (term), an introductory course number +101 (disambiguation) +108 may also refer to: +108 (number), the natural number following 107 and preceding 109 108 BC, a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar 108 (artist) (born 1978), an Italian street artist 108 (band), an American hardcore band 108 (emergency telephone number), the emergency telephone number in several states in India 108 (Lost), a significant number in the television series 108 (MBTA bus), a bus route in Boston, Massachusetts, USA 108 (New Jersey bus), a bus route in Newark, New Jersey, USA +109 may also refer to: +109 (number), the integer following 108 and preceding 110 109 BC, a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar 109 (department store), a department store in Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan 109 (MBTA bus), a bus route in Boston, Massachusetts, USA +111 may refer to: +111 (number) 111 BC, 111 AD 111 (emergency telephone number) 111 (Australian TV channel) Swissair Flight 111 111 (Her Majesty & the Wolves album) 111 (Željko Joksimović album) +112 may also refer to: +Copernicium, an element with atomic number 112 112 (number), the natural number following 111 and preceding 113 112 (band), an American R&B quartet from Atlanta, Georgia 112 (album), album from the band of the same name 1-1-2, the standard emergency phone number in the European Union and on GSM cellphones Company 112 Ukraine, a member of the FIA KFM 112M aircraft engine Thai Criminal Code section 112, see Lèse majesté in Thailand +119 may also refer to: +119 (number), a natural number 119 (emergency telephone number) 119 (film), a Japanese film List of highways numbered 119 119 (album), 2012 +123 may also refer to: +123 (number), the natural number following 122 and preceding 124 123 BC, a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar 123 (film), a 2002 Indian romantic comedy 123 (interbank network), a shared cash network in Egypt Japan Airlines Flight 123, which crashed in 1985 near Tokyo "123" (Nikki Laoye song), 2012 123 (file format), used by the Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet program 123 (New Jersey bus), a bus route in New Jersey, USA +129 may refer to: +129 (number), the natural number that follows 128 An inbred strain of laboratory mice List of highways numbered 129 LZ 129 Hindenburg, an airship Soviet submarine K-129 Year 129 of the Julian calendar +143 may also refer to: +143 (number) 143 BC 143 (EP), a 2013 EP by Tiffany Evans 143 (album), a 2015 album by Bars and Melody 143 (film), a 2004 Indian Telugu film 143 Records +144 may also refer to: +144 (number), the natural number following 143 and preceding 145 144 BC, a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar 144 (film), a 2015 Indian comedy 144 (video game), working title of The Path, a psychological horror art game 144 (New Jersey bus), a bus route in New Jersey, USA +147 may also refer to: +147 (number), the natural number following 146 and preceding 148 147 BC, a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar 147 (snooker), the maximum break in snooker Fiat 147, a compact car produced in Brazil +Albums +Film, television, and theatre +Music +See also +13 or Thirteen may refer to: +13 (Black Sabbath album), 2013 13 (Blur album), 1999 13 (Brian Setzer album), 2006 13 (Die Ärzte album), 1998 13 (The Doors album), 1970 13 (HLAH album), 1993 13 (Norman Westberg album), 2015 13 (Ozark Mountain Daredevils album), 1997 13 (Six Feet Under album), 2005 13 (Suicidal Tendencies album), 2013 13 (Solace album), 2003 13 (Second Coming album), 2003 13 (Havoc album), 2013 13, a 2000 album by Friday's Child 13 (EP), an EP by Ces Cru Thirteen (CJ & The Satellites album), 2007 Thirteen (Emmylou Harris album), 1986 Thirteen (James Reyne album), 2012 Thirteen (Megadeth album), 2011 Thirteen (Robert Miles album), 2011 Thirteen (Teenage Fanclub album), 1993 Thirteens (album) is a 2008 album by Leona Naess This is Thirteen (Anvil album), 2007 +13 (2010 film) a 2010 English-language remake of 13 Tzameti 13 (musical), 2007 13 Beloved, a 2006 Thai film 13 Tzameti, a 2005 French film 13: Fear Is Real, a 2009 reality TV show Number 13 (film), an uncompleted 1922 film Thirteen (1974 film), 1974 Hong Kong film Thirteen (2003 film), a 2003 American film Thirteen (TV series), a 2016 British TV series Thirteen (television station) or WNET, in New Jersey DZTV-TV, a Philippine television station also known as IBC-13 Manila 13th (film), a 2016 documentary directed by Ava DuVernay on the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution +XIII (disambiguation) Number 13 (disambiguation) Friday the 13th, a superstitious belief Triskaidekaphobia, fear of 13 Thirteenth of music theory +Fourteen or 14 may refer to: +14 (number) 14 BC, 14 AD, 1914, 2014, etc., the years 14th (band) 14 (Charli XCX album) 14 (David Garrett album) 14 (song) Fourteen, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in Lincoln County, West Virginia, United States Fourteen (play), a play by Alice Gerstenberg Fourteen 14, an Italian Eurodance project Renault 14 14 (Fiction written by Peter Clines) +XIV may refer to: +Roman numerals IBM XIV Storage System +Sixteen or 16 may refer to: +16 (number), the natural number following 15 and preceding 17 16 BC, 16 AD, 1916, 2016, etc., the years +Eighteen or 18 may refer to: +18 (number), the natural number following 17 and preceding 19 18 BC, 18 AD, 1918, 2018, etc., the years +Nineteen or 19 may refer to: +19 (number) 19 BC, 19 AD, 1919, 2019, etc., the years +XIX may refer to: +Roman numerals Mecklenburg XIX, a class of German steam locomotives +Number +See also +Year +Twenty or 20 may also refer to: +20 (number) 20th or vicenary, the ordinal adjective for twenty +20 BC, 1920, 2020, etc., the years +XX (disambiguation) +Films +See also +Twenty-one or 21 may refer to: +21 (number) 21 BC, 21 AD, 1921, 2021, etc., common years of the Julian/Gregorian Calendars +21 (1918 film), starring Bryant Washburn and Gertrude Selby 21 (1923 film), starring Richard Barthelmess and Dorothy Mackaill Twenty-One (1991 film), a 1991 film starring Patsy Kensit 21 (2008 film), starring Kevin Spacey, Laurence Fishburne, Jim Sturgess, and Kate Bosworth +021 (disambiguation) +Number +22 is a year. 22 may also refer to: +22 (number), the number +23 may refer to: +23, a number AD 23, a year 23 BC, a year 23 (film), a 1998 German film The Number 23, a 2007 film starring Jim Carrey The 23 enigma, refers to the belief that most incidents and events are directly connected to the number 23 +24 may refer to: +24 (number) The years 24 BC or AD 24, 1924, 2024, etc. The 24 Game, a mathematical card game +Twenty-five, Twenty Five or 25 may refer to: +25 (number) 25 BC, 25 AD, 1925, 2025, etc., the years +Twenty-six or 26 may refer to: +26 (number) 26 BC, 26 AD, 1926, 2026, etc., the years 26 (band), an Australian band +27 and twenty-seven may refer to: +Number, year +27 (number), a number, numeral, and glyph 27, the year 27 AD 27 BC, the year 27 BC +Twenty-eight or 28 may refer to: +28 (number) 28 BC, 28 AD, 1928, 2028, etc., the years Twenty-eight (card game) 28 (book), a 2007 non-fiction book by Stephanie Nolen 28 (film), a 2014 film +029 may refer to: +IBM 029, a keypunch machine Cardiff, the Cardiff area code +Twenty-nine or 29 may refer to: +29 (number) 29 BC, 29 AD, 1929, 2029, etc., the years Municipal Okrug 29, former name of Narvsky Municipal Okrug in Kirovsky District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia 29 (album), a Ryan Adams album "29 #Strafford APTS", a Bon Iver song +030 may refer to: +Motorola 68030 BR-030 Geographical telephone calling prefixes Greater Accra area code, Ghana Utrecht, Netherlands Berlin, Germany Bar Municipality and Ulcinj Municipality of Montenegro Province of Brescia, Italy 030 (magazine), from Berlin +Thirty or 30 may also refer to: +30 (number) Other years including 30 BC, 1730, 1830, 1930, 2030 -30-, a 1959 film Municipal Okrug 30, former name of Krasnenkaya Rechka Municipal Okrug in Kirovsky District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia Renault 30, a car model 30 (Harry Connick, Jr. album) 30 (Jerusalem album) +Thirty-one or 31 may refer to: +31 (number) 31 BC, 31 AD, 1931, 2031, etc., the years Thirty-one (card game) 31 (film), a 2016 horror film by Rob Zombie Thirty One (album), a 2015 album by Jana Kramer Thirty One (Jarryd James album), a 2015 studio album by Jarryd James +Thirty-two or 32 may refer to: +32 (number) 32 BC, 32 AD, 1932, 2032, etc., the years "32" (song), a 2013 single from Carpark North album Phoenix "Thirty Two", song by Van Morrison from New York Sessions '67 Thirty Two (album), 2014 +Thirty-three or 33 may refer to: +33 (number) +Years +33 BC 33 AD, 1933 2033 +Thirty-four or 34 may refer to: +34 (number) 34 BC, 34 AD, 1934, 2034, etc., the years "#34" (song), a 1994 song by Dave Matthews Band 34 (album), a 2015 album by Dre Murray Thirty Four, 2009 biography of Albert Göring +35 may also refer to: +35 (number) XXXV (album), an album by Fairport Convention Interstate 35, a freeway that runs from Texas to Minnesota NGC 35, a galaxy in the constellation Cetus 35 BC 1935 2035 35, the licence plate code of Izmir 35xxxv, an album by One Ok Rock +36 may also refer to: +36 (number) IBM System/36, a minicomputer 36 Quai des Orfèvres (film) or 36, a French film "36", a song by System of a Down from Steal This Album! 36, the number of the French department Indre 36 BC 1936 2036 +Thirty-seven or 37 may refer to: +37 (number) 37 BC, 37 AD, 1937, 2037, etc., the years Normal human body temperature +'Thirty-eight or 38 may refer to: +38 (number) 38 BCE, 38 CE, 1938, 2038, the years .38 caliber firearms and cartridges The .38 Special revolver cartridge Municipal okrug #38, name of Yuzhno-Primorsky Municipal Okrug of Krasnoselsky District of St. Petersburg, Russia, before 2008 New South Wales C38 class locomotive Thirty Eight, a novel by Chris Perkes +39 may also refer to: +39 (number) 39 BC 1939 2039 "'39", a song by Queen +Forty or 40 may refer to: +40 (number) .40 S&W, a handgun cartridge Forty (album), a 2001 live album by Thomas Dolby "40" (song), by U2 40 BC, 40 AD, 1940, 2040, etc., the years 40 (producer) (born 1983), Canadian hip-hop producer, born Noah Shebib A 40 ounce bottle of beer or malt liquor The Tessarakonteres, or Forty, a very large ancient Egyptian galley +40 (disambiguation) +Forty-one or 41 may refer to: +41 (number) 41 BC, 41 AD, 1941, 2041, etc., the years 41 (film), a documentary about Nicholas O'Neill, the youngest victim of the Station nightclub fire "#41" (song), a song by the Dave Matthews Band Nick "41" MacLaren, member of the New Zealand hip hop duo Frontline +42 or forty-two may refer to: +42 (number), a number, numeral, and glyph 42 (dominoes), a trick-taking game played with a standard set of double six dominoes The year AD 42 The year AD 1942 The year 42 BC +Forty-three or 43 may refer to: +43 (number) 43 BC, 43 AD, 1943, 2043, etc., the years Licor 43, also known as "Cuarenta Y Tres" ("Forty-three" in Spanish) George W. Bush, 43rd President of the United States +Forty-four or 44 may refer to: +44 (number) 44 BC, 44 AD, 1944, 2044, etc., the years +In film +Forty-five or 45 may refer to: +45 (number) the years 45 BC, 45 AD, 1945, 2045 +45 (film), directed by Peter Coster (2009) .45 (film), directed by Gary Lennon (2006) Love and a .45, directed by C.M. Talkington (1994) +Forty-six or 46 may refer to: +46 (number) 46 BC, 46 AD, 1946, 2046, etc., the years +Forty-seven or 47 may refer to: +47 (number) 47 BC, 47 AD, 1947, 2047, etc., the years '47 (brand), an American clothing brand '47 (magazine), an American publication also known as The Magazine of the Year Agent 47, a character in the Hitman video game series Municipal Okrug #47, former name of Pulkovsky meridian Municipal Okrug in St. Petersburg, Russia +Forty-eight or 48 may refer to: +48 (number) 48 BC, 48 AD, 1948, 2048, etc., the years '48 (novel) '48 (magazine) "48", a song by Tyler, the Creator from the album Wolf +Forty-nine or 49 may refer to: +49 (number) 49 BC, 49 AD, 1949, 2049, etc., the years +Dates +Number +Other +163 may refer to: +163 CE, a common year of the Julian calendar 163 BC, a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar +163 (number), the natural number following 162 and preceding 164 +Messerschmitt Me 163 U.S. Route 163, a 64-mile (103 km) U.S California State Route 163, a state highway in San Diego, California Virginia State Route 163, a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia 163.com +172 may refer to: +The year 172 of the Gregorian calendar The number 172 (number) The Cessna 172 "Skyhawk", a single engine, high wing, light airplane produced by Cessna Aircraft Company +180 may also refer to: +180 (number) 180 (video game), a 1986 darts video game 180 (2011 American film) 180 (2011 Indian film) 180 (album), an album by Palma Violets One Eighty, a 1980 album by Ambrosia U-turn or 180 180, a trick in extreme sports in which a rider rotates half a turn while airborne and lands +191 may also refer to: +191 BC 191 (number) Jordan 191 VF-191 +192 may also refer to: +192 BC 192 (number) 192.com 192TV U.S. Route 192 Connecticut Route 192 Illinois Route 192 Maryland Route 192 New York State Route 192 Pennsylvania Route 192 Alabama State Route 192 California State Route 192 Georgia State Route 192 Virginia State Route 192 Japan National Route 192 Arkansas Highway 192 Iowa Highway 192 Wyoming Highway 192 192 (album) 192 (song) No. 192 Squadron RAF 192d Airlift Squadron 192d Fighter Wing 192nd Tank Battalion 192nd Military Police Battalion 192nd Infantry Division (France) Minuscule 192 Jordan 192 Radical 192 Greater Manchester bus route 192 +193 may also refer to: +193 Ambrosia Connecticut Route 193 Maryland Route 193 West Virginia Route 193 Alabama State Route 193 California State Route 193 Ohio State Route 193 Georgia State Route 193 Maine State Route 193 New York State Route 193 Tennessee State Route 193 Utah State Route 193 Virginia State Route 193 Washington State Route 193 Japan National Route 193 Arkansas Highway 193 Wisconsin Highway 193 Wyoming Highway 193 Mexican Federal Highway 193 Texas State Highway 193 Jordan 193 Eyebrow No. 193, Saskatchewan Lectionary 193 Radical 193 Minuscule 193 Trial of the 193 DFS 193 JWH-193 SP-193 USA-193 ICRF 193 P.S. 193 National Airlines Flight 193 German submarine U-193 193rd (2nd Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders) Brigade 193rd Battalion (Nova Scotia Highlanders), CEF 193rd Ohio Infantry 193rd Infantry Brigade (United States) 193d Special Operations Squadron 193d Special Operations Wing Ikkyū +194 may also refer to: +194 (number) Connecticut Route 194 Kentucky Route 194 Maryland Route 194 Oregon Route 194 Pennsylvania Route 194 Georgia State Route 194 Maine State Route 194 New York State Route 194 Virginia State Route 194 Washington State Route 194 Japan National Route 194 K-194 (Kansas highway) North Carolina Highway 194 Wisconsin Highway 194 Wyoming Highway 194 Colorado State Highway 194 Minnesota State Highway 194 Texas State Highway 194 State Highway 194 (Maharashtra) Interstate 194 (disambiguation) Interstate 194 (Michigan) Minuscule 194 Jordan 194 Palestine 194 194th Fighter Squadron 194th Intelligence Squadron 194th Armored Brigade (United States) 194th Engineer Brigade 194th Regional Support Wing 194th Ohio Infantry 194th Battalion (Edmonton Highlanders), CEF 194th (2/1st South Scottish) Brigade No. 194 Squadron RAF +195 may also refer to: +195 BC 195 (number) Connecticut Route 195 Maryland Route 195 Quebec Route 195 U.S. Route 195 Alabama State Route 195 Arizona State Route 195 California State Route 195 Georgia State Route 195 Maine State Route 195 New York State Route 195 Ohio State Route 195 Utah State Route 195 (disambiguation) Virginia State Route 195 Japan National Route 195 Texas State Highway 195 State Highway 195 (Maharashtra) Mexican Federal Highway 195 Interstate 195 (disambiguation) 195 Eurykleia IC 195 Blériot 195 Cessna 195 Ferrari 195 S Jordan 195 Ferrari 195 Inter 195 Broadway VFA-195 195th (City of Regina) Battalion, CEF 195th Fighter Squadron No. 195 Squadron RAF 195th Ohio Infantry German submarine U-195 195th (2/1st Scottish Rifles) Brigade +196 may also refer to: +196 BC 196 (number) Florida State Road 196 Alabama State Route 196 Pennsylvania Route 196 Georgia State Route 196 Maine State Route 196 New York State Route 196 Ohio State Route 196 Utah State Route 196 Malaysia Federal Route 196 Japan National Route 196 Iowa Highway 196 Wyoming Highway 196 State Highway 196 (Maharashtra) Colorado State Highway 196 Mexican Federal Highway 196 K-196 (Kansas highway) Interstate 196 JWH-196 Jordan 196 Kosmos 196 Lectionary 196 TR-196 USA-196 USS Searaven (SS-196) USS Rinehart (DE-196) USS Logan (APA-196) USS George E. Badger (DD-196) USS Mahopac (ATA-196) USS Minidoka (AK-196) German submarine U-196 No. 196 Squadron RAF 196th Infantry Brigade (United States) 196th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht) 196th Ohio Infantry 196th Battalion (Western Universities), CEF 196th Infantry Regiment (United States) 196th Division (People's Republic of China) +196 (disambiguation) +200 may also refer to: +200 (number) "200" (South Park), an episode of South Park "200" (Stargate SG-1), an episode of Stargate SG-1 Rover 200 / 25 or Rover 200, a car made by the Rover Group Chrysler 200, a car introduced by Chrysler in 2010 200 Series Shinkansen, train model +201 may also refer to: +201 (number), the natural number following 200 and preceding 202 201 BC, a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar "201" (South Park), a episode of the American adult animated sitcom 201 (area code), used for telephone numbers in New Jersey, USA 201 (MBTA bus), a bus route in Boston, Massachusetts, USA +212 may refer to: +212 AD, the year 212 BC 212 (number) 212 (album), an album by Neil Zaza "212" (song), a song by Azealia Banks 212 (missile), a Soviet cruise missile Area code 212, a North American Numbering Plan area code for most of the borough of Manhattan in New York City +213 may also refer to: +213 (number), a natural number 213 BC, a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar 213 Lilaea, a Main belt asteroid 213 series, a type of train used by Japan National Railways Area code 213, a telephone area code for downtown Los Angeles, California, and environs Two:Thirteen, a 2009 suspense thriller film 213, apartment number of the American serial killer Jeffery Dahmer +214 may refer to: +214 (number), the number 214, the year CE 214 BC, the year BCE Area codes 214, 469, and 972, one of the telephone area codes of Dallas, Texas Type 214 submarine, or 214-class South Korean submarine +221 may refer to: +The year: 221 AD 221 BC +222 may also refer to: +222 (number), the natural number following 221 and preceding 223 222 BC, a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar 2:22 (2016 film), an American-Australian thriller 222 (Live & Uncut), a version of Patton Oswalt's comedy album Feelin' Kinda Patton 222 (song), from the 2007 Paul McCartney album Memory Almost Full 222, a formulation of the compound analgesic co-codaprin 222 (MBTA bus), a bus route in Boston, Massachusetts, USA +222 (disambiguation) +224 may refer to: +The year 224 The number 224 - see 224 (number) The area code 224 - see Area codes 847 and 224 +Dates and numbers +263 may refer to: +263 (number) +227 may refer to: +227, events in the year 227 (number), properties and uses of the number 227 (TV series), an NBC sitcom which ran from 1985–1990 +288 may refer to: +The year 288 AD The year 288 BC The number 288 The Ferrari 288 GTO, an automobile The USS Cabrilla (SS-288), a USN submarine The USS Worden (DD-288), a USN destroyer The Bagger 288 excavator 288 Glauke,an asteroid discovered in 1890 Virginia State Route 288 +301 may also refer to: +301 BC, a year Peugeot 301, a car by Peugeot HTTP 301, a status code for Moved Permanently. 301, a posthumous album by jazz trio e.s.t. +302 may refer to: +The year 302 The year 302 BC 302 (number), the natural number Category 302, a medical code for LGBT persons and pedophiles in the Singapore military Model 302 telephone used by the Bell System and manufactured from 1937 to 1954 HTTP 302 Found or Moved Temporarily, a web page redirection 7302 of Title 50 of the Pennsylvania Statutes, involuntary commitment, similar to 5150 (involuntary psychiatric hold) in California +303 may refer to: +The number 303 The year 303 Telephone Area code 303, assigned to central Colorado The Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer .303 British, the .303" calibre rifle and machine-gun cartridge 303 (comics), comic book miniseries by Garth Ennis and Jacen Burrows Prometheus, also called BC-303 or X-303, fictional spacecraft in the Stargate SG-1 television show 3OH!3, an electropop band from Boulder, Colorado "303" is also used in Australia and New Zealand to refer to the Lee–Enfield rifle 303, a song on Kula Shaker's debut album K The HTTP 303 status code for See other 303 Squadron (Polish RAF), during the Battle of Britain in the Second World War SOP 303, a National Communications System standard operating procedure to turn off mobile communications +304 may refer to: +West Virginia's phone area code is 304. 304 (number), the natural number 304 (Card Game), a card game popular in Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu Peugeot 304, car known as the 304 The most common type of stainless steel, SAE 304 stainless steel HTTP 304 304, a fictional class battlecruiser in the Stargate series. 0304 (with intentional leading zero), an album by Jewel (singer) +305 may refer to: +The year 305 A.D. The year 305 BC The number 305 (number) The Peugeot 305, an automobile The GM 305 V8 Small Block Engine The USS Skate (SS-305) submarine The IBM 305 RAMAC,the first commercial computer to use a hard disk drive 305, an area code and nickname for Miami 305 (film), a 2008 mockumentary about a group of semi-courageous Spartans Mr. 305, nickname for the rapper Pitbull and the wrestler Montel Vontavious Porter (MVP) The Intimidator 305, a roller coaster at Kings Dominion theme park 305 series, a Japanese train type +306 may refer to: +Area code 306, area code for Saskatchewan, Canada The year 306 AD The year 306 BC The number 306 The Peugeot 306, an automobile The British Rail Class 306 multiple unit 306 Records, a record label +307 may also refer to: +307 BC 307 (number) Peugeot 307, an automobile British Rail Class 307 locomotive Boeing 307 aeroplane .307 Winchester Cartridge Area code 307 HTTP 307, status code for Temporary Redirect +The year 308 AD The year 308 BC The number 308 .308 Winchester ammunition The .308 Marlin Express lever action rifle cartridge The British Rail Class 308 locomotive The Peugeot 308, an automobile Several cars produced by Ferrari, including the Ferrari 308 GT4 and the Ferrari 308 GTB/GTS The USS William Jones (DD-308) warship The 308 cubic inch Holden V8 engine +310 may refer to: +310 (number) 310th (disambiguation) The year 310 AD The year 310 BC Airbus A310, a passenger aircraft. Area code 310, an area code in Los Angeles, California USS Batfish (SS-310) submarine British Rail Class 310 locomotive Cessna 310 aircraft Ferrari F310, a Formula One racing car USS S. P. Lee (DD-310) battleship 310 Margarita, an asteroid. 310 Motoring, an automotive customization garage based in Los Angeles +311 may refer to: +The year 311 AD 311 (number), the numerical value (in mathematics) 311 (band), an American band 311 (album), band 311's self-titled album 311 (DSM-IV), DSM-IV code for "Depressive Disorder Not Otherwise Specified" 311 Boyz, a teen gang in Las Vegas, Nevada 3-1-1, the telephone number of local information service operated by some local governments in the United States and Canada 3-1-1 for Carry-Ons, a procedure enacted by the United States Transportation Security Administration Some significant events on March 11: 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami 2004 Madrid train bombings +312 may refer to: +The year 312 AD The year 312 BC The number 312 China National Highway 312 (312国道), known as The Mother Road, a key east-west route running 4,967 km (3,086 mi) from Shanghai on the East China Sea to the western Chinese border with Kazakhstan in Central Asia. One of several Ferrari racing cars with 3 litre 12-cylinder engines: The 312, 312B and 312T Formula One cars The 312P and 312PB sportscar prototype class cars The British Rail Class 312 EMU The USS Young (DD-312) destroyer The Chicago Loop area code 312. +312 Urban Wheat, a beer brewed by the Chicago-based Goose Island Brewery +313 may refer to: +The year 313 The North American Numbering Plan telephone area code 313, which serves Detroit and most of its surrounding suburbs The license plate number of Donald Duck's Belchfire Runabout (automobile), as well as his celebrated birth date (Friday, March 13). The 313 followers of Imam Mahdi, who in Shia Muslim hadith are prophesied to aid him when he rises. 313 (album), an album by Phideaux Xavier 313 (film), a 2008 film Title of a song by Snot Frame of the Zapruder film where President Kennedy's head explodes A song by Eminem 313@Somerset, a shopping mall in Singapore +314 may refer to: +The year 314 314 (number) Boeing 314 In Buffy the Vampire Slayer, 314 is a reference to the top-secret man/machine/demon hybrid, Adam. 314 refers to indecent exposure +322 may refer to: +The year 322 Plimpton 322, a Babylonian tablet For the mathematic number 322, please see 300 (number), as there is no article for the math number 322 alone. U.S. Route 322 Skull and Bones 322 (film), Slovak film by director Dušan Hanák Match fixing, a term originally spawned by an incident in professional Dota 2 when player Solo won $322 by throwing a match +323 may refer to: +The year 323 The number 323 Area code 323, the North American area code Mazda 323, the widely used alternative name of the Mazda Familia motorcar British Rail Class 323, an electric train +333 may refer to: +333 or 333 BC, years 333 (number) New York State Route 333 333 (album), a Green Jelly album +336 may refer to: +The year 336 or the year 336 BC The number 336 The EP by AFI, 336 +341 may also refer to: +341 (number) 341 BC 341 (video), shown at the World Summit for Children, depicting the deaths of 341 infants, one every two seconds, during the elapsed time of the video, while world leaders focus on other priorities 341st Fighter Squadron 341st Missile Wing U.S. Route 341 +355 may also refer to: +The year 355 BC Agent 355, a secret agent during the American Revolutionary War Agent 355 (Y: The Last Man), a character in the comic book series Y: The Last Man 355 Gabriella, a main belt asteroid Ferrari F355, an Italian sportscar Interstate 355, a toll route of Chicago, Illinois 355th Fighter Squadron, a U.S. Air Force squadron based at Eielson Air Force Base +355, the country calling code for telephone numbers in Albania +Media outlets +365 may also refer to: +365 (number) Common year, consisting of 365 calendar days +365 (media corporation), Icelandic TV company 365 Media Group, UK sports betting company 365mag, electronic music e-zine based in Amsterdam 365Gay.com 365gay News +380 may refer to: +The year 380 The year 380 BC 380 (number), the natural number Mitsubishi 380, a family car built by Mitsubishi Motors Australia .380 ACP, a rimless, straight-walled pistol cartridge Airbus A380, a double-deck, four-engined airliner 380 bulb, a 12V, 2-brightness (21W/5W) light bulb on a BA15d staggered-pin bayonet fitting. Typically used in car stop/tail lights. +380 (disambiguation) +386 may also refer to: +the number 386 The i386 microprocessor architecture +401 may refer to: +401 (number), the natural number following 400 and preceding 402 A year: 401 BC or AD 401 Ontario Highway 401, a highway that extends across Southern Ontario, Canada There are also other roads named 401, see the List of highways numbered 401 401(k), a type of employer-sponsored retirement plan named after a section of the United States Internal Revenue Code Bristol 401, a car produced by Bristol Cars in the early 1950s HTTP 401, a status in the HTTP protocol indicating authentication has failed .401 Winchester Self-Loading centerfire rifle cartridge introduced in 1910 Area code 401 +404 may refer to: +404 (number), the number 404 AD, the year 404 BC 404 Error Not Found (film), a 2011 Hindi film HTTP 404, the HTTP error response status for "Not Found" Wikipedia:Linkrot, how to handle dead links (HTTP 404) in Wikipedia entries Project 404, a United States military mission to Laos during the Vietnam War Alitalia Flight 404, an Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane flight that crashed on 14 November 1990 killing all on board Martin 4-0-4, an American pressurized passenger airliner built by the Glenn L. Martin Company Telephone area code 404 in Atlanta Section 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley Act Cars: The Peugeot 404 The Bristol 404, produced in the 1950s Highways: The A404(M) motorway, in England Ontario Highway 404, in Canada Maryland Route 404, in the U.S. For other highways numbered 404, see the List of highways numbered 404 Movies: Room 404 - The Wrong Man, the second room in Four Rooms +405 may refer to: +Interstate 405 (disambiguation), several United States freeways There are other highways numbered 405, see the List of highways numbered 405 Area code 405, which serves Central Oklahoma "The 405", a local nickname for Oklahoma City and its metropolitan area, taken from the area code 405-line television system 405 (HTTP status code) Peugeot 405, 1980s French automobile Bristol 405, 1950s British automobile 405 (film), 3-minute short released in May 2000 by Bruce Branit and Jeremy Hunt "405", a song by Death Cab for Cutie from their 2000 album We Have the Facts and We're Voting Yes "The 405", a song by Isaac Hayes off his Raw and Refined album .405 Winchester, or .405 WCF, a firearm cartridge +406 may refer to: +406 MHz, the frequency used for Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon Search and Rescue beacons the year 406 the number 406 (number) the area code 406 in Montana, USA (country code +1) the French family car Peugeot 406 the http error code 406 various highways; see the List of highways numbered 406 +410 may also refer to: +.410 bore, the smallest caliber of shotgun shell commonly available April 10 Highways numbered 410 Telephone area code 410 E410 Food additive Messerschmitt Me 410 German combat aircraft during World War 2. The HTTP status code "410 Gone", to indicate that the resource requested is no longer available +411 may refer to: +The year 411, the four hundred and eleventh year of the Gregorian calendar 4-1-1, a telephone directory assistance number in the United States and Canada By extension, a slang term for "information" The 411, British R&B group 4:1:1 chroma subsampling Volkswagen 411, a car from the late 1960s Bristol 411, a high-performance hand-built luxury car from the 1970s 411 (anthology), a three issue anthology, published by Marvel Comics, consisting of short-stories concerning terrorism Kambo, 411 is used as a nickname for Kambo, Norway .411 is also the extension for files storing thumbnail-sized versions of pictures taken by early models of SONY's Mavica cameras. 411 Video Magazine, a skateboarding video series +416 may also refer to: +April 16 416 (number) 416, the area code for Toronto, Canada Heckler & Koch HK416 .416 Barrett .416 Rigby 416, a visual novel UR-416, a West German armoured car +420 may also refer to: +April 20 4-2-0, a classification of steam locomotives 420 (cannabis culture), a term used as a discreet way to refer to cannabis California Senate Bill 420, colloquially known as the Medical Marijuana Program Act 420 (dinghy), in sailing, a class of double-handed racing sailboats "420" (Family Guy), an episode of the television series Family Guy 420 Bertholda, a large main-belt asteroid +424 may also refer to: +Hungarian State Railways class 424 steam locomotive Area code 424 TASCAM Portastudio 424 a four track recorder. +429 may refer to: +429, the year The Bell 429 helicopter ARINC 429, an avionics databus Building 429, a Christian band 429 Records, a record label 429 Too Many Requests, an HTTP Status code +419 may refer to: +419, the year 419 C.E. 419 (number) Advance-fee fraud, also known as the 419 scam, the Nigerian scam, and the Nigerian money transfer fraud Area code 419, which is the area code of the northwestern corner of Ohio 419 (police code), police hundred code code for dead human body 419 (novel), an award-winning novel by Will Ferguson The original title for the Charles Stross novel Rule 34 +435 may refer to: +435, the year. 435, the number of members of the United States House of Representatives. Area code 435 Arriflex 435, a movie camera +436 may refer to: +436 BC 436 AD 436 Patricia, a large asteroid Gliese 436, a red dwarf star with at least one known planet Population 436, a 2006 film +440 may refer to: +440, the year 440 BC, the year 440 (number), the number +441 may refer to: +the year 441 4-4-1, a band U.S. Route 441 Juggling pattern#441 +442 may also refer to: +Oldsmobile 442, an automobile produced beginning in the 1964 model year British Rail Class 442, a British EMU train Area code 442 4-4-2 (locomotive), a steam locomotive configuration in Whyte notation 4-4-2, a football formation FourFourTwo, a football magazine FourFourTwo (TV series), an Asian football TV series 4-4-2, a band formed to record the song "Come on England" for the England football team for the Euro 2004 championship +The number 443 may refer to the following: +Anno Domini (AD) 443 443 BC * 443 is the network port number used by the https: URi scheme. Telephone area code 443 in the state of Maryland. Route 443 (Israel) - major highway. +444 may also refer to: +444 BC 444 (number) "444", a song from electronic music group Autechre's debut album Incunabula "4 4 4", a song from ambient techno group The Fireman's debut album, Strawberries Oceans Ships Forest 444 (album), a 2000 Charlie Major album British Rail Class 444, a British EMU train 444.hu, a Hungarian news site. +455 may refer to: +Cubana Flight 455 The year 455 British Rail Class 455, a British EMU train +456 may refer to: +The year 456 AD The year 456 BC The year 456 AH in the Islamic calendar The British Rail Class 456 electric multiple unit The Ferrari 456 road car The 4, 5, 6 IRT Lexington Avenue Line The 456, a race of aliens in the BBC science fiction series Torchwood 456, a 1992 album by The Grid +457 may refer to: +The year AD 457 in the Western calendar The number 457 the 457 plan, a retirement plan available to government and nonprofit employees in the United States similar to the 401(k) the 457 visa, the most commonly used program for employers to sponsor overseas workers to work in Australia on a temporary basis. +471 may also refer to: +Highways numbered 471 ČD Class 471 The Class 471 electric motor unit E471 glyceryl mono/distearate (food additive) +458 may refer to: +The year 458 AD The year 458 BC The number 458 Ferrari 458 Italia, an automobile produced by Ferrari The area code 458 +486 may refer to a year: +486 BC 486 AD 1486 +The number 488 may refer to any of several things: +The year 488. The year 488 BC British Rail Class 488, unpowered electric multiple unit trailer sets, converted from Mark 2F coaches IEEE-488, a short-range, digital communications bus specification 488 Kreusa, a minor planet orbiting the Sun Nevada State Route 488 New York State Route 488 No. 488 Squadron RNZAF Unterseeboot 488 (U-488), a Type XIV U-boat ("Milchkuh") of the Kriegsmarine USS McCalla (DD-488), a Gleaves-class destroyer USS Sarda (SS-488), a Tench-class submarine +494 may refer to: +Interstate 494 494 Commuter Services Minuscule 494 +502 may refer to: +502 error, a server error +503 may refer to: +A type of jeans, commonly in Levi's and Edwin A type of steel used for making bicycle frames. Country code +503, for El Salvador Area code 503, a North American telephone area code in northwestern Oregon. 503, a track by Hans Zimmer on the Angels & Demons soundtrack. +504 may refer to: +504, a year Peugeot 504, a car HTTP 504 error Area code 504 504 (boardgame) Section 504 of the U.S. Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which protects people with disabilities from discrimination by any entity that receives Federal funding. +505 may also refer to: +The number 505 Area code 505 in northwest New Mexico Peugeot 505, the car 505 (dinghy), the boat 505 (song), the Arctic Monkeys song 505 Games, a European video game publisher +506 may also refer to: +506 (number) 506 Carlton, streetcar (tram) line run by the Toronto Transit Commission in Toronto, Canada Area code 506, telephone area code in the Canadian province of New Brunswick +508 may refer to: +508 (number), the number 508, the year 508 (DVIII) of the Julian calendar 508 BC 508th (disambiguation) Section 508 Amendment to the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Area code 508, an area code in southeastern Massachusetts +509 may refer to: +509 (number) 509, the year 509 Harbourfront, a streetcar route in Toronto 509th Operations Group, the 509th Operations Group of the USAAF 509 error, an unofficial HTTP response code meaning bandwidth exceeded Area code 509, a telephone area code x.509, a public key infrastructure certificate standard +511 may refer to: +The year 511 AD The telephone number 511, used for transportation information in many regions of the United States 511 keV, the energy of each of the two photons created when a positron and an electron annihilate +512 may refer to: +Several Ferrari cars: the 512 racing car, and the 512BB, 512TR and F512M road cars. 512 Taurinensis, a minor planet orbiting the Sun. The area code 512 (Austin, Texas area) +515 may refer to: +The year 515 The year 515 BC 515 (number), the natural number "5:15", a song by The Who "(515)", a song by American nu metal band Slipknot Area code 515, an area code serving part of the state of Iowa Interstate 515, a spur of Interstate 15 serving the Las Vegas area +520 may also refer to: +520 (cigarette), a Taiwanese cigarette brand An amorous expression in Chinese Internet slang, sometimes associated with the date 5-20 Washington State Route 520 and the Evergreen Point Floating Bridge, commonly called "520" and the "520 bridge". +Quebec Autoroute 520 Area code 520 +538 may refer to: +538, the calendar year The number of electors in the Electoral College of the United States FiveThirtyEight, a U.S. political blog named for the number of electors in the Electoral College of the United States Radio 538, Dutch commercial radio station aimed at young people +541 may refer to: +541 AD, a year Area code 541, a North American telephone area code in Oregon +542 may refer to: +542 (year) 542 (number) List of highways numbered 542 +543 may refer to: +543 (number) 543 BC List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 543 List of highways numbered 543 List of state leaders in 543 543 Charlotte Unit 543 Area code 543 The 5-4-3 rule for configuring Ethernet networks +545 may refer to: +the year 545 AD the year 545 BC 545, a 2002 live album by Chris Tomlin a highway numbered 545 (see list) +556 may also refer to: +556 (number) 556 BC German submarine U-556 5.56mm or 5.56×45mm NATO, a common rifle cartridge Sig 556, a commercial variant of the Sig SG 551 rifle designed for the American civilian market 5-56, a popular brand of penetrating oil 556 dual timer, an integrated circuit +573 may refer to: +573 (number), a number 573, the year 573 AD Area code 573, an area code in Missouri, U.S. +586 may refer to: +586 AD, the year 500 (number) related subjects: a record Mertens function the telephone Area code 586 covering in Macomb County, Michigan The Intel P5 microarchitecture, fifth generation x86 processor architecture, or related subjects: 80586 i586 Pentium Cyrix 5x86 NexGen's Nx586 (aka AMD 5N86) AMD K5 architecture's 5K86, AM586, 5x86 Minuscule 586 (Gregory-Aland), manuscript of the New Testament Smith & Wesson Model 586 — Six- or seven-shot double-action revolver. A song from New Order's 1983 album Power, Corruption & Lies +601 may refer to: +601 AD, (The year) CCIR 601, Interlaced Analog to Digital Video encoding standard (AKA: ITU-R BT.601 ) PowerPC 601, a microprocessor shipped by the AIM alliance in 1993 +606 may refer to: +The drug "606" or "compound 606", which became known as arsphenamine Roland TR-606 Drum Machine 606 (radio show), the BBC Radio 5 Live phone-in and accompanying internet discussion forum. The 606, an urban elevated trail in Chicago, converted from the Bloomingdale Line[1] Area code 606, in Kentucky. 606 is a fake name that the band Foo Fighters sometimes go under for secret concerts. +607 may refer to: +607, the year. Peugeot 607, the car Area code 607 +608 may refer to: +the year 608 AD Area code 608, located in Southwest Wisconsin Peugeot 608, Peugeot's current executive car +609 may refer to: +BA609: The Bell/Agusta BA609 is a civil twin-engined tiltrotor aircraft, being developed by Bell/Agusta Aerospace Company (BAAC), a joint venture between Bell Helicopters and AgustaWestland Area code 609 609 (number) +618 may also refer to: +618 (number) Area code 618 +619 primarily refers to the year 619 AD. It may also refer to: +The number 619 Area code 619 in San Diego, California, United States The tiger feint kick used by Rey Mysterio in professional wrestling USCGC Confidence (WMEC-619) Coast Guard Cutter Confidence +Events +621 may refer to: +The year 621 A.D. 621 B.C. The number 621 Experiment 621, aka "Chopsuey" from Disney's Stitch: Experiment 626 video game Flavour Enhancer 621 - Monosodium glutamate +621 births 621 deaths +627 may refer to: +the year 627 A.D. the year 627 B.C. the number 627 Prisoner 627, identification number for Captain John Price, a character in the video game Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2. Experiment 627 from Lilo & Stitch: The Series Disodium guanylate E627 food additive +631 may also refer to: +631, a natural number Area code 631, a New York telephone area code serving Suffolk County +636 is one of the Arabic numerals in the 600 (number) range. It may also refer to: +the year 636 the area code 636 in the United States a British fighter-trainer, the Avro 636, dating from the 1930s 636 Erika, a minor planet orbiting the Sun and discovered in 1907 the minuscule 636 (in Gregory-Aland numbering) is a New Testament manuscript United Nations Security Council Resolution 636 from July 1989 regarding certain Palestinians deported from Israeli-occupied territories 636cc versions of the Kawasaki ZX-6R +646 may refer to: +Year 646 646 (number) Area code 646 ISO/IEC 646 +649 may refer to: +649 649 (number) Lotto 6/49, a lottery operated in Canada +650 may refer to: +650 (number) Area code 650 IBM 650 magnetic drum data-processing machine, introduced in 1953 The year 650 BCE The year 650 CE +666 may refer to: +AD 666, the year 666 (number), the number The Number of the beast, a reference in the Book of Revelation in the New Testament 666 Desdemona, a minor planet in the asteroid belt U.S. Route 491, an American highway formerly called U.S. Route 666 1980 Pennsylvania Lottery scandal, known as the "Triple Six Fix" 666 ABC Canberra, an ABC Local Radio station based in Canberra and broadcasting to the Australian Capital Territory and surrounding New South Wales region Series 666, the sixth series of dolls in the Living Dead Dolls line 666; a pornographic movie series by John Thompson Productions 666 (three sixes), a U.S. brand of black draught laxative sold in the early to mid-20th Century 666; a 1970 apocalyptic Christian fiction novel by Salem Kirban 666; an eschatological Christian sect in Uganda +701 may refer to: +701, the year 701 series, a Japanese train type IBM 701, IBM's first commercial computer 701, a common name for the Yamaha Superjet Seven-O-One, or 701, a Canadian information television series (1960-1963) +702 may refer to: +702 (number), the number 702 Area code 702, the area code of Las Vegas, Nevada 702 (band), an American R&B band from Las Vegas Radio 702, a radio station in Johannesburg, South Africa 702 ABC Sydney, the local radio station of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in Sydney, Australia. 702 program Section of the FISA Boeing 702, a communications satellite design. IOS version history#iOS 7.x 2, the 7.0.2 update to Apple's iOS operating system +707 may also refer to: +707 (number), a number 707 (band), an American rock band 707 BC, a year in the 8th century BC The 7 July 2005 London bombings, a terrorist attack 707th Special Mission Unit, a military unit in South Korea area code 707, for telephones in northwestern California Boeing 707, a passenger airplane Avro 707, an experimental airplane Roland TR-707, a drum machine Submarine 707R, an anime and manga +711 may refer to: +the year 711 7-1-1, the telephone number of the Telecommunications Relay Service 0711, the area code for Stuttgart in Baden-Württemberg, Germany 7-Eleven, the chain of convenience stores #711, a comics superhero +714 may refer to: +714, the year AD 714 714 BC The number 714 Area code 714 was the telephone area code for most of Southern California beyond Los Angeles County during the 1960s and 1970s. It would later be reduced in size until it essentially only covered portions of Orange County. The colloquial name for the recreational drug Methaqualone (Quaalude), originating from the number 714 stamped on the tablets +717 may refer to: +717: a year. Boeing 717 Boeing 717, an airliner, the former MD-95 Boeing 720, an airliner designated as the 717 during development Boeing C-135 Stratolifter, internal Boeing product code of 717 717 (number): a number. Area code 717, for telephones in southern Pennsylvania under the North American Numbering Plan +727 may refer to: +727 (number): a number. "727", a song by The Box Tops from the album Cry Like a Baby Boeing 727 (B727): an aircraft model. 7/27, a 2016 album by Fifth Harmony Area code 727, for telephones in Pinellas County, Florida USS Michigan (SSBN-727), a U.S. ballistic missile submarine +731 may refer to: +731, the year AD 731 731 BC Area code 731, in Tennessee 731 (The X-Files episode) Unit 731, covert biological warfare human experimentation unit of the Japanese Army (1937–1945) 731 (number): the number 731 series, a Japanese train type Battle of Hill 731, a battle during the Greco-Italian War of 1940-41 +737 may also refer to: +737 BC, a year Boeing 737, an airplane model 737 (number), a number "Seven Thirty-Seven", a season 2 episode of Breaking Bad +741 may refer to: +741 was a year in the 8th century. 741 (number) 741 BC, a year in the 8th century BC The 741 operational amplifier integrated circuit The Windows 7 marketing campaign for students +747 may also refer to: +747 (number) 747 BC, a year in the 8th century BC Boeing 747, a large commercial jet airliner Big Bud 747, the world's largest farm tractor "747" (song), by rock band Kent 747 (album), by country music band Lady Antebellum "747 (Strangers in the Night)", a song by heavy metal band Saxon The 747s, an indie band 747 (film), UK title for 1998 made-for-television movie Blackout Effect Swingline 747, a model of office stapler The 747 integrated circuit, which implements two 741-type operational amplifiers on one part Area code 747, a telephone area code in California +757 may refer to: +757 BC: a year 757: a year Area code 757: covering the Hampton Roads and Eastern Shore areas of Virginia "The 757": A common local nickname for the Hampton Roads area, taken from the area code Boeing 757: an aircraft model 757 (number): a number +767 may refer to: +767, a year in the 8th century 767 BC, a year in the 8th century BC 767 (number) Boeing 767, a mid-size, wide-body twin-engine jet airliner Area code 767, the local telephone area code of the Commonwealth of Dominica The 767 or POPCORN exchange, a reserved telephone exchange in northern California used for the time of day service; see Speaking clock: United States +770 may refer to: +770, the year The 770s (the years from 770-779) Nokia 770, an Internet tablet device Telephone Area code 770, assigned to metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia and its suburbs 770 Eastern Parkway, the headquarters of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic group New Jersey bus route 770 +775 may refer to: +775, year Area code 775 Code page 775 LGA 775, Intel socket +777 may refer to: +777 (number), a number 777, a year in the 8th century CE 777 BC, a year in the 8th century BCE 777 and other Qabalistic writings of Aleister Crowley, a collection of papers written by Aleister Crowley Boeing 777, a commercial jet airliner M777 howitzer, a towed artillery piece used by the United States and Canada Unit 777, an Egyptian special forces unit Triple Seven, a winning line in slot machines The Triskelion of the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging is formed from three 7s Full access file system permissions for a file in Unix tradition Minuscule 777, tetraevengelium Caterpillar 777 An 80 tonne (100 st) rigid-frame off-road haul truck. (Also Known "Triple 7") The Train Designation of "The Beast" in the 2010 film Unstoppable +778 may also refer to: +778 (number) Area code 778, an area code in British Columbia, Canada 778 Theobalda, a minor planet orbiting the Sun in the main asteroid belt +781 may refer to: +781 Kartvelia, a minor planet orbiting the Sun 781 series, a Japanese train type 781st Bombardment Squadron, a former United States Air Force unit Area codes 781 and 339, in the USA BOAC Flight 781, a flight which crashed in 1954 Interstate 781, a highway in the USA +787 may refer to: +787 BC, a year 787 AD, a year Boeing 787 Dreamliner, a jet airliner Mazda 787/787B, a Japanese rotary-engine race car which won the 1991 Le Mans Race Porsche 787, a race car from the 1960s 787 series, a train model operated by JR Kyushu 787, a number listed in 700 (number) Area code 787 for telephones in Puerto Rico under the North American Numbering Plan Interstate 787, an auxiliary Interstate Highway in Albany, New York +800 may refer to: +800, the Common Era year 800 (number), the number The original toll-free area code for telephone calls in the North American Numbering Plan and some other countries. The international direct dial code for toll-free international phone calls ISO 800, a common film speed for photographic films. 800 AM, an AM radio station frequency TWA Flight 800, the flight number of an airplane disaster The Atari 800 home computer. +A perfect score on an individual section of the SAT test or on one of the SAT Subject Tests 800 metres, The name, and distance in metres, of an athletic event Hawker 800, a British aircraft Rover 800, a British automobile "800", a song by Saliva from their album Saliva (album) Nokia Lumia 800, a smartphone running Windows Phone operating system +801 may refer to: +801, the year 801 (number) 801 (band) BMW 801 IBM 801 Yaoi Korean Air Flight 801 +804 may refer to: +804, the year Area code 804, a telephone area code in the U.S. state of Virginia, whose service region includes the state's capital city of Richmond "The 804", a common local nickname for the Greater Richmond Region (from the area code) +Music +Other +808 may also refer to: +"808" (song), a 1999 single by American R&B group Blaque Roland TR-808, a programmable drum machine 808 (documentary), a film about the Roland TR-808's influence on music 808s & Heartbreak, the fourth studio album by American Hip hop artist Kanye West 808 State, British electronic music outfit 808 (album), a 2011 album by Taiwanese Mandopop artist Wilber Pan +Area code 808, the North American Numbering Plan area code for the U.S. state of Hawaii Nokia 808 PureView, a smartphone Nobel 808, an early plastic explosive of World War II +868 may refer to: +868 (number), the number 868 868, a year in the Common Era 868 is prefix/area code for toll-free telephone numbers in the North American Numbering Plan 868 MHz-band (863–870 MHz), a radio frequency band used by devices such as thermostats, fire systems, burglar systems, and DIN-transceivers +883 may refer to: +883 the Common Era year 883 (number), the number 883 (band), an Italian pop rock band +883, a country calling code 883 Matterania, an asteroid +888 may refer to: +888 (number), the number 888 888, a year in the Common Era 888 (manga), by Noriko Kuwata 888.com, a gambling website 888.hu, a Hungarian political website 888chan, an imageboard Ducati 888, a motorcycle Route 888 (Israel) a road in Israel 888sport, an online bookmaker T-888, a model of Terminator in the TV series Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles Triple 8, a British boyband also known as 888 The 4-hole extension of the ISO 838 standard of filing holes punched in paper is sometimes called "888" Triple Eight Racing, an English motor racing team Triple Eight Race Engineering (Australia), an Australian motor racing team 888 is the number for Australian racing driver Craig Lowndes' car 888 is the number used to dial up teletext subtitles on some programmes shown on European television channels 888 is prefix/area code for toll-free telephone numbers in the North American Numbering Plan 888, a contraction of the labour movement's slogan for the Eight-hour day 8/8/8 is a nickname for the 2008 South Ossetia War that broke out on August 8th of 2008 (despite the orders to the Georgian Military were given few hours earlier, when it still technically was August the 7th) +905 may refer to: +905, the year Area codes 905, 289, and 365, a telephone dialing area in southern Ontario, Canada The 905, a nickname for the region served by the above area codes "905" (song), a song by The Who, written by John Entwistle, from the 1978 album Who Are You The Peugeot 905, a sports-prototype racing car California State Route 905, a highway in San Diego, California, United States +908 may refer to: +Area code 908 The year 908 AD The year 908 BC The number 908 The Peugeot 908 HDi FAP and Peugeot 908 racing cars. The Porsche 908 racing car. 908 Buda, a minor planet orbiting the Sun. +909 may refer to: +909, a year in the 10th century Area code 909 in the United States Roland TR-909, a drum machine +968 may refer to: +The year 968 The car, Porsche 968 The car, Zaporozhets, also known as 968 The international calling code for Oman +972 may refer to +The number 972; see 900 (number) The year 972 AD List of state leaders in 972 972, the country code of Israel; see Telephone numbers in Israel +972 Magazine, an Israeli-Palestinian web magazine 972 area code in the United States, which covers the Dallas, Texas area: see area codes 214, 469, and 972 972 Cohnia, a minor planet orbiting the Sun 972 Fifth Avenue or Payne Whitney House, a historic building in Manhattan, New York City NGC 972, a spiral galaxy; see List of NGC objects (1–1000) United Nations Security Council Resolution 972 +973 may also refer to: ++973, the country calling code for Bahrain Area code 973, a telephone code for Northern New Jersey Program 973, China's National Basic Research Program France : departmental code for Guyane +1010 may also refer to +A telephone prefix code for an alternative carrier feature group-D service The Belgian postal code for the Administrative Center of the State An AM radio station at frequency 1010; look up the station by its 3- or 4-letter call sign A Police code in the State of Delaware meaning "Vehicle Accident" A mobile communication service offered by CSL New World Mobility Group in Hong Kong The 10:10 climate change campaign taxi1010, the website for non-escalating verbal self-defense, or the San Francisco taxicab by the same name. +1031 may refer to: +The year AD 1031 1031 exchange, a transaction under United States law 1031, A Number Of Things From..., an album by the Detroit band Halloween +1066 may refer to: +1066, the year 1066 And All That, a book that parodies English history text books International Harvester 1066, a popular tractor model +Science and technology +1080 may also refer to: +1080i, a video mode with 1080 lines of vertical resolution interlaced 1080p, a video mode with 1080 lines of vertical resolution with progressive scan GeForce GTX 1080, a graphics processing unit by Nvidia Sodium fluoroacetate, known in pesticide form as 1080, a chemical compound +1300 may refer to +1300, events in the year 1300 1300 (number) 14th century, 1301-1400 1300s decade, 1300-1309 UTC+13:00, timezone +1373 can refer to: +The year 1373 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 1373 Cincinnati, an asteroid +1800 may refer to: +1800, events in the year 1800 19th century, 1801–1900 1800s decade, 1800-1809 UTC+08:00, timezone +1802 may refer to: +1802, the number 1802 BMW 1802 +1812 may refer to: +The year 1812 Siberia Airlines Flight 1812, 2001 Black Sea crash DRD 1812, a character in Farscape +1824 may refer to: +The year 1824 1824 (board game) The novel, 1824: The Arkansas War +1862 may refer to +The year 1862 1862 (novel) Flight El Al Flight 1862 +1869 may refer to: +the year 1869 AD the number 1869, see 1869 (number) 1869 - a computer game +1871 may also refer to: +1871 (number), a number 1871 (film), a 1990 period film 1871 (company), a non-profit digital startup incubator +1900 may refer to: +The year 1900 1900 (film), a 1976 Italian epic film 1900 (magazine), a Dutch bi-monthly sports publication focusing on football club Ajax Amsterdam The Legend of 1900, aka La leggenda del pianista sull'oceano, a 1998 film The ICL / ICT computers, ICT 1900 series The Beechcraft 1900 aircraft The electric multiple unit rolling stock of MTR Hong Kong, SP1900 A Premium-rate telephone number (1-900) +1901 may also refer to: +1901 BC, a year in the 20th century BC 1901 (number), a number 1901 (song), a song by Phoenix 1901 (novel), a novel by Robert Conroy +1906 may also refer to: +1906 (novel), a 2004 novel by James Dalessandro based on his 1998 screenplay about the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake 1906 (film), an film to be directed by Brad Bird, based on the 1998 screenplay by James Dalessandro 1906 (album), a 1906 album by Bambata +1918 may also refer to: +1918 (1957 film), a Finnish war film 1918 (1985 film), an American drama film +1941 may refer to: +The year 1941 1941 (film), a 1979 period comedy film by Steven Spielberg 1941: Counter Attack, a 1990 video game 1941 (EP), a 2001 EP by Soul-Junk "1941", a song from the 1967 album Pandemonium Shadow Show by Harry Nillson +1942 may refer to: +1942, the year 1942 (video game), video game made by Capcom 1942: Joint Strike, downloadable game for Xbox Live Arcade & PlayStation Network 1942: A Love Story, 1994 Hindi movie 1942 (EP), a 2001 EP release from Soul-Junk 1942 the 1942.net, an Amateur Radio Network group in UK 1942 (novel), an alternate history novel written by Robert Conroy Battlefield 1942, video game made by EA Back to 1942, 2012 Chinese film +1944 may also refer to: +1944 (film), a 2015 Estonian film 1944 (2016 film), a 2016 Indian Kannada film 1944 (EP), an EP by Soul-Junk "1944" (song), a song performed by Jamala +1945 was a year in the 20th century that saw the end of World War II. 1945 may also refer to: +1945 (Gingrich and Forstchen novel), a 1995 novel by Newt Gingrich and William Fortschen 1945 (Conroy novel), a 2007 novel by Robert Conroy 1945 (EP), a 1994 EP by Soul-Junk 1945, an upcoming Telugu bilingual film featuring Rana Daggubati and Regina Cassandra. +1952 may also refer to: +1952 (album), a 1995 album by Soul-Junk 1952: Ivan i Aleksandra, original title of Bulgarian film Ivan and Alexandra 1952 Hesburgh, an asteroid 1952 TM, alternative name for 14 Irene, an asteroid 1952 BC, a year in the 20th century BC +1958 may also refer to: +1958 (album) by Soul-Junk 2003 1958 Miles, album by Miles Davis 1958 1958, album by John Coltrane 1993 "1958", song by the New Jordal Swingers Norway 1980 "1958", song by A Day to Remember (band) +1959 may refer to: +The year 1959 1959 (album), by Lee Kernaghan "1959" (Patti Smith song) "1959" (John Anderson song) "1959", a song by The Sisters of Mercy from the album Floodland 1959: The Year Everything Changed, a book by Fred Kaplan +1961 may refer to: +The year 1961 1961 (album), an album by Canadian electronic musician Aaron Funk "1961" (Heroes), an episode of the NBC TV series Heroes +1963 may refer to: +The year 1963 "1963" (song), a song by New Order "1963", a song on the album Happenstance by Rachael Yamagata 1963 (comics), a 1993 comic book limited series +1964 may refer to: +The year 1964 1964 (emulator), a Nintendo 64 emulator "1964" (song), a Maltese song 1964 the Tribute, a Beatles tribute band 1964 (film) +1969 may also refer to: +"1969", a song from The Stooges' 1969 album, The Stooges 1969 (Gábor Szabó album), 1969 1969 (Julie Driscoll album), 1971 1969: The Velvet Underground Live, a 1974 live album by The Velvet Underground 1969 (film), a 1988 drama film "1969", a song from Keith Stegall's 1996 album, Passages "1969" (Stargate SG-1), a second-season episode of the TV series Stargate SG-1 "1969", a song from Boards of Canada's 2002 album, Geogaddi 1969: The Year Everything Changed, a 2009 narrative history book by Rob Kirkpatrick 1969 (Pink Martini album), 2011 1969 (EP), an EP by Steel Train +1970 may also refer to: +"1970" (Boris song) "1970" (The Stooges song), also known as "I Feel Alright" MCMLXX (album) an album by Ray Bryant +1971 may refer to the following films: +1971 (2007 film), a 2007 Indian film directed by Amrit Sagar 1971 (2014 film), a 2014 American film about the break-in of an FBI office in Media, Pennsylvania in 1971 '71 (film), a 2014 British film +1973 may refer to: +The year 1973 1973 (film), a 1998 TV film starring Ben Foster "1973" (song), by James Blunt United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 +1977 may also refer to: +1977 (Ana Tijoux album), the fifth studio album by Latin hip hop artist Ana Tijoux 1977 (Ash album), the first official album by Ash 1977 (film), a Tamil language film released in 2009 "1977" (song), a song by the English punk rock band The Clash Terius Nash: 1977, an album by American R&B recording artist The-Dream +1979 may also refer to: +"1979" (song), 1996 The Smashing Pumpkins song 1979 (novel), 2001 Christian Kracht novel +1980 may also refer to: +1980 (Brats album), the 1980 debut album of Danish band Brats 1980 (Gil Scott-Heron and Brian Jackson album), 1980 album by Gil Scott-Heron and Brian Jackson +"1980" (song), 2003 song by Estelle from The 18th Day "1980", a 1979 song by Herb Alpert from Rise "1980", a 1979 song by Gil Scott-Heron from the album 1980 "1980", 2008 song by O.S.T.R. from Ja tu tylko sprzątam "1980" (Pascal Obispo song), 2006 song by Pascal Obispo "1980", a 2007 song by Dirt Nasty from Dirt Nasty +1981 may also refer to: +1981 (film), a 2009 film by Ricardo Trogi "1981" (song), a song by Gyroscope H.R. 1981, the Protecting Children from Internet Pornographers Act of 2011 +1983 may also refer to: +1983 (album), a 2006 album by Flying Lotus "1983", a 2010 album by Sophie Hunger "1983" (song), a song by Neon Trees 1983 (film), an Indian film by Abrid Shine "1983... +(A Merman I Should Turn to Be)", a song by The Jimi Hendrix Experience Civil Rights Act of 1871, later amended and placed in U.S. Code as Section 1983 +1985 may also refer to: +MCMLXXXV, an album by Rufio 1985 (album), by Enuff Z'nuff +1987 may also refer to: +1987 (number), the natural number following 1986 and preceding 1988 1987 (What the Fuck Is Going On?), an album by the Justified Ancients of Mu Mu 1987 (Fibes, Oh Fibes! album), 2009 1987 (Naser Mestarihi album), the full-length debut of Qatar-based rock musician Naser Mestarihi Whitesnake (album) or 1987, an album by Whitesnake "1987" (song), a song by Juan Campodónico "1987" (Robot Chicken episode) 1987 (film), a 2014 French-Canadian film Nineteen Eighty Seven, a 2005 album by Whitecross 1987 Kaplan, a main-belt asteroid discovered in 1952 1987 YA, a Mars-crossing asteroid discovered on December 18, 1987 SN 1987A, a supernova first seen in 1987 NGC 1987, a globular star cluster in the constellation Mensa +Notable predictions and known events +The interaction of the three main decadal solar cycles suggests an upcoming reduction in solar activity, with a low-energy period centered on 2020.[6] As suggested by John Maddox of Nature, this might mitigate the global warming (at least temporarily) in the 2010s and 2020s.[7] Assuming that the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation runs through a 70-year quasi-cycle (after peaks in 1880 and 1950), its current warm phase is likely to reach its peak.[8][9] The ESA (Europe),[10] CNSA (China),[11] FKA (Russia),[12] and ISRO (India)[13] each plan to send a manned mission to the Moon. According to a 2008 report released by the National Intelligence Council, the United States will experience the relative decline of its economic and military power, driven both by the rise of new behemoths such as China, India, and the EU and by domestic constraints on its global leadership.[14] Voyager 2 is expected to stop transmitting back to Earth in the 2020s.[15] In 2008, futurist Ray Kurzweil put 2029 as the year most likely for a breakthrough in Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). He expects that around this time, computers will reach human intelligence levels, and shortly thereafter surpass the capabilities of the human brain.[16] In 2008, Intel predicted that the performance of supercomputers will reach zettaflops scale by 2029.[17] Near-Earth asteroid 99942 Apophis will pass Earth within the orbits of geosynchronous communication satellites on Friday, April 13, 2029. +By the end of the 2020s, the world population is projected to surpass 8 billion people, half a billion more than 2020, representing a slowdown in growth from the decade of the 2010s, which is expected to see an increase in the world population by 700 million.[18] By the mid-2020s, India is projected to surpass China as the most populous country. +The Mars-Grunt sample return mission is proposed to launch in the mid-2020s. China's coal production will peak and then rapidly decline in the year 2027 (prediction in 2011).[19] +2020s +External links +Selected filmography +Hilde Körber (3 July 1906 – 31 May 1969) was an Austrian film actress who worked largely in the German Film Industry. +She appeared in 53 films between 1930 and 1964. +She was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary and died in Berlin, Germany. +Hilde Körber at the Internet Movie Database +External links +Selected filmography +Walter Ladengast (4 July 1899 – 3 July 1980) was an Austrian film actor. +He appeared in 72 films between 1928 and 1979. +He was born in Vienna, Austria and died in Munich, Germany. +Walter Ladengast at the Internet Movie Database +External links +References +Selected filmography +Mara Lane (born Dorothy Bolton; 1 August 1930) is a British-Austrian actress.[1] She appeared in more than thirty films from 1951 to 1965. +Year Title Role Notes 1962 The Old Testament 1958 Ooh... diese Ferien Peter Voss, Thief of Millions 1957 Love from Paris 1955 Le avventure di Giacomo Casanova Angela 1954 Susan Slept Here 1953 Decameron Nights 1952 Treasure Hunt +Mara Lane at the Internet Movie Database +External links +Selected filmography +Gerlinde Locker (born April 28, 1938 in Linz, Austria) is an Austrian actress. +Gerlinde Locker at the Internet Movie Database Hannelore Dietrich Agency Munich (German) +External links +Selected filmography +Lotte Lang (11 January 1900 – 13 February 1985) was an Austrian actress.[1] She appeared in more than 80 films and television shows between 1932 and 1979. +↑ "Lotte Lang". austria-lexikon. Retrieved 2012-11-06. +Lotte Lang at the Internet Movie Database +Bibliography +External links +References +Selected filmography +Trude Marlen (1912–2005) was an Austrian stage and film actress. +She was the second wife of Wolf Albach-Retty, and moved to Germany to live with him during the Nazi era where she was well-connected with the Nazi leadership. She appeared in lead roles in several German films of the 1930s such as Bachelor's Paradise (1939) although she remained primarily a theatre actress. She later recolated to Vienna and appeared in a number of Austrian films during the post-Second World War years such as Who Kisses Whom? (1947).[1] +Trude Marlen at the Internet Movie Database +Bibliography +External links +References +Selected filmography +Gerda Maurus (25 August 1903 – 31 July 1968) was an Austrian actress.[1] +Gerda Maurus at the Internet Movie Database +Gerda Maurus +External links +References +Selected filmography +Gunter Philipp (8 June 1918 – 2 October 2003) was an Austrian film actor, physician and swimmer.[1] +Gunther Philipp at the Internet Movie Database +Russia-1 Россия-1 Launched 13 May 1991 Network VGTRK Owned by Russian Government [1] Picture format 576i 4:3 (SDTV) 1080i 16:9 (HDTV) Country Russia Broadcast area Russia and Worldwide Headquarters Moscow, Russia [1] Formerly called 1965–1967: Program Three 1967–1971: Program Two 1972–1984: USSR Television All-Union Program Two 1984–1991: All-Union Channel 2 1991: Russian Television 1991–1997, 1998–2002: RTR 1997–1998: RTR1 2002–2010: Russia Sister channel(s) Russia-2 (closed), Carousel, Russia-K, Russia-24, Sport, RTR-Planeta Website http://russia.tv Availability Terrestrial Analogue Channel 3 (1965–1967) Channel 2 (Since 1967) Cable Natsionalnye Kabelnye Seti Channel 1 +Russia-1 (Russian: Россия-1) is a state-owned Russian television channel[1] founded in 1991. It belongs to the All-Russia State Television and Radio Company (VGTRK).[2] Russia Channel was previously known as RTR (Russian: РТР). Russia-1 has the second largest audience in Russian television. +In a typical week, it is viewed by 75% of urban Russians, compared to 83% for the leading channel, Channel One. The two channels are similar in their politics, and they compete directly in entertainment.[2] Russia-1 has many regional variations and broadcasts in many languages. +It is a declarative programming paradigm, which means programming is done with expressions[1] or declarations[2] instead of statements. In functional code, the output value of a function depends only on the arguments that are input to the function, so calling a function f twice with the same value for an argument x will produce the same result f(x) each time. Eliminating side effects, i.e. changes in state that do not depend on the function inputs, can make it much easier to understand and predict the behavior of a program, which is one of the key motivations for the development of functional programming. +1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Declaration vs. expression style - HaskellWiki". 1 2 "Declaration vs. expression style - HaskellWiki". 1 2 Hudak, Paul (September 1989). +"Conception, evolution, and application of functional programming languages" (PDF). +ACM Computing Surveys. +21 (3): 359–411. doi:10.1145/72551.72554. +1 2 Clinger, Will (1987). +"MultiTasking and MacScheme". MacTech. 3 (12). +Retrieved 2008-08-28. 1 2 Hartheimer, Anne (1987). "Programming a Text Editor in MacScheme+Toolsmith". +References +George Marshel Dennison (August 11, 1935 – January 3, 2017) was a University President of the University of Montana. +He served as such from 1990 to his retirement in 2010.[1] Dennison died from Non-Hodgkin lymphoma on January 3, 2017 at the age of 81.[2][3] +The Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation. Retrieved 2012-07-27. ↑ Szpaller, Keila (January 3, 2017). "Updated: University of Montana former President George Dennison dies". +Yaron Ben-Dov Personal information Full name Yaron Ben-Dov Date of birth (1970-01-11)11 January 1970 Place of birth Israel Date of death 6 January 2017(2017-01-06) (aged 46) Youth career 1981-1989 Maccabi Netanya[1] Senior career* Years Team Apps (Gls) 1989-1993 Maccabi Netanya 48 (2) 1993-1994 Hapoel Tel Aviv 31 (0) 1994-1997 Ironi Rishon LeZion 71 (0) Total 150 (2) National team 1992 Israel[2] 1 (0) * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only. +Yaron Ben-Dov (11 January 1970 – 6 January 2017) was an Israeli football player.[3] +Retrieved 2017-01-07. ↑ Yaron Ben-Dov at National-Football-Teams.com +References +Fredi Albrecht (born 23 June 1947 in Albrechts) is a German former wrestler who competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics and in the 1976 Summer Olympics.[1] +↑ "Olympics". sports-reference. Archived from the original on 12 November 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012. +References +Maik Baier is a German racing cyclist who represents Germany in BMX. He was selected to represent Germany at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the men's BMX event.[1] +2012 Summer Olympics. London2012.com. Retrieved August 6, 2012. +References +Gert Bender was a former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer from Germany. His best year was in 1979 when he finished the season in fifth place in the 125cc world championship.[1] +External links +References +Selected filmography +Walter Schmidinger (28 April 1933 – 28 September 2013)[1] was an Austrian actor. +↑ Schauspieler Walter Schmidinger gestorben (German) De icon +Walter Schmidinger at the Internet Movie Database Short Biography (German) +References +Monika Grimm (born 18 May 1940, Schönfels bei Zwickau) is a German pop singer and actress.[1] +Bibliography +External links +References +Selected filmography +Hans Caninenberg (1913–2008) was a German actor.[1] He was married to the actress Lola Müthel. +Hans Caninenberg at the Internet Movie Database +External links +References +Selected filmography +Änne Bruck (23 August 1907 – 13 December 1978) was a German actress.[1] She appeared in more than 45 films and television shows between 1936 and 1978. +↑ "Änne Bruck". Film Portal (in German). Retrieved 31 October 2016. +Änne Bruck at the Internet Movie Database +Bibliography +External links +References +Selected filmography +Erich Schellow (1915–1995) was a German stage, film and television actor.[1] +Erich Schellow at the Internet Movie Database +External links +Partial filmography +Christian Rub (April 13, 1886 – April 14, 1956) was known as a character actor from the late 1910s to the early 1950s, and was featured in more than 100 movies. +Christian Rub at the Internet Movie Database Christian Rub at the TCM Movie Database Christian Rub at the Internet Broadway Database +External links +References +Selected filmography +Helma Seitz (23 February 1913 – 11 July 1995) was a German actress.[1] She appeared in twenty-six films and television shows between 1962 and 1988. +↑ "Helma Seitz". Film Portal (in German). Retrieved 1 November 2016. +Helma Seitz at the Internet Movie Database +External links +References +Selected filmography +Ellen Schwiers (born 11 June 1930) is a German actress.[1] She has appeared in more than 100 films and television shows since 1949. +↑ "Ellen Schwiers". Film Portal (in German). Retrieved 26 October 2016. +Ellen Schwiers at the Internet Movie Database +External links +References +Yuko Ito (伊藤 裕子, Itō Yūko, born April 18, 1974) is a Japanese fashion model and actress.[1] She was born in Tokyo. +Nikkan Sports (in Japanese). 14 February 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2011. +Hori agency profile (Japanese) Official blog (Japanese) +Career +Death +Filmography +Films +References +Television +Budi Anduk (February 8, 1968 – January 11, 2016), born Budi Prihatin, was an Indonesian actor and comedian. +Budi began his career in television comedy program Ngelaba in 1996. +His name more widely known through his acting in the sitcom program Tawa Sutra. He has starred in two films, namely Tiren: Mati Kemaren and Tulalit. +Budi died of lung cancer in Dharmais Hospital, Jakarta, on 11 January 2016.[1] +External links +References +People's United Party 민중연합당 Minjungyeonhapdang Leader Son Sol Lee Gwang-seok Kang Seung-cheol Founded February 27, 2016 (2016-02-27) Preceded by United People's Politics Headquarters Hangeung Building, 29-28, Yeongdeungpo-dong 7-ga, Yeongdeungpo District, Seoul Membership (2016) 21,712[1] Political position Left-wing Colors Orange Website 99people.kr +People's United Party Hangul 민중연합당 Hanja 民衆聯合黨 Revised Romanization Minjung yeonhapdang McCune–Reischauer Minjung yŏnhaptang +The People's United Party is a left-wing political party in South Korea. +Official website (Korean) +The X-Men film series is an American series of superhero films based on the fictional superhero team of the same name, who originally appeared in a series of comic books created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby and published by Marvel Comics. +X-Men Official series logo. Produced by Lauren Shuler Donner Production companies 20th Century Fox Marvel Entertainment The Donners' Company Distributed by 20th Century Fox Country United States Language English Budget $1.261 billion (9 films) Box office $4.3 billion (9 films) +X-Men (film series) +↑ "Mazda commences production of all-new Mazda CX-3 at Rayong facility". insidemazda.co.uk. ↑ "Photos Mazda CX3 CX-3 I 2015 from article Mazda CX2-CX3". autoya.info. ↑ "Mazda CX-3 Racing concept revealed in Tokyo". ↑ "Mazda CX-3 racing concept revealed". ↑ "2016 Mazda CX-3 Release Date and Price". Blendcars. 2014-10-27. +Notes +External links +↑ Calculated from the corpus of Esperanto works at Project Gutenberg. +Esperanto-English Glossary "contains the 552 most frequent Esperanto words and morphemes" Lexique Espéranto-Français (Esperanto-French Glossary) (in French) "contient les 552 mots et morphèmes (racines) les plus fréquents en espéranto" Esperanto-English Glossary "a list of over 650 commonly used Esperanto root words" Esperanto keyboard layout for Microsoft Windows — (Qwerty version) Informilo por Interlingvistoj (2.23 Constantin Dominte (Bukarest/RO): Phonostatistical Remarks on Esperanto (E); 2.24 Ottó Haszpra (Budapest/HU): Frequency of Letters in Esperanto Texts (E) La "Baza Radikaro Oficiala" (BRO) The Official Basic Set of Roots (preamble in Esperanto and list of Esperanto words with English translations) Bazaj radikoj Esperanto-Esperanto (Basic Roots, Esperanto-Esperanto) AKADEMIO DE ESPERANTO, BAZA RADIKARO OFICIALA (Basic Roots) +This is a list of the 200 most frequently used words in Esperanto.[1] +# Esperanto English 1 la the 2 kaj and 3 de of, from 4 mi I, me 5 en in, into 6 al to, towards 7 ne no, not 8 li he 9 estas is 10 ke that +Personal life and death +Awards and honors +Partial filmography +Film +External links +Mike Connors at the Internet Movie Database +Mike Connors (born Krekor Ohanian; August 15, 1925 – January 26, 2017) was an American actor best known for playing detective Joe Mannix in the CBS television series, Mannix. Connors' acting career spanned six decades; in addition to his work on television, he appeared in numerous films. +Connors died in Tarzana, California, a week after being diagnosed with leukemia, at the age of 91.[5][11] +In 1969, Connors won a Golden Globe for his role as Joe Mannix on Mannix. +Death +Discography +Albums +Singles +References +External links +Jean-Michel Delpech (26 January 1946 – 2 January 2016), known as Michel Delpech, was a French singer-songwriter and actor. +Delpech died of throat cancer at a hospital in Puteaux, France on 2 January 2016 at the age of 69.[3] +Compilations +Live albums +Festival +Michel Delpech site on Universal Music France Michel Delpech at the Internet Movie Database +Barclay +References +External links +Selected filmography +↑ "French actor Michel Galabru passes away aged 93". RFI. Retrieved 2016-01-08. +Michel Galabru at the Internet Movie Database +Michel Louis Edmond Galabru (27 October 1922 – 4 January 2016) was a French actor.[1] +Year Title Role Notes 1948 La bataille du feu Extra - A firefighter Uncredited 1949 Dernière heure, édition spéciale 1951 Ma femme, ma vache et moi 1954 Les Lettres de mon moulin Baptistin 1958 Suivez-moi jeune homme Aristide Oranos 1959 Du rififi chez les femmes The Belgian firefighter 1960 Les Mordus Fred 1961 La Fayette The hostel warden 1962 War of the Buttons Bacaillé's father 1962 We Will Go to Deauville Monsieur Mercier, the boss 1964 Le Gendarme de Saint-Tropez Jérôme Gerber 1965 Angelica and the King Bontemps 1965 Gendarme in New York Jérôme Gerber 1966 Brigade antigangs Larmeno 1967 The Little Bather Scipion 1968 Le gendarme se marie Jérôme Gerber 1970 Le gendarme en balade Jérôme Gerber 1971 Jo Monsieur Tonelotti 1972 Le Viager Léon Gallipeau 1973 La dernière bourrée à Paris Jules Payrac 1973 Le Grand Bazar Émile 1974 Les Vacanciers Aloyse Frankensteinmuhl 1974 Y'a un os dans la moulinette Émile 1974 Section spéciale President Cournet 1974 No Pockets in a Shroud Thomas 1976 Le Trouble-fesses Eugène Lajoux 1973 The Judge and the Assassin Joseph Bouvier 1973 Group Portrait with a Lady Walter Pelzer 1977 The Cat Inspector Francisci 1977 Le beaujolais nouveau est arrivé The captain 1977 L'Amour en herbe Morel 1978 La Cage aux folles Simon Charrier 1979 Le gendarme et les extra-terrestres Jérôme Gerber 1979 Le Guignolo Achille Sureau 1979 Cop or Hood Commissioner Grimaud 1980 La Cage aux Folles II Simon Charrier 1980 L'Avare Maître Jacques 1980 Les sous-doués The Police Commissioner 1980 I'm Photogenic Del Giudice, the producer 1981 Le bahut va craquer The Principal 1982 Le gendarme et les gendarmettes Jérôme Gerber 1983 One Deadly Summer Gabriel, Eliane's father 1983 Papy fait de la résistance Jean-Robert Bourdelle, aka "Papy" 1983 Le braconnier de Dieu Hilaire 1984 Notre histoire Emile Pecqueur 1984 The Telephone Always Rings Twice Marraine 1985 Subway Inspector Gesberg 1985 La Cage aux Folles 3: The Wedding Simon Charrier 1985 Tranches de vie The farmer 1985 Le Facteur de Saint-Tropez Charles de Lespinasse 1986 Kamikaze Albert 1987 Keep Your Right Up The Admiral 1989 La Révolution française Maury, the clergyman 1990 Uranus Monglat 1992 Belle époque Danglard 1996 My Man A client of Marie 1998 Que la lumière soit Southern God 1999 Asterix & Obelix Take On Caesar Abraracourcix, the chieftain 2000 Les Acteurs The killed actor 2003 Raining Cats and Frogs Roger (voice) 2004 The Magic Roundabout Zabadie (voice) 2008 Bienvenue chez les Ch'tis Julie's grand uncle 2009 Neuilly sa mère! +Selected filmography +Bibliography +References +External links +Riva, Emmanuelle (1976). Juste derrière le sifflet des trains (in French). Paris: Éditions Saint-Germain-des-Prés. +Emmanuelle Riva at the Internet Movie Database Emmanuelle Riva at NewWaveFilm.com +Emmanuelle Riva (French pronunciation: ​[emanɥɛl ʁiva]; 24 February 1927 – 27 January 2017) was a French actress, best known for her roles in the films Hiroshima mon amour and Amour. +Emmanuelle Riva at Cannes 2012 +Riva died from cancer on 27 January 2017 in Paris at the age of 89.[4] +Yogi Ferrell No. 11 – Dallas Mavericks Position Point guard League NBA Personal information Born (1993-05-09) May 9, 1993 Greenfield, Indiana Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) Listed weight 180 lb (82 kg) Career information High school Park Tudor (Indianapolis, Indiana) College Indiana (2012–2016) NBA draft 2016 / Undrafted Playing career 2016–present Career history 2016 Brooklyn Nets 2016 →Long Island Nets 2016–2017 Long Island Nets 2017–present Dallas Mavericks Career highlights and awards Second-team All-American – SN (2016) Third-team All-American – AP, NABC (2016) 2× First-team All-Big Ten (2015, 2016) Second-team All-Big Ten (2014) Big Ten All-Defensive team (2016) Big Ten All-Freshman Team (2013) McDonald's All-American (2012) +↑ "Too young to be courted?" (PDF). Indianapolis Star. +April 28, 2005. +Retrieved November 29, 2011. ↑ "The Rivals150 2012 Prospect Rankings". +Rivals.com. +Retrieved November 29, 2011. ↑ "Scout.com College Basketball Team Recruiting Prospects". Scouthoops.scout.com. Retrieved November 29, 2011. ↑ "2012 College Basketball Recruiting Rankings - ESPNU 100". +Retrieved May 25, 2012. ↑ "Hoosier State provides Big Ten with talent". +Rivals.com. Retrieved November 29, 2011. ↑ "Indiana Preseason Positioner For 2011-2012". Rick Bolus' High Potential® Basketball Recruiting Service, Inc. +Retrieved December 6, 2011. ↑ "Meet the high school stars who plan to resurrect IU hoops". +ESPN.com. March 16, 2011. +Retrieved December 7, 2011. ↑ "Bluiett, Ferrell lead Park Tudor to 2A title". +Inside the Hall. March 26, 2011. Retrieved November 29, 2011. +1 2 Grimala, Mike (November 16, 2011). "Meet the high school stars who plan to resurrect IU hoops". +Plant +Conventions +Number of digits +Flight numbers on a split-flap display (Frankfurt airport) +A flight number, when combined with the name of the airline and the date, identifies a particular flight. This callsign should not be confused with the tail number of the aircraft, although both can be used as a call-sign as used in general aviation. A particular aircraft may fly several different flights in one day, and different aircraft may be used for the same flight number on successive days. +Other airlines will use an odd number for an outbound flight and use the next even number for the reverse inbound flight. For destinations served by multiple flights per day, numbers tend to increase during the day. Hence, a flight from point A to point B might be flight 101 and the return flight from B to A would be 102, while the next pair of flights on the same route would usually be assigned codes 103 and 104. +For example, British Airways flight 1 was the early morning supersonic Concorde service from London to New York City and is now a premium business-class only flight between the same cities; Air New Zealand flight 1 is the daily service from London to Auckland via Los Angeles; Qantas flight 1 is the daily Kangaroo Route from Sydney via Dubai to London. American Airlines Flight 1 is the daily flight from New York to Los Angeles; and El Al flight 1 is the daily overnight service from Tel Aviv to New York City. Four-digit numbers in the range 3000 to 5999 typically represent regional affiliate flights, while numbers larger than 6000 are generally codeshare numbers for flights operated by different airlines or even railways. +Likewise, flight numbers larger than 9000 are usually referred to as ferry flights, that carry no passengers and are used to designate aircraft being repositioned to or from a maintenance base or from one air travel market to another, where it is supposed to start a new commercial flight. Flight numbers starting with 8 are often used for charter flights, but it always depends on the commercial carrier's choice. +↑ "EgyptAir Retires Flight Number MS804 Following Crash of Paris-Cairo Flight". albawabaeg.com. Retrieved 8 June 2016. ↑ https://community.southwest.com/t5/Southwest-Stories/The-Science-behind-Flight-Numbers/ba-p/42760 +Flight number +Distribution +References +Description +Neopalpa donaldtrumpi is a moth species of the genus Neopalpa occurring in Southern California and Northern Mexico. It was described in 2017 by Canadian scientist Vazrick Nazari.[1] He chose the name because the moth's head cover reminded him of the hair of then President-elect Donald Trump. +Head of N. donaldtrumpi +While the closely related N. neonata occurs throughout much of California, Baja California and Northwest Mexico, specimens of N. donaldtrumpi so far has only been found in the Northern half of Baja California and Riverside and Imperial counties in Southern California.[4] +List of organisms named after famous people List of things named after Donald Trump +Neopalpa donaldtrumpi Adult male specimen Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Family: Gelechiidae Genus: Neopalpa Species: N. donaldtrumpi Binomial name Neopalpa donaldtrumpi Nazari, 2017 Distribution of N. donaldtrumpi (yellow triangles) +The genus Neopalpa, including the species Neopalpa neonata, was first described in 1998 by Dalibor Povolný.[2] Almost two decades later, Nazari reviewed the material, including specimens that had been collected since the first description of the genus, from the Bohart Entomology Museum.[3] He considered that some of the specimens formed a new species. He named it Neopalpa donaldtrumpi for the yellowish-white color of the scales on the head, which reminded him of Donald Trump's hairstyle.[4][5] +Hindwings are pale buff, with dark fringes. The wings have similar coloration for both males and females. Its antennae are about two-thirds of its wingspan and its head is covered with yellowish white scales, which inspired the moth's name.[4][5] Compared with N. neonata, the other species in the genus, N. donaldtrumpi male genitalia structures are smaller and female genitalia possess very few small setae.[4] +The New Yorker. Retrieved 23 January 2017. The genus belongs to a wider family, Gelechiidae, the twirler moths, so called for their habit of spinning in circles on the surface of leaves. ↑ "Research: Recently described moth named in honour of new U.S. president". +See also +References +History +Packaged muesli +Fresh muesli +Muesli (/ˈmjuːzli/ or /ˈmuːzli/; Swiss German: Müesli [ˈmyəsli], non-Swiss Standard German: Müsli [ˈmyːsliː]) is a breakfast and brunch[1] dish based on raw rolled oats and other ingredients including grains, fresh or dried fruits, seeds and nuts, and may be mixed with cow's milk, soy milk, almond milk, other forms of plant milk, yogurt or fruit juice. +Developed around 1900 by Swiss physician Maximilian Bircher-Benner for patients in his hospital,[2] muesli is available in a packaged dry form, ready made, or freshly made. +In Switzerland and Germany it is also eaten as a light evening dish; Birchermüesli complet is muesli with butterbrot and coffee with milk. +Dry muesli mix, served with milk and bananas +Muesli was introduced around 1900 by the Swiss physician Maximilian Bircher-Benner for patients in his hospital,[2] where a diet rich in fresh fruit and vegetables was an essential part of therapy. It was inspired by a similar "strange dish" that he and his wife had been served on a hike in the Swiss Alps. +Bircher-Benner himself referred to the dish simply as "d'Spys" (Swiss German for "the dish", in German "die Speise"). Muesli in its modern form became popular in Western countries starting in the 1960s as part of increased interest in health food and vegetarian diets. The original Bircher muesli was soaked overnight with water and lemon juice, and then eaten with yoghurt. +Raw, packaged muesli ingredients +This dry packaged muesli can store for many months and served quickly after mixing with milk, filmjölk, yogurt, coffee, hot chocolate, fruit juice, or water. If desired, pieces of fresh fruit may be added. Alternatively, the mix may be soaked overnight in milk and then served with fresh fruit or compote to taste. +Fresh muesli, made using rolled oats, orange juice, blended apple and banana, redcurrants, raisins and cottage cheese, topped with raspberries. +Muesli can also be freshly prepared using either dry rolled oats or whole grain oats that have been soaked in water or fruit juice. Other common ingredients are additional grated or chopped fresh fruit (e.g., bananas, apples, berries, grapes, mango), dried fruit, milk products (e.g., fresh milk, yogurt, cream, condensed milk, fromage frais, quark, cottage cheese, or nondairy milk substitutes), lemon juice, ground nuts, seeds, spices (especially cinnamon), honey and muesli mix. +Granola, a breakfast and snack food similar to muesli Muesli belt malnutrition Porridge, a hot dish made with oats +↑ Planet, L. (2 March 2015), The World's Best Brunches: Where to Find Them and How to Make Them, Lonely Planet Publications, p. 294, ISBN 978-1-74360-881-4 – via Google books Citation author surname Planet author given name L. title of source The World's Best Brunches: Where to Find Them and How to Make Them date of source 2 March 2015 url of source https://books.google.com/books?id=E1XZBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA294 page 294 publisher Lonely Planet Publications isbn 978-1-74360-881-4 ISBN 978-1-74360-881-4 1 2 Kurmann, Joseph A.; Rasic, Jeremija L.; Kroger, Manfred (1992), "Bircher Muesli", Encyclopedia of Fermented Fresh Milk Products: An International Inventory of Fermented Milk, Cream, Buttermilk, Whey, and Related Products (1 ed.), Springer Verlag, p. 75, ISBN 978-0-442-00869-7 1 2 M. Bircher-Benner & Max E. Bircher (1985), "IV A. Raw Food Porridge (Bircher Müesli)", Fruit Dishes and Raw Vegetables, Translated by Reginald Snell, Health Research Books, pp. 19–20, ISBN 0787314110 – via Google books CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) +Legacy +See also +Biography +Nutrition +Criticism +Maximilian Oskar Bircher-Benner, M.D. +(August 22, 1867 – January 24, 1939) was a Swiss physician and a pioneer nutritionist credited for popularizing muesli. +Maximilian Oskar Bircher-Benner was born on August 22, 1867 in Aarau, Switzerland to Heinrich Bircher and Berta Krüsi.[1] He attended the University of Zurich to study medicine, and later opened his own general clinic. +During the first year the clinic was open, Bircher-Benner came down with jaundice, and he claimed he became well again by eating raw apples. From this observation, he experimented with the health effects raw foods have on the body, and from this he promoted muesli, a dish based on raw oats, fruits, and nuts.[2] Bircher-Benner expanded on his nutritional research and opened a sanatorium called "Vital Force" in 1897. He believed raw fruits and vegetables held the most nutritional value, cooked and commercially processed foods held even less, and meat held the least nutritional value. +Eventually, Bircher-Benner gave up meat entirely. Other scientists of the time did not respond well to what Bircher-Benner referred to as his "new food science," but the general public caught on to his ideas to the point where he had to expand his sanatorium practice.[3][4] His nutritional habits and eating patterns steadily grew in popularity until he died on January 24, 1939 in Switzerland at the age of 71.[5] Bircher Benner authored a book titled "Food Science for All".[6] +At his sanatorium in Zürich, a balanced diet of raw vegetables and fruit was used as a means to heal patients, contrary to the beliefs commonly held at the end of the 19th century.[2] Bircher-Benner believed raw foods were more nutritious because they contain direct energy from the sun.[7] He was among the first scientists in Europe to believe food could be used to keep the body healthy rather than simply satisfy hunger. He encouraged people of good health to eat approximately 50% raw foods on a daily basis, and for those with poor health to eat 100% raw foods. Bircher-Benner's sisters, Alice Bircher and Berta Brupbacher-Bircher, created many recipes using raw foods to help a diet of raw foods seem more appealing. +Each meal began with a small dish of muesli, developed by Dr. Bircher-Benner, followed by mostly raw vegetables and a dessert. Patients were not allowed to consume alcohol, coffee, chocolate, or tobacco while they were being treated. Bircher-Benner also recommended his patients to sun bathe, take cold showers, and use a medicinal bath developed by American physician John Harvey Kellogg.[10] His theory of life was based on harmony between people and nature, a key component of a German lifestyle reform movement, and the reason he named his clinic "Vital Force."[2] Some of his ideas originate from observing the daily life of shepherds in the Swiss Alps, who lived a simple and healthy life. +Bircher-Benner's ideas for nutrition were in opposition to the existing ideas of the time. Many of his ideas were backed up with observations rather than experiments and analysis. Because of this, Bircher-Benner was heavily critiqued and seldom respected as a nutritionist.[2] A review for one of his cookbooks states that the number of people capable of eating solely raw fruits and vegetables as Bircher-Benner encouraged is limited because humans are not meant to be herbivores.[11] Thomas Mann, a well-known novelist, visited the sanatorium and described it as a "health jail."[12] Despite disapproval from others, Bircher-Benner's ideas caught the public's eye and his sanatorium stayed in business. +Bircher-Benner's work was not recognized by other scientists until the discovery of vitamins in fruits and vegetables in the 1930s.[13] Shortly after his death, a second sanatorium was opened and named "People's Sanatorium for a Lifestyle Based on Nature," and was run according to Bircher-Benner's ideas. +In 1939, the Vital Force clinic was renamed the "Bircher-Benner Clinic" in his memory.[14] In the late 20th century, after closure of the sanatorium, it was briefly a student hostel. It has since been purchased by Zürich Financial Services, and is named the Zürich Development Center. It is used for executive training, and also houses an extensive private art collection. +Raw foodism +1 2 3 4 "Biography of Max Bircher-Benner - Zurich Development Center". www.zurichdevelopmentcenter.com. Retrieved 2015-10-09. ↑ "Maximilian Oskar Bircher-Benner". CooksInfo.com. +Retrieved 2015-10-09. ↑ Notes on Books. The British Medical Journal. 1925-01-26. p. 157. ↑ "Dr. M. Bircher-Benner". +The British Medical Journal. +1939-02-11. |access-date= requires |url= (help) ↑ Champat Rai Jain (1934). Jainism and World Problems. p. 192. ↑ Thuringer, Joseph M. (1927-09-01). Books Abroad. +Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma. p. 44. ↑ "Dr. M. Bircher-Benner". +The British Medical Journal. 1939-02-11. |access-date= requires |url= (help) ↑ "Maximilian Oskar Bircher-Benner". CooksInfo.com. +Retrieved 2015-10-09. ↑ "Maximilian Oskar Bircher-Benner". CooksInfo.com. Retrieved 2015-10-09. ↑ "Notes on Books". +The British Medical Journal. 1935-01-26. |access-date= requires |url= (help) ↑ "Maximilian Oskar Bircher-Benner". CooksInfo.com. +Retrieved 2015-10-12. ↑ "Maximilian Oskar Bircher-Benner". CooksInfo.com. Retrieved 2015-10-09. ↑ "Biography of Max Bircher-Benner - Zurich Development Center". www.zurichdevelopmentcenter.com. +The Nissan Note (Japanese: 日産・ノート) is a mini multi-purpose vehicle (MPV) produced by the Japanese manufacturer Nissan since 2004. +See also +References +External links +Cosmology +Theology +The cosmos (UK /ˈkɒzmɒs/, US /ˈkɒzmoʊs/) is the universe regarded as a complex and orderly system; the opposite of chaos.[1] The philosopher Pythagoras used the term cosmos (Ancient Greek: κόσμος) for the order of the universe, but the term was not part of modern language until the 19th century geographer and polymath, Alexander von Humboldt, resurrected the use of the word from the ancient Greek, assigned it to his multi-volume treatise, Kosmos, which influenced modern and somewhat holistic perception of the universe as one interacting entity.[2][3] +The Ancient and Medieval cosmos as depicted in Peter Apian's Cosmographia (Antwerp, 1539). +Cosmology is the study of the cosmos in several of the above meanings, depending on context. All cosmologies have in common an attempt to understand the implicit order within the whole of being. In this way, most religions and philosophical systems have a cosmology. +Cosmology is a branch of metaphysics that deals with the nature of the universe, a theory or doctrine describing the natural order of the universe.[4] The basic definition of Cosmology is the science of the origin and development of the universe. In modern astronomy the Big Bang theory is the dominant postulation. +In physical cosmology, the term cosmos is often used in a technical way, referring to a particular spacetime continuum within the (postulated) multiverse. Our particular cosmos, the observable universe, is generally capitalized as the Cosmos. +According to Charles Peter Mason in Sir William Smith Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1870, see book screenshot for full quote), Pythagoreans described the universe.[5] +Excerpt from Philolaus Pythagoras book, (Charles Peter Mason, 1870) +It appears, in fact, from this, as well as from the extant fragments, that the first book (from Philolaus) of the work contained a general account of the origin and arrangement of the universe. The second book appears to have been an exposition of the nature of numbers, which in the Pythagorean theory are the essence and source of all things. (p. 305) +In theology, the cosmos is the created heavenly bodies (sun, moon, planets, and fixed stars). In Christian theology, the word is also used synonymously with aion[6] to refer to "worldly life" or "this world" or "this age" as opposed to the afterlife or World to Come. +The 1870 book Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology noted[5] +1 2 Sir William Smith (1870). Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. p. 305. ↑ "Concerning Aion and Aionios". Saviour of All Fellowship. +Retrieved 22 April 2014. ↑ Aristotle; Ross, W. D. +(William David), 1877; Smith, J. A. +(John Alexander), 1863-1939 (1908). +The works of Aristotle. p. 80. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) ↑ Bertrand Russel (1947). +Cosmos +Cosmos – an Illustrated Dimensional Journey from microcosmos to macrocosmos – from Digital Nature Agency JPL Spitzer telescope photos of macrocosmos Macrocosm and Microcosm, in Dictionary of the History of Ideas Encyclopedia of Cosmos This is in Japanese. +BNK48 (short for Bangkok48) is a Thai Idol Group and the 5th international sister group of AKB48. The 1st generation members were announced on February 12, 2017. +Year Program Channal Member Note 2017 Let's Go TOKYO" by Tokyo Metro Workpoint TV Pun, Jaa Guests SNAP project season 2 Nation TV Maysa, Orn Okinawa Spacial +Official website +BNK48 (BANGKOK48) Origin Bangkok, Thailand Genres T-pop J-pop Pop Years active 2017–present Labels Ignite Records Associated acts AKB48 SKE48 NMB48 HKT48 JKT48 NGT48 STU48 TPE48 MNL48 +Advantages +Disadvantages +Prevalence +See also +References +History +Effects +Coitus interruptus, also known as the rejected sexual intercourse, withdrawal or pull-out method, is a method of birth control in which a man, during sexual intercourse, withdraws his penis from a woman's vagina prior to orgasm (and ejaculation), and then directs his ejaculate (semen) away from the vagina in an effort to avoid insemination. +This method of contraception, widely used for at least two millennia, is still in use today. +This method was used by an estimated 38 million couples worldwide in 1991.[2] Coitus interruptus does not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs/STDs).[3] +Perhaps the oldest documentation of the use of the withdrawal method to avoid pregnancy is the story of Onan in the Torah. This text is believed to have been written down over 2,500 years ago.[4] Societies in the ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome preferred small families and are known to have practiced a variety of birth control methods.[5]:12,16–17 There are references that have led historians to believe withdrawal was sometimes used as birth control.[6] However, these societies viewed birth control as a woman's responsibility, and the only well-documented contraception methods were female-controlled devices (both possibly effective, such as pessaries, and ineffective, such as amulets).[5]:17,23 +After the decline of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, contraceptive practices fell out of use in Europe; the use of contraceptive pessaries, for example, is not documented again until the 15th century. If withdrawal was used during the Roman Empire, knowledge of the practice may have been lost during its decline.[5]:33,42 +From the 18th century until the development of modern methods, withdrawal was one of the most popular methods of birth-control in Europe, North America, and elsewhere.[6] +Like many methods of birth control, reliable effect is achieved only by correct and consistent use. Observed failure rates of withdrawal vary depending on the population being studied: studies have found actual failure rates of 15–28% per year.[7] In comparison, the pill has an actual use failure rate of 2–8%,[8] while the intrauterine device (IUD) has an actual use failure rate of 0.8%.[9] The condom has an actual use failure rate of 10–18%.[7] However, some authors suggest that actual effectiveness of withdrawal could be similar to effectiveness of condoms, and this area needs further research.[10] (see Comparison of birth control methods) +For couples that use coitus interruptus correctly at every act of intercourse, the failure rate is 4% per year. In comparison, the pill has a perfect-use failure rate of 0.3%, the I.U.D. a rate of 0.6%, and the condom a rate of 2%.[9] +It has been suggested that the pre-ejaculate ("Cowper's fluid") emitted by the penis prior to ejaculation normally contains spermatozoa (sperm cells), which would compromise the effectiveness of the method.[11][12] However, several small studies[13][14][15][16] have failed to find any viable sperm in the fluid. While no large conclusive studies have been done, it is believed by some that the cause of method (correct-use) failure is the pre-ejaculate fluid picking up sperm from a previous ejaculation.[17][18] For this reason, it is recommended that the male partner urinate between ejaculations, to clear the urethra of sperm, and wash any ejaculate from objects that might come near the woman's vulva (e.g. hands and penis).[18] +However, recent research suggests that this might not be accurate. A contrary, yet non-generalizable study that found mixed evidence, including individual cases of a high sperm concentration, was published in March 2011.[19] A noted limitation to these previous studies' findings is that pre-ejaculate samples were analyzed after the critical two-minute point. +That is, looking for motile sperm in small amounts of pre-ejaculate via microscope after two minutes – when the sample has most likely dried – makes examination and evaluation "extremely difficult."[19] Thus, in March 2011 a team of researchers assembled 27 male volunteers and analyzed their pre-ejaculate samples within two minutes after producing them. +The researchers found that 11 of the 27 men (41%) produced pre-ejaculatory samples that contained sperm, and 10 of these samples (37%) contained a "fair amount" of motile sperm (i.e. as few as 1 million to as many as 35 million).[19] This study therefore recommends, in order to minimise unintended pregnancy and disease transmission, the use of condom from the first moment of genital contact. As a point of reference, a study showed that, of couples who conceived within a year of trying, only 2.5% included a male partner with a total sperm count (per ejaculate) of 23 million sperm or less.[20] However, across a wide range of observed values, total sperm count (as with other identified semen and sperm characteristics) has weak power to predict which couples are at risk of pregnancy.[21] +It is widely believed that urinating after an ejaculation will flush the urethra of remaining sperm.[22] Therefore, some of the subjects in the March 2011 study who produced sperm in their pre-ejaculate did urinate (sometimes more than once) before producing their sample.[19] Therefore, some males can release the pre-ejaculate fluid containing sperm without a previous ejaculation. +The advantage of coitus interruptus is that it can be used by people who have objections to, or do not have access to, other forms of contraception. Some persons prefer it so they can avoid possible adverse effects of hormonal contraceptives or so that they can have a full experience and really be able to "feel" their partner.[23] Other reasons for the popularity of this method are it has no direct monetary cost, requires no artificial devices, has no physical side effects, can be practiced without a prescription or medical consultation, and provides no barriers to stimulation. +Compared to the other common reversible methods of contraception such as IUDs, hormonal contraceptives and male condoms, coitus interruptus is less effective at preventing pregnancy.[9] As a result, it is also less cost-effective than many more effective methods: although the method itself has no direct cost, users have a greater chance of incurring the risks and expenses of either child-birth or abortion. Only models that assume all couples practice perfect use of the method find cost savings associated with the choice of withdrawal as a birth control method.[24] +The method is largely ineffective in the prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs/STDs), like HIV, since pre-ejaculate may carry viral particles or bacteria which may infect the partner if this fluid comes in contact with mucous membranes. However, a reduction in the volume of bodily fluids exchanged during intercourse may reduce the likelihood of disease transmission compared to using no method due to the smaller number of pathogens present.[15] +Based on data from surveys conducted during the late 1990s, 3% of women of childbearing age worldwide rely on withdrawal as their primary method of contraception. Regional popularity of the method varies widely, from a low of 1% in Africa to 16% in Western Asia.[26] +In the United States, studies have indicated 56% of women of reproductive age have had a partner use withdrawal. +In 2002, only 2.5% were using withdrawal as their primary method of contraception.[27] +Coitus reservatus Masturbation +In Hatcher, Robert A.; Trussell, James; Nelson, Anita L.; Cates, Willard Jr.; Kowal, Deborah; Policar, Michael S. (eds.). Contraceptive technology (20th revised ed.). New York: Ardent Media. pp. 779–863. +Table 26–1 = Table 3–2 Percentage of women experiencing an unintended pregnancy during the first year of typical use and the first year of perfect use of contraception, and the percentage continuing use at the end of the first year. United States. ↑ Rogow D, Horowitz S (1995). "Withdrawal: a review of the literature and an agenda for research". +PMID 7570764. , which cites: Population Action International (1991). "A Guide to Methods of Birth Control." Briefing Paper No. 25, Washington, D. C. ↑ Creatsas G (1993). +"Sexuality: sexual activity and contraception during adolescence". Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 5 (6): 774–83. doi:10.1097/00001703-199312000-00011. +1 2 Kippley, John; Sheila Kippley (1996). The Art of Natural Family Planning (4th addition ed.). Cincinnati, OH: The Couple to Couple League. p. 146. +ISBN 0-926412-13-2. , which cites: Guttmacher Institute (1992). "Choice of Contraceptives". The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics. +New York: Irvington Publishers. ISBN 0-8290-3171-5. ↑ Audet MC, Moreau M, Koltun WD, Waldbaum AS, Shangold G, Fisher AC, Creasy GW (2001). "Evaluation of contraceptive efficacy and cycle control of a transdermal contraceptive patch vs an oral contraceptive: a randomized controlled trial" (Slides of comparative efficacy]). +ISBN 0-9664902-6-6. ↑ Jones RK, Fennell J, Higgins JA, Blanchard K (June 2009). "Better than nothing or savvy risk-reduction practice? The importance of withdrawal" (PDF). +Retrieved 2009-07-15. ↑ Zukerman, Z.; Weiss, DB; Orvieto, R (April 2003). "Short Communication: Does Preejaculatory Penile Secretion Originating from Cowper's Gland Contain Sperm?". Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. +PMID 12762415. ↑ Free M, Alexander N (1976). "Male contraception without prescription. A reevaluation of the condom and coitus interruptus". +"An examination of the sperm content of human pre-ejaculatory fluid". [Unpublished]. ↑ "Withdrawal Method". Planned Parenthood. +Retrieved 2008-03-28. 1 2 Delvin, David (2005-01-17). "Coitus interruptus (Withdrawal method)". +Retrieved 2006-07-13. 1 2 3 4 Killick SR, Leary C, Trussell J, Guthrie KA (2011). "Sperm content of pre-ejaculatory fluid". +Human Fertility. 14 (1): 48–52. doi:10.3109/14647273.2010.520798. PMC 3564677. +PMID 21155689. ↑ Cooper, T.G.; Noonan, E.; von Eckaedstein, S.; Auger, J.; Baker, H.W.G.; Behre, H.M.; et al. (2010). "World Health Organisation reference values for human semen characteristics". +Human Reproduction Update. 16 (3): 231–245. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmp048. PMID 19934213. ↑ Slama, R.; Eustache, F.; et al. +"Time to pregnancy and semen parameters: a cross-sectional study among fertile couples from four European cities". Human Reproduction. 17 (2): 513. doi:10.1093/humrep/17.2.503. +Reproductive Health Matters. 13: 164–73. doi:10.1016/S0968-8080(05)25175-3. PMID 16035610. ↑ James Trusell; Leveque, JA; Koenig, JD; London, R; Borden, S; Henneberry, J; Laguardia, KD; Stewart, F; et al. +"The economic value of contraception: a comparison of 15 methods" (PDF). American Journal of Public Health. 85 (4): 494–503. doi:10.2105/AJPH.85.4.494. +PMID 7702112. ↑ Masters, W.H. & Johnson, V.E. (1970). Human sexual inadequacy. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ↑ "Family Planning Worldwide: 2002 Data Sheet" (PDF). +Retrieved 2006-09-14. ↑ Chandra, A; Martinez, GM; Mosher, WD; Abma, JC; Jones, J (2005). "Fertility, Family Planning, and Reproductive Health of U.S. Women: Data From the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth" (PDF). Vital and Health Statistics. +Filmography +Film +Awards and nominations +See also +Early life and education +Career +Theatre +Year Title Role Notes 2015 Wolf Hall Gregory Cromwell 6 episodes +Year Title Role Venue Notes 2008–2010 Billy Elliot the Musical Billy Elliot / Michael Victoria Palace Theatre 8 September 2008 – 29 May 2010 +Thomas Stanley "Tom" Holland (born 1 June 1996)[2] is an English actor and dancer. Holland is known for playing Spider-Man in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, the title role in Billy Elliot the Musical at the Victoria Palace Theatre, London, and for starring in the 2012 film The Impossible. +Holland was born in Kingston upon Thames, London,[3] to Nicola Elizabeth (née Frost), a photographer, and Dominic Holland, who is a comedian and author.[4][5] He has three brothers, twins Sam and Harry, three years younger, the latter of whom appears in the 2013 film Diana,[6] and Patrick, eight years younger.[4][7][8] His paternal grandparents were born on the Isle of Man and Ireland.[9] +Holland was educated at Donhead, a Roman Catholic preparatory school in Wimbledon in South west London,[10] followed by Wimbledon College, a voluntary aided Jesuit Roman Catholic comprehensive school (also in Wimbledon), up until December 2012. As of December 2012, he was attending The BRIT School for Performing Arts and Technology.[5] +Holland (center) performing at the fifth anniversary of Billy Elliot the Musical, 31 March 2010 +Holland began dancing at a hip hop class at Nifty Feet Dance School in Wimbledon. His potential was spotted by choreographer Lynne Page (who was an associate to Peter Darling, choreographer of Billy Elliot and Billy Elliot the Musical) when he performed with his dance school as part of the 2006 Richmond Dance Festival.[11] +After eight auditions and subsequent two years of training, on 28 June 2008, Holland made his West End debut in Billy Elliot the Musical as Michael, Billy's best friend.[12] He gave his first performance in the title role on 8 September 2008, receiving positive notices.[7][13] +In September 2008, Holland (together with co-star Tanner Pflueger) appeared on the news programme on channel FIVE and gave his first TV interview. The following year, he was featured on ITV1 show The Feel Good Factor.[14] At the launch show on 31 January he and two other Billy Elliots, Tanner Pflueger and Layton Williams, performed a version of Angry Dance from Billy Elliot the Musical, after which Holland was interviewed by host Myleene Klass. He trained five British schoolboys for a dance routine he front for the final The Feel Good Factor show on 28 March 2009.[15] +On 8 March 2010, to mark the fifth anniversary of Billy Elliot the Musical, four current Billy Elliots, including Holland, were invited to 10 Downing Street to meet the Prime Minister Gordon Brown.[16][17] Holland was chosen to be a lead at the fifth-anniversary show on 31 March 2010.[18] Holland had been appearing on a regular basis as Billy in Billy Elliot the Musical, rotating with three other performers,[19] until 29 May 2010, when he finished his running. +The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on 9 September 2012. It was released in Europe in October 2012 and in North America in December 2012. Holland was featured in Screen International's UK Stars of Tomorrow – 2012[21] and was among the newcomers chosen for the inaugural British Academy of Film and Television Arts Breakthrough Brits in 2013.[22] +Holland played Isaac in How I Live Now, released in the U.K. on 4 October 2013, and co-starred as Tom Nickerson in the film In the Heart of the Sea (2015), directed by Ron Howard.[23] Also in 2015, he appeared in BBC Two's TV series Wolf Hall, as Peer Gregory Cromwell. On 23 June 2015, it was announced that Holland had been cast as Spider-Man for Captain America: Civil War (released in 2016)[24], Spider-Man: Homecoming, set to be released on 7 July 2017,[25] and Avengers: Infinity War set to be released on May 4, 2018.[26] +As of December 2016, Holland is currently in negotiations to co-star as Todd Hewitt in the film adaptation of Patrick Ness's bestselling YA series Chaos Walking along with Daisy Ridley.[28] +Year Title Role Notes 2012 Arrietty Shō (voice) UK dub only 2012 The Impossible Lucas Bennett 2013 How I Live Now Isaac 2014 Locke Eddie (voice) 2015 In the Heart of the Sea Young Thomas Nickerson 2016 Captain America: Civil War Peter Parker / Spider-Man 2016 Edge of Winter Bradley Baker 2016 A Monster Calls The Monster Set stand-in only 2016 The Lost City of Z Jack Fawcett 2017 Spider-Man: Homecoming Peter Parker / Spider-Man Post-production 2017 Pilgrimage The Novice / Brother Diarmuid 2017 The Current War Samuel Insull Filming 2018 Avengers: Infinity War Peter Parker / Spider-Man +Cinema +Stage +Year Award Category Nominated work Result Ref. +2012 Critics' Choice Movie Awards Best Young Actor/Actress The Impossible Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Most Promising Performer Nominated [29] Goya Awards Best New Actor Nominated [30] National Board of Review Breakthrough Actor Won 2013 London Film Critics Circle Awards Young British Performer of the Year Won [31] Empire Award Best Newcomer Won [32] Young Artist Award Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film Won [33] 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie: Scene Stealer Captain America: Civil War Nominated [34] 2017 BAFTA Awards Rising Star Himself Won [35] +27 August 2009. ↑ "A Tale of four Billys: Tom Holland", valchess.livejournal.com, 28 August 2008. ↑ "The Feel Good Factor", tvthrong.co.uk; accessed 22 September 2014. ↑ "Thames Christian College schoolboys join Myleene Klass for The Feelgood Factor", thisislocallondon.co.uk, 5 March 2009. ↑ "Government launches £600,000 arts bursaries pilot", thestage.co.uk, 8 March 2010. ↑ "BILLY's Chapman, Holland, Gardner & Jackson-Keen Visit Prime Minister", BroadwayWorld.com, 8 March 2010 ↑ "Elton John 'blown away' by Billy Elliot fifth birthday" (video with John's interview and fragments of Holland's performance), BBC News, 1 April 2010. ↑ "Being Billy Elliot", NewsOnStage.co.uk, 29 March 2010. ↑ "First News interviews Arrietty's Tom Holland" First News, 5 August 2011 ↑ "UK Stars of Tomorrow", screendaily.com; accessed 23 June 2015. ↑ "BAFTA Breakthrough Brits 2013", bafta.org, 25 September 2013; accessed 22 September 2014. ↑ "Ron Howard Whaling Tale 'In The Heart Of The Sea' Casts Tom Holland", Deadline.com, 10 April 2013. ↑ Kit, Borys; Siegel, Tatiana (23 June 2015). "'Spider-Man' Finds Tom Holland to Star as New Web-Slinger". The Hollywood Reporter. +Archived from the original on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015. ↑ "Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios Find Their 'Spider-Man' Star and Director". +Marvel.com. 23 June 2015. +Retrieved 23 June 2015. ↑ "'Avengers: Infinity War' Featurette Shows Off First Footage From Set". The Hollywood Reporter. +Retrieved 2017-02-13. ↑ Kit, Borys (3 November 2015). "Anne Hathaway, Keanu Reeves, Daniel Radcliffe to Star in 'The Modern Ocean'". The Hollywood Reporter. +Retrieved 5 November 2015. ↑ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/tom-holland-talks-join-daisy-ridley-chaos-walking-950742. Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ Hanna, Beth (17 December 2012). "PTA's 'Master' Leads Chicago Film Critics Nominations, UPDATED: Houston and Indiana Critics Nominations". +IndieWire. +Retrieved 2 August 2013. ↑ "Nominaciones Goya 2013 Telecinco Cinema – ENG" (PDF). Mediaset.es. 8 January 2013. +Retrieved 3 February 2013. ↑ "33rd Critics' Circle Film Awards winners". +Retrieved 3 February 2013. ↑ Blackall, Luke (24 March 2013). +"Jameson Empire Film Awards: Martin Freeman wins best actor for performance in The Hobbit". The Independent. Retrieved 24 March 2013. ↑ "34th Annual Young Artist Awards". +YoungArtistAwards.org. +Retrieved 5 May 2013. ↑ "Teen Choice Awards 2016—Captain America: Civil War Leads Second Wave of Nominations". E! Online. +June 9, 2016. ↑ "BAFTA Film Award Nominations: 'La La Land' Leads Race". Variety. 10 January 2017. +Tom Holland Holland at the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con International promoting Spider-Man: Homecoming Born Thomas Stanley Holland[1] (1996-06-01) 1 June 1996 Kingston upon Thames, London, England, United Kingdom Nationality British Citizenship United Kingdom Occupation Actor, dancer Years active 2007–present +In November 2015, he joined the ensemble cast of Shane Carruth's third film, The Modern Ocean alongside Anne Hathaway, Keanu Reeves, Daniel Radcliffe, Chloë Grace Moretz, Asa Butterfield, Jeff Goldblum and Abraham Attah.[27] +Birth +Life +Death +References +External links +Dolly Dolly's taxidermied remains Other name(s) 6LLS (code name) Species Domestic sheep, Finn-Dorset Sex Female Born 5 July 1996 Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland Died 14 February 2003 (aged 6) Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland Resting place National Museum of Scotland (remains on display). +Nation from United Kingdom (Great Britain) Known for First mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell Offspring Six lambs (Bonnie; twins Sally and Rosie; triplets Lucy, Darcy and Cotton) Named after Dolly Parton[1] Cause of death Lung disease and severe arthritis +Dolly (5 July 1996 – 14 February 2003) was a female domestic sheep, and the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer.[2][3] She was cloned by Ian Wilmut, Keith Campbell and colleagues at the Roslin Institute, part of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, and the biotechnology company PPL Therapeutics, based near Edinburgh. +The funding for Dolly's cloning was provided by PPL Therapeutics and the UK's Ministry of Agriculture.[4] She was born on 5 July 1996 and died from a progressive lung disease five months before her seventh birthday.[5] She has been called "the world's most famous sheep" by sources including BBC News and Scientific American.[6][7] +The cell used as the donor for the cloning of Dolly was taken from a mammary gland, and the production of a healthy clone therefore proved that a cell taken from a specific part of the body could recreate a whole individual. On Dolly's name, Wilmut stated "Dolly is derived from a mammary gland cell and we couldn't think of a more impressive pair of glands than Dolly Parton's".[1] +Dolly was born on 5 July 1996 and had three mothers (one provided the egg, another the DNA and a third carried the cloned embryo to term).[8] She was created using the technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer, where the cell nucleus from an adult cell is transferred into an unfertilized oocyte (developing egg cell) that has had its cell nucleus removed. +The hybrid cell is then stimulated to divide by an electric shock, and when it develops into a blastocyst it is implanted in a surrogate mother.[9] Dolly was the first clone produced from a cell taken from an adult mammal. The production of Dolly showed that genes in the nucleus of such a mature differentiated somatic cell are still capable of reverting to an embryonic totipotent state, creating a cell that can then go on to develop into any part of an animal.[10] Dolly's existence was announced to the public on 22 February 1997.[1] It gained much attention in the media. A commercial with Scottish scientists playing with sheep was aired on TV, and a special report in TIME Magazine featured Dolly the sheep.[4] Science featured Dolly as the breakthrough of the year. +Even though Dolly was not the first animal cloned, she received media attention because she was the first cloned from an adult cell.[11] +Dolly lived her entire life at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh. There she was bred with a Welsh Mountain ram and produced six lambs in total. +Her first lamb, named Bonnie, was born in April 1998.[5] The next year Dolly produced twin lambs Sally and Rosie, and she gave birth to triplets Lucy, Darcy and Cotton in the year after that.[12] In late 2001, at the age of four, Dolly developed arthritis and began to walk stiffly. This was treated with anti-inflammatory drugs.[13] +On 14 February 2003, Dolly was euthanised because she had a progressive lung disease and severe arthritis.[14] A Finn Dorset such as Dolly has a life expectancy of around 11 to 12 years, but Dolly lived 6.5 years. A post-mortem examination showed she had a form of lung cancer called ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma, also known as Jaagsiekte,[15] which is a fairly common disease of sheep and is caused by the retrovirus JSRV.[16] Roslin scientists stated that they did not think there was a connection with Dolly being a clone, and that other sheep in the same flock had died of the same disease.[14] Such lung diseases are a particular danger for sheep kept indoors, and Dolly had to sleep inside for security reasons. +Some in the press speculated that a contributing factor to Dolly's death was that she could have been born with a genetic age of six years, the same age as the sheep from which she was cloned.[17] One basis for this idea was the finding that Dolly's telomeres were short, which is typically a result of the aging process.[18][19] The Roslin Institute stated that intensive health screening did not reveal any abnormalities in Dolly that could have come from advanced aging.[17] +In 2016 scientists reported no defects in thirteen cloned sheep, including four from the same cell line as Dolly. The first study to review the long-term health outcomes of cloning, the authors found no evidence of late-onset, non-communicable diseases other than some minor examples of osteoarthritis and concluded "We could find no evidence, therefore, of a detrimental long-term effect of cloning by SCNT on the health of aged offspring among our cohort."[20][21] +13 (6): 209–210. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00148-9. PMID 12646139. ↑ Campbell KH; McWhir J; Ritchie WA; Wilmut I (1996). "Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line". +Nature. 380 (6569): 64–6. Bibcode:1996Natur.380...64C. doi:10.1038/380064a0. +PMID 8598906. ↑ Niemann H; Tian XC; King WA; Lee RS (February 2008). "Epigenetic reprogramming in embryonic and foetal development upon somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning". Reproduction. +PMID 18239046. ↑ McKinnell, Robert G.; Di Berardino, Marie A. (November 1999). "The Biology of Cloning: History and Rationale". +JSTOR 1313647. ↑ Dolly's family. Roslin Institute, UK ↑ Dolly's arthritis. Roslin Institute, Accessed 21 February 2008 1 2 Dolly's final illness Archived 27 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine. +Roslin Institute, Accessed 21 February 2008 Cached version ↑ Bridget M. Kuehn Goodbye, Dolly; first cloned sheep dies at six years old Archived 4 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine. American Veterinary Medical Association, 15 April 2003 ↑ Palmarini M (2007). "A Veterinary Twist on Pathogen Biology". +Roslin Institute, Accessed 4 April 2010 ↑ Shiels PG; Kind AJ; Campbell KH; et al. (1999). "Analysis of telomere length in Dolly, a sheep derived by nuclear transfer". +PMID 10360570. ↑ Sinclair, K. D.; Corr, S. A.; Gutierrez, C. G.; Fisher, P. A.; Lee, J.-H.; Rathbone, A. J.; Choi, I.; Campbell, K. H. S.; Gardner, D. S. (26 July 2016). "Healthy ageing of cloned sheep". Nature Communications. p. 12359. doi:10.1038/ncomms12359. ↑ Klein, Joanna (26 July 2016). +Nature Biotechnology. 18 (4): 365. doi:10.1038/74335. 1 2 Shukman, David (14 January 2014) China cloning on an 'industrial scale' BBC News, Retrieved 14 January 2014 ↑ "Texas A&M scientists clone world's first deer". +Retrieved 1 February 2009. ↑ Jabr, Ferris (11 March 2013) Will Cloning Ever Save Endangered Animals? Scientific American, Retrieved 15 January 2014 ↑ "Clones da ovelha Dolly envelheceram com boa saúde, diz estudo" (in Portuguese). Rede Globo. +TRAPPIST-1, also known as 2MASS J23062928-0502285,[6] is an ultra-cool dwarf star[4][7] located 39 light-years (12 parsecs; 370 petametres) away from Earth in the constellation Aquarius.[8] +A team of astronomers headed by Michaël Gillon of the Institut d’Astrophysique et Géophysique at the University of Liège[9] in Belgium used the TRAPPIST (Transiting Planets and Planetesimals Small Telescope) telescope at the La Silla Observatory in the Atacama Desert, Chile,[10] to observe the star and search for orbiting planets. By utilising transit photometry, they discovered three Earth-sized planets orbiting the dwarf star; the innermost two are tidally locked to their host star while the outermost appears to lie either within the system's habitable zone or just outside of it.[7][11] The team made their observations from September to December 2015 and published its findings in the May 2016 issue of the journal Nature.[10][12] +On 22 February 2017, astronomers announced four additional exoplanets around TRAPPIST-1. This brought the total number of planets orbiting the star to seven, of which at least three, and possibly all, are in its habitable zone.[13][14] +TRAPPIST-1 +Parallaxes from CTIOPI: Final Results from the 1.5 m Telescope Program" (PDF). The Astronomical Journal. +The American Astronomical Society. +132 (3): 1234. Bibcode:2006AJ....132.1234C. doi:10.1086/505706. +1 2 3 4 5 Temperate Earth-sized planets transiting a nearby ultracool dwarf star] (pdf), European Southern Observatory Cite title of source Temperate Earth-sized planets transiting a nearby ultracool dwarf star] url of source http://www.eso.org/public/archives/releases/sciencepapers/eso1615/eso1615a.pdf publisher European Southern Observatory format pdf ↑ Viti, Serena; Jones,, Hugh R. A. (November 1999). "Gravity dependence at the bottom of the main sequence". +Astronomy and Astrophysics. 351: 1028–1035. Bibcode:1999A&A...351.1028V. +Retrieved 6 May 2016. ↑ "2MASS J23062928-0502285". 1 2 "Three Potentially Habitable Worlds Found Around Nearby Ultracool Dwarf Star - Currently the best place to search for life beyond the Solar System". +European Southern Observatory. +Retrieved 2016-05-02. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (22 February 2017). +"7 Earth-Size Planets Identified in Orbit Around a Dwarf Star". +New York Times. +Retrieved 22 February 2017. ↑ "AGO - Department of Astrophysics, Geophysics and Oceanography". +1 2 "Could these newly-discovered planets orbiting an ultracool dwarf host life?". The Guardian. 2 May 2016. ↑ "Three New Planets Are the Best Bets for Life". +Popular Mechanics. 2016-05-02. +Retrieved 2 May 2016. ↑ Gillon, Michaël; Jehin, Emmanuël; Lederer, Susan M.; Delrez, Laetitia; De Wit, Julien; Burdanov, Artem; Van Grootel, Valérie; Burgasser, Adam J.; Triaud, Amaury H. M. J.; Opitom, Cyrielle; Demory, Brice-Olivier; Sahu, Devendra K.; Bardalez Gagliuffi, Daniella; Magain, Pierre; Queloz, Didier (2016). +"Temperate Earth-sized planets transiting a nearby ultracool dwarf star". +Nature. 533 (7602): 221–224. doi:10.1038/nature17448. ↑ "Temperate Earth-Sized Planets Found in Extraordinarily Rich Planetary System TRAPPIST-1". SpaceRef. +22 February 2017. +Retrieved 11 February 2017. ↑ "NASA telescope reveals largest batch of Earth-size, habitable-zone planets around single star". Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System (Press release). +Retrieved 22 February 2017. ↑ Gramer, Robbie (22 February 2017). "News So Foreign It's Out of This World: Scientists Discover Seven New Potentially Habitable Planets". Foreign Policy. +Retrieved 23 February 2017. ↑ Hessman, F. V.; Dhillon, V. S.; Winget, D. E.; Schreiber, M. R.; Horne, K.; Marsh, T. R.; Guenther, E.; Schwope, A.; Heber, U. (2010). "On the naming convention used for multiple star systems and extrasolar planets". arXiv:1012.0707 [astro-ph.SR]. ↑ Fraser Cain (16 September 2008). "How Old is the Sun?". +References +Types of pessaries +Therapeutic pessaries +General side effects +A pessary is a medical device inserted into the vagina, either to provide structural support, or as a method of delivering medication.[1] +An assortment of pessaries +Different types of pessaries +Therapeutic pessaries are used to support the uterus, vagina, bladder, or rectum. Pessaries are a treatment option for pelvic organ prolapse.[2] A pessary is most commonly used to treat prolapse of the uterus. It is also used to treat stress urinary incontinence, a retroverted uterus, cystocele and rectocele. +Side effects that are shared among most different types of pessaries are risks of increased vaginal discharge, vaginal irritation, ulceration, bleeding, and dyspareunia (painful intercourse for the male or female). +↑ http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pessary?s=t ↑ American Urogynecologic Society (May 5, 2015), "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, American Urogynecologic Society, retrieved June 1, 2015 , which cites: * Culligan, PJ (April 2012). "Nonsurgical management of pelvic organ prolapse.". Obstetrics and gynecology. +Filmography +↑ "Instagram: Dove Cameron (official account)". August 18, 2014. Retrieved August 18, 2014. +So. I just wanted to take this time to explain my name I all of you lovelies, because I have seen that there is quite a bit of confusion. My birth name is Chloe. +But my daddy called me Dove/Dovey as a nickname since I was very small; just over a year old. +As some of you know, my father passed away a few years ago, right around the time I started acting. So, I decided to change it legally in honor of him, which gives me great joy every day that I was able to do something so lasting and permanent to pay homage to his memory. +But I still go by Chloe to some family members and Ryan. And some Starbucks employees. So Dove is not a stage name, it's actually a name that means a lot to me for many reasons. +I Love you all! 1 2 "Dove Cameron "Liv and Maddie Rooney"". +Disney Channel Medianet. +2013. +Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved July 9, 2013. ↑ Cameron, Dove [@DoveCameron] (December 27, 2013). +"Just wanted to set this straight: I see literally everywhere that my birthday is January 14. +It's January Fifteenth, my loves!" +(Tweet). Retrieved April 14, 2017 – via Twitter. ↑ Graser, Marc (March 7, 2013). "Disney Channel Puts Spotlight on Dove Cameron with Series, Movie (EXCLUSIVE)". +Variety. +Archived from the original on May 31, 2013. ↑ "This is Who I Am with Dove Cameron", YouTube; accessed August 19, 2014. ↑ Cameron, Dove. "To my loves like: 'thought u were born in Seattle not France!1' I was! I'm French, I speak French, & I grew up going there a lot. +Das all.💕". +Twitter. +Retrieved October 6, 2014. ↑ "5 Surprising Facts about Liv & Maddie's Dove Cameron profile". m-magazine.com. Retrieved August 25, 2014. ↑ "Current Obituaries". Cookfamilyfuneralhome.com. +Retrieved April 5, 2015. ↑ "Episode Title: (#01) "Twin-A-Rooney"". +The Futon Critic. +Retrieved July 5, 2013. ↑ "Disney Channel's New Family Comedy "Liv and Maddie" Premieres Sunday, September 15" (Press release). Disney Channel. July 16, 2013. +Retrieved July 17, 2013 – via The Futon Critic. ↑ "Teen Beach Movie" Rides Huge Ratings Wave With 8.4 Million Total Viewers" (Press release). +Disney Channel. July 20, 2013. +Retrieved August 25, 2014 – via The Futon Critic. ↑ Philiana Ng (January 13, 2014). +"Disney Channel Renews 'Liv and Maddie' (Exclusive)". +The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 13, 2014. ↑ Beck, John D. (September 12, 2014). +"Why haven't we got 21 episodes for season 2:(" we have 24.". Retrieved September 13, 2014. ↑ "iTunes - Music - On Top of the World (From "Liv and Maddie") - Single by Dove Cameron". itunes.apple.com. +Retrieved April 14, 2016. ↑ Vulpo, Mike (October 5, 2016). "Dove Cameron and Ryan McCartan Call Off Their Engagement". +E!. Retrieved October 6, 2016. ↑ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (April 7, 2015). +"Watch: Bella Thorne & Zendaya Reunite on ‘K.C. Undercover’ (Exclusive Clip)". Variety. Retrieved April 10, 2015. ↑ List of Cameron's albums on Billboard 200: Liv and Maddie: "Soundtrack - April 4, 2015". +Dove Cameron Cameron in February 2017 Born Chloe Celeste Hosterman (1996-01-15) January 15, 1996 Seattle, Washington, U.S. Occupation Actress singer Years active 2012–present Website www.dovecameron.com Musical career Instruments Vocals Labels Walt Disney Associated acts The Girl and the Dreamcatcher +Dove Cameron[1] (born Chloe Celeste Hosterman; January 15, 1996[2][3]) is an American actress and singer, best known for playing a dual role as both title characters in the Disney Channel teen sitcom Liv and Maddie and starring in Descendants as Mal, daughter of Maleficent.[4] She reprised her role as Mal in Descendants 2, which premiered on July 21, 2017, on Disney Channel. +Film and television roles Year Title Role Notes 2012 Shameless Holly Herkimer 2 episodes 2012 The Mentalist Charlotte Anne Jane Episode: "Devil's Cherry" 2013 Malibu Country Sienna Episode: "Push Comes to Shove" 2013–2017 Liv and Maddie Liv Rooney/Maddie Rooney Lead role (dual role) 2014 Cloud 9 Kayla Morgan Television film 2015 Austin & Ally Bobbie Episode: "Duos & Deception"[45] 2015 Barely Lethal Liz Larson Film 2015 Descendants Mal Television film 2015 R.L. Stine's Monsterville: Cabinet of Souls Beth Television film 2015–present Descendants: Wicked World Mal Voice role 2016 Hairspray Live! +Amber Von Tussle NBC special 2016 Ultimate Spider-Man vs. the Sinister 6 Gwen Stacy/Spider-Gwen/Police officer Episode: "Return to the Spider-verse Part Four" 2017 Descendants 2 Mal Television film +Dove Cameron +Awards +Research +References +Usage +Gameplay +Kahoot! Available in English Owner Kahoot! +Edu Website https://getkahoot.com/ https://kahoot.it/#/ Commercial Yes Registration None for quiz participation; required for quiz creation Users 1.5 million+ registered educators, 49 million+students[1] Launched August 2013 (2013-08)[1] +Kahoot! is a free game-based learning platform, as educational technology. +Launched in August 2013 from Norway,[1] Kahoot! is now played by over 50 million people[2] in 180 countries. Designed to be accessible to classrooms and other learning environments worldwide, Kahoot!’s learning games ("kahoots") can be created by anyone and are not restricted as to age level or subject matter. As Kahoot! may be played using any device, desktop or laptop with a web browser, it is rapidly gaining traction in classes with "bring your own device" policies. +Kahoot! is typically used for formative assessment, to monitor each student’s progress towards learning objectives, identify strengths and weaknesses, and to identify areas where the students would benefit from more one-to-one teaching, more challenging learning opportunities, or a review of foundational knowledge for that subject. +More experienced users also integrate kahoots into their curriculum to introduce new topics, increase retention of new facts, revise before exams, challenge classrooms around the world, survey opinions, gather insights, facilitate discussion, or to reward and re-energize learners. +The majority of Kahoot!’s users are students and teachers in K-12 classrooms, with growing numbers of colleges and universities and post-graduate education. Businesses also use Kahoot! For workplace training and staff inductions. +Kahoot! is designed for social learning, with learners gathered around a common screen. In a typical classroom environment, this will be a smartscreen, interactive whiteboard, or a computer monitor. Many kahoots are also played using screensharing tools such as Skype, Appear.in and Google Hangouts. +When a kahoot is launched, it will have its own unique PIN randomly generated by the system. Using any device with a web browser, players visit the website dedicated for quiz participation, kahoot.it, and input the unique PIN, and then enter a nickname before being directed to the waiting screen (the "lobby"). When all players' nicknames appear in the lobby, the kahoot leader (normally the teacher) clicks the Start button to begin the quiz. +Retrieved 2 March 2015. ↑ "Kahoot! is gamifying the classroom (Wired UK)". Retrieved 2015-09-17. ↑ "Kahoot!". Kahoot!. +Retrieved 2015-09-17. ↑ "Kahoot! - Android Apps on Google Play". +Google Play. +Google Inc. +9 June 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014. ↑ "Kahoot is a Fun Free Game-Based Classroom Response System — Emerging Education Technologies". www.emergingedtech.com. Retrieved 2015-09-17. ↑ Wang, Alf Inge (12 November 2014). +"The wear out effect of a game-based student response system" (PDF). +Computers & Education. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2014.11.004. ISSN 0360-1315. +1 2 "The Norwegian Winners of the Nordic Startup Awards 2015". +Nordic Startup Bits. +Retrieved 2015-09-17. ↑ Europe, EdTech. "DigiSchool, Kahoot! and RefME Announced as Winners of 2015 EdTech 20". www.prnewswire.com. +Retrieved 2015-09-17. ↑ "Hederspris til Kahoot". +Retrieved 2015-09-17. ↑ "Edtech and Elearning: Top 100 Influencers and Brands". Retrieved 2015-09-17. ↑ "Kahoot! - LAUNCHedu finalists at SXSWedu". blog.getkahoot.com. Retrieved 2015-09-17. ↑ Underdal, Anlaug Gårdsrud; Sunde, Marthe Thorine (5 September 2014). +Investigating QoE in a Cloud-Based Classroom Response System (PDF) (Thesis). Retrieved 3 December 2014. +Film adaptations +Illustrations by Kay Nielsen in East of the sun and west of the moon (1914) +External links +Retellings and translations into English +"East of the Sun and West of the Moon" (Østenfor sol og vestenfor måne) is a Norwegian fairy tale. +The White Bear approaches a poor peasant and asks if he will give him his prettiest and youngest daughter; in return, the bear will make the man rich. The girl is reluctant, so the peasant asks the bear to return, and in the meantime, persuades her. The White Bear takes her off to a rich and enchanted castle. +When she grows homesick, the bear agrees that she might go home as long as she agrees that she will never speak with her mother alone, but only when other people are about. At home, they welcome her, and her mother makes persistent attempts to speak with her alone, finally succeeding and persuading her to tell the whole tale. Hearing it, her mother insists that the White Bear must really be a troll, gives her some candles, and tells her to light them at night, to see what is sharing her bed. +The youngest daughter obeys, and finds he is a highly attractive prince, but she spills three drops of the melted tallow on him, waking him. He tells her that if she held out a year, he would have been free, but now he must go to his wicked stepmother, who enchanted him into this shape and lives in a castle east of the sun and west of the moon, and marry her hideous daughter, a troll princess. +She, also, does not know the way to the castle east of the sun and west of the moon, but lends the youngest daughter a horse to reach a neighbor who might know, and gives her the carding-comb. The third neighbor has a golden spinning wheel. She, also, does not know the way to the castle east of the sun and west of the moon, but lends the youngest daughter a horse to reach the East Wind and gives her the spinning wheel. +The West Wind does the same, bringing her to the South Wind; the South Wind does the same, bringing her to the North Wind. The North Wind reports that he once blew an aspen leaf there, and was exhausted after, but he will take her if she really wants to go. The youngest daughter does wish to go, and so he takes her there. +The same thing happens the next night, after the youngest daughter pays the troll princess with the gold carding-combs. During the girl's attempts to wake the prince, her weeping and calling to him is overheard by some imprisoned townspeople in the castle, who tell the prince of it. On the third night, in return for the golden spinning wheel, the troll princess brings the drink, but the prince does not drink it, and so is awake for the youngest daughter's visit. +The prince tells her how she can save him: He will declare that he will marry anyone who can wash the tallow drops from his shirt since trolls, such as his stepmother and her daughter, the troll princess, cannot do it. So instead, he will call in the youngest daughter, and she will be able to do it, so she will marry him. The plan works, and the trolls, in a rage, burst. +East o' the Sun & West o' the Moon, 1910, translated by Sir George Webbe Dasent and illustrated by the brothers Reginald L. Knowles and Horace J. Knowles East of the Sun & West of the Moon, 1914, translated by G. W. Dasent (1910), illustrated by Kay Nielsen East of the Sun & West of the Moon, 1980, written and illustrated by Mercer Mayer East o' the Sun & West o' the Moon, translated by G. W. Dasent (1910), illustrated by P. J. Lynch East of the Sun & West of the Moon, 1994, play by Tina Howe East of the Sun, West of the Moon, by D. J. MacHale, illustrated by Vivienne Flesher (Rabbit Ears Productions) Enchanted: East of the sun, West of the moon, by Nancy Madore "East of the Sun and West of the Moon," The Dancing Bears, 1954, by W. S. Merwin Once Upon a Winter's Night, 2001, by Dennis L. McKiernan East, 2003, novel by Edith Pattou Sun and Moon, Ice and Snow, 2009, by Jessica Day George Ice, 2009, novel by Sarah Beth Durst "East of the Sun, West of the Moon". Adapted by Anthony Ravenhall for the stage :[3] Cleveland Theatre Company (CTC) in 1994. Directed by Anthony Ravenhall, toured Christmas 1994/5. +Media related to East of the Sun and West of the Moon at Wikimedia Commons Sur La Lune, annotated version of East of the Sun and West of the Moon East of the Sun and West of the Moon in full length Asbjørnsen, Peter Christen; Moe, Jørgen (1899). "41 Østenfor Sol og vestenfor Manne". Norske folke-eventyr. +Synopsis +↑ Heidi Anne Heiner, Tales Similar to East of the Sun and West of the Moon ↑ Andrew Lang, The Blue Fairy Book, "East of the Sun and West of the Moon" ↑ TES 27/12/1996 ↑ John Grant, p 35, Masters of Animation, ISBN 0-8230-3041-5 ↑ John Culhane, "Special Effects Are Revolutionizing Film" ↑ "Newswatch: Bluth animation film goes bankrupt," The Comics Journal #98 (May 1985), p. 19. ↑ Jerry Beck, "Don Bluth Goes Independent" ↑ anatisfairywheel (28 November 1991). "Kvitebjørn Kong Valemon (1991)". +IMDb. ↑ "SurLaLune Fairy Tales: Modern Interpretations of East of the Sun and West of the Moon". surlalunefairytales.com. Retrieved 2016-02-24. +Household toxins +Bioterrorism events +References +Historical examples +Characteristics +Specific applications +Toxic gases +Air and water pollution +Infectious diseases +A domestic canary, of the type historically used to detect gas in coal mines. +Sentinel species are organisms, often animals, used to detect risks to humans by providing advance warning of a danger. The terms primarily apply in the context of environmental hazards rather than those from other sources. Some animals can act as sentinels because they may be more susceptible or have greater exposure to a particular hazard than humans in the same environment.[1] People have long observed animals for signs of impending hazards or evidence of environmental threats. +There are countless examples of environmental effects on animals that later manifested in humans. The classic example is the "canary in the coal mine". +The idea of placing a canary or other warm blooded animal in a mine to detect carbon monoxide was first proposed by John Scott Haldane, in 1913 or later.[2][3][4] Well into the 20th century, coal miners brought canaries into coal mines as an early-warning signal for toxic gases, primarily carbon monoxide.[5] The birds, being more sensitive, would become sick before the miners, who would then have a chance to escape or put on protective respirators. +In Minamata Bay, Japan, cats developed "dancing cat fever" before humans were affected due to eating mercury-contaminated fish.[6] Dogs were recognized as early as 1939 to be more susceptible to tonsil cancer if they were kept in crowded urban environments.[6] Studies similarly found higher disease rates in animals exposed to tobacco smoke.[6] Yushō disease was similarly discovered when poultry began dying at alarming rates due to polychlorinated biphenyl poisoning, although not before approximately 14,000 people were affected. +Animal sentinels must have measurable responses to the hazard in question, whether that is due to the animal's death, disappearance, or some other determinable aspect.[1]:34 Many of these species are ideally unendangered and easy to handle. It is important that the species' range overlap with the range being studied.[7] Often the ideal species is determined by the characteristics of the hazard. +For example, honey bees are susceptible to air pollution.[1]:35 Similarly both bats and swallows have been used to monitor pesticide contamination due to their diet of insects that may have been affected by the chemicals.[1]:35 By the same token, aquatic animals, or their direct predators, are used as sentinel species to monitor water pollution. +Some species may show effects of a contaminant before humans due to their size, their reproductive rate, or their increased exposure to the contaminant.[7] +Rabbit used to check for leaks at Sarin nerve gas production plant. +Canaries were iconically used in coal mines to detect the presence of carbon monoxide. The bird's rapid breathing rate, small size, and high metabolism, compared to the miners, led birds in dangerous mines to succumb before the miners, thereby giving them time to take action. +A number of animals have been used to measure varying kinds of air pollution. These include honey bees for air pollution, bivalve molluscs[8] for online water-quality survey and pigeons for atmospheric lead.[1]:35 Bats and swallows have been used to monitor pesticide contamination due to their diet of insects that may have been affected by the chemicals.[1]:35 +Aquatic DDT pollution has been quantitatively measured in California fish. PCB has been measured through the analysis of fish livers.[1]:82 Toxaphene concentrations were discovered far from the area of its use through analysis of trout in the Great Lakes.[1]:85 The evidence of atmospheric transport of the substance influenced the subsequent prohibition of its widespread use. Alligators may have been used to warn of hazardous contamination in Centreville, Mississippi retention ponds.[9] +The discovery of West Nile virus in the Western Hemisphere was heralded by an outbreak of disease in crows and other wild birds. Other emerging diseases have demonstrated linkages between animal health events and human risk, including monkeypox, SARS, and avian influenza. In outbreaks of bubonic plague, rats begin dying out before humans. +Dogs may provide early warning of lead poisoning hazards in a home, and certain cancers in dogs and cats have been linked to household exposures to pesticides, cigarette smoke, and other carcinogens. +Some speculate that animals could provide early warning of a terrorist attack using biological or chemical agents. Since most potential bioterrorism threats are zoonoses (infectious diseases of animal origin), animals could also be at risk from a terrorism attack and may be first to show signs of illness due to increased exposure or susceptibility. For example, when anthrax was inadvertently released from a Soviet weapons facility in Sverdlovsk, livestock died at a greater distance from the plant compared to human cases. +Committee on Animals as Monitors of Environmental Hazards, "Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards: Committee on Animals as Monitors of Environmental Hazards," National Academy Press: 1991, ISBN 0309040469. ↑ Acott, C. (1999). "JS Haldane, JBS Haldane, L Hill, and A Siebe: A brief resume of their lives.". South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal. +29 (3). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. +Retrieved 2008-07-12. ↑ Boycott, A. E.; Damant, G. C. C.; Haldane, J. S. (1908). +"Prevention of compressed air illness". J. Hygiene. 8 (03): 342–443. doi:10.1017/S0022172400003399. +PMC 2167126. PMID 20474365. Retrieved 2013-09-05. ↑ Hellemans, Alexander; Bunch, Bryan (1988). +The Timetables of Science. +Simon & Schuster. p. 411. ISBN 0671621300. ↑ David A. Bengston, Diane S. Henshel, "Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Biomarkers and Risk Assessment", ASTM International, 1996, ISBN 0803120311, p 220. 1 2 3 Stephen J. Withrow, David M. Vail, Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology, Elsevier: 2007, ISBN 0721605583, p. +73-4. 1 2 Arthur D. Bloom, Frederick de Serres, Ecotoxicity and Human Health: A Biological Approach to Environmental Remediation, CRC Press: 1995, ISBN 1566701414, page 76. ↑ ↑ Eugene Love Fair Jr. (May 28, 2013), "Christmas v. Exxon Mobil", Mississippi Court of Appeals, retrieved January 3, 2014 +External links +Uses +Known as Salae (สะแล) in Thailand this species is valued as a medicinal plant. Its little spherical flower buds are also a food item in Thai cuisine.[2] +Media related to Broussonetia kurzii at Wikimedia Commons Plernchai Tangkanakul, Gassinee Trakoontivakorn, Payom Auttaviboonkul, Boonma Niyomvit and Karuna Wongkrajang, Antioxidant Activity of Northern and Northeastern Thai Foods Containing Indigenous Vegetables in Kasetsart J. +Sci.) 40 (Suppl.) : 47 - 58 (2006) +Broussonetia kurzii Kaeng dok salae, a Thai dish made with Broussonetia kurzii flower buds Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Rosids Order: Rosales Family: Moraceae Tribe: Moreae Genus: Broussonetia Species: B. kurzii Binomial name Broussonetia kurzii (J. D. Hooker) Corner +Broussonetia kurzii is a species of flowering plant in the family Moraceae. It is a shrub native to Southeast Asia where it is found in tropical rainforests or seasonal tropical forests.[1] +Sources +Legend +Blenda by August Malmström (1829-1901) +Blenda is the heroine of a Swedish legend (Blendasägnen) from Småland. Blenda led the rural women of Värend in an attack on a pillaging Danish army and annihilated the invaders. +According to the legend, the events took place in the time of Alle (Anglo-Saxon Ælla), King of the Geats, when this king lead the Geats in an attack against Norway. King Alle had marshalled not only the West Geats, but also the South Geats (or Riding Geats) of Småland, and so many men had left for Norway that the region was virtually defenseless. +When the Danes learned of Småland's precarious situation, they took advantage of it and attacked the defenseless small lands. Blenda was a woman of noble descent in the Konga Hundred and she decided to send the fiery cross to rally all the womenfolk in the hundreds of Konga, Albo, Kinnevald, Norrvidinge and Uppvidinge. The women armies assembled on the Brávellir, which according to Smålandish tradition is located in Värend and not in Östergötland. +The women approached the Danes and told them how much they were impressed with the Danish men. They invited the men to a banquet where they were provided with food and drink. After a long evening, the Danish warriors fell asleep and the women killed every single one of them with axes and staffs. +They acquired equal inheritance with their brothers and husbands, the right always to wear a belt around their waists as a sign of eternal vigilance, the right to beat the drum at weddings, and so forth. The five hundreds were combined into the land of Värend, which means the "defense", since it was a bulwark for Geatland. Blenda's village was called Värnslanda and a location near the battle ground was called Bländinge. +The Girls of Småland by Hugo Hamilton (1830) +The first printed text, where the legend has been connected with the inheritance rights, appeared in Johan Stiernhöök's De iure sueonum et gothorum vetusto (1672). He wrote that the inheritance rights were awarded by King Hakon Ring (Sigurd Ring) to the women after the Battle of Brávellir, in which they had shown valour against Harald Wartooth. +The legend appears in embellished form in the various pleas made in the 1680s and 1690s in order to defend the equal inheritance and the Church's new prohibitions against church drums. +External links +UTAU is a Japanese singing synthesizer application created by Ameya/Ayame. This program is similar to the Vocaloid software, with the difference that it is shareware instead of being released under third party licensing.[1] +UTAU has the ability to use wave files provided by the user, so that a singing voice can be synthesized by introducing song lyrics and melody. It comes with AQUEST's voice synthesizer "AquesTalk" for synthesizing of the voice samples of the default voicebank, Utane Uta (also nicknamed Defoko) on UTAU's initial launch (after which the generator deletes itself). Voices made for the UTAU program are officially called "UTAU" as well but often colloquially known as "UTAUloids", a reference to "Vocaloids". +UTAU Original author(s) Ameya/Ayame Developer(s) Ameya/Ayame Initial release March 2008 (2008-03) Stable release 0.4.18(e) (Windows); 1.0.0 b18 (Mac) / September 5, 2013 (2013-09-05) Development status Unknown Written in VB6 Operating system Windows 2000 / XP / Vista / 7 / 8 / 10 Mac OS X Platform Windows, Mac OS X Available in Japanese and English (and other languages via patch files) Type Musical Synthesizer Application (Music sequencer) License Shareware (by donations) Website utau2008.web.fc2.com/index.html +Retrieved 27 April 2016. ↑ "クラウド出版". Retrieved 27 April 2016. ↑ http://vocaloid-creativity.totalh.com/index.php/vocaloid-news/6-how-big-is-japanese-vocaloid-community ↑ "NHK の本気!ボカロラジオ「エレうた」の高き志" [NHK's Determination! High Aspirations with Vocaloid Radio "Ere Uta"] (in Japanese). +Background +Rebellion +Death and legacy +References +Mother Lü Native name 呂母 Born unknown Died 18 AD Nationality Xin dynasty China Known for first female rebel leader in Chinese history Children Lü Yu +Mother Lü (Chinese: 呂母; pinyin: Lǚ Mǔ; died 18 AD) was a rebel leader against the Xin dynasty in ancient China. +She started a peasant uprising after her son Lü Yu was executed by the government for a minor offence, and became the first female rebel leader in Chinese history. After she died of an illness, her followers became a major force of the Red Eyebrows Rebellions which played a significant role in the downfall of the Xin dynasty and the restoration of the Han dynasty by Liu Xiu, enthroned as Emperor Guangwu of Han. +Mother Lü was born during the Western Han dynasty of ancient China. +In 9 AD, the chief minister Wang Mang usurped the imperial throne and proclaimed himself Emperor of the Xin dynasty. Wang implemented a number of policies which were opposed by the wealthy landowning class. Economic stress caused by the flooding of the Yellow River further weakened the legitimacy of his rule.[1] +Mother Lü lived in Haiqu County (海曲县), Langya Commandery (琅邪郡), in present-day Rizhao, Shandong province. Her family was very wealthy, worth millions of coins according to the Book of the Later Han.[2][3] +In 14 AD, her son Lü Yu (呂育), who had served in the government of Haiqu County, was executed by the county magistrate for a minor offence.[2] To avenge his death, Mother Lü plotted a rebellion, using her wealth to recruit poor peasants and purchase weapons and supplies.[2] She soon raised an army of several thousand people from a populace that had already been dissatisfied with the government.[4] Mother Lü assumed the title of General and led her rebel force to storm the capital of Haiqu County. After capturing the county magistrate, she beheaded him[2][4] and sacrificed his head on her son's tomb.[3] +Mother Lü's success inspired numerous people all over the country to rebel against Wang Mang's rule, and her own force grew rapidly to tens of thousands of soldiers, but she soon died of an illness in 18 AD.[2] +After her death, most of Lü's followers joined forces with the rebels led by Fan Chong, another native of Langya who had rebelled in Ju County in 18.[2] The joint rebel army became known as the Red Eyebrows, which was one of the two leading rebel forces that would overthrow Wang Mang's regime.[2][4] +1 2 3 4 Hinsch, Bret (16 August 2010). Women in Early Imperial China. +Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 102. +ISBN 978-0-7425-6824-2. ↑ 中国古代十大巾帼英雄—吕母 [Ten ancient Chinese heroines—Mother Lü] (in Chinese). +Guangming Daily. 2013-06-25. Retrieved 2014-05-07. +U.S. Presidents by height order +Presidents have grown taller over time as shown using linear trend estimation. +Notes +References +External links +Comparative table of heights of United States presidential candidates +Election Winner in Electoral College Height Main opponent(s) during election Height Difference 2016 Donald Trump[2] 6 ft 2 in 188 cm Hillary Clinton*[41] 5 ft 5 in 165 cm 9 in 23 cm 2012 Barack Obama 6 ft 1 in 185 cm Mitt Romney[42] 6 ft 1 1⁄2 in 187 cm ½ in 2 cm 2008 Barack Obama 6 ft 1 in 185 cm John McCain[43] 5 ft 9 in 175 cm 4 in 10 cm 2004 George W. Bush 5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm John Kerry[20] 6 ft 4 in 193 cm 4½ in 11 cm 2000 George W. Bush 5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm Al Gore*[11][44] 6 ft 1 in 185 cm 1½ in 3 cm 1996 Bill Clinton 6 ft 2 in 188 cm Bob Dole[45] 6 ft 1 1⁄2 in 187 cm ½ in 1 cm 1992 Bill Clinton 6 ft 2 in 188 cm George H.W. Bush 6 ft 2 in 188 cm 0 in 0 cm 1988 George H.W. Bush 6 ft 2 in 188 cm Michael Dukakis[46] 5 ft 8 in 173 cm 6 in 15 cm 1984 Ronald Reagan 6 ft 1 in 185 cm Walter Mondale[11] 5 ft 11 in 180 cm 2 in 5 cm 1980 Ronald Reagan 6 ft 1 in 185 cm Jimmy Carter 5 ft 9 1⁄2 in 177 cm 3½ in 8 cm 1976 Jimmy Carter 5 ft 9 1⁄2 in 177 cm Gerald Ford 6 ft 0 in 183 cm 2½ in 6 cm 1972 Richard Nixon 5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm George McGovern[20][47] 6 ft 1 in 185 cm 1½ in 3 cm 1968 Richard Nixon 5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm Hubert Humphrey[47] 5 ft 11 in 180 cm ½ in 2 cm 1964 Lyndon B. Johnson 6 ft 3 1⁄2 in 192 cm Barry Goldwater[47] 5 ft 11 in 180 cm 4½ in 12 cm 1960 John F. Kennedy 6 ft 0 in 183 cm Richard Nixon 5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm ½ in 1 cm 1956 Dwight D. Eisenhower 5 ft 10 1⁄2 in 179 cm Adlai Stevenson II[47] 5 ft 10 in 178 cm ½ in 1 cm 1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower 5 ft 10 1⁄2 in 179 cm Adlai Stevenson II 5 ft 10 in 178 cm ½ in 1 cm 1948 Harry S. Truman 5 ft 9 in 175 cm Thomas Dewey[46][47] 5 ft 8 in 173 cm 1 in 2 cm 1944 Franklin D. Roosevelt 6 ft 2 in 188 cm Thomas Dewey 5 ft 8 in 173 cm 6 in 15 cm 1940 Franklin D. Roosevelt 6 ft 2 in 188 cm Wendell Willkie[47][48] 6 ft 2 1⁄2 in 189 cm ½ in 1 cm 1936 Franklin D. Roosevelt 6 ft 2 in 188 cm Alfred Landon[47] 5 ft 11 in 180 cm 3 in 8 cm 1932 Franklin D. Roosevelt 6 ft 2 in 188 cm Herbert Hoover 5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm 2½ in 6 cm 1928 Herbert Hoover 5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm Al Smith[47] 5 ft 11 in 180 cm ½ in 2 cm 1924 Calvin Coolidge 5 ft 10 in 178 cm John W. Davis[47] 5 ft 11 in 180 cm 1 in 2 cm 1920 Warren G. Harding 6 ft 0 in 183 cm James M. Cox[49] 5 ft 6 in 168 cm 6 in 15 cm 1916 Woodrow Wilson 5 ft 11 in 180 cm Charles Evans Hughes[47] 5 ft 10 in 178 cm 1 in 2 cm 1912 Woodrow Wilson 5 ft 11 in 180 cm William Howard Taft Theodore Roosevelt 5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 5 ft 10 in 182 cm 178 cm ½ in 1 in 2 cm 2 cm 1908 William Howard Taft 5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm William Jennings Bryan[50][51][52][53] 5 ft 11 in 180 cm ½ in 2 cm 1904 Theodore Roosevelt 5 ft 10 in 178 cm Alton B. Parker[47] 5 ft 9 in 175 cm 1 in 3 cm 1900 William McKinley 5 ft 7 in 170 cm William Jennings Bryan 5 ft 11 in 180 cm 4 in 10 cm 1896 William McKinley 5 ft 7 in 170 cm William Jennings Bryan 5 ft 11 in 180 cm 4 in 10 cm 1892 Grover Cleveland 5 ft 11 in 180 cm Benjamin Harrison 5 ft 6 in 168 cm 5 in 12 cm 1888 Benjamin Harrison 5 ft 6 in 168 cm Grover Cleveland* 5 ft 11 in 180 cm 5 in 12 cm 1884 Grover Cleveland 5 ft 11 in 180 cm James G. Blaine[54] 5 ft 11 in 180 cm 0 in 0 cm 1880 James A. Garfield 6 ft 0 in 183 cm Winfield Hancock[55] 6 ft 1 1⁄2 in 187 cm 1½ in 4 cm 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes 5 ft 8 1⁄2 in 174 cm Samuel Tilden*[56] 5 ft 10 in 178 cm 1½ in 4 cm 1872 Ulysses S. Grant 5 ft 8 in 173 cm Horace Greeley[57] 5 ft 10 in 178 cm 2 in 5 cm 1868 Ulysses S. Grant 5 ft 8 in 173 cm Horatio Seymour 1864 Abraham Lincoln 6 ft 4 in 193 cm George B. McClellan[58] 5 ft 8 in 173 cm 8 in 20 cm 1860 Abraham Lincoln 6 ft 4 in 193 cm John C. Breckinridge[59] Stephen A. Douglas[60] 6 ft 2 in 5 ft 4 in 188 cm 163 cm 2 in 12 in 5 cm 30 cm 1856 James Buchanan 6 ft 0 in 183 cm Millard Fillmore John C. Frémont[61] 69 in5 ft 9 in 5 ft 9 in 175 cm 175 cm 3 in 3 in 8 cm 8 cm 1852 Franklin Pierce 5 ft 10 in 178 cm Winfield Scott[62] 6 ft 5 in 196 cm 7 in 18 cm 1848 Zachary Taylor 5 ft 8 in 173 cm Lewis Cass[63] 5 ft 8 1⁄2 in 174 cm ½ in 1 cm 1844 James K. Polk 5 ft 8 in 173 cm Henry Clay[64] 6 ft 1 in 185 cm 5 in 12 cm 1840 William Henry Harrison 5 ft 8 in 173 cm Martin Van Buren 5 ft 6 in 168 cm 2 in 5 cm 1836 Martin Van Buren 5 ft 6 in 168 cm Hugh Lawson White[65] William Henry Harrison 5 ft 11 in 68 in5 ft 8 in 180 cm 173 cm 5 in 2 in 12 cm 5 cm 1832 Andrew Jackson 6 ft 1 in 185 cm Henry Clay 6 ft 1 in 185 cm 0 in 0 cm 1828 Andrew Jackson 6 ft 1 in 185 cm John Quincy Adams 5 ft 7 1⁄2 in 171 cm 5½ in 14 cm 1824 John Quincy Adams 5 ft 7 1⁄2 in 171 cm William H. Crawford[66][67] Andrew Jackson* Henry Clay 6 ft 3 in 73 in6 ft 1 in 73 in6 ft 1 in 191 cm 185 cm 185 cm 7½ in 5½ in 5½ in 20 cm 14 cm 14 cm 1820 James Monroe† 6 ft 0 in 183 cm 1816 James Monroe 6 ft 0 in 183 cm Rufus King 1812 James Madison 5 ft 4 in 163 cm De Witt Clinton[68] 6 ft 3 in 191 cm 11 in 28 cm 1808 James Madison 5 ft 4 in 163 cm Charles C. Pinckney 5 ft 9 in 175 cm 5 in 12 cm 1804 Thomas Jefferson 6 ft 2 1⁄2 in 189 cm Charles C. Pinckney 5 ft 9 in 175 cm 5½ in 14 cm 1800 Thomas Jefferson 6 ft 2 1⁄2 in 189 cm John Adams 5 ft 7 in 170 cm 7½ in 19 cm 1796 John Adams 5 ft 7 in 170 cm Thomas Jefferson 6 ft 2 1⁄2 in 189 cm 7½ in 19 cm 1792 George Washington† 6 ft 2 in 188 cm 1789 George Washington† 6 ft 2 in 188 cm +↑ As some examples, USA TODAY listed height among six criteria for predicting who would win the 2004 election; a Washington Post blog noted the significance of height in physical appearance and its effect on voters. See the discussion of this phenomenon later in the article for further examples. 1 2 3 Eder, Steve; Philipps, Dave (2016-08-01). +"Donald Trump's Draft Deferments: Four for College, One for Bad Feet". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. +Retrieved 2017-02-17. ↑ "height". celebehights.com. +"Physical Descriptions of Thomas Jefferson". Monticello Report. +Monticello Research Department. +Archived from the original on July 13, 2009. +Retrieved May 17, 2009. ↑ Various sources have put Washington's height between 6 ft and 6 ft 3 in. +See: Chernow, Ron, Washington: A Life, 2010, The Penguin Press HC ISBN 1-59420-266-4; Wilson, Woodrow, George Washington, 2004, Cosimo, Inc., p. +111; Alden, John Richard, George Washington: A Biography, 1984, Louisiana State University Press, p. 11; Lodge, Henry Cabot, George Washington, Vol. I, 2007, The Echo Library, p. +30; Haworth, Paul Leland, George Washington, Kessinger Publishing, 2004, p. 119; Thayer, William Roscoe, George Washington, 1931, Plain Label Books, p. 65 1 2 3 4 Page, Susan (June 23, 2004). +"Time-tested formulas suggest both Bush and Kerry will win on Nov. 2". USA TODAY. +Retrieved May 13, 2009. ↑ Sommers, Paul M. (January 2002). +"Is Presidential Greatness Related to Height?". The College Mathematics Journal. 33 (1): 14–16. doi:10.2307/1558973. ↑ Sedghi, Ami (October 18, 2011). +"Statesmen and stature: how tall are our world leaders?". The Guardian. ↑ Mathews, Jay (August 3, 1999). "The Shrinking Field". +The Washington Post. 1 2 "Presidential Height Index". The Height Site. +Retrieved August 22, 2012. ↑ Remini, Robert V., Andrew Jackson, HarperCollins, 1969, p. +15. +ISBN 0-06-080132-8 ↑ Office of the Press Secretary (February 28, 2010). +"Release of the President's Medical Exam" (PDF). +The White House. +Retrieved March 1, 2010. ↑ Mann, Simon (March 2, 2010). +"Fit for duty: Obama gets clean bill of health". +Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Digital. Retrieved March 1, 2010. +1 2 3 Whitcomb, John and Claire Whitcomb, Real Life at the White House, Routledge (UK), 2002. +ISBN 0-415-93951-8 1 2 3 4 5 Tossey, Lisa D. (2004). +"Is presidential race a simple matter of standing tall?". +The Pendulum Online. +Retrieved April 19, 2009. ↑ Sotos, John G. Taft and Pickwick: sleep apnea in the White House. +Chest. +2003;124:1133-1142.Online copy ↑ Nash, George H. (1988). The Life of Herbert Hoover. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 365. ↑ "Report on President Bush's Physical Examination". +New York Times. +August 2, 2006. ↑ "Medical History Summary: President George W. Bush". FindLaw. August 7, 2007. +Retrieved March 2, 2010. ↑ Scott, David (October 18, 2011). +"GOP Debate: Does height matter in presidential politics?". +The Christian Science Monitor. ↑ Levin, Phyllis Lee, Edith & Woodrow: the Wilson White House, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. +ISBN 0-7432-1158-8 Google Print ↑ Davison, Kenneth E (1972). +The Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes. +Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, Inc. p. 69. ISBN 0-8371-6275-0. ↑ Behrman, Carol H.James K. Polk, Twenty-First Century Books, 2004. ISBN 0-8225-1396-X ↑ King, Charles, The True Ulysses Grant, Philadelphia & London, J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1914.Google Print ↑ Levy, Debbie,John Quincy Adams, Twenty-First Century Books, 2004, p. +ISBN 0-8225-0825-7 ↑ Ferling, John E., John Adams: A Life, Owl Books, 1996, ISBN 0-8050-4576-7, p. 169.Google Print ↑ Loderhouse, Gary and Nelson Price, William Addison Hunter, Legendary Hoosiers: Famous Folks from the State of Indiana, Emmis Books, 1999. ISBN 1-57860-097-9 Google Print ↑ Widmer, Ted and Arthur M. Schlesinger, Edward L. Widmer, Martin Van Buren, Times Books, 2005, p. +2. ISBN 0-8050-6922-4 ↑ Phillips, Louis, Ask Me Anything About the Presidents, HarperCollins, 1992. ISBN 0-380-76426-1 ↑ Los Angeles Times, March 25, 1988, pg. +7 ↑ Lowndes, Leil, How to Make Anyone Fall in Love with You, McGraw-Hill Professional, 1997, pp.174-175. +ISBN 0-8092-2989-7 Google Print ↑ Telling the Truth: Evangelizing Postmoderns, edited by D.A. Carson, Zondervan, 2002, p. 83. +ISBN 0-310-24334-3 Google Print ↑ Kleinke, Chris L., First Impressions: The Psychology of Encountering Others, Prentice-Hall, 1975, p. +13. +ISBN 0-13-318428-5 Google Print ↑ Clifford, Brian R. and Ray Bull, The Psychology of Person Identification, Routledge & K. Paul, 1978, p. 115. ISBN 0-7100-8867-1. +Print ↑ Etcoff, Nancy, Survival of the Prettiest, New York, Anchor Books, 1999. +ISBN 0-385-47942-5 ↑ Mathews, Jay (September 24, 2015). "Is Hillary Clinton getting taller? Or is the Internet getting dumber?". +The Washington Post. +ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 19, 2016. ↑ "Obama and Romney Stack Up on BMI, Physical Fitness, and More". Huffington Post. +November 6, 2012. p. 7. +Archived from the original on October 27, 2012. +Retrieved February 6, 2012. height: 6'1.5, weight: 184 lbs, BMI: 23.9 ↑ "John McCain Medical Records" (PDF). The Washington Post. May 23, 2008. p. 7. +Retrieved February 23, 2009. height: 175.3 CM, weight: 78.93 KG, BMI: 25.68 ↑ "The Shrinking Field". The Washington Post. August 3, 1999. +Retrieved April 27, 2009. ↑ The Washington Post listed Dole at 6'2"/1.88 m, USA TODAY listed him at 6'1"/1.85 m 1 2 Dowd, Maureen (June 21, 1992). "Where They Stand". The New York Times. +Retrieved May 13, 2009. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Gillis, John S. (1982). Too Tall, Too Small. +Champaign, Illinois: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing, Inc. p. 20. +ISBN 0-918296-15-3. ↑ "Wendell Willkie". imdb.com. Retrieved December 1, 2016. ↑ Morris, Charles E. (1920). Progressive Democracy of James M. Cox. +The Bobbs-Merrill Company. p. 9. ↑ Gillis, Too Tall, Too Small, p. 20. Lists his height as 5 ft 10 in (178 cm). +Convert value 5 from unit ft to units 10 precision or suffix in abbreviation on ↑ Edwards, Rebecca; DeFeo, Sarah (2000). "William Jennings Bryan". 1896: The Presidential Campaign. +Vassar College. Retrieved April 20, 2009. +Lists his height as 5 ft 10 in (178 cm). ↑ Wilson, Charles Morrow (1970). The Commoner: William Jennings Bryan. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. p. 40. +Lists his height as 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) during his second year in college. ↑ Springen, Donald K. (1991). William Jennings Bryan: Orator of Small-Town America. Greenwood Press. p. 15. +ISBN 0-313-25977-1. Lists his height as 6 ft 0 in (183 cm). ↑ Records of his height have been difficult to obtain. In one biography, he was described as "just under six feet in height". +While not a definitive record of his height, this description does allow us to presume he was at least comparable in height to Cleveland. See Crawford, Thomas Clark (1893). +James G. Blaine: A Study of his Life and Career, from the Standpoint of a Personal Witness of the Principal Events in his History. +Edgewood Publishing Co. p. 26. Retrieved June 26, 2009. ↑ Jordan, David M. (1988). Winfield Scott Hancock: A Soldier's Life. +Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. p. 23. ISBN 0-253-36580-5. ↑ Bigelow, John (1895). The Life of Samuel Tilden (vol. +1). +New York: Harper and Brothers. p. 283. ↑ Stoddart, Henry Luther (1946). Horace Greeley: Printer, Editor, Crusader. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 38. ↑ Eckenrode, Hamilton James; Bryan Conrad (1941). +George B. McClellan, the man who saved the Union. +University of North Carolina Press. p. 2. Retrieved June 26, 2009. ↑ Davis, William C. (1974). Breckinridge: Statesman, Soldier, Symbol. +Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 18. +ISBN 0-8071-0068-4. ↑ Johanssen, Robert W. (1973). Stephen A. Douglas. +New York: Oxford University Press. p. 4. ↑ Life of John Charles Fremont. New York: Greeley & McElrath. 1856. p. 31. +Retrieved July 6, 2009. ↑ Heidler, David Stephen (2004). Encyclopedia of the War of 1812. Naval Institute Press. p. 464. +ISBN 1-59114-362-4. +Retrieved May 17, 2009. ↑ According to Cass's biography, he was "about five foot eight or nine inches". See Woodford, Frank B. (1950). Lewis Cass: The Last Jeffersonian. +New Brunswick and New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 32. ↑ Seymour, Chas C. B. (1858). +Self-made men. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 137. Retrieved July 6, 2009. ↑ Scott, Nancy N. (1856). +A Memoir of Hugh Lawson White, Judge of the Supreme Court of Tennessee, Member of the Senate of the United States, etc., etc. Michigan: J. B. Lippincott & Co. p. 243. Retrieved June 25, 2009. ↑ Mooney, Chase Curran (1974). +Michigan: University of Kentucky Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-8131-1270-2. Retrieved June 25, 2009. ↑ One biography of Crawford describes his stature as being "considerably over six feet". +See Butler, Benjamin F. (1824). Sketches of the Life and Character of William H. Crawford. Albany: Packard and Benthuysen. p. 35. ↑ Cornog, Evan, The Birth of Empire: DeWitt Clinton and the American Experience, 1769-1828, ISBN 0-19-514051-6 ↑ Sotos, John G. (2008). +A record of the heights of the Presidents of the United States and presidential candidates is useful for evaluating what role, if any, height plays in presidential elections. Some observers have noted that the taller of the two major-party candidates tends to prevail, and argue this is due to the public's preference for taller candidates.[1] +The tallest U.S. President was Abraham Lincoln at 6 feet 4 inches (193 centimeters), while the shortest was James Madison at 5 feet 4 inches (163 centimeters). +Rank No. President Height Height (cm) references 1 16 Abraham Lincoln 6 ft 4 in 193 cm [4] 2 36 Lyndon B. Johnson 6 ft 3 in 191 cm [5][6][7] 3 3 Thomas Jefferson 6 ft 2 1⁄2 in 189 cm [8][9] 4 1 George Washington 6 ft 2 in 188 cm [10] 5 21 Chester A. Arthur 6 ft 2 in 188 cm [8] 6 32 Franklin D. Roosevelt 6 ft 2 in 188 cm [8] 7 41 George H. W. Bush 6 ft 2 in 188 cm [8][11] 8 42 Bill Clinton 6 ft 2 in 188 cm [8][11][12][13][14][15] 9 45 Donald Trump 6 ft 2 in 188 cm [2] 10 7 Andrew Jackson 6 ft 1 in 185 cm [8][16] 11 40 Ronald Reagan 6 ft 1 in 185 cm [8] 12 44 Barack Obama 6 ft 1 in 185 cm [17][18] 13 5 James Monroe 6 ft 0 in 183 cm [8][19] 14 10 John Tyler 6 ft 0 in 183 cm [8] 15 15 James Buchanan 6 ft 0 in 183 cm [8] 16 20 James A. Garfield 6 ft 0 in 183 cm [8] 17 29 Warren G. Harding 6 ft 0 in 183 cm [8] 18 35 John F. Kennedy 6 ft 0 in 183 cm [8] 19 38 Gerald Ford 6 ft 0 in 183 cm [8][20] 20 27 William Howard Taft 5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm [21] 21 31 Herbert Hoover 5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm [22] 22 43 George W. Bush 5 ft 11 1⁄2 in 182 cm [15][23][24][25] 23 22.22, 24 Grover Cleveland 5 ft 11 in 180 cm [8] 24 37 Richard Nixon 5 ft 11 in 180 cm [8][20] 25 28 Woodrow Wilson 5 ft 11 in 180 cm [8][26] 26 34 Dwight D. Eisenhower 5 ft 10 1⁄2 in 179 cm [8] 27 14 Franklin Pierce 5 ft 10 in 178 cm [8] 28 17 Andrew Johnson 5 ft 10 in 178 cm [8] 29 26 Theodore Roosevelt 5 ft 10 in 178 cm [8][19] 30 30 Calvin Coolidge 5 ft 10 in 178 cm [8] 31 39 Jimmy Carter 5 ft 9 1⁄2 in 177 cm [8][20] 32 13 Millard Fillmore 5 ft 9 in 175 cm [8] 33 33 Harry S. Truman 5 ft 9 in 175 cm [8] 34 19 Rutherford B. Hayes 5 ft 8 1⁄2 in 174 cm [8][27] 35 9 William Henry Harrison 5 ft 8 in 173 cm [8] 36 11 James K. Polk 5 ft 8 in 173 cm [8][28] 37 12 Zachary Taylor 5 ft 8 in 173 cm [8][19] 38 18 Ulysses S. Grant 5 ft 8 in 173 cm [29] 39 6 John Quincy Adams 5 ft 7 1⁄2 in 171 cm [30] 40 2 John Adams 5 ft 7 in 170 cm [8][31] 41 25 William McKinley 5 ft 7 in 170 cm [8] 42 23 Benjamin Harrison 5 ft 6 in 168 cm [32] 43 8 Martin Van Buren 5 ft 6 in 168 cm [33] 44 4 James Madison 5 ft 4 in 163 cm [8][34] +Filmography +Sources +Masatoshi Akihara (秋原 正俊, Akihara Masatoshi) is a Japanese film director. +Umi no Yume, Tokai no Kyo (海の夢、都会の虚) (2004) Break Out ブレイクアウト! (2005) Flowers at Noon (真昼の花, Marihu no hana) (2005) I Carry the Ticket of Eternity (銀河鉄道の夜, Ginga tetsudō no yoru) (2006) Gojū no Tō (五重塔) (2007) White Camellia (白椿, Shirotsubaki) (2007) The Story of Ito (伊藤の話, Ito no Hanashi) (2008) The Setting Sun (斜陽, Shayō) (2009) +IMDb. Retrieved 2010-10-20. External link in |publisher= (help) "秋原正俊 (Akihara Matsatoshi)" (in Japanese). +References +This is a list of the 20 countries and territories with the largest surplus in current account balance (CAB), based on data from 2015 as listed in the CIA World Factbook.[1] +Rank Country CAB (billion US dollars) Year 1 China 293.200 2015 2 Germany 285.200 2015 3 Japan 137.500 2015 4 South Korea 105.900 2015 5 Netherlands 80.990 2015 6 Taiwan 76.170 2015 7 Switzerland 75.820 2015 8 Russia 65.800 2015 9 Singapore 57.560 2015 10 Italy 38.740 2015 11 Norway 35.040 2015 12 Thailand 34.820 2015 13 Sweden 29.190 2015 14 Denmark 20.280 2015 15 Spain 16.480 2015 16 Kuwait 13.890 2015 17 United Arab Emirates 13.550 2015 18 Austria 13.460 2015 19 Israel 12.270 2015 20 Macau 12.110 2015 +Projected debt estimates +This is a list of countries by estimated future gross central government debt based on data released in April 2015 by the International Monetary Fund, with figures in percentage of national GDP. +References +Below is a list of all the Asian countries, in order of geographical area. Asia's total geographical area is 44,579,000 km². +Rank Country Area (km²) Notes 1 Russia* 17,125,200[1] including European part 2 China 9,596,961 excludes Hong Kong, Macau,Taiwan and disputed areas/islands 3 India[2] 3,287,263 4 Kazakhstan* 2,455,034 2,724,902 km² including European part 5 Saudi Arabia 2,149,690 6 Iran 1,648,195 7 Mongolia 1,564,110 8 Indonesia* 1,472,639 1,904,569 km² including Oceanian part 9 Pakistan 796,095 882,363 km² including Gilgit-Baltistan and AJK 10 Turkey* 747,272 783,562 km² including European part 11 Myanmar 676,578 12 Afghanistan 652,230 13 Yemen 527,968 14 Thailand 513,120 15 Turkmenistan 488,100 16 Uzbekistan 447,400 17 Iraq 438,317 18 Japan 377,930 19 Vietnam 331,212 20 Malaysia 330,803 21 Oman 309,500 22 Philippines 300,000 23 Laos 236,800 24 Kyrgyzstan 199,951 25 Syria 185,180 Includes the parts of the Golan Heights 26 Cambodia 181,035 27 Bangladesh 147,570 28 Nepal 147,181 29 Tajikistan 143,100 30 North Korea 120,538 31 South Korea 100,210 32 Jordan 89,342 33 Azerbaijan 86,600 34 United Arab Emirates 83,600 35 Georgia 69,000 36 Sri Lanka 65,610 37 Egypt* 60,000 1,002,450 km² including African part 38 Bhutan 38,394 39 Taiwan 36,193 40 Armenia 29,843 41 Israel 20,273 42 Kuwait 17,818 43 Timor-Leste 14,874 44 Qatar 11,586 45 Lebanon 10,452 46 Cyprus 9,251 5,896 km² excluding Northern Cyprus. +47 Palestine 6,220 48 Brunei 5,765 49 Bahrain 765 50 Singapore 716 51 Maldives 300 Total 44,579,000 +References +External links +Mohammad Aamer is a Pakistani first-class cricketer who plays for Lahore. +A left-handed batsman, he played three List A games for the team in 2016.[1] +↑ "Mohammad Aamer". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 10 March 2017. +Mohammad Aamer (Lahore cricketer) +References +Dalila Abdulkadir (born June 27, 1998) is a Bahraini long-distance runner. +She was scheduled to compete at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the women's 5000 metres race but did not start the race.[1][2] +Retrieved September 4, 2016. ↑ "Women's 5000m - Standings". Rio 2016. Archived from the original on August 21, 2016. +References +Ahmed Safi Abdullah (born 1 March 1998) is a Pakistani first-class cricketer who plays for Sui Northern Gas Pipelines Limited.[1] +↑ "Ahmed Safi Abdullah". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 17 December 2015. +External links +This is a list of countries by global financial assets, the total privately owned assets by residents payable in currency, stocks, and bonds. This table is based upon the Allianz Global Wealth Report 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016. +Financial assets of countries from 2010 to 2016 (EUR Billions) Rank Country 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 - World 154,826 135,711 118,278 111,220 103,299 95,264 82,243 1 United States 65,156 56,456 48,259 42,169 38,693 35,543 32,020 2 China 19,651 14,223 10,544 8,463 6,480 4,459 3,393 3 Japan 13,753 12,063 11,716 13,991 15,572 14,172 11,273 4 United Kingdom 8,562 7,642 5,874 5,605 5,128 5,067 4,669 5 Germany 5,485 5,231 5,153 4,940 4,715 4,934 4,672 6 France 4,869 4,678 4,429 4,228 4,002 3,995 3,830 7 Italy 4,117 3,934 3,897 3,718 3,549 3,655 3,523 8 Canada 4,091 4,074 3,570 3,655 3,281 2,711 2,022 9 Australia 2,889 2,686 2,458 2,651 2,110 1,953 1,525 10 South Korea 2,494 2,170 1,817 1,761 1,540 1,435 1,200 11 Taiwan 2,330 2,066 1,785 1,764 1,646 1,623 1,183 12 Netherlands 2,195 2,129 2,038 1,984 1,832 1,746 1,523 13 Switzerland 2,164 1,944 1,794 1,744 1,654 1,575 1,239 14 Spain 2,008 1,983 1,879 1,706 1,716 1,777 1,753 15 India 1,622 1,315 1,054 1,043 895 989 651 16 Sweden 1,278 1,158 1,041 879 736 739 562 17 Belgium 1,219 1,193 1,090 1,026 940 918 900 18 Mexico 934 936 876 867 768 819 561 19 Denmark 823 766 665 659 632 587 526 20 Brazil 797 1,204 1,133 1,272 1,287 1,224 760 21 Israel 688 553 517 475 482 - - 22 Singapore 640 588 510 515 435 431 317 23 Austria 614 580 540 524 509 498 440 24 Russia 607 297 497 453 366 282 198 25 Malaysia 454 475 422 410 364 348 265 26 South Africa 439 502 446 501 176 205 154 27 Norway 428 398 414 357 345 302 28 Thailand 413 306 316 237 211 119 29 New Zealand 410 159 150 131 124 89 30 Poland 407 370 338 285 281 231 31 Portugal 374 400 388 384 395 390 32 Ireland 355 335 320 300 294 307 33 Turkey 311 237 248 221 191 197 34 Finland 301 252 237 232 240 202 35 Chile 297 253 267 228 261 145 36 Indonesia 287 244 277 209 169 122 37 Greece 239 290 259 244 276 287 38 Czech Republic 190 153 163 151 136 124 39 Colombia 142 148 160 132 115 82 40 Hungary 130 102 99 88 104 101 41 Romania 114 111 84 147 112 91 42 Peru 100 80 81 70 - - 43 Argentina 86 70 76 70 47 34 44 Slovakia 59 52 50 45 41 39 45 Bulgaria 58 48 45 36 38 33 46 Croatia 52 48 48 43 45 48 47 Slovenia 39 39 38 41 42 40 48 Ukraine 38 82 77 60 41 29 49 Lithuania 34 28 24 24 22 21 50 Latvia 26 15 14 12 14 11 51 Kazakhstan 24 28 26 22 17 14 52 Estonia 22 16 19 21 19 23 53 Serbia 13 13 - - - - +References +List +This is a list of countries by Military Strength Index based on the Credit Suisse report in September 2015 .[1] The factors under consideration for military strength and their total weights are: number of active personnel in the army (5%), tanks (10%), attack helicopters (15%), aircraft (20%), aircraft carriers (25%), and submarines (25%). The Military Strength Indicator introduced by Credit Suisse includes only the 20 strongest militaries and does not account for the actual training that the militaries may have.[2] +Rank Country/Territory Power Index 1 United States 0.94 2 Russia 0.80 3 China 0.79 4 Japan 0.72 5 India 0.69 6 France 0.61 7 South Korea 0.52 8 Italy 0.52 9 United Kingdom 0.50 10 Turkey 0.47 11 Pakistan 0.41 12 Egypt 0.34 13 Taiwan 0.32 14 Israel 0.32 15 Australia 0.30 16 Thailand 0.28 17 Poland 0.23 18 Germany 0.19 19 Indonesia 0.12 20 Canada 0.10 +External links +Mayumi Hidaka (日高真弓 Hidaka Mayumi, born May 23, 1981 in Tokyo, Japan) is a Japanese actress. +Official site (in Japanese) JMDb profile (in Japanese) Mayumi Hidaka at the Internet Movie Database +References +External links +Robert Allan Ackerman (born June 30, 1944, Brooklyn[1]) is an American film and theatre director. He has directed numerous films since 1992. +Robert Allan Ackerman at the Internet Movie Database +References +External links +Selected filmography +James Algar (June 11, 1912 – February 26, 1998) was an American film director, screenwriter, and producer.[1] He worked for the Walt Disney Productions for 43 years and received the Disney Legends award in 1998.[2] He was born in Modesto, California and died in Carmel, California. +↑ "James Algar". NY Times. Retrieved March 29, 2015. ↑ Disney Legends – James Algar +James Algar at the Internet Movie Database +External links +References +Daniel Algrant is an American film director. His works mostly have been independent. He directed three feature films: Naked in New York (1993), People I Know (2002), and Greetings from Tim Buckley (2012).[1][2] +New York Times. Retrieved 2 November 2013. ↑ Tobias, Scott (2 May 2013). "'Greetings From Tim Buckley,' And From His Shadow". +Daniel Algrant at the Internet Movie Database +External links +Filmography +Alberto D'Aversa (4 March 1920 in Casarano, Apulia, Italy – 21 June 1969 in São Paulo, Brazil) was an Italian film and theatre director, best known for his work in Argentina and Brazil. +He was one of the most distinguished figures in the Teatro Brasileiro de Comédia scene.[1] +Director +Screenwriter +↑ "D'Aversa, Alberto (1920–1969)" (in Portuguese). Enciclopédia Itaú Cultural de Teatro. Retrieved 17 May 2014. +Alberto D'Aversa at the Internet Movie Database +References +External links +Select filmography +Primo Zeglio (1906-1984) was an Italian film director and writer.[1] +Filmography +References +External links +Peter Del Monte Born (1943-07-29) 29 July 1943 San Francisco, California Occupation Film director Screenwriter Years active 1969-present +Peter Del Monte (born 29 July 1943) is an Italian film director and screenwriter. +He has directed 15 films since 1969. His 1982 film Invitation au voyage won the prize for the Best Artistic Contribution at the 1982 Cannes Film Festival.[1] +Peter Del Monte at the Internet Movie Database No one Can Brush My Hair Like the Wind at Eurochannel +External links +References +The Freedom and Reform Party (Turkish: Özgürlük ve Reform Partisi, ÖRP) was a liberal[1] political party in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. +Selected filmography +External links +Enrico Gras (7 March 1919 – 5 March 1981) was an Italian film director and screenwriter. +He directed 22 films between 1941 and 1961. +Enrico Gras at the Internet Movie Database +Filmography +References +External links +Wes Ball (born October 28, 1980) is an American film director, visual effects artist and graphic artist. He graduated from the Florida State University College of Motion Picture Arts with a BFA in 2002.[1] He is best known for the direction of 2014 film The Maze Runner, based on James Dashner's novel.[2] Ball also directed the sequel, Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials, which opened in theaters on September 18, 2015. +RUIN (2011) - short film, director The Maze Runner (2014) - director Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials (2015) - director, executive producer Maze Runner: The Death Cure (2018) - director[4] +↑ McKaig, Nick (September 23, 2014). "#1 Box Office film directed by FSU Film alum". Florida State University College of Motion Picture Arts. Retrieved September 9, 2015. ↑ Taylor, Ella (9 September 2014). +"Film Review: 'The Maze Runner'". Variety. Retrieved 14 September 2014. ↑ Kit, Borys (August 25, 2015). +"'Maze Runner' Director to Tackle Norse Mythology With 'Fall of Gods' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 9, 2015. ↑ McNary, Dave; Chi, Paul (September 16, 2015). +"Wes Ball Returning to Direct Third 'Maze Runner'". Variety. Retrieved September 17, 2015. +Wes Ball at the Internet Movie Database Wes Ball on Twitter +External links +Peter McCarthy is a film producer, director, screenwriter, and actor. +His directorial credits include: +His production credits include: +Selected filmography +References +External links +Jack Denton was a British actor and film director of the silent era.[1] +Actor +Director +Jack Denton at the Internet Movie Database +References +Bibliography +External links +Selected filmography +Desmond Roberts (1894–1968) was a British stage and film actor.[1] +Desmond Roberts at the Internet Movie Database +Selected filmography +References +External links +Rose Alba (5 February 1920 – January 2006) was an Egyptian-born British film actress.[1] +↑ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/individual/6011 ↑ "FULL List of Famous Vegetarians". +Rose Alba at the Internet Movie Database +References +External links +Selected filmography +Arty Ash (1895–1954) was a British actor.[1] He appeared with Leslie Sarony in Clonk! (1928), a short comedy film made in the Phonofilm sound-on-film process.[2] +Arty Ash at the Internet Movie Database +References +External links +Selected plays +Selected filmography +Reginald Bach (3 September 1886 – 6 January 1941) was a British actor and theatrical producer. +Reginald Bach at the Internet Movie Database +References +External links +Selected filmography +George Barraud (born 17 December 1889, Paddington, London, England–d.January, 1970, London, England) was a British film actor.[1] +George Barraud at the Internet Movie Database +Singles +Soundtrack appearances +Studio albums +Solo works +Extended plays +Year Song Artist 2016 "Do Better" Y Teen (Monsta X and Cosmic Girls) +Year Title Song Artist 2011 Protect the Boss OST Now I Know Shownu 2015 Orange Marmalade OST Attracted Woman Jooheon & Kihyun Mask OST A Similar Junggigo & Jooheon She Was Pretty OST One More Step Kihyun 2016 Goodnight Teacher OST My Love Monsta X Shopaholic Louis OST The Tiger Moth The Tiger Moth (Acoustic Version) Kihyun +Year Member Songs Album Notes 2015 Jooheon Pause (with Black Nut) 중지 (Jungji) Produced by Nochang Stay Strong (with Flowsik)[14] The original track used is Stay Strong by Paloalto Rappin The original track used is Hunnit by Dok2 Flower Cafe (featuring I.M & Sam Ock) Produced by A June & J Beat Get Low (with Mad Clown) Get Low - Single 2016 I.M Who Am I (featuring YESEO) I.M WHAT I.M Produced by G-Slow & 넋업샨 Jooheon Bad Blood by Mad Clown Show Me the Money 5 Episode 5 Co-Lyricist and Co-Composer I.M Madeleine with Brother Su feat. +Year Member Songs Album Notes 2016 Jooheon 알록달록 (with Mad Clown) h.ear your colors Jooheon featured in the album & sang for the track Rollercoaster Remix (with Sam Ock) Rollercoaster Remix Jooheon was featured in the track +The discography of South Korean hip hop boy group Monsta X consists of one studio album, our extended plays and seven singles. Formed by Starship Entertainment in 2015 through the survival show NO.MERCY, Monsta X debuted in May 2015, with the release of their first mini album, Trespass, which reached number five on the Gaon Album Chart. The EP's lead single "Trespass" peaked at 148 on the Gaon Digital Chart. +Title Details Peak chart positions Sales KOR [1] JPN [2] US Heat [3] US World [4] The Clan Pt. +2.5: The Final Chapter Released: March 21, 2017 Label: Starship Entertainment, LOEN Entertainment Formats: CD, digital download To be released "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that region. +Title Year Peak chart positions Sales Album KOR [9] US World [10] "Trespass" (무단침입) 2015 148 14 KOR: 22,317+[11] Trespass "Rush" (신속히) 139 — KOR: 20,090+[12] Rush "Hero" 250 12 Original version: KOR: 4,319+[13] Broadcasting version: KOR: 4,695+[14] "Ex Girl" (featuring Wheein of Mamamoo) 2016 118 — KOR: 23,301+[15] The Clan Part.1 Lost "All In" (걸어) 159 6 KOR: 15,614+[16] "Fighter" 217 8 KOR: 8,871+[17] The Clan Part.2 Guilty "Beautiful" (아름다워) 2017 To be released The Clan Part.2.5: The Final Chapter "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that region. +Monsta X discography Studio albums 1 Music videos 16 EPs 4 Singles 7 +Retrieved 2016-08-04. ↑ 2016년 05월 Download Chart [May 2016 Download Chart]. Gaon Music Chart (in Korean). p. 4. Retrieved October 12, 2016. ↑ 2016년 41주차 Download Chart [41st week of 2016 Download Chart]. +Title Details Peak chart positions Sales KOR [1] JPN [2] US Heat [3] US World [4] Trespass Released: May 14, 2015 Label: Starship Entertainment, LOEN Entertainment Formats: CD, digital download Track listing 무단침입 (Trespass) 출구는 없어 (No Exit) One Love 솔직히 말할까 (Honestly) (with Dasom of Sistar) 훔쳐 (Steal Your Heart) Blue Moon 인터스텔라 (Interstellar) (featuring Yella Diamond and performed by Jooheon, Hyungwon, I.M) 5 — — — KOR: 35,770+[5][6] JPN: 336+ Rush Released: September 7, 2015 Label: Starship Entertainment, LOEN Entertainment Formats: CD, digital download Track listing 신속히 (Rush) Hero Perfect Girl Amen 삐뚤어질래 (Gone Bad) Broken Heart 3 — — — KOR: 61,494+[5][7] JPN: 1,785+ The Clan Part. +1 'LOST' Released: May 18, 2016 Label: Starship Entertainment, LOEN Entertainment Formats: CD, digital download 3 37 — 5 KOR: 91,220+[8] The Clan Part. +2 'GUILTY' Released: October 4, 2016 Label: Starship Entertainment, LOEN Entertainment Formats: CD, digital download 2 — 16 3 KOR: 100,358+[7] "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that region. +References +External links +Filmography +Bae Seong-woo (born November 21, 1972) is a South Korean actor. +He starred in film such as My Love, My Bride (2014), Office (2015), The Exclusive: Beat the Devil's Tattoo (2015) and Inside Men (2015).[1] +↑ Kim, Yeon-ji (16 November 2015). "[인터뷰] 배성우, '다작 요정'…쉽게 얻은 수식어 아니다". Ilgan Sports (in Korean). Retrieved 2015-11-30. +Bae Seong-woo at HanCinema Bae Seong-woo at the Internet Movie Database Bae Seong-woo at the Korean Movie Database +Notes +References +This is a list of countries ordered by annual per capita consumption of beer. +Rank Country Consumption per capita [1] (litres) 2013–2014 change (633–ml bottles) Total national consumption (106 L)[A] Year 1 Czech Republic 142.6 -7.3 1879 2014 2 Seychelles 114.6 7.8 11 2014 3 Austria 104.8 -1.7 894 2014 4 Germany 104.7 4.4 8441 2014 5 Namibia 104 -7.2 250 2014 6 Poland 97.8 0.1 3776 2014 7 Ireland 97 -0.5 454 2014 8 Lithuania 96.6 10.7 282 2014 9 Belize 93.8 -8.8 33 2014 10 Estonia 93.5 -5 123 2014 11 Gabon 88.9 22.3 150 2014 12 Romania 85.9 8.3 1689 2014 13 Spain 80.6 5.9 3729 2014 14 Finland 78.5 -2.7 430 2014 15 Latvia 78.2 4.6 156 2014 16 Panama 76.6 5.1 296 2014 17 United States 75.8 -0.3 24172 2014 18 Slovenia 75 0.8 155 2014 19 Australia 74.2 -0.9 1753 2014 20 Slovakia 74.1 0.3 402 2014 21 Croatia 72.5 -3.9 309 2014 22 Belgium 72 0 810 2014 23 Netherlands 71.4 2.6 1205 2014 24 Venezuela 70.8 1.2 2173 2014 25 Bulgaria 69.8 -5.1 503 2014 26 Russia 68.9 10062 2014 27 Brazil 68.3 5.2 13146 2014 28 United Kingdom 67.7 2.4 4375 2014 29 Republic of the Congo 66.6 -1.3 300 2014 30 Angola[2] 64.2 1160 2012 31 Hungary 63.3 1.9 626 2014 32 New Zealand 62.7 -2 282 2014 33 Montenegro 62.1 -7.2 39 2014 34 Denmark 61.9 1.9 350 2014 35 Botswana 61.8 46.6 137 2014 36 Iceland 61.8 1.9 20 2014 37 Ukraine[2] 61.6 2760 2012 38 Serbia[3] 60.3 43.2 2013 39 Canada[3] 60.3 212.0 2013 40 Mexico[2] 59.9 6890 2012 41 South Africa 58.4 -2 3150 2014 42 Switzerland[2] 58.3 460 2012 43 Bosnia and Herzegovina[2] 56.1 220 2012 44 Sweden[2] 52.7 480 2012 45 Argentina[4] 49 1980 46 Republic of Korea 45.8 6.5 2292 2014 47 Japan 42.6 -0.8 5407 2014 48 Vietnam[5] 42 3788 2016 49 China[2] 32 44683 2012 50 Italy[6] 29 1772 2011 51 Israel[7] 14 52 Turkey[8] 13 53 Kenya[9] 12 54 Uzbekistan[10] 11 55 Tanzania[9] 8 56 Uganda[9] 6 57 Sri Lanka[11] 2 50 58 India[12][13] 2 1400 2008 +References +This is a list of countries ordered by annual per capita consumption of milk, as of 2007 (latest complete data):[1][2] +↑ "Countries by milk consumption per capita". ↑ "Countries by consumptions per capita". +Country Milk consumption per capita (kg) Finland 361.19 Sweden 355.86 Netherlands 320.15 Switzerland 315.78 Greece 314.69 Montenegro 305.87 Lithuania 303.0 Denmark 295.62 Albania 281.17 Romania 266.19 Luxembourg 265.9 Kazakhstan 262.61 Norway 261.52 France 260.48 Italy 256.1 United States 253.8 Germany 247.24 Ireland 247.17 Slovenia 246.44 United Kingdom 241.47 Estonia 238.86 Belgium 238.47 Austria 235.11 Australia 230.92 Iceland 223.68 Portugal 222.94 Croatia 217.52 Argentina 213.1 Canada 208.66 Latvia 206.83 Poland 198.51 Bosnia and Herzegovina 196.68 Dominica 195.98 Czech Republic 195.47 Malta 188.64 Sudan 180.68 Kyrgyzstan 179.28 Israel 178.33 Spain 177.49 Costa Rica 176.29 Hungary 175.59 Ukraine 172.74 Russia 172.46 Uruguay 163.26 Moldova 163.13 Cyprus 159.11 Pakistan 159.0 Belarus 156.1 Serbia 154.93 Georgia 151.75 Bulgaria 151.32 Mongolia 145.31 Uzbekistan 143.36 Turkmenistan 140.33 Macedonia 138.71 Turkey 137.1 Armenia 136.12 Antigua and Barbuda 135.3 Mauritania 135.0 Bermuda 132.98 New Caledonia 131.4 Slovakia 130.1 Brunei 129.11 El Salvador 126.0 Brazil 124.61 Cape Verde 124.55 Saint Lucia 122.97 Colombia 122.57 Azerbaijan 119.1 Honduras 118.61 Barbados 118.0 Guyana 117.36 Mexico 115.18 Algeria 113.4 Syria 112.18 Mauritius 111.43 United Arab Emirates 110.1 Jamaica 108.42 Trinidad and Tobago 107 Lebanon 106.91 Kuwait 106.67 Tunisia 106.0 French Polynesia 105 New Zealand 103.79 Netherlands Antilles 103.22 Kenya 98.64 Saudi Arabia 97.23 Bahamas 93.18 Chile 93.0 Ecuador 91.5 Botswana 88.89 Jordan 88.1 Venezuela 87.29 Saint Kitts and Nevis 86.84 Grenada 85.79 Belize 85.12 Nicaragua 84.23 Seychelles 79.23 Morocco 79.1 Maldives 50 South Sudan 00.0 +Tea +References +Rize tea, the traditional Turkish black tea +Faostat.fao.org. 26 September 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2012. ↑ "Faostat". +Faostat.fao.org. 23 February 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2012. ↑ "Where the world's biggest tea drinkers are". +QUARTZ. 20 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2015. ↑ "Indian internal consumption of tea" (PDF). +Government of India. 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2015. ↑ "FAOSTAT Filters/Food Balance/Food Supply - Crops Primary Equivalent". +A glass of iced tea +This is a list of countries ordered by annual per capita consumption of tea, as of 2014.[1][2][3] +Rank Country Tea consumption 1 Turkey 12.54 kg (442 oz) 2 Russia 4.34 kg (153 oz) 3 Iran 3.22 kg (114 oz) 4 Mauritania 3.22 kg (114 oz) 5 Syria 2.79 kg (98 oz) 6 China 2.08 kg (73 oz) 7 United Arab Emirates 1.89 kg (67 oz) 8 Kuwait 1.61 kg (57 oz) 9 Qatar 1.60 kg (56 oz) 10 Kazakhstan 1.54 kg (54 oz) 11 Malta 1.45 kg (51 oz) 12 Hong Kong 1.42 kg (50 oz) 13 Bahamas 1.35 kg (48 oz) 14 United Kingdom 1.29 kg (46 oz) 15 United Kingdom 1.21 kg (43 oz) 16 Gambia 1.19 kg (42 oz) 17 Guyana 1.18 kg (42 oz) 18 Botswana 1.13 kg (40 oz) 19 Aruba 1.10 kg (39 oz) 20 Pakistan 1.07 kg (38 oz) 21 Zimbabwe 1.05 kg (37 oz) 22 Chile 1.02 kg (36 oz) 23 Macau 1.01 kg (36 oz) 24 Pakistan 1.01 kg (36 oz) 25 Japan 0.99 kg (35 oz) 26 Bahrain 0.98 kg (35 oz) 27 Georgia 0.95 kg (34 oz) 28 Egypt 0.93 kg (33 oz) 29 Thailand 0.93 kg (33 oz) 30 Mongolia 0.93 kg (33 oz) 31 Tunisia 0.92 kg (32 oz) 32 Poland 0.87 kg (31 oz) 33 Uzbekistan 0.86 kg (30 oz) 34 Turkmenistan 0.82 kg (29 oz) 35 [[|]] 0.82 kg (29 oz) 36 Barbados 0.81 kg (29 oz) 37 New Caledonia 0.81 kg (29 oz) 38 Malaysia 0.80 kg (28 oz) 39 Mozambique 0.75 kg (26 oz) 40 Fiji 0.74 kg (26 oz) 41 Saudi Arabia 0.72 kg (25 oz) 42 Kyrgyzstan 0.72 kg (25 oz) 43 Netherlands 0.71 kg (25 oz) 44 India 0.701 kg (24.7 oz)[4] 45 Jordan 0.70 kg (25 oz) 46 Burma 0.67 kg (24 oz) 47 New Zealand 0.65 kg (23 oz) 48 Singapore 0.62 kg (22 oz) 49 Swaziland 0.60 kg (21 oz) 50 Ukraine 0.58 kg (20 oz) 51 Brunei 0.58 kg (20 oz) 52 Yemen 0.57 kg (20 oz) 53 Sudan 0.57 kg (20 oz) - World 0.57 kg (20 oz) 54 Lebanon 0.56 kg (20 oz) 55 Sri Lanka 0.52 kg (18 oz) 56 Australia 0.51 kg (18 oz) 57 South Africa 0.51 kg (18 oz) 58 Mali 0.50 kg (18 oz) - European Union 0.48 kg (17 oz) 59 Kenya 0.47 kg (17 oz) 60 Belarus 0.47 kg (17 oz) 61 Senegal 0.46 kg (16 oz) 62 Estonia 0.43 kg (15 oz) 63 Canada 0.41 kg (14 oz) 64 Sweden 0.40 kg (14 oz) 65 Latvia 0.38 kg (13 oz) 66 Malawi 0.36 kg (13 oz) 67 Cyprus 0.36 kg (13 oz) 68 Somalia 0.36 kg (13 oz) 69 Bangladesh 0.34 kg (12 oz) 70 United States 0.33 kg (12 oz) 71 Cameroon 0.32 kg (11 oz) 72 Algeria 0.98 kg (35 oz) 73 Indonesia 0.32 kg (11 oz) 74 Trinidad and Tobago 0.30 kg (11 oz) 75 Tajikistan 0.30 kg (11 oz) 76 Dominica 0.29 kg (10 oz) 77 Lithuania 0.29 kg (10 oz) 78 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.27 kg (9.5 oz) 79 Jamaica 0.26 kg (9.2 oz) 80 Nepal 0.25 kg (8.8 oz) 81 Czech Republic 0.25 kg (8.8 oz) 82 Macedonia 0.25 kg (8.8 oz) 83 Grenada 0.25 kg (8.8 oz) 84 Denmark 0.23 kg (8.1 oz) 85 Germany 0.23 kg (8.1 oz) 86 Switzerland 0.22 kg (7.8 oz) 87 Finland 0.22 kg (7.8 oz) 88 Norway 0.22 kg (7.8 oz) 89 France 0.21 kg (7.4 oz) 90 Azerbaijan 0.21 kg (7.4 oz) 91 Belize 0.21 kg (7.4 oz) 92 Moldova 0.21 kg (7.4 oz) 93 Iceland 0.19 kg (6.7 oz) 94 Namibia 0.16 kg (5.6 oz) 95 Niger 0.16 kg (5.6 oz) 96 Slovakia 0.16 kg (5.6 oz) 97 Israel 0.15 kg (5.3 oz) 98 Rwanda 0.14 kg (4.9 oz) 99 Belgium 0.14 kg (4.9 oz) 100 Greece 0.14 kg (4.9 oz) 101 Uganda 0.13 kg (4.6 oz) 102 Luxembourg 0.13 kg (4.6 oz) 103 Burkina Faso 0.13 kg (4.6 oz) 104 Uruguay 0.13 kg (4.6 oz) 105 Bolivia 0.13 kg (4.6 oz) 106 Ecuador 0.12 kg (4.2 oz) 107 Libya 0.12 kg (4.2 oz) 108 Panama 0.12 kg (4.2 oz) 109 Peru 0.13 kg (4.6 oz) 110 Saint Lucia 0.11 kg (3.9 oz) 111 Zambia 0.10 kg (3.5 oz) 112 Italy 0.10 kg (3.5 oz) 113 Austria 0.10 kg (3.5 oz) 114 Argentina 0.10 kg (3.5 oz) 115 Portugal 0.092 kg (3.2 oz) 116 Cambodia 0.083 kg (2.9 oz) 117 Tonga 0.077 kg (2.7 oz) 118 Gabon 0.076 kg (2.7 oz) 119 Cape Verde 0.067 kg (2.4 oz) 120 Armenia 0.066 kg (2.3 oz) 121 South Korea 0.066 kg (2.3 oz) 122 Hungary 0.065 kg (2.3 oz) 123 Costa Rica 0.063 kg (2.2 oz) 124 Ethiopia 0.058 kg (2.0 oz) 125 Togo 0.058 kg (2.0 oz) 126 Ghana 0.056 kg (2.0 oz) 127 Spain 0.055 kg (1.9 oz) 128 Ivory Coast 0.055 kg (1.9 oz) 129 Bhutan 0.055 kg (1.9 oz) 130 Bulgaria 0.051 kg (1.8 oz) 131 Papua New Guinea 0.044 kg (1.6 oz) 132 Slovenia 0.039 kg (1.4 oz) 133 Tanzania 0.037 kg (1.3 oz) 134 Guatemala 0.035 kg (1.2 oz) 135 Burundi 0.033 kg (1.2 oz) 136 Angola 0.032 kg (1.1 oz) 137 Romania 0.030 kg (1.1 oz) 138 Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.028 kg (0.99 oz) 139 Croatia 0.027 kg (0.95 oz) 140 Honduras 0.027 kg (0.95 oz) 141 Serbia 0.023 kg (0.81 oz) 142 Nigeria 0.023 kg (0.81 oz) 143 Brazil 0.018 kg (0.63 oz) 144 Philippines 0.014 kg (0.49 oz) 145 Madagascar 0.013 kg (0.46 oz) 146 Albania 0.013 kg (0.46 oz) 147 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.011 kg (0.39 oz) 148 Venezuela 0.0076 kg (0.27 oz) 149 Montenegro 0.0064 kg (0.23 oz) 150 Congo 0.0052 kg (0.18 oz) 151 Colombia 0.0044 kg (0.16 oz) 152 Mexico 0.0033 kg (0.12 oz) 153 Comoros 0.0027 kg (0.095 oz) 154 Nicaragua 0.0026 kg (0.092 oz) 155 Chad 0.0016 kg (0.056 oz) 156 Central African Republic 0.00045 kg (0.016 oz) 157 South Sudan 0.00010 kg (0.0035 oz) +Republics +References +Monarchies +Territories +This is a list of countries and dependencies with a permanent population that have no legal political parties. Some have opposition groups that operate clandestinely. +The media, however, usually refer to these blocs as "parties". Qatar – Political parties are banned. Saudi Arabia – Political parties are banned.[1][2] United Arab Emirates – Political parties are banned. +Canada Northwest Territories Nunavut Flag Country identifier Canada United Kingdom Falkland Islands Guernsey Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Australia Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Norfolk Island New Zealand Tokelau Pakistan Federally Administered Tribal Areas +Federated States of Micronesia Flag Country identifier Federated States of Micronesia Palau Tuvalu +Operational History +Variants +The Cirrus SR22 is a single-engine four- or five-seat composite aircraft built from 2001 by Cirrus Aircraft of Duluth, Minnesota. +It is a development of the Cirrus SR20, with a larger wing, higher fuel capacity, and a more powerful, 310-horsepower (231 kW) engine. +The SR22 has been the world's best-selling general aviation (GA) airplane every year since 2002. +It is the most-produced GA aircraft made from composite material, accounting for over 30% of the entire piston aircraft market.[1][2] +The Cirrus SR22 is equipped with a whole-plane emergency recovery parachute system: the Cirrus Airframe Parachute System (CAPS). This has contributed to its market success and has given it the name "the plane with the parachute".[4][5][6][7][8] +Cirrus SR22 G2 front view showing how the doors open +The SR22, certified in November 2000, is a more powerful version of the earlier SR20. The SR22 is a low-wing cantilever monoplane of composite construction, featuring fixed (non-retractable) tricycle landing gear with a castering nose wheel and steering via differential braking on the main wheels. It is powered by a nose-mounted 310 hp (231 kW) Continental IO-550-N piston engine. +Early version SR22 +The aircraft is used by flying schools, air charter and small air taxi carriers as well as private individuals and companies. The largest current dedicated fleet operator is ImagineAir, which commenced operations in 2007. SATSair was formerly the largest operator, with 26 aircraft. +Turbocharged models +Glass cockpit +Operators +Accidents and incidents +Design and development +The Cirrus SR22 is equipped with the Cirrus Airframe Parachute System (CAPS), which can lower the entire aircraft to the ground relatively gently in an emergency.[9] +In 2004, the company introduced the SR22 G2 (Generation 2) and in 2007 the SR22 G3 (Generation 3). Both were defined by airframe modifications, G2 by fuselage and G3 by modified wing and landing gear. +In 2013, the manufacturer introduced the SR22 G5 (Generation 5) (there was no G4). Key changes were an increase in gross weight to 3,600 lb (1,633 kg) and a standard five-seat cabin arrangement.[10] The G5 received only minor changes for 2014, including integrated LED lighting and Beringer brakes.[11][12] +In 2014, the SR22 and SR22T had been the best-selling four-to-five-seat fixed-wing aircraft in the world for 12 years in a row.[13][14] +In 2016, Cirrus introduced improvements to the SR Series, including Bluetooth wireless connectivity, remote keyless entry, convenience lighting system, and an easy-access door latch.[15][16] +In 2017, the company introduced the SR22 G6 (Generation 6), with several major upgrades to the avionics and new navigation lighting.[17][18] +Cirrus introduced the SR22 Turbo in 2006, with a Tornado Alley turbonormalizing upgrade kit, factory installed under a Supplemental Type Certificate. It included twin turbonormalizers and twin intercoolers.[19] The conversion includes built-in oxygen and a Hartzell three-blade lightweight composite propeller. The weight of the conversion reduces the SR22's useful load. +In 2010, Cirrus introduced the SR22T. This used a new engine, the Continental TSIO-550K, which produces 315 hp (235 kW) with a 7.5:1 compression ratio and can run on 94 octane fuel.[23] +Instrument panel with Cirrus Perspective avionics by Garmin +SR22s and SR20s built before 2003 were equipped with traditional analog instruments and a 10" Multi-function display (MFD). In February 2003, Cirrus began offering SR22s with the Avidyne Entegra primary flight display (PFD), making the plane the first of its kind to come with a glass cockpit.[24] Later that year, this instrumentation became standard equipment on all SR-series aircraft, and helped pioneer the use of glass cockpits in the light general aviation industry.[25][26] Retrofits are available for the older aircraft that replace the instrument panels with one that includes the PFD, a new MFD and the installation of back-up mechanical instruments.[27] +On 22 May 2008, Cirrus revealed the Cirrus Perspective glass cockpit (by Garmin).[28] Both cockpits were available for a while (the Avidyne cockpit was initially standard equipment) and after 2008 the SR22 was sold with only the Perspective panel. +In 2009, the third-generation Cirrus SR22 GTS came equipped with a new enhanced vision system (EVS), a sophisticated dual-wavelength instrument that offers both infrared and synthetic vision.[29] +At the 2010 EAA AirVenture, Cirrus announced its plans to certify Garmin's ESP system (Electronic Stability and Protection) on the Cirrus SR22. It included advanced flight envelope protection that could stabilize the aircraft with the push of a button, to avoid spiral from developing.[30] +The Garmin Perspective-Plus avionics flight deck was introduced in 2017, with a faster processing speed, animated datalink weather, payload management, visual approach capabilities, wireless database uploads and more.[31] +Cirrus completed testing for flight into known icing conditions (FIKI) on 12 January 2009. The equipment change involved installing a larger fluid tank for the TKS Ice Protection System and protecting more areas of the aircraft. The FAA approved the new installation in April 2009.[32][33][34] +Ryan Campbell departing OSH on record attempt +Robert Goyer of Flying magazine wrote in a 2012 review that the Cirrus SR22 "is the most sophisticated single-engine civilian airplane ever built and by a long shot."[35] +Ryan Campbell used an SR22 to become the youngest pilot to fly solo around the world. He completed his trip on 7 September 2013 in Australia. His SR-22, Spirit of the Sapphire Coast, was modified by removing three seats and adding a 160 U.S. gallons (610 L; 130 imp gal) fuselage tank for a total of 250 U.S. gallons (950 L; 210 imp gal) usable.[36] +As of 2015, the SR22 series has deployed the parachute recovery system 53 times carrying 107 survivors.[37] +2006 Turbo Charged model +SR22 Original version SR22 G2 Improved variant SR22 Turbo G2 In July 2006, Cirrus announced a turbo normalized SR22. Some initial limited models were identified as Signature Edition SE22 G2s—equipped with additional features including an unequally painted exterior, black leather seats, and the signatures of Cirrus founders Dale and Alan Klapmeier on the cowling.[38] SR22 G3 2007 variant with increased fuel capacity from 81 to 92 U.S. gallons (310 to 350 L; 67 to 77 imp gal), lighter stronger carbon fiber wing spar and longer landing gear for increased prop clearance.[39] Upgraded models, such as the GTS, come with airbag seatbelts.[40] +SR22T landing +The engine has low-compression pistons, producing a 7.5 to 1 compression ratio to allow the engine to run on lower octane fuel, 94UL.[41][42][43] The SR22T has a maximum cruise speed of 214 kn (396 km/h), empty weight of 2,348 lb (1,065 kg), and a maximum operating altitude of 25,000 ft (7,620 m). This model also has a decreased useful load of 1,052 lb (477 kg) and reduced range of 1,046 nmi (1,937 km),[44] as well as a Hartzell three-Blade Lightweight Composite Prop.[45] SR22TN Version with a Tornado Alley turbo-normalizing kit added to the Continental IO-550-N engine producing 310 hp (231 kW).[41] SR22 G5 and SR22T G5 On 17 January 2013 Cirrus Aircraft announced the fourth generation of the SR22 and SR22T (skipping G4 as a designation for the new version of the aircraft). Features included a 200 lb (91 kg) increase in the maximum takeoff weight, and some previous options—60/40 split back seat, ADS-B transponder, and Garmin GFC700 autopilot—became standard equipment. +ImagineAir Cirrus SR22 +The French Air Force uses six SR22s as training aircraft,[50] and in 2015 Emirates purchased 22 aircraft for training purposes.[51] +Between 2001 and May 2014, 147 US-registered Cirrus SR22 aircraft crashed, resulting in 122 fatalities.[52] +In 2011, the accident record of the SR20/SR22 was examined by Aviation Consumer magazine. It found that the series' overall accident record is better than average for light aircraft, exceeded only by the Diamond DA40 and DA42. However its fatal accident rate is worse, at 1.6 per 100,000 flight hours—which places it higher than the United States general aviation rate of 1.2, and higher than the Diamond DA40 (0.35), Cessna 172 (0.45), Diamond DA42 (0.54), Cessna 182 (0.69), and the Cessna 400 (1.0), despite the SR22's full aircraft parachute system.[53] +By the end of 2013, the accident rate had been reduced to a fatality rate of 1.01 per 100,000 flight hours. This was attributed to better training, particularly in use of the ballistic parachute system.[54] +The accident rate continued to decrease in 2014, with a fatal rate of .42 per 100,000 flight hours, one of the industry's lowest. This marked the fewest fatalities in a single year for Cirrus since 2001, and the first year where the number of CAPS deployments (12) exceeded the number of fatal accidents (3).[55][56][4] +SR22, 2003 model-year "Centennial" Edition, showing part of the aircraft's rear window +Retrieved 2 September 2013. ↑ "OSHKOSH: Cirrus enters final stretch of SF50 testing". flightglobal.com. 21 July 2015. Retrieved 10 November 2016. ↑ Grady, Mary (December 2006). +References +External links +Selected filmography +Angela Glynne (7 September 1933 in Middlesex, England – 22 April 2008 in Northridge, California aged 74) was a British film actress.[1] +Angela Glynne at the Internet Movie Database +References +External links +Selected filmography +Amy Mary Dalby (1888 — 10 March 1969) was an English actress[1] of stage and screen, often in kindly or eccentric spinster roles. +↑ Dalby biodata ↑ "The Battle of Godfrey's Cottage". British Comedy Guide. Retrieved 9 April 2016. ↑ "Amy Dalby". +Amy Dalby at the Internet Movie Database +References +Selected filmography +External links +Frank Dane was a British actor of the silent era.[1] +Frank Dane at the Internet Movie Database +Selected filmography +References +External links +Lionel d'Aragon(1863-1941) was a British actor of the silent era.[1] +Lionel d'Aragon at the Internet Movie Database +References +External links +Selected filmography +Edna Davies (1905–1969) was a British stage and film actress.[1] +Edna Davies at the Internet Movie Database +References +Selected filmography +Bibliography +External links +Rex Davis (1890 – ?) was a British actor.[1] +Rex Davis at the Internet Movie Database +Rex Davis +External links +Partial filmography +References +Tyrell Davis (1902–1970) was a British film actor.[1][2] +↑ Ftvdb.org.uk ↑ Mordaunt Hall (1933-02-24). "Constance Bennett, Violet Kemble-Cooper and Grant Mitchell in a Film of a Somerset Maugham Play". The New York Times. +Tyrell Davis at the Internet Movie Database Tyrell Davis at the Internet Broadway Database +Selected filmography +References +External links +Vera Day (Born August 4, 1935 in London), is a British film and television actress.[1] +Vera Day at the Internet Movie Database Vera Day internet site +External links +Selected filmography +References +Bibliography +Lewis Dayton was a British actor who appeared in a number of films during the silent and early sound eras, largely in supporting roles but occasionally in the male lead.[1] +Lewis Dayton at the Internet Movie Database +References +External links +Selected filmography +Rachel de Solla was a British actress.[1] +Rachel de Solla at the Internet Movie Database +References +External links +Selected filmography +Cecil del Gue was a British actor of the silent era.[1] +Cecil del Gue at the Internet Movie Database +Ivanka Marie Trump (/iˈvɑːŋkə/, born October 30, 1981) is an American businesswoman, former reality TV personality, socialite, author, and fashion model. She is the daughter of U.S. President Donald Trump and his first wife, former model Ivana Trump. +She has been an Executive Vice President of her father's company – The Trump Organization – as well as serving as a boardroom advisor on her father's TV show The Apprentice.[1] She moved to Washington, D.C in 2017 as her husband Jared Kushner was appointed as a Senior Advisor to the President of the United States by her father. +Ivanka Trump Trump in 2016 Born Ivanka Marie Trump (1981-10-30) October 30, 1981 New York City, New York, U.S. Alma mater University of Pennsylvania Occupation Businesswoman socialite television personality author fashion model Years active 1997–present Known for Former executive in the Trump Organization Former boardroom judge on The Apprentice Spouse(s) Jared Kushner (m. +2009–present) Children 3 Parent(s) Donald Trump Ivana Zelníčková Relatives See Trump family Website Official website +Selected filmography +External links +Tom Coventry was a British actor.[1] +Tom Coventry at the Internet Movie Database +References +External links +Selected filmography +Will Corrie was a British actor of the silent era.[1] +Will Corrie at the Internet Movie Database +References +External links +Selected filmography +Austin Leigh was a British stage and film actor.[1] +Austin Leigh at the Internet Movie Database +References +External links +Selected filmography +Edward Ernest Butcher (7 April 1885 – 8 June 1965) was a British film actor.[1] +Ernest Butcher at the Internet Movie Database +Selected filmography +Director +Actor +References +Bibliography +External links +Warwick Buckland (1863–1945) was a British stage actor. He later became a film actor and director. He directed the 1915 crime film After Dark.[1] +Warwick Buckland at the Internet Movie Database +References +External links +Filmography +Albert Burdon (1900–1981) was a British film actor.[1] born in South Shields, County Durham. +Albert Burdon at the Internet Movie Database +External links +Selected filmography +References +Gabrielle Brune (12 February 1912 in Bournemouth, Dorset[1] – 18 January 2005 in Chichester, Sussex) was a British actress.[2] +Gabrielle Brune at the Internet Movie Database +References +Selected filmography +External links +Bertram Burleigh (1890 – 1961) was a British actor of the silent era.[1] +↑ "Bertram Burleigh | BFI". Ftvdb.bfi.org.uk. 1961-04-24. +Bertram Burleigh at the Internet Movie Database +3D Movie may refer to: +A 3-D film, a type of film projected to create the illusion of depth 3D Movie (software), computer file for a software product by Microsoft +News channels +The name 6 News may refer to: +6 News (Turkey) 6 News Lawrence, in Lawrence, Kansas +93X may refer to: +KQQX, a radio station (93.3 FM) licensed to serve Hermann, Missouri, United States KXXI, a radio station (93.7 FM) licensed to serve Gallup, New Mexico, United States KXXR, a radio station (93.7 FM) licensed to serve Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States WMFS-FM, a radio station (92.9 FM) licensed to serve Bartlett, Tennessee, United States +96FM can refer to: +Cork's 96FM, a Radio station in Cork, Ireland 96fm (Perth radio station), a Radio station in Perth, Western Australia +References +External links +Lorenzo Adorni (born 1 December 1998) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a right back for Monza on loan from Parma.[1] +External links +Selected filmography +References +Arnold Bell (23 May 1901 – 12 March 1988) was a British actor.[1] +Arnold Bell at the Internet Movie Database +External links +Filmography +Leslie Austin at the Internet Movie Database +Leslie Austin (21 November 1885 – May 1974) was an English actor. +He appeared in 30 films between 1915 and 1930. +He was born in London, England. +Year Title Role Notes 1915 Her Reckoning Dick Leslie 1916 The City of Failing Light Gray's Secretary 1916 The Voice in the Night Mr Wayne Short film 1916 The Greater Wrong James Cannon Short film 1917 A Man and the Woman James Duncan 1917 The Auction of Virtue Jerry 1917 The Final Payment Neccola 1917 Two Little Imps Billy Parke 1917 The Courage of the Common Place Johnny McClean 1918 Mrs. Dane's Defense Lionel Cartaret 1918 American Buds Captain Bob Dutton 1918 Caught in the Act Langdon Trevor 1919 Marie, Ltd. +Blair Carson 1919 My Little Sister Eric 1920 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Danvers Carew 1920 Democracy: The Vision Restored John Fortune 1921 The Silver Lining Robert Ellington 1921 Cousin Kate Rev. James Bartlett 1921 Reckless Wives George Cameron 1922 Martha Lionel Short film 1922 The Darling of the Rich Mason Lawrence 1922 Tense Moments from Opera Lionel 1923 The Governor's Lady Robert Hayes 1923 Jamestown John Rolfe Short film 1923 Vincennes George Rogers Clark Short film 1924 Let Not Man Put Asunder Harry Vassall 1924 The Masked Dancer Robert Powell 1924 Sandra Rev. William J. Hapgood 1924 On Leave of Absence Pat Britton Short film 1925 The Unknown Lover Fred Wagner 1930 Young Man of Manhattan Dwight Knowles +Selected filmography +References +External links +Jeff Barlow was a British actor who was born in Lancashire in 1871.[1] +Jeff Barlow at the Internet Movie Database +Filmography +References +External links +Dorothy Ezard Bartlam (November 8, 1907 in Goole, Yorkshire – September, 1991) was an English actress.[1] +Dorothy Bartlam at the Internet Movie Database +1:43 may refer to: +1:43 scale 1:43 (band) +17th Party Congress may refer to: +The 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Beijing 2007. +The 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party, Soviet Union 1934. +The following elections occurred in the year 1241. +Papal election, 1241 +The following elections occurred in the year 1061. +Papal election, 1061 +The following elections occurred in the year 1088. +Papal election, 1088 +The following elections occurred in the year 1119. +Papal election, 1119 +The following elections occurred in the year 1143. +Papal election, 1143 +The following elections occurred in the year 1144. +Papal election, 1144 +The following elections occurred in the year 1145. +Papal election, 1145 +External links +Selected filmography +Edith Yorke (23 December 1867 – 28 July 1934) was an English actress. +She appeared in 65 films between 1919 and 1933. +Edith Yorke at the Internet Movie Database +References +External links +Selected filmography +Alfred Wellesley (25 July 1872 – 7 December 1943) was an English stage and film actor.[1] +Alfred Wellesley at the Internet Movie Database +References +External links +Selected filmography +Dick Webb was a British stage and film actor of the Silent era.[1] +Dick Webb at the Internet Movie Database +References +External links +Selected filmography +Hal Walters (1892–1940) was an English actor.[1] Born January 29, 1892, as Henry Paul Walters, he was best known for his role in The Four Feathers (1939).[2] +↑ http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/individual/23648 ↑ "Hal Walters". IMDb. Retrieved 2016-10-27. +Hal Walters at the Internet Movie Database +The following elections occurred in the year 1153. +Papal election, 1154 +External links +Selected filmography +Grace Arnold (19 September 1894 – 26 February 1979) was an English actress. +Her first film was Men Without Honour in 1939, where she starred opposite an actor named Ian Fleming. +Grace Arnold at the Internet Movie Database +References +External links +Selected filmography +George K. Arthur (27 January 1899 – 30 May 1985) was an English actor and producer. +He appeared in 59 films between 1919 and 1935. +He won an Academy Award for Best Short Film in 1956 for the film The Bespoke Overcoat.[1] +↑ "The 29th Academy Awards (1957) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011. +George K. Arthur at the Internet Movie Database George K. Arthur at the Internet Broadway Database ++972 may refer to: +Israel's telephone country code, see Telephone numbers in Israel +972 Magazine, Israel based group blog +1982–1992 may refer to: +1982–1992 (Europe album), a music compilation album 1982–1992 (Cassiber album), a music compilation album +6346 may refer to: +6346 (number), a number of verses in the Qu'ran 6346 Syukumeguri, a minor planet ISO 6346, an international standard covering the coding +OO5, 005, 0O5, O05 may refer to: +O05, Rogers Field airport 0O5, University Airport "005", a fictional British secret service agent, see 00 Agent Lufthansa Flight 005, a scheduled flight en route from Frankfurt to Bremen +005 (disambiguation) +References +External links +Selected filmography +Peggy Carlisle was a British actress.[1] +Peggy Carlisle at the Internet Movie Database +Selected filmography +References +External links +Made her film debut portraying 'Mrs. Waltham' in Denison Clift's "Demos" with Milton Rosmer, 1921. Best remembered as 'Countess of Strangeway s' in Arthur Maude's "Poppies of Flanders," 1927. Her final appear was portraying 'Mrs. McPhillip' in "The Informer," 1929, written by Arthur Robison and starring Lya De Putti and Lars Hanson. +Daisy Campbell at the Internet Movie Database +References +External links +Selected filmography +Henry Caine (born 19 June 1888 in Leamington Spa, Warwickshire – died 9 July 1962 in Hayle, Cornwall) was a British film actor.[1] His father was William Hawken, his wife was Laura Sammons.[2] +Henry Caine at the Internet Movie Database +9/16 may refer to: +September 16, the 259th day of the year (260th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar Time signature, a notational convention used in Western musical notation +References +Lieutenant Colonel Phayom Chulanont (Thai: พ.ท.พโยม จุลานนท์) was a Thai military officer, politician, leader of the Communist Party of Thailand, and father of former Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont. +The son of Phraya Wiset Singhanat of Phetburi, and son-in-law of Phraya Sri Sitthi Songkhram, Phayom became an ally of Marshal Plaek Pibulsonggram in his coup against the government of Thawal Thamrong Navaswadhi and Pridi Bhanomyong in 1947. +He later disagreed with the leaders of the junta and started a failed coup of his own, the so-called Army Staff School coup. When the coup failed, he fled to the People's Republic of China via Mae Sai and Burma. At the time, his son, Surayud, was only 6 years old. +Phayom returned to Thailand in 1957 to run in general elections in March, becoming MP of Phetburi. In the very same year, Sarit Dhanarajata seized power from the government of Plaek Pibulsonggram. +Phayom said goodbye to his family, went underground and took the name Comrade Too Khamtan (Thai: สหายตู้คำตัน). He later became a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Thailand and Chief of Staff of the People's Liberation Army of Thailand. His son, Surayud, later joined the Royal Thai Army and led operations against the Communists. +After decades of hiding and guerilla warfare, Phayom's health failed him. He was sent to recuperate in Beijing in 1978. +He died some time in the early 1980s. +(Thai) Nation Weekender, 'สหายคำตัน' คนดีในหัวใจ พล.อ.สุรยุทธ์ ('Comrade Khamtan', A Good Man in the Heart of General Surayud), 9 December 2005 +Population +References +Beautor Beautor Location within Hauts-de-France region Beautor Coordinates: 49°39′06″N 3°20′44″E / 49.6517°N 3.3456°E / 49.6517; 3.3456Coordinates: 49°39′06″N 3°20′44″E / 49.6517°N 3.3456°E / 49.6517; 3.3456 Country France Region Hauts-de-France Department Aisne Arrondissement Laon Canton Tergnier Intercommunality Villes d'Oyse Government • Mayor (2008–2014) Jacky Vasseur Area1 7.44 km2 (2.87 sq mi) Population (2012)2 2,675 • Density 360/km2 (930/sq mi) Time zone CET (UTC+1) • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2) INSEE/Postal code 02059 /02800 Elevation 45–61 m (148–200 ft) (avg. +50 m or 160 ft) 1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. 2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once. +Beautor is a commune in the department of Aisne in Hauts-de-France in northern France. +Historical population Year Pop. ±% 1962 3,326 — 1968 3,870 +16.4% 1975 3,595 −7.1% 1982 3,323 −7.6% 1990 3,114 −6.3% 1999 2,977 −4.4% 2008 2,664 −10.5% 2012 2,675 +0.4% +Indirect presidential elections were held in Vietnam on 24 July 2007. +The incumbent Nguyễn Minh Triết was reelected with 98.78% of the electors' votes. +References +Select film credits +External links +Harvey Adams (1893, Sheffield, England[1] - 1960, Australia) was an English actor and director who worked extensively in film, stage and radio.[2] +Harvey Adams at the Internet Movie Database Harvey Adams Australian theatre credits at AusStage +External links +Filmography +Israel Aduramo (born Israel Aduramo Oyelumade on 28 December 1968) is an English actor. +Israel Aduramo at the Internet Movie Database +Selected filmography +References +External links +Mary Dibley (21 February 1883 in London;[1] year of death unknown) was a British film actress. +She was married to the actor Gerald Ames. +Mary Dibley at the Internet Movie Database +References +External links +Selected filmography +Ernest A. Douglas was a British actor of the silent era.[1] +Ernest A. Douglas at the Internet Movie Database +References +External links +Selected filmography +Edgar Driver Born 1885 Died 1964 Occupation Film actor Years active 1933-1968 +Edgar Driver (1885–1964) was a British actor.[1] +Edgar Driver at the Internet Movie Database +References +External links +Selected filmography +Isla Bevan (1910-1976) was a British stage and film actress.[1] +Isla Bevan at the Internet Movie Database +References +External links +Partial filmography +Wallace Charles Bosco (31 January 1880 in St Pancras, London – 1973 in Richmond upon Thames, Surrey) was an English film actor and screenwriter.[1] +Wallace Bosco at the Internet Movie Database +Selected filmography +References +External links +Beckett Bould (28 September 1880 – 25 September 1970) was a British actor.[1] +Beckett Bould at the Internet Movie Database +DZBB may refer to one of the following GMA Network owned broadcasters: +DZBB-AM, a radio station (594 AM) in Metro Manila DZBB-TV, a television station (channel 7 analog) in Metro Manila +DZTV may refer to the 2 flagship stations of Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation both licensed on Metro Manila, Philippines +DZTV-TV, a television station (VHF Channel 13) DZTV-AM, a radio station (1386 AM) +KATK may refer to: +KATK (AM), a radio station (740 AM) licensed to Carlsbad, New Mexico, United States KATK-FM, a radio station (92.1 FM) licensed to Carlsbad, New Mexico, United States +Typology +References +Origins +Assorted lingerie styles +Lingerie are women's undergarments, and may imply their being fashionable and alluring. +Lingerie undergarments use flexible, stretchy, sheer, or decorative materials like Lycra, nylon (nylon tricot), polyester, satin, lace, silk and sheer fabric. Certain cotton or synthetic undergarments are also lingerie. +Women's panties +Through the first half of the 20th century, women wore underwear for three primary reasons: to alter their outward shape (first with corsets and later with girdles or bras), for hygienic reasons, or for modesty. Before the invention of crinoline, women's underwear was often very large and bulky. During the late 19th century, corsets became smaller, less bulky and constricting, and were gradually supplanted by the brassiere, first patented in the 20th century by Mary Phelps Jacob. +When the First World War broke out, women found themselves filling in men's work roles, creating a demand for more practical undergarments. Manufacturers began to use lighter and more breathable fabrics. In 1935 brassières were updated with padded cups to flatter small breasts and three years later underwire bras were introduced that gave a protruding bustline. +As the 20th century progressed, underwear became smaller and more form fitting. +In the 1960s, lingerie manufacturers such as Frederick's of Hollywood begin to glamorize lingerie. The lingerie industry expanded in the 21st century with designs that doubled as outerwear. The French refer to this as 'dessous-dessus' which basically means innerwear as outerwear. +Victoria's Secret fashion show, 2014. Victoria's Secret is United State’s largest lingerie retailer.[4] +The lingerie market at the turn of the 21st century was driven by the advent of modern technologies and fabrics that help in designing innovative products such as laser-cut seamless bras and moulded T-shirt bras. Designers are putting greater emphasis on rich-looking fabrics, laces, embroideries and brighter, more daring colors. +The global lingerie market in 2003 was estimated at $29 billion, while in 2005, Bras accounted for 56 per cent of the lingerie market and briefs represented 29 per cent. +United States’s largest lingerie retailer, Victoria's Secret,[5] operates almost exclusively in North America, but the European market is fragmented, with Triumph International and DB Apparel predominant. +Also predominant are French lingerie houses, including Chantelle, Aubade and Simone Pérèle, each with a long history and a commitment to innovation and French style. +Since the mid-1990s, women have had more choice in bra sizes; the focus has changed from choosing bras in an average size to wearing bras that actually fit perfectly. In the UK, for instance, the media is fuelling an awareness campaign about the need for each woman to have a proper bra fitting before every purchase. +Woman at a beach in G-string +Brassiere, more commonly referred to as a bra, a close-fitting garment that is worn to help lift and support a woman’s breasts Bustier, a form fitting garment used to push up the bust and to shape the waist. Camisole, sleeveless and covering the top part of the body. Camisoles are typically constructed of light materials and feature thin "spaghetti straps." +It is usually longer and looser than the average T-shirt, and it is typically made of softer material. Panties, underwear that come in all shapes, fabrics and colours, allowing you to have lots of coverage or barely any coverage at all. Peignoir, a long outer garment which is frequently sheer and made of chiffon or another translucent fabric Petticoat, an underskirt. +1 2 3 "Toyota Launches the New C-HR" (Press release). Toyota Global Newsroom. 2016-12-14. +Retrieved 2017-01-20. ↑ Aytekin, Akin (2016-11-09). "Toyota begins production of C-HR in Turkey for export to Europe, U.S.". Automotive News. +Critical review +The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show is an annual show sponsored by and featuring Victoria's Secret, a brand of lingerie and sleepwear. Victoria's Secret uses the show to promote and market its goods in high-profile settings. The show features some of the world's leading fashion models such as current Victoria's Secret Angels Adriana Lima, Alessandra Ambrosio, Behati Prinsloo, Candice Swanepoel, and Lily Aldridge. +Also in 2001, the show made its network television broadcast on ABC, though in all subsequent years, it has been broadcast on CBS. The show has been held at a variety of locations in different cities including Miami, Los Angeles, Cannes, Paris, and London. The first four shows were held at the Plaza Hotel in New York City, but since it has become a televised event it has most often been held at the 69th Regiment Armory in New York City. +In 2012, an outfit worn by model Karlie Kloss, which was reminiscent of Native American attire, sparked controversy due to its alleged stereotypical depiction of Native Americans. Victoria's Secret released a statement of apology shortly after, saying that they will remove it from future advertisements and the broadcast. Kloss apologized on her Twitter account for the outfit and expressed her support for the outfit's removal in the broadcast.[40] +In 2013, the Victoria's Secret Fashion show featured performances by Taylor Swift, A Great Big World, Neon Jungle and Fall Out Boy.[41] Taylor Swift performed "I Knew You Were Trouble", A Great Big World performed "Say Something", UK's Neon Jungle made their US television debut with "Trouble", and Fall Out Boy performed with Taylor Swift in "My Songs Know What You Did In The Dark" and later performed "The Phoenix".[41] +In 2014, the Victoria's Secret Fashion show featured performances by Taylor Swift; for the second year in a row, Ed Sheeran, Ariana Grande, and Hozier.[42] Taylor Swift performed "Blank Space" and "Style". Ed Sheeran performed "Thinking Out Loud". Ariana Grande performed "Love Me Harder", "Bang Bang", "Break Free", and "Problem". +The early webcasts were criticized for poor connection, and users that could connect were subjected to low video quality.[9] One critic from The New York Times described the initial 20th-century webcast experience as having felt like he was "watching a striptease through a keyhole".[4] +Some critics have described the 21st-century televised editions of the show as pornographic,[44][45] while others have described it as both "outright commercialism" and an infomercial.[15] The Federal Communications Commission has received complaints regarding the broadcast, but no fines have been imposed, with the FCC, following the 2001 airing, citing the First Amendment and stating that "sexual or excretory activities or organs in a patently offensive manner as measured by contemporary community standards for the broadcast medium" were not broadcast.[46] In the initial 2001 airing ABC blurred the screen on particularly sheer lingerie.[45] This enabled the show to pass muster with its internal Broadcast Standards and Practices department and to achieve the TV-14 rating.[47] In 2002, the National Organization for Women protested the show calling it a "soft-core porn infomercial."[44] They were joined in protest by the Parents Television Council and other watchdog organizations.[45] CBS has given past shows TV-14 ratings, which is a warning that the show may contain material unsuitable for children age 14 and under. Nonetheless some affiliates have chosen not to air the show in past years including Fisher Broadcasting affiliates in Idaho.[45] In 2009, the American Decency Association organized email letters of protests to sponsors of the show including AT&T, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Netflix, Nikon, and Reebok.[48] CBS has described the event to as "the Super Bowl of fashion".[49] +History +Retrieved March 6, 2009. 1 2 Flaim, Denise (August 3, 1995). "Victoria's Secrets For All to See A peekaboo bra-fest on the Plaza runway". +Newsday. Retrieved March 6, 2009. ↑ The Wall Street Journal (October 24, 1995). "Interest In Stock Offer Is Modest - Sales May Reveal Trouble For Spice Lingerie Retailer". +Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved March 9, 2009. 1 2 Rothstein, Edward (February 5, 1999). +"Internet Review; A Sex Metaphor, by Victoria's Secret". The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2010. +1 2 Flaim, Denise, Paul D. Colford, and Andy Edelstein (February 8, 1996). "Flash! The latest entertainment news and more". +Newsday. Retrieved March 6, 2009. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) 1 2 Marshall, Hood (February 9, 1997). +"Victoria Can't Keep Much Secret For Valentine's Day". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved March 7, 2009. +1 2 Smith, Liz (February 5, 1998). "A D.C. Power Pair". Newsday. +Retrieved March 6, 2009. 1 2 Farrell, Greg (February 8, 1999). "Victoria's Secret weapon: Ad exec Woman behind spots has been to Bowl before". +Retrieved March 8, 2009. 1 2 3 Napoli, Lisa (February 8, 1999). "The Media Business: Advertising; Was the Victoria's Secret show a Web failure? +Hardly. There's no such thing as bad publicity.". The New York Times. +Retrieved March 4, 2010. ↑ Parnes, Francine (February 3, 1999). "Victoria jiggling into cyberspace". The Denver Post. +Retrieved March 11, 2009. 1 2 Parnes, Francine (February 3, 1999). "Victoria jiggling into cyberspace". +Retrieved March 7, 2009. 1 2 Callaway, Libby (May 21, 2000). "Showing Off Their Cannes: The Post Goes Behind The Scenes At The World's Biggest Fashion Show". +New York Post. +Retrieved March 6, 2009. ↑ "Flesh Fest called Cannes - Not Do". New York Post. March 16, 2000. +Retrieved March 8, 2009. ↑ Ealy, Charles (May 7, 2000). +"Cannes can still deliver the goods - Nothing else compares to this chaotic festival". The Dallas Morning News. Retrieved March 8, 2009. +1 2 3 Kuczynski, Alex (November 18, 2001). "VIEW; Victoria's Secret on TV: Another First for Women". The New York Times. +Retrieved March 4, 2010. 1 2 Kaplan, Don (November 17, 2001). "Victoria's Undies Fall Off". +New York Post. Retrieved March 6, 2009. 1 2 3 Penn, Faye (November 14, 2001). +"Bridget's Got A Hall-uva Secret". New York Post. Retrieved March 15, 2009. ↑ "FCC official makes no secret of displeasure over lingerie show". +CNN. November 21, 2002. Retrieved March 8, 2013. +1 2 3 Stern, Jared Paul (November 8, 2002). "'Secret' No Longer: Model List Released". New York Post. +Retrieved March 7, 2009. 1 2 3 Hoffmann, Bill (November 14, 2003). "Playing Our Thong – Victoria's Celebs Lead Undie Fun Day". +New York Post. Retrieved March 7, 2009. 1 2 3 Robertson, Campbell (November 11, 2005). +"Boldface". The New York Times. Retrieved March 7, 2009. +1 2 Critchell, Samantha (November 23, 2006). "Models Prepare For Victoria's Secret Fashion Show". The Press of Atlantic City. +Retrieved March 7, 2009. ↑ Healy, Orla (November 8, 2005). "Tyra Busts Out - 'Oprah With Cleavage' Has Big Ambitions". New York Post. +Retrieved March 9, 2009. 1 2 Sturrock, Staci (November 16, 2004). "Celestial Bodies". +The Palm Beach Post. Cox Media Group. Retrieved February 27, 2010. +Sexy Takes Time, Effort". Daily News of Los Angeles. November 17, 2006. +Retrieved March 7, 2009. 1 2 3 Korb, Michael (December 2, 2007). "Model behavior on CBS' ' Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2007'". +Charleston Gazette. +Retrieved March 7, 2009. ↑ "Victoria's Secret Angels 'Hollywood Walk Of Fame'". +The Insider. November 14, 2007. Retrieved March 9, 2009. ↑ "Video Report - 'Angels' Get Star, Go Shopping". +Jefferson City News-Tribune. November 15, 2007. Retrieved March 9, 2009. ↑ "Victoria's Secret Angels 'Hollywood Walk Of Fame'". +PopCrunch. November 14, 2007. Retrieved March 12, 2009. ↑ "Coming To Town: Miranda Kerr: Fab and loving it". +The Miami Herald. November 3, 2008. Retrieved March 8, 2009. ↑ "Victorias Secret Fashion Shows". +Best Lingerie Brands. Retrieved February 28, 2010. ↑ Sage, Alexandria (November 16, 2007). "Spice Girls strut down Victoria's Secret runway". +Reuters. Retrieved February 27, 2010. ↑ Castina (November 15, 2007). "Will.i.am To Replace Kanye West". +PopCrunch. Retrieved January 6, 2008. ↑ Smith, Olivia (December 2, 2009). "Kylie Bisutti bests Jamie Lee Darley to win Victoria's Secret Model Search, makes runway debut". +New York Daily News. Retrieved January 17, 2010. ↑ "It's On! 2010 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show Announced". Victoria's Secret. +September 3, 2010. Retrieved September 15, 2010. ↑ "Victoria's Secret Video: VS Loves Katy Perry" (Video). New York, NY: Victoria Secret, CBS. +November 29, 2010. Retrieved February 5, 2011. ↑ "The Victoria's Secret Show: Victoria's Secret 2010 - VS Loves Katy Perry" (Video). New York, NY: Victoria Secret, CBS. +November 29, 2010. Retrieved February 5, 2011. ↑ "VICTORIA'S SECRET : SOPHIA'S 10 DIARY : THE PEP TALK". YouTube. +December 3, 2010. Retrieved November 15, 2011. ↑ Gibson, Christina. "E! +Online". www.eonline.com. Christina Gibson. Retrieved November 6, 2014. ↑ Karlie Kloss’s Victoria’s Secret American Indian outfit causes controversy. +Retrieved November 14, 2012. 1 2 2013 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show - The Performances Video ↑ Finn, Natalie (November 17, 2014). "News/2014 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show: Ariana Grande, Taylor Swift and More Performers Announced!". +E!. Retrieved December 15, 2014. ↑ "Ariana Grande gets smacked in face by Victoria's Secret model's wings - LA Times". +Los Angeles Times. December 3, 2014. +Retrieved January 14, 2015. 1 2 Stevens, Dana (November 20, 2003). "These Are a Few of My Favorite Thongs: The Victoria's Secret spectacle on CBS". +Slate. Retrieved March 2, 2010. 1 2 3 4 "Watchdog Groups Protest Victoria's Secret Show". +Fox News. November 20, 2002. Retrieved March 2, 2010. ↑ People: Sexy Telecast No Problem With FCC. +March 26, 2002. ↑ Kleder, Martha (November 21, 2001). "FCC Investigating ABC's 'Victoria's Secret Fashion Show'". Concerned Women for America. +Retrieved March 2, 2010. ↑ "Victoria's Secret toning down? Not!". American Decency Association. +December 2, 2009. Retrieved March 2, 2010. ↑ "Backstage pass: Victoria's Secret Fashion Show". CBS News. +December 3, 2014. Retrieved January 20, 2015. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xRJJDxlYk5Y ↑ Wells, Melanie (February 14, 1996). "Victoria's secret to success – Mixing romance, fantasy". +USA Today. Retrieved March 7, 2009. ↑ "Yasmeen Ghauri". nymag.com. New York Magazine. +Retrieved January 14, 2014. ↑ Washington, Roxanne (February 13, 1997). +"Real Men Absent On N.Y. Runway". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved March 7, 2009. ↑ Davidson, Justin & Julia Szabo (February 6, 1997). +"Flash! The latest entertainment news and more". Newsday. +Retrieved March 6, 2009. 1 2 "Height, Weight, Hairstyle, Hair Color, College, Relationships and Complete Profile of Female Celebrity Jaime King". Retrieved June 10, 2009. ↑ "Tech". +The Daily Ardmoreite. February 4, 1999. Retrieved March 6, 2009. ↑ "Advertising Mascots – People". tvacres.com. +Retrieved March 7, 2009. ↑ Lacitis, Erik (February 5, 1999). +"Where Were You an 1.5 Million Others When Victoria's Secret Show Aired?". The Seattle Times. Retrieved March 6, 2009. ↑ Wolf, Barnet D. +(February 7, 1999). "Victoria's Secret Sold On Concept of Cybermedium". The Columbus Dispatch. +Retrieved March 6, 2009. ↑ Callaway, Libby (May 17, 2000). "Pretty in Pink, Victoria's Angels' Wing Their Way To France A La Concorde". New York Post. +Retrieved March 6, 2009. ↑ Callaway, Libby & Jonathan Foreman (May 19, 2000). "A Fest-Seller At Cannes: Fashion". New York Post. +Retrieved March 7, 2009. ↑ "The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (2001)". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved March 7, 2009. ↑ "PETA Pans Gisele In Victoria's Secret Protest". +New York Post. November 15, 2002. Retrieved March 7, 2009. +1 2 Bobbin, Jay (November 17, 2002). "Heidi Klum reveals Victoria's fashion secrets in CBS special". The Daily Ardmoreite. +Retrieved March 7, 2009. ↑ Rosenthal, Phil (November 20, 2002). "An hour barely covers it". Chicago Sun-Times. +Retrieved March 6, 2009. ↑ "Movie Moguls Let Fur Fly, Too". New York Post. November 17, 2002. +Retrieved March 6, 2009. ↑ Hanson, Holly (October 30, 2003). "Victoria's Secret Likes Somerset – Local Store Is First To Get New Model Makeup Kit". Detroit Free Press. +Retrieved March 7, 2009. ↑ "The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (2003)". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved March 7, 2009. ↑ Kahn, Robert (November 17, 2003). +"Victoria's Latex Secret Now on Show". Newsday. +Retrieved March 7, 2009. ↑ Radsken, Jill (November 19, 2003). "Fashion – Peek experience – Behind the scenes at the Victoria's Secret fashion show". Boston Herald. +Retrieved March 7, 2009. 1 2 Critchell, Samantha (November 27, 2005). "Camp On The Catwalk – Victoria's Secret puts on a show – How to make a supermodel smile". +Houston Chronicle. Retrieved March 7, 2009. ↑ Grossman, Ben (December 8, 2005). "UPN Shares Victoria's Secret". +BroadcastingCable.com. Retrieved January 11, 2014. ↑ de Moraes, Lisa (December 8, 2005). "Viewers Are Scanty for 'Victoria's Secret Fashion Show'". +The Washington Post. +Retrieved January 11, 2014. ↑ "Viewers are following the scripts". Los Angeles Times. December 21, 2005. +Retrieved January 11, 2014. ↑ "The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (2005)". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved March 7, 2009. ↑ Amodio, Joseph V. +(December 5, 2005). +"Prime-Time Catwalk Are supermodels a dying breed? Victoria's Secret may be the last launching pad for the next big name". Newsday. +Retrieved March 7, 2009. ↑ "CBS Specials: Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2005". CBS. Retrieved November 8, 2007. +1 2 Shattuck, Kathryn (December 5, 2005). "What's on Tuesday". The New York Times. +Retrieved March 7, 2009. ↑ "CBS Repeats as Tuesday Winner". Zap2It.com. December 20, 2006. +Retrieved January 11, 2014. ↑ "The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (2006)". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved March 7, 2009. ↑ "Will.I.Am Replaces Kanye At VS Show". +November 17, 2007. Retrieved March 15, 2009. ↑ Cox, Jennifer (December 5, 2007). "Victoria's Secret Racy Pics, Models, Spice Girls Boost Fashion Show". +The National Ledger. Retrieved December 5, 2007. ↑ Seidman, Robert (December 12, 2007). "Overnight Results 12/11: A Rare NBC Win". +TV by the Numbers. +Retrieved January 11, 2014. ↑ "The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (2007)". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved March 7, 2009. ↑ Rosenthal, Phil (December 9, 2007). +"Models can't make hard sell look attractive". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 7, 2009. ↑ "Stars come out for Fontainebleau". +The Miami Herald. November 17, 2008. Retrieved March 7, 2009. +1 2 Abravanel, Lesley (November 14, 2008). "Singin' the Fontainebleau shut-out blues?". The Miami Herald. +Retrieved March 7, 2009. ↑ Barrett, Annie (December 4, 2008). "TV Ratings: 'Rudolph' glows ('like a light bulb!') for CBS". Entertainment Weekly. +Hollywood Insider. Retrieved January 11, 2010. ↑ Seidman, Robert (December 18, 2008). "Wednesday Ratings: 'Life' and 'Private Practice' no match for 'Criminal Minds'". +TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 11, 2014. ↑ "The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (2008)". +Internet Movie Database. Retrieved March 7, 2009. ↑ Micchandani, Raakhee (December 3, 2008). "Backstage Secrets – Behind The Brassieres At The Victoria's Secret Fashion". +New York Post. Retrieved March 7, 2009. ↑ "Quick Chemistry". New York Post. +November 19, 2008. Retrieved March 7, 2009. 1 2 Mirchandani, Raakhee & Danica Lo (November 19, 2009). +"Secret Angels Bare Skinny". New York Post. p. 67. Retrieved November 23, 2009. ↑ Cantor, Brian (December 2, 2009). +"Obama Barely Helps "90210" Ratings, "Biggest Loser" Tops "Victoria's Secret"". Headline Planet. +Retrieved January 11, 2010. ↑ Nguyen, Hanh (December 10, 2009). "TV Ratings: CBS' crime lords it over Wednesday; Adults on the rise on FOX, ABC". TV by the Numbers. +Retrieved January 11, 2014. ↑ As the runner-up to Victoria's Secret Model Search competition winner Kylie Bisutti | Jamie Lee Darley appeared in the broadcast, but not on the catwalk. ↑ "The Victoria's Secret Fashion Show (2009)". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved December 26, 2009. ↑ "First Look: Marisa Miller to Rock Victoria Secret's New Diamond-Studded Bra". +People. StyleWatch. October 21, 2009. +Retrieved January 11, 2010. ↑ Sepinwall, Alan (December 1, 2010). "TV Ratings: 'Rudolph' & Victoria's Secret give CBS the Tuesday win". +Hit Fix. +Retrieved December 1, 2010. ↑ "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Modern Family,' 'The Sing Off' Adjusted Up; 'The Middle' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. December 9, 2010. +Retrieved January 11, 2014. ↑ "Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2010 Line-up Gallery". VSHOLIC.com. Retrieved November 15, 2011. ↑ Archived October 22, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. ↑ "Victorias Secret Supermodels Attend The 2010 Victorias Secret Fashion… | Getty Images Nederland | 106652423". +Gettyimages.com. November 9, 2010. +Retrieved November 15, 2011. ↑ "TV Ratings Tuesday: CBS Gets A Rise Out of 'Victoria's Secret Fashion Show'; Parenthood & Biggest Loser Match Season Highs; 'Glee,' 'New Girl' Inch Up". TV by the Numbers. November 30, 2011. +Retrieved November 30, 2011. ↑ "TV ratings: 'X Factor' steady Wednesday, viewers not fascinated with Barbara Walters special". TV by the Numbers. December 15, 2011. +Retrieved January 11, 2014. ↑ "Victoria's Secret Show Date Set - Intimates/Activewear - Media". WWD.com. September 19, 2011. +Ryan Seacrest. October 11, 2011. Retrieved November 15, 2011. ↑ "Tuesday Final Ratings: 'Parenthood', 'Victoria's Secret Fashion Show', 'The Voice', & 'Shark Tank' Adjusted Up; 'Hart of Dixie' and 'Go On' Adjusted Down". +TV by the Numbers. December 5, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2012. ↑ "Wednesday Final Ratings: 'The X Factor' Adjusted Up; 'The Middle' Adjusted Down". +TV by the Numbers. December 13, 2012. Retrieved January 11, 2014. ↑ 2013 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show | Go behind-the-scenes at the Sexiest Night on Television, only at VS All Access ↑ Jessica Hart Talks Football, Fitness, and the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show - News - FashionEtc.com ↑ "Tuesday Final Ratings: 'Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.' & 'NCIS' Adjusted Up; 'The Goldbergs' Adjusted Down". +TV by the Numbers. November 12, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2013. ↑ "Week 13 TV Ratings and Analysis; How the Sitcoms Did". +SitcomsOnline.com. December 22, 2013. Retrieved January 11, 2014. ↑ "10 highlights from Victoria's Secret Fashion Show". +USA Today. ↑ Milligan, Lauren (April 15, 2014). +"Victoria's Secret Comes To London". +Vogue. Retrieved August 1, 2014. ↑ Bibel, Sara (December 10, 2014). "Tuesday Final Ratings: 'Victoria's Secret Fashion Show' & 'The Voice' Adjusted Up; 'Supernatural' & 'The Mindy Project' Adjusted Down". +TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 10, 2014. ↑ Kondolojy, Amanda (December 17, 2014). +"Tuesday Final Ratings: 'NCIS' & 'The Voice' Adjusted Up, No Adjustment for 'Person of Interest' or 'MasterChef Junior'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 17, 2014. ↑ http://www.cbs.com/shows/victorias_secret/news/1003145/ ↑ http://www.elle.com/news/beauty-makeup/jasmine-tookes-beauty-interview?src=spr_TWITTER&spr_id=1448_99677706&linkId=10047071 ↑ Porter, Rick (December 9, 2015). +"TV Ratings Tuesday: 'Scream Queens' finale flat, 'Victoria's Secret' and 'Flash' slip". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 10, 2015. ↑ Porter, Rick (December 15, 2015). +"Monday final ratings: 'Scorpion' and 'Jane the Virgin' adjust down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 8, 2016. +1 2 http://vsallaccess.victoriassecret.com ↑ Lugmayr, Luigi (October 24, 2016). "Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2016 Is In Paris". I4U News. +Retrieved November 5, 2016. ↑ Porter, Rick (December 6, 2016). "'The Voice' and '2 Broke Girls' adjust up, 'Christmas Light Fight' and 'Conviction' adjust down: Monday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. +Retrieved December 8, 2016. ↑ See, Denise (November 4, 2016). +"Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2016 news: The Weeknd, Bruno Mars, Lady Gaga to perform". Ecumenical News. Retrieved November 5, 2016. ↑ http://www.elle.com/fashion/news/a43717/victorias-secret-fashion-show-2017-to-be-in-shanghai/ ↑ Rothstein, Simon (October 23, 2009). +"Marisa is worth millions". The Sun. London. +Retrieved October 24, 2009. ↑ O'Connell, Vanessa (October 7, 2009). "The Shrinking of the Fantasy Gift". The Wall Street Journal. +Retrieved October 24, 2009. ↑ Behind Victoria's Secret $10 million Fantasy Bra ↑ "Victoria's Secret Fashion Show Shows Off $3 Million Harlequin Fantasy Bra - Speakeasy - WSJ". The Wall Street Journal. 1 2 Supermodel Candice Swanepoel - YouTube 1 2 Pedersen, Stephanie (2004). +Bra: a thousand years of style, support and seduction. David & Charles Publishers. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-7153-2067-9. ↑ "The Fantasy Bra's History". +CBS New York. 1 2 Sussman, Paul (December 1, 2005). "The Ultimate in lingerie: $15m set". +CNN. Retrieved October 24, 2009. ↑ Shattuck, Kathryn (December 1, 2009). "What's On Today". +The New York Times. Retrieved March 4, 2010. ↑ Bird, Laura (November 17, 1996). "Forget ties; Catalogs offer much more for Christmas". +The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 24, 2009. ↑ Paschal, Jan (November 13, 2001). "Diamonds ARE a girl's best friend". +Reuters. Retrieved October 24, 2009. 1 2 "Hearts On Fire creates bra with bling". +National Jeweler. October 18, 2006. Retrieved October 24, 2009. ↑ Bhatnagar, Parija (October 31, 2003). +"Betting on the $11 million bra". CNNMoney.com. Retrieved October 24, 2009. ↑ "Tyra Banks reveals $10-million Fantasy Bra". +Hello Magazine. October 14, 2004. Retrieved October 24, 2009. ↑ Crean, Ellen (December 5, 2005). +"Bundchen Has The Secret". CBS News. Retrieved October 24, 2009. ↑ Thomas, Karen (October 9, 2007). +"Victoria's Secret has a gem-dandy fantasy". USA Today. Retrieved October 24, 2009. ↑ "Victoria's Secret unveils 2008 "Fantasy Bra"". +National Jeweler. October 20, 2008. Retrieved October 24, 2009. ↑ "Marisa Miller to Rock Victoria Secret's New Diamond-Studded Bra". +People Magazine. October 21, 2009. Retrieved October 24, 2009. ↑ "Adriana Lima and the $2 million 2010 Fantasy bra". ↑ jkucsak (October 20, 2011). +"The $2.5 Million Bra". Yahoo!. Retrieved October 21, 2011. ↑ "Ambrosio models latest Victoria's Secret Fantasy Bra". +USA Today. ↑ Victoria’s Secret Fantasy Bra 2013, Candice Swanepoel Fantasy Bra – Style News - StyleWatch - People.com ↑ "The Dream Angels Fantasy Bras Revealed!". Victoria's Secret. November 4, 2014. +Retrieved December 5, 2014. ↑ Satenstein, Liana (November 2, 2015). "The New Victoria's Secret Fantasy Bra Is Finally Unveiled". Vogue. ↑ http://www.seventeen.com/fashion/news/a43485/jasmine-tookes-is-the-first-woman-of-color-to-wear-the-victorias-secret-fantasy-bra-in-9-years/?src=socialflowFB +Each year, twenty to forty of the world's top fashion models are selected to perform in the fashion show. In a typical year, this includes about a half dozen women under contract to the company,[1] known as Victoria's Secret Angels, who help publicize the event. The giant angel wings worn by the models, as well as other wings of various forms and sizes such as butterfly, peacock, or devil wings, have become emblematic of the Victoria's Secret brand. +The first fashion show extravaganza, introduced by Stephanie Seymour, was held at the Plaza Hotel in New York City in August 1996. +The show also featured Beverly Peele and Frederique van der Wal.[2] This first fashion show occurred two months before The Limited, parent company of Victoria's Secret owner Intimate Brands, sold an initial public offering of a 16 percent stake in the company and almost had Seymour make an appearance at the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) for the opening bell.[3] She actually did ring the closing bell at the NYSE as part of the publicity campaign.[4] The subsequent three annual shows were also held at the Plaza.[5][6][7] +In 1999, during Super Bowl XXXIII, Victoria's Secret announced a 72-hour countdown to the Internet webcast of the Victoria's Secret fashion show, which resulted in over 2 million internet viewers of the show.[8] Parent company Intimate Brands bought a $1.5 million ($2.2 million today) 30-second television advertisement during the Super Bowl broadcast and spent an additional $4 million ($5.8 million) for subsequent international newspaper advertisements to publicize the event.[9] The show, which was aired by Broadcast.com,[9] featured Tyra Banks, Laetitia Casta, Heidi Klum, Karen Mulder, Daniela Pestova, Inés Rivero, and Seymour.[10] In 1999 and 2000,[11][12] the show was broadcast live on the internet, but the 2000 show was moved for a year from the usual February event at the Plaza to a May event in concert with the Cannes Film Festival in France to raise money for the Cinema Against AIDS charity; it raised $3.5 million.[13][14] +In 2001, the show, which was hosted by Rupert Everett,[15] returned to the New York City but at Bryant Park instead of the Plaza.[16] That year, the show made its broadcast debut on ABC,[17] drawing millions of viewers as well as some middle-brow controversy; the Federal Communications Commission received many complaints about the broadcast every year.[15][18] The show has continued to be broadcast on network television every year since. +From 2002 through 2005, it was held at the Lexington Avenue Armory in New York City.[19][20][21] The 2004 show was canceled due to a widespread crackdown on perceived indecency in broadcasting stemming from the Janet Jackson and Justin Timberlake Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy, in which Jackson encountered a breast-revealing "wardrobe malfunction".[22] Before the 2005 show, Banks announced her retirement from modeling and embarkation on a television career with The Tyra Banks Show, making the 2005 show a farewell to her decade of fashion shows for the company.[23] +In 2004, instead of the annual fashion show, the Angels (Tyra Banks, Heidi Klum, Gisele Bündchen, Adriana Lima, and Alessandra Ambrosio) did an Angels Across America Tour, a grassroots campaign for the brand visiting four major cities: New York City, Miami, Las Vegas, and Los Angeles.[24] +The 2006 and 2007 shows were held at the Kodak Theatre in Los Angeles.[25][26] On November 13, 2007, the Victoria's Secret Angels were honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame right outside the Kodak Theatre.[27][28] The 2007 Angels honored in this celebration to mark Victoria's Secret's 25th anniversary on Hollywood Boulevard were Heidi Klum, Adriana Lima, Alessandra Ambrosio, Karolina Kurkova, Selita Ebanks, Izabel Goulart, Marisa Miller, and Miranda Kerr. The other models, who also appeared in that year's fashion show, were in attendance that day.[29] The 2008 show coincided with the grand re-opening of the Fontainebleau Miami Beach hotel.[30] +In 2006, Victoria's Secret sub-brand PINK made its debut on the runway.[31] Justin Timberlake opened the show with his popular song "Sexy Back". This year fashion show was the final walk of Gisele Bündchen. +The 2007 show featured a performance by the Spice Girls and gained prominence as the first American TV debut of the band after their comeback.[32] Kanye West was also scheduled to perform at the event, but cancelled his appearance due to his mother's death. will.i.am was called to perform in his place.[33] +The 2008 show was held at Fountainebleu Miami Beach, Florida. +Usher was appeared on the show as well as opened it. Unlike the other shows, the runway was designed parallel with the audience seats. +In 2009, the fashion show took place in New York City at the Lexington Avenue Armory, where it was last held in 2005. The 2009 show was notable for featuring the results of a competition, called the Victoria's Secret Model Search, to find a new Victoria's Secret "runway Angel." The winner was announced as Kylie Bisutti.[34] +The 2010 Victoria's Secret Fashion show aired on November 30, 2010 on CBS, and featured performances by Katy Perry and Akon.[35] A promotional ad featured a lipdub[36] for Katy Perry's "Firework".[37] As of 2010, 152 models have walked the show.[38] +In 2011, Kanye West started his song "Stronger" with a tribute to his mother who had died before his scheduled performance four years before, saying: "In 2007, I was supposed to perform this song on this show ...and I lost my superhero. Now she's my super-angel."[39] +Victoria's Secret Fashion Show +Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 1995 000000001995-08-01-0000August 1, 1995 Plaza Hotel, New York City no broadcast no broadcast Natane Adcock Helena Barquilla Leilani Bishop Keri Claussen Gail Elliott Valerie Jean Angelika Kallio Catherine McCord Beverly Peele Rebecca Romijn Stephanie Seymour Ingrid Seynhaeve Frederique van der Wal Veronica Webb Magdalena Wrobel [2] Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 1996 000000001996-02-06-0000February 6, 1996 Plaza Hotel, New York City no broadcast no broadcast Tyra Banks Leilani Bishop Naomi Campbell Helena Christensen Yasmeen Ghauri Catherine McCord Saira Mohan Karen Mulder Beverly Peele Carrie Salmon Stephanie Seymour Frederique van der Wal Veronica Webb [5][50][51][52] Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 1997 000000001997-02-04-0000February 4, 1997 Plaza Hotel, New York City no broadcast no broadcast Tyra Banks Elsa Benítez Naomi Campbell Esther Cañadas Laetitia Casta Helena Christensen Keri Claussen Yasmeen Ghauri Tricia Helfer Vendela Kirsebom Heidi Klum Karen Mulder Chandra North Georgianna Robertson Rebecca Romijn Carrie Salmon Claudia Schiffer Stephanie Seymour Ingrid Seynhaeve Frederique van der Wal [6][53][54] Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 1998 000000001998-02-03-0000February 3, 1998 Plaza Hotel, New York City no broadcast no broadcast Natane Adcock Tyra Banks Naomi Campbell Laetitia Casta Keri Claussen Myka Dunkle Bridget Hall Tricia Helfer Jaime King Heidi Klum Valeria Mazza Annie Morton Karen Mulder Astrid Muñoz Chandra North Heather Payne Daniela Peštová Inés Rivero Rebecca Romijn Chrystele Saint Louis Augustin Carrie Salmon Stephanie Seymour Eugenia Silva [1][7][55] Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 1999 000000001999-02-03-0000February 3, 1999 Cipriani Wall Street restaurant, New York City webcast by Broadcast.com 2.0+[8] Natane Adcock Tyra Banks Elsa Benítez Leilani Bishop Gisele Bündchen Laetitia Casta Trish Goff Eva Herzigová Kirsty Hume Kiara Kabukuru Carmen Kass Jaime King Heidi Klum Hollyanne Leonard Adriana Lima Ana Cláudia Michels Karen Mulder Daniela Peštová Frankie Rayder Inés Rivero Stephanie Seymour Eugenia Silva [11][55][56][57][58][59] Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2000 000000002000-05-18-0000May 18, 2000 Cannes, France webcast Alessandra Ambrosio Mini Anden Danita Angell Tyra Banks Gisele Bündchen Naomi Campbell Laetitia Casta Aurélie Claudel Haylynn Cohen Rhea Durham Trish Goff Eva Herzigová Carmen Kass Heidi Klum Karolína Kurková Adriana Lima Angela Lindvall Ana Cláudia Michels Karen Mulder Oluchi Onweagba Daniela Peštová Frankie Rayder Caroline Ribeiro Inés Rivero Stephanie Seymour Ingrid Seynhaeve Fernanda Tavares [1][12][60][61] Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2001 000000002001-11-13-0000November 13, 2001[17] aired: 000000002001-11-15-0000November 15, 2001[17] Bryant Park, New York City ABC 12.4 Alessandra Ambrosio Mini Anden Tyra Banks Gisele Bündchen Aurélie Claudel Rhea Durham Karen Elson Trish Goff Bridget Hall Emma Heming Eva Herzigová Heidi Klum Karolína Kurková Anouck Lepere Adriana Lima Audrey Marnay Diána Mészáros Omahyra Mota Daniela Peštová Rie Rasmussen Caroline Ribeiro Inés Rivero Maggie Rizer Molly Sims Fernanda Tavares Alek Wek [16][19][62] Mary J. Blige and Andrea Bocelli Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2002 000000002002-11-14-0000November 14, 2002[63] aired: 000000002002-11-20-0000November 20, 2002[64] Lexington Avenue Armory, New York City CBS 10.5 Michelle Alves Alessandra Ambrosio Caitriona Balfe Tyra Banks Ana Beatriz Barros Letícia Birkheuer Gisele Bündchen Naomi Campbell Dewi Driegen Reka Ebergenyi Lindsay Frimodt Bridget Hall Ana Hickmann Carmen Kass Liya Kebede Heidi Klum Karolína Kurková Adriana Lima Oluchi Onweagba Ujjwala Raut Frankie Rayder Caroline Ribeiro Inga Savits Nadine Strittmatter Yfke Sturm Fernanda Tavares Eugenia Volodina Raquel Zimmermann [19][64][65][66] Destiny's Child, Marc Anthony, and Phil Collins Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2003 000000002003-11-13-0000November 13, 2003[20] aired: 000000002003-11-19-0000November 19, 2003[67] Lexington Avenue Armory, New York City CBS UPN repeat 9.4 3.5 Michelle Alves Alessandra Ambrosio Mini Anden Tyra Banks Ana Beatriz Barros Letícia Birkheuer Marcelle Bittar Gisele Bündchen Naomi Campbell Dewi Driegen Isabeli Fontana Lindsay Frimodt Carmen Kass Liya Kebede Heidi Klum Karolína Kurková Adriana Lima Angela Lindvall Deanna Miller Oluchi Onweagba Ujjwala Raut Frankie Rayder Margarita Svegzdaite Fernanda Tavares Eugenia Volodina Jacquetta Wheeler [20][68][69][70] Sting, Mary J. Blige, and Eve Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2004 2004 (Angels Across America Tour instead of annual fashion show) New York City, Miami, Las Vegas and Los Angeles[24] None N/A Alessandra Ambrosio Tyra Banks Gisele Bündchen Heidi Klum Adriana Lima N/A None Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2005 000000002005-11-09-0000November 9, 2005[21] aired: 000000002005-12-06-0000December 6, 2005[71] re-aired: 000000002005-12-13-0000December 13, 2005[72] Lexington Avenue Armory, New York City CBS UPN repeat 8.9[73] 3.33[74] Alessandra Ambrosio Tyra Banks Bianca Balti Ana Beatriz Barros Gisele Bündchen Inguna Butane Naomi Campbell Morgane Dubled Selita Ebanks Isabeli Fontana Izabel Goulart Heidi Klum Tatiana Kovylina Doutzen Kroes Karolína Kurková Adriana Lima Angela Lindvall Andi Muise Oluchi Onweagba Natasha Poly Julia Stegner Yfke Sturm Fernanda Tavares Caroline Trentini Eugenia Volodina Marija Vujović Caroline Winberg Raquel Zimmermann [21][71][75][76] Chris Botti, Ricky Martin, Seal, and Rutgers University Drumline[77] Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2006 000000002006-11-16-0000November 16, 2006[25] aired: 000000002006-12-05-0000December 5, 2006[78] re-aired: 000000002006-12-19-0000December 19, 2006[79] Kodak Theatre, Los Angeles CBS The CW 6.8 Alessandra Ambrosio Ana Beatriz Barros Gisele Bündchen Jeísa Chiminazzo Élise Crombez Flavia de Oliveira Morgane Dubled Selita Ebanks Izabel Goulart Rosie Huntington-Whiteley Miranda Kerr Doutzen Kroes Karolína Kurková Adriana Lima Angela Lindvall Heather Marks Andi Muise Ajuma Nasenyana Oluchi Onweagba Natasha Poly Katja Shchekina Hana Soukupová Jessica Stam Julia Stegner Caroline Trentini Caroline Winberg Raquel Zimmermann [22][25][78][80] Justin Timberlake Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2007 000000002007-11-16-0000November 16, 2007[81] aired: 000000002007-12-04-0000December 4, 2007[26] re-aired: 000000002007-12-11-0000December 11, 2007 Kodak Theatre, Los Angeles CBS The CW 7.4[82] 2.94[83] Alessandra Ambrosio Inguna Butane Élise Crombez Flavia de Oliveira Morgane Dubled Selita Ebanks Lindsay Ellingson Isabeli Fontana Izabel Goulart Rosie Huntington-Whiteley Miranda Kerr Heidi Klum Michaela Kocianova Karolína Kurková Noémie Lenoir Adriana Lima Angela Lindvall Marisa Miller Andi Muise Oluchi Onweagba Behati Prinsloo Hana Soukupová Jessica Stam Julia Stegner Candice Swanepoel Eugenia Volodina Marija Vujović Erin Wasson Jessica White Katie Wile Caroline Winberg [26][84][85] Spice Girls, will.i.am, Seal and Heidi Klum Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2008 000000002008-11-15-0000November 15, 2008[86] aired: 000000002008-12-03-0000December 3, 2008[87] re-aired: 000000002008-12-17-0000December 17, 2008 Fontainebleau Hotel, Miami CBS The CW 8.7[88] 2.43[89] Clara Alonso Alessandra Ambrosio Ana Beatriz Barros Inguna Butane Shannan Click Emanuela de Paula Flavia de Oliveira Morgane Dubled Selita Ebanks Lindsay Ellingson Isabeli Fontana Izabel Goulart Erin Heatherton Rosie Huntington-Whiteley Carmen Kass Miranda Kerr Heidi Klum Doutzen Kroes Karolína Kurková Abbey Lee Kershaw Adriana Lima Noémie Lenoir Maryna Linchuk Angela Lindvall Sessilee Lopez Marisa Miller Arlenis Sosa Pena Behati Prinsloo Julia Stegner Sarah Stephens Lara Stone Candice Swanepoel Edita Vilkeviciute Anne Vyalitsyna Caroline Winberg [87][90][91][92] Usher and Jorge Moreno Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2009 000000002009-11-19-0000November 19, 2009[93] aired: 000000002009-12-01-0000December 1, 2009[93] re-aired: 000000002009-12-09-0000December 9, 2009 Lexington Avenue Armory, New York City CBS The CW 8.3[94] 1.7[95] Lily Aldridge Alessandra Ambrosio Ana Beatriz Barros Kylie Bisutti Shannan Click Jamie Lee Darley[96] Selita Ebanks Lindsay Ellingson Isabeli Fontana Izabel Goulart Erin Heatherton Rosie Huntington-Whiteley Chanel Iman Anna Jagodzinska Dorothea Barth Jorgensen Miranda Kerr Heidi Klum Abbey Lee Kershaw Tatiana Kovylina Doutzen Kroes Anastasia Kuznetsova Maryna Linchuk Sessilee Lopez Enikő Mihalik Marisa Miller Aminata Niaria Behati Prinsloo Anja Rubik Lyndsey Scott Julia Stegner Candice Swanepoel Elyse Taylor Caroline Trentini Edita Vilkeviciute Liu Wen Caroline Winberg [97] The Black Eyed Peas[98] Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2010 000000002010-11-10-0000November 10, 2010 aired: 000000002010-11-30-0000November 30, 2010 re-aired: 000000002010-12-08-0000December 8, 2010 Lexington Avenue Armory, New York City CBS The CW 9[99] 2.4[100] Lily Aldridge Alessandra Ambrósio Gracie Carvalho Shannan Click Lily Donaldson Selita Ebanks Lindsay Ellingson Isabeli Fontana Magdalena Frackowiak Izabel Goulart Heloise Guerin Erin Heatherton Rosie Huntington-Whiteley Chanel Iman Constance Jablonski Jacquelyn Jablonski Karolína Kurková Adriana Lima Maryna Linchuk Flavia de Oliveira Emanuela de Paula Behati Prinsloo Laís Ribeiro Anja Rubik Fabiana Semprebom Jessica Stam Julia Stegner Martha Streck Candice Swanepoel Edita Vilkevičiūtė Anne Vyalitsyna Liu Wen Caroline Winberg Katsia Zingarevich [101][102][103] Katy Perry and Akon Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2011 000000002011-11-09-0000November 9, 2011 aired: 000000002011-11-29-0000November 29, 2011 aired: 000000002011-12-14-0000December 14, 2011 Lexington Avenue Armory, New York City CBS The CW 10.3[104] 1.6[105] Lily Aldridge Alessandra Ambrósio Jessica Clarke Shannan Click Lily Donaldson Lindsay Ellingson Toni Garrn Izabel Goulart Sui He Erin Heatherton Bregje Heinen Elsa Hosk Chanel Iman Constance Jablonski Jacquelyn Jablonski Miranda Kerr Karlie Kloss Doutzen Kroes Ieva Lagūna Adriana Lima Maryna Linchuk Caroline Brasch Nielsen Flavia de Oliveira Emanuela de Paula Karmen Pedaru Behati Prinsloo Laís Ribeiro Anja Rubik Cameron Russell Joan Smalls Shanina Shaik Julia Stegner Anais Mali Candice Swanepoel Anne Vyalitsyna Liu Wen Caroline Winberg [106] Maroon 5, Kanye West, Jay-Z, and Nicki Minaj[107] Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2012 000000002012-11-07-0000November 7, 2012 aired: 000000002012-12-04-0000December 4, 2012 re-aired: 000000002012-12-12-0000December 12, 2012 Lexington Avenue Armory, New York City CBS The CW 9.48[108] 1.52[109] Lily Aldridge Alessandra Ambrósio Dorothea Barth Jorgensen Cara Delevingne Sharam Diniz Lily Donaldson Jourdan Dunn Lindsay Ellingson Barbara Fialho Isabeli Fontana Magdalena Frackowiak Toni Garrn Izabel Goulart Frida Gustavsson Jessica Hart Sui He Erin Heatherton Bregje Heinen Elsa Hosk Constance Jablonski Jacquelyn Jablonski Miranda Kerr Karlie Kloss Doutzen Kroes Ieva Laguna Adriana Lima Barbara Palvin Shu Pei Behati Prinsloo Hilary Rhoda Cameron Russell Shanina Shaik Joan Smalls Candice Swanepoel Jasmine Tookes Maud Welzen Liu Wen [110][111] Rihanna, Justin Bieber, and Bruno Mars Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2013 000000002013-11-13-0000November 13, 2013 aired: 000000002013-12-10-0000December 10, 2013 re-aired: 000000002013-12-16-0000December 16, 2013 Lexington Avenue Armory, New York City CBS The CW repeat 9.72[112] 1.11[113] Sigrid Agren Lily Aldridge Alessandra Ambrósio Maria Borges Cindy Bruna Cara Delevingne Lily Donaldson Jourdan Dunn Lindsay Ellingson Barbara Fialho Malaika Firth Magdalena Frackowiak Kelly Gale Toni Garrn Izabel Goulart Jessica Hart Sui He Erin Heatherton Elsa Hosk Martha Hunt Constance Jablonski Jacquelyn Jablonski Monika Jagaciak Karlie Kloss Doutzen Kroes Ieva Laguna Adriana Lima Maryna Linchuk Caroline Brasch Nielsen Behati Prinsloo Hilary Rhoda Laís Ribeiro Sara Sampaio Josephine Skriver Joan Smalls Kasia Struss Candice Swanepoel Jasmine Tookes Devon Windsor Ming Xi Taylor Swift, Fall Out Boy, Neon Jungle, A Great Big World, and Rutgers University Drumline[114] Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2014 000000002014-12-02-0000December 2, 2014 airing: 000000002014-12-09-0000December 9, 2014 re-aired: 000000002014-12-16-0000December 16, 2014 Earls Court, London[115] CBS The CW repeat 9.29[116] 1.24[117] Sigrid Agren Lily Aldridge Alessandra Ambrosio Maria Borges Daniela Braga Cindy Bruna Lily Donaldson Jourdan Dunn Lindsay Ellingson Barbara Fialho Isabeli Fontana Magdalena Frackowiak Kelly Gale Izabel Goulart Kate Grigorieva Imaan Hammam Sui He Bregje Heinen Taylor Marie Hill Elsa Hosk Martha Hunt Constance Jablonski Jacquelyn Jablonski Monika Jagaciak Karlie Kloss Doutzen Kroes Ieva Laguna Yumi Lambert Adriana Lima Grace Mahary Stella Maxwell Eniko Mihalik Blanca Padilla Behati Prinsloo Lais Ribeiro Sara Sampaio Shanina Shaik Irina Sharipova Josephine Skriver Joan Smalls Romee Strijd Kasia Struss Candice Swanepoel Jasmine Tookes Maud Welzen Devon Windsor Ming Xi [118][119] Taylor Swift, Ed Sheeran, Ariana Grande, and Hozier Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2015 000000002015-11-10-0000November 10, 2015 airing: 000000002015-12-08-0000December 8, 2015 re-aired: 000000002015-12-15-0000December 15, 2015 Lexington Avenue Armory, New York City CBS The CW repeat 6.59[120] 1.20[121] Lily Aldridge Alessandra Ambrosio Leomie Anderson Maria Borges Daniela Braga Cindy Bruna Gracie Carvalho Sharam Diniz Lily Donaldson Barbara Fialho Magdalena Frackowiak Izabel Goulart Kate Grigorieva Gigi Hadid Sui He Rachel Hilbert Taylor Marie Hill Pauline Hoarau Elsa Hosk Martha Hunt Constance Jablonski Jacquelyn Jablonski Monika Jagaciak Kendall Jenner Valery Kaufman Yumi Lambert Adriana Lima Bruna Lirio Flavia Lucini Bridget Malcolm Stella Maxwell Leila Nda Behati Prinsloo Megan Puleri Lais Ribeiro Sara Sampaio Shanina Shaik Vita Sidorkina Josephine Skriver Joan Smalls Romee Strijd Candice Swanepoel Jasmine Tookes Sanne Vloet Maud Welzen Devon Windsor Ming Xi [122] Ellie Goulding, Selena Gomez and The Weeknd Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2016 000000002016-11-30-0000November 30, 2016 airing: 000000002016-12-05-0000December 5, 2016 re-aired: 000000002016-12-14-0000December 14, 2016 Grand Palais, Paris, France[123] CBS The CW repeat 6.67[124] Lily Aldridge Alessandra Ambrosio Leomie Anderson Alanna Arrington Maria Borges Daniela Braga Cindy Bruna Janiece Dilone Lily Donaldson Grace Elizabeth Barbara Fialho Georgia Fowler Lameka Fox Kelly Gale Izabel Goulart Kate Grigorieva Luma Grothe Bella Hadid Gigi Hadid Sui He Rachel Hilbert Taylor Marie Hill Elsa Hosk Martha Hunt Kendall Jenner Xiao Wen Ju Valery Kaufman Maggie Laine Adriana Lima Keke Lindgard Flavia Lucini Bridget Malcolm Stella Maxwell Lais Oliveira Herieth Paul Brooke Perry Jourdana Phillips Lais Ribeiro Camille Rowe Sara Sampaio Irina Shayk Josephine Skriver Joan Smalls Romee Strijd Zuri Tibby Jasmine Tookes Sanne Vloet Liu Wen Megan Williams Devon Windsor Ming Xi [122] Lady Gaga, Bruno Mars and The Weeknd[125] Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2017 000000002017-01-01-00002017 airing: 000000002017-01-01-00002017 re-aired: 000000002017-01-01-00002017 Shanghai, China [126] +References +Khoua ເມືອງຂວາ Muang (district) Country Laos Province Phongsaly Province Population • Total 26,164 Time zone UTC + 7 (UTC+7) +Khoua is a district (muang) of Phongsaly Province in northern Laos.[1] +Khoua District +The Maserati MC12 is a limited production two-seater sports car produced by Italian car maker Maserati to allow a racing variant to compete in the FIA GT Championship. The car entered production in 2004, with 25 cars produced. A further 25 were produced in 2005, making a total of 50 cars available for customers, each of which was pre-sold for €600,000 ($670,541 USD)[5][8] +Maserati designed and built the car on the chassis of the Enzo Ferrari, but the final car is much larger and has a lower drag coefficient.[8] The MC12 is longer, wider and taller and has a sharper nose and smoother curves than the Enzo Ferrari, which has faster acceleration, better braking performance (shorter braking distance) and a higher top speed. The top speed of the Maserati MC12 is 330 kilometres per hour (205 mph) whereas the top speed of the Enzo Ferrari is 350 kilometres per hour (217.5 mph).[8][9] +Even though the car is designed as a homologation vehicle and is a modification of a racing car, the interior is intended to be luxurious. The interior is a mix of gel-coated carbon fibre, blue leather and silver "Brightex", a synthetic material which was found to be "too expensive for the fashion industry".[9] The centre console features the characteristic Maserati oval analogue clock and a blue ignition button, but it has been criticised for lacking a radio, car stereo or a place to install an aftermarket sound system.[11][13] +Maserati MC12 +Interior +Exterior +Maserati MC12 Overview Manufacturer Maserati Also called MC12 Versione Competizione[1][2] Maserati MC12 Stradale[1] Maserati MCC (development codename)[2][3] Production 2004-2005 (50+12 produced) Designer Frank Stephenson Body and chassis Class Sports car Racing car Body style Coupé Layout Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive Related Enzo Ferrari Ferrari FXX Maserati MC12 Corsa Powertrain Engine 6.0L F140 V12[4] Transmission Maserati Cambiocorsa semi-automatic transmission[5] Dimensions Wheelbase 2,800 mm (110.2 in)[6] Length 5,143 mm (202.5 in)[6] Width 2,096 mm (82.5 in)[6] Height 1,205 mm (47.4 in)[6] Curb weight 1,335 kg (2,943 lb) (dry) 1,497 kg (3,300 lb) (kerb)[7] Chronology Predecessor Maserati Bora +1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Markus, Frank. "Motor Trend Road Test". Motor Trend. +Retrieved 2006-10-02. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Maserati MC12/MCC". +Maserati Net. +Archived from the original on December 14, 2006. +Retrieved 2006-12-02. ↑ "Serious Wheels: Maserati MCC". +Serious Wheels. +Retrieved 2006-09-29. ↑ Codling, Stuart (2011). Form Follows Function: The Art of the Supercar. +James Mann (photographer), Frank Stephenson (commentary). Motorbooks. ISBN 9780760341162. +1 2 3 4 5 6 "Maserati Indy: MC12". +Maserati Indy. Retrieved 2006-09-29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Carfolio: Maserati MC12". +Carfolio. Retrieved 2006-09-28. ↑ "Car and Driver Maserati MC12 First Drive". Car and Driver. +1 2 3 4 5 6 Hall, Nick. "World Car Fans test drive MC12". World Car Fans. +Retrieved 2006-09-28. +1 2 Dron, Peter (2005-04-16). +"Telegraph: It costs how much?". The Daily Telegraph. London. +Retrieved 2006-10-06. +1 2 3 "2004 Maserati MC12". RSsportscars. +Retrieved 2015-02-19. 1 2 3 "Maserati MC12". Cool Supercars. +2006-11-26. +Retrieved 2006-12-02. ↑ "Michael In The Maserati". dailysportscar.com. 2004-04-24. Retrieved 2008-05-24. +1 2 3 Frank Mountain (2004). +Fifth Gear: Maserati MC12 (Tv Series). Cadwell Park: Five. 1 2 3 "Road and Track road tests: MC12". +Road and Track. +Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. +Retrieved 2006-10-02. ↑ "MC 12". vitaphone-racing.de. Archived from the original on October 21, 2007. Retrieved 2010-04-10. +1 2 "Technical Data: 2004 Maserati MC12". +Global Car Locator. +Archived from the original on 2005-04-04. Retrieved 2006-11-07. ↑ Tan, Paul. "VW phases out automatics". +Paul Tan. Retrieved 2006-12-02. 1 2 3 4 "Maserati MC12". supercars.net. +Retrieved 2006-12-02. ↑ "Cars: Maserati MC12". FIA GT. +Archived from the original on 2006-12-15. Retrieved 2006-12-03. 1 2 3 4 Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond (2005). +The MC12 is a two-door coupe with a targa top roof, although the detached roof cannot be stored in the car.[1] The mid-rear layout (engine between the axles but behind the cabin) keeps the centre of gravity in the middle of the car, which increases stability and improves the car's cornering ability. The standing weight distribution is 41% front and 59% rear. At speed, however, the downforce provided by the rear spoiler affects this to the extent that at 200 kilometres per hour (125 mph) the downforce is 34% front and 66% rear.[1] +The body of the car, made entirely of carbon fibre, underwent extensive wind tunnel testing to achieve maximum downforce across all surfaces. As a result, the rear spoiler is two metres (79 in) wide but only 30 millimetres (1.2 in) thick, the underside of the car is smooth, and the rear bumper has diffusers to take advantage of ground effect.[5] Air is sucked into the engine compartment through the air scoop; its positioning on top of the cabin makes the car taller than the Enzo. The exterior is available only in the white-and-blue colour scheme, a tribute to the America Camoradi racing team that drove the Maserati Tipo Birdcages in the early 1960s.[10][14] The car is noted for the awkwardness that results from its size; very long and wider than a Hummer H2.[13] This, combined with the lack of a rear window, can make parking the MC12 challenging.[13] +The MC12 sports a 232-kilogram (511 lb), 5,998 cc (366 cu in) Enzo Ferrari-derived V12 engine, mounted at 65°.[15] Each cylinder has four valves, lubricated via a dry sump system, and a compression ratio of 11.2:1.[16] These combine to provide a maximum torque of 652 newton metres (481 lbf·ft) at 5500 rpm and a maximum power of 630 PS (460 kW; 620 hp) at 7500 rpm.[16] The redline rpm is indicated at 7500—despite being safe up to 7700—whereas the Enzo has its redline at 8200 rpm.[1] +The Maserati MC12 can accelerate from 0 to 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph) in 3.8 seconds (though Motor Trend Magazine managed 3.7 seconds) and on to 200 kilometres per hour (125 mph) in 9.9 seconds.[1][5][6] It can complete a standing (from stationary) quarter mile in 11.3 seconds with a terminal speed of 200 kilometres per hour (125 mph) or a standing kilometre in 20.1 seconds.[1][6] The maximum speed of the Maserati MC12 is 330 kilometres per hour (205 mph).[6] +Power is fed to the wheels through a rear-mounted, six-speed semi-automatic transmission. The gearbox is the same as the Enzo's transmission (tuned to different gear ratios) but renamed "Maserati Cambiocorsa". It provides a shift time of just 150 milliseconds, and is mechanical with a 215-millimetre (8.5 in) twin-plate dry clutch.[5][8][17] +Gear 1 2 3 4 5 6 Final drive Ratio[18] 3.15:1 2.18:1 1.57:1 1.19:1 0.94:1 0.71:1 4.10:1 +Maserati MC12 +Maserati MC12 wheel +The MC12's chassis is a monocoque made of carbon and nomex, with an aluminium sub-chassis at the front and rear. It has a roll bar to provide additional strength, comfort and safety.[1][10] Double wishbone suspension with push-rod-operated coil springs provide stability and dampers smooth the ride for the passengers.[18] The front of the car can be raised for speed bumps and hills by pressing a button that extends the front suspension.[11] There are two modes for the chassis' tuning which can also be changed with a button in the cabin: "sport", the standard setting, and "race", which features less of the "Bosch ASR" (anti-slip regulation) traction control, faster shifts and stiffer suspension.[5][19] +The MC12 has 480-millimetre (19 in) wheels with a width of 230 millimetres (9 in) at the front and 330 millimetres (13 in) at the rear. +The tyres are "Pirelli P Zero Corsas" with codes of 245/35 ZR 19 for the front tyres and 345/35 ZR 19 for the rear.[14] The brakes are Brembo disc brakes with a Bosch anti-lock braking system (ABS).[18] The front brakes have a diameter of 380 millimetres (15 in) with six-piston calipers and the rear brakes have a diameter of 335 millimetres (13.2 in) with four-piston calipers.[18] The centre-lock wheel nuts that hold the wheels to the chassis are colour-coded; red on the left of the car, blue on the right.[1] +Wheels +Overview +Victoria's Secret models +Models who walked the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show +Victoria's Secret Angels +This is a list of current and former Victoria's Secret Angels and fashion models who have walked in the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show from 1995. +Devon Windsor +Adriana Lima. +Tyra Banks. +Doutzen Kroes. +The current Victoria's Secret Angels are marked in bold in the table below. +Isabeli Fontana +Natasha Poly +Naomi Campbell +Hana Soukupová +Abbey Lee Kershaw +Angela Lindvall +Ana Beatriz Barros +Jessica Stam +Maryna Linchuk +Toni Garrn +Lily Donaldson +Joan Smalls +Constance Jablonski +Magdalena Frackowiak +Victoria Secret model Nationality Shows walked Walks summary Kershaw !Abbey Lee Kershaw AUS 2 2008–2009 Nasenyana !Ajuma Nasenyana KEN 1 2006 Arrington !Alanna Arrington USA 1 2016 Wek !Alek Wek SUD 1 2001 Gjuro !Amarildo Gjuro ALB ? ? +Victoria Secret Angel Nationality Contract Shows walked Walks summary Aldridge !Lily Aldridge USA 2010–present 8 2009–present Ambrosio !Alessandra Ambrosio BRA 2004–present 16 2000–present Banks !Tyra Banks USA 1997–2005 9 1996–2005 Bündchen !Gisele Bündchen BRA 2000–2007 7 1999–2006 Casta !Laetitia Casta FRA 1998–2000 4 1997–2000 Christensen !Helena Christensen DEN 1997–1998 2 1997–1998 Ebanks !Selita Ebanks CAY 2005–2008 6 2005–2010 Ellingson !Lindsay Ellingson USA 2011–2014 8 2007–2014 Goulart !Izabel Goulart BRA 2005–2008 12 2005–present Grigorieva !Kate Grigorieva RUS 2015–2016 3 2014–present Heatherton !Erin Heatherton USA 2010–2013 6 2008–2013 Hill !Taylor Marie Hill USA 2015–present 3 2014–present Hosk !Elsa Hosk SWE 2015–present 6 2011–present Hunt !Martha Hunt USA 2015–present 4 2013–present Huntington-Whiteley !Rosie Huntington-Whiteley GBR 2009–2010 5 2006–2010 Iman !Chanel Iman USA 2010–2012 3 2009–2011 Jagaciak !Monika Jagaciak POL 2015–2016 3 2013–2015 Kerr !Miranda Kerr AUS 2007–2013 6 2006–2009; 2011–2012 Kloss !Karlie Kloss USA 2013–2015 4 2011–2014 Klum !Heidi Klum GER 1999–2010 11 1997–2005; 2007–2009 Kroes !Doutzen Kroes NED 2008–2014 8 2005–2006; 2008–2009; 2011–2014 Kurková !Karolína Kurková CZE 2005–2008 9 2000–2008; 2010 Lima !Adriana Lima BRA 2000–present 16 1999–2008; 2010–present Maxwell !Stella Maxwell BEL 2015–present 3 2014–present Miller !Marisa Miller USA 2007–2010 3 2007–2009 Mulder !Karen Mulder NED 1996–2000 5 1996–2000 North !Chandra North USA 1998 2 1997–1998 Peštová !Daniela Peštová CZE 1997–2001 4 1998–2001 Prinsloo !Behati Prinsloo NAM 2009–present 9 2007–2015; 2017–present Ribeiro !Lais Ribeiro BRA 2015–present 6 2010–2011; 2013–present Rivero !Inés Rivero ARG 1998–1999 4 1998–2001 Sampaio !Sara Sampaio POR 2015–present 4 2013–present Seymour !Stephanie Seymour USA 1997–2000 6 1995–2000 Skriver !Josephine Skriver DEN 2016–present 4 2013–present Strijd !Romee Strijd NED 2015–present 3 2014–present Swanepoel !Candice Swanepoel RSA 2010–present 9 2007–2015; 2017–present Tookes !Jasmine Tookes USA 2015–present 5 2012–present +List of Victoria's Secret models +References +External links +Selected filmography +Arthur Lane (1910-1987) was a British actor.[1] +Arthur Lane at the Internet Movie Database +References +External links +Selected filmography +John Deverell (30 May 1880 in London, England – 2 March 1965 in Haywards Heath, Sussex, England) was a British actor.[1] +John Deverell at the Internet Movie Database +Selected filmography +References +External links +Gerald Case (1905-1985) was a British actor.[1] +Gerald Case at the Internet Movie Database +Selected filmography +References +External links +Arthur Cleave (April 6, 1884-?) was a British actor.[1] +↑ "Arthur Cleave". British Film Institute. Retrieved 28 December 2014. +Arthur Cleave at the Internet Movie Database +Selected filmography +References +External links +Hugh Clifton was an English actor of the silent era born in London.[1] +Hugh Clifton at the Internet Movie Database +References +External links +Selected filmography +Frank Cochrane (28 October 1882 – 21 May 1962) was a British stage and film actor. Born in Durham, England. [1] +Frank Cochrane at the Internet Movie Database +References +External links +Filmography +Langhorn Burton (25 December 1880 – 6 December 1949) was a British film actor.[1] +Langhorn Burton at the Internet Movie Database +External links +Selected filmography +References +W. Lawson Butt (4 March 1880 – 14 January 1956) was a British actor and film director of the silent era.[1][2] +Lawson Butt at the Internet Movie Database +References +Selected filmography +External links +Roy Byford (12 January 1873, London, England – 31 January 1939, London, England) was a British actor.[1] +Roy Byford at the Internet Movie Database +References +Megacyllene gaucha Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Coleoptera Suborder: Polyphaga Family: Cerambycidae Genus: Megacyllene Species: M. gaucha Binomial name Megacyllene gaucha Martins & Galileo, 2011 +Megacyllene gaucha is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2011.[1] +Afghanistan will participate in the 2014 Asian Games in Incheon, South Korea from 19 September to 4 October 2014. +Deaths +References +Incumbents +Events +Events in the year 2017 in South Korea. +President: Park Geun-hye (Powers and duties suspended as of December 9, 2016), Hwang Kyo-ahn (Acting President as of December 9, 2016) Prime Minister: Hwang Kyo-ahn +18 January – Jung Mikyung, novelist (b. 1960).[1] +2017 in South Korea +April +References +Parliament +Events +The following lists events that happened during 2017 in Turkey. +26th Parliament of Turkey +16 April – A Turkish constitutional referendum is expected to occur. 19 April – The 2017 Turkvision Song Contest will be held in Ankara. +30 January 2017. Archived from the original on 30 January 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2017. +Going in Style Theatrical release poster Directed by Zach Braff Produced by Donald De Line Screenplay by Theodore Melfi Based on Going in Style by Martin Brest Starring Morgan Freeman Michael Caine Alan Arkin Joey King Matt Dillon Christopher Lloyd Ann-Margret Music by Rob Simonsen Cinematography Rodney Charters Edited by Myron I. Kerstein Production companies New Line Cinema[1] Village Roadshow Pictures[2] De Line Pictures[1] Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures[1] Release date March 30, 2017 (2017-03-30) (SVA Theatre) April 7, 2017 (2017-04-07) (United States) Running time 96 minutes[3] Country United States Language English Budget $25 million[4] Box office $20.8 million[4] +Going in Style (2017 film) +External links +Selected filmography +References +Hugh Buckler (September 9, 1881 – October 30, 1936) was a British actor.[2] He was the father of the actor John Buckler, with whom he was in a fatal road accident in 1936. +Hugh Buckler at the Internet Movie Database Hugh Buckler at Find a Grave +Variants +The Boeing 777X is a new series of the Boeing 777 family under development. The 777X will have two variants; the 777-8 and the 777-9. The 777X will feature new engines, new composite wings with folding wingtips, and technologies from the Boeing 787.[3] It is intended to compete with the Airbus A350. +In September 2011, Boeing released more details on proposed new 777 versions, tentatively designated 777-8X and 777-9X, and collectively referred to as 777X.[4] Preliminary estimates placed entry into service for the first 777X variants at around 2019.[5][6] In August 2012, a report in the Seattle Times stated that Boeing had slowed 777X development, but still planned for it to begin service by about 2019.[7] In May 2013, Boeing's board of directors gave formal permission for its Commercial Airplanes division to start offering the 777X to customers.[8] +The 777X will have a new larger wingspan composite wing with folding wing tips.[45] The internal cabin width is increased to 19 ft 7 in (5.97 m) from the 19 ft 3 in (5.87 m) width of previous 777 models, through the use of thinner interior cabin walls and better insulation. This will allow 10-abreast economy seating with 18.0 in (46 cm) wide seats.[46] +Orders +Retrieved June 20, 2013. ↑ "Boeing Mulls Stretching 777 to Knock Out Airbus A380". Bloomberg. June 30, 2016. ↑ Jon Ostrower (November 7, 2016). +"Singapore Airlines shops for world's longest jet". +CNN Money. ↑ "Cathay Pacific orders 21 Boeing 777X planes". Channel News Asia. +Retrieved 27 December 2013. ↑ Kaminski-Morrow, David (July 9, 2014). "Emirates finalises order for 150 777X jets". Flight Global. +Retrieved January 6, 2015. ↑ "Boeing All Nippon Airways Finalize Order for 40 Widebody Airplanes". Boeing. Retrieved April 1, 2015. ↑ "Iran seals $17 billion Boeing deal". +CNBC. +December 11, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2017. ↑ http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2016-12-11-Boeing-Iran-Air-Announce-Agreement-for-80-Airplanes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "777 Model Orders and Deliveries summary". +Retrieved February 10, 2017. ↑ "SIA orders 20 777Xs and 19 787-10s". Flight Global. February 9, 2017. ↑ "Boeing Etihad Airways Kick Off Dubai Airshow with new 777, 787-10 Orders". +On September 18, 2013, Lufthansa's supervisory board gave approval to order 34 Boeing 777-9X aircraft to replace its 747-400s. At the time, Boeing was reportedly planning to launch the 777X series later in 2013.[9][10][11] In October 2013, Boeing announced that its U.S. facilities in Charleston, Huntsville, Long Beach, Philadelphia, and St. Louis as well as Russian facilities in Moscow would support the 777X design effort.[12] +Boeing 777X Firm Orders[57] Date of initial order Customer Orders -8 -9 Combined 000000002013-11-17-0000November 17, 2013 Lufthansa 0 20 20[57] 000000002013-11-17-0000November 17, 2013 Etihad Airways[n 1] 8 17 25[57][59] 000000002013-12-20-0000December 20, 2013 Cathay Pacific 0 21 21[57][60] 000000002014-07-09-0000July 9, 2014 Emirates 35 115 150[57][61] 000000002014-07-16-0000July 16, 2014 Qatar Airways 10 50 60[57][62] 000000002014-07-31-0000July 31, 2014 All Nippon Airways 0 20 20[57] 000000002015-06-04-0000June 4, 2015 Unidentified Customer(s) 0 10 10[57] Totals 53 253 306[57] +Boeing 777-8, -9 Model 777-8[45] 777-9[63] Cockpit crew Two 2-class seating 350-375[47] 414 (42J + 372Y) 3-class seating 349 (8F + 49J + 292Y) Lower deck LD-3 48 : 26 fwd + 22 aft Length 229 ft 0 in (69.8 m) 251 ft 9 in (76.7 m) Unfolded wingspan 235 ft 5 in (71.8 m) Folded wingspan 212 ft 9 in (64.8 m) Wing Area 5,025 sq ft (466.8 m2)[64] Aspect ratio 11.04 Tail height 64 ft 0 in (19.5 m) 64 ft 7 in (19.7 m) Cabin width 19.6 ft (5.96 m)[65] Seat width 18 in (45.7 cm) in 10 abreast economy[46] Fuselage width 20 ft 4 in (6.20 m) (same as Boeing 777) Maximum cargo capacity 8,131 cu ft (230.2 m3) Maximum takeoff weight 775,000 lb (351,534 kg) Maximum landing weight 587,000 lb (266,000 kg) Maximum Zero Fuel Weight 562,000 lb (255,000 kg) Operating empty weight 415,000 lb (188,241 kg)[65] Manufacturer empty weight 362,000 lb (164,200 kg)[65] Fuel capacity 52,300 U.S. gal (197,977 L) Maximum range[47] 8,700 nmi (16,100 km) 7,600 nmi (14,100 km) Engine (×2) General Electric GE9X-105B1A Thrust (×2) 105,000 lbf (470 kN)[31] +Awards +External links +Selected filmography +Ben Becker (born 19 December 1964 in Bremen) is a German film and theatre actor. +Year Title Role Director Notes 1991 Das serbische Mädchen Hans Peter Sehr 1992 Rising to the Bait Funke Vadim Glowna 1995 Brother of Sleep Martin Joseph Vilsmaier 1996 Alles nur Tarnung Harry Butzbach Peter Zingler Samson and Delilah Prince Sidqa Nicolas Roeg TV film 1997 Comedian Harmonists Robert Biberti Joseph Vilsmaier 1999 Ein Lied von Liebe und Tod Hans Wieck Rolf Schübel Der Einstein des Sex Adolf Brand Rosa von Praunheim 2001 Sass Franz Sass Carlo Rola 2006 Ein ganz gewöhnlicher Jude Emanuel Goldfarb Oliver Hirschbiegel 2010 Habermann Koslowski Juraj Herz 2012 Das Kind Andreas Borchert Zsolt Bács +Ben Becker at the Internet Movie Database +Filmography +References +External links +Svend Olaf Wamnes Akstuft, known as Svend Wam (5 May 1946 – 7 May 2017), was a Norwegian film director. +Svend Wam at the Internet Movie Database +References +Stanley Thomas "Stan" Anslow (5 May 1931 in Hackney – April 2017) was an English footballer who played for Millwall in the Football League. +Anslow played as a full-back.[1] +Filmography +References +Sources +External links +Armand Gatti (French: [gati]; January 26, 1924 – April 6, 2017) was a French playwright, poet, journalist, screenwriter, filmmaker and World War II resistance fighter.[1] His debut film Enclosure was entered into the 2nd Moscow International Film Festival where he won the Silver Prize for Best Director.[2] Two years later, his film El Otro Cristóbal was entered into the 1963 Cannes Film Festival.[3] +In 2013 he was awarded the Grand prix du théâtre de l'Académie française. +↑ Banham (1998, 413). ↑ "2nd Moscow International Film Festival (1961)". MIFF. Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. +Retrieved 2012-11-11. ↑ "Festival de Cannes: El Otro Cristóbal". festival-cannes.com. +Retrieved 2009-02-27. ↑ Lafosse, Philippe. +"Eloge de la révolution". monde-diplomatique.fr. Retrieved 24 October 2015. ↑ Mort d’Armand Gatti, figure du théâtre du XXe siècle (French) +Official site Armand Gatti at the Internet Movie Database [Biography (in French) http://www.armand-gatti.org/index.php?cat=biographie] [DVD http://www.editionsmontparnasse.fr/p1364/Le-Lion-sa-cage-et-ses-ailes-DVD] Gatti passed away at the Begin Hospital in Vincennes on Thursday, April 6th. +Selected filmography +References +External links +Libuše Havelková (11 May 1924 – 6 April 2017) was a Czech actress.[1] She appeared in more than 90 films and television shows between 1957 and 2012.[2] +↑ Zemřela herečka Libuše Havelková, babička z Kouzelné školky (Czech) Cs icon ↑ "Libuše Havelková". Česko-Slovenská filmová databáze (in Czech). Retrieved 12 April 2017. +Libuše Havelková at the Internet Movie Database +Bibliography +External links +Selected filmography +References +Vera Allinson (1899–1971) was a British screenwriter. She wrote the screenplay for several films made by the American director Bernard Vorhaus at Twickenham Studios, including Street Song.[1] +Vera Allinson at the Internet Movie Database +5-3-2 may refer to: +A formation in association football (soccer) A card game, also called 3-2-5 +Filmography +References +Bibliography +External links +William L. Abingdon (2 May 1859 – 17 May 1918) was an English stage actor who settled in the United States.[1] As well as enjoying a lengthy theatre career, he also appeared in four silent films during the 1910s. +William L. Abingdon at the Internet Movie Database +Selected filmography +References +Bibliography +External links +Norman Budd (1914–2006) was a British-born actor in American films and television.[1] He also acted on stage. +Norman Budd at the Internet Movie Database +Filmography +References +External links +Tom Busby (7 November 1936, Toronto, Ontario, Canada – 20 September 2003, Glasgow, Scotland) was a Canadian actor and agent. +Among his film credits were The War Lover (1962); The Dirty Dozen (1967) as Milo Vladek, one of the dozen; and Heavenly Pursuits (1986).[1] +↑ "Tom Busby Actor, one of the famous group in The Dirty Dozen". The Herald. 19 October 2003. ↑ "Obituaries: Sian Busby". +Tom Busby at the Internet Movie Database +External links +Filmography +Thomas Byrne is a British actor. He is best known for playing Nemo Nobody at nine in Mr. Nobody, and Sam Brewer in Down to Earth. He also played Cyril in Who Killed Mrs De Ropp?. +Year Title Role Notes 2004 Rose and Maloney Darren Episode 2 Casualty Zac Lesser Episode; "When the Devil Drives" Down to Earth Sam Brewer 2005 The Last Detective Bobby Fallon Episode: "Willesden Confidential" Extras Boy Episode: "Ben Stiller" 2006 Where the Heart Is Callum Blakeney 4 Episodes The Bill Jake Manson 3 Episodes 2007 Who Killed Mrs De Ropp Cyril 2007-2008 Wire in the Blood Ben Fielding 7 Episodes 2008 Mutual Friends Connor Cato 4 Episodes 2009 Mr. Nobody Nemo - Age 9 +Thomas Byrne at the Internet Movie Database +Roblox is a user-generated massively multiplayer online social gaming platform developed and published by the Roblox Corporation and released in 2006.[4] +In the game, players are able to create their own virtual worlds and design their own games within the platform.[5] Games on Roblox can be designed using a sandbox edition of the programming language Lua. Their in-game currency, Robux, can be rewarded to users and developers, or bought, and which in turn can be converted to cash through the Developer Exchange program.[6] The game is designed to be family-friendly, with the ability of running on a wide variety of devices and platforms, including PC, Mac, Android, iOS, Xbox, and Oculus. +As of 2017, Roblox has over 500,000 game creators designing games, and 30 million active monthly players, who have logged more than 300 million hours of game play.[7][8][9][10] +Players can add other people they meet in the game to their friends list. Since 2011, this can be done while playing.[11][12] On February 4, 2015, a new update to replace the Friends and Best Friends system, named Friends and Followers, was introduced.[13] This update allows a maximum of 200 friends and infinite followers. Players also have the option to join community groups.[14] After joining, players can then advertise their group, participate in group relations, and set their primary group.[15][16][17] +Roblox Developer(s) Roblox Corporation Publisher(s) Roblox Corporation Platform(s) Microsoft Windows, OS X, iOS, Android,[1] Xbox One,[2] PlayStation 4 (in development),[3] Release 2005 (beta) 2006 (public release) Genre(s) Massively multiplayer online role-playing game Mode(s) Single-player, multiplayer +PS4, soon, it's in production, that has been confirmed, we are working on it for PS4. ↑ Neil C., Hughes (July 15, 2016). "How This User-Generated Video Game Is Leading The Way With Innovation and VR". Inc Magazine. ↑ Needleman, Rafe (June 14, 2011). +"Roblox: A virtual world of Lego-like blocks". +CNET. Retrieved February 29, 2012. +1 2 Kain, Erik (November 29, 2016). "Roblox Is Giving Young Video Game Developers A Chance To Shine (And Make Big Money)". +Forbes. ↑ Wolverton, Troy (October 20, 2016). "Roblox: Is unusual virtual playground the next Minecraft?". The Mercury News. ↑ Lechner, Ido (December 14, 2016). +"Startup Makes VR Available Across All Platforms". psfk. ↑ Hughes, Neil C (July 15, 2016). "How This User-Generated Video Game Is Leading The Way With Innovation and VR". +Inc. ↑ Takahashi, Dean (December 20, 2016). +"At 10, Roblox surpasses 30 million monthly users and 300 million hours of engagement". Venture Beat. ↑ "Friends". +Roblox Corporation. ↑ "Status Updates, Best Friends, and Feeds, oh my". +July 30, 2009. Retrieved February 23, 2012. ↑ "Friends and Followers Makes ROBLOX More Social, and Even More Fun". Roblox Blog. +ROBLOX Corporation. +Retrieved February 10, 2015. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help) ↑ Brown, Tim (July 30, 2013). +"Social Feature Bonanza!". +Retrieved February 23, 2012. ↑ Shedletsky, John (February 3, 2011). +"Advertise This Group". +Retrieved February 23, 2012. ↑ Herndon, Becky Lee (April 8, 2011). "Group Relationships Feature!". Roblox Corporation. +Retrieved February 23, 2012. ↑ Sims, Tony (February 7, 2013). +"Interview With David Baszucki, Founder & CEO of Roblox". +Wired. Retrieved February 9, 2017. ↑ "ROBLOX Studio page". ↑ "ROBLOX Library page". ↑ "Roblox as an educational program language". +Kids Like. +December 9, 2008. +Retrieved January 24, 2009. ↑ McDowell, Guy (June 29, 2009). +"Roblox - A Cool Lego-Based Free Virtual World for Kids". makeuseof.com. +Retrieved October 11, 2009. ↑ "Roblox Info on BusinessWeek". +BusinessWeek. +Retrieved September 20, 2009. ↑ Herndon, Becky Lee (September 14, 2009). "Interview with Telamon". Roblox Corporation. +Retrieved September 20, 2009. ↑ "Roblox". Keen Gamer. Retrieved February 9, 2017. ↑ Shedletsky, John (May 8, 2007). +"More Character Visuals". Roblox Corporation. +Retrieved March 22, 2010. ↑ Baszucki, David (December 22, 2007). "ROBLOX Badges". Roblox Corporation. +Retrieved March 15, 2013. ↑ Shedletsky, John (January 1, 2007). +"2006 in Review". Roblox Corporation. +Retrieved March 15, 2013. ↑ Shedletsky, John (January 12, 2007). "Blox. James Blox.". +Roblox Corporation. Retrieved March 15, 2013. ↑ Shedletsky, John (March 27, 2007). +"A New Day Dawns…". Roblox Corporation. Retrieved March 15, 2013. ↑ Dickson, Jeremy (June 23, 2015). +"SuperAwesome and Roblox join forces on kid-safe advertising". kidscreen. ↑ Shedletsky, John (August 16, 2007). +"Builders Club is Here!". Roblox Corporation. ↑ LaRouche, Brandon (March 31, 2012). +Basic ROBLOX Lua Programming. +Double Trouble Studio. p. 237. +ISBN 9780985451301. ↑ Baszucki, David (February 23, 2012). +"5.4 Million Games Created in 2011". Roblox Corporation. ↑ Fackler, Alan (June 29, 2013). "BLOXcon Is Coming Which Staff Will be Where". +Roblox Corporation. ↑ "Hack Week: The Series!". +Roblox Corporation. +January 13, 2012. Archived from the original on March 8, 2013. Retrieved December 19, 2013. ↑ Milian, Mark (December 2, 2012). +"Hackathons move beyond Silicon Valley". +Retrieved February 9, 2017. ↑ Chaykowski, Kathleen (August 31, 2012). "Lua language helps kids create software". SFGate. +Retrieved February 9, 2017. ↑ Bromley, Dylan (December 11, 2012). "ROBLOX Mobile Is Out of Beta: Download and Play Today!". +A Bantustan (also known as Bantu homeland, black homeland, black state or simply homeland) was a territory set aside for black inhabitants of South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia), as part of the policy of apartheid. Ten Bantustans were established in South Africa, and ten in neighbouring South West Africa (then under South African administration), for the purpose of concentrating the members of designated ethnic groups, thus making each of those territories ethnically homogeneous as the basis for creating "autonomous" nation states for South Africa's different black ethnic groups. +Stranger Things is an American science fiction-horror web television series created, written, directed and co-executive produced by the Duffer Brothers, as well as co-executive-produced by Shawn Levy and Dan Cohen. The first season stars Winona Ryder, David Harbour, Finn Wolfhard, Millie Bobby Brown, Gaten Matarazzo, Caleb McLaughlin, Natalia Dyer, Charlie Heaton, Cara Buono, and Matthew Modine, with Noah Schnapp and Joe Keery in recurring roles. The second season will see Schnapp and Keery promoted to series regulars, along with the addition of Sadie Sink and Dacre Montgomery. +The Duffer Brothers developed the series as a mix of investigative drama alongside supernatural elements with childlike sensibilities, establishing its time frame in the 1980s and creating a homage to pop culture of that decade. Several themes and directorial aspects were inspired and aesthetically informed by the works of Steven Spielberg, John Carpenter, and Stephen King, among others. +Stranger Things Genre Science fiction Horror Supernatural Period drama Created by The Duffer Brothers Starring Winona Ryder David Harbour Finn Wolfhard Millie Bobby Brown Gaten Matarazzo Caleb McLaughlin Natalia Dyer Charlie Heaton Cara Buono Matthew Modine Noah Schnapp Joe Keery Sadie Sink Dacre Montgomery Composer(s) Kyle Dixon Michael Stein Country of origin United States Original language(s) English No. of seasons 1 No. of episodes 8 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer(s) The Duffer Brothers Shawn Levy Dan Cohen Location(s) Jackson, Georgia Cinematography Tim Ives Tod Campbell Running time 42–55 minutes Production company(s) 21 Laps Entertainment Monkey Massacre Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K (2:1[1] UHDTV) High dynamic range Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release July 15, 2016 (2016-07-15) – present External links Website www.netflix.com/title/80057281 +Set in the fictional town of Hawkins, Indiana in the 1980s, the first season focuses on the investigation into the disappearance of a young boy by his friends, older brother and traumatized mother and the local police chief, amid supernatural events occurring around the town including the appearance of a psychokinetic girl who helps the missing boy's friends in their own search. The second season is set a year after the first, and deals with attempts of the characters to return to normal and consequences from that season. +Miss World +Miss Continentes Unidos +Miss Mexico is a national Beauty pageant in Mexico. It is responsible for selecting the country's delegates to international beauty contests: Miss World, Mister World, and other minor international pageants such as Miss Supranational and Miss United Continents.[2] +In association with Telemax and TV Azteca, the Miss México pageant directed by Hugo Castellanos is one of biggest pageants in Mexico; 32 women from 31 states and Mexico D.F. compete for the title of Miss México or Miss World Mexico. The 2016 Miss México pageant crowned in Auditorio Benito Juarez (Los Mochis) in September 2016. +Since 2013 it has been responsible to send delegates to Miss Supranational and Miss United Continents (before Miss American Continent), all of them from Jalisco.[3] In 2016 acquired the franchise to select the Mexican delegate for Miss World and Mister World after Lupita Jones lost this franchise. +Year Representative State Placement Award or title 2016 Ana Girault Contreras Ciudad de México Unplaced 2017 Alma Andrea Meza Carmona Chihuahua TBA TBA +Year Representative State Placement Award or title 2016 Cynthia Duque Garza Nuevo León Fourth runner-Up Miss Photogenic 2017 Roxana Reyes Herrera Zacatecas TBA TBA +Year Representative State Placement Award or title 2016 Aldo Esparza Ramírez Jalisco Second runner-up +Representatives at international pageants +Mister World +Titleholders +Miss Mexico Organization Formation 2013 Type Beauty pageant Headquarters Mexico City Location Mexico Membership Miss World Mister World Official language Spanish President Hugo Castellanos[1] +Below are the names of the annual titleholders of Miss México, the states they represented and the venue which played host to their crowning, in ascending order. Titleholders whose names appear highlighted went on to win a major international pageant. +Year Miss México State Venue 2016 Ana Girault Contreras Ciudad de México Teatro José María Morelos 2017 Alma Andrea Meza Carmona Chihuahua Teatro José María Morelos +Below are the names of the delegates enlisted by the Miss México Organization to represent the country at major worldwide beauty contests. They are listed according to the year in which they participated in their respective international pageants, which do not always coincide with when their national crowning took place. +Declared as the winner Ended as the runner-up Ended as a finalist or semi-finalist +↑ http://pageantsnews.com/miss-world-mexico-tiene-nuevo-dueno/ ↑ "México si va a Miss Mundo... Hugo Castellanos!". HelloForos.com - Tu foro para expresarse. +Death +Filmography +References +External links +Eric Cuthbert Christmas (19 March 1916 – 22 July 2000) was a British stage and screen actor, with over 40 films and numerous television roles to his credit. +He was well known for his role as Mr. Carter, the principal of Angel Beach High School, in the 1982 hit comedy Porky's, the 1983 sequel Porky's II: The Next Day and the 1985 sequel Porky's Revenge!. He was also well known for his sporadic role as Reverend Diddymoe in the NBC sitcom, Amen. +He died on 22 July 2000, from natural causes at the age of 84. +Eric Christmas on Internet Movie Database Eric Christmas at the Internet Broadway Database Eric Christmas at Internet Off-Broadway Database Off Sides Eric Christmas at Find a Grave +Filmography +References +Belle Chrystall (25 April 1910 – 7 June 2003) was a British actress who appeared in a number of leading roles in British films during the 1930s. She was born in Preston, Lancashire in 1910. +She came to London and after appearing on stage was given a minor part in a film A Warm Corner, directed by Victor Saville but she was given no more work after that. The filming of Hindle Wakes led her to apply for the part of Jenny Hawthorne which led her to become an instant success. She made her last film in 1940.[1][2] +External links +References +Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM) is a separatist organisation that intends to separate the states of Sabah and Sarawak from the Federation of Malaysia.[1][2][3] +Retrieved 12 November 2014. ↑ "Many in Sabah, Sarawak don't want to be part of Malaysia, claims analyst". The Rakyat Post. 16 February 2014. +Official website Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia on Facebook +Selected filmography +References +External links +Thea Gregory (née Iva Reddish 1929) is an English actress.[1] +Thea Gregory on Internet Movie Database Studio Portrait Website dedicated to the work of John Gregson +References +External links +Partial filmography +Anne Grey (born Aileen Stephen Ewing; 6 March 1907 – 3 April 1987) was an English actress,[1] who appeared in 44 films between 1928 and 1939, including some Hollywood films during the late 1930s. +She was educated at Lausanne and King's College London.[2] +Anne Grey on Internet Movie Database +References +External links +Selected filmography +Sybil Grove was an English actress. +She was born Sybil Marian Westmacott on 4 October 1891 in Teddington, Middlesex, and was also known as Sybil Wingrove.[1] +Sybil Grove on Internet Movie Database +References +External links +Selected filmography +Leonard Hubert S Harben (12 July 1878 – 24 August 1941) was an English stage and film actor.[2][3] He was married to the actress Mary Jerrold and father of celebrity chef Philip Harben.[4][5] +↑ "Production of Colonel Newcome - Theatricalia". ↑ "Hubert Harben - Theatricalia". ↑ "Hubert Harben". ↑ Randal, Oulton, (8 September 2005). "Philip Harben". ↑ McFarlane, Brian (16 May 2016). "The Encyclopedia of British Film: Fourth edition". +Hubert Harben on Internet Movie Database Hubert Harben at the Internet Broadway Database +Hubert Harben +References +External links +Partial filmography +Henry Charles Hewitt (28 December 1885, Islington, London – 23 August 1968, Kingsclere, Hampshire) was an English film actor.[1] +Henry Hewitt on Internet Movie Database +Selected filmography +References +Bibliography +External links +Barbara Mary "Miki" Hood[1] (9 January 1915 – September, 1994) was an English stage and film actress. She played the female lead in the 1934 film Guest of Honour.[2] +Miki Hood on Internet Movie Database +References +External links +Filmography +Joyce Howard (28 February 1922 in London – 23 November 2010 in Santa Monica, California) was an English actress, writer and film executive.[1][2] +12 December 2010. ↑ "PASSINGS: Sebastian Adler, Joyce Howard, Stephen J. Solarz, Peter Hofmann, Jean Cione". Los Angeles Times. ↑ "Joyce Howard". The Times. ↑ "The Devil at Large". +Joyce Howard on Internet Movie Database Obituary in The Telegraph Obituary in The Guardian +Asia Atlantic Airlines (Thai: เอเชีย แอตแลนติก แอร์ไลน์ส, is a charter airline headquartered in Bangkok, Thailand. It is a subsidiary of the Japanese travel agency H.I.S. +New Thai carrier Asia Atlantic Airlines (AAA) launch initiated operations on maiden flight departed Suvarnabhumi Airport for Narita International Airport on August 19, 2013. +History +The airline is a joint venture between Japanese travel agent H.I.S and Thai hotelier Baiyoke Group. +Entangled states +History +Pure states +Spontaneous parametric down-conversion process can split photons into type II photon pairs with mutually perpendicular polarization. +There are several canonical entangled states that appear often in theory and experiments. +For two qubits, the Bell states are +These four pure states are all maximally entangled (according to the entropy of entanglement) and form an orthonormal basis (linear algebra) of the Hilbert space of the two qubits. They play a fundamental role in Bell's theorem. +For M>2 qubits, the GHZ state is +Quantum entanglement is a physical phenomenon that occurs when pairs or groups of particles are generated or interact in ways such that the quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently of the others, even when the particles are separated by a large distance—instead, a quantum state must be described for the system as a whole. +For example, if a pair of particles are generated in such a way that their total spin is known to be zero, and one particle is found to have clockwise spin on a certain axis, the spin of the other particle, measured on the same axis, will be found to be counterclockwise, as to be expected due to their entanglement. However, this behavior gives rise to paradoxical effects: any measurement of a property of a particle can be seen as acting on that particle (e.g., by collapsing a number of superposed states) and will change the original quantum property by some unknown amount; and in the case of entangled particles, such a measurement will be on the entangled system as a whole. It thus appears that one particle of an entangled pair "knows" what measurement has been performed on the other, and with what outcome, even though there is no known means for such information to be communicated between the particles, which at the time of measurement may be separated by arbitrarily large distances. +Einstein and others considered such behavior to be impossible, as it violated the local realist view of causality (Einstein referring to it as "spooky action at a distance")[4] and argued that the accepted formulation of quantum mechanics must therefore be incomplete. Later, however, the counterintuitive predictions of quantum mechanics were verified experimentally.[5] Experiments have been performed involving measuring the polarization or spin of entangled particles in different directions, which—by producing violations of Bell's inequality—demonstrate statistically that the local realist view cannot be correct. This has been shown to occur even when the measurements are performed more quickly than light could travel between the sites of measurement: there is no lightspeed or slower influence that can pass between the entangled particles.[6] Recent experiments have measured entangled particles within less than one hundredth of a percent of the travel time of light between them.[7] According to the formalism of quantum theory, the effect of measurement happens instantly.[8][9] It is not possible, however, to use this effect to transmit classical information at faster-than-light speeds[10] (see Faster-than-light § Quantum mechanics). +Quantum entanglement is an area of extremely active research by the physics community, and its effects have been demonstrated experimentally with photons,[11][12][13][14] neutrinos,[15] electrons,[16][17] molecules the size of buckyballs,[18][19] and even small diamonds.[20][21] Research is also focused on the utilization of entanglement effects in communication and computation. +The counterintuitive predictions of quantum mechanics about strongly correlated systems were first discussed by Albert Einstein in 1935, in a joint paper with Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen.[1] In this study, they formulated the EPR paradox (Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen paradox), a thought experiment that attempted to show that quantum mechanical theory was incomplete. They wrote: "We are thus forced to conclude that the quantum-mechanical description of physical reality given by wave functions is not complete."[1] +Consider two noninteracting systems A and B, with respective Hilbert spaces HA and HB. The Hilbert space of the composite system is the tensor product +| Φ ± ⟩ = 1 2 ( | 0 ⟩ A ⊗ | 0 ⟩ B ± | 1 ⟩ A ⊗ | 1 ⟩ B ) {\displaystyle |\Phi ^{\pm }\rangle ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(|0\rangle _{A}\otimes |0\rangle _{B}\pm |1\rangle _{A}\otimes |1\rangle _{B})} | Ψ ± ⟩ = 1 2 ( | 0 ⟩ A ⊗ | 1 ⟩ B ± | 1 ⟩ A ⊗ | 0 ⟩ B ) {\displaystyle |\Psi ^{\pm }\rangle ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(|0\rangle _{A}\otimes |1\rangle _{B}\pm |1\rangle _{A}\otimes |0\rangle _{B})} . +PMID 19392092. arXiv:0711.4840 . doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.100401. ↑ Database error – Qwiki ↑ Kitagawa, Masahiro; Ueda, Masahito (1993). "Squeezed Spin States". Phys. +Rev. A. 47: 5138–5143. +Bibcode:1993PhRvA..47.5138K. doi:10.1103/physreva.47.5138. ↑ Wineland, D. J.; Bollinger, J. J.; Itano, W. M.; Moore, F. L.; Heinzen, D. J. "Spin squeezing and reduced quantum noise in spectroscopy". Phys. +Rev. A. 46: R6797–R6800. Bibcode:1992PhRvA..46.6797W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.46.R6797. ↑ "Phys. Rev. Lett. +71, 1355 (1993): Interferometric detection of optical phase shifts at the Heisenberg limit". Physical Review Letters. Retrieved 13 October 2014. ↑ Horodecki R, Horodecki P, Horodecki M, Horodecki K; Horodecki; Horodecki; Horodecki (2007). +arXiv +May 4, 1935 New York Times article headline regarding the imminent EPR paper +However, they did not coin the word entanglement, nor did they generalize the special properties of the state they considered. Following the EPR paper, Erwin Schrödinger wrote a letter (in German) to Einstein in which he used the word Verschränkung (translated by himself as entanglement) "to describe the correlations between two particles that interact and then separate, as in the EPR experiment."[22] He shortly thereafter published a seminal paper defining and discussing the notion, and terming it "entanglement." In the paper he recognized the importance of the concept, and stated:[2] "I would not call [entanglement] one but rather the characteristic trait of quantum mechanics, the one that enforces its entire departure from classical lines of thought." +Like Einstein, Schrödinger was dissatisfied with the concept of entanglement, because it seemed to violate the speed limit on the transmission of information implicit in the theory of relativity.[23] Einstein later famously derided entanglement as "spukhafte Fernwirkung"[24] or "spooky action at a distance." +Specifically, he demonstrated an upper limit, seen in Bell's inequality, regarding the strength of correlations that can be produced in any theory obeying local realism, and he showed that quantum theory predicts violations of this limit for certain entangled systems.[25] His inequality is experimentally testable, and there have been numerous relevant experiments, starting with the pioneering work of Stuart Freedman and John Clauser in 1972[26] and Alain Aspect's experiments in 1982,[27] all of which have shown agreement with quantum mechanics rather than the principle of local realism. Until recently each had left open at least one loophole by which it was possible to question the validity of the results. However, in 2015 the first loophole-free experiment was performed, which ruled out a large class of local realism theories with certainty.[28] +Major projects in the Middle East +External links +History +Notable projects +Aurecon is an engineering, management, design, planning, project management and consulting company based in Australia and South Africa. +Formed through the merger of three engineering consultancies, Africon, Connell Wagner and Ninham Shand,[2] Aurecon has over 7500 staff members. The company operates in 28 countries across Africa, Asia-Pacific and the Middle East. +The company delivers project design and management across twelve markets. They are built environment, construction, data and telecommunications, defence, energy, government, international development assistance, manufacturing, resources, transport and water. +Madinat Jumeirah Arabian Leisure Resort Development, United Arab Emirates The Palm Deira, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Qatar Science and Technology Park, Qatar +Berg Water Project, South Africa Department of International Relations and Cooperation Building, South Africa Maguga Dam and Maguga Hydroelectric Project, Swaziland N2 Garden Route, South Africa Nova Vida Housing Development, Angola O R Tambo International Airport, South Africa Peter Mokaba Stadium, South Africa Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium, South Africa +Major projects in Australia/New Zealand +Major projects in Africa +Associated companies +Major projects in Asia +Aurecon Type Private, owned in trust Industry Engineering, Design, International Development and Business Consultation Founded 2009 Headquarters Main delivery centres in Australia and South Africa 80 Offices in 27 countries Key people Giam Swiegers, CEO Teddy Daka, Non-Executive Chairman Revenue A$ 820 million dollars 2012 ZAR 6.7 billion Rand 2009 [1] Number of employees 7,500+ Website www.aurecongroup.com +Africon was formed in 1935. At the time of the merger, Africon was ranked amongst the world’s top 200 international design firms and was South Africa’s largest engineering company. The organisation operated in both the public and private sectors within the fields of transportation, property, municipal services, energy and mining. +Connell Wagner was one of Asia Pacific’s largest multi-disciplinary engineering consultancies, with a history spanning more than 75 years. The firm provided a broad range of professional technical services across several market sectors, namely buildings, industrial, transportation, urban development, water, international development, environment, energy, telecommunications and defence. +Established in 1935, Ninham Shand was one of South Africa’s leading, privately owned companies of consulting engineers and environmental scientists. The organisation offered consulting services in areas including water resources and supply, heavy engineering, purification, infrastructure services, structures and buildings, transportation and roads, and environmental science. +City of Dreams Casino, Macau Chek Lap Kok, Passenger Terminal Building Hong Kong Airport, Hong Kong Fusionopolis, Singapore Pha Lai 2 Power Station, Vietnam Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program, East Timor The Sail at Marina Bay, Singapore +West Gate Tunnel, Victoria, Australia Caulfield to Dandenong Level Crossing Removal Project, Victoria, Australia Dalrymple Bay Coal Terminal, Queensland, Australia Eden Park Stadium, Auckland, New Zealand Eureka Tower, Victoria, Australia Bendigo Bank Headquarters, Victoria, Australia Huntly e3p Combined Cycle Power Station, Huntly, New Zealand Luggage Point Water Treatment Plant, Queensland, Australia Melbourne Cricket Ground, Victoria, Australia Northern Busway, Auckland, New Zealand Optus Earth Satellite Station, Australia Adelaide Entertainment Centre redevelopment Adelaide Festival Centre Expansion Kogan Creek Solar Boost Project Te Puni Village, Victoria University of Wellington +IDSS Pty Ltd IMIS Aurecon Hatch +Aurecon +HINA (Croatian: Hrvatska izvještajna novinska agencija; English: Croatian News Agency) is the national government-owned news agency of Croatia. It was established on 26 July 1990. +The agency is based at Marko Marulić Square in the Lower Town neighbourhood in central Zagreb. +↑ "Državni proračun 2014. godina". Ministry of Finance (Croatia). 2013. +Official website (in Croatian) O ulozi i važnosti Hine u hrvatskom medijskom prostoru (in Croatian) +HINA +References +External links +Timor-Leste News Agency (ANTIL) is the official state run news agency of East Timor, It was founded on July 27, 2016.[1] +External links +References +Yoshie Hayasaka (早坂 好恵, Hayasaka Yoshie, born 25 September 1975 in Naha, Okinawa) is a Japanese actress and singer. Along with the ranking in the top 100 in the Oricon Singles Chart for several of her songs, her single "Zettai! +Part 2" reached number 42.[1][2] In 2003, she married the Japanese pro wrestler known as Super Delfin.[3] +Part 2" (1990) Ranma ½ opening theme[4] +Waratte Iitomo! (1991–1992) Anime Himitsu no Hanazono (sings the opening and closing music) +↑ "早坂好恵の画像、早坂好恵の経歴・プロフィールならオリコン芸能人事典-ORICON STYLE:" (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved 30 October 2010. ↑ "早坂好恵のCDシングルランキング、早坂好恵のプロフィールならオリコン芸能人事典-ORICON STYLE:" (in Japanese). +Oricon. Retrieved 30 October 2010. ↑ "早坂好恵が女児出産 - 芸能ニュース : nikkansports.com:" (in Japanese). Nikkan Sports. +Retrieved 30 October 2010. ↑ "Ranma ½ Perfect Edition:". Furinkan.com. Retrieved 30 October 2010. +Yoshie Hayasaka at Anime News Network's encyclopedia Yoshie Hayasaka on Internet Movie Database +External links +Discography +Films +TV programs +Oliver Boot (born 1979) is an English actor. +He trained at the RADA, and has appeared on both stage and screen. His theatre credits include Antony and Cleopatra,[1] In Extremis (in the role of Abelard),[2][3] Three Musketeers,[4] Hayfever, Tartuffe, Jamaica Inn[5] and an award winning world tour of Othello with Cheek by Jowl. He has starred as Demetrius in Shakespeare's "Midsummer's night dream" and as Ventidius in "Timon of Athens", at the Globe, in London. +Year Title Character Production Notes 2013 Great Night Out Wayne ITV +↑ "Arts - The Times". timesonline.co.uk. ↑ "In Extremis" -The Stage News ↑ Lyn Gardner. "Theatre review: In Extremis / Shakespeare's Globe, London". the Guardian. ↑ Alfred Hickling. "Theatre: The Three Musketeers". the Guardian. ↑ "Jamaica Inn" - The Stage News ↑ "Calder plays Lear at Globe" - London Theatre Guide +Oliver Boot on Internet Movie Database +External links +Filmography +TV +BugMeNot As the website appeared live 20 August 2015 Type of site Online database Available in English Created by Guy King Website www.bugmenot.com Alexa rank 16,081 (As of February 2017)[1] Registration None Launched August 2003 +BugMeNot is an internet service that provides usernames and passwords to let Internet users bypass mandatory free registration on websites. +It was started in August 2003 by an anonymous person, later revealed to be Guy King,[2] and allowed Internet users to access websites that have registration walls (for instance, that of The New York Times) with the requirement of compulsory registration. This came in response to the increasing number of websites that request such registration. Many Internet users find this to be an annoyance and a potential source of spam e-mail.[3] +BugMeNot allows users of their service to add new accounts for sites with free registration. It also encourages users to use disposable email address services to create such accounts. However, it does not allow them to add accounts for pay websites, as this could potentially lead to credit card fraud.[4] BugMeNot also claims to remove accounts for any website requesting that they do not provide accounts for non-registered users. +The operators of BugMeNot expanded the "MeNot" network in October, 2006 with the addition of RetailMeNot - a service for finding and sharing online coupon codes. +Users can add coupons they have found through any method, as well as a description of the coupon and an expiration date. Users can also scan in printed coupons and upload them for others to print. +Retrieved 4 February 2017. ↑ Edmund Tardos (October 8, 2007) Revealed: the brains behind Bugmenot, Sydney Morning Herald, Fairfax, Accessed 2007-10-08. ↑ Metz, Rachel (20 July 2004). "We don't need no stinkin' login". +Wired.com. ↑ Frequently Asked Questions - Bugmenot.com. . +URL:"Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 5, 2013. +Retrieved July 5, 2013. . +RetailMeNot +References +Use of the service +Scraping a chalkboard (also known as a blackboard) with the fingernails produces a sound and feeling which most people find extremely irritating. The basis of the innate reaction to the sound has been studied in the field of psychoacoustics (the branch of psychology concerned with the perception of sound and its physiological effects). +One explanation for the adverse reaction is that the awful sound is similar to the warning call of a primate, back in prehistoric times. However, a study using Cotton-top tamarins, New World monkeys, found that they react similarly to both high-pitched sounds similar to fingernails on chalkboard, and to amplitude-matched white noise. In contrast, humans are less averse to the white noise than to scraping.[1] +A 2011 study by musicologists Michael Oehler and Christoph Reuter[5] led its authors to hypothesize that the unpleasantness of the sound is caused by acoustic resonance due to the shape of the human ear canal which amplifies certain frequencies, especially those in the range of 2000 to 4000 Hz (the median pitches mentioned above), at such a level that the sound would trigger pain in human ears.[6] +Retrieved 2008-04-09. ↑ Trevor J. Cox (2008). "Scraping sounds and disgusting noises". Applied Acoustics. +69 (12): 1195–1204. doi:10.1016/j.apacoust.2007.11.004. ↑ Christoph Reuter; Michael Oehler. +"Psychoacoustics of chalkboard squeaking". +Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 130: 2545. doi:10.1121/1.3655174. ↑ "Acoustical Society of America - Psychoacoustics of chalkboard squeaking". acoustics.org. Retrieved 10 October 2016. +Chalkboard scraping +References +Primate heritage hypothesis +Physical hypothesis +The field is sometimes called mathematical biology or biomathematics to stress the mathematical side, or theoretical biology to stress the biological side.[1] Theoretical biology focuses more on the development of theoretical principles for biology while mathematical biology focuses on the use of mathematical tools to study biological systems, even though the two terms are sometimes interchanged.[2][3] Mathematical biology aims at the mathematical representation, treatment and modeling of biological processes, using techniques and tools of applied mathematics. It has both theoretical and practical applications in biological, biomedical and biotechnology research. Describing systems in a quantitative manner means their behavior can be better simulated, and hence properties can be predicted that might not be evident to the experimenter. +Mathematical biologists tend to be employed in mathematical departments and to be a bit more interested in math inspired by biology than in the biological problems themselves, and vice versa." Careers in theoretical biology ↑ Longo, Giuseppe; Soto, Ana M. (2016-10-01). "Why do we need theories?" +From the Century of the Genome to the Century of the Organism: New Theoretical Approaches. 122 (1): 4–10. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.06.005. ↑ Montévil, Maël; Speroni, Lucia; Sonnenschein, Carlos; Soto, Ana M. (2016-10-01). "Modeling mammary organogenesis from biological first principles: Cells and their physical constraints". +Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. From the Century of the Genome to the Century of the Organism: New Theoretical Approaches. 122 (1): 58–69. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.08.004. ↑ Robeva, Raina; et al. +(Fall 2010). +"Mathematical Biology Modules Based on Modern Molecular Biology and Modern Discrete Mathematics". CBE Life Sciences Education. The American Society for Cell Biology. +9 (3): 227–240. PMC 2931670 . +PMID 20810955. doi:10.1187/cbe.10-03-0019. |access-date= requires |url= (help) ↑ Mallet, James (July 2001). +"Mimicry: An interface between psychology and evolution". PNAS. 98 (16): 8928–8930. doi:10.1073/pnas.171326298. ↑ Ian Stewart (1998), Life's Other Secret: The New Mathematics of the Living World, New York: John Wiley, ISBN 978-0471158455 ↑ Evelyn Fox Keller (2002) Making Sense of Life: Explaining Biological Development with Models, Metaphors and Machines, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0674012509 1 2 Baianu, I. C.; Brown, R.; Georgescu, G.; Glazebrook, J. F. (2006). +"Complex Non-linear Biodynamics in Categories, Higher Dimensional Algebra and Łukasiewicz–Moisil Topos: Transformations of Neuronal, Genetic and Neoplastic Networks". Axiomathes. +16: 65–122. doi:10.1007/s10516-005-3973-8. ↑ Łukasiewicz-Topos Models of Neural Networks, Cell Genome and Interactome Nonlinear Dynamic Models (2004) http://cogprints.org/3701/01/ANeuralGenNetworkLuknTopos_oknu4.pdf/ ↑ Complex Systems Analysis of Arrested Neural Cell Differentiation during Development and Analogous Cell Cycling Models in Carcinogenesis (2004) http://cogprints.org/3687/ 1 2 "Research in Mathematical Biology". Maths.gla.ac.uk. +Retrieved 2008-09-10. ↑ J. R. Junck. Ten Equations that Changed Biology: Mathematics in Problem-Solving Biology Curricula, Bioscene, (1997), 23(1):11-36 New Link (Aug 2010) ↑ Charles Semple (2003), Phylogenetics, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-850942-4 ↑ "Computer Models and Automata Theory in Biology and Medicine" (1986). In:Mathematical Modeling: Mathematical Models in Medicine, volume 7:1513-1577, M. Witten, Ed., Pergamon Press: New York. http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/746663/files/COMPUTER_MODEL_AND_AUTOMATA_THEORY_IN_BIOLOGY2p.pdf ↑ Lin, H.C. 2004. +"Computer Simulations and the Question of Computability of Biological Systems": 1-15,doi=10.1.1.108.5072. https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/2951/2/compauto.pdf ↑ "Computer Models and Automata Theory in Biology and Medicine" (1986). (Abstract) http://biblioteca.universia.net/html_bura/ficha/params/title/computer-models-and-automata-theory-in-biology-and-medicine/id/3920559.html ↑ "Natural Transformations Models in Molecular Biology"(1983). In: SIAM and Society of Mathematical Biology, National Meeting, Bethesda,MD:1-12. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/showciting;jsessionid=BD12D600C39F9979633DB877CA74212B?cid=642862 ↑ "Quantum Interactomics and Cancer Mechanisms" (2004): 1-16, Research Report communicated to the Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/retrieve/4969/QuantumInteractomicsInCancer_Sept13k4E_cuteprt.pdf ↑ Kainen,P.C. 2005."Category Theory and Living Systems", In: Charles Ehresmann's Centennial Conference Proceedings: 1-5,University of Amiens, France, October 7-9th, 2005, A. Ehresmann, Organizer and Editor. http://vbm-ehr.pagesperso-orange.fr/ChEh/articles/Kainen.pdf ↑ "bibliography for category theory/algebraic topology applications in physics". +PlanetPhysics. Retrieved 2010-03-17. ↑ "bibliography for mathematical biophysics and mathematical medicine". +Mathematical biology employs many components of mathematics,[4] and has contributed to the development of new techniques. +Mathematics has been applied to biology since the 19th century. +Fritz Müller described the evolutionary benefits of what is now called Müllerian mimicry in 1879, in an account notable for being the first use of a mathematical argument in evolutionary ecology to show how powerful the effect of natural selection would be, unless one includes Malthus's discussion of the effects of population growth that influenced Charles Darwin: Malthus argued that growth would be "geometric" while resources (the environment's carrying capacity) could only grow arithmetically.[5] +Interest in the field has grown rapidly from the 1960s onwards. +Some reasons for this include: +The rapid growth of data-rich information sets, due to the genomics revolution, which are difficult to understand without the use of analytical tools Recent development of mathematical tools such as chaos theory to help understand complex, non-linear mechanisms in biology An increase in computing power, which facilitates calculations and simulations not previously possible An increasing interest in in silico experimentation due to ethical considerations, risk, unreliability and other complications involved in human and animal research +History +Recent growth +Early history +Notes +Strong Assam and Kenyan teas are blended with Ceylon which adds a light, brisk quality to the blend. Irish breakfast tea Blend of several black teas: most often Assam teas and, less often, other types of black tea. Masala chai Combines black tea, spices, milk, and a sweetener such as sugar or honey; a beverage from India (introduced by the British East India company to encourage tea consumption among Indians and to compete with Chinese tea plantations). +Black tea. +Tea plantation in Java, Indonesia. +While green tea usually loses its flavor within a year, black tea retains its flavour for several years. For this reason, it has long been an article of trade, and compressed bricks of black tea even served as a form of de facto currency in Mongolia, Tibet and Siberia into the 19th century.[1] Although green tea has recently seen a revival due to its purported health benefits, black tea still accounts for over ninety percent of all tea sold in the West.[2] +Generally, unblended black teas are named after the region in which they are produced.[3] Often, different regions are known for producing teas with characteristic flavors. +Varieties +Black tea is often blended and mixed with various other plants in order to obtain a beverage. +1 2 3 4 5 Varnam, Alan H.; Sutherland, J. M. (1994), Beverages:Technology, Chemistry and Microbiology, Springer ↑ Heiss, Mary Lou; Heiss, Robert J. (2007), The story of tea: a cultural history and drinking guide, Random House ↑ Harbowy, Matthew E.; Balentine, Douglas A.; Davies, Alan P.; Cai, Ya (1997), "Tea Chemistry", Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 16 (5): 415–480 ↑ "Black Tea Oxidization". Tin Roof Teas. Retrieved 23 August 2016. +1 2 "Oxidation of Tea - RateTea". Retrieved 13 December 2016. ↑ ISO3103, "ISO 3103". ↑ Upton Tea Imports, "A Brief Guide to Tea" (PDF). ↑ ISO3103, "ISO 3103". ↑ Current Status and Future Development of Global Tea Production and Tea Products, Alastair Hicks (PDF), April 2009 1 2 "Black tea". +Black tea is a type of tea that is more oxidized than oolong, green and white teas. Black tea is generally stronger in flavor than the less oxidized teas. All four types are made from leaves of the shrub (or small tree) Camellia sinensis. +Dianhong (Yunnan) Yúnnán-hóngchá (云南红茶) / diānhóng (滇红) Yunnan Province Well known for dark malty teas and golden bud teas. Yingdehong Yīngdé-hóngchá (英德红茶) Yingde, Guangdong Province The tea has a cocoa-like aroma and a sweet aftertaste, one can find a peppery note. Jiu Qu Hong Mei (Nine Winding Red Plum) jiǔ-qǔ-hóng-méi (九曲红梅) Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province This tea is characterised by tight fishhook-like leaves with a lustrous black color. +Kangra Kāngada cāy (कांगड़ा चाय) Kangra District, Himachal Pradesh State It produces basil-cinnamon, java plum-blueberry blends and Chinese hybrids that is varied with others as a pale liquor, it has a subtle pungency with a vegetal aroma.[5][6] Munnar Mūnnār cāya (മൂന്നാർ ചായ) Munnar Town, Idukki District, Kerala State This variety produces a strong bodied golden yellow liquor with refreshing briskness and a hint of fruit. It has a medium toned fragrance, that is akin to malted biscuits.[7] Nilgiri Nīlakiri tēnīr (நீலகிரி தேநீர்) Nilgiris District, Tamil Nadu State Intensely aromatic, strong, and fragrant tea from the Nilgiri Hills of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Korea Jaekseol (Bird's tongue) jaekseol-cha (잭설차) Hadong County, South Gyeongsang Province Jaekseol tea is golden, light scarlet in color and has a sweet, clean taste.[8] Nepal Nepali Nēpālī ciyā (नेपाली चिया) Similar to Darjeeling tea in its appearance, aroma and fruity taste, with subtle variation. +Blends +Manufacture +Room 39 (officially Central Committee Bureau 39 of the Korean Workers' Party,[1] also referred to as Bureau 39, Division 39, or Office 39[2]) is a secretive North Korean party organization that seeks ways to maintain the foreign currency slush fund for the country's leaders, initially Kim Il-sung, then, in progression, Kim Jong-il and Kim Jong-un.[3] +The organization is estimated to bring in between $500 million and $1 billion per year or more[4] and may be involved in illegal activities, such as counterfeiting $100 bills, producing controlled substances (including the synthesis of methamphetamine and the conversion of morphine-containing opium into pure opiates like heroin), and international insurance fraud.[3][5] +Although the seclusion of the North Korean state makes it difficult to evaluate this kind of information, many claim that Room 39 is critical to Kim Jong-un's continued power, enabling him to buy political support and help fund North Korea's nuclear weapons program.[3] +Room 39 is believed to be located inside a ruling Workers' Party building in Pyongyang,[6] not far from one of the North Korean leader's residences.[2] +Room 39 was established by Kim Il-sung in the late 1970s. It has been described as the lynchpin of the North's so-called "court economy" centered on the dynastic Kim family.[7] The origin of Room 39's name remains unknown. +In early 2010, South Korea's Yonhap news agency reported that Kim Dong-un, head of the department, was replaced by his deputy, Jon Il-chun.[8] +The Chosun Ilbo reported that Room 38, led by Kim Jong-il, was merged into Room 39 in late 2009, but the two were split again in 2010 due to difficulties in obtaining foreign currency.[9] +Room 39 is also involved in the management of foreign currency earnings from foreigners' hotels in Pyongyang, gold and zinc mining, and agricultural and fisheries exports. Companies believed to be controlled by Room 39 include Zokwang Trading and Taesong Bank.[9] +A 2007 report published by the Millennium Project of the World Federation of United Nations Associations said North Korea makes an estimated $500 million to $1 billion annually from criminal enterprises.[10] +In 2009, a Washington Post report outlined a global insurance fraud scheme by the North Korean government. The state-owned Korea National Insurance Corp (KNIC) sought reinsurance contracts with international reinsurers and then submitted fraudulent claims; the contracts were governed by North Korean law and legal challenges were fruitless.[5] +Room 39 is also believed to be operating the overseas North Korean restaurant chain called Pyongyang.[11] +In 2015, the European Union placed the KNIC under sanctions and added that the KNIC had links to Office 39. [12] The KNIC (which had offices in Hamburg, Germany and London, UK) was reported to have had assets of UK£ 787 million in 2014 and had been involved in scamming insurance markets and making investments in property and foreign exchange.[13] Thae Yong-ho a North Korean diplomat who defected in 2016 said that North Korea earned each year "tens of millions of dollars" with insurance fraud.[14] +Ri Jong Ho was a senior official in the Room 39 organisation for about 30 years. +He defected to South Korea in 2014 and to the USA in 2016. +Ri was chairman of Korea Kumgang Group, that formed a joint venture with a Chinese businessman to run a taxi company in Pyongyang,[15] the president of a North Korean shipping company and head of a Chinese branch of Daeheung, a North Korean trading company involved in seafood, coal, shipping and oil. +In a 2017 newspaper article Ri described how he evaded sanctions by transferring cash from China to North Korea by ship and by train.[16] +North Korea's illicit activities Chong Chon Gang +Retrieved 2015-07-09. 1 2 Landler, Mark (August 30, 2010). "New U.S. Sanctions Aim at North Korean Elite". +1 2 3 David Rose (August 5, 2009). "North Korea's Dollar Store". Vanity Fair. ↑ Rose, David (September 2009). +Retrieved 9 June 2015. 1 2 "Global Insurance Fraud By North Korea Outlined". Washington Post. +June 18, 2009. ↑ Kelly Olsen (June 11, 2009). "New sanctions could hit North Korea's fundraising". The Guardian. ↑ "North Korea fires head of secret bureau 'Room 39'". +June 22, 2010. ↑ Olsen, Kelly (June 11, 2009). "North Korea's secret: Room 39". ↑ Strangio, Sebastian (March 22, 2010). "Kingdom Kim's Culinary Outposts: Inside the bizarre world of Asia's North Korean restaurant chain.". +Slate. ↑ Booth, Robert (2017-04-23). "UK freezes assets of North Korean company based in south London". The Guardian. +Retrieved 2017-04-23. ↑ Gadher, Dipesh (2017-04-23). "Kim cooked up ‘nuclear cash’ in the suburbs". The Sunday Times. +Retrieved 2017-04-23. (Subscription required (help)). ↑ Gadher, Dipesh (2017-04-23). "Secrets of Kim’s little house in the suburbs". +Retrieved 2017-04-23. (Subscription required (help)). ↑ Pearson, James (2015-10-19). "Taxis parade once-empty streets of North Korean capital". +Room 39 +Jay Solomon and Hae Won Choi (July 14, 2003). "Money Trail: In North Korea, Secret Cash Hoard Props Up Regime". The Wall Street Journal. +History +See also +Further reading +Purpose and activities +John Moulder-Brown (born 3 June 1953) is a British actor, is perhaps best remembered for his roles in the films Deep End[1](1970), First Love, Ludwig(1972) and La residencia.[2] +John Moulder-Brown on IMDb +Television and filmography +References +External links +Bibliography +Benedict Taylor 2010 +Benedict Sean Taylor (born 18 April 1960) is an English actor. +https://web.archive.org/web/20151011221801/http://benedicttaylor.org:80/ http://houseofhoney.org http://uk.linkedin.com/pub/ben-taylor/a/364/835%5B%5D Benedict Taylor on IMDb +External links +Filmography +Desmond Tester (17 February 1919 – 31 December 2002) was an English film and television actor, host and executive. +He was born in London, England., and started his career as child actor, among his most notable roles, was that of the ill-fated boy Stevie in the Alfred Hitchcock film Sabotage (1936). +Desmond Tester on IMDb Obituary +External links +Bibliography +Selected filmography +Janice Adair (25 May 1905 – 11 November 1996) was a British film actress of the early sound era.[1] She was married to the film director Alfred Roome. +Janice Adair on IMDb +External links +Bibliography +Selected filmography +Neal Arden (27 December 1909 – 4 June 2014) was an English-born actor and writer who appeared in films, television shows, theatre productions and radio programs. +He was born in Fulham, London. +↑ "Celebrating Neal Arden". BSAP.com. September 2012. +Retrieved 26 May 2014. ↑ "And for my next record...". +MQ Magazine. April 2004. +Retrieved 26 May 2014. ↑ "A Man of Many Parts". Amazon.com. 27 June 2005. +Retrieved 26 May 2014. ↑ "Neal Arden - obituary". +The Daily Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. +Selected filmography +Florence Arliss was an actress born in 1868 in London, England as Florence Montgomery. +She was married to George Arliss with whome she often costarred. She played his wife in films like Disraeli, The Millionaire, and The House of Rothschild. +She died on March 11, 1950 in London. +Florence Arliss on IMDb Florence Arliss at the Internet Broadway Database +External links +Filmography +Ian Colin (1910–1987) was a British film and television actor. +During the 1930s, Colin was a leading man in Quota quickies. He later acted predominantly in television shows such as The Quatermass Experiment, Emergency-Ward 10 and Coronation Street. +Ian Colin on IMDb +External links +Bibliography +Selected filmography +Amelia A Curtis (born 28 August 1972) is a British actress born in Stockholm, Sweden. +She is notable for having played the role of Viki Lovejoy in the final series of Lovejoy, a role that she took over from Amelia Shankley. +Amelia Curtis on IMDb +External links +Filmography +Patric Curwen (14 December 1884 – 31 May 1949) was a British stage and film actor.[1] +Patric Curwen on IMDb +External links +References +Selected filmography +This article lists countries alphabetically, with total tax revenue as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) for the listed countries. Three sources are used, one for each column. The tax percentage for each country listed in the sources has been added to the chart. +Country Tax as % of GDP[1] Afghanistan 6.4 Albania 22.9 Algeria 7.7 Angola 5.7 Argentina 37.2 Armenia 22.0 Australia 25.8 Austria 43.4 Azerbaijan 17.8 Bahamas, The 18.7 Bahrain 4.8 Bangladesh 8.5 Barbados 32.6 Belarus 24.2 Belgium 47.9[2] Belize 21.6 Benin 15.4 Bhutan 10.7 Bolivia 27.0 Bosnia and Herzegovina 41.2 Botswana 35.2 Brazil 34.4 Bulgaria 27.8[3] Burkina Faso 11.5 Burma 4.9 Burundi 17.4 Cambodia 8.0 Cameroon 18.2 Canada 32.2 Cape Verde 23.0 Chad 4.2 Chile 21.0 China[4] [5] 28.1 Colombia 16.1 Comoros 12.0 Congo, Republic of 5.9 Costa Rica 21.0 Côte d'Ivoire 15.3 Croatia 36.7 Cuba 44.8 Cyprus 39.2 Czech Republic 36.3 Denmark 50.8[6] Djibouti 20.0 Dominica 30.3 Dominican Republic 12.0 Congo, Democratic Republic of 13.2 Ecuador 13.2 Egypt 15.8 El Salvador 13.3 Equatorial Guinea 1.7 Estonia 32.3 Ethiopia 11.6 European Union[7] 35.7 Fiji 21.8 Finland 43.6 France 47.9[8] Gabon 10.3 Gambia 18.9 Georgia 21.7 Germany 40.6 Ghana 20.8 Greece 39.0[8] Guatemala 11.9 Guinea 8.2 Guinea-Bissau 11.5 Guyana 31.9 Haiti 9.4 Honduras 15.6 Hong Kong 13.0 Hungary 39.1 Iceland 40.4 India 17.7 Indonesia 12.0 Iran 6.1 Ireland 30.8 Israel 36.8 Italy 43.5 Jamaica 27.2 Japan 28.3 Jordan 21.1 Kazakhstan 26.8 Kenya 18.4 Kiribati 20.7 Korea, South 26.8 Kuwait 1.5 Kyrgyzstan 21.4 Laos 10.8 Latvia 30.4 Lebanon 14.4 Lesotho 42.9 Liberia 13.2 Libya 2.7 Lithuania 20.9 Luxembourg 36.5 Macau, China 20.1 Macedonia 29.3 Madagascar 10.7 Malawi 20.7 Malaysia 15.5 Maldives 20.5 Mali 15.3 Malta 35.2 Mauritania 15.4 Mauritius 19.0 Mexico 19.7 Federated States of Micronesia 12.3 Moldova 33.8 Mongolia 33.8 Montenegro 28.0 Morocco 22.3 Mozambique 13.4 Namibia 28.8 Nepal 10.9 Netherlands 39.8 New Zealand 34.5 Nicaragua 17.8 Niger 11.0 Nigeria 6.1 Norway 43.6 OECD[9] 34.8 Oman 2.0 Pakistan 16.8 Panama 10.6 Papua New Guinea 24.5 Paraguay 12.0 Peru 18.0 Philippines 14.4 Poland 33.8 Portugal 37.0 Qatar 2.2 Taiwan 13.0[10] Romania 27.7[11] Russia 19.5 Rwanda 14.1 Saint Lucia 23.1 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 26.5 Samoa 25.5 São Tomé and Príncipe 17.4 Saudi Arabia 5.3 Senegal 19.2 Serbia 34.1 Seychelles 32.0 Sierra Leone 10.5 Singapore 14.2 Slovakia 29.5 Slovenia 39.3 Solomon Islands 24.7 South Africa 26.9 Spain 37.3 Sri Lanka 11.6 Sudan 6.3 Suriname 22.1 Swaziland 39.8 Sweden 45.8 Switzerland 29.4 Syria 10.7 Tajikistan 16.5 Tanzania 12.0 Thailand 17.0 Togo 15.5 Tonga 27.0 Trinidad and Tobago 28.0 Tunisia 14.9 Turkey 24.9[12] Turkmenistan 20.2 Uganda 12.6 Ukraine 28.1 United Arab Emirates 1.4 United Kingdom 34.4 United States 26[13] Uruguay 23.1 Uzbekistan 21.0 Vanuatu 17.8 Venezuela 25.0 Vietnam 13.8 Yemen 7.1 Zambia 16.1 Zimbabwe 27.2 +References +Further reading +The Democracy Party (Burmese: ဒီမိုကရေစီပါတီ) was a political party in Myanmar. +Following the reintroduction of multi-party democracy after the 8888 Uprising, the Democracy Party was the first party to register when registration opened on 1 October 1988.[1] It contested 105 seats in the 1990 general elections.[2] It received 0.5% of the vote winning a single seat, U Tun Hlaing in the Bahan constituency in Yangon.[1] +The party was banned by the military government on 11 March 1992.[1] +History +References +Hillary Fisher (born (1985-03-05)March 5, 1985) is an American model from Augusta, Georgia. +Hillary Fisher on Twitter Hillary Fisher on IMDb +External links +References +Achievements +Blake Lee (born August 31, 1983) is an American actor, known for his roles on Mixology[1] and Parks and Recreation. +Lee is set to play Josh Novak in the upcoming CBS drama Wisdom of the Crowd.[2] +Year Title Role 2015 I Am Michael Benoit Denizet-Lewis 2016 The Wedding Party Jim +Year Title Role Notes 2009 Parks and Recreation Derek 7 episodes 2011 Friends with Benefits Dean 1 episode 2014 Mixology Tom Series regular 2015 Mix Finn Pilot 2015 The Astronaut Wives Club 1 episode 2016 Good Fortune Metzger Pilot 2016 Angie Tribeca Sebastian 1 episode 2017 Wisdom of the Crowd Josh Novak Series regular +Blake Lee on IMDb +Film +External links +References +Television +Filmography +The founder of Twinings was Thomas Twining from Painswick, Gloucestershire in England. He opened Britain's first known tea room at No. 216 Strand, London, in 1706; it still operates today.[2] The firm's logo, created in 1787, is the world's oldest in continuous use.[3] +Twinings Of London Twinings' shop on the Strand in central London was established as a tea room in 1706 Owner Associated British Foods Country United Kingdom Introduced 1706 (1706) Markets Tea Website www.twinings.co.uk +Twinings /ˈtwaɪnɪŋz/ is an English marketer of tea, based in Andover, Hampshire. The brand is owned by Associated British Foods. It holds the world's oldest continually-used company logo, and is London's longest-standing ratepayer, having occupied the same premises on the Strand since 1706.[1] +I Never Knew That About London. Ebury Press. ISBN 978-0-09-191857-6. ↑ Phillips-Evans, James (2012) The Longcrofts: 500 Years of a British Family, Amazon, pp. 244–245 ↑ Standage, Tom (2005). +A history of the world in six glasses. New York: Walker. p. 202. ↑ "MARESI Austria GmbH Österreich website". ↑ Glyn Hughes. "The Foods of England – Earl Grey Tea". foodsofengland.co.uk. +Retrieved 20 September 2013. ↑ "Tea Time Over For Nambarrie". +Northern Ireland, United Kingdom: 4NI.co.uk Northern Ireland News. +11 April 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2009. One of Northern Ireland's top teas – and a favourite in Scotland too – is no longer to be packed in central Belfast. ↑ "Twinings Gets You Back To You: All About Our Advertising". +History +A high school drama centered on character Momo Adachi, her love life, friendships and rivalries, it was published in Japan by Kodansha in Bessatsu Friend from 1998 to 2003 and collected in 18 volumes. The series was adapted as a Taiwanese drama in 2002 and a Japanese animated television series in 2005. A manga sequel set 10 years after the original manga, titled Peach Girl Next, began its serialization on Be Love on August 12, 2016.[2] A live action film adaptation was released on May 20, 2017. +Momo Adachi (安達 もも, Adachi Momo) Voiced by: Saeko Chiba (Japanese); Kate Oxley (English) Played by: Mizuki Yamamoto (Live Action 2017) The main character. Her given name means 'peach' in Japanese. She has tanned skin and light hair (derived from her constant swimming in chlorinated pools while on the swim team), mistakenly giving others the impression that she is a "beach bunny", lover of the Ganguro style, or sexually promiscuous. +He thought that Momo was the one who once gave him CPR when he had nearly drowned at the beach when they were younger; only to later find out he had been saved by the local male lifeguard. His interest in her is renewed when Sae spreads rumors about them being a couple; he adds to this by claiming he has kissed Momo. When Momo is upset by his rumor, he tries to make the rumor true by kissing her unexpectedly in the beginning of the series. +Cast +Annie Wu as Xiao Tao (安達桃) Vanness Wu of F4 as Ah Li (岡安浬) Kenji Wu as Dong Si (東寺森一矢) Guan Ru as Sha Hui (柏木紗繪) Edward Ou as OD Vicky Chen (陳孝萱) as Misao Aki (安芸操) +A live action film of the same name directed by Koji Shintoki was released on 20 May 2017. It stars Mizuki Yamamoto as Momo Adachi and Kei Inoo as Kairi Okayasu. Other cast members are Mackenyu as Toji, Mei Nagano as Sae Kashiwagi, Yuika Motokariya as Misao Aki, Kensei Mikami as Ryo Okayasu, and Daisuke Kikuta as Jigoro. +Music +Opeing theme song: "愛的就是你" (Love Is You) by Wang Leehom Insert song: "你不愛我愛誰?" +(Who Do You Love If Not Me?) by Vanness Wu Ending theme song: "我依然相信你還愛我" (I Believe in Your Love) by Ginny Liu (劉虹嬅) +The manga has sold over 13 million copies. [4] In 1999, Peach Girl won the Kodansha Manga Award for shōjo.[5] +↑ "Welcome to the Smile Magazine website!" Smile. +August 29, 2000. +Retrieved on August 21, 2011. ↑ "Peach Girl Manga Gets Peach Girl Next Sequel Starting on August 12". +Anime News Network. August 1, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016. ↑ Kodan club accessed 2007-07-11. ↑ http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2016/08/14-1/peach-girl-is-getting-a-sequel-called-peach-girl-next ↑ Joel Hahn. +She tans easily and her hair is bleached out; unfortunately, she is stereotyped by her ignorant classmates and is forced to endure rumors about being an "easy girl" who has had many sexual relationships. Her only friend is Sae, who is actually responsible for spreading the nasty gossip due to her jealousy of Momo. Momo is in love with Toji, a taciturn baseball player, but the scheming Sae also has her sights set on the boy. +Toji saves Momo from being bullied (thanks to Sae's lies again) and tells the truth about him and Momo, resulting in the students apologizing to Momo and hating Sae. Toji and Momo get back together, but Sae later tries to complicate their relationship again by threatening to discredit Momo with her newly acquired access to the mass media. Though Toji is initially defiant, he reluctantly breaks up with Momo to protect her. +He takes care of Sae's dog, Sora, when her parents would no longer let her keep it. The dog walks with a little limp; one day when Sora tried to follow Sae, she threw a rock at its paw and injured it. Sae starts modeling and pretends she goes to college with Momo, when she is really still in high school. +Sae Kashiwagi (柏木 さえ, Kashiwagi Sae) Voiced by: Megumi Nasu (Japanese); Cherami Leigh (English) Played by: Mei Nagano (Live Action 2017) The main antagonist who does everything to ruin Momo's life. Her fair features (pale skin, dark hair) serve as a contrast for Momo; her "innocent" appearance belies her scheming, mischievous, trouble making nature. She is the one who spreads malicious gossip about Momo; something Momo knows, but has trouble dealing with, as people are more apt to believe in Sae than the 'airheaded ganguro girl' to the point that Toji believed Sae over Momo (who was currently his girlfriend). +Kazuya "Toji" Tojigamori (東寺ヶ森 一矢, Tōjigamori Kazuya, とーじ Tōji) Voiced by: Hidenobu Kiuchi (Japanese); Robert McCollum (English) Played by: Mackenyu (Live Action 2017) +Misao Aki (安芸 操) Voiced by: Mami Kingetsu (Japanese); Colleen Clinkenbeard (English) Played by: Yuika Motokariya (Live Action 2017) +Ryo Okayasu (岡安 涼, Okayasu Ryō) Voiced by: Sho Hayami (Japanese); Charles Baker (English) Played by: Kensei Mikami (Live Action 2017) Kairi's older brother who works in the video game industry. He serves as a male counterpart to Sae, only he is significantly more dangerous. Ryo is in love with Misao, and dated her briefly, but Misao broke up with him because of his cold and manipulating attitude which is revealed when he smacks Sae after hurting Misao. +Goro Ooji} (大路 吾郎, Ōji Gorō) Voiced by: Junichi Suwabe (Japanese); Viktor Walker (English) Played by: Daisuke Kikuta (Live Action 2017) He is called Jigoro (ジゴロー, Jigorō) and is a male model who is smitten with Sae and unaware of her true personality. She uses him in her schemes against Momo. +Morika Voiced by: Miho Yamada (Japanese); Kira Vincent-Davis (English) A young woman who once dated both Okayasu brothers, Morika has a grudge against Ryo and tries to use Kairi against him. Morika hires some thugs to beat up Ryo as revenge for using her. +Film +Reception +External links +Anime +Manga +Characters +TV drama +Plot +Media +Martin Jim "M. J." +Aitken FRS (11 March 1922[1] – 15 June 2017) was a British archaeometrist.[2][3] +Aitken organised annual meetings which became the "Symposium on Archaeometry and Archaeological Prospection".[4] He retired in 1989[5] and died in June 2017 at the age of 95.[6] +Handbook of Archaeological Sciences. Wiley. p. 782. ISBN 978-0-470-01476-9. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link) +ISBN 0815313055. ↑ "Jubilee Aitken - an eightieth birthday celebration" (PDF). ↑ M. J. Aitken at Library of Congress Authorities, with 10 catalogue records ↑ "Research Laboratory for Archaeology & the History of Art". ox.ac.uk. ↑ "ON THE RETIREMENT OF TEDDY HALL AND MARTIN AITKEN". Archaeometry. 32: 3–6. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1990.tb01076.x. ↑ Avis de décès (in French) +Bibliography +Alexander I may refer to: +Alexander I of Macedon, king of Macedon 495–450 BC Alexander I of Epirus (370 BC–331 BC) King of Epirus about 342 BC Pope Alexander I, Pope from 106 to 115 Pope Alexander I of Alexandria, Patriarch of Alexandria about 320 Alexander I of Scotland (c. 1078–1124), King of Scotland Alexandru I cel Bun (Alexander the Good) (?-1432) a Voivode of Moldavia Alexander I of Georgia (1412–1442), King of Georgia Alexander I Jagiellon (1461–1506), King of Poland Alexander I of Kakheti (1476–1511), King of Kakheti Alexander I of Russia (1801–1825), Emperor of Russia Alexander of Bulgaria (1857–1893), Prince of Bulgaria Alexander I of Serbia (1889–1903), King of Serbia Alexander of Greece (1917–1920), King of Greece Alexander I of Yugoslavia (1929–1934), King of Yugoslavia +John Ackland may refer to: +John Ackland (politician) (1890–1958), Australian politician John Ackland (rugby league) (born 1958), rugby league coach, scout and former player for New Zealand +The Liberal Party (Khmer: គណបក្សសេរីនិយម), first known as the Constitutionalist Party, was a conservative, pro-French political party in Cambodia. +The party was led by Prince Norodom Norindeth and was supported by the Khmer elites, the French, and members of the royal family.[1] The party advocated an evolutionary approach for independence as opposed to their more radical rivals, the Democrats. +References +Despicable Me 3 Theatrical release poster Directed by Pierre Coffin Kyle Balda Produced by Chris Meledandri Janet Healy Written by Cinco Paul Ken Daurio Based on Characters by Sergio Pablos Starring Steve Carell Kristen Wiig Trey Parker Miranda Cosgrove Steve Coogan Jenny Slate Dana Gaier Julie Andrews Music by Heitor Pereira[1] Pharrell Williams Edited by Claire Dodgson Production company Universal Pictures[2] Illumination Entertainment[2] Distributed by Universal Pictures[2] Release date June 14, 2017 (2017-06-14) (Annecy)[3] June 30, 2017 (2017-06-30) (United States)[3] Running time 90 minutes[4] Country United States Language English Budget $80 million[5] Box office $827.9 million[5] +Pachysticus jenisi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Vives in 2004.[1] +Pachysticus jenisi Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Coleoptera Suborder: Polyphaga Family: Cerambycidae Genus: Pachysticus Species: P. jenisi Binomial name Pachysticus jenisi Vives, 2004 +The Behistun Inscription (also Bisotun, Bistun or Bisutun; Persian: بیستون‎‎, Old Persian: Bagastana, meaning "the place of god") is a multilingual inscription and large rock relief on a cliff at Mount Behistun in the Kermanshah Province of Iran, near the city of Kermanshah in western Iran. It was crucial to the decipherment of cuneiform script. +Behistun Inscription UNESCO World Heritage Site Location Kermanshah, Iran Coordinates 34°23′26″N 47°26′09″E / 34.390555555556°N 47.435833333333°E / 34.390555555556; 47.435833333333 Criteria Cultural: (ii), (iii) [1] Reference 1222 Inscription 2006 (30th Session) Location of Behistun Inscription [edit on Wikidata] +The Eurovision Asia Song Contest 2018 will be the first edition of the Eurovision Asia Song Contest. The contest will be the Asia-Pacific counterpart of the Eurovision Song Contest, which has been in production for more than 60 years. This year will consist of only one show, and is yet to be scheduled. +Besides Singapore, other countries signaled their interest in bidding to host the 2018 contest: Hong Kong and Australia.[6] Singapore will spend $4 million to host the contest. +The city of Sydney and New South Wales had both indicated that they'll commit big funds, if it's on in Sydney. Hong Kong has also “made a play” towards hosting this years contest.[8] +The host broadcaster's representatives will met with the Eurovision Asia Song Contest Reference Group at the ABU headquarters in Kuala Lumpur. During the meeting, host broadcaster officials will attend a workshop covering several topics related with hosting the Eurovision Asia Song Contest and learn from the experiences of past host broadcasters of the Eurovision Song Contest. They also will have the opportunity to present their first plans for the 2018 contest, including multiple proposals for host city and venue. +The following list of countries had published no announcements so far on whether they will participate in the 2018 contest. +The following list of countries had published no announcements so far on whether they will participate in the 2018 contest. +Format and concept +Provisional list of participating countries +Eurovision Asia Song Contest 2018 Dates Final TBA 2018 Host Venue TBA Host broadcaster TBA Participants Number of entries 8 (to date) Debuting countries Australia China Hong Kong Japan New Zealand Singapore Solomon Islands South Korea Vote Voting system Each country awards two sets of 12, 10, 8–1 points to their 10 favourite songs: one from their professional jury and the other from televoting. +As of 24 August 2017, eight countries have confirmed their intentions to participate in the contest. +After the idea had already been adopted in March 2016,[2] the competition was officially confirmed on 18 August 2017.[7] The format will closely resemble that of the Eurovision Song Contest. The only difference is that there should be only a live final, instead of including two semi-finals, with up to 20 countries taking part. +The following countries have expressed their provisional interest in participating in the contest: +Country Artist Song Language(s) Australia[6] China[6] Hong Kong[6] Japan[6] New Zealand[9] Singapore[6] Solomon Islands[10] South Korea[6] +↑ Granger, Anthony (21 March 2016). "Asia: SBS to create Eurovision Song Contest in Asia". eurovoix.com. Eurovoix. +Retrieved 22 March 2016. 1 2 Jordan, Paul (21 March 2016). "Eurovision Song Contest concept to be developed in Asia!". eurovision.tv. +European Broadcasting Union. +Retrieved 19 August 2017. ↑ Jordan, Paul (21 March 2016). "Eurovision Song Contest concept to be developed in Asia!". eurovision.tv. +European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 22 March 2016. ↑ Granger, Anthony (7 May 2016). "Asiavision 12 countries the aim for the first contest". eurovoix-world.com. +Retrieved 3 September 2016. ↑ Granger, Anthony (11 July 2016). "Eurovision Asia up to 20 countries can compete". eurovoix-world.com. Eurovoix. +Retrieved 3 September 2016. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Three cities interested in hosting Eurovision Asia". eurovoix-world.com. Eurovoix. +19 May 2017. +Retrieved 19 May 2017. +1 2 Jordan, Paul (18 August 2017). +"The Greatest Song Contest in the World is coming to Asia!". eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 19 August 2017. ↑ "Eurovision Insight Podcast: Insight Asks Australian Head Of Delegation Paul Clarke". +ESC Insight. 6 May 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2017. ↑ Granger, Anthony (22 August 2017). +"New Zealand: TVNZ looking at Eurovision Asia participation". eurovoix-world.com. Eurovoix. Retrieved 22 August 2017. ↑ Granger, Anthony (23 August 2017). +"Solomon Islands: SIBC Interested in Eurovision Asia". eurovoix-world.com. Eurovoix. Retrieved 23 August 2017. +External links +Other countries +Full ABU members +Additional Full ABU members +It is the first of a number of works of the same theme by the artist. The statue was commissioned for the French Cardinal Jean de Bilhères, who was a representative in Rome. The sculpture, in Carrara marble, was made for the cardinal's funeral monument, but was moved to its current location, the first chapel on the right as one enters the basilica, in the 18th century. +This famous work of art depicts the body of Jesus on the lap of his mother Mary after the Crucifixion. The theme is of Northern origin, popular by that time in France but not yet in Italy. Michelangelo's interpretation of the Pietà is unprecedented in Italian sculpture. +External video Michelangelo's Pietà, Smarthistory +The figures are quite out of proportion, owing to the difficulty of depicting a fully-grown man cradled full-length in a woman's lap. Much of Mary's body is concealed by her monumental drapery, and the relationship of the figures appears quite natural. Michelangelo's interpretation of the Pietà was far different from those previously created by other artists, as he sculpted a young and beautiful Mary rather than an older woman around 50 years of age.[1] +The marks of the Crucifixion are limited to very small nail marks and an indication of the wound in Jesus' side. +Christ's face does not reveal signs of The Passion. Michelangelo did not want his version of the Pietà to represent death, but rather to show the "religious vision of abandonment and a serene face of the Son",[2] thus the representation of the communion between man and God by the sanctification through Christ. +The Madonna is represented as being very young for the mother of an approximately 33-year-old son, which is not uncommon in depictions of her at the time of the Passion of Christ. Various explanations have been suggested for this. One is that her youth symbolizes her incorruptible purity, as Michelangelo himself said to his biographer and fellow sculptor Ascanio Condivi. +"Do you not know that chaste women stay fresh much more than those who are not chaste? How much more in the case of the Virgin, who had never experienced the least lascivious desire that might change her body?"[3] +Sculpting of the work took less than two years.[4] Following completion, the Pietà's first home was the Chapel of Santa Petronilla, a Roman mausoleum near the south transept of St. Peter's, which the Cardinal chose as his funerary chapel. The chapel was later demolished by Bramante during his rebuilding of the basilica. According to Giorgio Vasari, shortly after the installation of his Pietà, Michelangelo overheard (or asked visitors about the sculptor) someone remark that it was the work of another sculptor, Cristoforo Solari, whereupon Michelangelo signed the sculpture.[5] Michelangelo carved MICHAELA[N]GELUS BONAROTUS FLORENTIN[US] FACIEBA[T] (Michelangelo Buonarroti, Florentine, made this) on the sash running across Mary's chest. +A detail view of the damaged statue, May 1972. +In subsequent years the Pietà sustained much damage. Four fingers on Mary's left hand, broken during a move, were restored in 1736 by Giuseppe Lirioni, and scholars are divided as to whether the restorer took liberties to make the gesture more 'rhetorical'. +The most substantial damage occurred on May 21, 1972, (Pentecost Sunday) when a mentally disturbed geologist, the Hungarian-born Australian Laszlo Toth walked into the chapel and attacked the sculpture with a geologist's hammer while shouting "I am Jesus Christ; I have risen from the dead!"[10] With fifteen blows he removed Mary's arm at the elbow, knocked off a chunk of her nose, and chipped one of her eyelids. Onlookers took many of the pieces of marble that flew off. Later, some pieces were returned, but many were not, including Mary's nose, which had to be reconstructed from a block cut out of her back. +After the attack, the work was painstakingly restored and returned to its place in St. Peter's, just to the right of the entrance, between the Holy door and the altar of Saint Sebastian, and is now protected by a bulletproof acrylic glass panel. +Retrieved 2009-10-28. ↑ "Pietà by Michelangelo St. Peter in Vatican Rome". Romaviva.com. +Retrieved 2014-05-18. ↑ Pope-Hennessy, John (1970). +An Introduction to Italian Sculpture: Italian High Renaissance and Baroque sculpture (3 ed.). Phaidon. p. 304. ↑ "The Pieta by Michelangelo". www.statue.com. Retrieved 7 April 2017. ↑ William E. Wallace, 1995 Life and Early Works (Michelangelo: Selected Scholarship in English) ISBN 0-8153-1823-5 page 233 ↑ "The Divine Michelangelo – overview of Michelangelo's major artworks". +BBC Press Office. Retrieved 2008-12-08. ↑ Aileen June Wang (2004). "Michelangelo's Signature". +Retrieved June 23, 2010. ↑ The Saga of a Statue, Edward M. Kinney, 1989 ↑ "1964 New York World's Fair 1965 – Attractions – Vatican – Page Four". Nywf64.com. Retrieved 2014-05-18. ↑ "Time Essay: Can Italy be Saved from Itself?". +Time Magazine U.S. Time Inc. +June 5, 1972. Retrieved 26 August 2012. +Media related to Pietà in Saint Peter's Basilica at Wikimedia Commons Robert Hupka's Pietà Picture gallery Models of wax and clay used by Michelangelo in making his sculpture and paintings +Damage +External links +See also +Description +References +Youthful Mary +History after completion +Bibliography +Mariann Mayberry (May 25, 1965 – August 1, 2017) was an American television and stage actress. +On 1 August 2017, at the age of 52, Mayberry died of ovarian cancer at her sister's house in Connecticut. +The Steppenwolf Theatre cancelled that night's show as a gesture of respect.[3] +Cathy Hileman The Company (2003) .... stepmother Life Sentence (2004) .... Maddie War of the Worlds (2005) .... mother Kubuku Rides (This Is It) (2006) .... bar maid Law & Order: Criminal Intent (2006) .... Monica Corbett Delocated TV series .... therapist (1 episode, 2009) Handsome Harry (2009) .... +Mariann Mayberry +Retrieved 2017-08-01. ↑ Vitello, Barbara (2017-08-01). "Steppenwolf Theatre mourns longtime ensemble member Mariann Mayberry". Daily Herald. +Mariann Mayberry at Steppenwolf Theatre Company Mariann Mayberry at the Internet Broadway Database Mariann Mayberry on IMDb Mariann Mayberry at Find a Grave +External links +Theatre +References +Biography +Filmography +Title Year May Pag-Ibig Pa Kaya? 2002 +Alfie Lorenzo (26 January 1939 - 1 August 2017) was a Filipino showbiz columnist, TV host and talent manager.[1] +Title Year Facundo Alitaftaf 1978 Mahal Ko, Mahal Mo 1978 Pinay American Style 1979 City After Dark 1980 Mag-Toning Muna Tayo 1980 +Title Year Pinay American Style 1979 +Title Year Salawahan 1979 Story of 3 Loves 1982 Anak 1982 Pepe en Pilar 1983 Wanted: Bata Batuta 1987 Mahal Kita Walang Iba 1992 Ayoko Na Sanang Magmahal 1993 Hulihin: Probinsyanong Mandurukot 1993 Aguinaldo 1993 Pido Dida 3: May Kambal Na! 1993 Adan Ronquillo: Tubong Cavite, Laking Tondo 1993 Galvez: Hanggang Sa Dulo ng Mundo Hahanapin Kita 1993 Abel Morado: Ikaw Ang May Sala 1993 Mga 'Syanong Parak 1993 Maricris Sioson: Japayuki 1993 Guwapings Dos 1993 Dino, Abangan Ang Susunod Na! 1993 Bulag, Pipi at Bingi 1993 Kailan Dalawa Ang Mahal 1993 Ulong Pugot, Naglalagot 1993 Sobra Talaga Over 1994 Paano na? +Title Year Temptation Island 1980 Schoolgirls 1982 I Love You, I Hate You 1983 Super Islaw and the Flying Kids 1986 Inday-Inday sa Palitaw 1986 Nasaan Ka ng Kailangan Kita? 1986 Forward March 1987 Jack en Poy: Hale-Hale Hoy! 1987 Rosa Mystica 1987 Bunsong Kerubin 1987 Shoot that Ball 1987 Maria Went To Town 1987 Pinulot Ka Lang sa Lupa 1987 Ibulong Mo sa Diyos 1988 Love Boat: Mahal, Trip Kita! 1988 Taray at Teroy 1988 Kambal Tuko 1988 Wake Up Little Susie 1988 Super Inday and the Golden Bibe 1988 Nagbabagang Luha 1988 Love Letters 1988 Petrang Kabayo at ang Pilyang Kuting 1988 Tiyanak 1988 Sa Puso Ko Hahalik Ang Mundo 1988 Babaeng Hampaslupa 1988 Me and Ninja Liit 1988 Lord, Bakit Ako Pa? 1988 Si Malakas At Si Maganda 1989 Regal Shocker The Movie 1989 Hot Summer 1989 Starzan: Shouting STar of the Jungle 1989 Magic to Love 1989 Pahiram ng Isang Umaga 1989 Here Comes the Bride 1989 Long Ranger and Tonton: Shooting Stars of the West 1989 Impaktita 1989 Kung Maibabalik Ko Lang 1989 May Pulis, May Pulis Sa Ilalim ng Tulay 1989 Bilangin Ang Bituin Sa Langit 1989 Handa na Ang Bukay Mo, Calida 1989 Super Mouse and the Roborats 1989 Tamis ng Unang Halik 1989 Huwag Kang Hahalik sa Diablo 1989 Romeo Loves Juliet...But Their Families Hate Each Other! 1989 Last 2 Minutes 1989 My Funny Valentine 1990 Twist: Ako si Ikaw, Ikaw si Ako 1990 Small Meduim Large 1990 Papa's Girl 1990 Crocodile Jones: The Son of Indiana Dundee 1990 Kabayo Kids 1990 Feel na Feel 1990 Hahamakin Ang Lahat 1990 Michael and Madonna 1990 Island of Desrie 1990 Samson en Goliath 1990 Hotdog 1990 Rocky Plus V 1991 Pakasalan Mo Ako 1991 Leon at Tigre 1991 Kung Sino Pa Ang Minahal 1991 Goosebusters 1991 Anak ni Janice 1991 Alyas Batman en Robin 1991 Makiusap Ka Sa Diyos 1991 Pretty Boy Hoodlum 1991 Yakapin Mo Ako Muli 1992 True Confessions (Evelyn, Myrna, & Margie) 1992 The Return of the Long Ranger & Tonton: How the West Was Wrong 1992 Ikaw Ang Lahat Sa Akin 1992 Bakit Ako Mahihiya? 1992 Angelina The Movie 1992 The Good, the Bad, & the Ugly 1992 Alyas Boy Kano 1992 First Time... +Publicity and Promotions +Publicity Staff +Technical Staff +References +Publicity Coordinator +Filmography +Publicist +Ana-Maria Avram (12 September 1961 – 1 August 2017) was a Romanian composer affiliated with the spectral music style. +She represents with Iancu Dumitrescu the Hyper-Spectral trend in contemporary avant-garde music, conductor with Dumitrescu of the Hyperion Ensemble. +Main works: +External links +Ely Tacchella (25 May 1936 – 2 August 2017) was a Swiss football player born in Neuchâtel. +He got 42 caps for Switzerland,[1] playing all three games at the 1962 World Cup as well as in Switzerland's 0-5 loss to West Germany at the 1966 World Cup.[2] +References +Wang Xiuyun (1945-2017) was a Singaporean television actress who portrayed the lead character in the 1989 television drama in A Mother's Love (1989).[1][2][3] +Year Title Role Notes 1989 A Mother's Love 亲心唤我心 1989 Samsui Women 红头巾 1989 Good Morning Sir 早安老师 2009 Housewives' Holiday 煮妇的假期 Liu Lianhua 刘莲花 +References +Filmography +Marián Varga (January 29, 1947 – August 8, 2017[1]) was a Slovak musician, composer and organ player. +↑ "Vo veku 70 rokov zomrel Marián Varga, hudobník, skladateľ a jedna". Denník N (in Slovak). Retrieved 2017-08-09. ↑ "História > Výročné ceny ZAI > Víťazi pre rok 1992". +Solo albums +with Vladimír Merta +Collegium Musicum +Anthology +Awards +References +External links +with Pavol Hammel +Discography +with Prúdy +London. ↑ Harding, Luke (July 2, 2017). "Heathcote Williams, radical poet, playwright and actor, dies aged 75". The Guardian. +Retrieved July 24, 2017. ↑ Paul Rogers (27 May 2015). +"Islam and non-violence: Badshah Khan's example". Open Democracy. ↑ "Huxley Scientific Press". ↑ "PFF 2005". +Portobellofilmfestival.com. Retrieved 31 October 2011. ↑ Grimes, William (5 July 2017). "Heathcote Williams, Radical British Poet Who Helped Form Anarchist Nation, Dies at 75". +John Henley Heathcote-Williams (15 November 1941 – 1 July 2017), known as Heathcote Williams, was an English poet, actor, political activist and dramatist.[1] He wrote a number of book-length polemical poems including Autogeddon, Falling for a Dolphin and Whale Nation, which in 1988 became, according to Philip Hoare, "the most powerful argument for the newly instigated worldwide ban on whaling."[2] Williams invented his idiosyncratic "documentary/investigative poetry" style which he put to good purpose bringing a diverse range of environmental and political matters to public attention. His last published work, American Porn[3] was a critique of the American political establishment and the election of President Donald Trump: Publication date was the date of Trump's inauguration (20 January 2017). +In June 2015, he published a book-length investigative poem about the "Muslim Gandhi", Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, "Badshah Khan".[4] +External links +Further reading +References +Bibliography +Audio +Chris Roberts in 1976 +Chris Roberts (born Christian Klusáček; 13 March 1944 – 2 July 2017) was a German schlager singer and actor. +He was born in Munich-Schwabing and was married to the singer and actress Claudia Roberts; they often performed on stage together.[1] +Albums +↑ Profile, Imdb.com; accessed 9 July 2017. ↑ "Discografie 1966-1969". Michas-schlagerbox.de. Retrieved 2017-07-09. +1 2 3 "Archived copy: Goldene Europa". +Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2009. +1 2 3 "Archived copy: charts-weltweit". Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2017. +Awards +References +Discography +Filmography +Janne "Loffe" Carlsson (12 March 1937 – 31 August 2017[2]), sometimes credited as Janne Carlsson,[1] Jan Carlsson[1] or Janne Karlsson,[1] was a Swedish film and television actor. +He was also a skilled drummer, featured on several albums in Swedish 1970s and 1980s music. +He was the 'Karlsson' of the Swedish jazz fusion/psychedelic rock duo Hansson & Karlsson that were active in the late 1960s. +Janne 'Loffe' Carlsson on IMDb Janne Carlsson at the Swedish Film Database +External links +Career +Notes +Filmography and television work +1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Elber, Lynn (August 24, 2017). "Jay Thomas, 'Murphy Brown' and 'Cheers' actor, radio host, dies at 69". Chicago Tribune. +Associated Press. +Retrieved August 26, 2017. ↑ "It's Wouldn't Be the Holidays Without Jay Thomas' Lone Ranger Story". +Animalnewyork.com. +Retrieved 2014-06-20. ↑ "Talk and Entertainment - Program Schedule - SiriusXM Radio". +Siriusxm.com. +Retrieved 2017-08-24. ↑ "Jay Thomas profile". Filmreference.com. Retrieved 20 September 2014. ↑ "Thomas hopes `Love' will pave road". +Jay Thomas on IMDb "The Jay Thomas Show" website TV.com entry Ten Questions with Jay Thomas +Jon Thomas Terrell[1] (July 12, 1948 – August 24, 2017), professionally known as Jay Thomas, was an American actor, comedian, and morning radio personality. He was heard in New York from 1976-79 on Top 40 station 99X, and later on Rhythmic CHR station WKTU, and in Los Angeles beginning in 1986 on KPWR "Power 106", where he hosted the station's top-rated morning show until 1993. His notable television work included his co-starring role as Remo DaVinci on Mork & Mindy (1979–81), the recurring role of Eddie LeBec on Cheers (1987–89), the lead character Jack Stein on Love & War (1992–95), and a repeat guest role as Jerry Gold on Murphy Brown. +He won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series in 1990 and 1991 for portraying Gold. +Year Title Role Notes 1979–1981 Mork & Mindy Remo DaVinci 20 episodes[1] 1981 The Love Boat Paul Harris Episode: "First Voyage, Last Voyage" 1984 Master of the Game Levy Television miniseries 1984 C.H.U.D. Cop in diner 1985 Spenser: For Hire Tony Broz Episode: "Discord in a Minor" 1986 Legal Eagles Waiter 1987 Family Ties Jerry DiNello Episode: "Super Mom" 1987 A Year in the Life Scott Spenser Episode: "What Do People Do All Day?" 1987–1989 Cheers Eddie LeBec 9 episodes [1] 1988 Monkey Business Tedesco 1988 The Adventures of Ragtime Lester Waylin 1988 Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color Delivery Man Episode: "Justin Case" 1989 Almost Grown Unknown Episode: "Take It Slow" 1989 The Golden Girls Sy Ferber Episode: "High Anxiety" 1989 Freddy's Nightmares Stan Brooks Episode: "Dream Come True" 1989–1998 Murphy Brown Jerry Gold 9 episodes Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series (1990–91) Nominated—Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series [1] 1990 Miracle Landing Ed Meyer Television movie 1990 Open House Evan Gimbel 2 episodes 1990 Where's Rodney? +External links +References +Filmography +4-2-4 may refer to: +4-2-4, a formation in association football. 4-2-4T, a classification of steam locomotives under the Whyte notation +4.0 may refer to: +4 (disambiguation) 4.0 (Mónica Naranjo album), a 2014 compilation album by Spanish recording singer-songwriter Mónica Naranjo LP Underground 4.0, a 2004 CD and digital download set by Linkin Park Underground +George Augustus Webb (6 March 1912[1] – 30 December 1998) was a British actor, best known for television , including his role as "Daddy" , the father of snooty Hyacinth Bucket in the sitcom Keeping Up Appearances. +From his father's earlier marriage, George Webb was the half brother of the actors Rita and Harry Webb.[1] On 30 December 1998, George Webb, aged 86, died of natural causes. He left a son, Michael Webb.[1] +Year(s) Title Role Notes 1965 The Wednesday Play Jim Ritchie 1 episode 1966–70 The Troubleshooters Henri Vassiere / Police Inspector 2 episodes 1990–1995 Keeping Up Appearances Daddy or Father 12 episodes 1995 Mr. Bean Headmaster (uncredited) 1 episode +George Webb on IMDb +George Webb (actor) +References +External links +Filmography +1 2 3 4 5 6 Hayward, Anthony (13 November 1998). "Obituary: Mary Millar". The Independent. +Retrieved 26 June 2013. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lefkowitz, David (11 November 1998). "Mary Millar, First Giry of UK Phantom, Dies of Cancer Nov. +Playbill. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2013. +1 2 3 4 Palmer, Alun (12 November 1998). "Death of a TV Rose; At 62, Hyacinth's lovelorn sister loses her battle against cancer". Daily Mail. +Retrieved 16 February 2015. – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) 1 2 3 Middlehurst, Lester (29 April 1997). "God and the tart with a heart... Rose of Keeping Up Appearances on her life-saving faith". +Retrieved 16 February 2015. – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) 1 2 3 4 "The Original Cast – Mary Millar". The Phantom of the Opera. Retrieved 26 June 2013. ↑ "Mary Millar". +Associated Press. 13 November 1998. p. 11. Retrieved 8 November 2015. ↑ "British Actress Mary Millar Dies". +14 November 1998. Retrieved 27 June 2013. 1 2 Sanderson, Heather (1 August 2011). +"Mary Millar, "Rose" from Keeping Up Appearances". Maryland Public Television. Retrieved 4 July 2013. ↑ Light and Lighting and Environmental Design. +Illumiating Engineering Society. 1967. p. 144. Retrieved 27 July 2013. ↑ "D6 – Derby Hippodrome, 1954". +Vaudeville Postcards. Retrieved 28 June 2013. ↑ Hischak, Thomas S. (2007). The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia. +Retrieved 27 July 2013. ↑ "THE DESERT SONG [musical show]". The Library of Congress. Retrieved 27 June 2013. ↑ "Lock Up Your Daughters". +Retrieved 27 June 2013. ↑ "Short measure". Catholic Herald. 22 March 1963. p. 8. +Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013. ↑ "1964 musicals" (PDF). Over the Footlights. +Retrieved 27 June 2013. ↑ Wright, Adrian (2012). West End Broadway: The Golden Age of the American Musical in London. Boydell Press. p. 209. +ISBN 978-1-84383-791-6. Retrieved 27 July 2013. ↑ Gilmore, Peter. "Off Broadway to May Fair". gilmore-stallybrass.eu. +Retrieved 4 July 2013. ↑ "Dearest Dracula". PlayographyIreland. Irish Theatre Institute. +Retrieved 27 June 2013. ↑ Browning, John Edgar; Picart, Caroline Joan (2010). Dracula in Visual Media: Film, Television, Comic Book and Electronic Game Appearances, 1921–2010. McFarland & Company. p. 284. +ISBN 978-0-7864-6201-8. Retrieved 27 July 2013. ↑ "Seven brides for seven brothers". WorldCat. +Retrieved 31 October 2013. ↑ "Bless the Bride". musical-theatre.net. Retrieved 27 June 2013. ↑ "Love from a Stranger 1967". Queen's Theatre, Hornchurch. +Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2013. ↑ "Virtue in Danger 1967". Queen's Theatre, Hornchurch. +Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 29 June 2013. ↑ "The Rivals 1968". Queen's Theatre, Hornchurch. +Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2013. 1 2 "The Real Inspector Hound and Black Comedy 1969". +Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 29 June 2013. ↑ "Ann Veronica". guidetomusicaltheatre.com. Retrieved 27 June 2013. ↑ "Ann Veronica: original London cast recording". +Retrieved 31 October 2013. ↑ "Mary Millar". Theatricalia. Retrieved 29 June 2013. ↑ "Spider's Web 1970". +Queen's Theatre, Hornchurch. Archived from the original on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 31 October 2013. ↑ Johns, Eric (1973). +Retrieved 4 July 2013. ↑ "The Importance of Being Earnest 1973". Queen's Theatre, Hornchurch. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. +Retrieved 31 October 2013. ↑ Phillips, Neville (4 August 2008). The Stage Struck Me!. Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 258. +Retrieved 27 June 2013. ↑ "Follies at the Forum Theatre". University of Bristol. Retrieved 26 June 2013. ↑ Morley, Sheridan (26 October 1994). +"This 'Romeo and Juliet' Is Not for Purists". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 July 2013. ↑ Tylor, Marcus (2007). +The Phantom of the Opera: The First Year Backstage. Lulu.com. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-9556820-0-1. +Retrieved 27 July 2013. ↑ "Disney's Beauty and the beast: the new hit musical: original London cast recording". WorldCat. Retrieved 31 October 2013. +Overview of Mary Millar's career Mary Millar on IMDb +Irene Mary Wetton (26 July 1936 ��� 10 November 1998), better known by her stage name Mary Millar,[1] was a British actress and singer best remembered for her role as the second actress to play Rose in the highly successful BBC sitcom Keeping Up Appearances between 1991 and 1995.[2] +Year Title Role Notes 1953 Those Were the Days 1963, 1964 The Dick Emery Show[10] 1963–71 The Stanley Baxter Show 1967 Titipu Yum-Yum BBC2 production[1] 1968 Iolanthe Phyllis BBC2 production[1] 1970 Rookery Nook Poppy Dickie 1991–95 Keeping Up Appearances Rose series 2 to series 5 +Year Play Role Theatre Notes 1952, 1954–55 Babes in the Wood Principal character The Empire Theatre, Sheffield (1952) Derby Hippodrome Theatre (1954–55)[11] 1957, 1959 The Desert Song Margot Bonvalet His Majesty's Theatre, Aberdeen 1967 studio recording[12][13] 1958–59 Old Chelsea Mary Fenton King's Theatre, Glasgow 1960 Camelot Queen Guenevere Majestic Theatre, Manhattan Julie Andrews' understudy[1][8] 1962 Lock Up Your Daughters Cloris Mermaid Theatre[5] Her Majesty's Theatre[14] 1963 See You Inside Duchess Theatre[15] 1963–64 All in Love[16][17] Lydia Languish Mayfair Theatre[18] Based on The Rivals by Richard Brinsley Sheridan 1965 Dearest Dracula[19][20] Lucy Olympia Theatre, Dublin 1966 Seven Brides for Seven Brothers Milly 1966 recording[21] 1967–68, 1971 Bless the Bride Richmond Theatre 1967 studio recording[22] 1967 Love From a Stranger Cecily Harrington Queen's Theatre, Hornchurch[23] 1967 Virtue in Danger Berinthia Queen's Theatre, Hornchurch[24] 1968 The Rivals Lydia Languish Queen's Theatre, Hornchurch[25] 1969 The Real Inspector Hound Cynthia Queen's Theatre, Hornchurch[26] 1969 Black Comedy Clea Queen's Theatre, Hornchurch[26] 1969 Ann Veronica[27] Ann Veronica Stanley Cambridge Theatre Cast recording[28] 1970 Spider's Web[29] Clarissa Hailsham-Brown Queen's Theatre, Hornchurch[30] 1972 Popkiss[31] Poppy Dickie Globe Theatre Cambridge Arts Theatre 1973 The Importance of Being Earnest Honourable Gwendolen Fairfax Queen's Theatre, Hornchurch[32] 1975 Small and Brassy King's Head Theatre Wyndham's Theatre[33] 1978 Lark Rise[34] Emma Timms Royal National Theatre 1984 Pack of Lies Barbara Jackson Lyric Theatre, London Replacing Judi Dench[8] 1985, 1993–94 Follies[2][35][36] Sally Durant Plummer Forum Theatre, Wythenshawe Brighton Dome Haymarket Theatre 1986–90 The Phantom of the Opera[37] Madame Giry Her Majesty's Theatre Leader of bible studies between shows,[9] cast recording 1996 Follies: In Concert National Concert Hall, Dublin 1997–98 Beauty and the Beast[2] Mrs Potts Dominion Theatre Cast recording[38] Pal Joey[2] The King and I[2] Anna Wolsey Theatre, Ipswich The Mating Game An Evening with Mary Millar One-woman show Talking about her Christianity, life, and work[4] +Works +External links +Theatre +References +Television +Camille "Bud" George (December 23, 1927 – September 1, 2017) was an American politician. +↑ Longtime state House Rep. George dies at 89 ↑ "Keystone State Yearbook Committee". PoliticsPA. The Publius Group. +External links +References +Verner Dalskov (January 1, 1932 – September 1, 2017)[1] was born in the town of Allested-Vejle, Denmark. +He was a member of the Socialdemokratiet and was mayor of Odense from 1973-1993 at which time he was followed by Anker Boye. +External links +6/49 may refer to: +Lotto 6/49, a lottery in Canada Super Lotto 6/49, a lottery in the Philippines +Shah Abbas is the name of: +Abbas I of Persia (1571–1629), Shah (king) of Iran, and the greatest ruler of the Safavid dynasty Abbas II of Persia (1633–1666), Shah (king) of Iran, son of Shah Safi Abbas III of Persia (died 1740), Shah (king) of Iran, son of Shah Tahmasb II +Mohammad Aamer may refer to: +Mohammad Aamer (cricketer, born 1965), Pakistani first-class cricketer Mohammad Aamer (cricketer, born 1979), Pakistani first-class cricketer Mohammad Aamer (cricketer, born 1993), Pakistani first-class cricketer Mohammad Aamer (Lahore cricketer) (born 1998), Pakistani first-class cricketer +Mohammad Amir (born 1992), Pakistani international cricketer +See also +Arthur Aaron may refer to: +Arthur Louis Aaron (1922–1943), English recipient of the Victoria Cross Arthur Aaron (footballer) (1885–?), footballer for Stockport County +Zain Abbas can refer to: +Zain Abbas (cricketer, born 1986), a Hong Kong cricketer Zain Abbas (cricketer, born 1991), a Pakistani cricketer +Jacob Abel may refer to: +Jake Abel, actor Jacob Friedrich von Abel +Abbas II may refer to: +Abbas II of Persia, (1633–1666), Shah of Iran from 1642 to 1666 Abbas II of Egypt (also known as Abbas Hilmi Pasha) (1874–1944), last Khedive of Egypt and Sudan 1892–1914 +Robert Adair may refer to: +Robert Adair (of Hollybrook) (died 1737), Irish MP for Philipstown (Parliament of Ireland constituency) and protagonist in one version of the song "Robin Adair" Robert Adair (politician) (1763–1855), British diplomat Robert Adair, 1st Baron Waveney (1811–1886), English politician, MP for Cambridge 1847–1852 and 1854–1857 Robert Adair (cricketer) (1876–1951), Irish cricketer Robert Adair (actor) (1900–1954), American actor Robert Adair (physicist) (born 1924), American physicist +Thomas Adair may refer to: +Thomas Benjamin Stratton Adair (1868–1928). Scottish Unionist Party MP Tom Adair (1913–1988), U.S songwriter and screenwriter Thomas Adair Butler VC (1836–1901) +Adam Brand may refer to: +Adam Brand (explorer) (before 1692 - 1746), German merchant and explorer Adam Brand (musician) (born 1970), Australian country musician +During the subsequent dissection of the monkeys, it was discovered that significant cortical remapping had occurred, suggesting that being forced to use limbs with no sensory input had triggered changes in their brains' organization.[7] This evidence of the brain's plasticity helped overturn the widely held view that the adult brain cannot reorganize itself in response to its environment.[8] After five years of receiving death threats and being unable to find a research position, Taub was offered a grant by the University of Alabama, where he developed a new form of therapy, based on the concept of neuroplasticity, for people disabled as a result of brain damage. Known as constraint-induced movement therapy, it has helped stroke survivors regain the use of limbs paralysed for many years, and has been hailed by the American Stroke Association as at the forefront of a revolution.[9] +The monkeys +Edward Taub +Silver Spring monkeys Domitian, one of the Silver Spring monkeys, in one of the images distributed by PETA to newspapers.[1] Date May 1981 (1981-05) Location Institute of Behavioral Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, U.S. First reporter The Washington Post Participants Edward Taub, Alex Pacheco, Ingrid Newkirk, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals Outcome Advance in research into neuroplasticity and the treatment of strokes; first police raid on a U.S. laboratory; first criminal conviction for animal cruelty of a U.S. researcher (overturned); introduction of the 1985 Animal Welfare Act; reported creation of the first Animal Liberation Front cell in North America Deaths Seventeen macaque monkeys Charges Edward Taub charged with 17 counts of animal cruelty and six of failing to provide adequate veterinary care. Convictions Taub convicted on six counts, overturned on appeal. +The Silver Spring monkeys were 17 wild-born macaque monkeys from the Philippines who were kept in the Institute of Behavioral Research in Silver Spring, Maryland.[2] From 1981 until 1991, they became what one writer called the most famous lab animals in history, as a result of a battle between animal researchers, animal advocates, politicians, and the courts over whether to use them in research or release them to a sanctuary. +Within the scientific community, the monkeys became known for their use in experiments into neuroplasticity—the ability of the adult primate brain to reorganize itself.[3] +The monkeys had been used as research subjects by Edward Taub, a psychologist, who had cut afferent ganglia that supplied sensation to the brain from their arms, then used arm slings to restrain either the good or deafferented arm to train them to use the limbs they could not feel.[4] In May 1981, Alex Pacheco of the animal-rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) began working undercover in the lab, and alerted police to what PETA viewed as unacceptable living conditions for the monkeys.[5] In what was the first police raid in the U.S. against an animal researcher, police entered the Institute and removed the monkeys, charging Taub with 17 counts of animal cruelty and failing to provide adequate veterinary care. +He was convicted on six counts; five were overturned during a second trial, and the final conviction was overturned on appeal in 1983, when the court ruled that Maryland's animal cruelty legislation did not apply to federally funded laboratories.[2] +The ensuing battle over the monkeys' custody saw celebrities and politicians campaign for the monkeys' release, an amendment in 1985 to the Animal Welfare Act, the transformation of PETA from a group of friends into a national movement, the creation of the first North American Animal Liberation Front cell, and the first animal research case to reach the United States Supreme Court.[6] In July 1991, PETA's application to the Supreme Court for custody was rejected, and days later the last of the monkeys were killed. +Edward Taub (born 1931) is a behavioral neuroscientist currently based at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. +He became interested in behaviorism while studying philosophy at Columbia University, and went on to study under Fred Keller and Wiliam N. Schoenfeld, the experimental psychologists. He took a job as a research assistant in a neurology lab to gain more understanding of the nervous system, and became involved in deafferentation experiments with monkeys. +An afferent nerve is a sensory nerve that conveys impulses from the skin and other sensory organs to the spine and the brain. Deafferentation is a surgical procedure in which the spinal cord is opened up and the sensory nerves cut so that these impulses do not reach the brain. A monkey whose limbs have been deafferented will not feel them, or even be able to sense where they are in space. +At his trial in 1981, Taub told the court that deafferented monkeys are notoriously difficult to look after, because they regard their deafferented limbs as foreign objects, mutilating them and trying to chew them off.[10] Taub continued working with deafferented monkeys at New York University, where he obtained his Ph.D. in 1970. Engaged in what he saw at first as pure research, he conducted several kinds of deafferentation experiments. +He deafferented monkeys' entire bodies, so that they could feel no part of themselves. He deafferented them at birth. He removed monkey fetuses from the uterus, deafferented them, then returned them to be born with no sense of their own bodies.[2] +He reasoned that, if a monkey refused to use a deafferented arm because it could rely on its good arm, then deafferenting both arms would force the monkey to use them, a finding that seemed paradoxical, but which his experiments confirmed. He even deafferented the entire spinal cord, so that the monkey received no sensory input from any of its limbs, but it still used them. Doidge writes that Taub had an epiphany, guessing that the reason the monkeys would not use their deafferented limbs was simply because they had learned not to, an idea he called "learned non-use."[11] +Alex Pacheco (born 1958) was a graduate student at George Washington University when he volunteered in May 1981 to work as a research assistant in Taub's lab. +The Washington Post writes that he was raised in Mexico, the son of a doctor, and wanted to become a priest. He took a tour of a slaughterhouse in the 1970s and said it changed his life; he read Peter Singer's Animal Liberation (1975), stopped eating meat, and became an animal rights activist. +He worked on the anti-whaling ship, the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, joined the Hunt Saboteurs Association in England, and when he returned to the United States to study political science at George Washington, he teamed up with Ingrid Newkirk, a local poundmaster, to form People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals in March 1980. +The point of taking the research position in Taub's lab was to gain firsthand experience of what happens in animal research laboratories, so he looked through a list of government-funded labs and chose the one nearest his home in Takoma Park.[2] Taub offered him an unpaid position and put him to work with a student, Georgette Yakalis.[5] +Inside the Institute for Behavioral Research, Taub was conducting deafferentation experiments on 16 male crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis), and one female rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), each about 14 inches tall, all born wild in the Philippines. Each monkey lived alone in a wire cage measuring 18 x 18 inches, with no bedding, no food bowl, and no environmental enrichment, the cages kept in a windowless room measuring 15 ft square.[12] Pacheco writes that 12 of the 17 monkeys had had one or both arms deafferented, while according to the Laboratory Primate Newsletter 10 had undergone deafferentation, the seven others acting as the control group.[13] +He found frozen monkey corpses in a refrigerator, and others floating in formaldehyde.[2] He alleged that, in the surgery room, human and monkey records were scattered everywhere, including under the operating table, while soiled clothes, old shoes, rat droppings, and urine covered the floor, with cockroaches in the drawers, on the floor, and around the scrub sink. He said the wires of the cages were caked in filth, with feces piled in the bottom of the cages, and urine and rust on every surface, with the 17 monkeys picking at scraps of food that had fallen through the wire floor of the cages into the waste tray below. He alleged that the cages had not been cleaned for months, that were no dishes to keep the food away from the feces, and that there was nothing for the monkeys to sit on but the cages' wire bottoms. +In August, Pacheco began inviting veterinarians and scientists into the lab to witness the conditions. According to The Washington Post, Geza Teleki, a primatologist at George Washington University, wrote that he had never seen a lab so poorly maintained, and psychologist Donald Barnes, a former primate researcher, wrote that it was a "miserable and unhealthful environment for the primates" and a health hazard for humans. One local veterinarian, Richard Weitzman, agreed that the lab was very dirty, but said the monkeys seemed well fed and "in pretty good health".[2] +Pacheco reported the situation to the Montgomery County police, who raided the laboratory on September 11, 1981 under Maryland's Prevention of Cruelty to Animals law. +PETA tipped off the media beforehand, so that the raid was witnessed by several reporters and a camera crew, to the irritation of the police. The officers later testified that the monkeys were living in filthy conditions. Richard Swain, who led the raid, told The Washington Post in 1991: "It was absolutely filthy, just incredibly dirty, like nothing I've ever been in. +I've executed lots and lots of search warrants. I've worked in murder, in narcotics, in vice, but this was the first time I went into a room and I felt legitimately concerned for my health just being there." Taub was charged with 17 counts of animal cruelty and failing to provide adequate veterinary care.[2] +The police removed the monkeys from the lab to the basement of a house in Rockville owned by Lori Kenealy of the local humane society. Peter Carlson writes in The Washington Post that they were given toys, groomed with toothbrushes by the activists, watched 24 hours a day, and allowed to watch daytime soap operas. In the meantime, Taub's lawyers went to court and demanded their return, and ten days after the raid a judge granted the request. +He said his laboratory had been clean when he left on vacation, but that Pacheco had failed to clean the cages, had neglected the animals, then subjected the laboratory to false reports of cruelty. During Taub's vacation that August, which lasted over two weeks, on seven different days in which the animals were supposed to have been fed and the cage area cleaned, the two caretakers failed to show up for work. Taub estimated the probability of seven absences in that 2.5 week period at seven in a trillion based on the previous 14 months of attendance records from the workers. +During the trial in October and November 1981 of Taub and Kunz, Taub told the court—as reported by The Baltimore Sun—that the monkeys had been given "gentle" treatment, and had what he called a "remarkable record of health." +He acknowledged that they had not been seen by a veterinarian in the previous two years, because he was an expert himself in the treatment of deafferented monkeys. Responding to the images of the monkeys with open sores and decaying bandages, he said that using salves, ointments, and bandages is more dangerous than leaving the conditions untreated; monkeys feel no pain from the deafferented limbs and learn to ignore them, he said, whereas drawing attention to the wounds with salves or bandages would cause the animals to bite or claw at them. Bandages might be necessary where the wounds had grown out of control, or where there was massive infection, and it was sometimes better to let the bandages deteriorate, he said. +Taub also testified that some of the photographs Pacheco took had been staged for dramatic effect.[15] Norman Doidge wrote in 2007 that, according to Taub, the monkeys in the photographs had been placed in positions that were not part of the laboratory procedure, a claim Pacheco denied.[16] As for the dirt, Taub said "monkey rooms are dirty places," and that it was normal in laboratories for fecal matter to lie on the floor and food to drop through the cage bottoms into waste trays. He said employees had used brooms and mops on the floor, and had emptied the waste trays nearly every day. He said the monkeys had been given fresh fruit twice a week, and that he disagreed with the veterinarians who testified for the prosecution that the female monkey, Sarah, was underweight.[15] +The National Institutes of Health (NIH), which had financed Taub's research, suspended his $115,000 research grant.[15] It initiated its own investigation, and sent the Office for the Protection from Research Risks (OPRR) to assess Taub's lab. OPRR found that the lab's animal care failed in significant ways, and concluded that it was grossly unsanitary.[14] Based on the OPRR investigation, NIH suspended the remaining funding for the experiments, over $200,000, because of violations of its animal care guidelines.[17] William Raub and Joe Held, officials at NIH, wrote in the Neuroscience Newsletter in April 1983 that deafferented monkeys kept at NIH since May 1981, and subjected to the same surgical procedures, had not developed lesions comparable to those in five of the deafferented monkeys from Taub's lab. +"Based on these observations," they wrote, "it would appear that fractures, dislocations, lacerations, punctures, contusions, and abrasions with accompanying infection, acute and chronic inflammation, and necrosis are not the inevitable consequences of deafferentation."[10] After the appeal, according to Doidge writing in 2007, 67 professional societies made representations on Taub's behalf, and the NIH reversed its decision not to fund his research.[18] In 1991 neuroscientist David Hubel, referring to both the Silver Spring monkeys case and a PETA film about the University of Pennsylvania's head injury clinic in 1984, said the science was sound, that the people involved were not cruel, and that at the time there was a "laxness of standards" in animal care that, he wrote, would hardly be conceivable today.[19] +According to Peter Carlson, every aspect of the case was disputed by experts on both sides during the first trial in October 1981. The prosecution said that Taub's lab was filthy and unhealthy, and federal inspection reports and witnesses supported the charge. Taub said the lab was no dirtier than any other, and he also produced federal inspection reports and witnesses to support his position. +Veterinarians speaking for the prosecution said Taub's failure to bandage the monkeys' wounds was a threat to their health; veterinarians for the defense, including two who had worked with monkeys whose limbs had been deafferented, said bandaging them would cause the animals to attack the limbs. Carlson writes that the prosecution produced 70 photographs of dirty conditions and injured monkeys, while researchers who had worked in the lab testified for the defense that they had never seen the lab looking like that. The judge—District Court Judge Stanley Klavan—found Taub guilty of six counts of cruelty to animals for failing to provide adequate veterinary care in respect of six of the monkeys, and acquitted him of the other 11 charges against him. +Taub managed to secure a second trial in June 1982. +After three weeks at the Montgomery County Circuit Court, a jury acquitted him of five of the convictions, and upheld the sixth charge of inadequate veterinary care of Nero, whose wounds were such that an NIH veterinarian later amputated his deafferented arm. Taub was fined $500. The sixth charge was set aside on appeal, when the court ruled that Maryland's Prevention of Cruelty to Animals law did not apply to federally funded laboratories.[2] +After the monkeys were returned to Taub's custody, they were transferred to an NIH facility.[20] They were later removed to the Tulane Regional Primate Research Center in Covington, Louisiana, still under the care and control of the NIH.[21] Two primate sanctuaries, Moorpark College in California and Primarily Primates in Texas, offered them a permanent home, but the NIH refused to release them.[22] +They were moved by the NIH to the Delta Primate Center in June 1986, where animal rights activists, who had been able to visit and groom the animals at the previous center, were told they could no longer see them.[23] In 1987, the custodians of 14 of the remaining monkeys recommended that eight of them be euthanized, because they were judged to be beyond hope of resocialization. +A lawsuit filed by PETA and others sought to block euthanasia and transfer the animals to a facility under their control. The New England Anti-Vivisection Society and PETA ran ads in The New York Times on December 26, 1989, The Washington Post on December 27, and in The Washington Times on January 3, 1990, asking President Bush to save the monkeys, and concerned citizens to petition the White House. After the court denied custody to PETA, two of the monkeys, Titus and Allen, were kept for the National Institutes of Health at a Tulane University primate center, where they were later euthanized.[24] +The NIH had said in 1987 that no further invasive research would be conducted on the monkeys, but in fact further experiments were performed on them in 1990. NIH presented the experiments in the lawsuit for custody of the animals in 1989. +It proposed to perform deep surgical anesthesia during all procedures followed by euthanasia. +After euthanasia, tissue examination would continue.[22] The court allowed a group of researchers from the NIH to conduct a terminal experiment on January 14, 1990 on one of the monkeys who had become ill. Under anesthesia, electrodes were placed in his brain and hundreds of recordings taken. +The Laboratory Primate Newsletter said it revealed an "unprecedented degree of reorganization of the sensory cortex. An 8–10-millimeter-wide area that would normally receive input from the hand was found to have completely filled in with input from the face." Brainmapping studies were conducted on the remaining monkeys on July 6, 1990, three days after PETA's application for custody was rejected. +The monkeys were subsequently euthanized.[25] During these experiments, scientists discovered an unpredicted change in thalamus structure apparently caused by progressive nerve degeneration through the dorsal root ganglia (which were severed) and the dorsal columns all the way to the thalamus (a second order synaptic target).[26] +Silver Spring monkeys +Police raid and charges +Informal inspections and raid +Pacheco's description of the laboratory +Taub's response +References +Fight for custody +Alex Pacheco +Notes +Second trial and appeal (1982 and 1983) +National Institutes of Health investigation +Final experiments and euthanasia +First trial (October 1981) +Background +Trials and appeal +Retrieved June 13, 2012. ↑ Fraley, Jason (May 18, 2012). "'The Dictator' demands we taste the 'duck soup'". +WTOP. Retrieved June 11, 2012. ↑ Scott, Tobias (May 15, 2012). "Review: The Dictator". +The A.V. Club. +Retrieved June 11, 2012. ↑ Wilson, Scott (May 17, 2012). "The Dictator's too gentle, but Sacha Baron Cohen may have Duck Soup in him yet". Nashville Scene. +Retrieved June 11, 2012. ↑ Travers, Peter (May 16, 2012). +"The Dictator: Movie Review". +Rolling Stone. Retrieved June 11, 2012. ↑ "'The Dictator' Banned in Tajikistan". RIA Novosti. +May 18, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2012. ↑ Harding, Luke (May 18, 2012). "Tajikistan bans The Dictator". +The Guardian. +London. Retrieved May 18, 2012. ↑ The Dictator shortened after censorship in Uzbekistan, UzNews, 25.05.12 ↑ "The Dictator banned 2 weeks after premiere in Kazakhstan.". +Tengrinews.kz English. +Retrieved June 1, 2012. ↑ Какой "Диктатор"?, TUT.BY, 22/05/2012 ↑ асилий Коктыш: "Никакой политики в непрокате "Диктатора" нет, TUT.BY, 22/05/2012 ↑ Worgan, Mark. "Sacha Baron Cohen In Trouble With The Real Dictators". Retrieved January 21, 2014. ↑ "Toylet | Blog personal". toylet.it. +The Dictator on IMDb The Dictator at Box Office Mojo The Dictator at Rotten Tomatoes The Dictator at Metacritic The Dictator's channel on YouTube +The Dictator is a 2012 British-American political satire black comedy film co-written by and starring Sacha Baron Cohen as his fourth feature film in a leading role. The film is directed by Larry Charles, who previously directed Baron Cohen's mockumentaries Borat and Brüno. Baron Cohen, in the role of Admiral General Aladeen, the dictator of the fictional Republic of Wadiya visiting the United States, stars alongside Anna Faris, Ben Kingsley, Jason Mantzoukas, and an uncredited appearance by John C. Reilly. +For years, the Republic of Wadiya has been ruled by Admiral General Aladeen (Sacha Baron Cohen), a childish, tyrannical, sexist, anti-western, and antisemitic despot who surrounds himself with female bodyguards, sponsors al-Qaeda (specially giving shelter to Osama Bin Laden after "they killed his double one year ago") and is working on developing nuclear weapons to attack Israel. He also refused to sell Wadiya's oil fields, a promise he made to his father on his deathbed. After the United Nations Security Council resolves to intervene militarily, Aladeen travels to the UN Headquarters in New York to address the council. +Shortly after arriving, Aladeen is kidnapped by Clayton (John C. Reilly), a hitman hired by his treacherous uncle Tamir (Ben Kingsley), whom Aladeen's father passed over as successor in favour of his son. Tamir then replaces Aladeen with a dimwitted political decoy named Efawadh (Baron Cohen), whom he intends to manipulate into signing a document nominally democratizing Wadiya while opening up the country's oil fields to Chinese and other foreign vested interests. Aladeen escapes after Clayton accidentally kills himself in a botched torture attempt; when his burnt corpse is discovered, Tamir thinks Aladeen has been killed. +Aladeen refuses the offer and encounters "Nuclear" Nadal (Jason Mantzoukas), the former chief of Wadiya's nuclear weapons programme, whom Aladeen thought he had previously executed over an argument about the warhead's shape. Aladeen follows him to New York's "Little Wadiya" which is populated by refugees from his own country, and meets him in Death to Aladeen Restaurant, run by and visited by numerous people whom Aladeen had personally ordered to be executed. Nadal saves Aladeen from nearly being recognised by angry refugees and reveals that rebels infiltrated the secret police, and all the condemned were sent into exile instead of being executed. +A year later, Wadiya holds its first democratic elections, although they are rigged in favour of Aladeen (who has now added the titles President Prime Minister to his previous Admiral General). Afterwards, he marries Zoey, but is shocked when she crushes a glass and reveals herself to be Jewish; throughout the film he was shown vowing to "destroy Israel". Scenes during the credits show Aladeen's convoy, now consisting of eco-friendly cars, visiting a reinstated Nadal, and later Zoey revealing in a television interview that she is pregnant with the couple's first child. +The Dictator (2012 film) +The film has officially been banned in Tajikistan,[35] described as "unlikely" to be shown in Turkmenistan,[36] shortened to 71 minutes by the censorship in Uzbekistan,[37] and banned from screens two weeks after its premiere in Kazakhstan.[38] In Pakistan, only the censored version has been released. Rumours were circulating that the film has been also informally banned from showing in Belarus,[39] but state officials denied this referring to deficiency of properly equipped movie theaters suitable for showing the film distributed exclusively in digital format.[40] The film was also reportedly blocked from theaters in Malaysia.[41] In Italy, the reference to the "Italian Prime Minister" in the scene with Megan Fox has been substituted by a generic "politician", to avoid referring to Silvio Berlusconi.[42] +External links +References +Plot +Censorship +Charles Adair may refer to: +Charles Henry Adair (1851–1920), British admiral Charles L. Adair (1902-1993), American rear admiral Charles Wallace Adair (1914–2006), former US Ambassador Charles Adair (soccer), retired American soccer player +J.D. Adams may refer to: +J.D. Adams, contestant on American Idol season 2 J.D. Adams & Company, equipment manufacturer 1885–1960 Joseph D Adams, founder J.D. Adams & Co +Timothy or Tim Adams is the name of: +Timothy D. Adams (born 1961), Undersecretary of the U.S. Department of the Treasury 2005–2007 Timothy Adams (actor) (born 1967), American actor and model +Terry Adams may refer to: +Terry Adams (baseball) (born 1973), former Major League Baseball pitcher Terry Adams (musician) (born 1948), American pianist/composer Terry Adams (rugby league), Australian former rugby league player Terry Adams, British criminal connected to the Clerkenwell crime syndicate +Hans Adler may refer to: +Hans Adler (poet) (1870–1957), German poet Hans Adler (business), food industry business Hans G. Adler (1904–1979), musician, musicologist and collector in South Africa H. G. Adler, writer Hans Herman Adler (1891–1956), German scientist and professor at the University of Heidelberg +Julius Adler may refer to: +Julius Adler (biochemist) (born 1930), American biochemist Julius Adler (actor) (1906–1994), Polish-born American Yiddish theater actor Julius Ochs Adler (1892–1955), American publisher, journalist, and US Army general Julius Adler (politician) (1894–1945), Communist Member of the IV. German Reichstag (Weimar Republic) +Max Adler may refer to: +Max Adler (Sears) (1866–1952), American businessman and philanthropist Max Adler (Marxist) (1873–1937), Austrian social theorist Max Spencer Adler (d. 1979), founder of Spencer Gifts Max Adler (actor) (born 1986), American actor +Peter Alberti may refer to: +Peter Adler Alberti (1851–1932), Danish politician and swindler Peter Caesar Alberti (1608–1655), regarded as the first Italian American settler in what is now New York State +Russell Adams may refer to: +Russell H. Adams, Allegheny County District Attorney, 1942–1945. He was a member of the Republican Party Russell L. Adams (born 1930), American author and professor +Stanley Adams may refer to: +Stanley Adams (singer) (1907–1994), American singer and lyricist Stanley Adams (actor) (1915–1977), American actor and screenwriter Stanley Adams (whistleblower) (born c. 1927), pharmaceutical company executive and corporate whistleblower Stanley T. Adams (1922–1999), American Army officer, recipient of the Medal of Honor during the Korean War +Dick Adams may refer to: +Dick Adams (politician) (born 1951), Australian politician Dick Adams (baseball) (1920–2016), Major League Baseball player Dickie Adams (born 1948), Canadian football defensive back +Edwin Adams may refer to: +Edwin Adams (actor) (1834–1877), American stage actor Edwin Adams (politician) (1829–1908), mayor of Norwalk, Connecticut Edwin Plimpton Adams (1878–1956), American physicist +Elizabeth Adams may refer to: +A. Elizabeth Adams (1892–1962), American zoologist Elizabeth Nelson Adams (born 1941), American artist and writer +Ted Adams is the name of: +Ted Adams (actor) (1890–1973), American film actor Ted Adams (footballer) (1906–1991), English professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper Ted Adams (cricketer), Australian cricketer +Rob Adams may refer to: +Rob Adams (actor) (born 1970), American actor, film acting coach and former college football quarterback Rob Adams (architect) (born 1948), Australian architect and urban designer Rob Adams (author) (born 1959), American author, professor and venture capitalist +Rob Adams +Percy Adams may refer to: +Percy Adams (cricketer) (1900–1962), English cricketer Percy Adams (footballer), footballer who played for Port Vale in the 1930s Percy Webster Adams (architect) (1865-1930) +Morgan Adams may refer to: +Morgan Adams (Cutthroat Island), the main character in the film Cutthroat Island Morgan Adams (sailor) (1915–2004), American sailor +Margaret Adams is the name of: +Margaret Q. Adams (1874–1974), first woman deputy sheriff in the United States Margaret Adams (pilot), Australian aviator +Luke Adams may refer to: +Luke Adams (footballer) (born 1994), Australian-born footballer Luke Adams (potter) (1838–1918), New Zealand potter Luke Adams Pottery, decorative ceramics manufacturer in Christchurch, New Zealand Luke Adams (racewalker) (born 1976), Australian race walker +Alva Adams may refer to: +Alva Adams (governor) (1850–1922), governor of Colorado Alva B. Adams (1875–1941), United States Senator from Colorado +Sam Adkins may refer to: +Sam Adkins (American football) (born 1955), American football player Sam Adkins (footballer) (born 1991), football midfielder Sam Adkins (fighter) (born 1965), American mixed martial artist +Norman Adams may refer to: +Norman Adams (American artist) (1933–2014), American commercial artist and illustrator Norman Adams (British artist) (1927–2005), British artist and professor of painting +Francesco Acciaioli may refer to: +Francesco I Acciaioli, Duke of Athens Francesco II Acciaioli (died 1460), Duke of Athens +Neil Adam may refer to: +Neil Kensington Adam, British chemist Neil Adam, musician in the band Silly Wizard Neil Adam (racehorse trainer), see Prix de l'Abbaye de Longchamp +Brandon Adams is the name of: +Brandon Adams (actor) (born 1979), American actor Brandon Adams (boxer) (born 1989), American boxer Brandon Adams (poker player) (born 1978), American poker player Brandon Adams (footballer) (born 1997), English footballer +Austin Adams may refer to: +Austin Adams (lawyer) (1826–1890), American lawyer and justice of the Iowa Supreme Court Austin Adams (baseball, born 1986), American baseball pitcher in the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim organization Austin Adams (baseball, born 1991), American baseball pitcher for the Washington Nationals +Albert Adams may refer to: +Albert J. Adams Albert James Adams (1915–1999), Anglican bishop +Franklin Adams may refer to: +Franklin Pierce Adams (1881–1960), American columnist Franklin Robert Adams (1933–1990), science fiction writer Franklin O. Adams, architect in Tampa, Florida +Curtis Adams may refer to: +Curtis Adams (magician) (born 1982), American magician Curtis Adams (American football) (born 1962), former American football player +Craig Adams may refer to: +Craig Adams (musician) (born 1962), British musician Craig Adams (ice hockey) (born 1977), Canadian ice hockey player in the National Hockey League Craig Adams (footballer) (born 1974), English footballer +Colin Adams is the name of: +Colin Adams (executive), British TV executive Colin Adams (mathematician) (born 1956), mathematician and author +Christine Adams may refer to: +Christine Adams (actress), English actress Christine Adams (athlete) (born 1974), German athlete +Brooke Adams may refer to: +Brooke Adams (actress) (born 1949), American actress Brooke Adams (wrestler) (born 1984), American professional model, dancer and wrestler +James Adam may refer to: +James Adam (architect) (1732–1794), Scottish architect James N. Adam (1842–1912), American politician James Adam (classicist) (1860–1907), Scottish classicist Jimmy Adam (born 1931), Scottish footballer +George Byers may refer to: +George Byers (footballer) (1996-), Scottish footballer for Watford George Byers (canoer) (1916–1995), American sprint canoer George Byers (boxer) (1872–1937), Canadian-American boxer +Thomas Byerley may refer to: +Thomas Byerley (journalist) Thomas Byerley (potter) Thomas Byerley worked for Josiah Wedgewood as his London Agent after Thomas Bentley died. +Thomas Byerley +Michael Byron may refer to: +Michael Byron (composer) (born 1953), American composer and editor of contemporary music anthologies Michael Byron (footballer) (born 1987), English footballer Michael J. Byron (born 1954), visual artist +Norman Byrnes may refer to: +Norman Byrnes (botanist) (1922–1998), Australian botanist Norman Byrnes (lawyer) (1922–2009), American attorney +James Bye is the name of: +James Bye (footballer) (1920–95), English footballer James Bye (actor) (born 1984), British actor +William Bynum may refer to: +William D. Bynum (1846-1927), US politician from Indiana W. F. Bynum, British historian +Neil Caldwell may refer to: +Neil Caldwell (footballer) (born 1975), Scottish footballer Neil Caldwell (politician) (born 1929), American politician in Texas +Tim Caldwell may refer to: +Tim Caldwell (skier) (born 1954), American cross country skier Tim Caldwell (cricketer) (1913–1994), Australian cricketer, Chairman of the Australian Cricket Board and banker +Tim Callahan may refer to: +Tim Callahan (academic), associate professor of geology and environmental geosciences Tim Callahan (politician) (born 1955), member of the Montana House of Representatives Tim Callahan (American football) (1895–?), American football player +José Abreu may refer to: +José Abreu (baseball) (born 1987), Cuban baseball player José Antonio Abreu (born 1939), Venezuelan orchestra conductor and advocate of music education for youth Antonio José Álvarez de Abreu, 1st Marquis of la Regalía (1688–1756) José Abreu Morell (1864–1889), Cuban painter +Richard Abrams may refer to: +Muhal Richard Abrams (born 1930), American educator, composer and free jazz musician Richard L. Abrams (born 1941), president of the Optical Society of America in 1990 +Joshua Abrams may refer to: +Joshua Abrams (football) (born 1986), American football player Joshua Abrams (musician), American jazz bassist and composer +Arthur Abrams may refer to: +Arthur Abrams, character in Knight Rider (season 2) Artie Abrams, character in Glee Art Abrams from Cauliflower Alley Club +Arthur Abrams +David Abrahams may refer to: +David Abrahams (computer programmer), best known for his activities related to the C++ programming language David Abrahams (businessman), British businessman and part of the Labour party proxy and undeclared donations (2007) scandal David Abrahams (mathematician) (born 1958), English mathematician at the University of Manchester +Robert Abraham may refer to: +Robert Abraham (American football) (born 1960), American football player Robert Abraham (architect) (1774–1850), English surveyor and architect Robert Abraham (MP), fifteenth century English Member of Parliament for Portsmouth (UK Parliament constituency) +Emperor An (安帝) is the posthumous name of several Chinese emperors. It may refer to: +Emperor An of Han (r. 106–125) Emperor An of Jin (382–419) (r. 396–403, 404–418) +Chetan Anand may refer to: +Chetan Anand (badminton) (born 1980), Indian badminton player Chetan Anand (director) (1921–1997), Bollywood personality +Vijay Anand may refer to: +Vijay Anand (Hindi film maker) (1925–2004), Bollywood filmmaker, producer, screen writer, editor, and actor; brother of actor Dev Anand Vijay Anand (politician) (born 1969), Indian politician +Juan Anangonó may refer to: +Juan Carlos Anangonó (born 1989), Ecuadorian footballer for Argentinos Juniors Juan Luis Anangonó (born 1989), Ecuadorian footballer for Argentinos Juniors +Anders Kristiansen may refer to: +Anders Kristiansen (businessman) (born 1967), Danish businessman Anders Kristiansen (badminton) (born 1979), Danish badminton player Anders Kristiansen (footballer) (born 1990), Norwegian footballer +Peter Anders may refer to: +Peter Anders (tenor) (1908–1954), German tenor and favorite under the Hitler regime Peter Anders (songwriter), (Peter Andreoli) American songwriter and record producer, who collaborated with Vini Poncia among others +Arne Andersen may refer to: +Arne Andersen (handballer) (born 1944), Danish handballer Arne Andersen (footballer) (1900–1986), Norwegian international footballer +Barbara Andersen may refer to: +Barbara Andersen (editor), see CITR-FM Barbara Andersen, character in Aux frontières du possible +Ove Andersen may refer to: +Ove Andersen (athlete) (1899–1967), Finnish athlete Ove Andersen (politician), Norwegian politician, see Market towns of Telemark and Aust-Agder counties +Garland Anderson may refer to: +Garland Anderson (composer) (1933–2001), American composer and pianist Garland Anderson (playwright) (1886–1938), African American playwright +Kurt Anderson or Andersen may refer to: +Kurt Anderson (American football) (born 1978), American football coach and former player Kurt Anderson (director), Martial Law (1991 film) Curt Anderson (born 1949), American politician +Josh Anderson may refer to: +Josh Anderson (Neighbours), character who appeared on the soap opera Neighbours Josh Anderson (baseball) (born 1982), Major League Baseball outfielder Josh Anderson (ice hockey) (born 1994), National Hockey League forward +Karen Anderson is the name of +Karen Anderson (writer) (born 1932), American fantasy writer Karen Anderson (athlete) (born 1938), American javelin thrower Karen Anderson (squash player) (born 1971), Jamaican squash player +Jamie Anderson may refer to: +Jamie Anderson (golfer) (1842–1905), champion golfer Jamie Anderson (snowboarder) (born 1990), female professional snowboarder Jamie Anderson (musician) (born 1957), female vocalist Jamie Anderson (scientist) (born 1971), Australian organizational theorist Jamie Anderson (producer) (born 1985), British writer, director and producer +Clara Alonso may refer to: +Clara Alonso (model) (born 1987), Spanish model Clara Alonso (actress) (born 1990), Argentine actress and singer +James Ames may refer to: +James Barr Ames (1846–1910), American law educator James W. Ames (1864–1944), African-American physician +Thomas Allison may refer to: +Thomas Allison (explorer), Arctic voyager and diarist Tommy Allison (1875–1961), Scottish footballer +Michael Allingham may refer to: +Michael Allingham (cricketer) (born 1965), Scottish cricketer Michael Allingham (economist) (born 1943), British economist at Oxford University +Bill Allison may refer to: +Bill Allison (actor), former casino owner and actor Bill Allison (baseball) (1850–1887), 19th-century baseball player Bill Allison (footballer) (1908–1981), English footballer +Mu Qing may refer to: +Mu Qing (tusi) (1569–1597), 19th Tusi of Lijiang Mu Qing (journalist) (1921–2003), Chinese journalist, author and photographer +George Mueller is the name of: +George Mueller (NASA) (1918–2015), former NASA deputy administrator George Müller (1805–1898), Christian evangelist and coordinator of orphanages in England +Heinie Mueller is the name of: +Heinie Mueller (outfielder) (1899–1975), Major League Baseball outfielder from 1920–1935 Heinie Mueller (second baseman) (1912–1986), Major League Baseball infielder from 1938–1941 +David Beach may refer to: +David Beach (historian) (1943–1999), Zimbabwean historian David Nelson Beach (1848–1926), American theologian David Beach (judge), of Supreme Court of Victoria +Josh Bean may refer to: +Josh Bean (Canadian football) (born 1982), American football player Joshua Bean, mayor of San Diego, California +Ralph Bean may refer to: +Keith Beauchamp may refer to: +Keith Beauchamp (filmmaker) (born 1972), filmmaker based in Brooklyn Keith Beauchamp (rugby league), rugby league footballer of the '90s +Hubert Beaumont may refer to: +Hubert Beaumont (Labour politician) (1883–1948), British Labour MP for Batley and Morley Hubert Beaumont (Liberal politician) (1864–1922), British Liberal MP for Eastbourne +Andreas Beck may refer to: +Andreas Beck (explorer) (1864–1914), Norwegian explorer Andreas Beck (tennis) (born 1986), German tennis player Andreas Beck (footballer) (born 1987), German football defender +Charles Beckett may refer to: +Charles Beckett (cricketer), English cricketer Charles Beckett (politician), American politician in the Mississippi House of Representatives Charles Edward Beckett, brigadier-general and cavalry officer in the British Army +Bob Beattie may refer to: +Bob Beattie (American football) (1902–1983), American football player Bob Beattie (footballer) (born 1943), Australian football player Bob Beattie (skiing) (born 1933), American skiing coach and television commentator +William Albright may refer to: +William F. Albright (1891–1971), evangelical Methodist archaeologist, biblical authority, linguist and expert on ceramics William Albright (musician) (1944–1998), American composer, pianist and organist William Donald Albright (1881–1946), Canadian agriculturalist and journalist Will Albright (fl. 1950), American racecar driver +John Ainsley may refer to: +John Mark Ainsley (born 1963), tenor John William Ainsley, known as William Ainsley (1898–1976), Labour Member of Parliament for North West Durham +Valensi is a surname of Jewish origin and may refer to: +Georges Valensi, French telecommunications engineer Nick Valensi (born 1981), American rock guitarist +William Beal may refer to: +William Beal (writer) (1815-1870), English religious writer William James Beal (1833–1924), American botanist William Beal (cricketer) (1877–1964), Australian-born New Zealand cricketer +William Beal +Charles Beale may refer to: +Charles Gabriel Beale (1843–1912), Lord Mayor of Birmingham Charles Lewis Beale (1824–1899), U.S. congressman +Edward Beale may refer to: +Edward Fitzgerald Beale (1822–1893), American naval officer, military general, explorer, frontiersman, Indian affairs superintendent, California rancher and diplomat Edward Beale House +Francis Beale may refer to: +Francis Beale (writer) Francis Beale (MP) for Northampton +Howard Beale may refer to: +Howard Beale (politician) (1898–1983), Australian politician and Ambassador to the United States Howard K. Beale (1899–1959), American historian and author Howard Beale (Network), a character in Network +Robert Beale may refer to: +Robert Beale (diplomat) (1541–1601), Clerk of the Privy Council and antiquary Robert Beale (entrepreneur), Minnesota entrepreneur and convicted felon Robert Beale, Sergeant-at-Arms of the United States Senate Bobby Beale (1884–1950), English football player +Richard Beals may refer to: +Dick Beals (1927–2012), American voice actor Richard Beals (mathematician) (born 1938), American mathematician +John Beal may refer to: +John Beal (actor) John Beal (composer) +David Bean may refer to: +David Bean (judge) (born 1954), British judge of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales David Marks Bean (1832–1884), Florida state legislator David R. Bean (1827–?), Wisconsin state legislator +Robert Bean may refer to: +Robert S. Bean (1854–1931), American judge, Chief Justice of the Oregon Supreme Court Robert Bean (politician) (1935–1987), British Labour Party politician and polytechnic lecturer Robert Bean (gridiron football) (born 1978), American player of Canadian football Robert Bean (artist), Canadian artist, writer and teacher +Alex Beard may refer to: +Alex Beard (artist) (born 1970), American artist Alex Beard (arts manager) (born 1963), chief executive of the Royal Opera House Alex Beard (businessman) (born 1967), British billionaire businessman +Daniel Beard may refer to: +Daniel Carter Beard (1850–1941), American illustrator, author, youth leader and social reformer Daniel P. Beard (born 1943), Commissioner of the United States Bureau of Reclamation, and Chief Administrative Officer of the United States House of Representatives +Daniel Beard +Frank Beard may refer to: +Frank Beard (golfer) (born 1939), professional golfer Frank Beard (musician) (born 1949), drummer for ZZ Top Frank Beard (bishop), bishop in the United Methodist Church +Mark Beard may refer to: +Mark Beard (footballer) (born 1974), former English football defender Mark Beard (artist) (born 1956), American artist Mark Beard (motorsports) (born 1948) , American race car driver +Richard Beard may refer to: +Richard Beard (photographer) (1801–1885), English entrepreneur and photographer Richard Beard (courtier), 16th-century English courtier Richard Beard (author) (born 1967), English writer +Harry Beasley may refer to: +Harry Geoffrey Beasley (1881–1939), British anthropologist Harry C. Beasley (1888–1931), United States Navy seaman Harry Beasley (athlete) (1892-1972), Canadian Olympic sprinter Harry Beasley (footballer) (1919–1979), Australian rules footballer +John Beasley may refer to: +John Beasley (actor) (born 1943), American actor John Beasley (basketball) (born 1944), American basketball player John Beasley (American football) (born 1945), American football player John Beasley (musician) (born 1960), American keyboardist John Beasley (cyclist) (born 1930), Australian Tour de France cyclist +Mohamed Abdelaziz can refer to a number of people: +Mohamed Abdelaziz (basketball) (born 1995), Qatari basketball player Mohamed Abdelaziz (Sahrawi politician) (1947–2016), President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (1976–2016) Mohamed Abdelaziz (Libyan politician), Minister of Foreign Affairs of Libya (2013–2014) Mohamed Abdelaziz Tchikou (born 1985), Algerian football player Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (born 1956), the current President of Mauritania (since 2009) +James or Jim Abbott may refer to: +James Abbott (Indian Army officer) (1807–1896), British colonial administrator Jim Abbott (politician) (born 1942), Canadian politician James W. Abbott (born 1948), American university administrator and politician Jim Abbott (born 1967), American baseball player James Abbott (footballer) (1892–?), English footballer James H. Abbott (1851–1914), British philatelist +Joel Abbot or Joel Abbott may refer to: +Joel Abbot (1793–1855), United States Navy officer Joel Abbot (politician) (1776–1826), American politician from Georgia +Kyle Abbott can refer to: +Kyle Abbott (baseball) (born 1968), American baseball player Kyle Abbott (cricketer) (born 1987), South African cricketer Kyle Abbott (The Young and the Restless), a character in The Young and the Restless Kyle Abbott (musician), a shamisen player Kyle Abbot, a comic book character +Woody Abernathy may refer to: +Woody Abernathy (pitcher) (1915–1994), Major League Baseball player Woody Abernathy (outfielder) (1908–1961), minor league baseball player +John Abernethy may refer to: +John Abernethy (bishop), 17th-century Bishop of Caithness John Abernethy (judge) (born 1947), Australian judge John Abernethy (minister) (1680–1740), Presbyterian minister in Ireland John Abernethy (surgeon) (1764–1831), English surgeon and grandson of the above, and originator of the Abernethy biscuit Jack Abernathy (1876–1941), United States Marshall +Abhishek Verma may refer to: +Abhishek Verma (arms dealer) (born 1968), Indian arms dealer Abhishek Verma (archer) (born 1989), Indian archer +Stanley Aborah may refer to: +Stanley Aborah (footballer born 1969) (born 1969), Ghanaian international footballer Stanley Aborah (footballer born 1987) (born 1987), Belgian footballer of Ghanaian descent, son of the above +Aamer Manzoor may refer to: +Aamer Manzoor (cricketer, born 1971) Aamer Manzoor (cricketer, born 1975) +Frank Abbott may refer to: +Frank Abbott (dentist) (1836–1897), American dentist Frank Abbott (politician) (1828–after 1876), New York politician Frank Abbott (footballer) (1885–1947), Australian rules footballer Frank Frost Abbott (1860–1924), American classical scholar Frank Abbott (physician photographer) (1957-present}, American physician and photographer +Meton digglesi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Pascoe in 1862. +It is known from Australia.[1] +References +Henry Aaron may refer to: +Hank Aaron (born 1934), American baseball player Henry J. Aaron (born 1936), American economist +Henry Aaron +Muhammad Abbas or Mohammad Abbas or Mohammad Abbas may refer to: +Mohammad Abbas (cricketer), Pakistani cricketer Mohammad Abbas Ansari, Kashmiri cleric Mohammad Abbas Baig, Pakistani general Mohammad Abbas Abbasi (governor), Punjab governor Muhammad Abbas (skier) (born 1986), Pakistani alpine skier Muhammad I Abu 'l-Abbas (died 856), fifth emir of the Aghlabidss in Ifriqiya Mohammed Abbas (squash player) (born 1980), squash player who represented Egypt Mohammed Abbas (rugby league), Australian-born rugby league player who represented Lebanon Mohammed Abbas (swimmer) +Nabeel Abbas may refer to: +Nabeel Abbas (entrepreneur) (born 1969), Indian entrepreneur, media consultant and journalist, founder of the Epigram Group of companies Nabeel Abbas (footballer) (born 1986), Iraqi footballer +John Abbey may refer to: +John Abbey (organ builder) (1785–1859), English organ builder John Abbey (actor) (born 1935), American-born actor John Roland Abbey (1894–1969), English book collector +Charles Abbot may refer to: +Charles Abbot, 1st Baron Colchester (1757–1829), British statesman Charles Abbot, 2nd Baron Colchester (1798–1867), British politician Charles Greeley Abbot (1872–1973), American astrophysicist and astronomer Charles Abbot (botanist) (1761–1817), British botanist and entomologist Charles S. Abbot (born 1945), American admiral +Charles Abbott may refer to: +Charles Abbott, 1st Baron Tenterden (1762–1832), English jurist Charles Abbott, 3rd Baron Tenterden (1834–1882), British diplomat Charles Conrad Abbott (1843–1919), American archaeologist and naturalist Charles Lydiard Aubrey Abbott (1886–1975), Administrator of the Northern Territory of Australia Charles Abbott (footballer) (born 1939), Australian rules footballer Charles Abbott (cricketer) (1815–1889), English cricketer Charles Abbott (Australian politician), member of the South Australian House of Assembly +Clare Abbott may refer to: +Clare Abbott (artist), South African wildlife artist and illustrator Clare Abbott (equestrian) (born 1986), Irish eventing rider +David Abbott may refer to: +Tank Abbott (born 1965), real name David Abbott, American heavyweight mixed martial artist David Abbott (magician) (1863–1934), American magician and author of Behind the Scenes with the Mediums David Abbott (cricket umpire) (1934–2016), British-born New Zealand cricket umpire David Abbott (advertising) (1938–2014), British advertising executive and founder of Abbott Mead Vickers BBDO +Edward Abbott may refer to: +Edward Abbott (governor) (fl. 1775–1778), rebuilt Fort Vincennes, Indiana Edward Abbott (jurist) (1766–1832), Australian soldier, politician and judge Edward Gilbert Abbott (1825–1855), patient upon whom ether was demonstrated Edward Abbott (priest) (1841–1908), American Christian minister Edward Lyman Abbott (1891–1918), Canadian athlete after whom the Abbott Cup is named +Edwin Abbott or Abbot may refer to: +Edwin Abbott (educator) (1808–1882), English educator Edwin Abbott Abbott (1838–1926), his son, English schoolmaster and theologian, author of Flatland Edwin Hale Abbot (1834–1927), American lawyer and railroad executive Edwin Milton Abbott (1877–1940), American lawyer and poet who served in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives Edwin Abbott (public servant) (1878–1947), Australian public servant Edwin Abbott (rugby league) (1909–1976), New Zealand international +Frederick Abbott may refer to: +Frederick Abbott (Indian Army officer) (1805–1892), English army officer Frederick M. Abbott (born 1952), American legal academic Frederick Abbott (cricketer) (1901–1952), New Zealand-born English cricketer Fred Abbott (1874–1935), Major League Baseball catcher Fredric Abbott (1928–1996), Australian actor +Frederick Abbott +Harry Abbott may refer to: +Fred Abbott (Harry Frederick Abbott, 1874–1935), baseball catcher Harry Abbott (footballer, born 1883) (1883–?), inside forward for Bolton Wanderers Harry Abbott (footballer, born 1895) (1895–1968), goalkeeper who played more than 200 Football League matches +Herbert Abbott may refer to: +Herbert Edward Stacy Abbott (1814–1883), officer in the armies of the East India Company and British Crown in India Herbert Abbott (British Army officer) (1855–1939), English cricketer and British Army officer +Jack Abbott may refer to: +Jack Abbott (author) (1944–2002), an American criminal and author Jack Abbott (The Young and the Restless), a character in a CBS soap opera Jack Abbott (coach) (fl. 19th century), an American college football and baseball coach Jack Abbott (footballer) (born 1943), an English former footballer +Joseph Abbott may refer to: +Joseph Abbott (Canadian priest) (1790–1862), Canadian, father of John Joseph Caldwell Abbott (3rd Prime Minister of Canada) Joseph Abbott (Irish priest) (died 1939), Dean of Leighlin Joseph Carter Abbott (1825–1881), U.S. Army general and U.S. Senator Joseph Abbott (Texas politician) (1840–1908), American politician, Democrat in the United States House of Representatives Joseph Palmer Abbott (1842–1901), Australian politician and solicitor, member for Gunnedah and Wentworth Joseph Abbott (New South Wales politician) (1843–1903), member for Newtown and Newtown-Camperdown Joe Abbott (Australian politician) (1891–1965), son of Joseph Palmer Abbott, member for New England and Minister for Home Security Joe Abbott (speedway rider) (1902–1950), British motorcyclist +Mary Abbott may refer to: +Mary Abbott (artist) (born 1921), American artist Mary Abbott (golfer) (1857–1904), American golfer Mary Bethune Abbott (1823–1898), wife of Sir John Abbott, the third Prime Minister of Canada +Percy Abbott may refer to: +Percy Abbott (Canadian politician) (1882–1942), alderman in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Percy Abbott (Australian politician) (1869–1940), Australian soldier, politician and solicitor Percy Abbott (magician) (1886–1960), Australian magician and magic dealer +Richard Abbott may refer to: +Richard Abbott (politician) (1859–1940), Australian politician Richard Abbott (One Life to Live), a character from the American soap opera One Life to Live Richard Abbott (actor) (1899–1986), born Simon Vandenberg, a Belgian-American actor Richard Abbott (swimmer), American swimmer, who in 1975 participated in Swimming at the Pan American Games +Samuel Abbott or Sam Abbott may refer to: +Samuel Warren Abbott (1837–1904), American physician Samuel E. Abbott, American football coach Sam Abbott (Canadian football), Canadian football player Sam Abbott, former mayor of Takoma Park, Maryland +Shirley Abbott may refer to: +Shirley Abbott (ambassador) (1924—2013), American diplomat Shirley Abbott (footballer) (1889—1947), English footballer +Spencer Abbott may refer to: +Spencer Abbott (baseball) (1877–1951), American baseball player and manager Spencer Abbott (ice hockey) (born 1988), Canadian ice hockey player Spencer Abbott, past member of the American Indie rock band Daphne Loves Derby +Steve Abbott may refer to: +Steve Abbott (comedian) (born 1956), Australian comedian and author Steve Abbott (music), British artist manager, promoter, and consultant Steve Abbott (politician) (born 1962), American politician +Khalid Abdullah or Khaled Abdullah may refer to: +Prince Khalid Abdullah (born 1937), Saudi prince Khalid Abdullah (gridiron football) (born 1979), former American football player Khalid Abdullah (Egyptian), first husband of Zaynab Khadr and suspect in the 1995 attack on the Egyptian Embassy in Pakistan Khalid Abdalla (born 1980), British actor +José Acevedo is the name of: +José Acevedo (baseball) (born 1977), Dominican Republic baseball pitcher José Acevedo (athlete) (born 1986), Venezuelan sprinter José Acevedo Garrido (born 1985), Chilean footballer José Acevedo y Gómez (1773 - 1817), Colombian hero +Mohamed Abdullah may refer to: +Mohamed Abdullah (footballer) (born 1981), Egyptian footballer Mohamed Abdullah (swimmer) (born 1973), Emirati swimmer Mohamed Abu Abdullah (born 1981), track and field sprint athlete who competes internationally for Bangladesh Mohamed Abdullah (Emirati athlete) (born 1964), Emirati Olympic sprinter Mohamed Dzaiddin Abdullah (born 1937), Malaysian judge +David Abell may refer to: +Dave Abell, member of the band Iced Earth David Abell (businessman) (born 1942), British businessman David Abell (composer) (died c. 1576), Danish-German composer and organist David Charles Abell (born 1958), British American orchestral conductor David H. Abell (c.1807–1872), New York politician +George Abell may refer to: +George O. Abell (1927–1983), American astronomer and educator George Abell (civil servant) (1904–1989), English civil servant in UK and colonial Indian service and cricketer +Richard Abingdon may refer to: +Richard de Abyndon or Abingdon (died 1327), judge Richard Abingdon (MP) (died 1545), Member of Parliament (MP) for Bristol +Gary Ablett is the name of: +Gary Ablett, Sr. (born 1961), Australian rules footballer, father of Gary, Jr. Gary Ablett, Jr. (born 1984), Australian rules footballer, son of Gary, Sr. Gary Ablett (English footballer) (1965–2012), Association footballer +Charles Abraham may refer to: +Charles Abraham (bishop of Wellington) (1814–1903), first diocesan Bishop of Wellington in the Church of England Charles Abraham (bishop of Derby) (1857–1945), second suffragan Bishop of Derby in the Church of England +David Abraham may refer to: +David Abraham (executive) (born 1963), British television executive David Abraham (footballer) (born 1986), Argentine professional footballer David Abraham Cheulkar (1909–1981), Indian film actor +George Abraham may refer to: +George Abraham (1876–1965), British climber and photographer, see George and Ashley Abraham George Abraham (cricketer) (born 1958), founding Chairman of the World Blind Cricket Council and the Association for Cricket for the Blind in India +Ralph Abraham may refer to: +Ralph Abraham (mathematician) (born 1936), American mathematician Ralph Abraham (politician) (born 1954), member of the U.S. House of Representatives +William Abraham is the name of: +William Abraham (Irish politician) (1840–1915), Irish Parliamentary Party Member of Parliament in the British House of Commons William Abraham (trade unionist) (1842–1922), Welsh Liberal-Labour Member of Parliament for the Rhondda, 1885–1920 William J. Abraham (born 1947), United Methodist pastor and theologian Major-General Sir William Ernest Victor Abraham (1897–1980), British general William Abraham (bishop) (1792–1837), Roman Catholic Bishop of Waterford and Lismore William Emmanuel Abraham (born 1934), Ghanaian philosopher +Ervin Acél is the name of: +Ervin Acél (conductor) (1935–2006), Romanian conductor Ervin Acel (fencer) (1888–1958), American Olympic fencer +Otto Ackermann may refer to: +Otto Ackermann (painter) (1872–after 1952), German painter Otto Ackermann (conductor) (1909–1960), Romanian conductor +John Ackroyd may refer to: +John Ackroyd (footballer, born 1868), footballer for Grimsby Town and Rotherham Town John Ackroyd (footballer, born 1895) (1895–1967), footballer for Exeter City, Grimsby Town and Rotherham County John Ackroyd (designer), designer of the world land speed record car Thrust2 +William Acland may refer to: +Sir William Acland, 2nd Baronet (1847–1924), Royal Navy admiral Sir William Acland, 3rd Baronet (1888–1970), World War I soldier +Lucas Acosta may refer to: +Lucas Acosta (footballer, born 1988), currently playing for Racing Club de Montevideo Lucas Acosta (footballer, born 1995), currently playing for Club Atlético Belgrano +Lucy Acosta may refer to: +Lucy G. Acosta (1926–2008) Lucy Acosta, character in Shannon's Deal +Luis Acosta may refer to: +Luis Angel Acosta (born 1948), Mexican swimmer Luis Acosta Mena (born 1994), Spanish footballer +Oscar Acosta may refer to: +Oscar Zeta Acosta (1935–1974), American attorney, politician, novelist and activist Oscar Acosta (baseball) (1957–2006), American baseball player and pitching coach Oscar Román Acosta (born 1964), Argentine football midfielder +Charles Acton may refer to: +Charles Acton (critic) (1914-1999), music critic Charles Januarius Acton (1803–1847), English cardinal Bud Acton or Charles Acton (born 1942), American retired basketball player Carlo Acton or Charles Acton (1829–1909), Italian composer +George Acworth may refer to: +George Acworth (politician) (1482–1530), English politician George Acworth (divine) (1534 – c. 1578), English Protestant divine +Federico Acuña may refer to: +Federico Acuña (footballer) (born 1985), Paraguayan footballer Federico Acuña (politician), Paraguayan politician +William Acton may refer to: +William Acton (doctor) (1813–1875), British doctor and writer. +Sir William Acton, 1st Baronet (died 1651), English merchant and Royalist William Acton (politician, died 1744), English MP William Acton (politician, died 1567), English MP William Acton, warden of the Marshalsea prison, London, in the 1720s William Acton (Wicklow MP) (1789–1854), MP for Wicklow 1841–48 +Abdulaziz II may refer to: +Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz II (reigned 1394–1434), Hafsid Caliph of Ifriqiya Mehmed Abdulaziz (1901–1977), 40th head of the Ottoman dynasty +Tess Allemann (born April 7, 1998) is a Swiss ice hockey player for SCL Tigers and the Swiss national team. +She participated at the 2017 IIHF Women's World Championship.[1] +External links +References +Jessica Aby Personal information Full name Jessica Romuald Emmanuella Aby[1] Date of birth (1998-06-16) 16 June 1998[1] Height 162 cm (5 ft 4 in)[1] Playing position Midfielder Club information Current team Onze Sœurs de Gagnoa National team‡ Ivory Coast 2[2] (0) ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 11:57, 16 June 2015 (UTC) +Jessica Aby (born 16 June 1998) is an Ivorian professional footballer. +She was part of the Ivorian squad for the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. +Nariman Aly (born 29 September 1998) is an Egyptian synchronised swimmer. +She competed in the team event at the 2016 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Ahn Joon-soo (安俊洙, born January 28, 1998) is a South Korean football player.[1] He plays for Cerezo Osaka. +Ahn Joon-soo joined Cerezo Osaka in 2016. On September 10, he debuted in J3 League (v Tochigi SC).[2][3] +Updated to 23 February 2017.[4] +Club performance League Cup Total Season Club League Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Japan League Emperor's Cup Total 2016 Cerezo Osaka J2 League 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cerezo Osaka U-23 J3 League 5 0 0 0 5 0 Career total 5 0 0 0 5 0 +Club statistics +External links +References +Career +Prem Bhatia can refer to: +Prem Bhatia (Delhi cricketer), an Indian cricketer Prem Bhatia (Gujarat cricketer), an Indian cricketer +Josh Adams may refer to: +Josh Adams (comics) (born 1987), American comic book and commercial artist Josh Adams (American football), college football running back Josh Adams (basketball) (born 1993), professional basketball player Josh Adams (rugby union) (born 1995), Welsh rugby winger +Karl Adams may refer to: +Karl Adams (mathematician) (1811–1849), Swiss mathematician Karl Adams (baseball) (1891–1967), American baseball player +Keith Adams may refer to: +Keith Adams (film maker) (born 1926), Australian adventurer and filmmaker Keith Adams (American football) (born 1979), American football player Keith John Adams, British singer/songwriter Keith Adams (cricketer) (born 1932), former English cricketer +Joseph Adams may refer to: +Joseph Adams (businessman) (c. 1700–1737), British-born Canadian governor of the Hudson's Bay Company Joseph Adams (physician) (1756–1818), British physician and surgeon Joseph Alexander Adams (1803–1880), American engraver and electrotyper Joe Adams (baseball) (1877–1952), American baseball player Joseph Quincy Adams, Jr. (1880–1946), Shakespeare scholar Joe Adams (quarterback) (born 1958), American football player Joe Adams (wide receiver) (born 1989), American football player Joseph Adams (mercenary), American private investigator and mercenary Joseph Adams (actor) (born 1956), American actor +Mark Adams may refer to: +Mark Adams (basketball), college basketball analyst Mark Adams (photographer) (born 1949), New Zealand photographer Mark Adams (artist) (1925–2006), American artist Mark Adams (musician), musician. Funk band Slave bassist Mark Adams (designer), car designer at General Motors +Mary Adams may refer to: +Mary Adams (activist) (born 1938), tax activist who led the repeal of Maine's statewide property tax and efforts to enact a Taxpayer Bill of Rights Mary Adams (actress) (1910 - 1973), American actress Mary Adams (broadcaster) (1898–1984), administrator who helped to develop the BBC's television service in the 1950s Mary Adams (codebreaker) (1922-2010), Scottish interceptor for Bletchley Parkduring World War II Mary Adams (educator) (1823–1898), Canadian women's education reformer Mary Jane Adams (1840–1902), Irish poet Mary Kay Adams (born 1962), American television actress Mary Kawennatakie Adams (1917–1999), First Nations basketmaker A pseudonym for Communist Party USA activist Williana Burroughs (1882–1945), used in the 1920s +Michael Adams may refer to: +Johann Friedrich Adam (1780–1838), Russian botanist, later called Michael Friedrich Adams Michael Adams (politician) (1845–1899), Canadian politician Michael Adams (journalist) (1920–2005), who worked for the BBC Michael J. Adams (1930–1967), American test pilot Michael F. Adams (born 1948), former president of the University of Georgia Michael Adams (stunt performer) (1950–2010), actor, stunt performer and stunt coordinator Micky Adams (born 1961), former professional footballer and current football coach Michael Adams (basketball) (born 1963), former NBA basketball player Michael Adams (chess player) (born 1971), English chess grandmaster Michael Adams (American football) (born 1985), current NFL cornerback Mick Adams (1951–2017), rugby league player Michael Adams (presenter) (born 1999), British television personality Michael Adams (Wisconsin) (1831–1903), American businessman and politician Michael Adams (RAF officer) (born 1934), Royal Air Force officer J. Michael Adams (1947–2012), president of Fairleigh Dickinson University +Mike Adams may refer to: +Mike Adams (outfielder) (born 1948), Major League Baseball outfielder Mike Adams (football manager) (born 1959), manager of the Grenada national football team Mike Adams (footballer) (born 1965), English former professional footballer Mike Adams (wide receiver) (born 1974), former American football wide receiver of the Pittsburgh Steelers Mike Adams (pitcher) (born 1978), Major League Baseball pitcher Mike Adams (safety) (born 1981), American football safety for the Carolina Panthers Mike Adams (offensive tackle) (born 1990), American football offensive tackle for the Pittsburgh Steelers Mike Adams (columnist), conservative American columnist Mike Adams, sports radio talk show host of Planet Mikey on Boston's WEEI Mike Adams, owner of website Natural News, a site promoting alternative medicine and conspiracy theories +Patrick Adams may refer to: +Patrick Adams (musician) (born 1950), American musician and producer Patrick "Patsy" Adams, member of the Clerkenwell crime syndicate Patrick J. Adams (born 1981), Canadian actor +Patrick Adams +Peter Adams may refer to: +Peter Adams (politician) (born 1936), Canadian politician and former Liberal Member of Canada's House of Commons Peter Adams (actor) (1938–1999), New Zealand-born actor on Australian television Peter Adams (diplomat), former New Zealand ambassador to China Peter Adams (British governor), former magistrate of Anguilla Peter Adams (musician) in Xero Peter Adams (Australian footballer) (born 1964), Australian rules footballer Peter Bradley Adams, folk-pop Americana singer-songwriter Peter Seitz Adams (born 1950), American artist Pete Adams (born 1951), former American football guard +Phil Adams may refer to: +Phil Adams (cricketer) (born 1991), Australian cricketer Philip Adams (1915–2001), British diplomat Philip Francis Adams (1828–1901), Surveyor General of New South Wales, Australia Phillip Adams (born 1939), Australian media personality Phillip Adams (American football) (born 1988), American football cornerback Phillip Adams (sport shooter) (born 1945), Australian pistol shooter +Rick Adams is the name of: +Rick Adams (baseball) (1878–1955), former professional baseball player Rick Adams (Internet pioneer), founder of UUNET Rick Adams (television presenter) (born 1971), English television presenter and online radio DJ +Scott Adams is also the name of: +Scott Adams (game designer) (born 1952), American game designer Scott Adams (skier) (born 1971), Australian Paralympic skier Peggy Scott-Adams (born 1948), American R&B and soul singer Scott Adams (American football) (1966–2013), American football player +Samuel or Sam Adams may also refer to: +Samuel Adams (Arkansas politician) (1805–1850), acting Governor of Arkansas in 1844 Sam Adams (Oregon politician) (born 1963), mayor of Portland, Oregon Samuel Hunter Adams (1878–1975), mayor of Calgary, Alberta, Canada +Stephen or Steven Adams may refer to: +Michael Maybrick (1841–1913), English composer best known by his pseudonym Stephen Adams Stephen Adams (business) (born 1937), American businessman and private equity investor Stephen Adams (cricketer) (born 1953), New Zealand cricketer Stephen Adams (footballer) (born 1989), Ghanaian footballer Stephen Adams (politician) (1807–1857), U.S. Representative and Senator from Mississippi Steven Adams (born 1993), New Zealand basketball player Steven Adams (musician), British musician +Thomas Boylston Adams may refer to: +Thomas Boylston Adams (1772–1832), Massachusetts legislator and judge and brother of John Quincy Adams Thomas Boylston Adams (1910–1997), Massachusetts executive, writer, and political candidate +Roger Adams may also refer to: +Roger Adams (printer), printer and bookseller Roger Adams (MP), Member of Parliament (MP) for Great Yarmouth Roger Adams (Canadian football) in 1977 CFL Draft Roger Adams, who created and patented Heelys +Mohammad Adnan may refer to: +Mohammad Adnan (cricketer, born 1984), Pakistani first-class cricketer Mohammad Adnan (cricketer, born 1988), Pakistani first-class cricketer Mohammad Adnan (cricketer, born 1989), Pakistani first-class cricketer +Mohammad Adnan +Samuel Adler may refer to: +Samuel Adler (rabbi) (1809–1891), Reform rabbi Samuel Adler (composer) (born 1928), composer and conductor Samuel Adler (artist) (1898–1979), American artist +Friedrich Adler may refer to: +Friedrich Adler (architect) (1827–1908), German architect and archaeologist Friedrich Adler (writer) (1857–1938), Czech-Austrian politician Friedrich Adler (artist) (1878–1942), German artist and designer, died in Auschwitz Friedrich Adler (politician) (1879–1960), Austrian revolutionary politician, son of Viktor Adler +Felix Adler may refer to: +Felix Adler (professor) (1851–1933), professor of political and social ethics, public and founder of the American Ethical Culture movement Felix Adler (screenwriter) (1884–1963), film writer, known for writing many Three Stooges scripts Felix Adler (clown) (1895–1960), long-time head clown of Ringling Brothers Circus +David Adler may refer to: +David Baruch Adler (1826–1878), Danish banker and politician David Adler (architect) (1882–1949), American architect David Adler (physicist) (1935–1987), American physicist David A. Adler (born 1947), American author David Adler (entrepreneur), American media entrepreneur +Daniel Adler may refer to: +Dan Adler (born 1963), American politician Daniel Adler (prosecutor), from Argentina Daniel Adler (sailor) (born 1958), from Brazil +James Adkins may refer to: +James Adkins (baseball) (born 1985), American baseball pitcher James A. Adkins (born 1954), adjutant general of Maryland James C. Adkins (1915–1994), justice for the Florida Supreme Court James Edward Adkins (1867–1939), Irish organist and composer +Homer Adkins may refer to: +Homer Martin Adkins (1890–1964), Governor of Arkansas Homer Burton Adkins (1892–1949), American chemist +Charles Adkins may refer to: +Charles Adkins (politician) (1863–1941), U.S. Representative from Illinois Charles Adkins (boxer) (1932–1993), American Olympic boxer +Daniel Addo may refer to: +Daniel Addo (footballer, born 1976), Ghanaian footballer Daniel Addo (footballer, born 1987), Ghanaian footballer Daniel Ashley Addo (born 1989), Ghanaian footballer Daniel Addo (soldier), former chief of the defence staff of Ghana's armed forces +William Addison may refer to: +William Addison (physician) (1803–1881), British physician William Addison (VC) (1883–1962), holder of the Victoria Cross William Addison, 4th Viscount Addison (born 1945), British Conservative peer William Addison (chess player) (1933–2008), American chess master William Wilkinson Addison (1905–1992), English historian and jurist +Walter Addison may refer to: +Walter Dulany Addison, Episcopal clergyman and Chaplain of the United States Senate Walter E. Addison, American lawyer and politician +Linda Addison may refer to: +Linda Addison (lawyer) (born 1951), American lawyer, business executive and author Linda Addison (poet), American poet and writer of horror, fantasy, and science fiction +George Addison may refer to: +George Augustus Addison (1792–1814), author George Henry Male Addison (1857–1922), Australian architect George William Addison (1849–1937), English soldier and footballer +Alexander Addison may refer to: +Alexander Addison (cricketer) (1877–1935), Australian cricketer Alexander Addison (judge) (1758–1807), American judge in Pennsylvania +William Addis may refer to: +William Addis (entrepreneur) (1734–1808), English inventor of the first mass-produced toothbrush William Edward Addis (1844–1917), Scottish-born Australian colonial clergyman William Adyes or Addis (1520–1558/9), English politician, MP for Worcester +John Addey is the name of: +John Addey (astrologer) (1920–1982), English astrologer John Addey (shipbuilder) (1550–1606), master shipwright +Charles Adderley may refer to: +Charles Adderley, 1st Baron Norton (1814–1905), British politician Charles Adderley, 2nd Baron Norton (1846–1926) Charles Adderley (cricketer) (1912–1985), English First class cricketer +John Addenbrooke may refer to: +John Addenbrooke (philanthropist), English medical doctor and founder of Addenbrooke's Hospital John Addenbrooke (priest), Dean of Lichfield John Addenbrooke (footballer), English footballer +Peter Adamson may refer to: +Peter Adamson (actor) (1930–2002), British stage and television actor best known for playing the character of Len Fairclough in Coronation Street Peter Adamson (politician) (born 1961), Australian politician Peter Adamson (academic) (born 1972), professor of philosophy +John Adamson may refer to: +John Adamson (antiquary) (1787–1855), English antiquary John Adamson (Australian politician) (1857–1922) John Adamson (minister) (1742–1808) Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland John Adamson (New South Wales politician) (1910–1984) Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly John Adamson (physician) (1809–1870), Scottish doctor, physicist and museum curator John Adamson (publisher) (born 1949) British publisher John Adamson (university principal) (died 1652), principal of the University of Edinburgh, 1623–1652 +James Adamson is the name of: +James C. Adamson (born 1946), former NASA astronaut and retired US Army colonel James B. Adamson, business executive and former CEO of Burger King James Bradshaw Adamson (1921–2003), Major General in the US Army Jim Adamson (born 1905), Australian rules footballer Jimmy Adamson (1929–2011), English footballer Jimmy Adamson (Scottish footballer) (born c. 1920), Scottish professional footballer +Dave Adamson may refer to: +Dave Adamson (Australian footballer) (1874–1914), Australian rules footballer Dave Adamson (English footballer) (born 1951), English footballer +Christopher Adamson may refer to: +Chris Adamson (born 1978), former English football goalkeeper Christopher Adamson (actor), British actor +Tom or Tommy Adams may refer to: +Tom Adams (actor) (1938–2014), English actor Tom Adams (cricketer) (1808–1894), English cricketer Thomas Burton Adams, Jr. (1917–2006), American politician in Florida, known as Tom Tom Adams (illustrator) (born 1926), American illustrator Tom Adams (bluegrass musician) (born 1958), American bluegrass musician Tom Adams (politician) (1931–1985), Prime Minister of Barbados, real name Jon Adams Tommy Adams (criminal), Clerkenwell crime syndicate Tommy Adams (footballer), Scottish footballer Tom Adams (entrepreneur) (born 1972), Swedish-American businessman +Richard Adams may also refer to: +Richard Adams (poet) (1619–1661), collector of verse Richard Adams (religious writer) (c. 1626–1698), English minister and writer Richard Adams (British politician) (1912–1978), British politician Richard Adams (U.S. politician) (born 1939), member of the Ohio House of Representatives Richard Adams (Traidcraft) (born 1946), British fair-trade organisation founder Richard Adams (activist) (1947–2012), Filipino-American gay rights activist Richard Adams (inventor) (born 1954), inventor of various electronic devices Richard Adams (violin player) (born 1957), New Zealand jazz violinist and artist Richard Life Adams (1840–1883), British architect; see Adams & Kelly Richard Adams (cricketer) (1838–1897), English cricketer Richard Adams (architect) (1791–1835), Scottish painter and architect +Pat Adams may also refer to: +Pat Adams (cyclist), British cyclist and organiser of cycling events Pat Adams (baseball), see Rob Richie (baseball) +Lynn(e) Adams may also refer to: +Lynn Adams (golfer) Lynne Adams, American actress +Amy Adams may also refer to: +Amy Adams (politician) (born 1971), New Zealand politician Amy Adams (singer) (born 1979), American singer who was a finalist on the third season of television series American Idol Amy Adams, founder of Adams Childrenswear Amy Adams (or Amy Games), wife of Lord Chief Justice John Popham A. Elizabeth Adams (1892–1962), full name Amy Elizabeth Adams, American zoologist Amy Adams Strunk, daughter of Houston Oilers/Tennessee Titans founding owner Kenneth S. Adams, Jr. (a/k/a Bud Adams) and current Titans controlling owner +Amy Adams (disambiguation) +Alex Adams is also the name of: +Alex Adams (Holby City) Alex Adams (Canadian football), in 2009 Saskatchewan Huskies football team Alex Adams (cricketer) Alex Adams (umpire) from 2011 ICC European T20 Championship Division Two +William Adam may refer to: +William Adam (architect) (1689–1748), Scottish architect, mason, and entrepreneur William Adam of Blair Adam (1751–1839), Scottish Member of the British Parliament and judge William Patrick Adam (1823–1881), British colonial administrator and Liberal politician William Adam (minister) (1796–1881), Baptist minister, missionary, abolitionist William Adam (artist) (1846–1931), English landscape artist who worked in California for 33 years William Adam (malacologist) (1909–1988), Belgian malacologist William Adam (trumpeter) (1917–2013), American trumpeter, and professor emeritus at Indiana University William Augustus Adam (1865–1940), British and army officer and Conservative Party politician +Charles or Charlie Adam may also refer to: +Sir Charles Elphinstone Adam, 1st Baronet (1859–1922) of the Adam baronets Charlie Adam (born 1985), Scottish international football midfielder Charlie Adam (footballer, born 1919) (1919–1996), Scottish football outside left Charlie Adam (footballer, born 1962) (1962–2012), Scottish football midfielder, father of the footballer born 1985 +Lee or Leigh Adams may also refer to: +Lee Adams (performance artist) (born 1970), British performance artist, curator and experimental film maker Leigh Adams Leigh Adams (footballer) +Francis Adams may refer to: +Francis Adams (translator) (1796–1861), Scottish medical doctor and translator of Greek medical works Francis Adams (writer) (1862–1893), English essayist, poet, dramatist, novelist and journalist Francis Adams (athlete) (1953–1987), sprinter from Trinidad and Tobago Francis Colburn Adams, American miscellaneous writer Francis W. H. Adams (1904–1990), New York City Police Commissioner, 1954–1955 +Gerry Adams may also refer to: +Gerry Adams, Sr. (1926–2003), father of the Irish politician Gerry Adams (fencer) (born 1962), Australian fencer +Gerry Adams (disambiguation) +George Abbe(y) may also refer to: +George Abbey (footballer) George Abbe, American writer +George Abbott may also refer to: +George Abbott (Coronation Street) George Abbott (GC), sailor and George Cross recipient George Abbott (ice hockey) (1911–1996), NHL hockey goalie George Abbott (politician) (born 1952), Canadian politician George Frederick Abbott (1874–1947), English war correspondent and author George Henry Abbott (1867–1942), Australian physician George Abbitt (1634–1689), also known as George Abbott; founding settler of Norwalk, Connecticut +Greg Abbott is also the name of: +Greg B. Abbott (born 1950), American businessperson, investor, entrepreneur and novelist Greg Abbott (footballer) (born 1963), English football manager and former player Reverend Gadget or Greg Abbott, steel fabrication artist, craftsman, prop builder and television personality +John Abbott or Abbot may also refer to: +John Farr Abbott (1756–1794), British barrister John Stevens Cabot Abbott (1805–1877), American author John Thomas Abbott (died 1949), English socialist activist John White Abbott (1763–1851), English painter and surgeon John Abbott (actor) (1905–1996), stage name of John Kefford, British character actor John Abbott (Newfoundland politician) (1874–1930), Newfoundland politician John Abbott (rugby league) (born 1953), Australian New South Wales rugby league player of the 1970s John Abbott, a pen-name of author Evan Hunter (1926–2005) John T. Abbott (1850–1914), United States Ambassador to Colombia, 1889–1893 John Abbot (poet) (1587/8–c. 1650), English Roman Catholic clergyman and poet John Abbot (entomologist) (1751–1840/1), American entomologist and ornithologist John Abbott (character), character on the soap opera The Young and the Restless +Paul Abbott may also refer to: +Paul Abbott (baseball) (born 1967), American professional baseball player Paul Abbott (footballer) (born 1964), Australian rules footballer Paul Abbott (basketball), basketball coach +Georg Ackermann may refer to: +Georg Ackermann (athlete) (born 1972), retired German long jumper Georg Ackermann (pilot) (1918–2007), German Luftwaffe bomber pilot Georg Christian Benedict Ackermann (1763–1833), German theologian Georg Friedrich Ackermann (1787–1843), German landscape painter +Susan Ackerman may refer to: +Susan Ackerman (biblical scholar) Susan Ackerman (neuroscientist) Susan Rose-Ackerman +Richard Ackerman may refer to: +Dick Ackerman (born 1942), California State Senator Richard Henry Ackerman (1903–1992), American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church +John Adair may also refer to: +John Adair (surveyor) (c. 1655–1722), Scottish surveyor and mapmaker John Adair (soldier), (1732–1837), American pioneer and soldier, early settler of the Knoxville, Tennessee area John A. M. Adair (1864–1938), U.S. Congressman from Indiana John Adair (anthropologist) (1913–1997), American anthropologist John George Adair (1823–1885), Scots-Irish businessman and landowner, financier of JA Ranch in the Texas Panhandle Johnny Adair (born 1963), Northern Irish paramilitary leader John Adair (author) (born 1934), UK consultant and author on leadership John Frederick Adair (1852–1913), Irish physicist +Donald Adams may also refer to: +Donald Adams (cricketer) (1880–1976), English cricket player Donald E. Adams (1921–1952), American fighter pilot Donald Adams (sport shooter) in 1966 ISSF World Shooting Championships +Donald Adams (disambiguation) +Douglas Adams or Doug Adams may also refer to: +Douglas Adams (engineer), American engineer Douglas Q. Adams, Indo-Europeanist professor of English Doug Adams (American football), American football player Doug Adams (baseball) (born 1943), MLB player Doug Adams (music journalist), music journalist and author Doug Adams (television producer), American television producer Douglas Adams, CEO of Adams Cable +Harold Adams may also refer to: +Richard Adams (British politician) (Harold Richard Adams, 1912–1978) Doug Adams (baseball) (Harold Douglas Adams, born 1943), American baseball player +Jack Adams may also refer to: +Jack Adams (rugby union) (born 1986), English professional rugby union player Jack Adams (ice hockey, born 1920) (1920–1996), Canadian professional ice hockey player with the Montreal Canadiens Jack Adams (basketball), player in the short-lived American Basketball League (1961–1963) +Jimmy Adams may refer to: +Jimmy Adams (born 1968), former Jamaican cricketer James Adams (cricketer, born 1980), Hampshire cricketer Jimmy Adams (racing driver) (born 1972), American racecar driver Jimmy Adams (golfer) (1910–1986), Scottish professional golfer Jimmy Adams (footballer) (1937���2005), English soccer player Jimmie Adams (1888–1933), silent-screen comedian Jimmie V. Adams (born 1936), United States Air Force four-star general +Lawrence, Larry or Laurence Adams may also refer to: +Lawrence Adams (artist), awarded Logan Medal of the Arts Lawrence Adams (American football) Lawrence Adams (runner), see 1989 in athletics (track and field) Laurence Adams (footballer) Larry Adams (jockey), see Carter Handicap Larry Adams, Ohio politician +Don Adams may also refer to: +Don Adams (country singer) 1960s Don Adams (R&B singer) Munich based Scottish singer 1970s Donald Adams (1928–1996), opera singer and actor +Donald Adams (cricketer) (1880–1976), English cricketer Don Adams (rugby league), Australian rugby league footballer for Scone Thoroughbreds Don Adams (boxer), bare-knuckle boxer Don Adams (basketball) (1947–2013), American basketball player Don Adams (footballer) (1931–1993), English footballer +Don Alden Adams (born 1925), president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania +Don Adams (disambiguation) +Other uses +Sports +Musicians +Claire Adams may also refer to: +Claire Adams (British actress), see List of EastEnders characters (2007) Claire Adams, musician in Gravenhurst (band) Claire Adams, character in Women in the Night +Carol Adams may refer to: +Carol Adams (actress), American actress in The Ultimate Thrill active in the 1930s and 1940s Carol Adams (educator), Chief Executive of the General Teaching Council for England Carol J. Adams (born 1951), American vegan feminist theorist and author of books on eco-feminism Carol Adams (politician), local government representative from Western Australia +Bryan Adams (born 1959) is a Canadian singer-songwriter and photographer. +Bryan Adams may also refer to: +Bryan Adams (album), his self-titled debut album Bryan Adams (ice hockey) (born 1977), professional ice hockey player in the National Hockey League Bryan Adams (politician) (born 1962), Louisiana politician Bryan Adams High School, public secondary school located in East Dallas, Texas +Bryan Adams (disambiguation) +Bert Adams may also refer to: +Bert Adams, character in Always Greener Bert Adams (Canadian football), see 1934 in Canadian football Bert Adams (politician), member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1956 to 1968 Camp Bert Adams +Eric Adams may refer to: +Eric Adams (artist), American illustrator, writer and graphic designer Eric Adams (musician) (born 1954), American heavy metal singer Eric Adams (politician), American police officer and politician Eric J. Adams, American screenwriter, film producer and author +Ben Adams or Benjamin Adams may refer to: +Ben Adams (born 1981), English singer-songwriter Ben Adams (baseball), American baseball player Ben Adams (track and field) (1890–1961), American athlete Benjamin Adams (politician) (1764–1837), American lawyer and politician Benjamin Matthias Adams (1824–1902), American Methodist minister +Jerry Adler may also refer to: +Jerry Adler (rock musician), American singer and rock musician Jerry Adler (harmonica player) (1918–2010) Jerry Adler (journalist), former senior editor for Newsweek +Charles Agar may refer to: +Charles Agar (cricketer) (1877–1921), English cricketer Charles Agar (politician) (1882–1961), farmer and political figure in Saskatchewan, Canada Charles Agar, 1st Earl of Normanton (1736–1809), Anglo-Irish Protestant clergyman, Archbishop of Dublin, 1801–1809 Charles Agar (rugby league), rugby league footballer of the 1920s for Wakefield Trinity +Charles Ainsworth may refer to: +Charles Ainsworth (politician) (1874–1956), British businessman and politician Charles Ainsworth (footballer) (1885–1955), English footballer +Ahmed Hegazi is an Arabic name, may refer to: +Ahmed Hegazi (footballer) Ahmed Hegazi (actor) +George Ainslie may refer to: +George Ainslie (general) (died 1804), Scottish general George Robert Ainslie (1776–1839), Scottish general and coin collector George Ainslie (delegate) (1838–1913), Congressional delegate from Idaho George Ainslie (psychologist) American psychiatrist, psychologist and behavioral economist George Ainslie (Virginia politician) (1868–1931), mayor of Richmond, Virginia, 1912–1924 +Brian Ahern may refer to: +Brian Ahern (footballer) (born 1952), Scottish footballer Brian Ahern (producer), Canadian record producer and guitarist Brian Aherne (1902–1986), British actor +Marcelo Aguirre may refer to: +Marcelo Aguirre (footballer) (born 1983), Argentine football midfielder Marcelo Aguirre (table tennis) (born 1993), Paraguay table tennis player +Aharon of Karlin may refer to: +Aharon of Karlin (I) (1738–1771), founder of the Karlin-Stolin Hasidic dynasty Aharon of Karlin (II) (1802–1872), his grandson +Mushtaq Ahmad or Mushtaq Ahmed may refer to: +Mushtaq Ahmad (Lord Lieutenant) (born 1942), Lord Lieutenant of Lanarkshire Mushtaq Ahmad (field hockey, born 1932), former field hockey striker from Pakistan Mushtaq Ahmad (field hockey, born 1956), former field hockey forward from Pakistan Mushtaq Ahmed (cricketer), former Pakistani Test cricketer Mushtaq Ahmed (politician), interim President of Bangladesh 1975 +John Clark Adamson (12 May 1910 – 8 March 1984) was an Australian politician. +He was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for a single term from 1950 until 1953 . +He was a member of the Liberal Party of Australia. +Adamson was born in North Sydney, New South Wales. He was the son of a solicitor and was educated at Parramatta High School and Sydney Teachers College. +He worked as a school teacher in Rozelle, New South Wales between 1938 and 1950 and was an alderman on Marrickville Municipal Council between 1944 and 1948. Adamson was elected to the New South Wales Parliament as the Liberal member for Concord at the January 1950 by-election caused by the death of the sitting member Brice Mutton. He retained the seat at the state election held that year but was defeated at the 1953 state election. +He did not hold ministerial or party office. Adamson returned to teaching and was the deputy principal of Newtown Boys' High School between 1972 and 1975. +Former members of the New South Wales Parliament, 1856-2006. New South Wales Parliament. Archived from the original on 17 March 2011. +References +The New South Wales Shadow Ministry led by Barry O'Farrell MLA were the most senior members of the opposition to the Iemma, Rees and Keneally governments of the Australian Labor Party in the state of New South Wales. +The Shadow Cabinet he led was made up of Members of the Liberal Party and the National Party of Australia in a Coalition agreement. +O'Farrell led from the majority Coalition partner, the Liberal Party and served as Leader of the Opposition from 4 April 2007 until the 2011 state election. +Shadow Ministerial Portfolio Shadow Minister Leader of the Opposition Leader of the Liberal Party Shadow Minister for Western Sydney Barry O'Farrell Leader of the National Party Shadow Minister for Roads, Ports and State Development Andrew Stoner Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party Deputy Leader of the Opposition Shadow Minister for Health Jillian Skinner Deputy Leader of the Nationals Shadow Minister for Education and Youth Affairs Adrian Piccoli Shadow Treasurer Mike Baird Shadow Minister for Planning and Infrastructure Brad Hazzard Shadow Minister for Inter-Government Relations, Special Minister for State and the Central Coast Chris Hartcher Shadow Minister for Hospitality, Tourism, Racing and Major Events George Souris Shadow Minister for Transport Gladys Berejiklian Shadow Minister for Small Business and Regulatory Reform and Shadow Minister for the North Coast Don Page Shadow Minister for Aging and Disability Services Andrew Constance Shadow Minister for Natural Resource Management Katrina Hodgkinson Shadow Minister for Fair Trading Greg Aplin Shadow Attorney General and for Justice Greg Smith Shadow Minister for Women and Community Services Pru Goward Shadow Minister for Citizenship, Voluenteering and the Arts Anthony Roberts Shadow Minister for Aboriginal Affairs, Healthy Lifestyles and for Western New South Wales Kevin Humphries +Final arrangement +References +William Michie (24 November 1935 – 22 September 2017)[1] was a British politician. +He was Labour Member of Parliament for Sheffield Heeley from 1983 to 2001, when he stood down. +He was a member of the Socialist Campaign Group of MPs. +External links +References +The polo competitions at the 2017 Southeast Asian Games in Kuala Lumpur will take place at Putrajaya Equestrian Park and the Royal Selangor Polo Club.[1] Polo returns to the competition schedule after edition of the games in 1983 and 2007. +Host nation +Polo at the 2017 Southeast Asian Games +Competition schedule +External links +Participating nations +References +Medal summary +Participation +Medal table +Khairul Anuar Mohamad (born 22 September 1991, in Kemaman, Terengganu) is a Malaysian archer.[1] He first started participating for the national team in 2011.[2] +Archery.org. FITA. +Archived from the original on 2014-05-09. ↑ Rai, Vijesh (10 August 2016). +"(Olympics) Archer Khairul crashes out". NewStraitsTimesOnline. Retrieved 26 October 2016. +Khairul Anuar Mohamad at the World Archery Federation "Khairul Anuar Mohamad". +Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. +External links +Erin Marie Aldrich (born December 27, 1977 in Dallas, Texas)[1] is an American high jumper and volleyball player. +After graduating Lake Highlands High School, she played volleyball at the highest level, competing for the United States women's national volleyball team. She competed at the university level for the Texas Longhorns in both sports. +Volleyball Magazine. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved September 25, 2013. +Erin Aldrich profile at IAAF Erin Aldrich profile at USATF Official website +References +The Social Democratic Party of Kosovo (Albanian: Partia Social Demokrate, PSD) is a political party in the Republic of Kosovo. It was established on 10 February 1990 and was second political party to be established in the newly pluralist Kosovo.[1] +↑ Partia Social Demokrate ↑ Is an Albanian philosopher and Professor in a French University in Paris and politician. He is the Republic of Kosovo's[a] ambassador to France. +"L'ambassadeur du Kosovo est prof à Saint-Denis". Le Parisien. 17 February 2009. +Retrieved 27 March 2011. +External links +References +Yisrael Friedman (November 8, 1923 – May 1, 2017) was known as the Pashkaner Rebbe[1] (after the city of Pașcani where his grandfather served as Rebbe). +He was a lecturer at the Tel Aviv University and the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the rosh yeshiva of a hesder yeshiva in Netivot. +"Legacy of Many Threads". Mishpacha (530). Retrieved Oct 15, 2014. ↑ האדמו"ר מהקיבוץ: הלך לעולמו האדמו"ר מפשקאן, הרב ישראל בן-שלום (in Hebrew). +References +Peter Vogel (9 March 1937 – 8 May 2017)[1] was a German artist, best known for his interactive electronic sculptures and sound art pieces.[2] +He studied physics[3] and before becoming an artist worked in medical research and cybernetics.[4] +Vogel died on 8 May 2017, aged 80.[5] +External links +Life +References +Zeenat Anjum Khattak (1939-2017), commonly known as Fozia Anjum, was a Pashto-language poet, educationist and radio broadcaster.[1][2] +She wrote the following book:[1] +References +Books +Maury Dexter (born June 12, 1927 – May 28, 2017, Simi Valley, California, United States) was an American producer and director of film and TV. +He worked several times for Robert Lippert and American International Pictures.[1] +Maury Dexter on IMDb +External links +References +Filmography +Bailey Michelle Brown (born May 24, 2006), is an American child actress. +She currently co-stars as Janie Hobbs on the Nick at Nite original sitcom See Dad Run, starring Scott Baio. +Prior to this, she appeared in the 2011 film Paranormal Activity 3.[1] +Year Title Role Notes 2011 Paranormal Activity 3 Bailey (as Bailey Brown) 2012–2015 See Dad Run Janie Hobbs Series regular 2016 Future Shock Molly Series regular +Bailey Michelle Brown on IMDb Bailey Michelle Brown on Twitter +External links +References +Filmography +Kim Aabech (born May 31, 1983 in Birkholm) is a Danish footballer who plays for Hvidovre IF.[1] His father is former Danish international Hans Aabech. +(in Danish) Kim Aabech on DBU (in Danish) Kim Aabech on Soccerway (in Danish) Danish Superliga statistics +References +External links +Ahn Young-mi (Hangul: 안영미; born November 5, 1983), is a South Korean comedian under YG Entertainment. She is a former cast member in the variety show Real Men.[1] +References +Filmography +Shazam Entertainment Ltd. is an English app development company that has a service that can identify music, movies, advertising, and television shows, based on a short sample played and using the microphone on the device.[1] The software is available for Windows, macOS and smartphones.[2] Shazam Entertainment Limited was founded in 1999 by Chris Barton, Philip Inghelbrecht, Avery Wang, and Dhiraj Mukherjee.[3] +In October 2014, Shazam announced its technology has been used to identify 15 billion songs.[6] +Shazam Entertainment Ltd. Type Privately held company Founded 1999 (1999) United States Founders Chris Barton Philip Inghelbrecht Avery Wang Dhiraj Mukherjee Mark Anthony Hash Headquarters London, England, U.K. Number of locations 7 offices (2014) Area served Worldwide Key people Rich Riley (CEO) Andrew Fisher (Executive chairman) Richard Sharp (CTO) Products Apps Website www.shazam.com +Shazam (service) +1 2 "Shazam Launches Resonate TV Sales Platform". Billboard. 5 August 2014. +Retrieved 15 June 2015. ↑ "Shazam". +Shazam app for Windows in the Windows Store. +Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved 7 January 2015. +1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Gillies, Trent (14 June 2015). +"Shazam names that tune, drawing in money and users". CNBC. ↑ "Shazam CEO: We're one of the 10 most popular apps in world". CNBC. +4 December 2013. +1 2 Summers, Nick (20 August 2014). "Shazam Hits 100 Million Monthly Active Users". Thenextweb.com. +Retrieved 15 June 2015. 1 2 "15 billion songs have been identified by music recognition service Shazam". Silicon Republic. +10 October 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2015. ↑ "Shazam Hits 1 Billion Downloads and Turns a Profit (Thanks to Advertising)". +Retrieved 2016-09-30. ↑ Shazam – About Shazam ↑ Avery Wang 2003. "An Industrial-Strength Audio Search Algorithm." In proceedings of the International Symposium on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR), Baltimore, MD. ↑ Jacobs, Bryan. +Los Santos Province, Panama Los Santos District, Los Santos Province, Panama La Villa de los Santos, capital city of Los Santos District, Panama Los Santos de Maimona, municipality in Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain Los Santos, a municipality in the province of Salamanca, Castile and León, Spain. Los Santos de la Humosa, a municipality of the Community of Madrid in Spain. Los Santos, a municipality in the department of Santander, Colombia. +Los Santos +Los Santos Province Provincia de Los Santos Province Flag Country Panama Capital city Las Tablas Government • Governor Yina Smith de Barrios Area • Total 3,809.4 km2 (1,470.8 sq mi) Population (2010 census) • Total 89,592 • Density 24/km2 (61/sq mi) Demonym(s) Santeño (a)[1] Time zone Eastern Time (UTC-5) ISO 3166 code PA-7 +Los Santos Province +Official website +Just Dance 2018 is an upcoming dance rhythm game developed by Ubisoft. It was unveiled on June 12, 2017, during its E3[1] press conference, and it will be released in October 2017 for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One, Wii, Wii U, and Nintendo Switch. +As with the previous installments of the game, players must mimic the on-screen dancer's choreography to a chosen song using either motion controllers or smart devices with the Just Dance Controller app installed. The game will feature 40 songs built in, with more songs accessible through the Just Dance Unlimited service. +External links +Gameplay +Soundtrack +The following songs confirmed to appear on the Kids Mode of the game include:[7] +↑ Morris, Tatiana. "E3 2017: Ubisoft announces Just Dance 2018". GameZone. +Retrieved June 15, 2017. ↑ "Just Dance 2018 gets a Kids’ Mode". Perfectly Nintendo. 9 September 2017. ↑ "E3 2017: Just Dance 2018 Introduces Exclusive Double Rumble Choreographies On Nintendo Switch". +Nintendo Insider. 14 June 2017. ↑ Sanchez, Miranda. "E3 2017: Just Dance 2018 Revealed". +Retrieved June 25, 2017. ↑ https://marketplace.xbox.com/en-US/Product/Just-Dance-2018/66acd000-77fe-1000-9115-d802555308d7# ↑ https://www.americanas.com.br/produto/132597081/game-just-dance-2018-ps4 ↑ "Just Dance 2018 Gets a Kids' Mode and a New Song". True Achievements.com. 10 September 2017. +A "(2015)" indicates that the song is also on Just Dance 2015. A "(JDU 2017)" indicates that the song is available on Just Dance 2017 as a Just Dance Unlimited exclusive routine. +Just Dance 2018 Developer(s) Ubisoft Paris Publisher(s) Ubisoft Series Just Dance Platform(s) Nintendo Switch PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 Xbox 360 Xbox One Wii Wii U Release NA: October 24, 2017 EU: October 26, 2017 AU: October 26, 2017 Genre(s) Dance Mode(s) Multiplayer [edit on Wikidata] +New additions to the game is the new mode called Kids Mode, where it will have 8 songs with choreographies for kids. The mode is made in order for kids below 12 years of age to safely play the game. The mode is exclusive to the 8th-generation consoles.[2] Also exclusive to the Nintendo Switch version will be a playlist called Double Rumble, which will have 5 choreographies where players will be able to use two Joy-Con controllers to feel the vibe of the HD rumble to become a handyman, take on a 5-star restaurant, or become a cowboy.[3] +The following songs confirmed to appear on Just Dance 2018 include:[4] +Honningsvåg Town View of the town Honningsvåg Location in Finnmark Coordinates: 70°58′43″N 25°58′36″E / 70.97861°N 25.97667°E / 70.97861; 25.97667Coordinates: 70°58′43″N 25°58′36″E / 70.97861°N 25.97667°E / 70.97861; 25.97667 Country Norway Region Northern Norway County Finnmark District Vest-Finnmark Municipality Nordkapp Area[1] • Total 1.07 km2 (0.41 sq mi) Elevation[2] 12 m (39 ft) Population (2013)[1] • Total 2,415 • Density 2,257/km2 (5,850/sq mi) Time zone CET (UTC+01:00) • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+02:00) Post Code 9750 Honningsvåg +1 2 3 Statistisk sentralbyrå (1 January 2013). "Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality.". ↑ "Honningsvåg" (in Norwegian). yr.no. +Honningsvåg +Washington Benavides +Washington Benavides (March 3, 1930 in Tacuarembó – September 24, 2017 in Montevideo) was a Uruguayan poet and musician. +Media related to Washington Benavides at Wikimedia Commons Songs and milongas by Washington Benavides (in Spanish) El frasco azul y otros frascos. +Ediciones Abrelabios (in Spanish) +External links +Works +Samut Sakhon Futsal Club (Thai สโมสรฟุตซอลสมุทรสาคร) is a Thai Futsal club based in Samut Sakhon Province. The club plays in the Thailand Futsal League. +Samut Sakhon Full name Samut Sakhon Futsal Club Nickname(s) The Mudskipper (ปลาตีนร่าเริง) Founded 2008 Chairman Manager Surapong Plaiyuwong League Futsal Thailand League Home colours Away colours +Baler (San Luis Obispo de Tolosa) church. +The church amidst the siege. +Map of church during the siege. +The war ended in December 1898 with Spain's surrender and annexation of the Philippines to the United States. However, cut off from communications with their own government and military, the Spanish forces continued their defense against the Filipino forces until 1899. +The survivors of Baler on their arrival in Barcelona. +The Siege of Baler (July 1, 1898 – June 2, 1899) was a battle of the Philippine Revolution and concurrently the Spanish–American War and the Philippine–American War. Filipino revolutionaries laid siege to a fortified church manned by colonial Spanish troops in the town of Baler, Philippines for 11 months, or 337 days.[3][4] +Siege of Baler +Rimi Nique Rimi Nique Born (1990-03-16) 16 March 1990 Thailand Residence Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Nationality Thai Occupation Singer Songwriter, Artist Website www.riminiqueofficial.com +A battle casualty who dies of wounds or other injuries received in action, after having reached a medical treatment facility.[3] In the USA the acronym used is DOW, whereas NATO uses DWRIA. +NATO's definitions +Died of wounds received in action +Tobot Opening title card for the English dub of Tobot Directed by Dahl Lee Country of origin South Korea Original language(s) Korean No. of seasons 19 No. of episodes 392 Production Producer(s) Young Toys Retrobot Running time 4 minutes Release Original network JEI TV Original release March 2010 External links Website www.youngtoys.co.kr/english/html/02_tobot_front.html +The main competitions at all levels of Gaelic football are the League and the Championship. Of these it is the Championship (a knock-out tournament) that tends to attain the most prestige. +Children participating in a game of Gaelic football +Gaelic sports at all levels are amateur, in the sense that the athletes even those playing at elite level do not receive payment for their performance +Gaelic football (Irish: Peil Ghaelach; short name Peil[1] or Caid), commonly referred to as football or Gaelic,[2] is an Irish team sport. It is played between two teams of 15 players on a rectangular grass pitch. The objective of the sport is to score by kicking or punching the ball into the other team's goals (3 points) or between two upright posts above the goals and over a crossbar 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) above the ground (1 point). +There are H-shaped goalposts at each end, formed by two posts, which are usually 6–7 metres (20–23 feet) high, set 6.5 m (21 ft) apart, and connected 2.5 m (8.2 ft) above the ground by a crossbar. A net extending behind the goal is attached to the crossbar and lower goal posts. The same pitch is used for hurling; the GAA, which organises both sports, decided this to facilitate dual usage. +The majority of adult football and all minor and under-21 matches last for 60 minutes, divided into two halves of 30 minutes, with the exception of senior inter-county games, which last for 70 minutes (two halves of 35 minutes). Draws are decided by replays or by playing 20 minutes of extra time (two halves of 10 minutes). Juniors have a half of 20 minutes or 25 minutes in some cases. +Teams consist of fifteen players[12] (a goalkeeper, two corner backs, a full back, two wing backs, a centre back, two mid fielders, two wing forwards, a centre forward, two corner forwards and a full forward) plus up to fifteen substitutes, of which five may be used. Each player is numbered 1–15, starting with the goalkeeper, who must wear a jersey colour different from that of his or her teammates. Up to fifteen substitutes may be named on the team sheet, number 16 usually being the reserve goalkeeper. +The ball, made by Irish company O'Neills, being used for a Gaelic football match. +The game is played with a round leather football made of 18 stitched leather panels, similar in appearance to a traditional volleyball (but larger), with a circumference of 68–70 cm (27–28 in), weighing between 480–500 g (17–18 oz) when dry.[13] It may be kicked or hand passed. A hand pass is not a punch but rather a strike of the ball with the side of the closed fist, using the knuckle of the thumb. +There are three main types of fouls in Gaelic Football, which can result in the ball being given to the other team, a player being cautioned, a player being removed from the field, or even the game being terminated. +Going five steps without releasing, bouncing or soloing the ball (soloing involves kicking the ball into one's own hands)[14] Bouncing the ball twice in a row (It may be soloed continuously) Changing hands: Throwing the ball from your right hand to left or vice versa (legal in the ladies' game) Throwing the ball (it may be "hand-passed" by striking with the fist). Hand passing a goal. To hand pass a ball with an open palm there must be a clear striking action (the ball may be punched over the bar from up in the air, but not into the goal). +A dissent foul is a foul where a player fails to comply with the officials' judgment and/or instructions. The player can be cautioned (shown a yellow card), ordered off the pitch without a substitute (red card), the free kick placement moved 13 m further down-field, or in certain circumstances, the game can be terminated. The following are considered dissent fouls: +If the ball goes below the crossbar, a goal, worth three points, is scored, and a green flag is raised by an umpire. A goal is scored by kicking the ball into the net, not by fist passing the ball into it. However, a player can strike the ball into the net with a closed fist if the ball was played to him by another player or came in contact with the post/crossbar/ground prior to connection. +The level of tackling allowed is less robust than in rugby. +Blocking a shot with the foot Pulling an opponent's jersey Pushing an opponent Sliding tackles Striking an opponent Touching the goalkeeper when he/she is inside the small rectangle Tripping Using both hands to tackle Wrestling the ball from an opponent's hands +After a defender has committed a foul inside the large rectangle, the other team may take a penalty kick from the ground from the centre of the 11 m line. Only the goalkeeper may guard the goals. If many players are struggling for the ball and it is not clear who was fouled first, the referee may choose to throw the ball up between two opposing players. +A football match is overseen by up to eight officials: +Teams +Dissent +Duration +Playing field +Officials +Scoring +Ball +Aggressive +Types of fouls +Restarting play +Tackling +Positions +Gaelic football Peil Ghaelach Aidan O'Mahony of Kerry (left) and Eoin Bradley of Derry (right) in action at Croke Park during the final of the 2009 National Football League Highest governing body Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) Nicknames Caid Football Gaelic Gaa First played 1884 Clubs More than 2,500 Characteristics Contact Yes Team members 15 per team 7 per team (Sevens) Mixed gender Single Type Outdoor Equipment Football Presence Olympic Demonstration sport 1900 and 1904 +Diagram of a Gaelic football pitch +Gaelic football +The following are considered technical fouls ("fouling the ball"): +Aggressive fouls are physical or verbal fouls committed by a player against an opponent or the referee. The player can be cautioned (shown a yellow card), ordered off the pitch without a substitute (red card),[15] or (beginning 1 January 2014) ordered off the pitch with a substitution (black card).[16] +To challenge the authority of a Referee, Umpire, Linesman or Sideline Official To fail to comply with a Referee's instruction to use a mouth guard. To refuse to leave the field of play, on the instruction of the Referee, for attention, after an injury involving bleeding. To show dissent with the Referee's decision to award a free kick to the opposing team. +A player from a Canada GAA club shoots for goal +The referee Two linesmen Sideline official/Standby linesman (often referred to as "fourth official"; inter-county games only) Four umpires (two at each goal) +Technical +The counties of Iran, called shahrestan (Persian: شهرستان‎‎ šahrestân), are administrative divisions of larger provinces (ostan). The word shahrestan comes from the Persian words šahr ("city, town") and stân ("province, state"). "County", therefore, is a near equivalent of shahrestan. +Iranian counties are divided into one or more baxš (بخش), or districts. A typical county includes both cities (شهر šahr) and rural agglomerations (دهستان dehestân), which are groupings of adjacent villages. One city within the county serves as the capital of that county. +Counties of Isfahan +Aran-o-Bidgol County Ardestan County Borkhar-o-Meymeh County Chadegan County Falavarjan County Fereydan County Fereydunshahr County Golpayegan County Isfahan County Kashan County Khansar County Khomeinishahr County Lenjan County Lower Semirom County Mobarakeh County Nain County Najafabad County Natanz County Semirom County Shahreza County Shahinshahr o Meymeh County Tiran-o-Korun County +Counties of Fars +Abadeh County Arsanjan County Bavanat County Darab County Eqlid County Estahban County Farashband County Fasa County Firuzabad County Gerash County Jahrom County Kavar County Kazerun County Kherameh County Khonj County Khorrambid County Lamerd County Larestan County Mamasani County Marvdasht County Mehr County Neyriz County Pasargad County Qir-o-Karzin County Rostam County Sarvestan County Sepidan County Shiraz County Zarrindasht County +Counties of Gilan +Amlash County Astara County Astane-ye-Ashrafiyeh County Bandar-e-Anzali County Fuman County Lahijan County Langrud County Masal County Rasht County Rezvanshahr County Rudbar County Rudsar County Shaft County Siahkal County Some'e-sara County Talesh County +Counties of Golestan +Aliabad County Aqqala County Azadshahr County Bandar-e-gaz County Bandar-e-Torkaman County Galikash County Gomishan County Gonbad-e-Kavus County Gorgan County Kolaleh County Kordkuy County Maravehtapeh County Minudasht County Ramian County +Counties of Hamadan +Asadabad County Bahar County Hamadan County Kabudrahang County Malayer County Nahavand County Razan County Tuyserkan County +Abumusa County Bandar-Abbas County Bandar-Lengeh County Bastak County Gavbandi County Hajiabad County Jask County Khamir County Minab County Qeshm County Rudan County +Counties of Hormozgan +Counties of Ilam +Abdanan County Darrehshahr County Dehloran County Eyvan County Ilam County Malekshahi County Mehran County Shirvan-o-Chardavol County +Counties of Kerman +Anar County Anbarabad County Arzuiyeh County Baft County Bam County Bardsir County Fahraj County Ghaleye-Ganj County Jiroft County Kahnuj County Kerman County Kuhbonan County Manujan County Rabar County Rafsanjan County Ravar County Rigan County Roudbar-e-Jonub County Shahr-e-Babak County Sirjan County Zarand County +Counties of Kermanshah +Dalaho County Gilan-e-gharb County Harsin County Islamabad-e-gharb County Javanrud County Kangavar County Kermanshah County Paveh County Qasr-e-Shirin County Ravansar county Sahneh County Sarpol-e-Zahab County Solas-e-Babajani County Sonqor County +Counties of Khuzestan +Counties of Kohgeluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad +Qom County +اطلس گیتاشناسی استان‌های ایران [Atlas-e Gitashenasi-ye Ostanha-ye Iran] (Gitashenasi Province Atlas of Iran) Lang Language tag fa Text اطلس گیتاشناسی استان‌های ایران +Each county is governed by an office known as farmandari, which coordinates different public events and agencies and is headed by a farmandar, the governor of the county and the highest-ranking official in the division. +Among the provinces of Iran, Fars has the highest number of shahrestans (23), while Qom uniquely has only one, being coextensive with its namesake county. +In 2005, Iran had 324 shahrestans. +Assume that province P is divided into two counties: A and B. County A has 3 districts: Central, X, and Y. The Central district is the district that contains City M, the capital of the county. Each district contains one or more cities and/or one or more RAs (rural agglomerations). In our example, the Central district contains City M, City N, and RA T, which is composed of the villages V1, V2, V3, and V4; district X contains City O and RA U; and district Y has no cities and one RA V. The minimal county consists of only one city as the only district, named Central, of course. +Ostan (province) Shahrestan (county) District City / RA* Villages P A Central City M (c) City N RA T V1, V2, V3, V4 X City O RA U V5, V6 Y RA V V7, V8, V9 B Central City Q +The counties are listed below, by province: +Counties of Alborz +Eshtehard County Karaj County Nazarabad County Savojbolagh County Taleghan County +Counties of Ardabil +Ardabil County Bilasavar County Germi County Khalkhal County Kowsar County Meshginshahr County Namin County Nir County Parsabad County Sareyn County +Counties of Bushehr +Asaluyeh County Bushehr County Dashtestan County Dashti County Dayyer County Deylam County Ganaveh County Jam County Kangan County Tangestan County +Ardal County Borujen County Farsan County Kiaar County Kuhrang County Lordegan County Shahrekord County +Counties of East Azerbaijan +Ahar County Ajabshir County Azarshahr County Bonab County Bostanabad County Charuymaq County Heris County Hashtrud County Jolfa County Kalibar County Khodaafarin County Malekan County Maragheh County Marand County Mianeh County Osku County Sarab County Shabestar County Tabriz County Varzaqan County +Qom Province +Hormozgan Province +Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province +Bushehr Province +Ardabil Province +Hamadan Province +East Azerbaijan Province +Guide +Khuzestan Province +Kerman Province +Golestan Province +Kermanshah Province +Isfahan Province +Ilam Province +Alborz Province +Gilan Province +Fars Province +Kohgeluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province +↑ "PBS Corporate Officers and Senior Executives". +Retrieved September 25, 2009. ↑ "At Your Service". Monocle (UK magazine). March 2017. +Retrieved April 9, 2017. ↑ "PBS Funding Standards". Retrieved December 29, 2016. ↑ "PBS #1 in public trust for the sixth consecutive year, according to a national Roper survey" (Press release). +Retrieved May 30, 2016. ↑ "Hey, hey, it's a Monkee victory". +BBC News. +Retrieved May 30, 2016. ↑ "WARN". +PBS. +Retrieved October 12, 2013. ↑ "PBS WARN Information". +PBS. +Retrieved October 12, 2013. ↑ Ralph Lowell Award. +Hua Chenyu (Chinese: 华晨宇; pinyin: Huà Chényǔ; born February 7, 1990) is a Chinese singer and songwriter. +He rose to fame after winning the 2013 Super Boy singing contest produced by Hunan TV, China. Hua is well known for his powerful vocals, dramatic stage performance and talents in composing. +Hua released his debut album Quasimodo's Gift in September 2014 whose sales volume had ranked Top 1 in the Jingdong Top 100 Annual Sales Chart (Music). His second physical album Aliens was released in December 2015. His first personal branded concert, "Mars" Concert was held in Beijing on September 6 and 7, 2014. +Mars Concert 2015 was also successfully held in Shanghai on July 31 and August 1 and 2, 2015. His first-ever Mars Concert Tour was held between July and September 2016, touring Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively. On March 7, 2017, he released his third album "H", which refers to his last name initial. +He lived with his father during his childhood, who got married again when he was 10 years old. He began playing the flute at the age of 6 and the piano in the fifth grade when he realized the flute was not enough to express music vision. He soon mastered the piano and wrote his first song at twelve.[1] +After finishing middle school, he moved to Wuhan alone to receive more professional music training. In 2010, he entered Wuhan Conservatory of Music, where he studied vocal performance and gained more stage experience as the vocalist of a college rock band, Conseer. At the end of his period in the conservatory, he made definitive steps in order to start his musical career.[2] +Thanks to his mentor Laure Shang who appreciated his talents in expressing emotions with music, he entered into the main round of the competition. His powerful voice, mature singing skills, expressive performance and popularity led him through the whole competition to the final round. At the final round of the contest on September 27, 2013, Chenyu Hua eventually earned the champion of 2013 “Super Boy” with a score of 1606.[3] +His debut single “Me and Myself” was released in September 2013. Hua also took part in the Super Boy Tour with other contestants, in which they toured 11 major Chinese cities. He gained the title of “City Star”, an award voted by fans before each concert and counting in the box office contribution 3 times (Wuhan, Shenzhen and Suzhou respectively).[4] This has shown his continuing popularity even after the contest. +Performance During Super Boy Contest Date Performance Result Link 2013/06/29 "Lyricless Song" (Chenyu Hua's original) Top 10 of Changsha Lyricless Song 2013/07/12 “The Kill” (Originally by 30 Seconds to Mars) National Top 20 The Kill 2013/08/02 “Somebody That I Used To Know” (Originally by Gotye) National Top 10 Somebody That I Used To Know 2013/08/09 “I Am What I Am” (我) (Originally by Leslie Cheung張國榮) National Top 9 I Am What I Am 2013/08/16 “We Are Young” (Originally by Fun) National Top 8 We Are Young 2013/08/23 “My Dear Child” (親愛的小孩) (Originally by Julie Sue 蘇芮) National Top 7 My Dear Child 2013/08/30 “Fake Monk” (假行僧) (Originally by Jian Cui崔健) National Top 6 Fake Monk 2013/09/06 “Poker Face” (Originally by Lady Gaga) National Top 6 Poker Face 2013/09/13 “The Star” with Laure Shang (小星星) (Originally by Laure Shang 尚雯婕) National Top 5 The Star 2013/09/20 1. +From November 2013 to January 2014, Chenyu Hua represented Hunan TV to compete for the quota to perform on the mega CCTV New Year’s Gala 2014. He, with the support of audience and compliment from judges, was the first one to gain the invitation card to the CCTV New Year’s Gala 2014. Hua at last performed the song “In That Distant Place” during the Gala on 30 January 2014. +In March, Besunyen announced the endorsement of Chenyu Hua for the company’s therapeutic teas. +Due to the heated response, the organizers announced to hold an extra show on 7 September.[7] The press conference of the Mars Concert 2014 was held in Huiyuan Space of the Beijing Mastercard Center. This had made him the first one in the Chinese music industry to hold press conference in venue with thousand people’s capacity.[8] Chenyu Hua was the first singer in Asian to display the concert poster on the big screen of The Place in Beijing. Hua’s maiden solo concerts were successfully held on September 6 and 7, 2014 at Beijing Mastercard Center (originally Beijing Wukesong Culture & Sports Center and currently LeSports Center).[9] The 6 September concert was unprecedentedly broadcast live through QQ Music and Hunantv, attracting more than 400,000 users watching the show online together.[10] Over 120,000 E-tickets were sold. +On August 20, Chenyu Hua joined the last episode of Season 2 Challenger Alliance (挑戰者聯盟), singing Love is Over with Cheney Chen and Stupid Child with Aska Yang and Li Chen. +＃ Album Information Track listing Links 1st 卡西莫多的礼物 (Quasimodo's gift) Released: September 18, 2014 Debut Album Label: EE-Media Track listing Why Nobody Fights Shimmer (微光) Let You Go Ashes From Fireworks (烟火里的尘埃) Bomb Squad (拆弹专家) Quasimodo's Gift (卡西莫多的礼物) All Lonely (我们都是孤独的) Eternity (不朽) Traveling (环游) Bedtime Story (枕边故事) iTunes Youtube Channel - Album 2nd 异类 (Aliens) Released: December 18, 2015 Second Album Label:EE-Media Track listing I Don't Care (我管你) Kings and Paupers feat. +Aska Yang (国王与乞丐 feat.杨宗纬) The Mayfly (蜉蝣) The Antonym (反义词) Aliens (异类) The Escape from Utopia (逃离乌托邦) The World Is A Zoo (世界是个动物园) The Mask (变相怪杰) For My Future Child (写给未来的孩子) The Salt of The Earth (地球之盐) The Giant in Sorrow (忧伤的巨人) iTunes Spotify Youtube Channel - Live Youtube Channel - Album 3rd H(H) Release date: March 7, 2017 Third Album Label: EE-Media Track listing Here We Are The Giant Deer （巨鹿） To Be Free For Forever Gone with the Loneliness (我离孤单几公里) Lost of Yesterday（消失的昨天） The Creator (造物者) My Skate Shoes 2016 (我的滑板鞋2016） Youtube Channel - Album +Tours and Concerts +Filmography +Career +Early life +Hua Chenyu +Chenyu Hua went to Italy and Spain to film for the Hunan TV reality show “Divas Hit the Road” in April 2014 and the show was broadcast starting from April 25.[5] The first episode had already got the highest audience measurement within the same time period. In June, he was invited by the popular Korean eyewear brand ALO as the first Chinese brand ambassador and went to Korea for the advertising photos shooting.[6] +On the same day of his concert (6 Spet), the international jewelry brand, Pomellato, announced Chenyu Hua as the brand ambassador for the Dodo and Pomellato 67 series.[11] +This atypical album has a great variety of musical style, ranging from rock, indie and folk. Quasimodo’s Gift does not feature songs with the theme of love and relationship as like the mainstream pop songs do, but it has used a first-person perspective to describe the world as seen from the eye of Chenyu Hua. The sense of loneliness ahs filled up the whole album and yet, not sorrow.[12] The overseas version album had ranked number one on the Taiwan Five Music Chart for several weeks for the booming sales volume. +In November, he was invited to the online variety show of Tencent, namely “Say Hi! +The Hit of China”(Hi歌). In the programme, he chose to rearrange the song “Spring” and won the “Annual Hit Song of China”(年度Hi歌). On Christmas Eve, he performed the rearranged piano version “Shimmer” and “Quasimodo’s Gift” in pianist Langlang’s Beijing concert.[13] +On January 1, 2015, Chenyu Hua for the first time joined and performed in the Liaoning TV New Year Gala. On 10 January, “Shimmer” was announced to be the interlude song of the Chinese TV drama “You Are My Sunshine”(何以笙箫默). On 8 February (Los Angeles Time), Chenyu Hua was invited by Billboard as VIP spectator to the 57th Annual Grammy Awards.[14] On 17 February, Chenyu Hua performed in the Liaoning TV Chinese New Year Gala. +Almost 10,000 tickets were sold out within 35 seconds while over 160,000 people were online.[16] This had once again broken the online ticketing record in the Mainland. Due to the heated response, his company announced two extra shows at the same venue, on July 31 and August 2 respectively. It had made him the first Mainland singer to hold concert for 3 consecutive nights in the same venue.[17] His concert on 1 August was broadcast online through Tencent and HunanTV(芒果TV). +On September 27, Hua attended CCTV Mid Autumn Festival Gala and performed “Shimmer”. +On October 28, his second physical album “Aliens” started pre-ordering on Jingdong. The limited 30,000 pieces almost sold out within a day.[19] On November 7, his first digital album as well started pre-ordering. Within 8 minutes, over 100,000 pieces were sold. +On November 13, the first-ever Chinese production music study tour reality show which Chenyu Hua had joined, “Be the Idol” (唱游天下) by Jiangsu TV, was on air. +On December 18, “Aliens” was put on sale on overseas music platforms like iTunes while the overseas version of “Aliens” was also officially started selling on December 22. The promotional video of “Aliens” was aired on the LED screen at New York Time Square for a week starting from 23 December.[21] +On New Year’s Eve, Chenyu Hua for 3 consecutive years appeared in the Hunan TV New Year Countdown Concert. +On January 7, Chenyu Hua attended the 2015 Weibo’s Awards Ceremony and won the title of Annual Most Popular Male Singer and 2015 King of Fresh Asia Chart.[22] On January 8, Hua performed in “Langlang’s Sky – Langlang and His Friends Spring Music Festival”.[23] The show was broadcast through Liaoning TV on February 1. On February 8, he performed “For My Future Child” on Beijing TV Chinese New Year Gala. +On March 4, Chenyu Hua appeared as guest on the variety show “The Negotiator” (王牌对王牌) on ZhejiangTV. His rearrangement of the song “Boluo Boluo Mi” originally by Xie Na (菠萝菠萝蜜) had gained widespread concern and positive comments.[24] On March 7, the interlude song “The Rampage” for the movie “Who Sleeps My Bro” was released.[25] On April 7, he released the song “Mars Intelligence Agency” which is the theme song for the online talk show with the same title.[26] On April 9, he participated in the 16th Annual Festival of Top Chinese Music as ambassador and received 2 awards i.e. Annual Best Album Performance and Annual Best Idol.[27] +On May 8, he showed up in the Beijing Student Film Festival Closing Ceremony and for the first time performed "The Rampage" live. On the same day, Hunan TV telecasted the cooking programme “Fresh Sunday”. Hua also displayed his cooking talent in the programme. +First song for his third solo album, "The Giant Deer", was released on June 23. The second song, "The Creator", being the theme song of the " 2016 Taobao Festival" was also released on June 30. +The concert was held in Beijing LeSports Center. He has become the first China singer to hold concert with 4-side stage among his generation. He had invited Jeff Chang (张信哲) as the special guest and they performed "Shimmer" together. +On July 8, Chenyu Hua's newly released song, "Here We Are", was announced to be the theme song for movie Line Walker (film) (使徒行者). Another self-composed song, "To Be Free", was released on August 3 and it is the promotional song for movie The Warriors Gate.[28] On August 16, Chenyu Hua had released his second English song For Forever. This song was specially created for the Mars Concert. +The second 2016 Mars Concert was held in Shanghai Mercedes-Benz Arena. He duetted with Liu Tao, who was the special guest, on the song "Endless Embrace" (the version covered by Leslie Cheung and Winnie Hsin). +The finale of 2016 Mars Concert took place in Shenzhen Bay Sports Centre, with Khalil Fong as the special guest. The live online broadcast of the Shanghai and Shenzhen concerts, supported by LeEco, had accumulated over 4.3 million audiences.[29] +On 27 September, his 3rd anniversary of debut, Hua attended Annual Award Ceremony of Fresh Asia and won the Best Male Singer. +Chenyu Hua joined the show as a star mentor and would be challenged by some aspiring singers. The re-arranged version of "My Skate Shoes" (originally by Joseeh Punmanlon 约瑟翰·庞麦郎) stormed all over Asia. The song has gained 33 million views on Miaopai within 4 days of uploading and over 13 million views on Youtube as at 24 December 2016. +On 12 December, Chenyu Hua received the 2016 Mnet Asian Music Awards(MAMA) Best Asian Artist (China) award. +On 18 December, Chenyu Hua was titled the Annual Explosive Singer with Attitude (年度最有态度燃爆唱将) in the 163 People with Attitudes Annual Gala (网易有态度人物盛典) In 2016 Youku Young Choice's Award, held on 21 December, Hua was titled as the Annual Breakthrough Artist and won the Weibo Gearing Up Chart with 630 billions votes. +2015 +2013 - 2014 +Super Boy +2016 +Jerome Silberman (June 11, 1933 – August 29, 2016), known professionally as Gene Wilder, was an American actor, screenwriter, director, producer, singer-songwriter and author. +Wilder began his career on stage, and made his screen debut in an episode of the TV series The Play of the Week in 1961. +Although his first film role was portraying a hostage in the 1967 motion picture Bonnie and Clyde,[1] Wilder's first major role was as Leopold Bloom in the 1968 film The Producers for which he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. +This was the first in a series of collaborations with writer/director Mel Brooks, including 1974's Blazing Saddles and Young Frankenstein, which Wilder co-wrote, garnering the pair an Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay. Wilder is known for his portrayal of Willy Wonka in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971) and for his four films with Richard Pryor: Silver Streak (1976), Stir Crazy (1980), See No Evil, Hear No Evil (1989), and Another You (1991).[1] Wilder directed and wrote several of his own films, including The Woman in Red (1984). +Gene Wilder +ONF (Korean: 온앤오프, short for On N Off) is a seven-member South Korean boy group formed by WM Entertainment in 2017. The group consists of Hyojin, E-tion, J-Us, Wyatt, MK, U, and Laun.[1] The group debuted on August 2, 2017 with their lead single "ON/OFF" from their mini album of the same name.[2] +Prior to joining WM Entertainment, U was a trainee at JYP Entertainment.[3] MK trained at Starship Entertainment. In 2015, MK participated in Mnet and Starship Entertainment's survival program No.Mercy but was eliminated. During the group's first showcase, Laun revealed that he was a trainee at Big Hit Entertainment and used to train together with BTS.[4] +The group released their debut track "ON/OFF" on August 2, 2017. The following day, the group held their debut stage at M Countdown. +Singles +ONF (온앤오프) Also known as On And Off Origin Seoul, South Korea Genres K-pop Years active 2017-present Labels WM Entertainment Website on7off.com Members Hyojin E-tion J-Us Wyatt MK U Laun +All members made up WM Boys. WM Boys performed as B1A4's backdancers at the 2016 Dream Concert in Seoul. +Members J-Us, Laun, and Wyatt made a cameo appearance in labelmate B1A4's mini drama VCR "The Class", and E-tion and Wyatt appeared in another B1A4 VCR called "Feeling". Hyojin, E-tion, J-Us, and Wyatt were featured as dancers in the Korean version of the web drama 'Loss:Time:Life'. +Title Album details Peak chart positions Sales KOR [5] ON/OFF Released: August 2, 2017 Label: WM Entertainment, CJ E&M Formats: CD, digital download Track listing ON/OFF Difficult If We Dream Original Cat's Waltz 9 KOR: 7,390+[6] +Title Year Peak chart positions Album KOR [7] "ON/OFF" 2017 — ON/OFF +Ten Asia. ↑ "'데뷔' 온앤오프 유 "데뷔 전 JYP 연습생..한국어 위해 삼겹살 알바"" (in Korean). Herald Corp. 2 August 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017. ↑ "온앤오프 라온 "방탄소년단과 데뷔 전 연습, 잘돼서 뿌듯해"" (in Korean). +ONF (band) +2017: Debut with ON/OFF +Extended plays +The University of Cambodia (UC) is a leading private [2] university located on Northbridge Road in Sen Sok District, Phnom Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia.[3] +UC was founded on 23 June 2003[4] by Dr. Kao Kim Hourn,[5] Minister Delegate to the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Cambodia, Founder, Chairman of the Board of Trustees and President of The University of Cambodia,[6] and Dr. Haruhisa Handa,[7] Advisor to the Royal Government of Cambodia, Founder and Chairman of the International Foundation for Arts and Culture,[8] and Chancellor of The University of Cambodia.[9] UC is accredited by the Royal Government of Cambodia [10] and the Accreditation Committee of Cambodia,[11] and is a member of the Cambodian Higher Education Association.[12] +The motto of the University is, “In Pursuit of Knowledge, Wisdom and Building Tomorrow’s Leaders.”[13] The University's mission and vision focus primarily on preparing Cambodians of all ages to take on leadership roles within society by developing, enhancing, and refining their analytical problem solving skills and critical thinking abilities.[14][15] +In conjunction with the University’s colleges and schools, UC has set up specific institutes and centers to coordinate research and training efforts across academic disciplines.[22] The University operates the Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (IRAS),[23] the Council for Research and Creativity,[24] the ASEAN Study Center (ASC),[25] the Skills and Career Development Center (SCDC),[26] the Center for English Studies (CES),[27] and the Asia Leadership Center (ALC).[28] Additionally, the university has established numerous think tanks including the Asia Economic Forum in May 2005,[29] and later, the Asian Faiths Development Dialogue.[30] +UC has gained popularity for the success of its numerous student clubs and organizations specifically: The University of Cambodia Student Senate,[31] The University of Cambodia Cambodian Red Cross Club,[32] The University of Cambodia Debate Club,[33][34] The University of Cambodia Sport Club,[35] The University of Cambodia Alumni Association,[36] and The University of Cambodia Horticulture Club.[37] The University also has its own official quarterly newsletter, called The UC Bulletin, which contains regular contributions from staff, faculty, students, alumni and other special contributors.[38] +Additionally, UC maintains many formal relationships through sanctioned Memorandums of Understanding with various national and international institutions, organizations and industry leaders.[39] +Overview +↑ Haruhisa Handa 1 2 Roy. "Attending university (as a foreigner) in Cambodia". Move to Cambodia. +Move to Cambodia. Retrieved 6 May 2016. ↑ "The University of Cambodia". Yellow Pages Cambodia. +Retrieved 6 May 2016. ↑ "History". University of Cambodia. University of Cambodia. +Retrieved 7 May 2016. ↑ Marshall, Katherine (August 21, 2009). "A Discussion with Dr. Kim Hourn Kao, President, University of Cambodia, Executive Director, Asia Faiths Development Dialogue (AFDD)". Berkley Center - Georgetown University. +Georgetown University - Berkley Center for Religion Peace and World Affairs. +Retrieved 7 May 2016. ↑ "Kao Kim Hourn". World Economic Forum. World Economic Forum. +Retrieved 7 May 2016. ↑ "Dr. Haruhisa Handa". +The Handa Foundation. Handa Foundation. Retrieved 7 May 2016. ↑ "About H.E. Dr. Haruhisa Handa aka Toshu Fukami". +Dr. Haruhisa Handa's World. Retrieved 7 May 2016. ↑ "Chancellor". The University of Cambodia. +University of Cambodia. +Retrieved 7 May 2016. ↑ "Accreditation". +The University of Cambodia. University of Cambodia. Retrieved 7 May 2016. ↑ "UC Granted Full Accreditation from ACC". +The University of Cambodia. +University of Cambodia Bulletin. +Retrieved 7 May 2016. ↑ "Members Map". Cambodia Higher Education Association. +Cambodian Higher Education Association. +Retrieved 7 May 2016. 1 2 "University of Cambodia Joins the HRRC Partnership Network". Human Rights Resource Center. +Human Rights Resource Center. +Retrieved 7 May 2016. ↑ "Mission". +The University of Cambodia. +University of Cambodia. Retrieved 7 May 2016. ↑ "Vision". The University of Cambodia. +Retrieved 7 May 2016. ↑ "SDSN Member: The University of Cambodia". +Sustainable Development Solutions Network - A Global Initiative for the United Nations. Sustainable Development Solutions Network. Retrieved 7 May 2016. ↑ "The University of Cambodia Now Offers Khmer Track". +The University of Cambodia. The University of Cambodia Bulletin. +Retrieved 7 May 2016. ↑ "College of Media and Communications". +The University of Cambodia. +The College of Media and Communications. +Retrieved 7 May 2016. ↑ Merican, Din. +"The New Logo for the Techo Sen School of Government and International Relations". +Din Merican the Malaysian DJ Blogger. +Word Press. Retrieved 7 May 2016. 1 2 "Press Release on Change of the Name of College of Management to School of Business". +Retrieved 19 May 2016. ↑ "Graduate Studies". +The University of Cambodia. +Retrieved 11 October 2017. ↑ "Conferring of the Honorary Doctorate" (PDF). +The University of Cambodia. Retrieved 11 October 2017. 1 2 Samraing, Kamsan. +"Annual report on the University of Cambodia" (PDF). +University of Cambodia. +University of Cambodia. Retrieved 9 May 2016. ↑ "Press Release on the Establishment of the CRC". The University of Cambodia. +Retrieved 11 October 2017. ↑ "Home". ASEAN Study Center. ASEAN Study Center. +Retrieved 9 May 2016. ↑ "Home". Skills and Career Development Center. University of Cambodia. +Retrieved 9 May 2016. ↑ "Center for English Studies". University of Cambodia. University of Cambodia. +Retrieved 9 May 2016. ↑ "Home". +Asia Leadership Center. +University of Cambodia. +Retrieved 9 May 2016. ↑ "Background". +Asia Economic Forum. Asia Economic Forum. Retrieved 9 May 2016. ↑ "Asia Faiths Development Dialogue". +Resources on Faith, Ethics and Public Life. +Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World Affairs. +Retrieved 9 May 2016. ↑ Chan, Sovannara; Keo, Kounila (January 6, 2010). "Together, we can stand strong". The Phnom Penh Post. +The Phnom Penh Post. +Retrieved 9 May 2016. ↑ Sann, Sethvitou. +"UC Cambodian Red Cross Youth Help Deliver Donations to Flood Victims". The Writing Alliance. Blogspot.com. +Retrieved 9 May 2016. ↑ "The University of Cambodia wins the Cambodian Red Cross’ Debate". +Retrieved 9 May 2016. ↑ Lopez, Gina. +"3G Debate: Gender and Good Governance". +Retrieved 9 May 2016. ↑ Sam, Sophorn. "UC Sport Club". University of Cambodia. +University of Cambodia. +Retrieved 9 May 2016. ↑ "University of Cambodia Alumni Association". +Facebook. University of Cambodia Alumni Association. Retrieved 11 May 2016. ↑ "The UC Horticulture Club (UCHC) is now in a full swing to make the UC campus beautiful and clean. +Retrieved 15 July 2016. ↑ "Sophealeak Pech". Linked In. Retrieved 15 July 2016. ↑ "Phalla Sam". +Retrieved 15 July 2016. ↑ "Annual Report 2012" (PDF). +Hattha Kaksexar Limited. +Retrieved 15 July 2016. ↑ "UC Honorary Doctorate Recipients 2004-2015 (pg. 4 - Message from the President)" (PDF). +The University of Cambodia. The UC Press. +2015. Retrieved 2016-06-05. ↑ "Prime Minister of Cambodia". asean-chinasummit.fmprc.gov.cn. Retrieved 2016-06-05. ↑ "University of Cambodia Grants Honorary Doctorates". +Insewa Indochine. Retrieved 2016-06-05. 1 2 3 Party, Cambodian People's (2009-03-10). +"Samdech Hun Sen, Prime Minister of Cambodia: Keynote Address by Lok Chumteav Bun Rany Hun Sen – President of Cambodian Red Cross at the Reception of Honorary Ph.D. Degree in Humanity, at University". Samdech Hun Sen, Prime Minister of Cambodia. Retrieved 2016-06-05. ↑ "AEF - Speaker Profiles: Professor The Lord George Carey" (PDF). +Asia Economic Forum. Asia Economic Forum. +2012. +Retrieved 2016-06-05. ↑ "Honorary Doctoral Degree Recipients in 2005". The University of Cambodia. The University of Cambodia. +2005. Retrieved 2016-06-05. 1 2 "UC Honorary Doctorate Recipients 2004-2015 (pg. +24)" (PDF). The University of Cambodia. The UC Press. +2015. Retrieved 2016-06-05. ↑ "Katherine Marshall". explore.georgetown.edu. +Retrieved 2016-06-05. ↑ "University of Cambodia". www.etawau.com. +Retrieved 2016-06-05. ↑ "cabinet". www.dpmteabanhnet.org.kh. Retrieved 2016-06-05. ↑ "Welcome to The University of Cambodia (UC)". www.uc.edu.kh. Retrieved 2016-06-05. ↑ "Welcome to The University of Cambodia (UC)". www.uc.edu.kh. +Retrieved 2016-06-05. ↑ "Profile of Yohei Sasakawa" (PDF). +The Nippon Foundation. The Nippon Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-05. ↑ "UC Honorary Doctorate Recipients 2005-2015 (pg. +33-34)" (PDF). +The University of Cambodia. The UC Press. +2015. +Retrieved 2016-06-05. 1 2 "Welcome to The University of Cambodia (UC)". uc.edu.kh. Retrieved 2016-06-05. +1 2 3 "Welcome to The University of Cambodia (UC)". www.uc.edu.kh. +Retrieved 2016-06-05. ↑ "The International Peace Foundation". peace-foundation.net.7host.com. +Retrieved 2016-06-05. ↑ "Welcome to The University of Cambodia (UC)". www.uc.edu.kh. Retrieved 2016-06-05. ↑ ":: Dr. Achyuta Samanta-Founder, KIIT & KISS ::". www.achyutasamanta.com. Retrieved 2016-06-05. ↑ International Peace Foundation (2013-01-30), Jackie Chan's speech at the University of Cambodia, with an introduction by Uwe Morawetz, retrieved 2016-06-05 ↑ International Peace Foundation (2013-06-26), Nobel Laureates visit the University of Cambodia facilitated by the International Peace Foundation, retrieved 2016-06-05 ↑ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Lecture by H.E. Dr. R. M. Marty M. Natalegawa, Minister for Foreign Affairs Republic of Indonesia For the Asia Leadership Center’s Eminent Leaders Lecture Series University of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, 2 June 2010". portal.kemlu.go.id. +Retrieved 2016-06-05. ↑ "Welcome to The University of Cambodia (UC)". www.uc.edu.kh. +Retrieved 2016-06-05. ↑ "Welcome to The University of Cambodia (UC)". www.uc.edu.kh. +Retrieved 2016-06-05. ↑ "Eric S. Maskin". www.hse.ru. Retrieved 2016-06-05. ↑ "Prof. Torsten Nils Wiesel at the University of Cambodia in Phnom Penh (Cambodia)". peace-foundation.net.7host.com. Retrieved 2016-06-05. ↑ "UC Honorary Doctorate Degree Recipients 2004-2015 (pg. +57-58)" (PDF). The University of Cambodia. +Retrieved 2016-06-05. ↑ "Emery receives honorary doctorate from University of Cambodia". +Ohio University. Retrieved 2016-06-05. ↑ "Welcome to The University of Cambodia (UC)". uc.edu.kh. +Retrieved 2016-06-05. ↑ "David Cohen | William S. Richardson School of Law". www.law.hawaii.edu. +Retrieved 2016-06-05. 1 2 "Commencement of the Conferring of Honorary Doctoral Degrees and the Tenth Annual Graduation Ceremony" (PDF). Welcome to The University of Cambodia. +The University of Cambodia. 2015. Retrieved 2016-06-05. ↑ "Welcome to The University of Cambodia (UC)". www.uc.edu.kh. +Retrieved 2016-06-05. ↑ "Commencement of the Conferring of the Honorary Doctoral Degree and the 12th Annual Graduation Ceremony" (PDF). +Welcome to the University of Cambodia. +The University of Cambodia. +Retrieved 30 December 2016. ↑ "University of Cambodia unveils Tony Fernandes School of Business". +NST Online. 2017-05-19. +Retrieved 2017-05-22. ↑ "The Commencement of the Twelfth Annual Graduation Ceremony 2016" (PDF). +The University of Cambodia [uc.edu.k]. +2016-12-26. +Retrieved 2017-05-22. ↑ "Welcome to The University of Cambodia (UC)". www.uc.edu.kh. +Retrieved 2016-06-08. ↑ "Press Release on The University of Cambodia Joining ASAIHL". +University of Cambodia. +Retrieved 6 December 2016. ↑ "Press Release on The University of Cambodia Joining the Association of Universities in Asia and the Pacific (AUAP)". +The University of Cambodia. Retrieved 11 October 2017. ↑ "@UC: News & Events at the University of Cambodia". www.uc.edu.kh. +Retrieved 2016-06-08. ↑ editoreng. "About Cambodian Higher Education Association". www.chea.edu.kh. +Retrieved 2016-06-09. ↑ "Welcome to The University of Cambodia (UC)". www.uc.edu.kh. +Retrieved 2016-06-09. ↑ "Welcome to The University of Cambodia (UC)". www.uc.edu.kh. Retrieved 2016-06-09. ↑ "Welcome to The University of Cambodia (UC)". www.uc.edu.kh. Retrieved 2016-06-09. ↑ "Press Release on the signing of the letter of intent for cooperatioon between the Faculty of Home-Economics Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology, Thailand". +The University of Cambodia. Retrieved 28 July 2016. ↑ "Welcome to The University of Cambodia (UC)". www.uc.edu.kh. Retrieved 2016-06-09. ↑ "Welcome to The University of Cambodia (UC)". uc.edu.kh. +Retrieved 2016-06-09. ↑ "The University of Cambodia (UC) and Guangxi University for Nationalities in China signed a Memorandum of Understanding". The University of Cambodia. +Retrieved 11 October 2017. ↑ "Welcome to The University of Cambodia (UC)". www.uc.edu.kh. +Retrieved 2016-06-09. ↑ "MoU Signing". The University of Cambodia. Retrieved 23 June 2017. ↑ "International Exchange - International Center - About Inha". www.inha.ac.kr. +Retrieved 2016-06-09. ↑ "International Foundation for Arts and Culture (IFAC) Japan -Directors". www.ifac-jpn.org. +Retrieved 2016-06-09. ↑ ":: Welcome to KIIT University ::". www.kiit.ac.in. +Retrieved 2016-06-08. ↑ "Welcome to The University of Cambodia (UC)". www.uc.edu.kh. +Retrieved 2016-06-09. ↑ "Welcome to The University of Cambodia (UC)". www.uc.edu.kh. Retrieved 2016-06-09. ↑ "Kyung Hee University". www.khu.ac.kr. Retrieved 2016-06-09. ↑ "The University of Cambodia (UC) and Mae Fah Luang University, Kingdom of Thailand signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for cooperation and collaboration". +The University of Cambodia. +Retrieved 9 September 2016. ↑ "Press Release on the MOU Signing between The University of Cambodia and the Migration Research and Training Center of the International Organization for Migration". +The University of Cambodia. +Retrieved 11 October 2017. ↑ "Welcome to The University of Cambodia (UC)". www.uc.edu.kh. +Retrieved 2016-06-09. ↑ "International Exchange｜Osaka International University". www.oiu.ac.jp. Retrieved 2016-06-09. ↑ "Press Release with OSCAYJ". +The University of Cambodia. +Retrieved 8 August 2016. ↑ "International Partners – Payap University". ic.payap.ac.th. Retrieved 2016-06-09. ↑ "Welcome to The University of Cambodia (UC)". www.uc.edu.kh. +Retrieved 2016-06-09. ↑ "Press Release between UC and President University". +Retrieved 24 September 2016. ↑ "MoU Signing". +The University of Cambodia. Retrieved 23 June 2017. ↑ "Woosong University". english.wsu.ac.kr. +Retrieved 2016-06-09. ↑ "InSEWA - Indochine". insewa-indochine.org. Retrieved 2016-06-09. ↑ "Welcome to The University of Cambodia (UC)". www.uc.edu.kh. Retrieved 2016-06-09. ↑ "Welcome to The University of Cambodia (UC)". www.uc.edu.kh. +Retrieved 2016-06-09. ↑ "Ohio University Outlook". www.ohio.edu. +Retrieved 2016-06-09. ↑ ""University of Cambodia SDSN Member"". +Sustainable Development Solutions Network. Retrieved 5 July 2016. ↑ "Universiti Putra Malaysia". www.upm.edu.my. +Retrieved 2016-06-09. ↑ "Welcome to The University of Cambodia (UC)". www.uc.edu.kh. Retrieved 2016-06-09. ↑ "Welcome to The University of Cambodia (UC)". uc.edu.kh. +Retrieved 2016-06-09. ↑ "Welcome to The University of Cambodia (UC)". www.uc.edu.kh. +Retrieved 2016-06-09. ↑ "World Mate Emergency Hospital | Battambang". wmeh.org. Retrieved 2016-06-09. ↑ "Welcome to The University of Cambodia (UC)". www.uc.edu.kh. Retrieved 2016-06-09. +University of Cambodia +Ali Ashraf Darvishian (Persian: علی‌اشرف درویشیان‎‎‎; 25 August 1941 – 26 October 2017) was an Iranian story writer and scholar. +After finishing teacher-training college, he taught at the poverty-stricken villages of Gilan-e-Gharb and Shah Abad (nowadays called Islam Abad). +This atmosphere is featured in most of his stories. Later, he moved to Tehran and continued his studies in Persian literature. As of 2006, Ali Ashraf Darvishian was in Australia as a guest of the Iranian Centre for Democracy and presented a number of lectures on a broad range of social and cultural issues. +Ali-Ashraf Darvishian +Marjane Satrapi, an Iranian-French author, mentions Darvishian in her graphic novel Persepolis. She considers him her favorite childhood author, recalls going to his clandestine book-signing, and describes him as "a kind of local Charles Dickens".[1] He died at a hospital in Tehran, on 26 October 2017.[2] +ISBN 0-375-71483-9, ISBN 978-0-375-71483-2 ↑ "علی‌اشرف درویشیان درگذشت". BBC Persian. Retrieved 26 October 2017. +External links +References +Shigeru Aoyama (born 27 April 1969) is a Japanese former volleyball player who competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Yuko Arakida (荒木田 裕子, Arakida Yūko) (born 14 February 1954) is a Japanese volleyball player and Olympic champion. +She is now Chairwoman of Athlete's Committee of the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA). +She was a member of the Japanese winning team at the 1976 Olympic games.[1] +In February 2012, Yuko Arakida was appointed Sports Director of Tokyo's bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics.[2] +References +This is a list of people on postage stamps of Thailand. +Victoria of the United Kingdom (1882) +King Bhumibol (1961) King Bhumibol (1963) King Bhumibol and Queen Sirikit 15th Royal Wedding Anniversary Queen Sirikit (1968) King Rama II (1968) King Bhumibol (1972) Prince Vajiralongkorn (1972) Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn (1972) King Bhumibol (1973) Queen Mother (1980) King Bhumibol (1980) Luang Praditphairo birth centenary and musicians (1981) Chakri dynasty (1982) Prince Sithiporn birth centenary and agriculturalist (1983) Prince Mahidol of Songkhla (1983) +Bangkok (1882–1885) +Thailand +This is a list of people on stamps of Swaziland. +Alexander Graham Bell (1976) Henri Dunant (1982) Albert Einstein (1983) Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom (1952) George V of the United Kingdom (1933) George VI of the United Kingdom (1938) Dag Hammarskjöld (1983) Rowland Hill (1979) Mswati III of Swaziland (1989) Alfred Nobel (1983) Renoir (1979) Albert Schweitzer (1983) Sobhuza II of Swaziland (1967) Winston Churchill (1966) +General elections were held in Liberia in 1923. +In the presidential election, the result was a victory for Charles D. B. King of the True Whig Party, who was re-elected for a second term.[1] +References +A referendum on a new constitution was held in Liberia on 3 July 1984. +It was approved by 98.6% of voters, with a turnout of 82.2%.[1] The new constitution came into force on 6 January 1986, following the 1985 general elections. +Liberian constitutional referendum, 1984 +Results +References +The Bhutan National Party is a former Bhutanese political party formed to contest the Himalayan nation's 2008 general election. +The party was an alliance of former civil servants, defense officials and businessmen.[1] +Bhutan National Party +References +Canadian Nazi Party Leader William John Beattie Founded 1965 (1965) Dissolved 1978 (1978) Headquarters Toronto, Ontario Ideology Nazism White supremacy Political position Far-right Politics of Canada Political parties Elections +The Canadian National Socialist Party known as the Canadian Nazi Party existed from 1965 to 1978. +It was led by William John Beattie.[1] +References +References +Emily Rose Condon Personal information Full name Emily Condon Date of birth (1998-09-01) 1 September 1998 Place of birth Port Pirie, Australia Height 166 cm (5 ft 5 1⁄2 in) Playing position Midfielder Club information Current team Adelaide United Number 8 Youth career Northern Demons Senior career* Years Team Apps (Gls) 2013– Adelaide United 29 (5) National team‡ 2014– Australia U20 12 (7) * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 13 February 2017 ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 29 October 2017 +Emily Rose Condon (born 1 September 1998) is an Australian football (soccer) player, who currently plays for Adelaide United in the Australian W-League.[1] +Roger Dumas (9 May 1932 – 2 July 2016)[1] was a French film actor.[2] He appeared in more than 100 films between 1954 and 2016. +He was born in Annonay, Ardèche. +Pouic-Pouic (1963) That Man from Rio (1964) La Ligne de démarcation (1966) La Rage au poing (1975) Fort Saganne (1984) Masks (1987) Le Cri (2006) Le Grand Meaulnes (2006) Comedy of Power (2006) I Always Wanted to Be a Gangster (2008) Ca$h (2008) Derrière les murs (2011) +Roger Dumas on IMDb Roger Dumas at AllMovie +External links +References +Selected filmography +The Society Party (Norwegian: Samfunnspartiet) is a self-proclaimed anarchist political party[1] in Norway. The party was founded by Øystein Meier Johannesen in 1985.[2] +References +The Socialist Revolutionary Anarchist Party (Italian: Partito Socialista Anarchico Rivoluzionario) was a short-lived Italian political party. +Founded in January 1891 at the Congress of Capolago, at which around 80 delegates from Italian socialist and anarchist groups participated. +Notable figures included, Errico Malatesta, Luigi Galleani, Amilcare Cipriani, Andrea Costa and Filippo Turati. Malatesta envisioned the PSAR as the Italian federation of a new, anarchist and socialist, International Workingmen's Association. +The PSAR largely fell into the Partito Socialista Rivoluzionario Italiano (PSRI). This organization was a founding member of the Partito Socialista dei Lavoratori Italiani (PSLI) in 1892, which by 1895 had been renamed the Partito Socialista Italiano (PSI) and, amid sectarian struggles, ejected its anarchist wing. +Sources +Youth of the Progress Party (Danish: Fremskridtspartiets Ungdom) is the youth wing of the Progress Party of Denmark. +Official website +External links +FBU logo. +Youth Against the EU (Danish: Ungdom mod EU) is the youth wing of the People's Movement against the EU. +External links +The Independent Party (Danish: De Uafhængige) is a classical liberal and anti-elitist political party in Denmark. It was formed in 1953 as a breakaway party from Venstre as a protest against the established centre-right parties' cooperation with the Social Democrats. +The Independent Party later got an anti-elitist character. +Date Votes Seats # % ± pp # ± 1953 (sep) 58,573 2.7% +2.7 0 / 179 New 1957 53,061 2.3% -0.4 0 / 179 0 1960 81,134 3.3% +1.0 6 / 179 6 1964 65,756 2.5% -0.8 5 / 179 1 1966 44,994 1.6% -0.9 0 / 179 5 1968 14,360 0.5% -1.1 0 / 179 0 1971- Did not run. +Date Seats # ± 2005 0 / 2,522 0 2009-2013 Did not run. +Election results +External links +Parliament (Folketing) +Municipal elections +POSDCORB is an acronym widely used in the field of Management and Public Administration that reflects the classic view of Organizational theory.[1] It appeared most prominently in a 1937 paper by Luther Gulick (in a set edited by himself and Lyndall Urwick). +Initially, POSDCORB was envisioned in an effort to develop public service professionals. In Gulick's own words, the elements are as follows: Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Co-Ordinating, Reporting and Budgeting. +In his piece "Notes on the Theory of Organization," a memo prepared while he was a member of the Brownlow Committee, Luther Gulick asks rhetorically "What is the work of the chief executive? What does he do?" POSDCORB is the answer, "designed to call attention to the various functional elements of the work of a chief executive because 'administration' and 'management' have lost all specific content."[2] +According to Gulick, the elements are: +Planning Organizing Staffing Directing Co-ordinating Reporting Budgeting +Chalekian, P (2016). "Instantiations of POSDCORB: A Framework-Theory-Model Approach". +Administration & Society. 48 (3): 316–343. doi:10.1177/0095399713481599. Fayol, H. (1949). +General and Industrial Management. +(C. Storrs, Trans.). London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, LTD. (Original work published 1918) Fitch, L. (1996). +Making Democracy Work. Berkeley: Institute of Governmental Studies Press. Gulick, L. H. (1937). +Notes on the Theory of Organization. +In L. Gulick & L. Urwick (Eds.), Papers on the Science of Administration (pp. 3–45). +New York: Institute of Public Administration. +Henry, N (1975). "Paradigms of Public Administration". Public Administration Review. +35 (4): 376–386. Martin, D. W. (1987). "Deja Vu: French Antecedents of American Public Administration". +Public Administration Review. 47 (4): 297–303. doi:10.2307/975309. Newbold, Stephanie; Terry, Larry (2006). +"THE PRESIDENT'S COMMITTEE ON ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT: The Untold Story and the Federalist Connection". Administration & Society. 38 (5): 522–555. doi:10.1177/009539970603800503. +Pindur, W.; Rogers, S. E.; and Kim, P. S. (1995). The history of management: a global perspective. +'Journal of Management History, 1 (1), pp. 59–77. Simon, H. A. (1946). "Proverbs of Administration". +Public Administration Review. 6 (1): 53–67. doi:10.2307/973030. Shafritz, Jay and Ott, J. Steven. +Coining of the Acronym +Notes +References +Logo of the Swedish Republican Association. +Republicanism in Sweden (Swedish: Republikanism) is the collective term for the movement in Sweden that seeks to establish a republic and abolish the Swedish constitutional monarchy. +A large part of the arguments for proclaiming a Swedish Republic are based on an ideological rejection of the monarchy, not necessarily on rejecting the individuals who actually exercise kingship. The effort towards a republic has been included in the party platforms of the Social Democratic Party, the Left Party and the Green Party.[1][2][3] Outside of the usual party lines, there is also the Swedish Republican Association. +Overview +External links +Literature +References +This is a list of Presidents of Cameroon since the country gained independence from France in 1960 to the present day. +The current President of Cameroon is Paul Biya, since 6 November 1982. +№ President (Birth–Death) Portrait Tenure Elected Political affiliation Prime Minister(s) Took office Left office Republic of Cameroun 1 Ahmadou Ahidjo (1924–1989) 5 May 1960 1 October 1961 – UC Himself Assalé Federal Republic of Cameroon (1) Ahmadou Ahidjo (1924–1989) 1 October 1961 2 June 1972 1965 1970 UC / UNC East Cameroon Assalé Ahanda Tchoungui West Cameroon Foncha Jua Muna United Republic of Cameroon (1) Ahmadou Ahidjo (1924–1989) 2 June 1972 6 November 1982 (resigned.) 1975 1980 UNC Biya 2 Paul Biya (1933–) 6 November 1982 4 February 1984 – UNC Maigari Ayang Republic of Cameroon (2) Paul Biya (1933–) 4 February 1984 Incumbent 1984 1988 1992 1997 2004 2011 UNC / RDPC Hayatou Achu Musonge Inoni Yang +External links +List +Nokia 2010 Manufacturer Nokia Model NHE-3DN Compatible networks GSM900 Availability by country 1994 Predecessor Nokia 1011 Successor Nokia 2110 Nokia 1610 Form factor Bar/Brick Dimensions 165 x 58 x 28 mm Weight 275 g Data inputs keypad Display monochrome Development status Discontinued, rare +The Nokia 2010 is a mobile phone announced by Finnish phone manufacturer Nokia in January 1994. +According to the late Matti Makkonen, who invented SMS text messages, Nokia 2010 was the first mobile phone to enable writing messages easily.[1] +Other features include lists of 10 dialled calls, 10 received calls and 10 missed calls.[2] +External link in |work= (help) ↑ "Nokia 2010 - Nokia Museum". http://nokiamuseum.info. Retrieved 30 December 2014. External link in |publisher= (help) +References +Samsung GT-B5310 is a type of Corby mobile phone, also known as Samsung Genio Slide or Samsung Corby Pro and was released in 2009.[1] +The mobile has a mass of 135g. This mobile has the feature of QWERTY keyboard in it. It is shiny with a black panel.[2] Version with AZERTY keyboard exists also. +The display is 240 × 320 pixels, (2.8 inches). The capability of its Phone-book is 1000 Contacts. The memory card capacity is till 16 GB.[3] It also supports WI-FI. +Secondary camera is on left top of the display +Primary : 3.15 MP, 2048 ×1536 pixels, video. Features : Geo-tagging, Smile detection, Panorama Video :320 × 240 pixels, QVGA@15fps. Secondary: available. +Camera +Features +References +Outlook +The Vice-President of Botswana is the second-highest executive official in the Government of Botswana. Vice-President is appointed by the President of Botswana, and he is the constitutional successor of the President in case of a vacancy[1]. +№ Picture Name (Birth–Death) Took office Left office Political Party 1 Quett Masire (1925–2017) 1966 13 July 1980 BDP 2 Lenyeletse Seretse (1920–1983) 1980 3 January 1983[†] BDP 3 Peter Mmusi (?–1994) 3 January 1983 1992 BDP 4 Festus Mogae (1939–) 9 March 1992 1 April 1998 BDP 5 Ian Khama (1953–) 13 July 1998 1 April 2008 BDP 6 Mompati Merafhe (1936–2015) 1 April 2008 31 July 2012 BDP 7 Ponatshego Kedikilwe (1938–) 1 August 2012 12 November 2014 BDP 8 Mokgweetsi Masisi (1965—) 12 November 2014 Incumbent BDP +References +Vice-Presidents of Botswana (1966–present) +The Minority Leader (Khmer: ប្រធានក្រុមភាគតិច), or the Leader of the Opposition, leads the largest political party not in government in the National Assembly of Cambodia. The Minority Leader acts as a dialogue partner of the Prime Minister, and the Majority Leader. The official minority party must secure at least 25% of the total seats in Parliament. +The role was officially recognized by Parliament in November 2014,[1] making Sam Rainsy the first official Minority Leader.[2] However, prior to this, Rainsy had often been viewed as the de facto Leader of the Opposition. +The position was abolished by Parliament on 31 January 2017.[3] +No Name Picture Term of Office Political Party Took Office Left Office 1 Norodom Norindeth 1946 1955 Liberal 2 Norodom Ranariddh 1998 2006 FUNCINPEC 3 Keo Puth Rasmey 2006 2008 FUNCINPEC 4 Sam Rainsy 2008 22 January 2015 SRP +No Name Portrait Term of Office Political Party Prime Minister Took Office Left Office 1 Sam Rainsy 22 January 2015 16 November 2015 Cambodia National Rescue Party Hun Sen 2 Kem Sokha 16 November 2015 5 December 2016 5 December 2016 31 January 2017 +List of Opposition Leaders +List of Minority Leaders +References +A world map of countries by oil exportation, 2006. +This is a list of oil-producing countries by oil exports based on The World Factbook and other Sources.[1] Many countries also import oil, and some import more oil than they export. +Rank Country/Region Oil - exports (bbl/day) Date of information 1 Saudi Arabia 7,416,000 2013 est. +2 Russia 4,888,000 2013 est. +3 Iraq 3,301,000 2016 est. +4 Canada 3,210,000 2015 est. +5 United Arab Emirates 2,637,000 2013 est. +6 Nigeria 2,231,000 2013 est. +7 Angola 1,745,000 2013 est. +8 Kuwait 1,711,000 2013 est. +9 Venezuela 1,548,000 2013 est. +10 Kazakhstan 1,466,000 2013 est. +11 Qatar 1,303,000 2013 est. +12 Norway 1,255,000 2013 est. +13 Mexico 1,193,000 2016 est. +14 United States 1,162,000 2015 est. +15 Algeria 1,146,000 2013 est. +16 Iran 1,042,000 2013 est. +17 United Kingdom 862,000 2015 est. +18 Colombia 859,000 2016 est. +19 Libya 834,100 2013 est. +20 Oman 806,000 2013 est. +21 Brazil 619,100 2010 est. +22 Ecuador 413,000 2013 est. +23 Indonesia 338,100 2010 est. +24 Equatorial Guinea 319,100 2010 est. +25 Australia 314,100 2010 est. +26 South Sudan 291,800 2010 est. +27 Republic of the Congo 290,000 2011 est. +28 Malaysia 269,000 2012 est. +29 Gabon 225,300 2010 est. +30 Vietnam 188,000 2012 est. +31 Yemen 175,200 2010 est. +32 Denmark 155,200 2010 est. +33 Bahrain 152,600 2012 est. +34 Syria 152,400 2010 est. +35 Brunei 147,900 2010 est. +36 Chad 125,700 2010 est. +37 Sudan 97,270 2010 est. +38 Argentina 90,920 2010 est. +39 Timor-Leste 87,000 2010 est. +40 Egypt 85,000 2010 est. +41 Cuba 83,000 2012 est. +42 Tunisia 77,980 2010 est. +43 Trinidad and Tobago 75,340 2010 est. +44 Turkmenistan 67,000 2012 est. +45 Cameroon 55,680 2010 est. +46 New Zealand 47,290 2010 est. +47 United States 41,640 2010 est. +48 Netherlands 35,500 2013 est. +49 China 33,000 2013 est. +50 Thailand 32,200 2011 est. +51 Côte d'Ivoire 32,190 2010 est. +52 Papua New Guinea 28,400 2010 est. +53 Albania 23,320 2013 est. +54 Democratic Republic of the Congo 22,240 2010 est. +55 Philippines 20,090 2010 est. +56 Greece 17,020 2010 est. +57 Peru 15,610 2012 est. +58 Germany 14,260 2010 est. +59 Guatemala 10,960 2010 est. +60 Estonia 7,624 2010 est. +61 Suriname 7,621 2010 est. +62 Mauritania 7,337 2010 est. +63 Italy 6,300 2010 est. +64 Mongolia 5,680 2010 est. +65 Belize 4,345 2010 est. +66 Poland 3,615 2011 est. +67 Lithuania 2,181 2010 est. +68 Ireland 1,858 2010 est. +69 Romania 1,604 2010 est. +70 Barbados 765 2010 est. +71 Georgia 531 2012 est. +72 Czech Republic 404 2010 est. +73 Slovakia 263 2010 est. +74 Bolivia 61 2013 est. +List of countries by oil exports +References +Countries +Mircea Drăgan (3 October 1932 – 31 October 2017) was a Romanian film director.[1][2] He directed 23 films between 1955 and 1992. +His 1961 film Thirst was entered into the 2nd Moscow International Film Festival where it won the Silver Prize.[3] Two years later, his film Lupeni 29 was entered into the 3rd Moscow International Film Festival and it also won the Silver Prize.[4] He was a member of the jury at the 4th Moscow International Film Festival.[5] His 1973 film Explosion was entered into the 8th Moscow International Film Festival where it won a Diploma.[6] +Mircea Drăgan on IMDb +External links +References +Filmography +Keoviengphet Liththideth (born 30 November 1992) is a Laotian football player who plays for Ezra in Lao League. He is a member of Laos national football team.[1] +Individual +References +Soukchinda Natphasouk (born 30 October 1995) is a Laotian professional footballer who currently plays as a midfielder for Lao Police Club in the Lao Premier League. He scored two goals at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games.[1][2] +References +Malaysia competed in the 1990 Asian Games in Beijing, China from 22 September to 7 October 1990. +Malaysia ended the games at 8 overall medals.[1] +Sport Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank Athletics 0 0 1 1 11 Badminton 0 1 2 3 4 Field hockey 0 0 1 1 5 Sepaktakraw 2 0 0 2 1 Swimming 0 1 0 1 5 Total 2 2 4 8 10 +Medals by sport +Medal summary +Malaysia competed in the 1994 Asian Games in Hiroshima, Japan from 2 to 16 October 1994. +Malaysia ended the games at 19 overall medals.[1] +Sport Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank Athletics 0 0 1 1 13 Badminton 0 1 2 3 3 Bowling 2 1 2 5 3 Karate 0 0 3 3 9 Sailing 1 0 0 1 4 Sepaktakraw 1 0 0 1 1 Taekwondo 0 0 3 3 10 Tennis 0 0 1 1 6 Wushu 0 0 1 1 9 Total 4 2 13 19 9 +Medal summary +Hiroki Abe (安部 裕葵, born 28 January 1999) is a Japanese footballer who plays as a forward for Kashima Antlers in J1 League.[1] +External links +References +Masayo Aoki (青木 政代, Aoki Masayo, born 9 December 1935) is a Japanese former swimmer. +She competed in the women's 200 metre breaststroke at the 1952 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Andrew Clayton (born 10 April 1973) is an English former competition swimmer who represented Great Britain in the Olympics, world championships and European championships, and swam for England in the Commonwealth Games. +References +This is a list of people on stamps of Aden, South Arabia and the individual states. +Royal silver wedding stamps +King George V (1937) King George VI (1937-1951) Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (1937, 1949) Queen Elizabeth II (1953-1965) +Winston Churchill (1966) +Federation of South Arabia +Aden +Presidential elections were held in Liberia in May 1867. +The result was a victory for James Spriggs Payne of the Republican Party.[1] Payne took office on 6 January 1868. +References +In linguistics, an honorific (abbreviated HON) is a grammatical or morphosyntactic form that encodes the relative social status of the participants of the conversation. Distinct from honorific titles, linguistic honorifics convey formality FORM, social distance, politeness POL, humility HBL, deference, or respect through the choice of an alternate form such as an affix, clitic, grammatical case, change in person or number, or an entirely different lexical item. A key feature of an honorific system is that one can convey the same message in both honorific and familiar forms—i.e., it is possible to say something like (as in an oft-cited example from Brown and Levinson) "The soup is hot" in a way that confers honor or deference on one of the participants of the conversation. +Honorifics (linguistics) +Ahn Dae-hee Hangul 안대희 Hanja 安大熙 Revised Romanization An Dae-hui McCune–Reischauer An Taehŭi +Ahn Dae-hee (Hangul: 안대희; born March 31, 1955) is the currently nominated Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea. +President Park Geun-hye nominated for the post of Prime Minister on 22 May 2014,[1] but Ahn withdrew his nomination.[2] +Graduated, Kyunggi High School Bachelor of Arts in Public Administration, Seoul National University (Dropped-Out) +Education +References +Baek Du-jin (October 7, 1908 – September 5, 1993) was a South Korean politician. +He was acting prime minister before he became the 4th Prime Minister of South Korea.[1] +References +Yoo Il-ho (Hangul: 유일호; Hanja: 柳一鎬; born 30 March 1955) is a South Korean politician. +He was the acting Prime Minister of South Korea, following Hwang Kyo-ahn's resignation on 11 May 2017[1] until 31 May 2017. +Yoo had also served as finance minister.[2] +Retrieved 16 May 2017. ↑ "South Korea PM to retain Yoo Il-ho as finance minister: Yonhap". 12 December 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2017 – via Reuters. +References +Waldhufen Waldhufen Location of Waldhufen within Görlitz district Coordinates: 51°13′N 14°47′E / 51.217°N 14.783°E / 51.217; 14.783Coordinates: 51°13′N 14°47′E / 51.217°N 14.783°E / 51.217; 14.783 Country Germany State Saxony District Görlitz Municipal assoc. +Diehsa Government • Mayor Horst Brückner Area • Total 58.64 km2 (22.64 sq mi) Elevation 163 m (535 ft) Population (2015-12-31)[1] • Total 2,413 • Density 41/km2 (110/sq mi) Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Postal codes 02906 Dialling codes 035827, 03588 Vehicle registration GR Website www.waldhufen.de +Waldhufen is a municipality in the district Görlitz, Saxony, Germany. +References +The Pas River is located in the region of Cantabria in the northern part of Spain. The river flows through the autonomous community of Cantabria and empties into the Cantabric Sea. +Saburo Hasumi Personal information Nationality Japanese Born (1896-01-23)23 January 1896 Sport Sport Middle-distance running Event(s) 800 metres +Saburo Hasumi (蓮見 三郎, Hasumi Saburō, born 23 January 1896, date of death unknown) was a Japanese middle-distance runner. He competed in the men's 800 metres at the 1920 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Choi Min-cheol Born (1976-11-09) November 9, 1976 Gwangju, South Korea Occupation Actor Years active 2001-present Korean name Hangul 최민철 Hanja 催民喆 Revised Romanization Choe Min-cheol McCune–Reischauer Ch'oe Minch'ŏl +Choi Min-chul (born November 9, 1976) is a South Korean actor. +He starred in film such as Way Back Home (2013) and The Throne (2015).[1] +External links +References +Rino Barillari (left) and Oliver Stone (right) +Rino Barillari being assaulted by actor Mickey Hargitay in 1963 +Rino Barillari (born Limbadi, 8 February 1945), is an Italian photographer. He is often referred to as "The King of Paparazzi".[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Barillari was appointed Order of Merit of the Italian Republic in 1998. +Official website +External links +References +Antti Ore (born October 25, 1979) is a Finnish ice hockey goaltender. +His is currently playing with Espoo Blues in the Finnish SM-liiga. +Antti Ore +External links +References +The New Cyprus Party (Turkish: Yeni Kıbrıs Partisi) is a democratic socialist Turkish-Cypriot political party. +Before 2004 it was known as the Patriotic Unity Movement (Yurtsever Birlik Hareketi). +External links +References +Rebellion Youth Union (in Portuguese: União da Juventude Rebelião) is a political youth organization in Brazil. It is the youth wing of the Revolutionary Communist Party (PCR). +External links +Young Communist League of Sweden (Sveriges Kommunistiska Ungdomsförbund) is the youth wing of the Communist Party of Sweden (SKP). It was founded in 2000. +The organization is a member of the World Federation of Democratic Youth. +Communist Youth of Sweden +External links +This is a list of Presidents of South Korea by time in office. The basis of the list is the difference between dates; if counted by number of calendar days all the figures would be one greater. +# in office President Length of term Rank by length of term Notes 3 Park Chung-hee 7003642500000000000♠17 years, 216 days 1 Served 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th terms 1 Rhee Syng-man 7003429800000000000♠11 years, 281 days 2 Served 1st, 2nd, and 3rd terms 5 Chun Doo-hwan 7003274800000000000♠7 years, 192 days 3 Served 11th and 12th terms 6 Roh Tae-woo 7003182600000000000♠4 years, 365 days[1] 4 Served 13th term 10 Lee Myung-bak 7003182600000000000♠4 years, 365 days[1] 4 Served 17th term 7 Kim Young-sam 7003182500000000000♠4 years, 364 days 6 Served 14th term 8 Kim Dae-jung 7003182500000000000♠4 years, 364 days 6 Served 15th term 9 Roh Moo-hyun 7003182500000000000♠4 years, 364 days[2] 6 Served 16th term 11 Park Geun-hye 7003147400000000000♠4 years, 13 days[3] 9 Served 18th term 2 Yun Bo-seon 7002588000000000000♠1 year, 223 days 10 Served 4th term 4 Choi Kyu-hah 7002295000000000000♠295 days 11 Served 10th term 12 Moon Jae-in 7002158000000000000♠158 days 12 Serving 19th term +See also +Notes +Rank by time in office +Zhao Ang, courtesy name Weizhang,[1] was an official who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty and was aligned with the faction that would later become the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period. He is best known for resisting the warlord Ma Chao in Liang Province (covering roughly present-day Gansu and Ningxia) in the 210s. His wife, Wang Yi, is famous for supporting her husband throughout their conflict with Ma Chao. +Zhao Ang 趙昂 Inspector of Yi Province (益州刺史) (nominal) In office ? (?) – ? (?) Monarch Emperor Xian of Han Chancellor Cao Cao Personal details Born Unknown Tianshui, Gansu Died Unknown Spouse(s) Wang Yi Children Zhao Ying Zhao Yue two other sons Occupation Official Courtesy name Weizhang (偉章/偉璋) +Zhao Ang +Purity rings are worn by some youth committed to the practice of sexual abstinence.[1] +Commonly it refers to a temporary or partial abstinence from food, as in fasting. In the twelve-step program of Overeaters Anonymous abstinence is the term for refraining from compulsive eating, akin in meaning to sobriety for alcoholics. Because the regimen is intended to be a conscious act, freely chosen to enhance life, abstinence is sometimes distinguished from the psychological mechanism of repression. +Abstinence +A midlife crisis is a transition of identity and self-confidence that can occur in middle-aged individuals, typically 45–64 years old.[1][2][3][4] The phenomenon is described as a psychological crisis brought about by events that highlight a person's growing age, inevitable mortality, and possibly shortcomings of accomplishments in life. This may produce feelings of depression, remorse, and anxiety, or the desire to achieve youthfulness or make drastic changes to current lifestyle. +The term was coined by Elliott Jaques in 1965. +More modern research has shown this is not a phase that most middle-aged people actually experience, and some have questioned the existence of this phenomenon. +The condition may occur from the ages of 45–64.[1][2][3] Mid-life crises last about 3–10 years in men and 2–5 years in women. A mid-life crisis could be caused by aging itself, or aging in combination with changes, problems, or regrets over: +work or career (or lack thereof) spousal relationships (or lack thereof) maturation of children (or lack of children) aging or death of parents physical changes associated with aging +An American cultural stereotype of a man going through a midlife crisis may include the purchase of a luxury item such as an exotic car, or seeking intimacy with a younger woman. Some men seek younger women who are able to procreate, not necessarily with an intention to produce offspring, but psychologists refer to this as a human instinct.[11] A man's midlife crises is more likely to be caused by work issues.[6] A woman's crisis by personal evaluations of their roles. Even though there are differences between why men and women go through a midlife crisis, the emotions they both encounter can be intense. +One of the main characteristics of a mid-life crisis perspective, is one assumes that their mid-life is about to be eventful, usually in a negative way, and potentially stressful. Psychologist Oliver Robinson's research characterizes each decade of life by describing frequent occurrences or situations particular to those age periods. He describes that a crisis can begin in your early 20's, when a person usually tries to map out their whole life. +Individuals experiencing a mid-life crisis may feel:[12] +a deep sense of remorse for goals not accomplished a fear of humiliation among more successful colleagues longing to achieve a feeling of youthfulness need to spend more time alone or with certain peers a heightened sense of their sexuality or lack thereof ennui, confusion, resentment or anger due to their discontent with their marital, work, health, economic, or social status ambitious to right the missteps they feel they have taken early in life[13] +Physical changes that commonly occur during these years are weight gain, wrinkles, sagging skin, hair loss.[14][8][15][16][10] Regular exercise and maintenance of a nutritious diet may help to sustain one's physical and mental health during these years of transition. +People who changed jobs before their midlife years had a greater sense of generativity when they reached mid-life. They also experienced a greater sense of motivation to deviate from stagnation and a desire to help the younger generation thrive. This is a psychological stage proposed by Erik Erikson that describes a normal stage adults go through during their mid-life years.[17] +Some people have challenged the existence of mid-life crises altogether. One study found that 23% of participants had what they called a "midlife crisis," but in digging deeper, only one-third of those—8% of the total—said the crisis was associated with realizations about aging."[5] +The balance (15% of those surveyed) had experienced major life experiences or transitions such as divorce or loss of a job in middle age and described them as "midlife crisis." While there is no doubt these events can be traumatic—the associated grief reactions can be indistinguishable from depression".[5] +Existential crisis Meaning of life Quarter-life crisis Empty nest syndrome +1 2 3 http://web.ntpu.edu.tw/~language/course/research/paper9.pdf 1 2 3 http://www-psych.stanford.edu/~lifespan/articles/Forbes_12.8.14.pdf 1 2 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2643854/Are-running-marathon-getting-facelift-tattoo-Youre-probably-grip-mid-life-crisis.html%7Ctitle=New midlife crisis signs are marathons 1 2 "Definition of MIDDLE AGE". 1 2 3 4 Sliwinski, Martin J.; Almeida, David M.; Smyth, Joshua; Stawski, Robert S. (1 December 2009). +1 2 3 4 Erik H. Erikson, Joan M. Erikson, The Life Cycle Completed: Extended Version (W. W. Norton, 1998), ↑ "The Male Midlife Crisis". Psych Central.com. 1 2 3 "PsycNET - Option to Buy". ↑ "Why do men go through midlife crisis?". +Psychology Today. ↑ Stern, Theodore A.; Fava, Maurizio; Wilens, Timothy E.; Rosenbaum, Jerrold F. (13 February 2015). "Massachusetts General Hospital Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry". Elsevier Health Sciences – via Google Books. ↑ Warning Signs of a Midlife Crisis - http://www.drphil.com/articles/article/694 ↑ MedlinePlus. +Minaker, K. L., Dugdale, D. C., III MD, & Zieve, D., MD. (2011) ↑ Bourgeois, F. John; Gehrig, Paola A.; Veljovich, Daniel S. (1 January 2005). "Obstetrics and Gynecology Recall". +Lippincott Williams & Wilkins – via Google Books. ↑ "Products - Data Briefs - Number 193 - March 2015". +Cdc.gov. Retrieved 2016-06-15. ↑ "Merriam Webster Dictionary". Merriam-Webster. ↑ Scientific American MIND Magazine February 2009 article titled "Ask the Brains: Is the Midlife Crisis a Myth?" by David Almeida, professor of human development and family studies at Pennsylvania State University ↑ "The Individuation Process". ↑ Newman, Barbara M.; Newman, Philip R. (2012). +Sheehy, Gail (1996). New Passages: Mapping Your Life Across Time. Collins. +ISBN 978-0-00-255619-4. Mid-Life Transition. (n.d.). DrWeil.com - Official Website of Andrew Weil, M.D Massachusetts General Hospital Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry at Google Books Erik H. Erikson, Joan M. Erikson, The Life Cycle Completed: Extended Version (W. W. Norton, 1998), +See also +Occurrence +References +Notes +Criticism +Treatment and prevention +External links +Aschaffenburg (German pronunciation: [aˈʃafn̩bʊɐ̯k] ( listen)) is a town in northwest Bavaria, Germany. The town of Aschaffenburg is not considered part of the district of Aschaffenburg, but is the administrative seat. +Aschaffenburg Schloss Johannisburg on the river Main Coat of arms Aschaffenburg Coordinates: 49°58′0″N 9°09′0″E / 49.96667°N 9.15000°E / 49.96667; 9.15000Coordinates: 49°58′0″N 9°09′0″E / 49.96667°N 9.15000°E / 49.96667; 9.15000 Country Germany State Bavaria Admin. region Lower Franconia District Urban district Government • Lord Mayor Klaus Herzog (SPD) Area • Total 62.45 km2 (24.11 sq mi) Elevation 138 m (453 ft) Population (2015-12-31)[1] • Total 68,986 • Density 1,100/km2 (2,900/sq mi) Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2) Postal codes 63739–63743 (old: 8750) Dialling codes 06021, 06028 (Obernau) Vehicle registration AB Website www.aschaffenburg.de +Aschaffenburg +Retrieved 1 October 2017. ↑ "Anti-establishment billionaire Andrej Babiš to be named Czech PM". The Guardian. 22 October 2017. ↑ "Končím ve vedení Agrofertu, tvrdí Babiš. +Majitelem ale zůstává, sám si podepsal výpověď". +Hospodářské noviny (in Czech). +20 January 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2014. ↑ "Czech court clears ex-PM's aide in scandal that toppled government". Reuters. +30 May 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2015. ↑ "'Czech Donald Trump' set on becoming next prime minister". ↑ "'Czech Trump' Babi�� claims big victory". +21 October 2017. ↑ Miller, Nick (18 October 2017). "'Czech Trump' Andrej Babis poised to deliver latest blow to EU order". +Andrej Babiš (Czech pronunciation: [ˈandrɛj ˈbabɪʃ]; born 2 September 1954) is a Czech entrepreneur, businessman, and politician. +He is the founder and leader of ANO 2011, and is the Prime Minister-designate after his party won the most seats at the October 2017 legislative election.[2] +Babiš was born in Bratislava in what now is Slovakia, to a family of Slovak ethnicity. He served as Finance Minister of the Czech Republic and Deputy Prime Minister responsible for the economy from January 2014 to May 2017, when he was dismissed by Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka due to allegations of financial irregularities. Babiš has led ANO 2011 since founding it in 2012 as a protest movement against established politics. +He has been a member of the Chamber of Deputies (MP) since 2013. +Babiš, the second richest man in the Czech Republic, is a former CEO and sole owner of the Agrofert group,[3] estimated to have a net worth of about $4.04 billion according to Bloomberg.[1] +External links +References +↑ "What You Need To Know About Alexis Tsipras, The Greek Leader Who Wants To Change Europe". +Huffington Post. +26 January 2015. ↑ "Time 100 - Alexis Tsipras, by Pablo Iglesias - time.com". +Alexis Tsipras | TIME. +16 April 2015. ↑ "Dünyanın konuştuğu Yunan lider Çipras, Babaeskili çıktı". Hürriyet. Retrieved 31 January 2015. ↑ Αλέξιος Παύλου Τσίπρας : ΠΡΟΕΔΡΟΣ ΤΗΣ Κ.Ο. ΤΟΥ ΣΥΝΑΣΠΙΣΜΟΥ ΡΙΖΟΣΠΑΣΤΙΚΗΣ ΑΡΙΣΤΕΡΑΣ ΒΟΥΛΕΥΤΗΣ Α' ΑΘΗΝΩΝ (in Greek). +Alexis Tsipras (Greek: Αλέξης Τσίπρας, pronounced [aˈleksis ˈt͡sipras]; born 28 July 1974)[1] is the Prime Minister of Greece, in office since 21 September 2015. +He previously served as Prime Minister from 26 January 2015 to 27 August 2015. +Tsipras has been leader of the left-wing Greek political party Syriza since 4 October 2009. +Tsipras was born in Athens in 1974. +He joined the Communist Youth of Greece in the late 1980s and in the 1990s was politically active in student protests against education reform plans, becoming the movement's spokesperson. +He studied civil engineering at the National Technical University of Athens, graduating in 2000, and later undertook post-graduate studies in urban and regional planning. He worked as a civil engineer in the construction industry, based primarily in Athens. +From 1999 to 2003, Tsipras served as the secretary of Synaspismos Youth. +He was elected as a member of the Central Committee of Synaspismos in 2004, and later the Political Secretariat. +In the 2006 local election, he ran as Syriza's candidate for Mayor of Athens, winning 10.5%. In 2008, he was elected as leader of Syriza, succeeding Alekos Alavanos. +He was first elected to the Hellenic Parliament representing Athens A in the 2009 election, and was re-elected in May and June 2012, subsequently becoming Leader of the Opposition and appointing his own shadow cabinet. +See also +References +Sariwon Youth Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Sariwon, North Korea. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 35,000 spectators and opened in 1981.[1][2] +Before World War II +Biography +Tarō Hirai (平井 太郎, Hirai Tarō, October 21, 1894 – July 28, 1965), better known by the pseudonym Edogawa Ranpo (江戸川 乱歩), also romanized as Edogawa Rampo,[1] was a Japanese author and critic who played a major role in the development of Japanese mystery fiction. Many of his novels involve the detective hero Kogoro Akechi, who in later books was the leader of a group of boy detectives known as the "Boy Detectives Club" (少年探偵団, Shōnen tantei dan). +Tarō Hirai was born in Nabari, Mie Prefecture in 1894, where his grandfather had been a samurai in the service of Tsu Domain. The family moved to what is now Kameyama, Mie, and from there to Nagoya when he was age two. +He studied economics at Waseda University starting in 1912. +After graduating in 1916 with a degree in economics he worked a series of odd jobs, including newspaper editing, drawing cartoons for magazine publications, selling soba noodles as a street vendor, and working in a used bookstore. +Postwar +Retrieved August 13, 2015. ↑ "Edgar Allan Poe" →「エドガー・アラン・ポー("Edogaa aran poo")」→"Edogaaaranpo"→"Edogawa ranpo"(えどがわ・らんぽ)→江戸川乱歩． The Edo River (in Japanese, Edogawa) empties into Tokyo Bay. Rampo means "random walk". +1 2 Edogawa, Edogawa; Harris, James B. +(February 5, 1956). Japanese Tales of Mystery and Imagination. Tuttle. ↑ Angles, Writing the Love of Boys, pp. 159-160. ↑ Kozakai Fuboku, "'Ni-sen dōka' o yomu", Shin seinen 4.5 (Apr 1923): 264-65. ↑ Edogawa, "The Two-Sen Copper Coin", pp. 270-271. ↑ Edogawa, Ranpo. +"Hollywood Reporter: Berlin festival unveils full lineup". hollywoodreporter.com. Archived from the original on February 5, 2010. +Retrieved 2010-02-07. ↑ Angles, Writing the Love of Boys, pp. 226-267. ↑ Fukue, Natsuko (2012-02-14). +"Literary awards run spectrum—Akutagawa, Naoki top in prestige but others may pay more". Japan Times. Retrieved 2016-11-29. ↑ http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2011/04/17/kurodahan-press-to-publish-edogawa-rampos-fiend-with-twenty-faces ↑ "Panorama Island Manga Coming in English 'in a Few Months'". +Ranpo was an admirer of Western mystery writers, and especially of Edgar Allan Poe. His pen name is a rendering of Poe's name.[2] Other authors who were special influences on him were Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, whom he attempted to translate into Japanese during his days as a student at Waseda University, and the Japanese mystery writer Ruikō Kuroiwa. +In 1923 he made his literary debut by publishing the mystery story "The Two-Sen Copper Coin" (二銭銅貨, Ni-sen dōka) under the pen name "Edogawa Ranpo" (pronounced quickly, this humorous pseudonym sounds much like the name of the American pioneer of detective fiction, Edgar Allan Poe, whom he admired). The story appeared in the magazine Shin Seinen, a popular magazine written largely for an adolescent audience. Shin Seinen had previously published stories by a variety of Western authors including Poe, Arthur Conan Doyle, and G. K. Chesterton, but this was the first time the magazine published a major piece of mystery fiction by a Japanese author. +Some, such as James B. Harris (Ranpo's first translator into English), have erroneously called this the first piece of modern mystery fiction by a Japanese writer,[3] but well before Ranpo entered the literary scene in 1923, a number of other modern Japanese authors such as Ruikō Kuroiwa, Kidō Okamoto, Jun'ichirō Tanizaki, Haruo Satō, and Kaita Murayama had incorporated elements of sleuthing, mystery, and crime within stories involving adventure, intrigue, the bizarre, and the grotesque.[4] What struck critics as new about Ranpo’s debut story "The Two-Sen Copper Coin" was that it focused on the logical process of ratiocination used to solve a mystery within a story that is closely related to Japanese culture.[5] The story involves an extensive description of an ingenious code based on a Buddhist incantation known as the "nenbutsu" as well as Japanese-language Braille.[6] +By the 1930s, Edogawa was writing regularly for a number of major public journals of popular literature, and he had emerged as the foremost voice of Japanese mystery fiction. The detective hero Kogorō Akechi, who had first appeared in the story "The Case of the Murder on D. Hill" became a regular feature in his stories, a number of which pitted him against a dastardly criminal known as the Fiend with Twenty Faces (怪人二十面相, Kaijin ni-jū mensō), who had an incredible ability to disguise himself and move throughout society. (A number of these novels were subsequently made into films.) +The 1930 novel introduced the adolescent Kobayashi Yoshio (小林芳雄) as Kogoro's sidekick, and in the period after World War II, Edogawa wrote a number of novels for young readers that involved Kogoro and Kobayashi as the leaders of a group of young sleuths called the "Boy Detectives Club" (少年探偵団, Shōnen tantei dan). These works were wildly popular and are still read by many young Japanese readers, much like the Hardy Boys or Nancy Drew mysteries are popular mysteries for adolescents in the English-speaking world. +In the postwar period, Edogawa dedicated a great deal of energy to promoting mystery fiction, both in terms of the understanding of its history and encouraging the production of new mystery fiction. +In 1946, he put his support behind a new journal called Jewels (宝石, Hōseki) dedicated to mystery fiction, and in 1947, he founded the Detective Author’s Club (探偵作家クラブ, Tantei sakka kurabu), which changed its name in 1963 to the Mystery Writers of Japan (日本推理作家協会, Nihon Suiri Sakka Kyōkai). +In addition, he wrote a large number of articles about the history of Japanese, European, and American mystery fiction. Many of these essays were published in book form. Other than essays, much of his postwar literary production consisted largely of novels for juvenile readers featuring Kogorō Akechi and the Boy Detectives Club. +In the 1950s, he and a bilingual translator collaborated for five years on a translation of Edogawa's works into English, published as Japanese Tales of Mystery and Imagination by Tuttle. Since the translator could speak but not read Japanese, and Edogawa could read but not write English, the translation was done aurally, with Edogawa reading each sentence aloud, then checking the written English.[3] +Another of his interests, especially during the late 1940s and 1950s, was bringing attention to the work of his dear friend Jun'ichi Iwata (1900–1945), an anthropologist who had spent many years researching the history of homosexuality in Japan. During the 1930s, Edogawa and Iwata had engaged in a light-hearted competition to see who could find the most books about erotic desire between men. Edogawa dedicated himself to finding books published in the West and Iwata dedicated himself to finding books having to do with Japan. +Iwata died in 1945, with only part of his work published, so Edogawa worked to have the remaining work on queer historiography published.[12] +In the postwar period, a large number of Edogawa's books were made into films. The interest in using Edogawa's literature as a departure point for creating films has continued well after his death. Edogawa, who suffered from a variety of health issues, including atherosclerosis and Parkinson's disease, died from a cerebral hemorrhage at his home in 1965. +His grave is at the Tama Cemetery in Fuchu, near Tokyo. +The Edogawa Rampo Prize (江戸川乱歩賞 Edogawa Ranpo Shō?), named after Edogawa Rampo, is a Japanese literary award which has been presented every year by the Mystery Writers of Japan since 1955. +The winner is given a prize of ¥10 million with publication rights by Kodansha.[13] +Despicable Me 3 Theatrical release poster Directed by Pierre Coffin Kyle Balda Produced by Chris Meledandri Janet Healy Written by Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio Based on Characters by Sergio Pablos Starring Steve Carell Kristen Wiig Trey Parker Miranda Cosgrove Dana Gaier Nev Scharrel Pierre Coffin Steve Coogan Jenny Slate Julie Andrews Music by Heitor Pereira[1] Edited by Claire Dodgson Production company Universal Pictures[2] Illumination Entertainment[2] Distributed by Universal Pictures[2] Release date June 14, 2017 (2017-06-14) (Annecy)[3] June 30, 2017 (2017-06-30) (United States)[3] Running time 90 minutes[4] Country United States Language English Budget $80 million[5] Box office $1.032 billion[5] +You get the feeling returning director Shawn Levy is ready to hang it up."[58] Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film one and a half stars out of five, saying "The dialogue is schmaltzy and often painfully unfunny. The special effects are often so 1980s-bad, one wonders if it was a deliberate choice, to make the creepy visuals of sculptures dancing and paintings moving less frightening to young viewers. Time and again, terrific actors sink in the equivalent of cinematic quicksand, helpless against the sucking sound of this movie."[59] Drew Hunt of Slant Magazine gave the film one out of four stars, saying "None of the entries in the Night at the Museum series could ever pass for high art, but a wealth of comedic talent gave the first two installments a madcap energy that somewhat forgave their childish premises. +Award Category Recipient(s) Result Ref(s) Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie: Comedy Nominated [61] Choice Movie Actor: Comedy Ben Stiller Nominated Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actor Ben Stiller Won [62][63] +Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb Theatrical release poster Directed by Shawn Levy Produced by Shawn Levy Chris Columbus Mark Radcliffe Screenplay by David Guion Michael Handelman Story by Mark Friedman David Guion Michael Handelman Based on Characters by Thomas Lennon Robert Ben Garant Starring Ben Stiller Robin Williams Owen Wilson Dan Stevens Ben Kingsley Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Guillermo Navarro Edited by Dean Zimmerman Production company 21 Laps Entertainment 1492 Pictures TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 11, 2014 (2014-12-11) (Ziegfeld Theatre) December 19, 2014 (2014-12-19) (United States) Running time 97 minutes[1] Country United States Language English Budget $127 million[2] Box office $363.2 million[2] +History of classical mechanics +Government ministers +References +Andrej Babiš' Cabinet is the upcoming governing body of the Czech Republic. Andrej Babiš was designated Prime Minister by President Miloš Zeman on 6 December 2017.[1] The cabinet will be designated on 13 December 2017.[2] It will consist of 14 ministers.[3] +Ministry Minister Political party In office Prime Minister Andrej Babiš ANO Since December 6, 2017 Minister of Finance Alena Schillerová non-partisan Since13 December 2017 Minister of Foreign Affairs Martin Stropnický ANO Since 13 December 2017 Minister of Interior Lubomír Metnar non-partisan Since13 December 2017 Minister of Health Adam Vojtěch ANO Since December 6, 2017 Minister of Labour and Social Affairs Jaroslava Němcová non-partisan Since13 December 2017 Minister of Industry and Trade Tomáš Hüner non-partisan Since13 December 2017 Minister of Justice Robert Pelikán ANO Since 13 December 2017 Minister of Education, Youth and Sport Robert Plaga non-partisan Since13 December 2017 Minister of Defence Karla Šlechtová ANO Since 13 December 2017 Minister of Transport Dan Ťok ANO Since 13 December 2017 Minister for Regional Development Klára Dostálová non-partisan Since13 December 2017 Minister of Agriculture Jiří Milek non-partisan Since 13 December 2017 Minister of the Environment Richard Brabec ANO Since 13 December 2017 Minister of Culture Ilja Šmíd non-partisan Since 13 December 2017 +References +Sebastian Kurz (born 27 August 1986) is an Austrian politician and chairman of the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP). +Since 2014 he is Austria's minister for Europe, Integration and Foreign Affairs. +In the 2017 legislative election the ÖVP, led by Kurz, won a relative majority of the seats in the National Council.[2] Following the legislative election, the Government stepped down, and President Van der Bellen asked the former government to handle the day-to-day business until a new government will be sworn in. On October 20, 2017, President Van der Bellen asked Kurz to make suggestions concerning the formation of a new government. +16 October 2017. ↑ "Austria election results: Far-right set to enter government as conservatives top poll". +The Independent. +16 October 2017. ↑ "Trauen Sie sich alles zu, Herr Kurz?" (in German). Krone. 17 December 2013. ↑ "So lange dauert es noch bis zu den Nationalratswahlen 2017:" (in German). +References +↑ Seth Mydans (23 July 2011). "Nguyen Cao Ky, South Vietnam Leader, Dies at 80". The New York Times. +1 2 "Former South Vietnam leader Nguyen Cao Ky dies". +MSNBC. Retrieved 23 July 2011. 1 2 3 4 5 6 McAllister, p. +646. +1 2 3 4 "South Viet Nam: Pilot with a Mission". +Time. 18 February 1966. ↑ Tang, p. 54. ↑ Conboy, Andrade, pp. 33–34, 44. ↑ Shaplen, pp. 228–40. ↑ Moyar (2006), p. +Air Viet Nam +Karnow, Stanley (1997). Vietnam: A history. New York City, New York: Penguin Books. +Nguyễn Cao Kỳ ( listen; 8 September 1930 – 23 July 2011)[1][2] served as the chief of the Republic of Vietnam Air Force in the 1960s, before leading the nation as the prime minister of South Vietnam in a military junta from 1965 to 1967. +Then, until his retirement from politics in 1971, he served as vice president to bitter rival General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, in a nominally civilian administration. +Nguyễn Văn Thiệu +References +Émile Bollaert High Commissioner of Indochina In office 1947–1948 +Émile Bollaert was French High Commissioner of Indochina from 1947 to 1948. +External links +References +Early life +Honours and awards +Abdullah Ensour (/ˈɑːbdələ ɛnˈsʊər/ ( listen) AHB-də-lə en-SOOR; Arabic: عبد الله النسور‎ ʿAbd Allāh an-Nasūr; born 20 January 1939) is a Jordanian economist who was Prime Minister of Jordan between October 2012 and May 2016. +A veteran politician, he has held various cabinet positions in Jordanian government in addition to being prime minister. +Ensour was born in Salt.[1][2] He studied at the American University of Beirut where he obtained his bachelor's degree in statistics. He then continued to get his master's degree in institutions management, at the University of Michigan in the United States. He also obtained his Ph.D. in planning at the Pantheon-Sorbonne University[3] +Supreme Order of the Renaissance Wissam al-nahda Istiqlal Medal of the First Order.[10][11] Kawkab Medal of the First Order.[10] Education Jordanian Medal – Excellent[12] Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur[13] +1 2 "Index E". Rulers. Retrieved 26 July 2013. ↑ "Jordan PM CV". ↑ http://www.pm.gov.jo/content/141215082037/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9--%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1-.html ↑ "King Hussein warns of 'destructive darkness' unless peace talks progress". +Retrieved 16 June 2010. ↑ Al-Khalidi, Suleiman (9 March 2013). "Jordan's King Abdullah reappoints Ensour as PM". +Reuters. Amman. Retrieved 10 March 2013. ↑ "Ensour 19-member Cabinet sworn in". +The Jordan Times. +30 March 2013. +Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2013. ↑ "King dissolves House, appoints Mulki as new premier". +29 May 2016. +Retrieved 2 June 2016. ↑ Members of Prague Society 1 2 "Profiles of new ministers". +World economic forum website. Retrieved 2 July 2014. ↑ "Profiles of new ministers" (PDF). Jordan Times. +Retrieved 18 July 2013. ↑ "Profiles of new ministers". +Prime-ministry of Jordan website. +Retrieved 2 July 2014. ↑ "Profiles of new ministers". Prime-ministry of Jordan website. Retrieved 2 July 2014. +References +Early life and education +Chung Hong-won Hangul 정홍원 Hanja 鄭烘原 Revised Romanization Jeong Hong-won McCune–Reischauer Chŏng Hongwŏn +Chung Hong-won[1] (Hangul: 정홍원; born October 9, 1944 [2]) was the Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea. +He served from 26 February 2013[3] to 16 February 2015. +Chung graduated with a Bachelor of Laws (undergraduate) from Sungkyunkwan University.[4] After passing the Judicial Examination,[5] he became a prosecutor. +External links +Pieter Both (1568 – 6 March 1615) was the first Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies. +After he relinquished his position as Governor-General to Gerard Reynst, he left for the Netherlands with four ships. Two of the ships were shipwrecked near Mauritius, and Pieter Both drowned. +Media related to Pieter Both at Wikimedia Commons A short biography in Dutch, and a picture +External links +Antonio Riboldi, I.C. (16 January 1923 – 10 December 2017) was an Italian Prelate of Roman Catholic Church. +Riboldi was born in Triuggio, Italy and ordained a priest on 29 June 1951 from the religious order of the Institute of Charity. +Riboldi was appointed bishop of the Diocese of Acerra on 25 January 1978 and ordained on 11 March 1978. +Riboldi retired from the diocese of Acerra on 7 December 1999. +External links +Bright Turkey Party (Turkish: Aydınlık Türkiye Partisi, ATP) was a right-wing party founded on 27 November 1998 by Oktay Öztürk. +The party polled 0.29% of the vote in the 2007 Turkish general elections. +On 11 April 2010 the party dissolved and merged with the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP). +"Official website". Archived from the original on 2008-06-26. Retrieved 2008-06-26. +External links +Turkish general elections performance +The Liberal Democratic Party (Turkish: Liberal Demokrat Parti) is a classical liberal party in Turkey. LDP was founded in 1994 as Liberal Parti by Turkish entrepreneur Besim Tibuk. Tibuk was the advisor of Turkish President Turgut Özal until Özal died on 17 April 1993. +After the death of Turgut Özal, Besim Tibuk decided to found a new party to emphasize the liberal movement in Turkey. +Election date Party leader Total votes Percentage of the total votes Deputies (number) Turkish general election, 1999 Besim Tibuk 127,174 0.41% 0/550 Turkish general election, 2002 Besim Tibuk 89,177 0.28% 0/550 Turkish general election, 2007 Cem Toker 36,717 0.10% 0/550 Turkish general election, 2011 Cem Toker 15,599 0.04% 0/550 Turkish general election, June 2015 Cem Toker 27,167 0.06% 0/550 Turkish general election, November 2015 Cem Toker 26,816 0.06% 0/550 +History +References +The Chin Progressive Party (Burmese: ချင်းတိုးတက်ရေးပါတီ, CPP) is a Chin political party in Myanmar. +The party was formed on 24 March 2010.[1] In the November 2010 general elections it put forward 13 candidates for the House of Nationalities, winning four seats. +Two of its seven candidates were elected to the House of Representatives. It also won five seats in the Chin State Hluttaw and one in the Sagaing Region Hluttaw.[1][2] +The party lost its seats in the State and Regional Hluttaws in the 2015 elections. +Chin Progressive Party +Results +References +Parliamentary elections were held in Vietnam on 20 July 1997.[1] The Vietnamese Fatherland Front was the only party to contest the election, although independent candidates were also allowed to run. The VFF won 447 of the 450 seats,[2] with voter turnout was reported to be 99.6%. +Party Votes % Seats Vietnamese Fatherland Front 447 Independents 3 Invalid/blank votes 307,868 – – Total 43,493,624 100 450 Source: Nohlen et al. +Vietnamese legislative election, 1997 +External links +See also +Presidents of Seychelles (1976–present) +This page contains a list of Presidents of Seychelles. +Name (Birth–Death) Portrait Term of Office Party 1 Sir James Mancham (1939–2017) 29 June 1976 5 June 1977 (deposed.) SDP 2 France-Albert René (1934–) 5 June 1977 16 April 2004 (resigned.) SPPF 3 James Michel (1944–) 16 April 2004 16 October 2016 (resigned.) +List of Presidents of Seychelles +Seychelles Politics of Seychelles List of colonial governors of Seychelles Vice-President of Seychelles Prime Minister of Seychelles Lists of Incumbents +References +History +Democratic Labor Party Hangul 민주노동당 Hanja 民主勞動黨 Revised Romanization Minju Nodongdang McCune–Reischauer Minju Nodong-tang +The Democratic Labor Party (DLP) was a left-wing nationalist political party in South Korea. +It was founded in January 2000, in the effort to create a political wing for the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions and was considered more left-wing and more independent of the two union federations in South Korea. Its party president was Lee Jung-hee and its assembly leader Kang Gi-gap, who is twice-elected congressman. In December 2011, the party merged into the Unified Progressive Party. +The party gained 10 seats in the National Assembly for the first time in the 2004 parliamentary election, made it became the first major left-wing party to enter the Assembly. +↑ Park, Mi (2008), Democracy and Social Change: A History of South Korean Student Movements, 1980-2000, Peter Lang, p. 231 ↑ Kim, Sunhyuk (2007), "Civil society and democratization in Korea", Korean Society, Taylor & Francis, p. 65 ↑ Chang, Yun-Shik (2008), "Left and right in South Korean politics", Korea Confronts Globalization, Taylor & Francis, p. 176 ↑ Bae, Joonbum (2009), "The South Korean Left's 'Northern Question'", Korea Yearbook 2009, Brill, p. 90 ↑ Lim, Hyun-Chin (2008), "Impacts of globalization and restructuring", Korea Confronts Globalization, Taylor & Francis, p. 161 ↑ See Juchesasangpa 1 2 Jeong Jae Sung (1 February 2008), "The Debate to End the DLP's Pro-North Korea Stance: the Roots of a 20-Year Conflict", Daily NK, retrieved 25 March 2012 ↑ Jackson, Andy (27 January 2010), Happy 10th birthday Democratic Labor Party!, Asian Correspondent, retrieved 25 March 2012 +References +The Progressive Party (Hangul: 진보당; Hanja: 進步黨) was a short-lived moderate socialist political party founded after the Korean War in South Korea under the leadership of Cho Bong-am.[2] It was a major political force from 1956 to 1958, and fell apart in 1959. +External links +See also +The Czech National Socialist Party (Czech: Česká strana národně socialistická), abbreviated to ČSNS 2005, is a centre-left nationalist political party in the Czech Republic. Founded in 2005 by members of the Czech National Social Party because of financial problems of that party. ČSNS 2005 is committed to the heritage of the First Republic Czechoslovak National Socialist Party, party of Edvard Beneš or Milada Horáková. +The Czech National Socialist Party is a eurosceptic party and cooperates with the alliance Sovereignty – Jana Bobošíková Bloc. +Czech National Social Party +(in Czech) Czech National Socialist Party Official website +See also +Party of Regions Leader Bolesław Borysiuk Founded 24 November 2007 Headquarters Szlachecka 48, 03-259 Warsaw Ideology Agrarianism, Euroscepticism, Left-wing nationalism +The Party of Regions (Polish: Partia Regionów) is a Polish non-parliamentary political party created in November 2007 (registered in February 2008). +The Party of Regions was created by former members of Self-Defence after the parliamentary election in 2007, when Self-Defence support collapsed to far less than the 5% electoral threshold giving them no seats in the new legislature. +Politics of Poland Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland List of political parties in Poland +External links +References +The Minjung Party (Hangul: 민중당; Hanja: 民衆黨; RR: Minjungdang; lit. People’s Party) is a political party of South Korea. The party was formed by the merger of the New People's Party and People's United Party on October 15th, 2017.[2][3] +1 2 "민중당 기본정책" [Basic policy of Minjung Party] (PDF). Minjung Party. Retrieved 2017-11-23. ↑ "민중당 공식 출범 "민중 승리시대 열 것" 포부". 인천일보 (in Korean). +2017-10-15. Retrieved 2017-10-16. ↑ "민중당 공식 출범 "민중 승리시대 열 것" 포부". 인천일보 (in Korean). +2017-10-15. Retrieved 2017-10-16. ↑ 김경희 (2017-10-15). "민중당 오늘 출범…옛 '통진당' 재건 논란도". 연합뉴스 (in Korean). Retrieved 2017-10-16. +Official website (in Korean) +External links +References +The New People's Party(Hangul: 새민중정당; Hanja: 새民衆政黨; lit. New People’s Political Party) was a South Korean left-wing political party that formed on 3 September 2017.[1] The original name was "Dream of People" (민중의 꿈) as a civic group,[1] but it was changed to its current name by July 2017. +The party was planning to combine with the People's United Party, also a left-wing party.[2] Both parties were created by former members of the Unified Progressive Party, which dissolved in 2014. +The party gained 2 seats out of 300 in the National Assembly in 2016, both of them from Ulsan. +On 15 October 2017, the combination was done and rebuilt as Minjung Party.[3] +1 September 2017. ↑ "민중당 공식 출범 "민중 승리시대 열 것" 포부". 15 October 2017. +New People's Party on Facebook (in Korean) +The Transkei (/trɑːnsˈkeɪ, -ˈkaɪ, trænz-/, meaning the area beyond [the river] Kei), officially the Republic of Transkei (Xhosa: iRiphabliki yeTranskei), was a Bantustan—an area set aside for members of a specific ethnicity—and nominal parliamentary democracy in the southeastern region of South Africa. Its capital was Umtata,[2] which was renamed Mthatha in 2004. +Transkei represented a significant precedent and historic turning point in South Africa's policy of apartheid and "separate development"; it was the first of four territories to be declared independent of South Africa. Throughout its existence, it remained an internationally unrecognised, diplomatically isolated, politically unstable de facto one-party state, which at one point broke relations with South Africa, the only country that acknowledged it as a legal entity. +In 1994, it was reintegrated into its larger neighbour and became part of the Eastern Cape province. +Republic of Transkei iRiphabliki yeTranskei Bantustan (nominal parliamentary democracy) 1976–1994 Flag Coat of arms Motto iMbumba yaManyama Xhosa: Unity is Strength Anthem Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika Xhosa: God Bless Africa Location of Transkei Location of Transkei in Southern Africa (1976-1994) Capital Umtata (now Mthatha) Languages Xhosa (official) –Sesotho and English translations required for laws to come into effect –Afrikaans allowed in administration and judiciary¹ Political structure Bantustan Leader • 1976-1986 Chief Kaiser Daliwonga Matanzima (Nominal Parliamentary Democracy, effective One-Party-Rule) • 1987-1994 Bantu Holomisa (Military Rule) Legislature Parliament • Parliament President plus National Assembly (Immune to judicial review)² • National Assembly Paramount Chiefs 70 District Chiefs 75 elected MPs³ History • Self-government 30 May 1963 • Nominal Independence 26 Oct 1976 • Break of diplomatic ties 1978 • Coup d'etat 1987 • foiled Coup d'etat 1990 • Dissolution 27 April 1994 Area • 1980[1] 43,798 km2 (16,911 sq mi) Population • 1980[1] est. +2,323,650 Density 53/km2 (137/sq mi) Currency South African Rand Preceded by Succeeded by South Africa South Africa 1. +Constitution of the Republic of Transkei 1976, Chapter 3, 16/Chapter 5, 41 2. +Constitution of the Republic of Transkei, Chapter 5, 24(4): "No court of law shall be competent to inquire into or to pronounce upon the validity of any Act." 3. +28 electoral divisions; number of MPs per division in proportion to number of registered voters per division; at least one MP each +Transkei +Retrieved 2013-09-18. ↑ Constitution of the Republic of Transkei, Chapter 1, 1(2) (PDF) 1 2 3 4 5 South African Democracy Education Trust, ed. +External links +References +Eugène Pottier +Eugène Edine Pottier (French: [pɔtje]; 4 October 1816, in Paris – 6 November 1887, in Paris) was a French revolutionary, anarchist, poet, freemason and transport worker. +Pottier was elected a member of the Paris municipal council - the Paris Commune, in March 1871. +Following the Commune's defeat, in June 1871 he wrote the poem L'Internationale, which became the International Workingmen's Association anthem during its last years (1871–1876), and has been used by most socialist and leftist political internationals since. +The Encyclopedia of Mass Persuasion deems the anthem "one of the best-known propaganda songs since La Marseillaise". After writing the poem, Pottier went into exile but later returned to France, dying penniless. +References +The bridge +Đồng Nai Bridge (Vietnamese: Cầu Đồng Nai) is an important road bridge towards the south of the city of Biên Hòa in Vietnam. +It is located along National Highway 1A,[1] and crosses the river, connecting Bình Dương Province to Đồng Nai Province. The bridge has a length of 453.9 metres, and has 4 lanes, with a curb for pedestrians sides 3.6 metres wide.[2] +References +The station +Hai Phongrailway station is one of the main railway stations on the Hanoi–Hai Phong railway in Vietnam. It serves the city of Hai Phong.[1] It is also the terminus of the Sino-Vietnamese Railway, a French engineered narrow gauge railway completed in 1910, which was the first railway line to the Chinese city of Kunming. +References +Andy Ahmad is a Singaporean footballer who plays for Woodlands Wellington FC,[1] primarily in the Prime League as a Midfielder. +Link +Keiko Yoshitomi (吉冨 桂子, Yoshitomi Keiko, born April 8, 1975 in Fukuoka, Japan) is a female badminton player from Japan. +Yoshimoti competed in badminton at the 2004 Summer Olympics in women's doubles with partner Chikako Nakayama. They had a bye in the first round and were defeated by Saralee Thungthongkam and Sathinee Chankrachangwong of Thailand in the round of 16. +External links +Yun Chi-Young (Korea:윤치영, hanja:尹致暎, February 10, 1898 – February 9, 1996) was an independence activist and politician, diplomat of South Korea. +He was first Interior Minister (1948), 2nd Republic of Korea Ambassador to French 1950 to 1951, 1st, 2nd and 3rd the National Assembly of South Korea. +13th Mayor of Seoul 1963 to 1966. +He was Yun Bo-seon's younger half-uncle, and politician and independence activist Yun Chi-ho's younger cousin. +Yun Bo-seon is his second brother Yun Chi-So's son. +His pen name is Dongsan (동산). +External links +References +Lee Jong-kul (born May 22, 1957) is a South Korean politician. He has a bachelor's degree in law from Seoul National University. +He is currently a member of the 19th National Assembly and the floor leader of The Minjoo Party of Korea.[1] He is proud of his grandfather Lee Hoe-yeong as he devoted himself to fighting Japanese colonialists.[2] +Official website (in Korean) Lee Jong-kul on Twitter +References +Hong Song-nam (2 October 1929 – 31 March 2009) was the Premier of North Korea from 1997 to 2003. +He succeeded Kang Song-san. +Born in Kangwon Province, he graduated from the Kim Il-sung University and studied electrical engineering at the Prague Technical Institute. +Theatres +People +Fictional characters +Musical Instruments +A piccolo is a small flute. +Piccolo Teatro (Milan), Italy's first permanent theatre Teatro Piccolo (Rome) Piccolo Teatro (Rufina) +Piccolo (surname), a list of people Corinne Cléry (born 1950), French actress also known as Corinne Piccolo +Piccolo (Dragon Ball), from the Dragon Ball series Piccolo Daimaō, a demon king from the Dragon Ball series Anthony Piccolo, on the television series seaQuest DSV Piccolo, a Pixl from Super Paper Mario +Piccolo (disambiguation) +External links +Partial filmography +Television +Films +Kurotani Tomoka (黒谷友香; born 11 December 1975 in Sakai, Osaka, Japan) is a Japanese actress. +She starred as the femme fatale female ninja Kagero in Shinobi Heart Under Blade. +Boxer Joe (1995) 勝手にしやがれ!! 英雄計画 (1996) Innocent Hearts (渇きの街) (1997) Labyrinth of Dreams (ユメノ銀河) (1997) Samurai Resurrection (魔界転生) (2003) The Battling Angel (天使の牙) (2003) Quill (クイール) (2004) Shinobi (2005) +(in Japanese)Official site Tomoka Kurotani on IMDb Tomoka Kurotani at the Japanese Movie Database (in Japanese) +Birth +References +Titles and styles +Tunku Iskandar Abdul Jalil Abu Bakar Ibrahim Ibni Tunku Ismail[1] (born 14 October 2017) is the first son and second child of the Tunku Mahkota ('Crown Prince') of Johor, Tunku Ismail Idris Abdul Majid Abu Bakar Iskandar ibni Sultan Ibrahim Ismail and his wife, Che' Puan Khaleeda Bustamam. As his father is the heir apparent, upon his birth, Tunku Iskandar become second in line of succession to the throne of Johor. He is the eldest grandson of the current Sultan of Johor, Sultan Ibrahim Ismail and his consort Permaisuri Raja Zarith Sofiah. +He is also the great grandson of the Sultan Iskandar of Johor and the Sultan Idris Shah II of Perak. +Tunku Iskandar was born on 14 October 2017 at the Sultanah Aminah Hospital, Johor Bahru. His birth was announced by the Johor Council of Royal Court president, Datuk Abdul Rahim Ramli who also announced the name given by his grandfather, Sultan Ibrahim.[1] He is the second child of Tunku Ismail Ibni Sultan Ibrahim and his wife, Che' Puan Khaleeda Bustamam. +His eldest sister, Tunku Khalsom Aminah Sofiah was born on 25 June 2016. +14 October 2017 - present : His Highness (Yang Amat Mulia) Tunku Iskandar Abdul Jalil Abu Bakar Ibrahim Ibni Tunku Ismail Idris Abdul Majid Abu Bakar Iskandar. +Tunku Iskandar Abdul Jalil Abu Bakar Ibrahim +Service indicator codes +Check-digit calculation +The UPU S10 standard defines a system for assigning 13-character identifiers to postal items for the purpose of tracking and tracing them during shipping. +With increased liberalization and the possibility of multiple postal services operating in the same country, the use of country codes to designate the postal service is a problem. To solve this, each country has a designated postal service that controls all S10 identifiers from that country; any competing postal services will have to cooperate with the designated owner. The organization assigned by the UPU member country shall manage the issue and use of S10 identifiers, among all the operators under the authority of that UPU member country, in such a way as to ensure that no S10 identifier is reused within a period of 12 calendar months. +Ignore the Service Indicator Code and Country Code Assign the weights 8, 6, 4, 2, 3, 5, 9, 7 to the 8 digits, from left to right Calculate S, the sum of each digit multiplied by its weight. For example, for the number 47312482, S = 4*8 + 7*6 + 3*4 + 1*2 + 2*3 + 4*5 + 8*9 + 2*7 = 200 Calculate the check digit, C, from C = 11 - (S mod 11) If C = 10, change to C = 0 If C = 11, change to C = 5 For the example 47312482 C = 11 - (200 mod 11) = 11 - 2 = 9. +The identifiers consist of a two letter service indicator code, an eight digit serial number (in the range 00000000 to 99999999), a single check-digit, and a two-letter ISO country code—the latter identifying the issuing postal administration's country.[1] +Code Interpretation[2] AV-AZ domestic, bilateral, multilateral use only, identifying RFID-tracked e-commerce items BA-BZ for domestic, bilateral, multilateral use only CA-CZ Parcel post; the use of CZ requires bilateral agreement. It is not required to use CV for insured parcels but if the service indicator CV is used, then it is recommended that it be used only on insured parcels. DA-DZ for domestic, bilateral, multilateral use only EA-EZ EMS; the use of EX–EZ requires bilateral agreement GA for domestic, bilateral, multilateral use only GD for domestic, bilateral, multilateral use only HA-HZ e-commerce parcels; the use of HX–HY requires multilateral agreement; the use of HZ requires bilateral agreement JA-JZ reserved; cannot be assigned as valid service indicator values KA-KZ reserved; cannot be assigned as valid service indicator values LA-LZ Letter post express; the use of LZ requires bilateral agreement MA-MZ Letter post: M bags NA-NZ for domestic, bilateral, multilateral use only PA-PZ for domestic, bilateral, multilateral use only QA-QM Letter post: IBRS (International Business Reply Service) RA-RZ Letter post: registered, but not insured delivery. +S10 (UPU standard) +Ferdinand Theatrical release poster Directed by Carlos Saldanha Produced by John Davis Lisa Marie Stetler Lori Forte Bruce Anderson Screenplay by Robert L. Baird Tim Federle Brad Copeland Story by Ron Burch David Kidd Don Rhymer Based on The Story of Ferdinand by Munro Leaf Robert Lawson Starring John Cena Kate McKinnon Anthony Anderson Bobby Cannavale Peyton Manning Gina Rodriguez Miguel Ángel Silvestre David Tennant Music by John Powell Cinematography Renato Falcão Edited by Harry Hitner Production company Blue Sky Studios[1] 20th Century Fox Animation[1] Davis Entertainment[1] Distributed by 20th Century Fox[1] Release date December 10, 2017 (2017-12-10) (Los Angeles) December 15, 2017 (2017-12-15) (United States) Running time 107 minutes[2] Country United States[3] Language English Budget $111 million[4] Box office $25.4 million[4] +Ferdinand (film) +Pokémon Black Pokémon White North American Box art for Pokémon Black Version, depicting the legendary Pokémon Reshiram. Pokémon White Version box art depicts the legendary Pokémon Zekrom (not pictured). +Developer(s) Game Freak Publisher(s) The Pokémon Company Director(s) Junichi Masuda Producer(s) Junichi Masuda Hitoshi Yamagami Shusaku Egami Hiroaki Tsuru Artist(s) Ken Sugimori Takao Unno Writer(s) Toshinobu Matsumiya Suguru Nakatsui Katsunori Suginaka Yukiko Hozumi Composer(s) Shota Kageyama Go Ichinose Hitomi Sato Junichi Masuda Minako Adachi Series Pokémon Platform(s) Nintendo DS Release JP: September 18, 2010[1] EU: March 4, 2011[2] NA: March 6, 2011[3][4] AU: March 10, 2011[5] Genre(s) Role-playing Mode(s) single-player video game +History +Effects of abstinence on society +Violence +Before marriage +External links +See also +Further reading +References +During fertile period +Legal issues +Premarital chastity +Popularity and effectiveness +Abstinence, be faithful, use a condom Antisexualism Harmful to Minors, a book by Judith Levine which deals with sexual morality in the United States The Fighting Temptations, a film which features a storyline that involves sexual morality Gold star lesbian Making sense of abstinence Purity Ball Religious aspects of marriage Refusal skills Spiritual marriage Virginity Virginity pledge +Sexual abstinence or sexual restraint is the practice of refraining from some or all aspects of sexual activity for medical, psychological, legal, social, financial, philosophical, moral, or religious reasons. Asexuality is distinct from sexual abstinence; and celibacy is sexual abstinence generally motivated by factors such as an individual's personal or religious beliefs.[2] Sexual abstinence before marriage is required in some societies by social norms, or, in some countries, even by laws, and is considered part of chastity. +Abstinence may be voluntary (when an individual chooses not to engage in sexual activity due to moral, religious, philosophical, etc. reasons), an involuntary result of social circumstances (when one cannot find any willing sexual partners), or legally mandated (e.g. in countries where sexual activity outside marriage is illegal, in prisons etc.). +The ancient world discouraged promiscuity for both health and social reasons.[3] According to Pythagoras (6th century BCE) sex should be practiced in the winter, but not the summer, but was harmful to male health in every season because the loss of semen was dangerous, hard to control and both physically and spiritually exhausting, but had no effect on females.[3] This idea may have been merged with Zoroastrian ideas of good and evil in a philosophy known as gnosticism, which influenced Christian and Islamic attitudes to sexual activity.[3] But others stated that the Christian religion's hold on to the ideal of sexual abstinence prior to the appearing of gnosticism and Zoroastrianism and its root are to be found in the Old Testament (which is the base of the New Testament) in which virginity was required by law and marriage was especially protected (see Deuteronomy chapter 22). +Schematic indicating the fertile period of a woman +Sexual abstinence can be practiced during the period in which the woman is fertile.[5] +In most cultural, ethical, and religious contexts, sex within marriage is not considered to be contrary to notions of chastity. Some religious systems prohibit sexual activities between a person and anyone other than a spouse of that person, as have, in the past, legal systems and societal norms. In such contexts, sexual abstinence was prescribed for unmarried individuals for the purpose of chastity. +Such laws are mostly tied to religion and the legal and political traditions within the particular jurisdiction. Laws differ greatly from country to country. In some Muslim countries, such as Saudi Arabia, Pakistan,[6] Afghanistan,[7][8][9] Iran,[9] Kuwait,[10] Maldives,[11] Morocco,[12] Mauritania,[13] United Arab Emirates,[14][15] Qatar,[16] Sudan,[17] Yemen,[18] any form of sexual activity outside marriage is illegal. +In some parts of the world, men, women, boys or girls suspected of having premarital sex or homosexual sex can become victims of honor killings committed by their families.[19][20] Stoning for sexual activity outside marriage is also a punishment in some places. +Sexual abstinence +The advent of AIDS helped build a more favorable view of abstinence. However, a review of 13 U.S. sex-abstinence programs involving over 15,000 people by Oxford University found that they do not stop risky sexual behavior, or help in the prevention of unwanted pregnancy.[29] Other studies have found that abstinence-only education does little to affect the "age of sexual initiation; number of sexual partners; and rates of sexual abstinence, condom use, vaginal sex, pregnancy, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs)" [30] Recently, the United States Congress also found similar results in a study conducted by Mathematica Policy Research on abstinence.[31] Currently, there are also issues as to what abstinence means: is it an abstinence from sexual intercourse, or from sexual behavior? Movements such as True Love Waits in America, which ask teenagers to refrain from sex before marriage, are heavily subscribed, but surveys of sexual behavior indicate an increase in the popularity of oral sex.[32] +Alfred Kinsey is widely regarded as the first and among the most influential figures in American sexology; his research is cited as having paved the way for a deeper exploration into sexuality among sexologists and the general public, and as having liberated female sexuality.[33][34] According to Alfred Kinsey sexual ignorance led to real suffering in society and that sexual liberation, as opposed to sexual abstinence, was the key to both a strong marriage and a happy life. Kinsey believed that abstinence was a sexual dysfunction: "The only kinds of sexual dysfunction are abstinence, celibacy and delayed marriage."[35] +J. D. Unwin was a British ethnologist and social anthropologist at Oxford University and Cambridge University. Joseph Unwin wrote several books including Sex and Culture, (1934). +In Sex and Culture Unwin studied 80 primitive tribes and 6 known civilizations through 5,000 years of history and found a positive correlation between the cultural achievement of a people and the amount of sexual restraint which they observed. The author finds that the most culturally successful groups always exhibit lifelong monogamous relationships which include sexual abstinence outside of marriage.[36] According to Unwin, after a nation becomes prosperous it becomes increasingly liberal with regard to sexual morality and as a result loses its cohesion, its impetus and its purpose, ultimately having a negative effect on society: "The whole of human history does not contain a single instance of a group becoming civilized unless it has been absolutely monogamous, nor is there any example of a group retaining its culture after it has adopted less rigorous customs."[37] +Physical abuse +External links +See also +Emotional abuse +Profiles of abuser and victim +References +Controlling behaviour +Characteristics +Psychological abuse +Sexual abuse +Dating abuse or dating violence is defined as the perpetration or threat of an act of violence by at least one member of an unmarried couple on the other member within the context of dating or courtship. It is also when one partner tries to maintain power and control over the other through abuse/violence. This abuse/violence can take a number of forms: sexual assault, sexual harassment, threats, physical violence, verbal, mental, or emotional abuse, social sabotage, and stalking. +Dating violence crosses all racial, age, economic and social lines. The Center for Relationship Abuse Awareness describes dating abuse as a "pattern of abusive and coercive behaviors used to maintain power and control over a former or current intimate partner."[2] The Family & Community Development support group at eCitizen in Singapore has described what it calls tell-tale signs of an abusive relationship. +Individuals of all walks of life can find themselves in an abusive relationship. Abuse can occur regardless of the couple's age, race, income, or other demographic traits. There are, however, many traits that abusers and victims share in common. +The Centre for Promoting Alternatives to Violence describes abusers as being obsessively jealous and possessive, overly confident, having mood swings or a history of violence or temper, seeking to isolate their partner from family, friends and colleagues, and having a tendency to blame external stressors.[3] +Meanwhile, victims of relationship abuse share many traits as well, including: physical signs of injury, missing time at work or school, slipping performance at work or school, changes in mood or personality, increased use of drugs or alcohol, and increasing isolation from friends and family.[4] Victims may blame themselves for any abuse that occurs or may minimize the severity of the crime. This often leads to victims choosing to stay in abusive relationships. +Strauss (2005)[5] argues that while men inflict the greater share of injuries in domestic violence, researchers and society at large must not overlook the substantial minority of injuries inflicted by women. Additionally, Strauss notes that even relatively minor acts of physical aggression by women are a serious concern: +'Minor' assaults perpetrated by women are also a major problem, even when they do not result in injury, because they put women in danger of much more severe retaliation by men. [...] It will be argued that in order to end 'wife beating,' it is essential for women also to end what many regard as a 'harmless' pattern of slapping, kicking, or throwing something at a male partner who persists in some outrageous behavior and 'won't listen to reason.' +Similarly, Deborah Capaldi [6] reports that a 13-year longitudinal study found that a woman's aggression towards a man was equally important as the man's tendency towards violence in predicting the likelihood of overall violence: "Since much IPV [Intimate Partner Violence] is mutual and women as well as men initiate IPV, prevention and treatment approaches should attempt to reduce women's violence as well as men's violence. Such an approach has a much higher chance of increasing women's safety." However, Capaldi's research only focused on at-risk youth, not women in general, and, therefore, may not apply to the entire population. +He/she is afraid of his/her date He/she is afraid of making the date angry and is unable to even disagree with the date. His/her date has publicly embarrassed and humiliated him/her. +The date threatens to use violence against him/her or against himself/herself.(e.g. "If you leave me, I will kill myself".) +He/she is afraid to say 'no' to the date's demand for a sexual act from him/her. The date does not respect him/her, but is only interested in gratifying his/her own sexual needs. The date does not care about the consequences of the sexual act or how his/her partner feels about it. +He/she was subjected to some physical attacks by his/her partner The date has held him/her down, pushed him/her, or even punched, kicked or threw things at him/her. +He/she is restricted from contacting his/her family He/she is even forced to choose between the date and his/her family and friends. The date insists on knowing where he/she is at all times and demands that he/she justify everything he/she does. The date will be furious if he/she spoke with another man/woman. +Date rape Loveisrespect, National Teen Dating Abuse Helpline, of the National Domestic Violence Hotline Sexual bullying Teen dating violence +Dating abuse at Curlie (based on DMOZ) +Dating abuse +Etymology +Description +Taxonomic history +References +Notes +Distribution +Idiogramma elbakyanae is a species of parasitoid wasp found in the Mexican state of Tlaxcala. The species was named and described by the Russian entomologist Andrey I. Khalaim. +The description was published in a 2017 open access article co-authored with Mexican entomologist Enrique Ruíz-Cancino.[1] +Andrey I. Khalaim, an entomologist at the Russian Academy of Sciences, chose the specific name elbakyanae to honor Sci-Hub founder Alexandra Elbakyan "in recognition of her contribution to making scientific knowledge available for all researchers".[1] Elbakyan took offense to being the namesake of a "parasitic insect"; this in part led to her closing Russian access to Sci-Hub temporarily.[2] In a message which appeared when Russians attempted to visit Sci-Hub, she said that it was an "extreme injustice"[lower-alpha 1] to have the wasp named after her.[3][4] Khalaim was surprised by her reaction, emphasizing he intended it to be an honor. He said he approves of Sci-Hub[5] and regularly uses it himself.[6] He also clarified that, as parasitoids kill their hosts, it should be more thought of as a predatory wasp than a parasite.[7] +The type series comprised a female holotype an four male paratypes. +They were all collected in spring, 2016 by Y. Marquez and A. Contreras using a malaise trap.[1] The holotype and one paratype were deposited at National Autonomous University of Mexico; the other three paratypes were deposited at the Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, the Zoological Museum of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Natural History Museum, London.[1] +It is found in the central Mexican state of Tlaxcala. The type locality, where all specimens in the type series were found, is in Nanacamilpa de Mariano Arista.[1] The specimens were all caught in forest of pine and oak trees; the collection site was at an elevation of 2,830–2,900 metres (9,280–9,510 ft).[1] +I. elbakyanae has a black face and manibles which get narrower apically. +I. elbakyanae can be distinguished from the only other Idiogramma species in Mexico, I. comstockii, in having a black or yellowish-brown face, a mandible which is significantly broader at its basal end than its apical end, and an ovipositor sheath which is 4.2 times the length of its hind tibia.[1] +See also +Genetic +References +Signs and symptoms +Environment +Causes +Narcissistic personality disorder Synonyms Megalomania[1] Narcissus by Caravaggio, gazing at his own reflection. Specialty Psychiatry Symptoms Exaggerated feelings of self-importance, excessive need for admiration, lack of understanding of others' feelings[2][3] Usual onset Early adulthood[3] Duration Long term[3] Causes Unknown[4] Similar conditions Bipolar disorder, substance abuse, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders[5] Treatment Difficult[2] Frequency 1%[4] +Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is a personality disorder in which there is a long-term pattern of abnormal behavior characterized by exaggerated feelings of self-importance, an excessive need for admiration, and a lack of understanding of others' feelings.[2][3] People affected by it often spend a lot of time thinking about achieving power or success, or about their appearance.[3] They often take advantage of the people around them.[3] The behavior typically begins by early adulthood, and occurs across a variety of situations.[3] +The cause of narcissistic personality disorder is unknown.[4] It is a personality disorder classified within cluster B by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.[3] Diagnosis is by a healthcare professional interviewing the person in question.[2] The condition needs to be differentiated from mania and substance use disorder.[3] +Treatments have not been well studied.[2] Therapy is often difficult as people with the disorder frequently do not consider themselves to have a problem.[2] About one percent of people are believed to be affected at some point in their life.[4] It appears to occur more often in males than females and affects young people more than older people.[2][3] The personality was first described in 1925 by Robert Waelder while the current name for the condition came into use in 1968.[6] +Persons with narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) are characterized by their persistent grandiosity, excessive need for admiration, and a personal disdain for, and lack of empathy for other people.[7][8] As such, the person with NPD usually displays the behaviors of arrogance, a sense of superiority, and actively seeks to establish abusive power and control over other people.[9] Narcissistic personality disorder is a condition different from self-confidence (a strong sense of self); people with NPD typically value themselves over other persons to the extent that they openly disregard the feelings and wishes of others, and expect to be treated as superior, regardless of their actual status or achievements.[7][10] Moreover, the person with narcissistic personality disorder usually exhibits a fragile ego (Self-concept), an inability to tolerate criticism, and a tendency to belittle others in order to validate their own superiority.[10] +The DSM-5 indicates that persons with NPD usually display some or all of the following symptoms, typically without the commensurate qualities or accomplishments:[7][10] +Grandiosity with expectations of superior treatment from other people Fixated on fantasies of power, success, intelligence, attractiveness, etc. Self-perception of being unique, superior, and associated with high-status people and institutions Needing continual admiration from others Sense of entitlement to special treatment and to obedience from others Exploitative of others to achieve personal gain Unwilling to empathize with the feelings, wishes, and needs of other people Intensely envious of others, and the belief that others are equally envious of them Pompous and arrogant demeanor +The NPD symptoms must be sufficiently severe to the degree that significantly impairs the person's capabilities to develop meaningful human relationships. Generally, the symptoms of NPD also impair the person's psychological abilities to function, either at work, or school, or important social settings. The DSM-5 indicates that the traits manifested by the person must substantially differ from cultural norms, in order to qualify as symptoms of NPD.[7] +The causes of narcissistic personality disorder are unknown.[10][15] Experts tend to apply a biopsychosocial model of causation,[16] meaning that a combination of environmental, social, genetic and neurobiological factors are likely to play a role in formulating a narcissistic personality.[15][16] +There is evidence that narcissistic personality disorder is heritable, and individuals are much more likely to develop NPD if they have a family history of the disorder.[16][17] Studies on the occurrence of personality disorders in twins determined that there is a moderate to high heritability for narcissistic personality disorder.[17][18] +However the specific genes and gene interactions that contribute to its cause, and how they may influence the developmental and physiological processes underlying this condition, have yet to be determined. +Environmental and social factors are also thought to have a significant influence on the onset of NPD.[16] In some people, pathological narcissism may develop from an impaired attachment to their primary caregivers, usually their parents.[19] This can result in the child's perception of himself/herself as unimportant and unconnected to others. The child typically comes to believe they have some personality defect that makes them unvalued and unwanted.[20] Overindulgent, permissive parenting as well as insensitive, over-controlling parenting, are believed to be contributing factors.[10][15] +According to Leonard Groopman and Arnold Cooper, the following factors have been identified by various researchers as possible factors that promote the development of NPD:[21] +Excessive praise for good behaviors or excessive criticism for bad behaviors in childhood. Overindulgence and overvaluation by parents, other family members, or peers. Being praised for perceived exceptional looks or abilities by adults. +Patterns of exploitation +Economic causes +Suspected causes +Sex industry in Thailand +Trafficking in persons, as defined by the UN, is the "recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of deception, of the abuse of power or of position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation." +Thailand is a source, destination, and transit country for sex trafficking of women and children.[1] With the publication of its 2014 Trafficking in Persons [TIP] Report, the US State Department downgraded Thailand to "Tier 3", the lowest level possible, for its failure to show improvements in eliminating human trafficking. This places Thailand in the company of 22 other recalcitrant nations, including North Korea, Syria, and the Central African Republic.[2] +With regard to sex trafficking of Thai citizens, there are two general patterns that exist in Thailand. The older pattern is one where a woman or child is recruited from a village to a larger town, where she is forced into the sex industry. Sometimes, she may be transported to a foreign country.[3] A more recent pattern is one in which a person is transported from a village directly to a foreign country.[3] The Foundation for Women found that the women in the one-step direct recruitment pattern are more likely to be exposed to harsher forms of sexual exploitation.[3] Once the women and girls are transported to the destination country, they are forced into prostitution, sometimes serving locals and sometimes sex tourists, depending on the location. +In Thailand, local women and children are trafficked into other countries, especially wealthier Asian countries.[4] It is estimated that 100,000 to 200,000 Thai females, including girls and women, work in a variety of overseas venues where sex is sold. The number of trafficked Thai females in Japan alone is between 50,000 and 70,000.[5] Most of these females are between the ages of 12 and 16 and are sent to brothels in the destination country.[6] +Trafficking in Thailand is not limited to Thai citizens; many women and children from other countries are trafficked into Thailand to work in the Thai sex industry. In recent years there have been numerous cases of Burmese, Cambodian, and Lao women and children trafficked into Thai brothels in northern provinces such as Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai; central and eastern provinces such as Trat, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Chonburi, and Chumphon; and, Songkhla, Narathiwat, and Pattani near the southern Malaysian border. More than 80,000 women and children have been sold into the Thai sex industry since 1990.[6] The majority of sex workers in Thailand are foreigners and more than 60% of females entering the country to work in the sex industry are under the age of 18.[6] There are 75,000 prostituted children in Thailand. +Before the 1970s, commercialized sex in Thailand was a small industry. It was in the 1970s that the sex industry began to flourish in Thailand. The flood of US GIs into Thailand during the Vietnam War was the single largest contributing factor to the sharp rise of the Thai sex industry. +It is estimated that during the 1990s the number of children and women engaged in the sex industry was no fewer than 400,000.[3] +In Thailand, close to 40,000 children under the age of 16 are believed to be in the sex trade, working in clubs, bars, and brothels.[6] A survey in 1998 showed that 54.01% of these workers were in the north, 28.9% in the northeast, and 9.67% in the central region.[6] Prostitution of trafficked and native peoples is a very lucrative business. "Between 1993 and 1995 it is estimated that prostitution produced an annual income between 22.5 and 27 billion dollars alone."[6] +Familial responsibility +Religious beliefs +Appeal of young women and children +Risks for sex workers +Academics and experts alike are unable to agree on one specific cause for people entering the sex industry through trafficking. These multiple causes can be categorized as economic, familial responsibilities, and religious beliefs. Many suspect that women and children sell sex because they have been coerced, abandoned, kidnapped, or sold into virtual slavery to pay off parental debts.[4] +The economy of Thailand is considered one of the driving forces of trafficking because many families are poor farmers, such as those in the north. Lisa Rende Taylor, an anthropologist who has conducted studies on sex trafficking in Thailand, found that commercial sex work is a lucrative industry based on the economic inequality and disparities between Thailand's rural areas and Bangkok, and between Thailand and wealthier Asian nations.[4] +Children often try a variety of other jobs such as scavenging, working in sweatshops, or begging.[7] These jobs, however, do not pay well enough to convince children to not go into the better paying jobs in the sex industry. Prostitution may represent a way for a girl to earn enough money to maintain and enhance her family's property and status in her home village.[4][5] +Economic strife does not only influence women and children native to Thailand, but to those who are trafficked into Thailand itself. Victims of trafficking that come from other nations are "easily deceived or lured because they face poverty, unemployment, broken families, and unstable governments" in their countries of origin.[6] +That is, girls who are allowed to study through 9th or even 12th grade, as compared with sisters who may not have been able to study as long, may have great expectations for their earning potential, likely in a larger town or city. These girls are especially at risk of being recruited and forced into sex trafficking, since, once in the city, they may not be able to get the job they envisioned, yet will be reluctant to return home penniless. Many girls and young women may also feel an obligation to their family to repay for past sacrifices, with money being used as a way to improve the family's well-being and status.[4] +More than 90% of Thailand's population is Buddhist.[8] Buddhist beliefs, especially in northern Thailand, contribute to community acceptance of prostitution and sex trafficking. Thai Buddhists hold that "each person’s soul inhabits many physical bodies over time, with the quality of each life influenced by the soul's store of merit".[5] Merit can be earned by providing aid to one's parents, which can be through earnings from sex work, despite the nature of the work itself.[5] The merit gained would, in essence, bless the girls and young women in their next life, negating the effects of having been a sex worker. Nearly US$300 million is transferred yearly by trafficked women engaged in prostitution back to their families in Thailand. +One reason that young women and girls may be increasingly recruited into prostitution is the demand of the clientele of the sex industry. Advertised promises of youth, virginity, and innocence have led to increased demands for children in the global sex trade.[7] Research has found that the characteristics that men find attractive in Thai women are "simplicity, loyalty, affection, and innocence."[7] +The increasing number of people with AIDS is another reason for the increasing recruitment of young girls. The sex industry uses AIDS as an excuse "under the false pretense that younger girls will not be infected with the disease".[6] +HIV/AIDS, STDs, and pregnancy are major risks for females involved in the sex industry. Most women are likely to be under control of their owners after being trafficked into a new country. Due to this, they are not in the position to negotiate with customers to protect themselves from disease or pregnancy.[3] +In the 1990s, Thai sex workers believed that they would get pregnant or be infected with a disease only if it was their fate. Due to this belief, many women never used contraceptives or received medical checkups and thus were at a higher risk of contracting a disease or getting pregnant.[5] +Development of calendar-based methods +As birth control +History +Basal body temperature +Effectiveness +See also +Advantages +Cervical position +References +Reasons for lower typical-use effectiveness +Primary fertility signs +Fertility signs +Cervical mucus +Benefits and drawbacks +Disadvantages +Fertility awareness (FA) refers to a set of practices used to determine the fertile and infertile phases of a woman's menstrual cycle. Fertility awareness methods may be used to avoid pregnancy, to achieve pregnancy, or as a way to monitor gynecological health. +Methods of identifying infertile days have been known since antiquity, but scientific knowledge gained during the past century has increased the number and variety of methods. +Systems of fertility awareness rely on observation of changes in one or more of the primary fertility signs (basal body temperature, cervical mucus, and cervical position), tracking menstrual cycle length and identifying the fertile window based on this information, or both. Other signs may also be observed: these include breast tenderness and mittelschmerz (ovulation pains), urine analysis strips known as ovulation predictor kits (OPKs), and microscopic examination of saliva or cervical fluid. Also available are computerized fertility monitors. +It is not known exactly when it was first discovered that women have predictable periods of fertility and infertility. +It is already clearly stated in the Talmud tractate Niddah, that a woman only becomes pregnant in specific periods in the month, which seemingly refers to ovulation. St. Augustine wrote about periodic abstinence to avoid pregnancy in the year 388 (the Manichaeans attempted to use this method to remain childfree, and Augustine condemned their use of periodic abstinence).[7] One book states that periodic abstinence was recommended "by a few secular thinkers since the mid-nineteenth century,"[8] but the dominant force in the twentieth century popularization of fertility awareness-based methods was the Roman Catholic Church. +In 1905 Theodoor Hendrik van de Velde, a Dutch gynecologist, showed that women only ovulate once per menstrual cycle.[9] In the 1920s, Kyusaku Ogino, a Japanese gynecologist, and Hermann Knaus, from Austria, independently discovered that ovulation occurs about fourteen days before the next menstrual period.[10] Ogino used his discovery to develop a formula for use in aiding infertile women to time intercourse to achieve pregnancy. In 1930, John Smulders, Roman Catholic physician from the Netherlands, used this discovery to create a method for avoiding pregnancy. Smulders published his work with the Dutch Roman Catholic medical association, and this was the first formalized system for periodic abstinence: the rhythm method.[10] +Most menstrual cycles have several days at the beginning that are infertile (pre-ovulatory infertility), a period of fertility, and then several days just before the next menstruation that are infertile (post-ovulatory infertility). The first day of red bleeding is considered day one of the menstrual cycle. Different systems of fertility awareness calculate the fertile period in slightly different ways, using primary fertility signs, cycle history, or both. +The three primary signs of fertility are basal body temperature (BBT), cervical mucus, and cervical position. A woman practicing symptoms-based fertility awareness may choose to observe one sign, two signs, or all three. Many women experience secondary fertility signs that correlate with certain phases of the menstrual cycle, such as abdominal pain and heaviness, back pain, breast tenderness, and mittelschmerz (ovulation pains). +This usually refers to a temperature reading collected when a person first wakes up in the morning (or after their longest sleep period of the day). The true BBT can only be obtained by continuous temperature monitoring through internally worn temperature sensors. In women, ovulation will trigger a rise in BBT between 0.2º and 0.5 °C. (0.5 and 1.°F) that lasts approximately until the next menstruation. +Fertile cervical mucus promotes sperm life by decreasing the acidity of the vagina, and also it helps guide sperm through the cervix and into the uterus. The production of fertile cervical mucus is caused by estrogen, the same hormone that prepares a woman's body for ovulation. By observing her cervical mucus and paying attention to the sensation as it passes the vulva, a woman can detect when her body is gearing up for ovulation, and also when ovulation has passed. +The cervix changes position in response to the same hormones that cause cervical mucus to be produced and to dry up. When a woman is in an infertile phase of her cycle, the cervix will be low in the vaginal canal; it will feel firm to the touch (like the tip of a person's nose); and the os—the opening in the cervix—will be relatively small, or "closed". As a woman becomes more fertile, the cervix will rise higher in the vaginal canal, it will become softer to the touch (more like a person's lips), and the os will become more open. +Fertility awareness has a number of unique characteristics: +Use of FA can give insight to the workings of women's bodies, and may allow women to take greater control of their own fertility. Some symptoms-based forms of fertility awareness require observation or touching of cervical mucus, an activity with which some women are not comfortable. Some practitioners prefer to use the term "cervical fluid" to refer to cervical mucus, in an attempt to make the subject more acceptable to these women. +Fertility awareness +By restricting unprotected sexual intercourse to the infertile portion of the menstrual cycle, a woman and her partner can prevent pregnancy. During the fertile portion of the menstrual cycle, the couple may use barrier contraception or abstain from sexual intercourse.[34] +FA can be used with barrier contraception so that intercourse may continue through the fertile period. Unlike barrier use without FA, practicing FA can allow couples to use barrier contraception only when necessary. FA can be used to immediately switch from pregnancy avoidance to pregnancy planning if the couple decides it is time to plan for conception. +Use of a barrier or other backup method is required on fertile days; otherwise the couple must abstain. To reduce pregnancy risk to below 1% per year, there are an average of 13 days where abstinence or backup must be used during each cycle.[35] For women with very irregular cycles—such as those common during breastfeeding, perimenopause, or with hormonal diseases such as PCOS—abstinence or the use of barriers may be required for months at a time. Typical use effectiveness is lower than most other methods.[36] Fertility awareness does not protect against sexually transmitted disease.[37] +Perfect use or method effectiveness rates only include people who follow all observational rules, correctly identify the fertile phase, and refrain from unprotected intercourse on days identified as fertile. Actual use or typical use effectiveness rates include all women relying on fertility awareness to avoid pregnancy, including those who fail to meet the "perfect use" criteria. Rates are generally presented for the first year of use.[38] Most commonly, the Pearl Index is used to calculate effectiveness rates, but some studies use decrement tables.[39] +The failure rate of fertility awareness varies widely depending on the system used to identify fertile days, the instructional method, and the population being studied. Some studies have found actual failure rates of 25% per year or higher.[40][41][42] At least one study has found a failure rate of less than 1% per year with continuous intensive coaching and monthly review,[43] and several studies have found actual failure rates of 2%–3% per year.[35][44][45][46] +When used correctly and consistently (i.e., with perfect use) with ongoing coaching, under study conditions some studies have found some forms of FA to be 99% effective.[43][47][48][49] +Several factors account for typical-use effectiveness being lower than perfect-use effectiveness: +conscious user non-compliance with instructions (having unprotected intercourse on a day identified as fertile) mistakes on the part of those providing instructions on how to use the method (instructor providing incorrect or incomplete information on the rule system) mistakes on the part of the user (misunderstanding of rules, mistakes in charting) +The most common reason for the lower actual effectiveness is not mistakes on the part of instructors or users, but conscious user non-compliance[35][49]—that is, the couple knowing that the woman is likely to be fertile at the time but engaging in sexual intercourse nonetheless. This is similar to failures of barrier methods, which are primarily caused by non-use of the method. +"Day-specific probabilities of clinical pregnancy based on two studies with imperfect measures of ovulation". Human Reproduction. 14 (7): 1835–1839. doi:10.1093/humrep/14.7.1835. +ISSN 1460-2350. 1 2 3 4 5 Trussell, James (2011). "Contraceptive efficacy". +In Hatcher, Robert A.; Trussell, James; Nelson, Anita L.; Cates, Willard Jr.; Kowal, Deborah; Policar, Michael S. Contraceptive technology (20th revised ed.). +New York: Ardent Media. pp. 779–863. +ISBN 978-1-59708-004-0. ISSN 0091-9721. OCLC 781956734. +Table 26–1 = Table 3–2 Percentage of women experiencing an unintended pregnancy during the first year of typical use and the first year of perfect use of contraception, and the percentage continuing use at the end of the first year. United States. ↑ Weschler, Toni (2002). Taking Charge of Your Fertility (Revised ed.). +New York: HarperCollins. p. 52. ISBN 0-06-093764-5. ↑ "Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use:Fertility awareness-based methods". Fourth edition. +World Health Organization. 2010. Archived from the original on 2012-11-02. +Retrieved 2012-12-11. ↑ O'Reilly, Andrea (6 April 2010). +Encyclopedia of Motherhood. +SAGE Publications. p. 1056. ISBN 9781452266299. +The Roman Catholic church and some Protestant denominations have approved only "natural family planning" methods--including the rhythm method and periodic abstinence. ↑ Green, Joel B. (1 November 2011). Dictionary of Scripture and Ethics. Baker Books. p. 303. +ISBN 9781441239983. In 1968, Paul VI reiterated the traditional Catholic prohibition against all but "natural family planning" (abstinence during fertile periods), which many Catholics and some Protestants continue to practice. ↑ Saint, Bishop of Hippo Augustine (1887). "Chapter 18.—Of the Symbol of the Breast, and of the Shameful Mysteries of the Manichæans". +In Philip Schaff. A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, Volume IV. Grand Rapids, MI: WM. +B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. 1 2 Yalom, Marilyn (2001). A History of the Wife (First ed.). +New York: HarperCollins. pp. 297–8, 307. ISBN 0-06-019338-7. ↑ "A Brief History of Fertility Charting". FertilityFriend.com. +Retrieved 2006-06-18. 1 2 Singer, Katie (2004). The Garden of Fertility. +New York: Avery, a member of Penguin Group (USA). pp. 226–7. ISBN 1-58333-182-4. 1 2 3 Hays, Charlotte. +"Solving the Puzzle of Natural Family Planning". Holy Spirit Interactive. Retrieved 2012-02-15. ↑ Moral Questions Affecting Married Life: Addresses given October 29, 1951 to the Italian Catholic Union of midwives and November 26, 1951 to the National Congress of the Family Front and the Association of Large Families, National Catholic Welfare Conference, Washington, DC. ↑ Billings, John (March 2002). +"THE QUEST — leading to the discovery of the Billings Ovulation Method". Bulletin of Ovulation Method Research and Reference Centre of Australia. 29 (1): 18–28. +Archived from the original on 2007-02-19. Retrieved 2007-03-18. ↑ "About us". Family of the Americas. +2006. Archived from the original on 2007-02-13. Retrieved 2007-03-18. ↑ "About the Institute". +Pope Paul VI Institute. 2006. Retrieved 2012-02-21. ↑ Singer (2004), p.xxiii ↑ "About us". +Fertility Awareness Center. 2006. Retrieved 2007-03-18. ↑ Weschler (2002) ↑ Justisse Healthworks for Women. +(2015). About Us. http://justisse.ca/index.php/pages/page/about-justisse ↑ Arévalo M, Jennings V, Sinai I (2002). "Efficacy of a new method of family planning: the Standard Days Method". +Contraception. 65 (5): 333–8. doi:10.1016/S0010-7824(02)00288-3. PMID 12057784. ↑ Jennings V, Sinai I (2001). +"Further analysis of the theoretical effectiveness of the TwoDay method of family planning". Contraception. +64 (3): 149–53. doi:10.1016/S0010-7824(01)00251-7. PMID 11704093. ↑ James B. Brown (2005). "Physiology of Ovulation". +Ovarian Activity and Fertility and the Billings Ovulation Method. Ovulation Method Research and Reference Centre of Australia. Archived from the original on 2005-12-24. ↑ Kippley (2003), pp.121-134,376-381 ↑ Kippley (2003), p.114 ↑ Evelyn, Billings, Ann Westinore (1998). +The Billings Method: Controlling Fertility Without Drugs or Devices. +Toronto: Life Cycle Books. p. 47. +ISBN 0-919225-17-9. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) 1 2 Kippley (2003), pp.108-113 ↑ Kippley (2003), p.101 sidebar and Weschler (2002), p.125 ↑ Kippley (2003), pp.108-109 and Weschler (2002), pp.125-126 ↑ Kippley (2003), pp.110-111 ↑ Kippley (2003), pp.112-113 ↑ http://nfp.marquette.edu/ ↑ http://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1343&context=nursing_fac 1 2 "How to Observe and Record Your Fertility Signs". Fertility Friend Handbook. Tamtris Web Services. +2004. Retrieved 2005-06-15. 1 2 Manhart, MD; Daune, M; Lind, A; Sinai, I; Golden-Tevald, J (January–February 2013). +"Fertility awareness-based methods of family planning: A review of effectiveness for avoiding pregnancy using SORT". +Osteopathic Family Physician. +5 (1): 2–8. doi:10.1016/j.osfp.2012.09.002. 1 2 3 Frank-Herrmann P, Heil J, Gnoth C, et al. (2007). +"The effectiveness of a fertility awareness based method to avoid pregnancy in relation to a couple's sexual behaviour during the fertile time: a prospective longitudinal study". Hum. +Reprod. +22 (5): 1310–9. doi:10.1093/humrep/dem003. +PMID 17314078. ↑ James Trussell; Anjana Lalla; Quan Doan; Eileen Reyes; Lionel Pinto; Joseph Gricar (2009). +"Cost effectiveness of contraceptives in the United States". +Contraception. +79 (1): 5–14. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2008.08.003. PMC 3638200 . PMID 19041435. ↑ "Fertility Awareness Method". +Brown University Health Education Website. Brown University. +2012. +Retrieved 2012-12-11. ↑ Hatcher, RA; Trussel J; Stewart F; et al. (2000). Contraceptive Technology (18th ed.). +New York: Ardent Media. +ISBN 0-9664902-6-6. ↑ Kippley, John; Sheila Kippley (1996). The Art of Natural Family Planning (4th addition ed.). Cincinnati, OH: The Couple to Couple League. p. 141. +ISBN 0-926412-13-2. ↑ Wade ME, McCarthy P, Braunstein GD, et al. +(October 1981). +"A randomized prospective study of the use-effectiveness of two methods of natural family planning". +American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. +141 (4): 368–376. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(81)90597-4. PMID 7025639. ↑ Medina JE, Cifuentes A, Abernathy JR, et al. +(December 1980). +"Comparative evaluation of two methods of natural family planning in Colombia". +American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 138 (8): 1142–1147. doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(16)32781-8. PMID 7446621. ↑ Marshall J (August 1976). +"Cervical-mucus and basal body-temperature method of regulating births: field trial". +Lancet. 2 (7980): 282–283. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(76)90732-7. PMID 59854. +1 2 Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Natural Fertility Regulation Programme in China Archived 2007-04-27 at the Wayback Machine.: Shao-Zhen Qian, et al. Reproduction and Contraception (English edition), in press 2000. ↑ Frank-Herrmann P, Freundl G, Baur S, et al. (December 1991). +"Effectiveness and acceptability of the sympto-thermal method of natural family planning in Germany". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 165 (6 Pt 2): 2052–2054. doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(11)90580-8. +PMID 1755469. ↑ Clubb EM, Pyper CM, Knight J (1991). "A pilot study on teaching natural family planning (NFP) in general practice". Proceedings of the Conference at Georgetown University, Washington, DC. +Archived from the original on 2007-03-23. ↑ Frank-Herrmann P, Freundl G, Gnoth C, et al. (June–September 1997). "Natural family planning with and without barrier method use in the fertile phase: efficacy in relation to sexual behavior: a German prospective long-term study". +Advances in Contraception. 13 (2-3): 179–189. doi:10.1023/A:1006551921219. +PMID 9288336. ↑ Ecochard, R.; Pinguet, F.; Ecochard, I.; De Gouvello, R.; Guy, M.; Huy, F. (1998). +"Analysis of natural family planning failures. In 7007 cycles of use". Fertilite Contraception Sexualite. +26 (4): 291–6. PMID 9622963. ↑ Hilgers, T.W.; Stanford, J.B. (1998). +"Creighton Model NaProEducation Technology for avoiding pregnancy. Use effectiveness". Journal of Reproductive Medicine. +43 (6): 495–502. +PMID 9653695. 1 2 Howard, M.P.; Stanford, J.B. (1999). "Pregnancy probabilities during use of the Creighton Model Fertility Care System". +Archives of Family Medicine. +8 (5): 391–402. doi:10.1001/archfami.8.5.391. PMID 10500511. ↑ James Trussell et al. (2000) "Contraceptive effectiveness rates", Contraceptive Technology — 18th Edition, New York: Ardent Media. +On-press. ↑ Manders, M; McLindon, L; Schulze, B; Beckmann, MM; Kremer, JA; Farquhar, C (17 March 2015). "Timed intercourse for couples trying to conceive". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. +3: CD011345. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011345.pub2. +PMID 25775926. ↑ Ryder R (1993). +""Natural family planning": effective birth control supported by the Catholic Church". BMJ. 307 (6906): 723–6. doi:10.1136/bmj.307.6906.723. +PMC 1678728 . PMID 8401097. ↑ Hilgers T, Daly K, Prebil A, Hilgers S (October 1992). "Cumulative pregnancy rates in patients with apparently normal fertility and fertility-focused intercourse". +J Reprod Med. +37 (10): 864–6. PMID 1479570. ↑ Wang X, Chen C, Wang L, Chen D, Guang W, French J (2003). "Conception, early pregnancy loss, and time to clinical pregnancy: a population-based prospective study". +Fertil Steril. 79 (3): 577–84. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(02)04694-0. PMID 12620443. ↑ . womenshealth.gov, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Women's Health http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/infertility.cfm#f. +See also +Further reading +References +External links +Retrieved August 31, 2013. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) 1 2 3 John H. Harvey, Ann L. Weber (2001). Odyssey of the Heart: Close Relationships in the 21st Century. Psychology Press. p. 70. +ISBN 1410604055. Retrieved August 30, 2013. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) 1 2 Ann O'Leary (2002). +Beyond Condoms: Alternative Approaches to HIV Prevention. +Springer. p. 155. +ISBN 0306467313. Retrieved August 21, 2013. 1 2 Robert Crooks; Karla Baur (2010). +Our Sexuality. Cengage Learning. pp. 286–289. ISBN 0495812943. +Retrieved August 30, 2012. +Noncoital forms of sexual intimacy, which have been called outercourse, can be a viable form of birth control. Outercourse includes all avenues of sexual intimacy other than penile–vaginal intercourse, including kissing, touching, mutual masturbation, and oral and anal sex. 1 2 3 4 5 6 See here onwards and pages 47-49 for views on what constitutes virginity loss and therefore sexual intercourse or other sexual activity; source discusses how gay and lesbian individuals define virginity loss, and how the majority of researchers and heterosexuals define virginity loss/"technical virginity" by whether or not a person has engaged in penile-vaginal sex. +Laura M. Carpenter (2005). +Virginity lost: an intimate portrait of first sexual experiences. +NYU Press. pp. 295 pages. +ISBN 0-8147-1652-0. +Retrieved October 9, 2011. +1 2 3 Bryan Strong; Christine DeVault; Theodore F. Cohen (2010). +The Marriage and Family Experience: Intimate Relationship in a Changing Society. Cengage Learning. p. 186. ISBN 0-534-62425-1. +Retrieved October 8, 2011. Most people agree that we maintain virginity as long as we refrain from sexual (vaginal) intercourse. But occasionally we hear people speak of 'technical virginity' [...] +Data indicate that 'a very significant proportion of teens ha[ve] had experience with oral sex, even if they haven't had sexual intercourse, and may think of themselves as virgins' [...] Other research, especially research looking into virginity loss, reports that 35% of virgins, defined as people who have never engaged in vaginal intercourse, have nonetheless engaged in one or more other forms of heterosexual sexual activity (e.g., oral sex, anal sex, or mutual masturbation). 1 2 Joseph Gross, Michael (2003). +0001-8996. Retrieved March 12, 2011. ↑ Karen Bouris (1995). What Parents and Teenage Girls Should Know about "Losing Your Virginity". +Conari Press. pp. 133–134. +ISBN 0-943233-93-3. +1 2 3 4 5 Jerry D. Durham; Felissa R. Lashley (2000). The Person With HIV/AIDS: Nursing Perspectives, 3rd Edition. Springer Publishing Company. p. 103. +ISBN 8122300049. Retrieved January 29, 2012. 1 2 3 "Sexual Risk Factors". +AIDS.gov. Retrieved March 4, 2011. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dianne Hales (2008). +An Invitation to Health Brief 2010-2011. Cengage Learning. pp. 269–271. ISBN 0495391921. +Retrieved August 29, 2013. ↑ Seth C. Kalichman (2005). Positive Prevention: Reducing HIV Transmission among People Living with HIV/AIDS. Springer. p. 167. +ISBN 0306487004. Retrieved September 1, 2013. The proportion reporting having ever engaged in 'outercourse', defined as sexual contact with neither vaginal nor anal penetration... CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) ↑ Boston Women's Health Book Collective, Judy Norsigian (2008). +Ian Kerner (2004). She Comes First: The Thinking Man's Guide to Pleasuring a Woman. HarperCollins. pp. 240 pages. +Non-penetrative sex or outercourse is sexual activity that usually does not include sexual penetration. It generally excludes the penetrative aspects of vaginal, anal, or oral sexual activity, but includes various forms of sexual and non-sexual activity, such as frottage, mutual masturbation, kissing, or cuddling.[1][2][3] Some forms of non-penetrative sex, particularly when termed outercourse, include penetrative aspects, such as penetration that may result from forms of fingering or oral sex.[4][5][6] +People engage in non-penetrative sex for a variety of reasons, including as a form of foreplay or as a primary or preferred sexual act.[2][7] Heterosexual couples may engage in non-penetrative sex as an alternative to penile-vaginal penetration, to preserve virginity, or as a type of birth control.[7][8] Same-sex couples may also engage in non-penetrative sex to preserve virginity,[7][9][10] with gay males using it as an alternative to anal penetration.[7][9] +Although sexually transmitted infections (STIs/STDs) such as herpes, HPV, and pubic lice can be transmitted through non-penetrative genital-genital or genital-body sexual activity, non-penetrative sex may be used as a form of safer sex because it is less likely that body fluids (the main source of STI/STD transmission) will be exchanged during the activities, especially with regard to aspects that are exclusively non-penetrative.[11][12][13] +Non-penetrative sex +American Airlines Flight 191 N110AA, the aircraft involved in the accident, shown here at Chicago O'Hare Int'l Airport in 1974. Accident summary Date May 25, 1979 Summary Loss of control caused by engine detachment due to improper maintenance[1] Site Des Plaines, Illinois, United States (Near O'Hare International airport) Passengers 258 Crew 13 Fatalities 273 (271 on the aircraft, 2 on the ground) Injuries (non-fatal) 2 (on the ground) Survivors 0 Aircraft type McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10 Operator American Airlines Registration N110AA Flight origin O'Hare International Airport, Chicago, Illinois Destination Los Angeles International Airport, Los Angeles, California +American Airlines Flight 191 +Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle Theatrical release poster Directed by Jake Kasdan Produced by Matt Tolmach William Teitler Screenplay by Jake Kasdan Chris McKenna Erik Sommers Scott Rosenberg Jeff Pinkner Story by Chris McKenna Based on Jumanji by Chris Van Allsburg Starring Dwayne Johnson Jack Black Kevin Hart Karen Gillan Nick Jonas Bobby Cannavale Music by Henry Jackman[1] Cinematography Gyula Pados Edited by Mark Helfrich Steve Edwards Production company Columbia Pictures[2] Matt Tolmach Productions[2] Radar Pictures[2] Seven Bucks Productions[2] Distributed by Sony Pictures Entertainment[2] Release date December 5, 2017 (2017-12-05) (Grand Rex) December 20, 2017 (2017-12-20) (United States) Running time 119 minutes[3] Country United States Language English Budget $90–110 million[4][5] Box office $359.9 million[4] +Turkish Airlines Flight 981 TC-JAV, the aircraft destroyed in the accident, taxiing at London Heathrow Airport, 6 May 1973. Accident summary Date 3 March 1974 Summary Cargo door failure due to aircraft design flaw, leading to explosive decompression, destruction of control systems, and loss of control Site Ermenonville Forest Fontaine-Chaalis, Oise, France 49°08.5′N 002°38′E / 49.1417°N 2.633°E / 49.1417; 2.633Coordinates: 49°08.5′N 002°38′E / 49.1417°N 2.633°E / 49.1417; 2.633 Passengers 334 Crew 12 Fatalities 346 (all) Survivors 0 Aircraft type McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10 Aircraft name Ankara Operator Turkish Airlines Registration TC-JAV Flight origin Yesilköy Int'l Airport Istanbul, Turkey Stopover Orly Airport Paris, France Destination London Heathrow Airport London, United Kingdom +Turkish Airlines Flight 981 +Inert +Hormonal +An intrauterine device (IUD), also known as intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD or ICD) or coil,[2] is a small, often T-shaped birth control device that is inserted into a woman's uterus to prevent pregnancy. IUDs are one form of long-acting reversible birth control.[3] +While copper IUDs may increase menstrual bleeding and result in more painful cramps,[8] hormonal IUDs may reduce menstrual bleeding or stop menstruation altogether.[9] Cramping can be treated with NSAIDs.[10] Other potential complications include expulsion (2–5%) and rarely perforation of the uterus (less than 0.7%).[9][10] IUDs do not affect breastfeeding and can be inserted immediately after delivery.[9] They may also be used immediately after an abortion.[11] +In the United States, there are two types available:[14] +Copper IUDs have a first year failure rate ranging from 0.1 to 2.2%.[20] +Disadvantages include the possibility of heavier menstrual periods and more painful cramps.[8] +Hormonal IUD (Mirena) +Hormonal IUDs (brand names Mirena, Skyla, Kyleena and Liletta; referred to as intrauterine systems in the UK) work by releasing a small amount of levonorgestrel, a progestin. The primary mechanism of action is making the inside of the uterus fatal to sperm.[29] They can also thin the endometrial lining and potentially impair implantation but this is not their usual function.[30][31] Because they thin the endometrial lining, they reduce or even prevent menstrual bleeding, and can be used to treat menorrhagia (heavy menses), once pathologic causes of menorrhagia (such as uterine polyps) have been ruled out.[32] +Types +Copper +Among birth control methods, IUDs, along with contraceptive implants, result in the greatest satisfaction among users.[4] Evidence supports effectiveness and safety in adolescents and those who have and have not previously had children.[4][5] Once removed, even after long-term use, fertility returns to normal rapidly.[6] Failure rates are about 0.8% with copper devices and 0.2% with hormonal (levonorgestrel) devices in the first year of use.[7] +The use of IUDs as a form of birth control dates from the 1800s.[12] A previous model known as the Dalkon shield was associated with an increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease; however, the risk is not affected with current models in those without sexually transmitted infections around the time of insertion.[13] +The types of intrauterine devices available, and the names they go by, differ by location. +Nonhormonal copper IUD (ParaGard and others) IUD with progestogen (Mirena and others) +A copper T-shaped IUD with removal strings +An IUD as seen on pelvic X ray +Copper IUDs primarily work by disrupting sperm motility and damaging sperm so that they are prevented from joining with an egg. Copper acts as a spermicide within the uterus, increasing levels of copper ions, prostaglandins, and white blood cells within the uterine and tubal fluids.[8][17] The increased copper ions in the cervical mucus inhibit the sperm's motility and viability, preventing sperm from traveling through the cervical mucus, or destroying it as it passes through.[18] Copper can also alter the endometrial lining, but studies show that while this alteration can prevent implantation of a fertilized egg ("blastocyst"), it cannot disrupt one that has already been implanted.[19] +The progestin released by hormonal IUDs primarily acts locally; use of Mirena results in much lower systemic progestin levels than other very-low-dose progestogen only contraceptives.[33] +Inert IUDs are IUDs with no bioactive components; they are made of inert materials like stainless steel (such as the stainless steel ring, or SSR, a flexible ring of steel coils that can deform to be pushed through the cervix) or plastic (such as the Lippes Loop, which can be inserted through the cervix in a cannula and takes a trapezoidal shape within the uterus). They are less effective than copper or hormonal IUDs, with a side effect profile similar to copper IUDs. Their primary mechanism of action is inducing a local foreign body reaction, which makes the uterine environment hostile both to sperm and to implantation of an embryo.[36] They may have higher rates of preventing pregnancy after fertilization, instead of before fertilization, compared to copper or hormonal IUDs.[37] +PMID 22333096. ↑ Cleland K, Zhu H, Goldstuck N, Cheng L, Trussell J (July 2012), "The efficacy of intrauterine devices for emergency contraception: a systematic review of 35 years of experience", Hum. Reprod., 27 (7): 1994–2000, doi:10.1093/humrep/des140, PMID 22570193 ↑ Belhadj H, Sivin I, Diaz S, et al. +(September 1986), "Recovery of fertility after use of the levonorgestrel 20 mcg/d or Copper T 380 Ag intrauterine device", Contraception, 34 (3): 261–7, doi:10.1016/0010-7824(86)90007-7, PMID 3098498 ↑ Speroff, Leon; Darney, Philip D. (2011). "Intrauterine contraception". A clinical guide for contraception (5th ed.). +Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 239–280. ISBN 978-1-60831-610-6. pp. 246–247: Mechanism of action The contraceptive action of all IUDs is mainly in the intrauterine cavity. Ovulation is not affected, and the IUD is not an abortifacient.58–60 It is currently believed that the mechanism of action for IUDs is the production of an intrauterine environment that is spermicidal. +Nonmedicated IUDs depend for contraception on the general reaction of the uterus to a foreign body. It is believed that this reaction, a sterile inflammatory response, produces tissue injury of a minor degree but sufficient to be spermicidal. Very few, if any, sperm reach the ovum in the fallopian tube. +The progestin-releasing IUD adds the endometrial action of the progestin to the foreign body reaction. +The endometrium becomes decidualized with atrophy of the glands.65 The progestin IUD probably has two mechanisms of action: inhibition of implantation and inhibition of sperm capacitation, penetration, and survival. ↑ ESHRE Capri Workshop, Group (2008). "Intrauterine devices and intrauterine systems". +Human Reproduction Update. 14 (3): 197–208. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmn003. PMID 18400840. +Both copper IUDs and levonorgestrel releasing IUSs may interfere with implantation ↑ Hatcher, Robert A. (2011). Contraceptive technology (20th rev. ed.). [New York, N.Y.]: Ardent Media. p. 162. +ISBN 978-1-59708-004-0. Although the precise mechanism of action is not known, currently available IUCs work primarily by preventing sperm from fertilizing ova.26 IUCs are not abortifacients: they do not interrupt an implanted pregnancy.27 Pregnancy is prevented by a combination of the "foreign body effect" of the plastic or metal frame and the specific action of the medication (copper or levonorgestrel) that is released. Exposure to a foreign body causes a sterile inflammatory reaction in the intrauterine environment that is toxic to sperm and ova and impairs implantation.28,29 The production of cytotoxic peptides and activation of enzymes lead to inhibition of sperm motility, reduced sperm capacitation and survival, and increased phagocytosis of sperm.30,31… The progestin in the LNg IUC enhances the contraceptive action of the device by thickening cervical mucus, suppressing the endometrium, and impairing sperm function. +In addition, ovulation is often impaired as a result of systemic absorption of levonorgestrel ↑ Luis Bahamondes; M Valeria Bahamondes; Ilza Monteiro. (2008), "Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system: uses and controversies.", Expert Review of Medical Devices, 5: 437–45, doi:10.1586/17434440.5.4.437, PMID 18573044 ↑ Malik S (January 2013). "Levonorgestrel-IUS system and endometrial manipulation". +J Midlife Health. 4 (1): 6–7. doi:10.4103/0976-7800.109625. PMC 3702070 . +PMID 23833526. ↑ Sivin I, Stern J, Coutinho E, et al. (November 1991). "Prolonged intrauterine contraception: a seven-year randomized study of the levonorgestrel 20 mcg/day (LNg 20) and the Copper T380 Ag IUDS". +Retrieved Oct 6, 2015. ↑ Ortiz, ME; Croxatto HB (June 2007). "Copper-T intrauterine device and levonorgestrel intrauterine system: biological bases of their mechanism of action". Contraception. +75 (6): S16–30. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2007.01.020. +PMID 17531610. ↑ ESHRE Capri Workshop Group (April 2008). +"Intrauterine devices and intrauterine systems". Human Reproduction Update. 14 (3): 197–208. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmn003. +PMID 18400840. ↑ Bilian X (June 2007). +"Chinese experience with intrauterine devices". Contraception. 75 (6 Suppl): S31–4. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2006.12.007. +PMID 17531613. ↑ Cheung VY (June 2010). +"A 10-year experience in removing Chinese intrauterine devices". +Int J Gynaecol Obstet. +109 (3): 219–22. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2009.12.018. PMID 20219193. 1 2 3 Gemzell-Danielsson, K.; Mansour, D.; Fiala, C.; Kaunitz, A. M.; Bahamondes, L. (2013). +Intrauterine device +References +Women +Implant +A contraceptive implant is an implantable medical device used for the purpose of birth control. The implant may depend on the timed release of hormones to hinder ovulation or sperm development, the ability of copper to act as a natural spermicide within the uterus, or it may work using a non-hormonal, physical blocking mechanism. As with other contraceptives, a contraceptive implant is designed to prevent pregnancy, but it does not protect against sexually transmitted infections. +Insertion of a contraceptive implant into a woman's arm +The contraceptive implant is hormone-based and highly effective, approved in more than 60 countries and used by millions of women around the world. The typical implant is a small flexible tube measuring about 40mm in length and is inserted under the skin (typically in the upper arm) by a health care professional. After it is inserted it prevents pregnancy by releasing hormones that prevent ovaries from releasing eggs and thicken cervical mucous. +Brands include: +Norplant and Jadelle (Norplant II) Implanon/Nexplanon Sino-implant (II), marketed as Zarin, Femplant and Trust +Benefits of the implant include fewer, lighter periods; improved symptoms of premenstrual syndrome; long-lasting, up to three years; smoker- and breastfeeding-safe; and the convenience of not needing to remember to use it every day. In some cases, negative side effects do occur, the most common being irregular bleeding for the first six to 12 months. Less common symptoms include change in appetite, depression, moodiness, hormonal imbalance, sore breasts, weight gain, dizziness, pregnancy symptoms, and lethargy.[2] +An intrauterine device (IUD) is a small contraceptive device, often 'T'-shaped and containing either copper or the hormone levonorgestrel, which is implanted into the uterus. They are long-acting, reversible, and the most effective types of reversible birth control.[3] Failure rates with the copper IUD is about 0.8% while the levonorgestrel IUD has a failure rate of 0.2% in the first year of use.[4] Among types of birth control they, along with birth control implants, result in the greatest satisfaction among users.[5] As of 2011, IUDs are the most widely used form of reversible contraception worldwide.[6] IUDs also tend to be one of the most cost-effective methods of contraception for women.[7] +↑ French, V.A.; Darney, P.D. (2015). "Chapter 9: Implantable Contraception". In Shoupe, D.; Mishell Jr., D.R. The Handbook of Contraception: A Guide for Practical Management (2nd ed.). +Humana Press. pp. 139–164. ISBN 9783319201856. Retrieved 17 March 2016. ↑ "Birth Control Methods - Implant". +Bedsider.org. +National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy. +February 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016. ↑ Winner, B; Peipert, JF; Zhao, Q; Buckel, C; Madden, T; Allsworth, JE; Secura, GM. (2012). +"Effectiveness of Long-Acting Reversible Contraception". +New England Journal of Medicine. +366 (21): 1998–2007. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1110855. +PMID 22621627. ↑ Hanson, S.J.; Burke, A.E. (2012). +Hurt, K.J., ed. +The Johns Hopkins Manual of Gynecology and Obstetrics (4th ed.). +Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 232. ISBN 978-1-60547-433-5. +Retrieved 17 March 2016. ↑ Committee on Adolescent Health Care Long-Acting Reversible Contraception Working Group, The American College of Obstetricians and, Gynecologists (October 2012). "Committee opinion no. 539: adolescents and long-acting reversible contraception: implants and intrauterine devices". +Obstetrics and gynecology. +120 (4): 983–8. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182723b7d. PMID 22996129. ↑ U.N. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (December 2013). +"Trends in Contraceptive Methods Used Worldwide" (PDF). +United Nations. +Retrieved 17 March 2016. ↑ Duke, J.; Barhan, S. (2007). "Chapter 27: Modern Concepts in Intrauterine Devices". +In Falcone, T.; Hurd, W. Clinical Reproductive Medicine and Surgery. +Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 405–416. +ISBN 9780323076593. Retrieved 12 March 2016. +1 2 Bai, N. (14 June 2011). +"Beyond Condoms: The Long Quest for a Better Male Contraceptive". +Scientific American. Nature America, Inc. Retrieved 17 March 2016. ↑ Fawcett, K. (26 February 2015). +"The Future of Male Birth Control". +U.S. News & World Report. +U.S. News & World Report LP. +Retrieved 17 March 2016. 1 2 Khazan, O. (March 2015). +"Block That Sperm!". +The Atlantic. The Atlantic Monthly Group. +Retrieved 17 March 2016. ↑ "Male Contraceptive Implant Gets Trial Run". abcnews.go.com. ABC News Internet Ventures. +11 July 2001. +Retrieved 17 March 2016. ↑ Jones, N. (11 July 2001). "Contraceptive implant for men in trials". +New Scientist. +Reed Business Information Ltd. Retrieved 17 March 2016. 1 2 Goodman, A. (3 August 2008). +"The Long Wait for Male Birth Control". +Time. Time, Inc. +Retrieved 17 March 2016. +1 2 "MENT: Subdermal Implants for Men". PopCouncil.org. The Population Council, Inc. +Retrieved 17 March 2016. ↑ "New male contraceptive targets sperm, not hormones". +EurekAlert!. American Association for the Advancement of Science. +5 May 2006. +Retrieved 17 March 2016. ↑ "Male contraceptive study expands to 4 US cities". Psych Central. Psych Central. +October 2006. Retrieved 17 March 2016. ↑ "Shug Product Report" (PDF). Calliope, The Contraceptive Pipeline Database. +Contraceptive Technology Innovation Exchange. +21 May 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2016. ↑ Atkin, C. (8 January 2016). +"The male contraception that makes you infertile by flicking a switch". +The Independent. +Independent Digital News and Media Limited. +Retrieved 17 March 2016. ↑ "FAQ - Science and Research". +PES Innovation AG. Retrieved 17 March 2016. 1 2 3 Asa, C.S.; Porton, I.J. (2010). +"Chapter 34: Contraception as a Management Tool for Controlling Surplus Animals". In Kleiman, D.G.; Thompson, K.V.; Baer, C.K. Wild Mammals in Captivity: Principles and Techniques for Zoo Management (2nd ed.). +References +External links +Hans Vilhelm Aabech (1 November 1948 – 8 January 2018) was a Danish football player. +He played for a number of clubs, including Hvidovre IF, Kjøbenhavns Boldklub and Lyngby Boldklub in Denmark, Club Brugge and K.V. Oostende in Belgium, and Dutch clubs Twente Enschede and De Graafschap. He played three games for the Denmark national football team. He is the father of footballer Kim Aabech.[1] +(in English) Hans Aabech on NationalFootballTeams.com (in Danish) Hans Aabech on DBU +References +Philippe Marchand (1 September 1939 – 10 January 2018) was a French politician. +He was member of the parliament and president of the general council of Charente-Maritime. +He failed to act to establish the Giacometti Foundation.[1] +Notes +Serafino Sprovieri (18 May 1930 – 3 January 2018) was a Roman Catholic archbishop. +Sprovieri was ordained to the priesthood in 1953. +He served as auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Catanzaro, Italy. from 1987 to 1980. +He then served as archbishop of Rossano-Cariati from 1980 to 1991. +Sprovvieri served as archbishop on the Archdiocese of Benevento from 1991 to 2006.[1] +Serafino Sprovieri +Results +References +Parliamentary elections were held in Vietnam on 26 April 1981.[1] The Vietnamese Fatherland Front was the only party to contest the election, and won all 496 seats. Voter turnout was reported to be 98.0%. +Party Votes % Seats Vietnamese Fatherland Front 100 496 Invalid/blank votes – – Total 100 496 Source: Nohlen et al. +External links +Further reading +Description +The original story +References +In science +Retrieved 2012-12-10. ↑ The Sensitivity Function in Variability Analysis, Charles Belove, IEEE Transactions on Reliability, Volume R-15, Issue 2, August 1966. ↑ "The Hooded Utilitarian looks at comics' contributions to colloquial English, 18 December 2010". +Tcj.com. +2012-02-07. +Retrieved 2012-12-10. ↑ Wright, Erik Olin, Class Counts: Comparative Studies in Class Analysis, 1997 Cambridge University Press. +Books.google.com. +1996-11-28. +Retrieved 2012-12-10. ↑ Gregory A. Wray. "Parallel Evolution of Nonfeeding Larvae in Echinoids". Sysbio.oxfordjournals.org. +Retrieved 2012-12-10. ↑ Higgins, William S. +"Shmoos of the Tevatron by Wm. S. Higgins (Symmetry, June 2012)". Symmetrymagazine.org. +Retrieved 2012-12-10. ↑ Steven Pinker (1994). "The Big Bang". The Language Instinct. +New York: William Morrow. p. 358. ISBN 0-688-12141-1. Daniel Dennett (1995). +"Controversies Contained". Darwin's Dangerous Idea:Evolution and the Meanings of Life. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 330. +ISBN 978-0-684-82471-0. ↑ The U.S. Becomes Shmoo-Struck!, Life, 20 September 1948. +Books.google.com. +1948-09-20. Retrieved 2012-12-10. ↑ "Al Capp's Shmoo". Essortment.com. +1986-05-16. Retrieved 2012-12-10. ↑ Newsweek, 5 September 1949; and Editor & Publisher, 16 July 1949 ↑ "The Shmoo Fact Sheet". Deniskitchen.com. +Retrieved 2012-12-10. ↑ Teal (2008-09-10). +"Shmoo Plug Bait Fishing Lure History by Dr. T.E.A. Larson". +Fishinghistory.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2012-12-10. ↑ iPad iPhone Android TIME TV Populist The Page (1948-12-27). +"The Miracle of Dogpatch, Time, 27 December 1948". +Time.com. +Retrieved 2012-12-10. ↑ Thompson, Steven (2012-05-26). +"Four-Color Shadows (26 May 2012), "Al Capp's Super Shmoo, 1949"". Fourcolorshadows.blogspot.com. +Retrieved 2012-12-10. ↑ "I.T.C.H. "Oddly Compelling Interview: Denis Kitchen," 6 August 2010". Superitch.com. +2010-08-06. Retrieved 2012-12-10. 1 2 3 Muldavin, Peter (2007). +The Complete Guide to Vintage Children's Records. Paducah, Kentucky: Collector Books. pp. 134–135. ISBN 9781574325096. ↑ Fearless Fosdick (TV show) at IMDB ↑ "G. A. Cohen - Against Capitalism - Part 1". +The shmoo (plural: shmoon, also shmoos) is a fictional cartoon creature created by Al Capp (1909–79); the character first appeared in its classic comic strip Li'l Abner on August 31, 1948. +Its feet are short and round but dextrous, as the shmoo's comic book adventures make clear. It has a rich gamut of facial expressions and often expresses love by exuding hearts over its head. Cartoonist Al Capp ascribed to the shmoo the following curious characteristics: +The frolicking of shmoon is so entertaining (such as their staged "shmoosical comedies") that people no longer feel the need to watch television or go to the movies. Some of the more tasty varieties of shmoo are more difficult to catch. Usually shmoo hunters, now a sport in some parts of the country, utilize a paper bag, flashlight and stick to capture their shmoos. +In a sequence beginning in late August 1948, Li'l Abner discovers the shmoos when he ventures into the forbidden "Valley of the Shmoon" following the mysterious and musical sound they make (from which their name derives). Abner is thrown off a cliff and into the valley below by a primitive "large gal" (as he addresses her), whose job is to guard the valley. (This character is never seen again.) +There, against the frantic protestations of a naked, heavily bearded old man who shepherds the shmoos, Abner befriends the strange and charming creatures. "Shmoos," the old man warns, "is the greatest menace to hoomanity th' world has evah known!" "Thass becuz they is so bad, huh?" asks Li'l Abner. +Having discovered their value ("Wif these around, nobody won't nevah havta work no more!!"), Abner leads the shmoos out of the valley — where they become a sensation in Dogpatch and, quickly, the rest of the world. Captains of industry such as J. Roaringham Fatback, the "Pork King", become alarmed as sales of nearly all products decline, and in a series of images reminiscent of the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the "Shmoo Crisis" unfolds. On Fatback's orders, a corrupt exterminator orders out "Shmooicide Squads" to wipe out the shmoos with a variety of firearms, which is depicted in a macabre and comically graphic sequence, with a tearful Li'l Abner misguidedly saluting the supposed "authority" of the extermination squads. +After the shmoos have been eliminated, Dogpatch's extortionate grocer Soft-Hearted John is seen cackling as he displays his wares—rotting meat and produce: "Now them mizzuble starvin' rats has t'come crawlin t'me fo' the necessities o' life!! They complained 'bout mah prices befo'!! Wait'll they see th' new ones!!". +The boy shmoo, as a Dogpatch native, is required to run from the girl shmoo in the annual Sadie Hawkins Day race. (Shmoos are usually portrayed as gender-neutral, although Capp sidesteps this issue to allow the comic plot twist.) When he is caught by her, in accordance with the rules of the race, they are joined in marriage by Marryin' Sam (whom they "pay" with a dozen eggs, two pounds of butter and six cupcakes with chocolate frosting — all of which Sam reckons to be worth about 98 cents). +The sequence, which ended just before Christmas of 1948, was massively popular, both as a commentary on the state of society and a classic allegory of greed and corruption tarnishing all that is good and innocent in the world. The Shmoo caused an unexpected national sensation, and set the stage for a major licensing phenomenon. +In their very few subsequent appearances in Li'l Abner, shmoos are also identified by the U.S. military as a major threat to national security. +The term "shmoo" has entered the English language, defining highly technical concepts in at least four separate fields of science: +"Shmoo plot" is a technical term relating to the graphical display of test results in electrical engineering, dating back at least to 1966.[11] The name most likely arose because the shape of the two-dimensional plots often resembled a shmoo. The term is also a verb: to "shmoo" means to run the test. +In fact, the cellular bulge that is produced by a haploid yeast cell as a response to a pheromone from the opposite mating type (either a or α) is referred to as a "shmoo," because cells that are undergoing mating and present this particular structure resemble the cartoon character.[12] The whole process is known to biologists as "shmooing." Shmoos are essential; without them, we would have neither bread nor beer. The word "shmoo" has appeared in nearly 700 science publications since 1974; it is used in labs studying the bread- and beer-making species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, (Source: Discover magazine, November 2007). +Shmoo +In economics, a "widget" is any material good which is produced through labor (extracted, refined, manufactured, or assembled) from a finite resource—in contrast to a "shmoo," which is a material good that reproduces itself and is captured or bred as an economic activity (the original shmoo reproduces without requiring any material sustenance). "If shmoos really existed, they would be a "free good." Erik Olin Wright uses the "parable of the shmoo" to introduce discussion of class structure and economics.[13] +Echinoderm biologists use "shmoo" (often spelled "schmoo") to refer to a very simple, highly derived, blob-shaped larva found in some sea urchins (e.g. Wray 1996[14]). +Over one hundred white "shmoo" detectors were at one time sprinkled around the accelerator beamstop area and adjacent mesa to capture subatomic cosmic ray particles emitted from the Cygnus constellation. The detectors housed scintillators and photomultipliers in an array that gave the detector its distinctive shmoo shape. The particle accelerator Tevatron at Fermilab houses superconducting magnets which produce ice formations that also resembled shmoos.[15] +The shmoo has been suggested as a hypothetical example of the potential falsifiability of natural selection as a key driving mechanism of biological evolution.[16] +Further reading +Polyamory (from Greek πολύ poly, "many, several", and Latin amor, "love") is the practice of or desire for intimate relationships with more than one partner, with the knowledge of all partners.[1][2] It has been described as "consensual, ethical, and responsible non-monogamy".[3][4][5] People who identify as polyamorous reject the view that sexual and relational exclusivity are necessary for deep, committed, long-term loving relationships.[6] +Polyamorous arrangements are varied,[7][8] reflecting the choices and philosophies of the individuals involved, but with recurring themes or values, such as love, intimacy, honesty, integrity, equality, communication, and commitment.[4][2] +Values +As a practice +Forms +Compersion +Religion +Separate from polyamory as a philosophical basis for relationship, are the practical ways in which people who live polyamorously arrange their lives and handle certain issues, as compared to those of a generally more socially acceptable monogamous arrangement.[6] +Polyamorists will usually take a pragmatic approach to their relationships; many accept that sometimes they and their partners will make mistakes and fail to live up to these ideals, and that communication is important for repairing any breaches.[47][48] Trust, honesty, dignity, and respect: Most polyamorists emphasize respect, trust, and honesty for all partners.[47][48] Ideally, a partner's partners are accepted as part of that person's life rather than merely tolerated, and usually a relationship that requires deception or a "don't ask don't tell" policy is seen as a less than ideal model. Boundaries and agreements: Poly relationships often involve negotiating agreements, and establishing specific boundaries, or "ground rules"; such agreements vary widely and may change over time, but could include, for example: consultation about new relationships; devising schedules that work for everyone; limits on physical displays of affection in public or among mixed company; and budgeting the amount of money a partner can spend on additional partners. Gender equality: Some polyamorists do not believe in different relationship "rules" based on gender (this is arguably in contrast to some forms of religious non-monogamy, which are often patriarchically based). +Compersion (or, in Britain, frubble[57][58]) is an empathetic state of happiness and joy experienced when another individual experiences happiness and joy, and the term is regularly used by members of the polyamory community in the context of polyamorous relationships. It is used to describe when a person experiences positive feelings when a lover is enjoying another relationship.[59][60] +9 (5): 515–529. doi:10.1177/1363460706069963. ↑ Morning Glory Zell-Ravenheart. A Bouquet of Lovers (1990) 1 2 Klesse, C. (2016-08-15). +"Polyamory and its 'Others': Contesting the Terms of Non-Monogamy". Sexualities. +9 (5): 565–583. doi:10.1177/1363460706069986. ↑ Keenan, Jillian (June 13, 2013). "Marry Me. And Me: The case for polyamory. +And while we're at it, let's privatize marriage". +Slate. 1 2 Klesse, C. (2011). "Notions of love in polyamory—Elements in a discourse on multiple loving". +Laboratorium. 3 (2): 4–25. ↑ Helen Echlin (November 14, 2003). "When two just won't do". +The Guardian. +Retrieved March 27, 2007. For most people, the biggest stumbling block to polyamory is jealousy. But polys try to see jealousy less as a green-eyed monster than as an opportunity for character-building ↑ Schippers, Mimi (2017). +Beyond Monogamy: Polyamory and the Future of Polyqueer Sexualities. NYU Press. ↑ "Poly glossary". PolyMatchMaker.com. +Retrieved 24 June 2017. +1 2 "Alan" (6 January 2007). ""Polyamory" enters the Oxford English Dictionary, and tracking the word's origins". Polyamory in the News!. +Retrieved 27 Jan 2016. ↑ "alt.polyamory Frequently Asked Questions: Section – 1). What's alt.polyamory?". ↑ "September 2006 update". +Archived from the original on August 19, 2013. ↑ For instance, Dossie Easton and Janet Hardy, co-authors of The Ethical Slut, are equally well known as authors on BDSM; in the introduction to The New Bottoming Book, Hardy describes herself as "a standard-issue Northern California bisexual polyamorous switch" ↑ Foster, Lawrence (2010). "Free Love and Community: John Humphrey Noyes and the Oneida Perfectionists." In: Donald E. Pitzer (ed.), America's Communal Utopias. +Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, pp. 253–278. ↑ Stoehr, Taylor (1979). Free Love in America: A Documentary History. New York: AMS Press, Inc. ↑ DeMaria, Richard (1978). +Communal Love at Oneida: A Perfectionist Vision of Authority, Property and Sexual Order. +New York: The Edwin Mellen Press, p. 83. ↑ "Multiple intimate relationships: a summary of liberated Christians' views". Liberated Christians. +Retrieved August 25, 2015. ↑ Meyer, Holly (August 29, 2017). +"More than 150 evangelical religious leaders sign 'Christian manifesto' on human sexuality". +USA Today. Retrieved August 30, 2017. ↑ "What is the Nashville Statement and why are people talking about it?". Usatoday.com. +Retrieved 2017-08-31. ↑ Mikelionis, Lukas. +"Evangelicals draw critics with 'Nashville Statement' on sexuality". Fox News. Retrieved 2017-08-31. ↑ "Polyamorous Jews seek acceptance". +Retrieved 20 June 2015. ↑ Barrett, Redfern (4 May 2015). "Comment: Why polyamorous marriages are the next step to equality". PinkNews. +Retrieved 20 June 2015. 1 2 Klesse, Christian (February 5, 2014). "Polyamory: Intimate practice, identity or sexual orientation?". +Sexualities. +17 (1-2). doi:10.1177/1363460713511096. ↑ Cook, Elaine (2005). +"Commitment in Polyamorous Relationships". Retrieved July 10, 2006. 1 2 From PolyOz glossary: "Not in the [linguistic roots of the term] but very important is the commitment to honesty with all partners, and openly negotiated ground rules." +1 2 From sexuality.org: "Two of the cultural cornerstones of the polyamory community are honesty and communication: it's expected that you and your existing long-term partner(s) will have talked over what you're comfortable with and what you aren't comfortable with, and that nobody is going around behind anyone else's back." ↑ Attridge, Mark (2013-02-04). "Jealousy and Relationship Closeness". SAGE Open. +3 (1): 215824401347605. doi:10.1177/2158244013476054. ↑ "Polyamory 101". PolyamoryOnline. ↑ "The Chicago School of Professional Psychology" (PDF). ego.thechicagoschool.edu. +Strassberg, Maura I. ""The Challenge Of Post-Modern Polygamy: Considering Polyamory"" (PDF). (541 KB). +More Than Two: A practical guide to ethical polyamory, ISBN (paperback): 978-0-9913997-0-3, ISBN (Kindle/ePub): 978-0-9913997-2-7. Weitzman, Geri (2006). "Therapy with Clients Who Are Bisexual and Polyamorous". +Journal of Bisexuality. 6 (1–2): 137–164. doi:10.1300/J159v06n01_08. +The infinity heart +Confusion arises when polyamory is misapplied in a broader sense, as an umbrella term for various forms of consensual non-monogamous, multi-partner relationships (including polyamory), or consensual non-exclusive sexual or romantic relationships.[9] +There are many ways to explore and express intimacy in a nonmonogamous fashion. Some consider these "polyamorous" so long as those involved practice (or at least aspire to) high standards of loving ethically, honestly, openly, and respectfully. These may share the terminology that has evolved with modern nonmonogamous practices. +intimate networks — interconnected loving relationships, where an individual may have relationships of varying degrees of intimacy with multiple others solo polyamory — an individual with no particular desire to join or create a household (sometimes referred to as "nesting") with their intimate partners the so-called "geometric" configurations; for example, +vee — one person with two intimate partners who aren't themselves sexually involved triad — three people romantically involved, perhaps an established couple involved with an individual quad — four individuals, often formed between two established couples N — possibly a couple who each have another partner, or two couples +Polyamory +The Oneida Community in the 1800s in New York (a Christian religious commune) believed strongly in a system of free love known as complex marriage,[18] where any member was free to have sex with any other who consented.[19] Possessiveness and exclusive relationships were frowned upon.[20] +Some people consider themselves Christian and polyamorous, but mainstream Christianity does not accept polyamory.[21] +On August 29, 2017, the Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood released a manifesto on human sexuality known as the "Nashville Statement". The statement was signed by 150 evangelical leaders, and includes 14 points of belief.[22] Among other things, it states, "We deny that God has designed marriage to be a homosexual, polygamous, or polyamorous relationship."[23][24] +The Purple Mobius symbol for non-monogamy. +Anarchists-A in a heart is a symbol of relationship anarchy. +Non-monogamy (or nonmonogamy) is an umbrella term for every practice or philosophy of intimate relationship that does not strictly hew to the standards of monogamy, particularly that of having only one person with whom to exchange sex, love, and affection. Therefore, in that sense "nonmonogamy" may be as accurately applied to infidelity and extramarital sex as to group marriage or polyamory. +More specifically, "nonmonogamy" refers to forms of interpersonal relationship, intentionally undertaken, in which demands for exclusivity (of sexual interaction or emotional connection, for example) are attenuated or eliminated. Individuals may form multiple and simultaneous sexual or romantic bonds.[1] This stands in contrast to monogamy, and yet may arise from the same psychology.[2] +The term has been criticized as implying that monogamy is the norm, and thus other ways of relating are deviant and therefore somehow unhealthy or immoral. +Many terms for non-monogamous practices are flexible in definition, being based on criteria such as "relationship" or "love" that are themselves questionably defined. There are forms whose practitioners set themselves apart by qualifiers such as "ethically non-monogamous" with the intent of distancing from the deceit or subterfuge they perceive in certain other relational forms. +As well, usage creates distinctions beyond the raw definitions of the words. Thus, even though some relationships might technically be considered both polygamous and polyamorous, "polygamy" usually signifies a codified form of multiple marriage, based on established religious teachings, while "polyamory" is based on the preferences of the participants rather than social custom or established precedent. +Forms of non-monogamy are many, and can overlap, a few being: +casual relationship — a physical and emotional relationship between two unmarried people who may have a sexual relationship cuckoldry — a person has sex with another individual without the consent of their partner(s) group marriage — several people form a single familial unit, with each considered to be married to one another (popularized to some extent by novelists Robert A. Heinlein and Robert Rimmer) group sex and orgies involving more than two participants at the same time line families — a form of group marriage intended to outlive its original members by ongoing addition of new spouses ménage à trois — a sexual (and sometimes domestic) arrangement involving three people open relationship (incl. open marriage) — one or both members of a committed (or married) couple have the express freedom to become sexually active with others polyamory — participants have multiple romantic partners poly families — similar to group marriage, but some members may not consider themselves married to all other members polyfidelity — participants have multiple partners but restrict sexual activity to within a certain group polygamy — one person in a relationship has married multiple partners +polyandry — a woman has multiple husbands polygyny — a man has multiple wives plural marriage — a form of polygyny associated with the Latter Day Saint movement in the 19th-century and with present-day splinter groups from that faith. It is also associated with an evangelical splinter group which advocates Christian Plural Marriage +relationship anarchy — participants are not bound by set rules swinging — similar to open relationships, but conducted as an organized social activity +The "love outside the box" symbol for Polyamory and non-monogamy. +References +In human sexuality, a sex life is a sector of a person's day-to-day existence which may involve sexual activity or represent the absence of sexual activity. In general parlance, the term can have many sub-meanings and social layers, but generally includes the following: +Presuming the above is true by default, the individual who has a sex life is then able to explore and deepen his or her existing sexual skills and also, when s/he desires it, is able to have the opportunity to learn new ones and to "grow" as a sexual being. The individual is able, because of these factors, to have an "area" of his or her overall "life" that involves sex in a way that is somewhat similar to how athletes have an "area" of their lives that involves sports or how musicians have an "area" of their lives that involves music. A person with a secure and constantly developing sex life is inherently able to regard their sexuality as an active part of themselves, and although a secure sex life does not necessarily mean that the person will always feel self-confident or sexually attractive, consistent access to sex and the ability to deepen and broaden one's sexual skills provides a certain psychological assurance of sex appeal that people who do not have a "sex life" tend not to have. +Several sources say that in humans, any frequency of sexual intercourse might range from zero to 15 or 20 times a week.[1] In the United States, the average frequency of sexual intercourse for married couples is 2 to 3 times a week.[2] It is generally recognized that postmenopausal women experience declines in frequency of sexual intercourse[3] and that average frequency of intercourse declines with age. According to the Kinsey Institute, average frequency of sexual intercourse in US is 112 times per year (age 18–29), 86 times per year (age 30–39), and 69 times per year (age 40–49).[4] +ISBN 0-7216-1976-2. ↑ "ACOG 2003 Poster, Sociosexual Behavior in Healthy Women". Retrieved 2009-01-06. ↑ "Frequently asked questions to the Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction (Kinsey Institute)". Retrieved 2009-01-06. ↑ "Tammy Edwards v. Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama LLC, and Mike Swindle", United States Courts, Civil Action 2:07cv908-MHT (WO), March 27, 2009 ↑ "Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Mitsubishi Motor Manufacturing of America Inc." +Sex life +Early life and career +Bibliography +Wonder Woman +William Moulton Marston (May 9, 1893 – May 2, 1947), also known by the pen name Charles Moulton (/ˈmoʊltən/), was an American psychologist, inventor of an early prototype of the lie detector, self-help author, and comic book writer who created the character Wonder Woman.[1] Two women, his wife Elizabeth Holloway Marston and partner Olive Byrne, both greatly influenced Wonder Woman's creation.[1][2][3] +He was inducted into the Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2006. +Marston was born in the Cliftondale section of Saugus, Massachusetts, the son of Annie Dalton (née Moulton) and Frederick William Marston.[4][5] Marston was educated at Harvard University, graduating Phi Beta Kappa and receiving his B.A. in 1915, an LL.B. in 1918, and a PhD in Psychology in 1921. After teaching at American University in Washington, D.C., and Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts, Marston traveled to Universal Studios in California in 1929, where he spent a year as Director of Public Services. +William Marston (right) in 1922, testing his lie detector invention +Marston had 2 children each with both his wife Elizabeth Holloway Marston and partner Olive Byrne.[6] Elizabeth supported the family financially while Byrne stayed home to take care of all four children.[6] Both Olive and Elizabeth "embodied the feminism of the day."[7] +Marston was the creator of the systolic blood pressure test, which became one component of the modern polygraph invented by John Augustus Larson in Berkeley, California. Marston's wife Elizabeth Holloway Marston suggested a connection between emotion and blood pressure to William, observing that, "[w]hen she got mad or excited, her blood pressure seemed to climb".[8] Although Elizabeth is not listed as Marston's collaborator in his early work, Lamb, Matte (1996), and others refer directly and indirectly to Elizabeth's own work on her husband's research. +She also appears in a picture taken in his laboratory in the 1920s (reproduced by Marston, 1938).[9][10] Marston set out to commercialize Larson's invention of the polygraph when he subsequently embarked on a career in entertainment and comic book writing and appeared as a salesman in ads for Gillette Razors, using a polygraph motif. +From his psychological work, Marston became convinced that women were more honest than men in certain situations and could work faster and more accurately. During his lifetime Marston championed the latent abilities and causes of the women of his day. +In 1928 he published Emotions of Normal People, which elaborated the DISC Theory. Marston viewed people behaving along two axes, with their attention being either passive or active, depending on the individual's perception of his or her environment as either favorable or antagonistic. By placing the axes at right angles, four quadrants form with each describing a behavioral pattern: +Dominance produces activity in an antagonistic environment Inducement produces activity in a favorable environment Submission produces passivity in a favorable environment Compliance produces passivity in an antagonistic environment. +Marston posited that there is a masculine notion of freedom that is inherently anarchic and violent and an opposing feminine notion based on "Love Allure" that leads to an ideal state of submission to loving authority. In 1929, he wrote on the blossoming Men's Rights Movement as a newspaper columnist.[11] +On October 25, 1940, an interview conducted by former student Olive Byrne (under the pseudonym "Olive Richard") was published in The Family Circle (titled "Don't Laugh at the Comics"), in which Marston said that he saw "great educational potential" in comic books. (A follow-up article was published two years later in 1942.[12]) The interview caught the attention of comics publisher Max Gaines, who hired Marston as an educational consultant for National Periodicals and All-American Publications, two of the companies that would later merge to form DC Comics. +In the early 1940s, the DC Comics line was dominated by superpower-endowed male characters such as the Green Lantern and Superman (its flagship character), as well as Batman, with his high-tech gadgets. According to the Fall 2001 issue of the Boston University alumni magazine, it was the idea of Marston's wife, Elizabeth Holloway Marston, to create a female superhero. Marston recommended an idea for a new kind of superhero, one who would conquer not with fists or firepower, but with love. +Marston introduced the idea to Max Gaines, co-founder with Jack Liebowitz of All-American Publications. Given the go-ahead, Marston developed Wonder Woman, basing her character on the unconventional, liberated, powerful modern women of his day.[1][15] Marston's pseudonym, Charles Moulton, combined his own and Gaines's middle names. +In a 1943 issue of The American Scholar, Marston wrote: "Not even girls want to be girls so long as our feminine archetype lacks force, strength, and power. Not wanting to be girls, they don't want to be tender, submissive, peace-loving as good women are. Women's strong qualities have become despised because of their weakness. +In 2017, a majority of Marston's personal papers arrived at the Schlesinger Library at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study; this collection helps to tell the backstory of "Wonder Woman," including his unorthodox personal life with two idealistic and strong women, Olive Byrne and Elizabeth Marston, with a connection to Margaret Sanger, one of the most influential feminists of the twentieth century.[16] +Marston's character was a native of an all-female utopia of Amazons who became a crime-fighting U.S. government agent, using her superhuman strength and agility, and her ability to force villains to submit and tell the truth by binding them with her magic lasso.[17] Her appearance was believed by some to be based somewhat on Olive Byrne, and her heavy bronze bracelets (which she used to deflect bullets) were inspired by the jewelry bracelets worn by Byrne. +After her name "Suprema" was replaced with "Wonder Woman," which was a popular term at the time that described women who were exceptionally gifted, the character made her debut in All Star Comics #8 in December 1941. Wonder Woman next appeared in Sensation Comics #1 (January 1942), and six months later, Wonder Woman #1 debuted.[17] Except for four months in 1986, the series has been in print ever since. The stories were initially written by Marston and illustrated by newspaper artist Harry Peter. +William Moulton Marston died of cancer on May 2, 1947, in Rye, New York, seven days shy of his 54th birthday. After his death, Elizabeth and Olive continued to live together until Olive's death in 1990, aged 86; Elizabeth died in 1993, aged 100.[18] In 1985, Marston was posthumously named as one of the honorees by DC Comics in the company's 50th anniversary publication Fifty Who Made DC Great.[19] +Journal articles +Psychologist and inventor +In film +Marston's life is depicted in Professor Marston and the Wonder Women, a biographical drama also portraying Elizabeth Holloway Marston, Olive Byrne, and the creation of Wonder Woman.[23][24] Dr. Marston is portrayed in the film by Welsh actor Luke Evans.[25] +ISBN 0-309-08436-9. ↑ "Why Men Are Organizing To Fight Female Dominance" October 19, 1929, Hamilton Evening Journal ↑ Richard, Olive. Our Women Are Our Future ↑ Lamb, Marguerite. "Who Was Wonder Woman? +Long-Ago LAW Alumna Elizabeth Marston Was the Muse Who Gave Us a Superheroine." +Boston University Alumni Magazine, Fall 2001. ↑ Malcolm, Andrew H. +"OUR TOWNS; She's Behind the Match For That Man of Steel". The New York Times, Feb. 18, 1992. ↑ Daniels, Les. +Wonder Woman: The Complete History, (DC Comics, 2000), pp. 28–30. ↑ Walsh, Colleen (September 7, 2017). +"The life behind Wonder Woman". harvard.edu. Harvard University. +Retrieved December 16, 2017. +1 2 Lepore, Jill. +The Secret History of Wonder Woman, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2014, ISBN 9780385354042, pages 183–209. ↑ Lepore, Jill (October 2014). "The Surprising Origin Story of Wonder Woman". Smithsonian.com. +Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved October 16, 2017. ↑ Marx, Barry, Cavalieri, Joey and Hill, Thomas (w), Petruccio, Steven (a), Marx, Barry (ed). "William Moulton Marston Wonder Woman's Legend Born" Fifty Who Made DC Great: 17 (1985), DC Comics ↑ Jones, Gerard Men of Tomorrow New York: Basic Books 2004, p. 210 ↑ Marston, William Moulton. +"Why 100,000,000 Americans Read Comics." +The American Scholar 13.1, 1943–44, page 43 ↑ "Eviless – Pre-Crisis DC Comics – Villainy Inc – Wonder Woman". +Writeups.org. ↑ Wonder Woman creator biopic gets mysterious first teaser ↑ What that mysterious teaser before 'Wonder Woman' was about ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony (September 15, 2017). +"Annapurna To Release MGM's 'Death Wish' Over Thanksgiving; Sets October Date For 'Professor Marston & The Wonder Women'". Deadline.com. Retrieved September 15, 2017. +Abstinence +Solitary sex +Limitations +Sex toys +Barrier protection +Non-penetrative sex +Precautions +Anal sex +U.S. World War II anti-venereal disease poster. +Sexual abstinence is sometimes promoted as a way to avoid the risks associated with sexual contact, though STIs may also be transmitted through non-sexual means, or by involuntary sex. HIV may be transmitted through contaminated needles used in tattooing, body piercing, or injections. Medical or dental procedures using contaminated instruments can also spread HIV, while some health-care workers have acquired HIV through occupational exposure to accidental injuries with needles.[35] Evidence does not support the use of abstinence only sex education.[36] Abstinence-only education programs have been found to be ineffective in decreasing rates of HIV infection in the developed world[37] and unplanned pregnancy.[36] +Because of this, many couples (heterosexual or homosexual) can derive pleasure from some form of 'bottom stimulation'.[39] Safety measures are required also when anal sex occurs between heterosexual partners. Apart from the STI transmission risks, other risks such as infection are high regarding anal intercourse. The main risks which individuals are exposed to when performing anal sex are the transmission of HIV, Hepatitis C and A and Escherichia coli and HPV. +Some groups, such as some Christian denominations, oppose sex outside marriage and therefore object to safe-sex education programs because they believe that providing such education promotes promiscuity. Virginity pledges and sexual abstinence education programs are often promoted in lieu of contraceptives and safe-sex education programs. This may entail exposing some teenagers to increased risk of sexually transmitted infections, because about 60 percent of teenagers who pledge virginity until marriage do engage in pre-marital sex and are then one-third less likely to use contraceptives than their peers who have received more conventional sex education.[38] +Anal sex is a higher risk activity than vaginal intercourse because the thin tissues of the anus and rectum can be easily damaged.[39][40] Slight injuries can allow the passage of bacteria and viruses, including HIV. This includes by the use of anal toys. Condoms may be more likely to break during anal sex than during vaginal sex, increasing the risk.[41] +Anal stimulation with a sex toy requires similar safety measures to anal penetration with a penis, in this case using a condom on the sex toy in a similar way. +It is important that the man washes and cleans his penis after anal intercourse if he intends to penetrate the vagina. Bacteria from the rectum are easily transferred to the vagina, which may cause vaginal infections.[44] +Some researchers suggest that although gay men are more likely to engage in anal sex, heterosexual couples are more likely not to use condoms when doing so.[42] Other researchers state that gay men are not necessarily more likely to engage in anal sex than heterosexual couples.[39] +Anal sex should be avoided by couples in which one of the partners has been diagnosed with an STI until the treatment has proven to be effective. +In order to make anal sex safer, the couple must ensure that the anal area is clean and the bowel empty and the partner on whom anal penetration occurs should be able to relax. Regardless of whether anal penetration occurs by using a finger or the penis, the condom is the best barrier method to prevent transmission of STI. +Oil-based lubricants damage latex and should not be used with condoms;[43] water-based and silicone-based lubricants are available instead. Non-latex condoms are available for people who are allergic to latex (e.g., polyurethane condoms that are compatible with both oil-based and water-based lubricants). The "female condom" may also be used effectively by the anal receiving partner. +When anal-oral contact occurs, protection is required since this is a risky sexual behavior in which illnesses as Hepatitis A or STIs can be easily transmitted, as well as enteric infections. The dental dam or the plastic wrap[45] are effective protection means whenever anilingus is performed. +Two sex toys intended for anal use (note the flared bases) +Putting a condom on a sex toy provides better sexual hygiene and can help to prevent transmission of infections if the sex toy is shared, provided the condom is replaced when used by a different partner. Some sex toys are made of porous materials, and pores retain viruses and bacteria, which makes it necessary to clean sex toys thoroughly, preferably with use of cleaners specifically for sex toys. Glass is non-porous and medical grade glass sex toys more easily sterilized between uses.[46] +The way in which a sex toy is cleaned varies on the type of material it is made of. Some sex toys can be boiled or cleaned in a dishwasher. Most of the sex toys come with advice on the best way to clean and store them and these instructions should be carefully followed.[47] A sex toy should be cleaned not only when it is shared with other individuals but also when it is used on different parts of the body (such as mouth, vagina or anus). +Condoms can be used by men for safe sex +Dental dams can be used by persons who engage in cunnilingus and/or anilingus for safe sex. +Safe sex is sexual activity engaged in by people who have taken precautions to protect themselves against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as HIV.[1] It is also referred to as safer sex or protected sex, while unsafe or unprotected sex is sexual activity engaged in without precautions, especially forgoing condom use. +Some sources prefer the term safer sex to more precisely reflect the fact that these practices reduce, but do not always completely eliminate, the risk of disease transmission. The term sexually transmitted infections (STIs) has gradually become preferred over sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among medical sources, as it has a broader range of meaning; a person may be infected, and may potentially infect others, without showing signs of disease.[2] +Safe sex practices became more prominent in the late 1980s as a result of the AIDS epidemic. Promoting safer sex is now one of the aims of sex education. Safer sex is regarded as a harm reduction strategy aimed at reducing risks.[3][4] The risk reduction of safe sex is not absolute; for example, the reduced risk to the receptive partner of acquiring HIV from HIV-seropositive partners not wearing condoms compared to when they wear them is estimated to be about a four to fivefold.[5] +A shunga print by Kunisada depicting female masturbation. +Known as autoeroticism, solitary sexual activity is relatively safe. Masturbation, the simple act of stimulating one's own genitalia, is safe so long as contact is not made with other people's bodily fluids. Some activities, such as phone sex and cybersex, that allow for partners to engage in sexual activity without being in the same room, eliminate the risks involved with exchanging bodily fluids.[7] +Watercolor of manual stimulation of the penis, Johann Nepomuk Geiger, 1840. +A range of sex acts, sometimes called "outercourse", can be enjoyed with significantly reduced risks of infection or pregnancy. U.S. President Bill Clinton's surgeon general, Joycelyn Elders, tried to encourage the use of these practices among young people, but her position encountered opposition from a number of outlets, including the White House itself, and resulted in her being fired by President Clinton in December 1994.[8][9][10] +Non-penetrative sex includes practices such as kissing, mutual masturbation, rubbing or stroking and, according to the Health Department of Western Australia, this sexual practice may prevent pregnancy and most STIs. However, non-penetrative sex may not protect against infections that can be transmitted skin-to-skin such as herpes and genital warts.[11] +Various protective devices are used to avoid contact with blood, vaginal fluid, semen or other contaminant agents (like skin, hair and shared objects) during sexual activity. Sexual activity using these devices is called protected sex. +A dental dam (originally used in dentistry) is a sheet of latex used for protection when engaging in oral sex. It is typically used as a barrier between the mouth and the vulva during cunnilingus or between the mouth and the anus during anal–oral sex. Medical gloves made out of latex, vinyl, nitrile, or polyurethane may be used as a makeshift dental dam during oral sex, or to protect the hands during sexual stimulation, such as masturbation. +When latex barriers are used, oil-based lubrication can break down the structure of the latex and remove the protection it provides. +Condoms (male or female) are used to protect against STIs, and used with other forms of contraception to improve contraceptive effectiveness. For example, simultaneously using both the male condom and spermicide (applied separately, not pre-lubricated) is believed to reduce perfect-use pregnancy rates to those seen among implant users.[12] However, if two condoms are used simultaneously (male condom on top of male condom, or male condom inside female condom), this increases the chance of condom failure.[13][14] +Proper use of barriers, such as condoms, depends on the cleanliness of surfaces of the barrier, handling can pass contamination to and from surfaces of the barrier unless care is taken. +Studies of latex condom performance during use reported breakage and slippage rates varying from 1.46% to 18.60%.[15] Condoms must be put on before any bodily fluid could be exchanged, and they must be used also during oral sex.[16] +While the use of condoms can reduce transmission of HIV and other infectious agents, it does not do so completely. One study has suggested condoms might reduce HIV transmission by 85% to 95%; effectiveness beyond 95% was deemed unlikely because of slippage, breakage, and incorrect use.[30] It also said, "In practice, inconsistent use may reduce the overall effectiveness of condoms to as low as 60–70%".[30]p. 40. +During each act of anal intercourse, the risk of the receptive partner acquiring HIV from HIV seropositive partners not using condoms is about 1 in 120. Among people using condoms, the receptive partner's risk declines to 1 in 550, a four- to fivefold reduction.[5] Where the partner's HIV status is unknown, "Estimated per-contact risk of protected receptive anal intercourse with HIV-positive and unknown serostatus partners, including episodes in which condoms failed, was two thirds the risk of unprotected receptive anal intercourse with the comparable set of partners."[5]p. 310. +↑ Compact Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 2009, Accessed 23 September 2009 ↑ "Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?". PLWHA/National AIDS Resource Center. Retrieved 25 March 2013. +Sometimes the terms STI and STD are used interchangeably. This can be confusing and not always accurate, so it helps first to understand the difference between infection and disease. Infection simply means that a germ—virus, bacteria, or parasite—that can cause disease or sickness is present inside a person's body. +An infected person does not necessarily have any symptoms or signs that the virus or bacteria is actually hurting his or her body; they do not necessarily feel sick. A disease means that the infection is actually causing the infected person to feel sick, or to notice something is wrong. For this reason, the term STI—which refers to infection with any germ that can cause an STD, even if the infected person has no symptoms—is a much broader term than STD. ↑ "Global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections: 2006–2015. +World Health Organization. 2007. Retrieved 26 November 2011. ↑ Chin, H. B.; Sipe, T. A.; Elder, R.; Mercer, S. L.; Chattopadhyay, S. K.; Jacob, V.; Wethington, H. R.; Kirby, D.; et al. +(2012). "The Effectiveness of Group-Based Comprehensive Risk-Reduction and Abstinence Education Interventions to Prevent or Reduce the Risk of Adolescent Pregnancy, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Sexually Transmitted Infections". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. +42 (3): 272–294. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.11.006. PMID 22341164. 1 2 3 Vittinghoff E, Douglas J, Judson F, McKirnan D, MacQueen K, Buchbinder SP (1999). +"Per-contact risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission between male sexual partners". +Am J Epidemiol. 150 (3): 306–11. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010003. PMID 10430236. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) 1 2 3 "How Do Californians Define Safe Sex?" +(PDF). Retrieved 28 July 2010. ↑ "Safer Sex ("Safe Sex")". Retrieved 23 September 2009. ↑ "Getting Out the Wrecking Ball". +Time. +19 December 1994. Retrieved 8 March 2009. ↑ Dash, Leon (1997). +"Joycelyn Elders: From Sharecropper's Daughter to Surgeon General of the United States of America. - book reviews". Washington Monthly. Archived from the original on 17 March 2008. ↑ Mitchell, Alison (6 November 1996). +"President Clinton Makes a Celebratory Return to His Starting Point in Arkansas". +New York Times. Retrieved 8 March 2009. ↑ "STDs (Sexually Transmitted Diseases)". +Retrieved 23 January 2014. ↑ Kestelman, P; Trussell, J (1991). +"Efficacy of the simultaneous use of condoms and spermicides". +Fam Plann Perspect. Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. +23, No. 5. +23 (5): 226–232. doi:10.2307/2135759. +JSTOR 2135759. +PMID 1743276. ↑ "Does using two condoms provide more protection than using just one condom?". +Condoms and Dental Dams. New York University Student Health Center. Retrieved 30 June 2008. ↑ "Are two condoms better than one?". +Go Ask Alice!. Columbia University. 21 January 2005. +Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 30 June 2008. +1 2 "Methods to Prevent Sexual Transmission of HIV". +Retrieved 28 July 2010. ↑ "Sexual Health Education". Retrieved 28 July 2010. ↑ "Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. +19 September 2016. +Retrieved 14 March 2017. ↑ "WHO agrees HIV circumcision plan". BBC World News. BBC. +3 March 2007. Retrieved 12 July 2008. ↑ "Circumcision and HIV - the Randomised Controlled Trials". www.circumstitions.com. ↑ "Circumcision and AIDS". ↑ Mcallister, R.G.; Travis, J.W.; Bollinger, D; Rutiser, C; Sundar, V (Fall 2008). "The cost to circumcise Africa". +International Journal of Men's Health. Men's Studies Press. 7 (3): 307–316. doi:10.3149/jmh.0703.307. +ISSN 1532-6306. ↑ "Cuba fights AIDS in its Own Way". The Body. The Body. +13 June 2009. Retrieved 13 June 2009. ↑ Li, J. Z.; Mack, E. C.; Levy, J. A. (2003). "Virucidal Efficacy of Soap and Water against Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Genital Secretions". +Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 47 (10): 3321–3322. doi:10.1128/AAC.47.10.3321-3322.2003. PMC 201149 . +PMID 14506048. ↑ Gresenguet, G; Kreiss, J.K.; Chapko, M.K.; Hillier, S.L.; Weiss, N.S. +(January 1997). +"HIV infection and vaginal douching in central Africa". +AIDS. 11 (1): 101–106. doi:10.1097/00002030-199701000-00015. +PMID 9110082. ↑ Li, J. Z.; Mack, E. C.; Levy, J. A. (2003). +"Virucidal Efficacy of Soap and Water against Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Genital Secretions". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 47 (10): 3321–3322. doi:10.1128/AAC.47.10.3321-3322.2003. +PMC 201149 . PMID 14506048. 1 2 3 4 5 Staras, A.; Cook, L.; Clark, B. +(April 2009). "Sexual Partner Characteristics and Sexually Transmitted Diseases Among Adolescents and Young Adults". +Sexually Transmitted Diseases. +36 (4): 232–238. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181901e32. +ISSN 0148-5717. PMC 3883137 . PMID 19265739. ↑ Kahn, J. O.; Walker, B. D. (1998). +339 (1): 33–39. doi:10.1056/NEJM199807023390107. PMID 9647878. ↑ Daar E, Little S, Pitt J, et al. (2001). +"Diagnosis of primary HIV-1 infection. Los Angeles County Primary HIV Infection Recruitment Network". Ann. +Intern. +Med. 134 (1): 25–9. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-134-1-200101020-00010. PMID 11187417. ↑ Baarda, Benjamin I.; Sikora, Aleksandra E. (2015). +"Proteomics of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: the treasure hunt for countermeasures against an old disease". +Frontiers in Microbiology. +6. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01190. +ISSN 1664-302X; Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh. 1 2 Varghese B, Maher JE, Peterman TA, Branson BM, Steketee RW (2002). "Reducing the risk of sexual HIV transmission: quantifying the per-act risk for HIV on the basis of choice of partner, sex act, and condom use" (PDF). +Sex Transm Dis. 29 (1): 38–43. doi:10.1097/00007435-200201000-00007. +PMID 11773877. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) ↑ Chasmar, Jessica (24 March 2013). "Bill Gates offers $100,000 grant for improved condoms". The Washington Times. +Retrieved 2 May 2013. ↑ 2 Years Later, Here's What Happened to Bill Gates' Condoms of the Future Retrieved May 4, 2017. ↑ http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/publications/rhr_03_8/Nonoxynol_9.pdf ↑ Fackelmann, Kathy A. (1992). "Diaphragm and sponge protect against STDs - sexually transmitted diseases". Science News. +Archived from the original on 4 April 2010. Retrieved 5 April 2010. ↑ Do, A.N.; Ciesielski, C.A.; Metler, R.P.; Hammett, T.A.; Li, J; Fleming, P.L. (2003). "Occupationally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: national case surveillance data during 20 years of the HIV epidemic in the United States". +Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 24 (2): 86–96. doi:10.1086/502178. PMID 12602690. +1 2 Ott, M.A.; Santelli, J.S. (October 2007). "Abstinence and abstinence-only education". +Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 19 (5): 446–52. doi:10.1097/GCO.0b013e3282efdc0b. +PMID 17885460. ↑ Underhill, K; Operario, D; Montgomery, P (17 October 2007). +Operario, Don, ed. +"Abstinence-only programs for HIV infection prevention in high-income countries". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD005421. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005421.pub2. PMID 17943855. ↑ "Recent Findings from The 'Add Health' Survey: Teens and Sexual Activity". +22 September 2004. 1 2 3 Dean, John; Delvin, David. "Anal sex". +Retrieved 29 April 2010. ↑ Voeller B. AIDS and heterosexual anal intercourse. Arch Sex Behav 1991; 20:233–276. as cited in Leichliter, Jami S. PhD, "Heterosexual Anal Sex: Part of an Expanding Sexual Repertoire?" in Sexually Transmitted Diseases: November 2008 – Volume 35 – Issue 11 – pp 910–911 Accessed 26 January 2010 ↑ "Can I get HIV from anal sex?". Retrieved 19 August 2011. ↑ "Gay men's dream: A 'magic' lube: Researchers discuss rectal microbicide development at NIAID workshop", Bob Roehr, (15 June 2001) Bay Area Reporter http://www.aegis.com/news/bar/2001/BR010617.html ↑ Steiner M., Piedrahita C., Glover L., Joanis C., Spruyt A., Foldesy R. (1993). +"The impact of lubricants on latex condoms during vaginal intercourse" (PDF). International Journal of STD and AIDS. +5 (1): 29–36. doi:10.1177/095646249400500108. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) ↑ "Anal Sex - Facts and Safe Sex Information". Retrieved 5 April 2010. ↑ C., Van Dyk, Alta (2008). HIVAIDS care & counselling : a multidisciplinary approach (4th ed ed.). +Cape Town: Pearson Education South Africa. p. 157. ISBN 9781770251717. OCLC 225855360. CS1 maint: Extra text (link) ↑ "The Safety Dance: Sex Toy Safety for a New Generation". +Kinsey Confidential. Retrieved 2017-05-09. ↑ "Are sex toys safe?". Retrieved 31 March 2010. ↑ Choices, N. H. S. +"Are sex toys safe? - Health questions - NHS Choices". ↑ Nuzzo, Regina. "Good Vibrations: U.S. Consumer Web Site Aims to Enhance Sex Toy Safety". +Safe sex +Condom machine +Wonder Woman +Olive Byrne, pen name Olive Richard (1904-1985)[1] was an American housewife and live-in mistress of William Moulton Marston (who was also married to Elizabeth Holloway Marston). She has been credited as an inspiration for his creation Wonder Woman. +Olive Byrne and William Marston met in 1925 while she was a senior attending Tufts University. +He was her psychology professor, and she soon became his research assistant, even taking him to her sorority to do some of his research. She was instrumental in introducing him to the world of sorority baby parties (in which freshmen girls are required to dress like babies and are treated like children[2]), at which he performed some of his experiments on human reactions to power.[3] +Olive Byrne was the daughter of Ethel Byrne, who famously opened the first birth-control clinic in the United States with her sister Margaret Sanger.[1] +The three lived together for a number of years. Both women had Marston's children while the three were together, and Elizabeth named her daughter Olive after Byrne. Byrne and Elizabeth Marston continued their relationship while raising both of their children with William Marston after Marston's death.[4] Both Olive and Elizabeth "embodied the feminism of the day."[5] They told census takers that Olive was Elizabeth's widowed sister-in-law.[6] +Olive had two sons with Marston; Byrne and Donn. +As reported by Jill Lepore in the book The Secret History of Wonder Woman, Olive has been credited by some as being Marston's inspiration [3][7] for the physical appearance of his iconic character, Wonder Woman,[8] but Marston himself only remarked that a pair of bracelets that Byrne frequently wore inspired the ones that would become an important feature of the comic book heroine. +In film +Byrne's life is depicted in Professor Marston and the Wonder Women, a biographical drama also portraying Elizabeth Holloway Marston, her husband William Moulton Marston, and the creation of Wonder Woman.[9] Byrne is portrayed in the film by Australian actress Bella Heathcote.[10] +Retrieved October 16, 2017. ↑ William Marston, Emotions of Normal People, as quoted in Noah Berlatsky, "William Marston on Sorority Baby Parties", Hooded Utilitarian, May 6, 2012. 1 2 Lepore, Jill (2014). The Secret History of Wonder Woman. +"What 'Professor Marston' Misses About Wonder Woman's Origins (Guest Column)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 21, 2017. ↑ Tim Hanley, Wonder Woman Unbound: The Curious History of the World's Most Famous Heroine, Chicago Review Press, 2014, p. +Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-8118-2913-8. ↑ Wonder Woman creator biopic gets mysterious first teaser ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony (September 15, 2017). "Annapurna To Release MGM's 'Death Wish' Over Thanksgiving; Sets October Date For 'Professor Marston & The Wonder Women'". +Global studies +Promiscuity is the practice of having casual sex frequently with different partners or being indiscriminate in the choice of sexual partners.[1] The term can carry a moral judgment if the social ideal for sexual activity is monogamous relationships. A common example of behavior viewed as promiscuous by many cultures is the one-night stand, and its frequency is used by researchers as a marker for promiscuity.[2] +Feminists have traditionally argued a significant double standard exists between how men and women are judged for promiscuity. Historically, stereotypes of the promiscuous woman have tended to be negative, such as "the slut" or "the harlot", while male stereotypes have been more varied, some expressing approval, such as "the stud" or "the player", while others imply societal deviance, such as "the womanizer" or "the philanderer". A scientific study published in 2005 found that promiscuous men and women are judged equally harshly.[3] However, later studies show evidence for a double standard.[4][5][6] +In 2008, a U.S. university study of international promiscuity found that Finns have had the largest number of sex partners in the industrialized world, and British people have the largest number among big western industrial nations. The study measured one-night stands, attitudes to casual sex, and number of sexual partners.[13][14][15] A 2014 nationwide survey in the United Kingdom named Liverpool the country's most promiscuous city.[16] +Britain's position on the international index "may be linked to increasing social acceptance of promiscuity among women as well as men". Britain’s ranking was "ascribed to factors such as the decline of religious scruples about extramarital sex, the growth of equal pay and equal rights for women and a highly sexualised popular culture".[13][14][15] +The top-10-ranking OECD nations with a population over 10 million on the study's promiscuity index, in descending order, were the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, Australia, the United States, France, Turkey, Mexico, and Canada.[13][14][15] +A nonscientific survey conducted in 2007 by condom-maker Durex measured promiscuity by a total number of sexual partners. +The survey found Austrian men had the highest number of sex partners of males globally with 29.3 sexual partners on average. New Zealand women had the highest number of sex partners for females in the world with an average of 20.4 sexual partners. In all of the countries surveyed, except New Zealand, men reported more sexual partners than women.[17] +One review found the people from developed Western countries had more sex partners than people from developing countries in general, while the rate of STIs was higher in developing countries.[10] +According to the 2005 Global Sex Survey by Durex, people have had on average nine sexual partners, the most in Turkey (14.5) and Australia (13.3), and the least in India (3) and China (3.1).[18] +Springer. p. 215. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17341-2_12. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link) ↑ Hull, J. W.; Clarkin, J. F.; Yeomans, F. (1993). "Borderline personality disorder and impulsive sexual behavior". +Psychiatric Services. 44 (10): 1000–1001. doi:10.1176/ps.44.10.1000. +1 2 3 Waite, Roger (2008-11-30). +"Britain on top in casual sex league". The Times. +London. Retrieved 2010-05-22. 1 2 3 Beckford, Martin; Jamieson, Alastair (2008-11-30). +UPI. ↑ "Liverpool named UK's most promiscuous city". themetro.co.uk. Mark Molloy. ↑ New Zealand women most promiscuous The Sydney Morning Herald ↑ http://www.data360.org/pdf/20070416064139.Global%20Sex%20Survey.pdf, page 6 ↑ Seidman, S. N.; Rieder, R. O. (1994). +Filmography +2017: One Day and acting debut +Awards and nominations +2015–2016: 1PUNCH, Show Me the Money, and move to YG Entertainment +Singles +Jung Jae-won (Hangul: 정제원; born March 29, 1994),[3] better known by his stage name ONE, is a South Korean rapper, singer, and songwriter. He debuted in 2015 as a member of the hip-hop duo 1Punch with Kim Samuel but later One moved to YG Entertainment from D-Business Entertainment following the group’s disbandment in September that year.[4][5] He is also known for his appearances on the fourth and fifth seasons of Show Me the Money.[5] +ONE started his musical career as part of the hip-hop duo named 1Punch with Samuel under a collaboration between D-Business Entertainment and Brave Entertainment.[6] They debuted on January 23 with the release of "Turn Me Back", which is the title track of their album The Anthem.[4] On September 21, it was reported that YG Entertainment had scouted ONE.[1][2][7] The exclusive contract with YG Entertainment came about after his participation in the fourth series of Show Me the Money.[6] He was a member of "Team Zipal" under team leaders Zico and Paloalto until his elimination in the sixth episode. A year later, he returned and participated in the fifth series of the show.[8] This time, he was a member of the AOMG Team under the leadership of Simon Dominic and Gray. He placed tenth in the season. +On July 11, ONE officially debuted as a solo artist under YG Entertainment with the release of his first EP, One Day.[5][10] It was also reported that he became the first male solo artist to debut from YG Entertainment in 14 years since Se7en's debut in 2003.[10][11] +In October, YG Entertainment announce that ONE will start his acting career in tvN's drama Hwayugi that will be airing on December.[12] In November, ONE was cast in a romantic one-act drama Anthology together with Shin Eun-soo. He will become a smart and good looking country boy with a hidden secret.[13] +Title Album details Peak chart positions Sales KOR [14] One Day Released: July 11, 2017 Label: YG Entertainment Formats: CD, digital download 6 KOR: 8,551[15] +Title Year Peak positions Sales Album KOR [16] "Peep" (힐끔힐끔) (with Dok2 & The Quiett) 2015 — N/A #Jeilx "I'm Not The Person You Used To Know" (니가 알던 내가 아냐) (with Simon Dominic, G2, & BewhY) 2016 2 KOR: 751,667+[17] Show Me the Money 5 "Comfortable" (맘 편히) (with Simon Dominic & Gray) 1 KOR: 750,349+[17] "Gettin' by" (그냥 그래) 2017 59 KOR: 34,949+[18] One Day "Heyahe" (해야해) — KOR: 20,880+[19] "—" denotes releases that did not chart. +Year Title Role Network Notes 2017 A Korean Odyssey TBA tvN Supporting role 2018 Drama Stage – Anthology Song Jin-hyun One-act Drama +Variety show +1 2 Nam, Woo-jeong (2015-09-21). YG 측 “원과 최근 전속계약 체결…활동 시기는 결정된 바 없다” (in Korean). MBN. +1 2 Uhm, Dong-jin (2015-09-21). [단독] ´쇼미4´ 출신 래퍼 원, YG와 전속 계약 ´확정´ (in Korean). JTBC PLUS, JTBC Content Hub Co., Ltd. Retrieved 2017-07-11. ↑ "Wŏn Pŭropil" 원 프로필 [One Profile] (in Korean). +Naver. Retrieved 2017-07-14. 1 2 스페셜:제2의 듀스 원펀치, 2015년 가요계가 그들을 주목한다. +Music.naver.com (in Korean). Naver. 2015-01-23. +Retrieved 2017-05-30. 1 2 3 Hong, Dam-young. "YG's solo artist One debuts with 'One Day'". +Retrieved 2017-07-11. 1 2 Kim, Ji-ha (2017-07-11). [이슈&톡] 원펀치, 원과 사무엘 된 후 한판 (in Korean). TV Daily. +Retrieved 2017-07-14. ↑ Yoon, Hyo-jung (2015-09-21). "1Punch′s 1 Signs with YG Entertainment". MWave. +CJ Digital Music. Retrieved 2017-07-11. ↑ Park, Hyun-min (2016-03-10). '쇼미5', 정준하부터 원·슈퍼비까지…초호화 참가자[종합] (in Korean). OSEN. +Retrieved 2017-07-11. ↑ Ahn, Woorim (2016-04-18). "One to Star in Lee Hi′s New Music Video". MWave. +CJ Digital Music. Retrieved 2017-07-11. 1 2 Min, Susan (2017-07-11). +"YG Entertainment′s ONE to Make Debut with Double Title Tracks ′Gettin′ by′ ′heyahe′". MWave. CJ Digital Music. +Retrieved 2017-07-11. ↑ Kim, Eun-ae (2017-06-27). [뮤직톡톡] 14년만의 YG 男 솔로가수, 원에 거는 기대 (in Korean). OSEN. Retrieved 2017-07-15. ↑ "[N1★종합] 차승원·오연서에 YG 원까지, '화유기' 막강 라인업 윤곽". +News1 (in Korean). 2017-10-19. +Retrieved October 19, 2017. ↑ "[공식] 신은수·정제원, tvN 단막극 '문집' 출연 확정". Sports Chosun (in Korean). November 23, 2017. ↑ Peak chart positions for each album in South Korea: One Day: 2017년 30주차 Album Chart [Week 30 of 2017 Album Chart]. +Gaon Chart (in Korean). Korea Music Content Industry Association. Retrieved 2017-08-03. ↑ 2017년 07월 Album Chart (see #14) [July 2017 Album Chart]. +Gaon Chart (in Korean). +Korea Music Content Industry Association. +Retrieved 2017-08-10. ↑ Peak chart positions of all singles in South Korea: 원 (ONE) | Digital Chart [One | Digital Chart]. Gaon Music (in Korean). +Korea Music Content Industry Association. Retrieved 2017-07-13. 1 2 2016년 Download Chart [Year 2016 Download Chart]. +Gaon Music (in Korean). Korea Music Content Industry Association. Retrieved 2017-07-13. ↑ Cumulative sales for "Gettin' by": 2017년 28주차 Download Chart (see #26) [Week 27 of 2017 Download Chart]. +Gaon Chart (in Korean). +Korea Music Content Industry Association. +Retrieved 2017-07-20. ↑ Total downloads for "Heyahe": 2017년 28주차 Download Chart (see #78) [Week 27 of 2017 Download Chart]. Gaon Chart (in Korean). Korea Music Content Industry Association. +ONE Native name 정제원 Born Jung Jae-won (1994-03-29) March 29, 1994 Seoul, South Korea Other names ONE Occupation Rapper singer songwriter Musical career Genres K-pop R&B Hip-hop Instruments Vocals Years active 2015–present Labels D-Business Entertainment (2015)[1][2] YG Entertainment (2015–present) Associated acts 1Punch +Korean name Hangul 정제원 Revised Romanization Jeong Je-won McCune–Reischauer Chŏng Chewŏn Stage name Hangul 원 Revised Romanization Won McCune–Reischauer Wŏn +Year Network Title Notes 2015 Mnet Show Me the Money 4 Contestant 2016 Show Me the Money 5 Contestant 2017 OnStyle Get It Beauty 2017 Flower Boy Rapper Special (with Song Mino, BI) +External links +References +Prevalence +Efficacy +Medical uses +OCLC 781956734. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link) Table 26–1 = Table 3–2 Percentage of women experiencing an unintended pregnancy during the first year of typical use and the first year of perfect use of contraception, and the percentage continuing use at the end of the first year. United States. ↑ Dean A. Hendrickson; A. N. Baird (5 June 2013). Turner and McIlwraith's Techniques in Large Animal Surgery. +John Wiley & Sons. p. 541. ISBN 978-1-118-68404-7. ↑ Nielsen CM, Genster HG (1980). +PMID 26545447. ↑ "Contraceptive Use 2011". UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2012. 1 2 Shih G, Turok DK, Parker WJ (April 2011). +Vasectomy is a surgical procedure for male sterilization or permanent contraception. During the procedure, the male vas deferens are cut and tied or sealed so as to prevent sperm from entering into the urethra and thereby prevent fertilization. Vasectomies are usually performed in a physician's office, medical clinic, or, when performed on an animal, in a veterinary clinic—hospitalization is not normally required as the procedure is not complicated, the incisions small, and the necessary equipment routine. +There are several methods by which a surgeon might complete a vasectomy procedure, all of which occlude (i.e. "seal") at least one side of each vas deferens. To help reduce anxiety and increase patient comfort, men who have an aversion to needles may consider a "no-needle" application of anesthesia while the "no-scalpel" or "open-ended" techniques help to accelerate recovery times and increase the chance of healthy recovery. +Due to the simplicity of the surgery, a vasectomy usually takes less than thirty minutes to complete. After a short recovery at the doctor's office (usually less than an hour), the patient is sent home to rest. Because the procedure is minimally invasive, many vasectomy patients find that they can resume their typical sexual behavior within a week, and do so with little or no discomfort. +Because the procedure is considered a permanent method of contraception and is not easily reversed, men are usually counseled/advised to consider how the long-term outcome of a vasectomy might affect them both emotionally and physically. The procedure is not often encouraged for young single men as their chances for biological parenthood are thereby more or less permanently reduced to almost zero. It is seldom performed on dogs (castration, a different procedure, remains the preferred reproductive control option for canines) but is regularly performed on bulls.[3] +It ensures that in most cases the person will be sterile after confirmation of success following surgery. The procedure is regarded as permanent because vasectomy reversal is costly and often does not restore the male's sperm count or sperm motility to prevasectomy levels. Men with vasectomies have a very small (nearly zero) chance of successfully impregnating a woman, but a vasectomy has no effect on rates of sexually transmitted infections. +After vasectomy, the testes remain in the scrotum where Leydig cells continue to produce testosterone and other male hormones that continue to be secreted into the blood-stream. Some studies have found that sexual desire after vasectomy may be somewhat diminished.[4][5] +After vasectomy, the membranes must increase in size to absorb and store more fluid; this triggering of the immune system causes more macrophages to be recruited to break down and reabsorb more solid content. Within one year after vasectomy, sixty to seventy per cent of vasectomized men develop antisperm antibodies.[6] In some cases, vasitis nodosa, a benign proliferation of the ductular epithelium, can also result.[7][8] The accumulation of sperm increases pressure in the vas deferens and epididymis. The entry of the sperm into the scrotum can cause sperm granulomas to be formed by the body to contain and absorb the sperm which the body will treat as a foreign biological substance (much like a virus or bacterium).[9] +Vasectomy is the most effective permanent form of contraception available to men. In nearly every way that vasectomy can be compared to tubal ligation it has a more positive outlook. Vasectomy is more cost effective, less invasive, has techniques that are emerging that may facilitate easier reversal, and has a much lower risk of postoperative complications. +Early failure rates, i.e. pregnancy within a few months after vasectomy, typically result from unprotected sexual intercourse too soon after the procedure while some sperm continue to pass through the vasa deferentia. Most physicians and surgeons who perform vasectomies recommend one (sometimes two) postprocedural semen specimens to verify a successful vasectomy; however, many men fail to return for verification tests citing inconvenience, embarrassment, forgetfulness, or certainty of sterility.[10] In January 2008, the F.D.A. cleared a home test called SpermCheck Vasectomy that allows patients to perform postvasectomy confirmation tests themselves;[11] however, compliance for postvasectomy semen analysis in general remains low. +Late failure, i.e. pregnancy following spontaneous recanalization of the vasa deferentia, has also been documented.[12] The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists states there is a generally agreed-upon rate of late failure of about one in 2000 vasectomies— better than tubal ligations for which the failure rate is one in every 200 to 300 cases.[13] A 2005 review including both early and late failures described a total of 183 recanalizations from 43,642 vasectomies (0.4%), and sixty pregnancies after 92,184 vasectomies (0.07%).[14] +A post-vasectomy scrotum, showing typical post-operative bruising, incision stitches and a shaved scrotum. +Internationally, vasectomy rates are vastly different.[54] While female sterilisation is the most widely used method worldwide, with 223 million women relying on it, only 28 million women rely on their partner’s vasectomy.[55] In the world’s 69 least developed countries less than 0.1% of men use vasectomies on average. Of 54 African countries, only ten report measurable vasectomy use and only Swaziland, Botswana, and South Africa exceed 0·1% prevalence.[54] +country vasectomy usage notes Canada 22% "of all women rely on vasectomy" UK 17% - 21% only range given New Zealand 17% to 21% only range given South Korea 17% to 21% only range given Australia ~10% Belgium ~10% Denmark ~10% Spain ~10% Switzerland ~10% Swaziland 0.3% Botswana 0.4% South Africa 0.7% +Availability and legality +References +Varieties of the operation +Hymenorrhaphy or hymen reconstruction surgery is the temporary surgical restoration of the hymen.[1] The term comes from the Greek words hymen meaning "membrane", and raphḗ meaning "suture". It is also known as hymenoplasty, although strictly this term would also include hymenotomy. +Such procedures are not generally regarded as part of mainstream gynecology, but are available from some plastic surgery centers, particularly in the United States, South Korea and Western Europe, generally as day surgery. The normal aim is to cause bleeding during post-nuptial intercourse, which in some cultures is considered proof of virginity.[2] +The term may cover at least three significantly different types of procedure: +Suturing of a tear in the hymen such as might be caused by sexual assault, soon after the assault, to facilitate healing. A purely cosmetic procedure in which a membrane without blood supply is created, sometimes including a gelatine capsule of an artificial bloodlike substance. This operation is intended to be performed within a few days before an intended marriage.[3] Use of a flap of the vaginal lining, complete with its blood supply, to create a new hymen. +Some hymen reconstruction operations are legal in some countries, while other countries ban all hymenorrhaphy.[4] +In the United States of America, hymen restoration is available in private clinics and becoming more common. +Hymenorrhaphy ICD-9-CM 70.76 +↑ Hymen Repair (hymenoplasty and hymenorrhaphy) ↑ Deuteronomy 22:13-19 (The Message) ↑ Paterson-Brown, Sara (1998-02-07). "Should doctors reconstruct the vaginal introitus of adolescent girls to mimic the virginal state? Education about the hymen is needed". +Modern telecommunications in Thailand started in 1875 with the deployment of the first telegraph service. Historically, the development of telecommunication networks in Thailand were in the hands of the public sector. +Government organisations have been established to provide telegraph, telephone, radio, and television services, and other government agencies, especially the military, still control a large estate of radio and television spectra. Private telecommunication operators initially acquired concession agreements with state enterprises. For mobile phone services, all the concession has been amended by successive government to last 25 years and will gradually end in 2015. +For other services, the concession terms and conditions vary, ranging from one year to fifteen years. Nearly all of the concession are built-own-operate type of contracts or BTO. The private investor has to build all the required facilities and transfer them to the State Owned Enterprises before they can operate or offer services to public. +In September 2006, the military took over the control from a civilian government and decided to merge the telecommunications and broadcasting regulators into a convergence regulator but the task had not been completed until the muppet civilian government came into power and introduced the new bill. +The new law dubbed the Act on Spectrum Allocation Authority, Regulatory & Control over Radio & TV Broadcast and Telecommunications of 2010 (aka NRA Act of 2010), terminates the NTC and creates a new "convergence regulator" to look over both telecommunications and broadcast in Thailand. The new law also requires that the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission which was established in 2010 as an independent regulators, must allocate all commercial spectrum license via auction. +In 2012, in order to license the 3G spectrum and services, the Telecomm Commission (TC) launched the spectrum auction and resulted in three new licenses for 2.1 GHz to 3 incumbents (AIS, True and DTAC). +In 2013, the Broadcast Commission (BC) also auctioned 42 new DTTV licenses. Both auctions altogether earned then the highest record for money given to public sector through auction. +Later the record was beaten by another auction by sister agency - Broadcast Commission who launched the DTTV auction in December 2013. +The NBTC Act in force then allowed NBTC to keep the proceed of the DTTV auction proceed. But when the Military took over the country, it amended the NBTC Act to require return of auction proceed to public purse. +The successive government led by General Prayud Chanocha, also himself the leader of the Military Junta, announced when he assumed the Premiership that his government would move Thailand into the "Digital Economy" and would transform the Ministry of Information and Telecommunications into a Digital Economy Ministry. NBTC reform would be a part of the plan. In June 2014, the junta issued two new orders demanding that a) all the proceed from spectrum auction must be returned to public purse and, b) all the Community Radio station must comply with the new Junta Order which requires examination and investigation of compliance before offering program to public (community). +The temporary licenses were issued in September 2014 to the complied radio station who need to signed voluntary MoU as a condition precedent to be able to broadcast while awaiting thorough examination and investigation from BC before issuance of the de juré license. The time frame to finish the examination and investigation is not fixed. Of noteworthy is the new community radio license to be issued in the future must be in compliance with the Junta Order which supersedes the Radio and Television Act of 2008. +As of Q4 2014, there were 97.6 million mobile subscribers in Thailand, which is a penetration rate of 146%. +The Thai market is predominantly prepaid with 84,8 million prepaid subscribers. More than 99% of the market share belong to three large operators (including their subsidiaries): Advanced Info Service (AIS) who has a 46.52% market share, DTAC with 28.50% market share, and Truemove with a market share of 24.26%. Other operators include the state enterprises TOT Public Company Limited (TOT) with 0.57% market share, and CAT Telecom with 0.15% market share and Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MVNOs).[4] +In 1980s and 1990s, private mobile operators were given concessions from TOT and CAT. +TOT and CAT were corporatised in 2002-2003, and Thai telecommunication landscape transitioned towards spectrum allocation by independent regulator. The 2007 constitution and the Act on Organization to Assign Radio Frequency and to Regulate the Broadcasting and Telecommunications Services include the provisions that a national independent regulator is established and frequencies for commercial activities must be allocated via auction.[5] The first successful spectrum auction by the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission was organised in 2012, allocating 45 MHz of IMT (2100) frequency band to three mobile phone operators. +Fixed-line +Radio +Telecommunications regulatory environment in Thailand +Internet +References +Numbering +Submarine cables +Television +Satellite +Mobile network +There are six free-to-air analogue terrestrial television stations in Thailand: +Fixed-line telephone numbers have nine digits, while mobile numbers have ten digits, both including the trunk prefix "0". +AM: 204 FM: 334, shortwave 6 (1999) +There are 13.96 million radios in use (1997). But there were some cases like in this year (2015), expecting there will be more than 25 million radios are in use as of now. +Channel 3, operated by BEC World under concession from MCOT Channel 5, operated by the Royal Thai Army Channel 7, operated by BBTV, under concession from the Army Channel 9 MCOT HD, operated by the corporatised state-owned enterprise MCOT NBT, operated by the Thai government (Via The Government Public Relations Department, Office of the Prime Minister of Thailand) Thai PBS, a statutory public service broadcaster +SEA-ME-WE-3, SEA-ME-WE-4 linking South East Asia to the Middle East and Western Europe. SEA-ME-WE 4 was operational since 2006. +Thailand-Indonesia-Singapore (TIS) operational since December 2003. APCN linking Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Philippines, Taiwan, Korea and Japan. +The cable is operational since 1996. Thailand-Vietnam-Hong Kong (T-V-H) operational since February 1996. Flag Europe-Asia (FEA) operational since mid-1990s. +The transition to digital terrestrial television began in 2014. +The National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission arranged an auction for commercial television licenses in December 2013. The spectrum are allocated to four groups of commercial television services: seven high-definition general licenses, seven standard-definition general licenses, seven news station licenses, and four children-and-family licenses.[15] In addition, spectrum are allocated for 12 national public services channels and 12 regional community channels. The commercial licensees began experimental broadcasts on 1 April 2014.[16] +There are five submarine cables used for communications landing in Thailand. Thailand has cable landing points in Satun, Petchaburi and Chonburi. +Thaicom is the name of a series of communications satellites operated out of Thailand and the name Thaicom Public Company Limited, which is the company that owns and operates the Thaicom satellite fleet and other telecommunication businesses in Thailand and throughout the Asia-Pacific. +The official name of satellite project known as THAICOM named by His Majesty the King Bhumibol Adulyadej, as a symbol of the linkage between Thailand and modern communications technology. +Thailand-based Shinawatra Computer and Communications Co. Ltd. (now InTouch Group) signed a US$100 million contract with Hughes Space and Communications Company Ltd. in 1991 to launch Thailand's first satellite communications project. +The first Thaicom satellite was launched on December 17, 1993. This satellite carried 12 C-band transponders coveting a region from Japan to Singapore. Thaksin Shinawatra sold Shin Corporation, which owns 41% of Thaicom Public Company Limited. +As of June 2013 the NBTC has granted 186 telecoms licensees, listed as follows:[20] +144 type-one licensees 7 type-two licenses without own network 10 type-two licenses with own network 25 type-three licenses +National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC)[17] +The NRA Organization Act of 2010 established the new National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC) in December 2010 as a single converged regulator for the telecoms and broadcasting sectors in Thailand.[17] +The Telecommunications Business Act of 2001[18] laid down the rules for Thailand’s telecommunications industry by requiring telecoms operators to obtain a license from the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC). The Act classifies telecommunication licenses into three categories. +Type-one telecom license is for an operator without its own network. Type-two telecom license is for an operator with or without its own network but provides services targeting a segment or even several segments of the public. Type-three telecom license is for an operator with a network that provides services to the general public. +The 2001 Act was amended in 2006 under the supervision of Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra to allow foreigners to own a larger holding in a Thai telecommunications business. +In 2001, foreigners were not permitted to apply for type-two or type-three licenses under Thailand’s Foreign Business Act (FBA).[19] +The applicant applying for type two and type three licenses must be organizations where Thai nationals hold at least 75% shares and at least three quarters of the applicant’s firm directors and the person authorized to sign any binding commitments as a representation of the applicant firm must be Thai nationals. +The 2006 amendments repealed all the additional requirements of an applicant of type-two and type-three licenses, stating foreigners can now hold up to 49% in a telecommunications operator of type-two or type-three; no restrictions on the number of their foreign directors’ representation; and the authorized person signing binding commitments as a representation of the applicant firm can be a foreigner. +The telecoms license fee is composed of three types of fees - permission for license, renewal and an annual fee. +As of December 2016 the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC) had issued 43 MVNO licenses,[21] however only 9 had launched. +Liberalisation process took place in the 1990s and 2000s. +State enterprises – Telephone Organization of Thailand, Communications Authority of Thailand, and Mass Communication Organization of Thailand – were corporatised in 2003 and 2004. The Constitution of 1997 prompts the institutional changes when it requires that all the spectrum is "National Communication Resource for Public Welfare". +The 1997 Constitution further requires the establishment of an independent regulator who shall be authorized to allocate spectrum, monitor and regulate communications in Thailand. In 1998, to comply with the Constitutional mandate, the then Parliament passed the landmark law establishing two independent regulators which are a) the National Telecommunication Commission (NTC) and b) the National Broadcasting Commission (NBC). +The regulatory practice began in Thailand when the NTC was appointed by the King through the complex nomination procedure in 2005. The inception of NTC automatically terminates and transfers all power and authority in telecommunication sector from the Post and Telegraph Department (PTD) to the newly established independent commission. For another sister regulator, NBC had never been realized because of perpetual dispute over nomination process and politicization of the media sector. +The mobile network market is dominated by three large operators and has the market penetration rate of 136%. All main mobile operators now utilise GSM/3GPP family technologies including GSM, EDGE, UMTS, and LTE. Thailand has six analogue terrestrial television channels, and 24 commercial digital terrestrial channels began broadcasting in 2014. +There are three fixed-line telephone operators in Thailand: state-owned TOT Public Company Limited, True Corporation, and TT&T. As of Q4 2014, there are 5,687,038 fixed-line subscriptions. +The number has been on decline since 2008.[1] +The first fixed-line telephone system was installed in Thailand (Siam) under the Ministry of Defence in 1881, and later its operation was transferred to the Post and Telegraph Department. +The Telephone Organization of Thailand (TOT) was established in 1954 to take control of the telephone system.[2] +The penetration of telephone remained relatively limited for most of the twentieth century. +In 1992, the ratio of telephone lines per population was 3.3 lines per 100 population. In 1991, two private corporations were given concessions to build and operate telephone lines; Telecom-Asia (later renamed True Corporation) for Bangkok Metropolitan Area and Thai Telephone & Telecommunications (TT&T) for the provinces.[3] +In November, Advance info Service and True Corporation have won the 1800 MHz license in the Auction which takes nearly 33 hours to complete. In December, True Corporation and Jasmine International won the 900 MHz auction. The significance of this Auction is the establishment of Jasmine International in the telecommunication business which didn't have a new player for many years. +Telecommunications in Thailand +↑ The distinction between macroscopic and microscopic frames shows up, for example, in electromagnetism where constitutive relations of various time and length scales are used to determine the current and charge densities entering Maxwell's equations. See, for example, Kurt Edmund Oughstun (2006). Electromagnetic and Optical Pulse Propagation 1: Spectral Representations in Temporally Dispersive Media. +ISBN 0-387-34599-X. . These distinctions also appear in thermodynamics. See Paul McEvoy (2002). +ISBN 1-930832-02-8. . ↑ In very general terms, a coordinate system is a set of arcs xi = xi (t) in a complex Lie group; see Lev Semenovich Pontri͡agin. L.S. Pontryagin: Selected Works Vol. 2: Topological Groups (3rd ed.). +ISBN 2-88124-133-6. . Less abstractly, a coordinate system in a space of n-dimensions is defined in terms of a basis set of vectors {e1, e2,… en}; see Edoardo Sernesi; J. Montaldi (1993). Linear Algebra: A Geometric Approach. +As such, the coordinate system is a mathematical construct, a language, that may be related to motion, but has no necessary connection to motion. ↑ J X Zheng-Johansson; Per-Ivar Johansson (2006). Unification of Classical, Quantum and Relativistic Mechanics and of the Four Forces. Nova Publishers. p. 13. +Handbook of Continuum Mechanics: General Concepts, Thermoelasticity. Springer. p. 9. ISBN 3-540-41443-6. ↑ Patrick Cornille (Akhlesh Lakhtakia, editor) (1993). +General covariance and the foundations of general relativity: eight decades of dispute, Rep. Prog. Phys., 56, pp. 835-7. ↑ Katherine Brading; Elena Castellani (2003). Symmetries in Physics: Philosophical Reflections. +Classical dynamics (Reprint of 1977 edition by Prentice-Hall ed.). Courier Dover Publications. p. 313. ISBN 0-486-69690-1. ↑ Matthew A. Trump; W. C. Schieve (1999). +Continuous symmetry: from Euclid to Klein. American Mathematical Society. p. 18 ff. ISBN 0-8218-3900-4. ↑ Arlan Ramsay; Robert D. Richtmyer (1995). +ISBN 0-387-94339-0. ↑ According to Hawking and Ellis: "A manifold is a space locally similar to Euclidean space in that it can be covered by coordinate patches. This structure allows differentiation to be defined, but does not distinguish between different coordinate systems. Thus, the only concepts defined by the manifold structure are those that are independent of the choice of a coordinate system." +A mathematical definition is: A connected Hausdorff space M is called an n-dimensional manifold if each point of M is contained in an open set that is homeomorphic to an open set in Euclidean n-dimensional space. ↑ Shigeyuki Morita; Teruko Nagase; Katsumi Nomizu (2001). Geometry of Differential Forms. American Mathematical Society Bookstore. p. 12. +ISBN 0-8218-1045-6. ↑ Granino Arthur Korn; Theresa M. Korn (2000). Mathematical handbook for scientists and engineers : definitions, theorems, and formulas for reference and review. Courier Dover Publications. p. 169. +Springer. p. 33. ISBN 1-4020-1805-3. . ↑ That is, both descriptions are equivalent and can be used as needed. This equivalence does not hold outside of general relativity, e.g., in entropic gravity. +Frame of reference +Retrieved 2014-04-24. ↑ "Canadian Music Hall of Fame". carasonline.ca. Retrieved 2014-01-04. ↑ "The Band". rockhall.com. Retrieved 2014-01-04. ↑ Williams, Lucinda (April 15, 2004). +"The Immortals – The Greatest Artists of All Time: 50, The Band". Rolling Stone, no. 946. +Retrieved 2017-06-20. ↑ "Lifetime Achievement Award". Grammy.com. Retrieved 2008-12-28. ↑ "The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". +RollingStone.com. +Retrieved 2007-06-02. ↑ Graham Rockingham. "Branding Hamilton as a music city". Hamilton Spectator, Nov 09, 2016. ↑ "Andy Gill: Back to the Land". +Theband.hiof.no. +Retrieved 2009-01-21. ↑ Gray, 33, 37. ↑ Heylin, 173–174. ↑ Gray, 292–293. ↑ MacDonald, Bruce. +"Part 2 (1960–1965): Clip 6". +Yonge Street: Toronto Rock & Roll Stories. Toronto: Bravo Canada. +Archived from the original (Video) on 2012-01-21. Retrieved 2011-05-14. ↑ Hoskyns, 85–86. ↑ Hoskyns, 94–97. ↑ Hoskyns, 104. ↑ Gray, 33. ↑ Helm, Levon; Davis, Stephen (1993). +Diet +External links +Terrestrial locomotion +List of species and synonyms +Paleobiology +Skull and beak +Pterosaur size +Status of names listed below follow a survey by Bennett, 1994 unless otherwise noted.[6] +Pteranodon (/tɪˈrænədɒn/; from Greek πτερόν ( pteron, "wing") and ἀνόδων (anodon, "toothless") is a genus of pterosaurs which included some of the largest known flying reptiles, with wingspans over 6 metres (20 ft). They lived during the late Cretaceous geological period of North America in present-day Kansas, Alabama, Nebraska, Wyoming, and South Dakota. More fossil specimens of Pteranodon have been found than any other pterosaur, with about 1,200 specimens known to science, many of them well preserved with nearly complete skulls and articulated skeletons. +By definition, all dinosaurs belong to one of the two groups within Dinosauria, i.e. Saurischia or Ornithischia. As such, this excludes pterosaurs. Nonetheless, Pteranodon are frequently featured in dinosaur media and are strongly associated with dinosaurs by the general public.[2] While not dinosaurs, they form a sister clade to dinosaurs within the clade Avemetatarsalia. +Life restoration of an adult male P. longiceps in flight +Size of P. longiceps male (green) and female (orange) compared with a human +Methods used to estimate the mass of large male Pteranodon specimens (those with wingspans of about 7 meters) have been notoriously unreliable, producing a wide range of estimates from as low as 20 kilograms (44 lb) to as high as 93 kilograms (205 lb). In a review of pterosaur size estimates published in 2010, researchers Mark Witton and Mike Habib demonstrated that the latter, largest estimates are almost certainly incorrect given the total volume of a Pteranodon body, and could only be correct if the animal "was principally comprised of aluminium."[3] Witton and Habib considered the methods used by researchers who obtained smaller mass estimates equally flawed. Most have been produced by scaling modern animals such as bats and birds up to Pteranodon size, despite the fact that pterosaurs have vastly different body proportions and soft tissue anatomy from any living animal.[3] +Other distinguishing characteristics that set Pteranodon apart from other pterosaurs include narrow neural spines on the vertebrae, plate-like bony ligaments strengthening the vertebrae above the hip, and a relatively short tail in which the last few vertebrae are fused into a long rod.[4] The entire length of the tail was about 3.5% as long as the wingspan, or up to 25 centimetres (9.8 in) in the largest males.[4] +The upper jaw was curved upward; while this normally has been attributed only to the upward-curving beak, one specimen (UALVP 24238) has a curvature corresponding with the beak widening towards the tip. While the tip of the beak is not known in this specimen, the level of curvature suggests it would have been extremely long. The unique form of the beak in this specimen led Alexander Kellner to assign it to a distinct genus, Dawndraco, in 2010.[5] +The wing shape of Pteranodon suggests that it would have flown rather like a modern-day albatross. This is based on the fact that Pteranodon had a high aspect ratio (wingspan to chord length) similar to that of the albatross — 9:1 for Pteranodon, compared to 8:1 for an albatross. Albatrosses spend long stretches of time at sea fishing, and use a flight pattern called "dynamic soaring" which exploits the vertical gradient of wind speed near the ocean surface to travel long distances without flapping, and without the aid of thermals (which do not occur over the open ocean the same way they do over land).[8] While most of a Pteranodon flight would have depended on soaring, like long-winged seabirds, it probably required an occasional active, rapid burst of flapping, and studies of Pteranodon wing loading (the strength of the wings vs. the weight of the body) indicate that they were capable of substantial flapping flight, contrary to some earlier suggestions that they were so big they could only glide.[3] +Reconstructed P. longiceps skeleton in a quadrupedal posture +Historically, the terrestrial locomotion of Pteranodon, especially whether it was bipedal or quadrupedal, has been the subject of debate. Today, most pterosaur researchers agree that pterosaurs were quadrupedal, thanks largely to the discovery of pterosaur trackways.[9] +The diet of Pteranodon is known to have included fish; fossilized fish bones have been found in the stomach area of one Pteranodon, and a fossilized fish bolus has been found between the jaws of another Pteranodon, specimen AMNH 5098. Numerous other specimens also preserve fragments of fish scales and vertebrae near the torso, indicating that fish made up a majority of the diet of Pteranodon (though they may also have taken invertebrates).[2] +Flight +1 2 3 4 Witton, M.P.; Habib, M.B. (2010). +"On the Size and Flight Diversity of Giant Pterosaurs, the Use of Birds as Pterosaur Analogues and Comments on Pterosaur Flightlessness". PLoS ONE. 5 (11): e13982. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013982. +PMC 2981443 . +PMID 21085624. 1 2 Bennett, S. C. (1987). "New evidence on the tail of the pterosaur Pteranodon (Archosauria: Pterosauria)." +Pp. 18–23 in Currie, P. J. and E. H. Koster (eds.), Fourth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, Short Papers. +Occasional Papers of the Tyrrell Museum of Paleontology, #3. 1 2 3 4 Kellner, A.W.A. (2010). "Comments on the Pteranodontidae (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) with the description of two new species" (PDF). +Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 82 (4): 1063–1084. doi:10.1590/S0001-37652010000400025. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Bennett, S.C. (1994). +"Taxonomy and systematics of the Late Cretaceous pterosaur Pteranodon (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloida)". Occasional Papers of the Natural History Museum, University of Kansas. +1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Bennett, S.C. (1992). "Sexual dimorphism of Pteranodon and other pterosaurs, with comments on cranial crests". +Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 12 (4): 422–434. doi:10.1080/02724634.1992.10011472. ↑ Padian, K. (1983). "A functional analysis of flying and walking in pterosaurs". +Paleobiology. 9 (3): 218–239. ↑ Unwin, David M. (2006). +The Pterosaurs: From Deep Time. New York: Pi Press. pp. 210–222. ISBN 0-13-146308-X. ↑ Tomkins, J. L.; Lebas, N. R.; Witton, M. P.; Martill, D. M.; Humphries, S. (2010). +Skull and beak of specimen AMNH 7515 +Skeletal reconstruction of a quadrupedally launching male P. longiceps +Using their long forelimbs for leverage, they would have vaulted themselves into the air in a rapid leap. Almost all of the energy would have been generated by the forelimbs. The upstroke of the wings would have occurred when the animal cleared the ground followed by a rapid down-stroke to generate additional lift and complete the launch into the air.[3] +Pteranodon +Images and media related to "Everybody Draw Mohammed Day" +Cartoon, "Everybody Draw Mohammed Day!" +Media related to Everybody Draw Mohammed Day at Wikimedia Commons Allahpundit. It’s on: “Everybody Draw Mohammed Day” set for May 20, HotAir.com, April 23, 2010. May 20th ‘Everybody draw Mohammed Day’, Jason, The American MAXIM, April 23, 2010. +Everybody Draw Mohammed Day (or Draw Mohammed Day) was a 2010 event in support of artists threatened with violence for drawing representations of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It stemmed from a protest against censorship of the American television show South Park episode "201", led by the show's distributor Comedy Central, in response to death threats that had been made against some of those responsible for two segments broadcast in April 2010. A drawing representing Mohammed was posted on the Internet on April 20, 2010 with a message suggesting that "everybody" create a drawing depicting Mohammad on May 20 in support of free speech. +External links +Video of an individual drawing a cartoon on paper. +"Mohammed (in the style of Mondrian)" Stick figure image cartoon, advocating for peace. Depiction in stick figure format, by individual from New Port Richey, Florida. +"Mohammed at night" – Black background with no depiction of a character, simply text at the bottom. Depiction, including Jesus and the Flying Spaghetti Monster. Depiction, in style of Ultra Marines from Space Marines of Warhammer 40,000. +"Burning Mo," a stylistic representation making reference to the Burning Man. Drawing, by an individual from York, Pennsylvania. +Everybody Draw Mohammed Day +Effectiveness +Versions and materials +Proper usage +A female condom (also known as a femidom or internal condom) is a device that is used during sexual intercourse as a barrier contraceptive to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs – such as gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV, though its protection against them is inferior to that by male condoms)[2] and unintended pregnancy. Invented by Danish MD Lasse Hessel, it is worn internally by the female partner and provides a physical barrier to prevent exposure to ejaculated semen or other body fluids. Female condoms can be used by the receptive partner during anal sex.[3][4] +For most vaginas, a moderately sized condom is adequate; women who have recently given birth should try a large size first. The inner ring at the closed end of the sheath is used to insert the condom inside the vagina and to hold it in place during intercourse. The rolled outer ring at the open end of the sheath remains outside the vagina and covers part of the external genitalia. +The female condom was developed in the late 20th century (male condoms have been used for centuries). A primary motive for its creation is the well-documented refusal of some men to use a condom because of loss of sensation and the resulting impact on the hardness of the man's erection, and secondarily by its implication that the male could transmit an STI.[5][6] +An illustration of a female condom. +Reddy brand female condom +The FC1 female condom was first made from polyurethane. The second generation female condom is called the FC2 and is made from synthetic nitrile[7] (this material change was announced in September 2005,[8] and full transition of the product line to FC2 was done by October 2009[9]). The newer nitrile condoms are less likely to make potentially distracting crinkling noises. +FC2 was developed to take the place of FC1, providing the same safety and efficacy during use, but at a lower cost. It is hoped the nitrile condoms will also allow for significant reductions in female condom pricing.[8] FC2 is manufactured by The Female Health Company. The World Health Organization (WHO) has cleared FC2 for purchase by U.N. agencies and the UNFPA (a U.N. agency) has incorporated the female condom into national programming.[10] They are sold under many brand names, including Reality, Femidom, Dominique, Femy, Myfemy, Protectiv and Care. +The global health nonprofit Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH) has also developed a female condom tailored for use in developing countries. The Woman's Condom is manufactured by Shanghai Dahua Medical Apparatus in China and is in early introduction.[12] +(Stand with one foot on a chair, sit on the edge of a chair, lie down, or squat.) Squeeze together the sides of the inner ring at the closed end of the FC2 and insert it into the vagina as you would a tampon. Push the inner ring into the vagina as far as it can go – until it reaches the cervix. +To remove an FC2: +Squeeze and twist the outer ring of FC2 to keep semen inside the pouch. Gently pull it out of the vagina or anus. Throw it away. +Reusing an FC2 is not recommended.[17] +When used correctly, the female condom has a 5% failure rate. Inconsistent or incorrect usage has been shown to result in a 21% failure rate.[22] +Some benefits of female condoms over other methods of birth control include:[23] +they allow women to share in the responsibility of preventing STIs they are easy to access (relative to methods requiring a visit to a medical provider) and can be purchased in drugstores and some supermarkets they are safe to use for people with a latex allergy they can be used with both water-based lubricants and (unlike latex condoms) with oil-based lubricants they have no effect on a woman's natural hormone levels they can be purchased without a prescription they may enhance sex and sexual play for both partners - the condom's external ring may stimulate the clitoris and/or penis during vaginal intercourse they are not dependent on a male partner to maintain his erection in order to stay in place +it may cause irritation of the genital area in people of both sexes (including irritation of the vagina, vulva, penis, or anus) it may slip into the vagina or anus during vaginal intercourse or anal intercourse it may reduce sensation during intercourse +To insert an FC2: +As long as the partner has not yet ejaculated, the condom can be gently removed from the vagina to add extra spermicide or lubricant and inserted once again. Some consumers use the FC2 for anal intercourse, although it is not tested or FDA approved for this off-label use. Nonetheless, some consumer have followed the vaginal use instructions to insert FC2 into the anus; however it is not recommend to remove and reinsert. +Some disadvantages to the female condom include:[24] +Retrieved 2015-08-24. ↑ "What Are the Benefits of Female Condoms?". Planned Parenthood. Retrieved 2013-06-24. ↑ "What Are the Disadvantages of Female Condoms?". +Retrieved 2013-06-24. ↑ "Understanding The Finer Nuances Of The Female Condom". Women's Health Line. 2009. +Retrieved 2011-06-12. ↑ Dawn Stacey, M.Ed, LMHC (2009). +"Fc Female Condom". About.com. Retrieved 2011-06-12. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) ↑ "The Product". +FC & FC2 Female Condom. +Female Health Company. 2005. +Retrieved 2006-08-03. ↑ Global Consultation on the Female Condom. Baltimore, MD: PATH. September 26–29, 2005. +Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-06-16. ↑ Boston Women's Health Book Collective. +Our Bodies, Ourselves : A New Edition for a New Era. +New York, NY: Touchstone. +ISBN 0-7432-5611-5. 1 2 "Statement of Dr. Musimbi Kanyoro, General Secretary, World YWCA" (Press release). +External links +Stygimoloch is a controversial genus of pachycephalosaurid dinosaur from the end of the Cretaceous period, roughly 66 million years ago. It is currently known from the Hell Creek Formation, Ferris Formation, and Lance Formation of the Western Interior (United States), where it lived alongside Tyrannosaurus and Triceratops. +Size comparison of Stygimoloch (purple) and a human +Even if other pachycephalosaurs did butt heads (which is a subject of continuing debate), the small dome of Stygimoloch suggests that this behavior was not as important. Instead, the skull ornament might have functioned for display, may have been used for self-defense, or perhaps were locked together and used in shoving matches, like the horns of deer. Another possibility is that the squamosal horns were used to inflict pain during flank-butting.[3] +Holotype squamosals and dome +The type species, S. spinifer, was described by British vertebrate paleontologist Peter Galton and German paleontologist Hans-Dieter Sues of the National Museum of Natural History in 1983.[4] Stygimoloch is characterized by clusters of spikes on the back of the skull, in which a long central horn is surrounded by 2-3 smaller hornlets, and a tall, narrow dome.[5] Dracorex has similar but shorter hornlets and lacks a dome, and has been interpreted as either a distinct species, or a juvenile or female of Pachycephalosaurus or Stygimoloch. It has also been proposed that Stygimoloch represents partially grown individuals of Pachycephalosaurus. +The name Stygimoloch comes from the river Styx, which is said to run through the underworld in Greek Mythology, in reference to the Hell Creek Formation, and from Moloch, the name of a Canaanite god, chosen in reference to the bizarre appearance of the animal.[6] +Life reconstruction of Stygimoloch spinifer +Artist's impression of a Stygimoloch. +"Lumping Dinosaurs: Stygimoloch a juvenile Pachycephalosaurus?". scienceblogs.com. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help) ↑ "Quién es el Stygimoloch?". +1236; ↑ Horner, John; Goodwin, Mark (October 27, 2009). "Extreme Cranial Ontogeny in the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Pachycephalosaurus". PLOS. +Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help) ↑ Horner J.R. and Goodwin, M.B. (2009). "Extreme cranial ontogeny in the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Pachycephalosaurus." +Stygimoloch +Discovery +Fossil in Museo civico di scienze naturali di Bergamo +The genus has been described by the German paleontologist Rupert Wild in 1978.[4] The type species is Peteinosaurus zambellii. The genus name is derived from Greek peteinos, "winged" and sauros, "lizard", the latter being used to indicate any saurian. The specific name, zambellii, honours Rocco Zambelli, the curator of the Bergamo natural history museum. +Restoration of Coelophysis and Peteinosaurus in their environment +List of pterosaur genera Timeline of pterosaur research +Peteinosaurus (/pɛˌtaɪnəˈsɔːrəs/ pe-TY-nə-SAWR-əs[1] meaning "winged lizard"[2]) was a prehistoric genus of Pterosauria. It lived in the late Triassic period in the late Norian age (about 221 to 210 million years ago[2]). +Peteinosaurus was one of the smallest pterosaurs. Peteinosaurus had a wingspan of around 60 cm (24 in), and its weight was less than that of a common blackbird.[2] +Peteinosaurus is trimorphodontic, with three types of conical teeth. An insectivorous lifestyle has been attributed to Peteinosaurus.[3] The fifth toe of Peteinosaurus was long and clawless. Its joint allowed it to flex in a different plane than the other phalanges in order to control the cruropatagium, as seen preserved in the specimen of Sordes pilosus PIN 2585.3. +Peteinosaurus +Restoration +Palaeobatrachus had a relatively broad skull the shape of a Gothic arch. Its body was relatively large, ranging from 8 to 10 centimetres (3.1 to 3.9 in) in length, and the female was usually larger than the male (sexual dimorphism). +Palaeobatrachus Temporal range: Paleocene-Pleistocene Thanetian–Middle Pleistocene PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Palaeobatrachus gigas from Czech Republic Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Amphibia Order: Anura Suborder: Mesobatrachia Family: †Palaeobatrachidae Genus: †Palaeobatrachus Tschudi, 1839 Species P. occidentalis (Estes & Sanchíz, 1982) P. robustus (Hossini & Rage, 2000) Synonyms Pliobatrachus +Palaeobatrachus was a genus of primitive frogs from Europe that existed from the Paleocene ( 58 million years ago) to the middle Pleistocene period (Ionian) (621-568ka). Although not closely related, it would have superficially resembled the present day African clawed toad Xenopus. +Cast of Palaeobatrachus fossil at University of Alberta +↑ Andrea Villa; Zbyněk Roček; Emanuel Tschopp; Lars W. Van Den Hoek Ostende; Massimo Delfino (2016). "Palaeobatrachus eurydices, sp. nov. (Amphibia, Anura), the last western European palaeobatrachid". +Palaeobatrachus +Taxonomy and naming +The Pinophyta, also known as Coniferophyta or Coniferae, or commonly as conifers, are a division of vascular land plants containing a single extant class, Pinopsida. They are gymnosperms, cone-bearing seed plants. All extant conifers are perennial woody plants with secondary growth. +Phylogeny of the Pinophyta based on cladistic analysis of molecular data.[5] +Pinophyta Temporal range: Carboniferous – Present PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Conifer forests, though comprising few species, cover vast areas, as in this forest in the Cascade Range of western North America. Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Spermatophyta (unranked): Gymnospermae Division: Pinophyta Class: Pinopsida Orders and families Cordaitales † Pinales Pinaceae Araucariaceae Podocarpaceae Sciadopityaceae Cupressaceae Cephalotaxaceae Taxaceae Vojnovskyales † Voltziales † Synonyms Coniferophyta Coniferae +A cultivar of Pinus sylvestris with a narrow "fastigiate" growth habit +1994, cited orig ed 1977) ↑ Farjon, Aljos (2010). A handbook of the world's conifers. Brill Academic Publishers. +ISBN 9004177183. ↑ Durzan, D.J.; Steward, F.C. 1967. The nitrogen metabolism of Picea glauca (Moench) Voss and Pinus banksiana Lamb. as influenced by mineral nutrition. +Conifer is a Latin word, a compound of conus (cone) and ferre (to bear), meaning "the one that bears (a) cone(s)". +Pinophyta +Taxonomy +External links +Skull of Lambeosaurus, the type taxon of Lambeosaurinae +Skull of Saurolophus, the type taxon of Saurolophinae +↑ Case, Judd A.; Martin, James E.; Chaney, Dan S.; Regurero, Marcelo; Marenssi, Sergio A.; Santillana, Sergio M.; Woodburne, Michael O. (25 September 2000). +"The first duck-billed dinosaur (family Hadrosauridae) from Antarctica". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 20 (3): 612–614. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0612:tfdbdf]2.0.co;2. +JSTOR 4524132. 1 2 3 4 5 Dilkes, David W. (2001). +"An ontogenetic perspective on locomotion in the Late Cretaceous dinosaur Maiasaura peeblesorum (Ornithischia: Hadrosauridae)". +Canadian Journal of Earth Science. 38 (8). ↑ Fiorillo, A.R.; Tykoski, R.S. (2016). "Small hadrosaur manus and pes tracks from the Lower Cantwell Formation (Upper Cretaceous) Denali National Park, Alaska: implications for locomotion in juvenile hadrosaurs". +1 2 3 4 5 Prieto-Márquez, A (2010). "Global phylogeny of Hadrosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) using parsimony and Bayesian methods". +Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. +159 (2): 435–502. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00617.x. ↑ Weishampel, David B.; Horner, Jack R. (1990). "Hadrosauridae". +In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka. +The Dinosauria (1st ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 534–561. +This group is also known as the duck-billed dinosaurs, for the flat, duck-bill appearance of the bones in their snouts. The family, which includes ornithopods such as Edmontosaurus and Parasaurolophus, was a common herbivore in the Upper Cretaceous Period of what is now Asia, Europe, Antarctica, South America, and North America.[1] Hadrosaurids are descendants of the Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous iguanodontian dinosaurs and had a similar body layout. Like the rest of the ornithischians, these animals had a predentary bone and a pubic bone which was positioned backwards in the pelvis. +Hadrosaurid +The following taxonomy includes dinosaurs currently referred to the Hadrosauridae and its subfamilies. +External links +Comics adaptations +Stories +The English Struwwelpeter, or, Pretty stories and funny pictures, Internet Archive (Ebook and Texts Archive), including downloadable versions. +Struwwelpeter: Merry Tales and Funny Pictures at Project Gutenberg Der Struwwelpeter, German original on wikisource (illustrated). +Struwwelpeter-Museum in Frankfurt, Germany (German) Struwwelpeter public domain audiobook at LibriVox +It comprises ten illustrated and rhymed stories, mostly about children. Each has a clear moral that demonstrates the disastrous consequences of misbehavior in an exaggerated way.[1]The title of the first story provides the title of the whole book. Der Struwwelpeter is one of the earliest books for children that combines visual and verbal narratives in a book format, and is considered a precursor to comic books.[2] +In Die Geschichte vom Daumenlutscher ("the story of the thumb-sucker"), a mother warns her son not to suck his thumbs. However, when she goes out of the house he resumes his thumb sucking, until a roving tailor appears and cuts off his thumbs with giant scissors. Die Geschichte vom Suppen-Kaspar ("the story of Soup-Kaspar") begins as Kaspar (or "Augustus" in some translations), a healthy, strong boy, proclaims that he will no longer eat his soup. +Zappel-Philipp. Illustration from the 1845 edition. +German comics artist David Füleki has created a number of manga-style adaptions of Struwwelpeter.[14] : +Struwwelpeter Soup rim bowl featuring the story of fidgety Phillip and on the edge the story of the Soup-Kaspar +Stamp with two characters, issued on Hoffmann's 200th birthday +Comics +29, 2017. ↑ ‘Hoffman entry’, Lambiek Comiclopedia. Accessed Nov. 28, 2016. ↑ Stewart, M. A. (1970). +"Hyperactive children". +Scientific American. 222: 94–98. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0470-94. 1 2 Cotton, Penni (2000). +Der Struwwelpeter Struwwelpeter in a 1917 edition. Author Heinrich Hoffmann Working title Lustige Geschichten und drollige Bilder mit 15 schön kolorierten Tafeln für Kinder von 3–6 Jahren Illustrator Heinrich Hoffmann Country Germany Language German Subject Cautionary tales Genre Children's book Publication date 1845 Followed by König Nussknacker und der arme Reinhold +Nikolas, as he is about to dunk three boys in his inkstand. Illustration from a 1917 edition. +Struwwelpeter +Adolf Hitler was parodied as a Struwwelpeter caricature in 1941 in a book called Struwwelhitler, published in Britain under the pseudonym Dr. Schrecklichkeit (Dr. Horrors).[17] +German cartoonist F. K. Waechter's Anti-Struwwwelpeter (1970) is a parody of Der Struwwelpeter..[20] +Socio-Economic Effects +See also +References +Current Efforts +Casualty Rates +Firearms proliferation in Thailand is exhibited by the number of guns held by civilians being estimated at 10,000,000 firearms, which puts the country at eleventh in world rankings for number of guns held. Out of these 10,000,000 guns, only 3,870,000 of them are registered, leaving over 6,000,000 under illegal possession.[1] As of July 2011, Thailand has a population of 66,720,153 and a GDP (PPP) of $586.9 billion (2010 est.).[2] +In 2000, it was reported that there were 20,032 of firearms homicide cases, one of the highest in the world.[3] +Ownership of firearms is particularly high in the southern provinces of Pattani, Yala, and Narathiwat that have witnessed significant insurgency and rebellion since 2004.[4] +Although Thailand’s total homicide rate has decreased from 10.0 to 5.9 per 100,000 population from 2003 to 2008,[5] it was reported in 2010 that in the last 6 years, deaths due to armed conflicts in this area has resulted in more than 4,000 deaths.[6] Additionally, it has been reported that between 2004 and 2008, there has been approximately 6892 related casualties.[7] +The Geneva Declaration, in its Global Burden of Armed Violence 2008, reported that the aggregate loss in GDP due to violent deaths is estimated to be US$5,503million in Thailand. Correspondingly, the direct medical costs of interpersonal violence in 2005 amounted to approximately US$40.3 million (THB 1.3 billion). Indirect medical costs were an order of magnitude higher at $432.7 (THB 14.4 billion).[8] +Thailand has committed itself to the decision of adopting, supporting and implementing the United Nation’s Programme of Action to combat, prevent and eradicate illicit trade in small arms and light weapons (SALW).[9] Nonviolence International South East Asia (NVISEA), a not-for-profit Non Governmental Organisation, is currently operating its Ending Armed Violence Program in the country.[10] +Crime in Thailand +Time. ↑ "United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes: International Statistics on Crime and Justice" (PDF). ↑ "Amnesty International 2010 Annual Report" (PDF). ↑ "Rule By The Gun: Armed Civilians and Firearms Proliferation in Southern Thailand NONVIOLENCE INTERNATIONAL SOUTHEAST ASIA May 2009 report" (PDF). ↑ "Global Burden of Armed Violence Report 2008" (PDF). ↑ "United Nation General Assembly 2001. 'Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects.'" (PDF). ↑ "Nonviolence International Southeast Asia Core Programs". +Firearms proliferation in Thailand +External links +Popularity +Music videos +Bill Wurtz Personal information Born Bill Wurtz Occupation Musician Video blogger Website http://billwurtz.com YouTube information Channel billwurtz Created by Bill Wurtz Years active 2002–present Genre Documentary comedy music video Subscribers 2.2 million+ Total views 213.4 million+ Play buttons 100,000 subscribers 2016 1,000,000 subscribers 2017 Subscriber and view counts updated as of February 16, 2018. +Bill Wurtz (stylized as bill wurtz) is an online video creator and multi-instrumentalist, believed to reside in New York City, New York. Wurtz is known for his distinctive style of song and video, including dry delivery and singing, paired with colorful surrealist or non-sequitur graphics.[1] Wurtz posts jingles and songs on his website, with the majority of them being only seconds long, having stated that he favored short projects as a way to get started creating videos.[2] Most jingles are also featured on his YouTube channel with colorful text and retro-styled visuals. +Wurtz is best known for his history of japan video, a humorous historical documentary film covering Japan's history from 40,000 BCE to the modern era. It went viral after its release on February 2, 2016 and received 1.7 million views in two days.[1][3][4] +The 19-minute video titled history of the entire world, i guess was released on May 10, 2017.[5] The video briefly covers the topics of natural history and human civilization, in a quirky and comedic style, spanning from the Big Bang to the near future year 2028. It went viral after its release, receiving 1.1 million views in its first 8 hours, 3.2 million views on its first day, and 13 million views in its first week. It was the top video on the YouTube trending page on the day of its release,[6] and would later be named No. 8 on YouTube's list of the Top Viral YouTube Videos of 2017.[7] The Verge compared Wurtz videos to "Ultimate Showdown of Ultimate Destiny" and "The End of the World".[8] +On July 6th, 2017, nearly two months after "history of the entire world, i guess" was uploaded, a one-minute video titled "hi, i'm steve" was uploaded.[9] The video describes the life of a fictional character; it is not clear whether the character's name is Steve. The video went viral upon being uploaded, gaining over 1 million views within the first day, and peaking at #2 on the YouTube trending page in the same day.[10] +Wurtz has worked on full-length music videos, following the same format of his shorter videos. Since May 2014, five of these videos have been uploaded to his channel. +On May 6, 2014, new canaan was uploaded to Wurtz's channel. As of February 2018, it has received over 490,000 views. +On May 8, 2015, i'm crazy / it's raining was uploaded to Wurtz's channel. As of February 2018, it has received over 910,000 views. +On August 3rd, 2017, i wanna be a movie star was uploaded to Wurtz's channel.[11] It has since reached more than 2.3 million views as of February 2018. +On September 28, 2017, outside was uploaded to Wurtz's channel.[12] As of February 2018, it has attained more than 3.4 million views. +On January 16, 2018, La de da de da de da de day oh was uploaded to Wurtz's channel.[13] It peaked at number 1 on the YouTube trending page upon being released. As of February 2018, it has attained over 4.7 million views. +On April 11, 2016, Wurtz won a Shorty Award for his six-second videos on Vine (history of japan was released after the voting and so was not included in the award consideration) in the Tech and Innovation/Best in "Weird" category.[14] The entirety of his acceptance speech for the award was simply: "Thank you."[15] +1 2 "History lesson with a difference: Surreal 'History of Japan' video goes viral". RT International. Retrieved 2016-12-28. ↑ "questions". www.billwurtz.com. +Retrieved 2017-06-22. ↑ Editor, Lee Moran Trends; Post, The Huffington (February 8, 2016). "WATCH: Trippy Video Teaches The Entire History Of Japan In Just 9 Minutes". The Huffington Post. +Retrieved 2016-12-28. ↑ Strange, Adario. "Psychedelic history of Japan turns learning into an acid trip". Mashable. +Retrieved 2016-12-28. ↑ bill wurtz (2017-05-10), history of the entire world, i guess, retrieved 2017-05-14 ↑ Gutelle, Sam (11 May 2017). "Bill Wurtz's "History Of The Entire World" Gets 3.2 Million YouTube Views In Its First Day". Tubefilter. +Retrieved December 7, 2017. ↑ Gartenberg, Chaim (May 11, 2017). "History of the Entire World, I Guess could have been the best online video of 2005". The Verge. +Retrieved June 24, 2017. ↑ bill wurtz (2017-07-06), hi, i'm steve, retrieved 2017-08-27 ↑ Memeburn (2017-07-07), History of Japan's Bill Wurtz Creates 'Steve' and a Viral Video, retrieved 2017-09-17 ↑ bill wurtz (2017-08-03), i wanna be a movie star, retrieved 2017-08-03 ↑ bill wurtz (2017-09-28), outside, retrieved 2017-09-28 ↑ bill wurtz (2018-01-17), La de da de da de da de day oh, retrieved 2018-01-17 ↑ "Bill Wurtz – The Shorty Awards". shortyawards.com. Retrieved 2016-12-28. ↑ "Bill Wurtz accepts the Shorty Award for Best in Weird". youtube.com. Retrieved 2017-06-05. +Bill Wurtz +Cyriak at Flash on the Breach, North Laine, Brighton, 2010 +Cyriak Harris is an English freelance animator best known by the mononym cyriak and his B3ta username Mutated Monty. He is known for his surreal and bizarre short web animations.[1] +The Guardian. Retrieved 20 July 2010. growing cult following for his brilliant bursts of surrealism and drollery ... notably winning awards for his sting designs for E4, and for TV ads ... miniaturist genius ↑ "B3ta member profile". +Archived from the original on |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help). +Lesothosaurus was a type of omnivorous ornithischian dinosaur. It was named by paleontologist Peter Galton in 1978, the name meaning "lizard from Lesotho". The genus has only one valid species, Lesothosaurus diagnosticus. +Size compared to a human +It was one of the earliest ornithischians. Its long slender legs, small arms with hands that would not have been able to grasp properly, and slender tail all suggest that it was a fast runner.[1][2] Like all ornithischians, the tips of Lesothosaurus upper and lower jaws were horny, forming a beaklike structure. Behind the beak were leaf-shaped teeth that lined the jaws, and near the front of the upper jaws were 12 fanglike teeth. +Lesothosaurus +External links +Amargasaurus (/əˌmɑːrɡəˈsɔːrəs/; "La Amarga lizard") is a genus of sauropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous epoch (129.4–122.46 mya) of what is now Argentina. The only known skeleton was discovered in 1984 and is virtually complete, including a fragmentary skull, making Amargasaurus one of the best-known sauropods of its epoch. Amargasaurus was first described in 1991 and contains a single known species, Amargasaurus cazaui. +Life restoration of Amargasaurus +Amargasaurus was small for a sauropod, measuring 9 to 10 meters (30 to 33 feet)[1][2][3]:304 in length and weighing approximately 2.6 metric tons (2.9 short tons).[1] It followed the typical sauropod body plan, with a long tail and neck, a small head, and a barrel-shaped trunk supported by four column-like legs. The neck of Amargasaurus was shorter than in most other sauropods, a common trait within the Dicraeosauridae.[4] Measuring 2.4 meters (7.9 feet) in length,[4] the neck corresponded to 136% of the length of the dorsal vertebral column.[5] This is comparable to Dicraeosaurus (123%) but greater than in the extremely short-necked form Brachytrachelopan (75%).[5] The neck consisted of thirteen cervical vertebrae, which were opisthocoelous (convex at the front and hollow at the back), forming ball-and-socket joints with neighboring vertebrae.[2] The trunk was made out of nine dorsal and probably five fused sacral vertebrae.[2] The foremost dorsals were opisthocoelous, while the remaining dorsals were amphyplatyan (flat on both ends).[2] Robust transverse processes (lateral projections connecting to the ribs) indicate a strongly developed rib cage.[6] The dorsal vertebrae of Amargasaurus and other dicraeosaurids lacked pleurocoels, the deep lateral excavations that were characteristic for other sauropods.[6] +Amargasaurus +Teaching method +Open Access Button logo +The Open Access Button is a browser bookmarklet which registers when people hit a paywall to an academic article and cannot access it.[1] It is supported by Medsin UK and the Right to Research Coalition.[1] +1 2 "About". Open Access Button. Retrieved 18 November 2013. ↑ Carroll, David; McArthur, Joseph (2013). +Open Access Button +External links +Skull and dentition +Sordes was a small pterosaur from the late Jurassic (Oxfordian/Kimmeridgian) Karabastau Svita of Kazakhstan. +The genus was named in 1971 by Aleksandr Grigorevich Sharov.[1] The type species is Sordes pilosus. The genus name means "filth" or "scum" in Latin, a reference to evil spirits in local folklore. The specific name is Latin for "hairy"; despite sordes being feminine, it has not yet been emended to pilosa. +Restoration +Artistic reconstruction of a Sordes pilosus at the Fossilsmith Studios A fossil of a Sordes at paleo.ru Article and picture of Sordes +Skeletal reconstruction of S. pilosus, Holotype PIN 2585/3 +Sordes had, according to Sharov and Unwin, wing membranes attached to the legs and a membrane between the legs. It had a short neck. It had a long tail, accounting for over half its length, with at the end an elongated vane. +The teeth beyond these in the rear half of the jaw are much smaller and more numerous than those at the front, suggesting that they were more for crushing. Together these two types of teeth indicate specialisation for prey that was difficult to catch yet required some effort to eat. Likely contenders are invertebrates with tougher exoskeletons, or amphibians that were slippery to catch and then required some crunching before they could be swallowed. +The genus is based on holotype PIN 2585/3, a crushed relatively complete skeleton on a slab. It was found in the 1960s at the foothills of the Karatau in Kazakhstan. +These were among the earliest of the pterosaurs, evolving in the late Triassic and surviving to the late Jurassic. According to Unwin, within Rhamphorhynchidae Sordes belonged to the Scaphognathinae. Other researchers however, such as Alexander Kellner and Lü Junchang, have produced cladistic analyses showing that Sordes was much more basal, and not a rhamphorhynchid. +List of pterosaur genera Timeline of pterosaur research +Sordes +External links +Burrowing behavior +Paleobiology +Oryctodromeus (meaning "digging runner") was a genus of small ornithopod dinosaur. Fossils are known from the middle Cretaceous Blackleaf Formation of southwestern Montana and the Wayan Formation of southeastern Idaho, USA, both of the Cenomanian stage, roughly 95 million years ago. A member of the small, presumably fast-running herbivorous family Thescelosauridae, Oryctodromeus is the first dinosaur published that shows evidence of burrowing behavior. +Restoration of an individual in its burrow +The authors pointed out that Oryctodromeus had only modest forelimb modifications in comparison to dedicated burrowing animals, like moles, echidnas, and wombats. Instead, it was comparable to, but somewhat more specialized for digging than animals that both run and burrow today, like aardwolves, cavies, hyenas, and rabbits. Because it was a biped, it could have a more modified forelimb without affecting its ability to run.[2] +Under a cladistic analysis, Oryctodromeus was found to be basal within Euornithopoda and a close relative of the hypsilophodonts Orodromeus and Zephyrosaurus, which are also known from the Cretaceous of Montana. These two animals share adaptations with Oryctodromeus that may have been used for burrowing, such as a broad snout. Additionally, Orodromeus specimens have been found preserved in a similar way, suggesting that they too were in burrows.[2] This would not be the first time that a hypsilophodont has been suggested as a burrower; Robert Bakker has informally claimed since the 1990s that Drinker, from the late Jurassic of Wyoming, lived in burrows,[3] but this has yet to be published. +This aspect, coupled with where it was discovered, gives it its name: Oryctodromeus cubicularis translates as "digging runner of the lair", in reference to its presumed lifestyle. The adult Oryctodromeus itself measured 2.1 m (6.9 ft) long and would have weighed about 22-32 kilograms (50-70 pounds), and the juveniles would have been about 1.3 m (4.3 ft) long. The presence of juveniles with the adult suggests parental care, and that at least one motivation for burrowing was to rear the juveniles. +Family outside their burrow +The three Oryctodromeus individuals were found buried within the remains of an underground den or burrow, measuring about 2 meters (6.6 feet) long and 70 centimeters (2.3 feet) wide. +The skeletons were densely packed and disarticulated, indicating that the animals died and decayed within the burrow. The burrow is similar to those made by hyenas and puffins today. It was filled with sand, and the resulting sandstone stands out against the surrounding mudstone and claystone. +Retrieved 2007-03-22. ↑ Buchholz, Peter (1998-03-16). "Drinker and burrowing". Retrieved 2007-03-22. ↑ Hecht, Jeff; Jeff Hecht (2007-03-21). +Oryctodromeus +Dinosaur den diggers discovered - BBC (in Italian) Dinosauriweb about the Oryctodromeus Full abstract of description Article about burrowing dinosaurs from The Cambrian Explosion blog +Debate +The abbreviation myr, "million years", is a unit of a quantity of 7006100000000000000♠1,000,000 (i.e. 7006100000000000000♠1×106) years, or 31.6 teraseconds. +↑ Mozley, Peter. +Usage +Myr is in common use where the term is often written, such as in Earth science and cosmology. Myr is seen with mya, "million years ago". +Together they make a reference system, one to a quantity, the other to a particular place in a year numbering system that is time before the present. +Myr is deprecated in geology, but in astronomy myr is standard. Where "myr" is seen in geology it is usually "Myr" (a unit of mega-years). In astronomy it is usually "MYR" (million years). +In geology the debate of the millennia concerns the use of myr remains open concerning "the use of Myr plus Mya" versus "using Mya only".[1] In either case the term Ma is used in geology literature conforming to ISO 31-1 (now ISO 80000-3) and NIST 811 recommended practices. Traditional style geology literature is written +Megaannum (Ma) Byr kyr Symbols y and yr +List of species and synonyms +Former Species +Specimen of P. kochi, Bürgermeister Müller Museum +Pterodactylus (/ˌtɛrəˈdæktɪləs/ TERR-ə-DAK-til-əs, from the Greek: πτεροδάκτυλος, pterodaktulos, meaning "winged finger") is an extinct flying reptile genus of pterosaurs, whose members are popularly known as pterodactyls ( /ˌtɛrəˈdæktɪlz/). It is currently thought to contain only a single species, Pterodactylus antiquus, the first pterosaur species to be named and identified as a flying reptile. +Size of the sub-adult holotype (blue) and adult (green) specimens in both flying and standing postures, compared with a human +Pterodactylus is known from over 30 fossil specimens, and though most of those are juveniles, many preserve complete skeletons.[3][4] Pterodactylus antiquus was a relatively small pterosaur, with an estimated adult wingspan of about 1.04 meters (3 feet 5 inches) (the only known adult specimen is represented by an isolated skull).[3] Other "species" were once thought to be smaller. However, these smaller specimens have been shown to represent juveniles of Pterodactylus, as well as its contemporary relatives including Ctenochasma, Germanodactylus, Aerodactylus, Aurorazhdarcho, and Gnathosaurus.[5] +The genus name was emended to the current Pterodactylus by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815. Unaware of Rafinesque's publication, Cuvier himself in 1819 again emended the genus name,[22] but the specific name he then gave, longirostris, has to give precedence to von Soemmerring's antiquus. In 1888 Richard Lydekker designated Pterodactylus antiquus the type species. +Name Author Year Status Notes Pterodactylus antiquus (von Sömmerring) Rafinesque (1812) 1815 Valid, type species Originally Ptéro-dactyle, Cuvier 1809 Ornithocephalus antiquus von Sömmerring 1812 Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus Objective junior synonym of P. antiquus Ornithocephalus brevirostris von Sömmerring 1816–17 Synonym of Ctenochasma elegans[3] Based on a juvenile specimen Ptenodracon brevirostris (von Sömmerring) Lydekker (1816–17) 1888 Synonym of Ctenochasma elegans Reclassified from Pterodactylus brevirostris, based on a juvenile specimen Pterodactylus brevirostris (von Sömmerring) Oken (1816–17) 1819 Synonym of Ctenochasma elegans Name correction from Ornithocephalus brevirostris, based on a juvenile specimen Pterodactylus longirostris Cuvier 1819 Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus – Macrotrachelus longirostris (Cuvier) Giebel (1819) 1852 Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus Reclassified from Pterodactylus longirostris Ornithocephalus longirostris (Cuvier) Ritgen (1819) 1826 Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus Incorrect name correction from Pterodactylus longirostris Pterodactylus "suevicus" Oken 1825 Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus 'Nomen nudum Pterodactylus crocodilocephaloides Ritgen 1826 Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus Pterodactylus spectabilis von Meyer 1861 Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus Pterodactylus grandis Cuvier 1825 Nomen dubium, possible synonym of Rhamphorhynchus muensteri Pterodactylus kochi (Wagner) (1837) Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus Name correction from Ornithocephalus kochi Ornithocephalus kochi Wagner 1837 Synonym of Pterodactylus kochi Diopecephalus kochi (Wagner) Seeley (1837) 1871 Synonym of Pterodactylus kochi Reclassification of Pterodactylus kochi Pterodactylus meyeri Muenster 1842 Synonym of Pterodactylus kochi Ornithocephalus meyeri (Muenster) Wagner (1842) 1851 Synonym of Pterodactylus kochi Incorrect name correction from Pterodactylus meyeri Pterodactylus grandipelvis von Meyer 1860 Nomen dubium Pterodactylus cerinensis von Meyer 1860 Nomen dubium Pterodactylus suprajurensis Sauvage 1873 Nomen dubium Pterodactylus manseli Owen 1874 Nomen dubium Pterodactylus pleydelli Owen 1874 Nomen dubium Pterodactylus arningi Reck 1931 Nomen dubium Pterodactylus maximus Reck 1931 Nomen dubium +Zoognosia tabulis synopticus illustrata, although usum praelectionum Academiae Imperalis Medico-Chirurgicae Mosquenis edita. 3rd edition, volume 1. +466 pages. ↑ Schweigert, G. (2007). +"Ammonite biostratigraphy as a tool for dating Upper Jurassic lithographic limestones from South Germany – first results and open questions". +Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 245 (1): 117–125. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2007/0245-0117. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Bennett, S. Christopher (2013). +"New information on body size and cranial display structures of Pterodactylus antiquus, with a revision of the genus". +Paläontologische Zeitschrift. in press: 269–289. doi:10.1007/s12542-012-0159-8. +1 2 3 4 5 Bennett, S.C. (1996). "Year-classes of pterosaurs from the Solnhofen Limestone of Germany: Taxonomic and Systematic Implications". +The fossil remains of this species have been found primarily in the Solnhofen limestone of Bavaria, Germany, dated to the late Jurassic Period (early Tithonian), about 150.8–148.5 million years ago,[2] though more fragmentary remains have been tentatively identified from elsewhere in Europe and in Africa. +It was a carnivore and probably preyed upon fish and other small animals. Like all pterosaurs, Pterodactylus had wings formed by a skin and muscle membrane stretching from its elongated fourth finger to its hind limbs. It was supported internally by collagen fibres and externally by keratinous ridges. +The skulls of adult Pterodactylus were long and thin with about 90 narrow, conical teeth. The teeth extended back from the tips of both jaws, and became smaller farther away from the jaw tips (unlike some relatives, where teeth were absent in the upper jaw tip and were relatively uniform in size). The teeth extended farther back into the jaw than in close relatives, as some were present below the front of the nasoantorbital fenestra, the largest opening in the skull.[3] Unlike related species, the skull and jaws were straight, not curved upwards.[6] +Life restoration of BMMS 7, the largest known pterodactyl specimen. The shape of the soft tissue crest is based on BSP 1929. +Pterodactylus +External links +References +Faiq ibni Prince Jefri Bolkiah (born 9 May 1998) is a Bruneian international footballer who plays as a midfielder for the reserve side of Premier League club Leicester City and the Brunei national team. He serves as the captain of the national team.[1] +Faiq Bolkiah Faiq Bolkiah at Soccerway Football Wonderkids profile Official Instagram +Characteristics +Modern definition +Student organizers from the Green Club at Newcomb College Institute have formed a social entrepreneurship organization in 2010 that aimed to encourage people to reduce waste and live in a more environmentally conscious way. +Social entrepreneurship is the use of the by start up companies and other entrepreneurs to develop, fund and implement solutions to social, cultural, or environmental issues.[1] This concept may be applied to a variety of organizations with different sizes, aims, and beliefs.[2] For-profit entrepreneurs typically measure performance using business metrics like profit, revenues and increases in stock prices, but social entrepreneurs are either non-profits or blend for-profit goals with generating a positive "return to society" and therefore must use different metrics. Social entrepreneurship typically attempts to further broad social, cultural, and environmental goals often associated with the voluntary sector[3] in areas such as poverty alleviation, health care and community development. +At times, profit-making social enterprises may be established to support the social or cultural goals of the organization but not as an end in itself. For example, an organization that aims to provide housing and employment to the homeless may operate a restaurant, both to raise money and to provide employment for the homeless. +In the 2010s, social entrepreneurship is facilitated by the use of the Internet, particularly social networking and social media websites. These websites enable social entrepreneurs to reach a large number of people who are not geographically close yet who share the same goals and encourage them to collaborate online, learn about the issues, disseminate information about the group's events and activities, and raise funds through crowdfunding. +Grameen Bank founder and Nobel Peace Prize winner Muhammad Yunus (left) with two young social entrepreneurs (right). +Social entrepreneurs can include a range of career types and professional backgrounds, ranging from social work and community development to entrepreneurship and environmental science. For this reason, it is difficult to determine who is a social entrepreneur. David Bornstein has even used the term "social innovator" interchangeably with social entrepreneur, due to the creative, non-traditional strategies that many social entrepreneurs use.[4] For a clearer definition of what social entrepreneurship entails, it is necessary to set the function of social entrepreneurship apart from other voluntary sector and charity-oriented activities and identify the boundaries within which social entrepreneurs operate.[5] Some scholars have advocated restricting the term to founders of organizations that primarily rely on earned income (meaning income earned directly from paying consumers), rather than income from donations or grants. +Social entrepreneurship in modern society offers an altruistic form of entrepreneurship that focuses on the benefits that society may reap.[6] Simply put, entrepreneurship becomes a social endeavor when it transforms social capital in a way that affects society positively.[7] It is viewed as advantageous because the success of social entrepreneurship depends on many factors related to social impact that traditional corporate businesses do not prioritize. Social entrepreneurs recognize immediate social problems, but also seek to understand the broader context of an issue that crosses disciplines, fields, and theories.[7] Gaining a larger understanding of how an issue relates to society allows social entrepreneurs to develop innovative solutions and mobilize available resources to affect the greater global society. Unlike traditional corporate businesses, social entrepreneurship ventures focus on maximizing gains in social satisfaction, rather than maximizing profit gains.[8] Both private and public agencies worldwide have had billion-dollar initiatives to empower deprived communities and individuals.[7] Such support from organizations in society, such as government-aid agencies or private firms, may catalyze innovative ideas to reach a larger audience. +Prominent individuals associated with social entrepreneurship include Pakistani Akhter Hameed Khan and Bangladeshi Muhammad Yunus. Yunus was the founder of Grameen Bank, which pioneered the concept of microcredit for supporting innovators in multiple developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.[9] He received a Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts. Others, such as former Indianapolis mayor Stephen Goldsmith addressed social efforts on a local level by using the private sector to provide city services.[10][11] +Drayton tells his employees to look for four qualities: creativity, entrepreneurial quality, social impact of the idea, and ethical fiber.[12] Creativity has two parts: goal-setting and problem-solving. Social entrepreneurs are creative enough to have a vision of what they want to happen and how to make that vision happen.[13] In their book The Power of Unreasonable People John Elkington and Pamela Hartigan identify why social entrepreneurs are, as they put it, unreasonable. They argue that these men and women seek profit in social output where others would not expect profit. +Not only do entrepreneurs have an idea that they must implemented, they know how to implement it and are realistic in the vision of implementing it. Drayton says that, "Entrepreneurs have in their heads the vision of how society will be different when their idea is at work, and they can't stop until that idea is not only at work in one place, but is at work across the whole society."[16] This manifests through a clear idea of what they believe the future will look and a drive to make this come true. Besides this, entrepreneurs are not happy with the status quo; they want healthy change.[17] +Social impact measures whether the idea itself will be able to cause change after the original founder is gone. If an idea has intrinsic worth, once implemented it will cause change even without the charismatic leadership of the first entrepreneur.[18] One reason that these entrepreneurs are unreasonable is that they are unqualified for the task they take on. Most entrepreneurs have not studied the skills needed to implement their ideas. +↑ The New Heros, What is Social Entrepreneurship, Oregon Public Broadcasting, 2005 ↑ "The Meaning of Social Entrepreneurship," J. Gregory Dees, 1998, rev 2001 "The Meaning of Social Entrepreneurship". caseatduke.org. Retrieved 2013-05-03. ↑ Thompson, J.L. (2002). "The World of the Social Entrepreneur". +The International Journal of Public Sector Management. +15 (4/5): 413. ↑ David Bornstein, "How to Change the World" (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 1, 92 ↑ Abu-Saifan, S. 2012. +Social Entrepreneurship: Definition and Boundaries. +Technology Innovation Management Review. February 2012: 22-27. +1 2 3 4 5 6 Wee-Liang, Williams, John, and Tan, Teck-Meng. "Defining the ‘Social’ in ‘Social Entrepreneurship’: Altruism and Entrepreneurship." +"Social entrepreneurship: The case for definition". Stanford social innovation review. +5 (2): 28–39. ↑ "Let's hear those ideas". The Economist. August 12, 2010. +Retrieved July 28, 2014. ↑ Goldsmith, Stephen (March 2010). The Power of Social Innovation: How Civic Entrepreneurs Ignite Community Networks for Good. Jossey-Bass. +ISBN 978-0-470-57684-7. ↑ Bornstein, David (2007). +How to Change the World. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 121–122. +External links +Career +Notes +Filmography +Norman Atun is a film actor from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. +Since 2006, Atun has appeared in two films, both directed by Tsai Ming-liang.[1] +Norman Atun on IMDb +Potential effects +Herbivore men[1] or grass-eater men[2] (草食(系)男子, Sōshoku(-kei) danshi) is a term used in Japan to describe men who have no interest in getting married or finding a girlfriend.[3] The term herbivore men was also a term that is described as young men who had lost their "manliness".[4][5][6] The term was coined by the author Maki Fukasawa in an article published on 13 October 2006.[7][8][9][10] +According to Fukasawa, herbivore men are "not without romantic relationships, but have a non-assertive, indifferent attitude toward desires of flesh". The philosopher Masahiro Morioka defines herbivore men as "kind and gentle men who, without being bound by manliness, do not pursue romantic relationships voraciously and have no aptitude for being hurt or hurting others."[4] +Indifference of men to marriage and committed relationships is an observable trend in many advanced societies. Various social and economic factors are cited as playing a role in this trend. In Japan, the decline of the Japanese economy is often said to contribute to the rise of herbivore men, the theory being that economic disillusionment from the bubble burst of the early 1990s, has caused Japanese men to turn their backs on typical "masculine" and corporate roles.[13][14] As economic downturn showed the fragility of salarymen, permanent employment became less appealing, with over 2,500,000 freeters—young people working only part-time—and between 650,000 and 850,000 NEETs—young people who are "not in education, employment, or training"—between the ages of 19 and 35, living in Japan.[15] This response might be deeply ingrained in Japanese culture.[16] +The decision that many herbivore men make to stop working, because work and marriage in Japan are so inter-related, may have made it more difficult for these Japanese men to find marriage. Many women refuse men who do not have steady jobs (such as freeters and NEETs).[17] Other women feel that self-proclaimed sōshoku-kei danshi (herbivore men) are weak and not masculine, while some men apparently are not attracted to "independent" women.[12][18][19] In a 2011 poll of Japanese boys aged between 16 and 19, 36% said they were not interested in having sex; the figure for girls in the same age group was at 59%.[20] Masahiro Morioka argues that Japanese herbivore men are a result of Japan's post-war peace. Since the end of World War II, Japan has not directly participated in any war or conflict, either within its own borders or outside of them. +Japan recorded only a 1.42 birth rate in 2014, down from a high of 1.84 in the mid 1980s.[21] Many blame this drastic fall on the rise of herbivore men in Japan. The decline in birth rate has been attributed to the herbivore men’s reluctance to marry.[20] +Surveys of single Japanese men conducted in 2010 found that 61% of men in their 20s and 70% of men in their 30s considered themselves to be herbivores.[11] Japan's government views the phenomenon as one possible cause of the nation's declining birth rate.[12] +"Japan's 'grass eaters' turn their backs on macho ways". the Guardian. Retrieved 17 October 2015. ↑ Yang, Jeff (23 March 2011). +"After the end of the world". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2 February 2018. +1 2 3 4 5 Morioka, Masahiro (2013). +"A Phenomenological Study of 'Herbivore Men'" (PDF). +The Review of Life Studies. +Life Studies Press. 4: 1–20. Retrieved 7 September 2017. ↑ St John, Warren (22 June 2003). +"Metrosexuals come out". The New York Times. +Retrieved 2 February 2018. ↑ Simpson, Mark. +"Here come the mirror men: why the future is metrosexual". marksimpson.com. +Retrieved 2 February 2018. ↑ lifestudies.org Special Report: Herbivore Men ↑ "Japan's 'herbivore' men shun corporate life, sex". Reuters. 27 July 2009. +Retrieved 15 January 2012. ↑ "Blurring the boundaries". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2 February 2018. ↑ "Dude Looks Like a Lady in Our Recessionary Times: William Pesek". +Bloomberg. +Retrieved 15 January 2012. ↑ Harney, Alexandra. +"Japan panics about the rise of "herbivores"—young men who shun sex, don't spend money, and like taking walks. - Slate Magazine". Slate.com. +Retrieved 20 August 2012. +1 2 "Young Japanese 'decline to fall in love'". BBC News. 11 January 2012. ↑ "Japan's "herbivore" men shun corporate life, sex". +Reuters. +27 July 2009. ↑ Nicolae, Raluca (2014). "Sōshoku(kei) Danshi: The (Un)gendered Questions on Contemporary Japan". Romanian Economic and Business Review. +9 (3): 66–81. ISSN 1842-2497. RePEc:rau:journl:v:9:y:2014:i:3:p:66-81. ↑ "Youth Employment in Japan's Economic Recovery: 'Freeters' and 'NEETs'". +JapanFocus. +Retrieved 20 August 2012. ↑ Teo, Alan. +"Modern-Day Hermits: The Story Hikkomori in Japan and Beyond". Retrieved 26 February 2014. ↑ "They need another hero". +The Economist. +29 October 2009. ↑ "The last person out of the closet? The bisexual male". CNN. +28 June 2010. ↑ Harney, Alexandra. "Japan panics about the rise of "herbivores"—young men who shun sex, don't spend money, and like taking walks. - Slate Magazine". +Slate.com. Retrieved 20 August 2012. +1 2 Tomikawa, Yuri (13 January 2011). +"No Sex, Please, We're Young Japanese Men". The Wall Street Journal. ↑ "Fertility rate, total (births per woman) | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2 February 2018. +Saab Electronic Defence Systems (EDS) in May 2014 unveiled two new classes of active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar—three land-based systems (Giraffe 1X, Giraffe 4A and Giraffe 8A) and two naval variants (Sea Giraffe 1X and Sea Giraffe 4A). +At the top end of the range is the Giraffe 8A, a long-range IEEE S-band (NATO E/F) 3D sensor that can be produced in fixed, transportable and fully mobile configurations. +It has an instrumented range of 470 km and an altitude capability of more than 40,000m, bringing true long-range air defence capability to the Saab radar family for the first time. Giraffe 8A produces 15 stacked beams to provide elevation coverage from ground level to more than 65°. It can operate in a continuous 360° scan mode, rotating mechanically at 24rpm, or can be steered electronically across an operator-specified sector of 40° to 100°. +While the Giraffe 8A occupies the high end of the family, Saab has introduced new radars in the medium-range category in the form of Giraffe 4A and Sea Giraffe 4A for naval use. +Employing similar S-band technology to the larger radar, Giraffe 4A offers true 3D multirole capability, combining the air defence and weapon locating tasks in a single unit. +Able to be airlifted in a single C-130 load, Giraffe 4A can be deployed by two people in less than 10 minutes. It can operate as a standalone. +To complete its new line-up, Saab has introduced two short-range radars, Giraffe 1X and Sea Giraffe 1X. Working in the IEEE X-band (NATO I-band), Giraffe 1X is intended primarily as a highly mobile radar that can work with very short-range air defence systems in the battlefield or at sea. +Weighing less than 300 kg, Giraffe 1X can be mounted on a small vehicle or vessel or in fixed installations such as on a building or a mast. The radar has a sense-and-warn function and can be optionally configured for weapon location.[6] +Users +It can detect air and surface targets from the horizon up to a height of 20,000 metres (66,000 ft) at elevations up to 70°, and can simultaneously handle multiple threats approaching from different directions and altitudes, including diving anti-ship missiles. +↑ "Војска Србије - Наоружање Копнене војске - Средства за противваздухопловна дејства - Противавионски топ 40 mm Л/70 БОФОРС". Retrieved 25 December 2014. ↑ Saab expands surface radar portfolio ↑ "RBS 90". Jane's Land-Based Air Defence. +Retrieved 26 October 2010. ↑ "Sea GIRAFFE AMB Multi-Role 3D Surveillance Naval Radar". Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2014. ↑ "Sea Giraffe AMB". +Saab Solutions. Retrieved 2015-10-28. ↑ SAAB Extends Its Reach ↑ "First Algerian MEKO A-200 frigate undocked". Retrieved 25 December 2014. ↑ "Saab receives an order for Giraffe AMB radar system to Australia". +Defence Professionals. 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-05. ↑ "Canadian Navy Selects Swedish Firm for Frigate Modernisation". naval-technology.com. +2010. Retrieved 2010-07-05. ↑ "Ericsson GIRAFFE contracted by French Air Force". CisionWire.Com. +17 April 2001. Retrieved 13 June 2011. ↑ "Lekiu Class Frigates, Malaysia". naval-technology.com. 2010. +Retrieved 2010-07-05. ↑ http://dsca.mil/major-arms-sales/philippines-ansps-77-sea-giraffe-3d-air-search-radars ↑ Huxley, Tim (2001). Defending the Lion City. Allen & Unwin. +ISBN 1-86508-118-3. ↑ "RSAF Conducts Networked Air Defence Demonstration" (Press release). Singaporean Ministry of Defence (MINDEF). 23 April 2007. +Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-2799-5. ↑ "Joint Warriors At RAF Boulmer". Retrieved 25 December 2014. ↑ "Sea Giraffe Radar now AN/SPS-77(V)1 in U.S." +PR Newswire. 15 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014. +Giraffe radar +Algeria: Sea Giraffe AMB G-band 3-D surveillance radar will equip MEKO A-200 frigates for the Algerian National Navy[7] Australia: Sea GIRAFFE installed on Anzac-class frigates and ordered as a ground-based system.[8] Brazil: In use by the Marine Corps since 1989, in the 50AT version, with a BV-206D tractor. +To be replaced by the Saber M60. Canada: Sea GIRAFFE is used on Halifax-class frigates.[9] Croatia Estonia: GIRAFFE AMB - 5 mobile truck mounted units used within the Estonian Air Force's air surveillance system. Finland: Jantronic J-1000 target acquisition systems with Ericsson GIRAFFE Mk IV radars on a XA-182 Pasi APC. +Sea GIRAFFE installed on four Rauma-class missile boats France: GIRAFFE AMB in use by the French Air Force.[10] India Indonesia: Indonesian Army Ireland: Irish Army, GIRAFFE Mk IV on BV 206. Latvia Lithuania Greece Malaysia: Sea GIRAFFE is installed on Lekiu class frigate.[11] Norway Pakistan Philippines: Sea GIRAFFE AMB radars to be installed on the Gregorio del Pilar class frigates[12] Poland: Sea GIRAFFE is installed on Orkan class fast attack crafts. Serbia Producing one domestically upgraded and modernization variant based on purchased licence by Military Technical Institute Belgrade Singapore: GIRAFFE S and AMB in service with the Republic of Singapore Air Force's air-defence radar network;[13][14] Sea GIRAFFE AMB aboard the Republic of Singapore Navy's Victory class corvettes.[15] Slovenia South Africa Sweden: used in coastal defence. +Visby class corvettes also use Sea GIRAFFE. Thailand: GIRAFFE S and AMB used in Royal Thai Navy UAE: UAE Navy Baynunah class corvette also use Sea GIRAFFE United Kingdom: The British Army and Royal Air Force jointly operate the G-AMB radar in 49 (Inkerman) Battery Royal Artillery.[16] United States: Sea Giraffe AMB installed on the Independence-class littoral combat ship as AN/SPS-77(V)1[17] Venezuela: GIRAFFE 75 Under control of the Aerospace Defense Command FANB. +19th century medicine +Women gained a significant amount of independence with the invention of the bicycle.[1][2][3][4] This device gave them the freedom to travel outside the home of their own power.[2][3] Bicycle riding also necessitated more practical clothing for women and led to significant changes to female attire in society.[3][5] One individual from the time period watching female cyclists remarked, "It is hard to believe, that they were the same women who went out in the afternoon for the formal carriage parade."[5] +Elizabeth Cady Stanton wrote that the bicycle was a tool which motivated women to gain strength and take on increased roles in society.[3] Susan B. Anthony stated in 1896: "Let me tell you what I think of bicycling. +I think it has done more to emancipate women than anything else in the world. I stand and rejoice every time I see a woman ride by on a wheel."[3] +Beatrice Grimshaw, who went on to a life of travel and adventure, describes a girlhood of Victorian propriety, in which she was: "the Revolting Daughter–as they called them then. I bought a bicycle, with difficulty. I rode it unchaperoned, mile and miles beyond the limits possible to the soberly trotting horses. +An 1895 article in The Literary Digest reviewed literature from the time period which discussed the bicycle face, and noted that The Springfield Republican warned against excessive cycling by "women, girls, and middle-aged men".[7] Concerns about bicycle face with regard to female cyclists were detailed by medical doctor A. Shadwell in an 1897 article for the National Review in London titled "The hidden dangers of cycling".[8] His article was subsequently discussed and analyzed in The Advertiser.[9] +Bicycle enthusiasts disagreed with this medical assessment, and asserted that the physical activity was good to improve one's health and vitality.[5] +Reconsidering the Bicycle: An Anthropological Perspective on a New (old) Thing. Routledge. pp. 32–34. ISBN 978-0415503884. ↑ Aronson, Sidney H. +Pizza by the slice in a pizza box for take-out +Pizza by the slice is a fast food purveyed by pizzeria restaurants and food stands as prepared slices of pizza.[1] It is a common dish and street food in various areas of the world. Some restaurants and pizza stands only sell pizza by the slice, while others sell both slices and whole pizzas. The jumbo slice is a large-sized slice of New York-style pizza that is a prominent food in Washington, D.C. Pizza al taglio is a variety of pizza that originated in Rome, Italy and is typically purveyed by the slice and sold by weight. +Some pizzerias provide pizza by the slice and whole pizza pies, and some only provide pizza by the slice.[1] Pizza by the slice is typically pre-cooked and pre-sliced, and is sometimes kept warm under heat lamps.[1][2] Upon ordering, slices are sometimes re-heated in a pizza oven before being served. Selling pizza by the slice sometimes enables restaurants to realize increased profits, because the slice format allows for quick lunchtime service compared to customers having to order and wait for a whole pizza that is prepared from scratch.[1] The price of pizza slices is also typically significantly less than the cost of a whole pie, which enables consumer purchases.[1] +Further reading +Jumbo slice +Overview +Pizza al taglio +Retrieved January 1, 2018. Lawrence, Julie (September 2, 2015). "Milwaukee grasps pizza by the slice". +Pizza by the slice is prevalent in the United States,[1] and significant consumer demand exists for the product in the U.S.[2] Many pizzerias in New York City (NYC) purvey New York-style pizza by the slice,[3] and some also provide Sicilian pizza by the slice.[4][5] There are over 1,000 pizzerias and "slice shops" in NYC,[6] and many purvey both whole pies and slices.[3] In NYC, New York-style pizza is most commonly ordered by consumers as pizza by the slice.[3] Pizza is a common street food in NYC,[7] and some pizzerias compete, vying to provide "best" slice in the city.[8] +The dish is common in some areas of the Balkans, such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Macedonia and Slovenia.[9] In Bulgaria, it is a common street food that is purveyed by street vendors and street pizza booths.[9][10] +Pizza by the slice is also manufactured as a frozen food, and is sometimes packaged in individual serving portions.[11] One example is the Red Baron "by the slice" brand, which is a microwaveable product manufactured by Schwan's Company.[11][12] +The Jumbo slice is a large slice of New York-style pizza that is often purveyed by the slice.[13] It is a prominent food in Washington, D.C., and is sometimes consumed as a late-night snack by neighborhood residents when area bars close.[13][14] A few Washington D.C. pizzerias specialize in the jumbo slice as their main offering.[15] +Pizza al taglio in Rome, Italy +Pizza al taglio is an Italian pizza variety of rectangular pizza that is sold by the slice, typically by weight.[16][17] The dish originated from and is common in Rome, Italy, and is purveyed in many areas of the world in contemporary times.[18][19][20] The dough for Pizza al taglio is sometimes cooked ahead of time, allowing for a timely preparation of the final product, whereby sauce and various toppings are added and the pizza is then cooked.[21] +Pizza by the slice +History +J. Edgar Hoover as FBI Director +The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), formerly the Bureau of Investigation (BOI), is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, and its principal federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the US Department of Justice, the FBI is also a member of the U.S. Intelligence Community and reports to/ both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence.[3] A leading U.S. counter-terrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigative organization, the FBI has jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crimes.[4][5] +Despite its domestic focus, the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint, operating 60 Legal Attache (LEGAT) offices and 15 sub-offices in US embassies and consulates across the globe. These foreign offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries.[8] The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas,[9] just as the CIA has a limited domestic function; these activities generally require coordination across government agencies. +The FBI was established in 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation, the BOI or BI for short. Its name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 1935. The FBI headquarters is the J. Edgar Hoover Building, located in Washington, D.C. +FBI Domestic Investigations and Operations Guide +The FBI's main goal is to protect and defend the United States, to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international agencies and partners.[5] +Currently, the FBI's top priorities are:[10] +Protect the United States from terrorist attacks, Protect the United States against foreign intelligence operations and espionage, Protect the United States against cyber-based attacks and high-technology crimes, Combat public corruption at all levels, Protect civil rights, Combat transnational/national criminal organizations and enterprises, Combat major white-collar crime, Combat significant violent crime, Support federal, state, local and international partners, and Upgrade technology to enable, and further, the successful performances of its missions as stated above. +In 1896, the National Bureau of Criminal Identification was founded, which provided agencies across the country with information to identify known criminals. The 1901 assassination of President William McKinley created a perception that America was under threat from anarchists. The Departments of Justice and Labor had been keeping records on anarchists for years, but President Theodore Roosevelt wanted more power to monitor them.[11] +The Justice Department had been tasked with the regulation of interstate commerce since 1887, though it lacked the staff to do so. It had made little effort to relieve its staff shortage until the Oregon land fraud scandal at the turn of the 20th Century. President Roosevelt instructed Attorney General Charles Bonaparte to organize an autonomous investigative service that would report only to the Attorney General.[12] +Bonaparte reached out to other agencies, including the U.S. Secret Service, for personnel, investigators in particular. On May 27, 1908, the Congress forbade this use of Treasury employees by the Justice Department, citing fears that the new agency would serve as a secret police department.[13] Again at Roosevelt's urging, Bonaparte moved to organize a formal Bureau of Investigation, which would then have its own staff of special agents.[11] +The Bureau of Investigation (BOI) was created on July 26, 1908, after the Congress had adjourned for the summer.[11] Attorney General Bonaparte, using Department of Justice expense funds,[11] hired thirty-four people, including some veterans of the Secret Service,[14][15] to work for a new investigative agency. Its first "Chief" (the title is now known as "Director") was Stanley Finch. Bonaparte notified the Congress of these actions in December 1908.[11] +The bureau's first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the "White Slave Traffic Act," or Mann Act, passed on June 25, 1910. In 1932, the bureau was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation. The following year it was linked to the Bureau of Prohibition and rechristened the Division of Investigation (DOI) before finally becoming an independent service within the Department of Justice in 1935.[14] In the same year, its name was officially changed from the Division of Investigation to the present-day Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI. +He was chiefly responsible for creating the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory, or the FBI Laboratory, which officially opened in 1932, as part of his work to professionalize investigations by the government. Hoover was substantially involved in most major cases and projects that the FBI handled during his tenure. But as detailed below, his proved to be a highly controversial tenure as Bureau Director, especially in its later years. +Early homicide investigations of the new agency included the Osage Indian murders. During the "War on Crime" of the 1930s, FBI agents apprehended or killed a number of notorious criminals who carried out kidnappings, robberies, and murders throughout the nation, including John Dillinger, "Baby Face" Nelson, Kate "Ma" Barker, Alvin "Creepy" Karpis, and George "Machine Gun" Kelly. +Other activities of its early decades included a decisive role in reducing the scope and influence of the Ku Klux Klan. Additionally, through the work of Edwin Atherton, the BOI claimed success in apprehending an entire army of Mexican neo-revolutionaries under the leadership of General Enrique Estrada in the mid-1920s, east of San Diego, California. +Hoover began using wiretapping in the 1920s during Prohibition to arrest bootleggers.[16] In the 1927 case Olmstead v. United States, in which a bootlegger was caught through telephone tapping, the United States Supreme Court ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment as unlawful search and seizure, as long as the FBI did not break into a person's home to complete the tapping.[16] After Prohibition's repeal, Congress passed the Communications Act of 1934, which outlawed non-consensual phone tapping, but did allow bugging.[16] In the 1939 case Nardone v. United States, the court ruled that due to the 1934 law, evidence the FBI obtained by phone tapping was inadmissible in court.[16] After the 1967 case Katz v. United States overturned the 1927 case that had allowed bugging, Congress passed the Omnibus Crime Control Act, allowing public authorities to tap telephones during investigations, as long as they obtained warrants beforehand.[16] +Creation +Budget, mission, and priorities +Background +The Special Agents, placed as they are under the direct orders of the Chief Examiner, who receives from them daily reports and summarizes these each day to the Attorney General, are directly controlled by this department, and the Attorney General knows or ought to know, at all times what they are doing and at what cost. 1 2 "Timeline of FBI History". +Federal Bureau of Investigation. +Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. +Retrieved 20 March 2015. ↑ Langeluttig, Albert (1927). +The Department of Justice of the United States. Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 9–14. +1 2 3 4 5 Greenberg, David (2001-10-22). +"Civil Rights: Let 'Em Wiretap!". +History News Network. Retrieved 2011-02-15. ↑ Benson, Robert L. +Federal Bureau of Investigation Seal of the Federal Bureau of Investigation Flag of the Federal Bureau of Investigation Badge of an FBI Special Agent Agency overview Formed July 26, 1908 (1908-07-26) as the Bureau of Investigation Jurisdiction US Federal Government Headquarters J. Edgar Hoover Building Northwest, Washington, D.C., United States Motto Fidelity, Bravery, Integrity Employees 35,104[1] (October 31, 2014) Annual budget US$8.7 billion (FY 2016)[2] Agency executives Christopher A. Wray, Director David Bowdich, Acting Deputy Director Parent agency Department of Justice Office of the Director of National Intelligence Website fbi.gov +Although many of the FBI's functions are unique, its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB. Unlike the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which has no law enforcement authority and is focused on intelligence collection abroad, the FBI is primarily a domestic agency, maintaining 56 field offices in major cities throughout the United States, and more than 400 resident agencies in lesser cities and areas across the nation. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence.[6][7] +In the fiscal year 2016, the Bureau's total budget was approximately $8.7 billion.[2] +J. Edgar Hoover, FBI Director from 1924 to 1972 +Federal Bureau of Investigation +A billion years (109 years) is a unit of time on the petasecond scale, more precisely equal to 7016316000000000000♠3.16×1016 seconds. +It is sometimes abbreviated Gy, Ga ("giga-annum"), Byr and variants. The abbreviations Gya or bya are for "billion years ago", i.e. billion years before present.[1] The terms are used in geology, paleontology, geophysics, astronomy and physical cosmology. +The prefix giga- is preferred over billion- to avoid confusion in the long and short scales over the meaning of billion; the postfix annum may be further qualified for precision as a sidereal year or Julian year: +1 Gaj=7016315576000000000♠3.15576×1016 s, 1 Gas=7016315580999999999♠3.15581×1016 s (epoch J2000.0). +Byr was formerly used in English-language geology and astronomy as a unit of one billion years. Subsequently, the term gigaannum (Ga) has increased in usage, with Gy or Gyr still sometimes used in English-language works (at the risk of confusion with Gy as abbreviation for the gray, a unit of radiation exposure). Astronomers use Gyr or Gy as an abbreviation for gigayear.[2] +Life from an RNA World: The Ancestor Within. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 38. +ISBN 0-674-05075-4. ↑ Selsis; Kasting, J. F.; Levrard, B.; Paillet, J.; Ribas, I.; Delfosse, X.; et al. (2007). "Habitable planets around the star Gl 581?". +Astronomy and Astrophysics. 476 (3): 1373–1387. arXiv:0710.5294 . Bibcode:2007A&A...476.1373S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078091. +Billion years +Notes and references +External links +Names +Background +Al-Fātiḥah, 1:1–7, at the Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement Surah Al-Fatiha with Recitation by Sudais in MP3 +A 14th- or 15th-century manuscript of the chapter +Its seven verses (ayat) are a prayer for the guidance, lordship and mercy of God.[1] This chapter has an essential role in Islamic prayer (salāt). The primary literal meaning of the expression "al-Fātiḥah" is "The Opener," which could refer to this Surah being "the opener of the Book" (Fātiḥat al-kitāb), to its being the first Surah recited in full in every prayer cycle (rakʿah), or to the manner in which it serves as an opening for many functions in everyday Islamic life. Some Muslims interpret it as a reference to an implied ability of the Surah to open a person to faith in God.[2] +The name al-Fātiḥah ("the Opener") is due to the subject-matter of the surah. Fātiḥah is that which opens a subject or a book or any other thing. In other words, a sort of preface.[1] +The word الفاتحة came from the root word فتح which means to open, explain, disclose, keys of treasure etc. That means sura Al-Fatiha is the summary of the whole Quran. That is why we recite another Ayat or sura along with Fatiha in our prayers. +It is also called Umm Al-Kitab ("the Mother of the Book") and Umm Al-Quran ("the Mother of the Quran");[3][4] Sab'a al Mathani ("Seven repeated [verses]", an appellation taken from verse 15:87 of the Quran);[4] Al-Hamd ("praise"), because a hadith narrates Muhammad as having said: "The prayer [al-Fātiḥah] is divided into two halves between Me and My servants. +According to Abd Allah ibn Abbas and others, al-Fātiḥah is a Meccan sura; while according to others it is a Medinan sura. The former view is more widely accepted, although some believe that it was revealed in both Mekka and Medina.[9][10] In the Quran, the first revelations to Muhammad were only the first few verses (ayats) of Surahs Alaq, Muzzammil, Al-Muddathir, etc. Most narrators recorded that al-Fātiḥah was the first complete Surah revealed to Muhammad.[1] +Juz' Basmala +Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Caner Dagli, Maria Dakake, Joseph Lumbard, Muhammad Rustom (San Francisco: Harper One, 2015), p. 3. ↑ Ahmad, Mirza Bahir Ud-Din (1988). +The Quran with English Translation and Commentary. Islam International Publications Ltd. p. 1. ISBN 1-85372-045-3. ↑ English Translation and Commentary 5 Volumes ↑ Joseph E. B. Lumbard, "Introduction to "Sūrat al-Fātiḥah," The Study Quran, ed. +Al-Fatiha +External links +Personal life +Filmography +Retrieved November 23, 2015. ↑ "Craig Bartlett Offers Inspiring Keynote at Ottawa". 20 September 2013. ↑ Valerie Gallaher (June 14, 2012). +"JIM HENSON COMPANY TO MAKE ANIMATED 'FROG AND TOAD' MOVIE". +Retrieved January 22, 2017. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20080820020800/http://donthaveacowman.com/Simpsons/Cards/Inkworks2001/page2001.70.html. +Archived from the original on August 20, 2008. Retrieved July 23, 2009. Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ Craig Bartlett, Maggie Groening, Richard Bartlett: Hey Arnold!, Simon & Schuster, 2002, p. +Interview with Victoria Mixon Craig Bartlett on IMDb Craig Bartlett's Charmed Past Life +Craig Bartlett Bartlett performing with the Ready Jet Go! band in 2017 Born Craig Michael Bartlett (1956-10-18) October 18, 1956 Seattle, Washington, U.S. Education The Evergreen State College Occupation Animator, writer, storyboard artist, director, voice actor Years active 1985–present Known for Hey Arnold! (1994; 1996–2004, 2017) Dinosaur Train (with The Jim Henson Company; 2009–2017) Ready Jet Go! (2016–present) Spouse(s) Lisa Groening (m. 1987) Children Matt Bartlett Katie Bartlett +Craig Michael Bartlett (born October 18, 1956) is an American animator, best known for writing and creating the television series Hey Arnold! and Dinosaur Train. +Bartlett is married to Lisa Groening since 1987, sister of Matt Groening, creator of The Simpsons and Futurama, after whom Lisa Simpson is named.[8] They have two children, Matt and Katie.[9] +The Z shell (Zsh) is a Unix shell that can be used as an interactive login shell and as a powerful command interpreter for shell scripting. Zsh is an extended Bourne shell with a large number of improvements, including some features of Bash, ksh, and tcsh. +Programmable command-line completion that can help the user type both options and arguments for most used commands, with out-of-the-box support for several hundred commands Sharing of command history among all running shells Extended file globbing allows file specification without needing to run an external program such as find Improved variable/array handling Editing of multi-line commands in a single buffer Spelling correction Various compatibility modes, e.g. Zsh can pretend to be a Bourne shell when run as /bin/sh Themeable prompts, including the ability to put prompt information on the right side of the screen and have it auto-hide when typing a long command Loadable modules, providing among other things: full TCP and Unix domain socket controls, an FTP client, and extended math functions. The built-in where command. Works like the which command but shows all locations of the target command in the directories specified in $PATH rather than only the one that will be used. +Z shell Screenshot of a Zsh session Original author(s) Paul Falstad[1] Developer(s) Peter Stephenson, et al.[1] Initial release 1990 (1990) Stable release 5.4.2 / August 28, 2017 (2017-08-28)[2] Repository https://sourceforge.net/p/zsh/code/ci/master/tree/ Written in C Operating system Various Type Unix shell License MIT-like[3] Website www.zsh.org +Paul Falstad wrote the first version of Zsh in 1990[4] while a student at Princeton University.[5] The name zsh derives from the name of Yale professor Zhong Shao (then an Assistant Professor at Princeton University) — Paul Falstad regarded Shao's login-id, "zsh", as a good name for a shell.[6][7] +Z shell's configuration utility for new users +Features include: +Zsh with Agnoster theme running on Konsole terminal emulator +A user community website called "Oh My Zsh" collects third-party plug-ins and themes for the Z shell.[8] As of 2017, their GitHub repository has over 1000 contributors, over 200 plug-ins, and over 140 themes. It also comes with an auto-update tool that makes it easier to keep installed plug-ins and themes updated.[9] +Retrieved September 18, 2012. ↑ "The Z-Shell (ZSH) Lovers' Page". Guckes.net. c. 2004. +Retrieved October 2, 2012. ↑ "Zsh Mailing List Archive". +Zsh.org. +August 8, 2005. Retrieved October 2, 2012. ↑ "Oh My ZSH - Community driven framework with 150+ plugins and 100+ themes". +Retrieved May 7, 2014. ↑ "robbyrussell/oh-my-zsh". +A delightful community-driven (with 1,000+ contributors) framework for managing your zsh configuration. +Includes 200+ optional plugins (rails, git, OSX, hub, capistrano, brew, ant, php, python, etc), over 140 themes to spice up your morning, and an auto-update tool so that makes it easy to keep up with the latest updates from the community. +Z shell +In a computer language, a reserved word (also known as a reserved identifier) is a word that cannot be used as an identifier, such as the name of a variable, function, or label – it is "reserved from use". This is a syntactic definition, and a reserved word may have no meaning. +This is a semantic definition. By contrast, names in a standard library but not built into the language are not considered reserved words or keywords. The terms "reserved word" and "keyword" are often used interchangeably – one may say that a reserved word is "reserved for use as a keyword" – and formal use varies from language to language; for this article we distinguish as above. +The sets of reserved words and keywords in a language often coincide or are almost equal, and the distinction is subtle, so the terms are often used interchangeably. However, in careful usage they are distinguished. +Distinction +In general reserved words and keywords need not coincide, but in most modern languages keywords are a subset of reserved words, as this makes parsing easier, since keywords cannot be confused with identifiers. In some languages, like C or Python, reserved words and keywords coincide, while in other languages, like Java, all keywords are reserved words, but some reserved words are not keywords – these are "reserved for future use". In yet other languages, such as the older languages ALGOL, FORTRAN and PL/I, there are keywords but no reserved words, with keywords being distinguished from identifiers by other means. +Making keywords be reserved words makes lexing easier, as a string of characters will unambiguously be either a keyword or an identifier, without depending on context; thus keywords are usually a subset of reserved words. However, reserved words need not be keywords – for example, in Java, goto is a reserved word, but has no meaning and does not appear in any production rules in the grammar. This is usually done for forward compatibility, so a reserved word may become a keyword in a future version without breaking existing programs. +Reserved word +Regions +Regions of Saudi Arabia مناطق المملكة العربية السعودية (Arabic) Also known as: Province مقاطعة Tabuk Bahah —– Jawf Madinah Makkah Jizan — Ha'il Northern Borders Asir Qasim Riyadh Najran Eastern Province Category Unitary state Location Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Number 13 Regions Populations 320,524 (Northern Borders) – 6,915,006 (Makkah) Areas 9,920 km2 (3,831 sq mi) (Al-Bahah) – 672,520 km2 (259,662 sq mi) (Eastern Province) Government Region Government, National Government Subdivisions Governorates +Saudi Arabia is divided into 13 regions (Arabic: مناطق إدارية‎; manātiq idāriyya, sing. منطقة إدارية; mintaqah idariyya).[1][2][3] Each region is divided into governorates (Arabic: محافظات‎; muhafazat, sing. محافظة; muhafazah) and the region capital, which has the status of municipality (amanah) headed by mayors (amin). There are 118 entities combined. The governorates are further subdivided into subgovernorates (marakiz, sing. markaz). +Region Capital Area (km²) Population Census 2010 Density Governorates Najd Region (center) Qassim Buraidah 58,046 1,215,858 17.5 11 Riyadh Riyadh 404,240 6,777,146 13.5 20 Hijaz Region (west) Tabuk Tabuk 146,072 791,535 4.7 6 Madinah Madinah 151,990 1,777,933 9.9 7 Makkah Makkah 153,128 6,915,006 37.9 12 North Northern Borders Arar 111,797 320,524 2.5 3 Jawf Sakakah 100,212 440,009 3.6 3 Ha'il Ha'il 103,887 597,144 5.1 4 South Bahah Al Bahah 9,921 411,888 38.1 7 Jizan Jizan 11,671 1,365,110 101.6 14 'Asir Abha 76,693 1,913,392 22.0 12 Najran Najran 149,511 505,652 2.8 8 East Eastern Province Dammam 672,522 4,105,780 5.0 11 Saudi Arabia Riyadh 2,149,690 27,136,977 10.5 118 1) Preliminary results of census of 2004-09-15 +↑ http://www.statoids.com/usa.html ↑ http://www.mofa.gov.sa/sites/mofaen/EServ/VisitingSaudiArabia/aboutKingDom/SaudiGovernment/Pages/AdministrativeDivision46464.aspx ↑ "The New Addressing". Saudi Post. 2013. +External links +Official website Claire Corlett on IMDb +Animation +Filmography +Claire Corlett Claire Corlett at the 2012 brony convention Everfree Northwest Born Claire Margaret Corlett (1999-07-09) 9 July 1999 Nationality Canadian Occupation Actress, voice actress, singer Years active 2005–present Known for My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic as Sweetie Belle Parent(s) Ian James Corlett (father) Website www.clairecorlett.com +Claire Margaret Corlett (born July 9, 1999) is a Canadian actress, singer, and voice actress.[1] She is best known for being the voice of Sweetie Belle in the TV series My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic. She was first introduced to voice acting when her father Ian James Corlett made her a demo when she was five years old.[2] She is also the sister of voice actor Philip Corlett. +List of voice performances in animation Year Title Role Notes Source[3] 000000002006-01-01-00002006–08 3-2-1 Penguins Michelle Conrad 000000002008-01-01-00002008 Peanuts Motion Comics Sally Brown 000000002009-01-01-00002009 Dinosaur Train Tiny 000000002010-01-01-00002010–present My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic series Sweetie Belle, others BTVA People's Choice Voice Acting Award [Winner] Best Female Vocal Performance by a Child As the voice of "Sweetie Belle". +Behind the Voice Actors Awards 2013 000000002015-01-01-00002015 Bob the Builder Dizzy (US) Main Role +List of voice performances in direct-to-video and television films Year Title Role Notes Source[3] 000000002010-01-01-00002010–present My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic series Sweetie Belle, others BTVA People's Choice Voice Acting Award [Winner] Best Female Vocal Performance by a Child As the voice of "Sweetie Belle". +Behind the Voice Actors Awards 2013 000000002013-01-01-00002013 Barbie & Her Sisters in a Pony Tale Stacie +Claire Corlett +List of acting performances in film and television Year Title Role Notes Source[3] 000000002017-01-01-00002017 Before I Fall Devil Cupid +↑ "Home Page: Claire Margaret Corlett". Ian Corlett. Retrieved September 26, 2017. ↑ "Interview: Claire Corlett at Everfree Northwest 2012!". +The Round Stable. The Round Stable. Retrieved August 23, 2012. +1 2 3 "About Claire Margaret Corlett". Ian Corlett. Retrieved September 26, 2017. +References +Death +Dato' Haji Abdul Manan Ismail (28 June 1948 – 12 February 2018) was a Malaysian politician. +He is the Member of Parliament for the Paya Besar constituency in Pahang. +He is a member of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) party in the governing Barisan Nasional coalition.[1] +Abdul Manan died on February 12, 2018 at the age of 69 of suspected heart attack after falling in a bathroom.[5] +↑ "Abdul Manan bin Ismail, Y.B. Dato' Haji" (in Malay). Parliament of Malaysia. +Retrieved 11 July 2010. +1 2 "YB Dato' Haji Abdul Manan Ismail". +MyIPO. Retrieved 12 October 2014. 1 2 "Pahang BN To Field 30 Percent New Faces". +Archived from the original on 6 September 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2010. +Percentage figures based on total turnout. ↑ "Ahli Parlimen Paya Besar meninggal dunia". +Sinar Harian. 12 February 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2018. +External links +Thomas Austin Brewer (September 3, 1931 – February 15, 2018) was a professional baseball player. +A right-handed pitcher, he played for the Boston Red Sox from 1954 to 1961. +Brewer was selected to play in the 1956 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. +Gameplay +Track listing +Finity +Puzzle +Cognito +External links +Action +Endless +Classic +Hyper +Twilight +Original +Secret Modes +Bejeweled 2 Developer(s) PopCap Games Oberon Media (Xbox 360) Astraware (Windows Mobile) Publisher(s) PopCap Games Sony Online Entertainment (PSN) Electronic Arts (Android) Designer(s) Jason Kapalka[1] Composer(s) Peter Hajba Series Bejeweled Engine PopCap Games Framework Platform(s) Windows Mac OS X Browser Flash PDA Palm OS Windows Mobile iOS Xbox 360 XBLA iPod PlayStation 3 PlayStation Network PSN PlayStation Portable WiiWare Symbian^3 Android BlackBerry PlayBook Release November 5, 2004 Windows, Linux, OS X NA: November 5, 2004[2] XBLA NA: November 22, 2005 EU: December 2, 2005 iPod classic NA: September 12, 2006 iOS (discontinued) NA: July 3, 2008 PlayStation 3 NA: January 29, 2009 EU: May 19, 2009[3] WiiWare NA: June 14, 2010 EU: December 31, 2010 iOS (iPad-optimized) (discontinued) NA: June 1, 2010 PAL: May 29, 2010 JP: 2011 PlayStation Portable NA: June 29, 2010 Android NA: February 19, 2011 EU: February 19, 2011 Genre(s) Puzzle Mode(s) Single-player +Bejeweled 2 Deluxe, like all PopCap titles, is available on a "try before you buy" basis. Bejeweled 2 Deluxe was released for the Xbox 360 as a downloadable Xbox Live Arcade game on November 22, 2005. PopCap also released a version for Apple's iOS in 2008, which is available from the App Store. +The player tries to match three to five of the same color gems together either horizontally or vertically. Every legitimate move awards points to the player, which is stated at the bottom of the screen in the score bar. A normal swap is three gems. +Action mode is similar to Classic, except that in Action mode, the score bar starts halfway full and slowly begins to retract, it starts draining faster after each level. As the player scores, the bar gets longer. The player's score is worth more on the bar since it is timed. +There are also several unique gems, including Bombs and Rocks. The player progresses by completing the puzzles on the planet. After 4 puzzles on the scenario are completed, the player can move on to the next scenario, or complete the current scenario by completing the last puzzle on the planet. +These are the 17 planets: +Centauri Prime: Focuses on double matching and basic matches Tau Heximus: Focuses on Power Gems that are created by matching 4 gems in a row. Ceti Alpha V: Focuses on Hyper Cubes, that are created by matching 5 or more gems in a row Seraph III: Introduces Rocks, and focuses on them. Vermithrax II: Focuses on moving gems in empty spaces. +Endless is an untimed and never ending version of Bejeweled 2. The player can make moves at whatever pace they wish, without the worry of running out of moves. The scores for various gem combinations stay constant, regardless of the level. +There are 4 modes at the start of the game, but secret modes can be discovered. If one secret mode is unlocked, a ? button will appear below the bottom on the warp ring on the main menu, clicking on it will show the secret modes. The secret modes aren't available on the WiiWare version. +If the player completes Level 18 in Classic Mode, Twilight Mode will be unlocked. The mode acts like Classic mode, but the pitch for all the sounds are lower, the speed is slowed down, and all the backdrops are darker and flipped over. Matching makes the gems fall down, but when the player matches gems again, the gems will fall upwards, and then the next turn downwards again and vice versa. +The mode plays the same, except that the game is sped up and the sounds are high pitched. Gameplay is identical to Action Mode. If the player matches quickly they can get more score on their matches than they usually do. +The game acts like Action Mode, but the time bar decreases slower than Action and Hyper. Also the Rocks (Coal) and Bomb Gems from Puzzle Mode appear. Points are only awarded from explosions (explosion from Power or Bomb gems, destruction from Hypercubes), and the backdrops have their color changed. +When filled up completely, the player goes to the next level. The game ends when all 80 puzzles are finished. If the player uses a hint, he/she will not be awarded any points from matching gems in that Puzzle, and progress bar doesn't increase for that Puzzle, even if undo is used. +Bejeweled 2 +This mode acts like the original Bejeweled, so it doesn't have any Special Gems. It can be reached by hovering over the four game mode buttons eight times clockwise in the Main Menu. This will also not appear as a selectable mode, so you must do the same thing again to reach it. +All tracks written by Peter Hajba, known by his demoscene nickname Skaven. +↑ Bejeweled 2 Readme: Credits Archived June 1, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. ↑ Bejeweled 2 Readme Archived June 1, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. ↑ Bejeweled 2 at PSN UK ↑ "Is this game delisted?". PSNProfiles. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ziHgQjFOT3Q +Official website +External links +Endless Puzzle +Time Trial +Fossil +Gameplay +Versions +Stomped +Dynomite! Developer(s) Raptisoft Games PopCap Games Publisher(s) PopCap Games Designer(s) John Raptis Composer(s) Skaven Engine PopCap Games Framework Platform(s) Microsoft Windows Release January 25, 2002 Genre(s) Puzzle game Mode(s) Single player +Dynomite! is a PC game developed by both Raptisoft Games and PopCap Games. Its gameplay is largely similar to that of the Puzzle Bobble series, but it has several unique differences. +There are four game modes: Endless, Stomped, Fossil, and Time Trial. +You must use your slingshot to shoot your own supply of eggs up at them. When three or more eggs of the same color match, they will explode. If the mass of eggs descend to the bottom of the screen, an alarm will sound and you will have three seconds to break any eggs that reached the bottom, or else the entire screen will be crushed by the foot of Mama Brontosaurus, and the game will end. +Sequence # Egg color added 1 Red 2 Blue 3 (Easy starts here) Green 4 (Normal starts here) Yellow 5 Purple 6 (Hard starts here) Pink 7 Gray 8 Orange 9 Black 10 Golden egg 11 Starry night 12 Rainbow 13 Flower 14 Candy cane 15 Mustache guy 16 Hatchling 17 PopCap 18 Rock 1 19 Rock 2 20 Random egg (invisible on the field) 21 Game crash +However, every egg you shoot will increase Mama Bronto's anger meter. Every time the meter gets full, Mama Bronto pushes the puzzle down one notch with her foot, making the board more difficult to accomplish. There are 30 stomped puzzles, and after completing all 30, level 31 will start the puzzles from the beginning again. +A piece of a dinosaur fossil is surrounded by eggs, and you must shoot matching eggs to break the piece free and add it to a collection of completed fossils. There are 15 fossils, each having three fragments, for a total of 45 levels in this mode. Like Endless Puzzle, if the eggs and fossil piece reach the bottom of the screen, Mama Bronto will crush the screen and the game is over. +A multi-layered arrangement of eggs (60 rows and five colors in Easy mode, 30 rows and seven colors in Normal mode, and 15 rows and nine colors in Hard mode) must be cleared by shooting the correctly colored eggs at the ones on screen. If there are 90 rows, trying to add an egg to make the 91st row will break the egg instead. Unlike the other games, this one does not have a time limit; instead, it keeps a record of your five fastest clearances across all difficulties. +There are two versions of this game: the Java applet-based web version, and the downloadable version (called Dynomite Deluxe). Dynomite Deluxe includes enhanced graphics, a musical soundtrack by Skaven, the ability to upload high scores, and full functionality for all game modes. Dynomite Deluxe is available to purchase either from PopCap's website, Origin, or through Steam. +Dynomite official website (archived on 4th of July 2011) +Dynomite! +History +External links +The game was initially created by PopCap Games as a web-based Shockwave (later using Flash) game called Diamond Mine, inspired by the 1994 MS-DOS game Shariki.[4] It was reportedly successful for PopCap—a company formed in 2000. PopCap created partnerships which allowed Microsoft Zone and other gaming sites to host Bejeweled as well. The name Bejeweled was suggested by Microsoft, who thought the original name Diamond Mine was too similar to that of an existing game, Diamond Mines.[5] +Hints and Tricks +Gameplay +Normal Mode +Time Trial Mode +Bejeweled Steam header Developer(s) PopCap Games Publisher(s) PopCap Games Designer(s) Jason Kapalka[1] Composer(s) Peter Hajba Series Bejeweled Engine PopCap Games Framework Platform(s) Windows Mac OS X Flash HTML5 Palm OS Windows Mobile BlackBerry 10 Java ME iOS Android Windows Phone Xbox Facebook Release May 30, 2001[2] Genre(s) Puzzle Mode(s) Single-player +Bejeweled is a tile-matching puzzle video game by PopCap Games, first developed for browsers in 2001. Three follow-ups to this game have been released. More than 75 million copies of Bejeweled have been sold, and the game has been downloaded more than 150 million times.[3] Although the game is no longer downloadable through PopCap's website, the installer can be downloaded via the Wayback Machine. +The objective of this game is to swap one gem with an adjacent gem to form a horizontal or vertical chain of three or more gems of the same color. Bonus points are given when chains of more than three identical gems are formed and when two chains are formed in one swap. Gems disappear when chains are formed and gems fall from the top to fill in gaps. +When the progress bar is filled up completely, the player goes to the next level. Every time you level up, it takes longer to fill the bar up. As the player levels up, the player gets more points by matching (example: Level 1= 10 pts., Level 2= 15 pts. etc.). +The progress bar depletes faster and gets slower to fill up as the player levels up, and gets faster and faster. If no moves are possible, the player gets a new board instead of getting a game over. If the progress bar depletes completely, the player is given a Game Over. +By clicking the purple button on the side next to Options and Quit Game, the player can get a hint. But when he/she does it, the score and progress bar depletes. The depleting score and progress bar doesn't repeat until you make another match. +Although normally the player gets only three in a row for gems, sometimes they can get four or five in a row. And in rare conditions, they can get six, seven, and even eight in a row. But some versions of the engine do not register it. +Retrieved 2008-03-20. ↑ Hester, Larry (October 21, 2013). "Inside Bejeweled: An Interview with Executive Producer Heather Hazen". Complex. ↑ Brendan Sinclair (3 March 2011). +"Polishing Bejeweled". +GameSpot. +Retrieved 5 August 2015. ↑ "Entry of Bejeweled on Apple's Web App listing". Apple, Inc. October 11, 2007. +Archived from the original on 10 February 2011. ↑ Tom Curtis (2011-12-13). +"PopCap Tries Hand At HTML5 With New Bejeweled Release". +Gamasutra. ↑ Cowan, Danny (May 18, 2012). "Top iPad game apps: Bejeweled HD leads paid charts in debut week". +Bejeweled +References +Fergus Gordon Anckorn (10 December 1918 – March 2018) was a British soldier who, as starting as the conjurer Wizardus at age 18, was the longest-serving member of the Magic Circle.[1] +Fergus Anckorn +Notes +Lino Bortolo Belotti (19 October 1930 – 23 March 2018)[1] was an Italian Roman Catholic prelate, former Auxiliary Bishop of the Diocese of Bergamo.[2] +References +John Daukom (1937 – 28 September 2010) was a Malaysian sprinter. +He competed in the men's 4 × 100 metres relay at the 1964 Summer Olympics.[1] He was the first Murut person to compete at the Olympics.[1] +Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. +Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 15 August 2017. +References +Fong Seow Hor (born 8 January 1937) is a Malaysian former swimmer. +He competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 1960 Summer Olympics.[1] +Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 5 October 2016. +External links +References +Selected filmography +Edward M. Abroms (May 6, 1935 – February 13, 2018) was a film and TV editor. +He was nominated at the 56th Academy Awards for his work on the film Blue Thunder in the category of Academy Award for Best Film Editing, his nomination was shared with Frank Morriss.[1] +↑ "1984 Oscars". Retrieved June 20, 2015. ↑ Emmys.com ↑ IMDB +Edward M. Abroms on IMDb +Life +References +Liliana Bodoc (21 July 1958 – 6 February 2018) was an Argentinian writer of fantasy.[1] +Bodoc authored La Saga de los Confines, a series of three fantasy novels that were originally published in 2000 in Spanish.[1][2] The first of these books was translated into English as The Days of the Deer. Her work is very popular in Latin America and her style was admired by Ursula K. Le Guin (who died less than a month before Bodoc).[3] +References +Peter Batkin +Peter Batkin (11 April 1953 – 12 January 2018) was an English auctioneer known for his activities in Russia. +He sold the book collection of the spy Kim Philby and was instrumental in the creation of the space memorabilia auction market.[1][2][3] +External links +Standard modes +Gameplay +Secret modes +Bejeweled 3 Developer(s) PopCap Games Publisher(s) PopCap Games Designer(s) Jason Kapalka Brian Fiete Josh Langley Jeremy Bilas Composer(s) Peter Hajba, Alexander Brandon, Allister Brimble (Nintendo DS)[1] Series Bejeweled Platform(s) Microsoft Windows Mac OS X PlayStation 3[2] Xbox 360 Nintendo DS iOS Android Java ME Windows Phone 7.x and 8 Release December 7, 2010 Genre(s) Puzzle Mode(s) Single-player +It is the fifth game of the multi-selling Bejeweled franchise yet the third official title. The game was released as a download for Windows and Mac on December 7, 2010, later being ported to the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Xbox One through the Backward Compatibility Program, Nintendo DS, iOS, Android, Java ME, and Windows Phone. This iteration of the franchise featured four new game modes, as well as the four standard ones from the Bejeweled 1 and 2.[3] +Classic The classic Bejeweled gameplay mode from previous installments of the game. All players have to do is continuously match rows containing three or more gems by swapping one gem with its adjacent counterpart. The game ends when there are no more possible moves.[5][6] +Players can continue playing this mode endlessly as the replacement gems in the game are randomly generated in a way such that there is always one more move for the player. There is also a special breath modulation mode which features a tracking line which moves back and forth, it produces several breathing patterns which players are encouraged to match. The overall objective of this is to slow the breathing rate of the player so as to allow the player to calm down and de-stress. +Players can extend their playing time by lining up special Time gems, which is then added to the Time Extension tank. Also, players can create chains at a fast pace to gain a Blazing Speed bonus.[5] As the game progresses, the Multiplier will increase by one and the music will go faster. Players may feel familiar with this mode as it already appeared as "Blitz Mode" in Bejeweled Twist and being almost exactly the same with Bejeweled Blitz gameplay.[6] In the Google Chrome version of the game, it is called Speed. +Quest A series of forty puzzles and eleven mini-games[4] which include rescuing special butterfly gems, digging through diamond mines, battling ice storms, and more. These puzzles are unique and each has an objective other than ones in the standard Bejeweled gameplay.[5][6] +Butterflies +While there is no bonus awarded for this number (the final score is calculated solely on the value of the matches made during the game), the points awarded for removing butterflies from the board increase as more are collected. After each move, one or more additional butterflies will appear on the bottom row, replacing whatever gem(s) were present there before. Clearing spaces below a butterfly will drop it down the board, and clearing the space directly above a butterfly will prevent it from moving up the board on that turn. +Diamond Mine +Clearing all the earth above the line will add thirty seconds to the timer while clearing all the earth on the board will add ninety seconds. After the time bonus is awarded, any remaining earth moves up the screen until the top of it reaches the fifth row, and new earth appears at the bottom to simulate digging deeper into the ground. Existing gems in the upper rows are pushed off the top of the board when this happens. +Ice Storm +The aim of this mode is to stop the ice columns from reaching the top of the board, which freezes the game board, ending the game. Making matches above or below ice columns decreases their height, and making a vertical match will shatter that ice column completely. As matches are made, a meter fills up, and every time it is filled, the scoring multiplier increases by one and all ice columns are pushed down. +Poker +Making a move where both swapped gems make a match will produce a card with both the selected gem and a smaller gem of the secondary match color. This card can represent either of the two gems, and the game automatically selects whichever one produces the better hand. Matching a flame gem or a star gem will increase the score for that hand, and matching a hypercube produces a wildcard that adjusts itself to produce the best possible outcome. +↑ http://allisterbrimble.com/allister_portfolio.pdf ↑ "Bejeweled 3 Will Dazzle PSN This Year". Playstationlifestyle.net. 2011-06-21. +Retrieved 2017-03-07. 1 2 3 Brian Crecente (November 1, 2010). "Bejeweled 3 Brings Poker, Ice Storm to Addictive Matching Game This December". +Kotaku. Gawker Media. +Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. Retrieved November 1, 2010. 1 2 3 Games.com (October 29, 2010). +"Bejeweled 3 arrives online, in stores on December 7". Games.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. +Retrieved October 29, 2010. 1 2 3 PopCap Games Staff. "Bejeweled 3 Features - Official Site". +PopCap Games. +Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. Retrieved November 2, 2010. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Bejeweled 3 Readme". +PopCap. PopCap. December 7, 2010. +Archived from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved December 10, 2010. 1 2 Mike Fahey (November 1, 2010). +"Bejeweled 3's Zen Mode Will Put You In A Trance". +Kotaku. +Gawker Media. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. +Retrieved November 2, 2010. ↑ PopCap Games (October 29, 2010). "Bejeweled 3 Game Trailer". YouTube. +Archived from the original on 5 November 2010. +Retrieved October 29, 2010. ↑ "Bejeweled Classic on the App Store". Itunes.apple.com. Retrieved 2017-03-07. ↑ "Nokia and PopCap team up for Bejeweled LIVE+ exclusively for Lumia users | Windows Central". +Bejeweled 3 +External links +Gerald Braheen Moses (August 9, 1946 - March 26, 2018) was an American professional baseball player. A catcher, he signed a bonus contract with the Boston Red Sox in 1964 and spent his early Major League Baseball career with the Bosox, but over the course of his nine years in MLB Moses would play for seven different teams. +He batted and threw right-handed, stood 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m) tall and weighed 210 pounds (95 kg). +Moses passed away March 26, 2018.[1] +Reception +External links +Characters +Episodes +Plot +Awards and nominations +Official website Sonic Boom on Ouido Productions Sonic Boom on IMDb Sonic Boom at the Big Cartoon DataBase +Retrieved 10 October 2014. ↑ Rose, Amy. "Chez Amy". +Meh Burger is horrible. +The people of the Unnamed Village deserve better. 1 2 3 Parker, Kellie (25 February 2014). +Retrieved 4 October 2014. ↑ Barker, TW. "Don't Judge Me". +TW Barker Your Honor, counsel for the plaintiff. +I intend to prove that Sonic T. Hedgehog willfully and maliciously attacked and permanently injured my client, Doctor Eggman. Barker, TW. +Isn't it true that Dr Eggman was attacked by Mr The Hedgehog while doing nothing more than taking a leisurely evening drive in a harmless moth-shaped vehicle? ↑ Sarge. "It Wasn't Me, It Was the One-Armed Hedgehog". Sonic Boom. +2 minutes in. +That'll do it. +Sonic T Hedgehog you are under arrest. +You have the right to remain silent. 1 2 3 4 Steven Frost (4 November 2014). "Twitter". +Retrieved 6 November 2014. Tailsfan: Just curious but are the characters in Sonic Boom the same ages as their game counterparts? / Steven Frost: Same characters, same world. / Tailsfan: Thanks! Just clarifying I meant between the mainline Sonic series and the Sonic Boom series. +Not sure if I was clear. +Sorry :p / Steven Frost: Oh, gotcha. +There isn't really any sort of official difference in age, but the way they act comes across maybe a bit older. ↑ "Eggman the Auteur". Sonic Boom. 7 minutes in. +If you know everything, Mr and Mrs Know Everything, then where's your camera, your robots? ↑ "Bro-down Showdown". Sonic Boom. ↑ "Bill Freiberger on Twitter". +Retrieved 1 June 2015. ↑ Vincent Lovallo (w). "Sonic Boom Blast! [column]" 'Sonic Boom' 11: 24 (September 2015), Pelham, NY: Archie Comics ↑ Freiberger, Bill [@BillFreiberger] (5 December 2016). "Bill Freiberger on Twitter: "Episode 206: Anything You Can Do, I Can Do Worse-er. Written by @IanFlynnBKC. +Storyboards by Gael Leroux & Jeremy Klein."" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ↑ "Sonic Boom: The Sidekick [DVD][2015]:Amazon.co.uk:DVD & Blu-Ray". +Amazon.co.uk. +Retrieved 15 January 2016. ↑ Spangler, Todd (13 May 2016). +"Hulu Grabs 'Sonic Boom' Animated Hedgehog Series in Exclusive Deal". Variety. Retrieved 25 May 2016. ↑ "Sonic Boom Episodes | Hulu". +Hulu. +Retrieved 2017-11-21. ↑ "Sonic Boom". ↑ Lee, Patrick (Sep 30, 2015). +"A hedgehog for all seasons: Our guide to 20 manic years of Sonic cartoons". +The A.V. Club. +Retrieved August 7, 2017. ↑ "2016 Awards & Nominees". +Universal Film Festival. +Retrieved July 14, 2017. ↑ "Official Selections for 2017 Trailers". Chico Independent Film Festival. +Retrieved July 2, 2017. ↑ Bruneau, Marie-Agnès (14 March 2017). "Versailles tops French export awards". C21Media. +Retrieved 21 March 2017. ↑ Atkinson, Katie (June 20, 2017). +"Harry Styles Leads First Wave of 2017 Teen Choice Awards Nominations". Billboard. Retrieved July 2, 2017. +Sonic Boom Genre Comic science fiction Action/Adventure Fantasy Based on Sonic the Hedgehog by Yuji Naka Naoto Ohshima Hirokazu Yasuhara Developed by Evan Baily Donna Friedman Meir Sandrine Nguyen Directed by Natalys Raut-Sieuzac Voices of Roger Craig Smith Mike Pollock Colleen Villard Travis Willingham Cindy Robinson Nika Futterman Kirk Thornton Wally Wingert Composer(s) Michael Richard Plowman Country of origin United States France Original language(s) English No. of seasons 2 No. of episodes 104 (list of episodes) Production Executive producer(s) Sandrine Nguyen Boris Hertzog Donna Friedman Meir Jane E. McGregor Evan Baily Bill Freiberger (Season 2; co-executive producer, Season 1) Producer(s) Yvette Kaplan (consulting) Malinda Hee (associate) Editor(s) Natalys Raut-Sieuzac Benjamin Schrepf Running time 11 minutes Production company(s) Sega of America, Inc. +Technicolor Animation Productions Lagardère Thématiques Jeunesse TV Distributor Lagardère Entertainment Rights (TV) Universal Pictures Home Entertainment (DVD) Release Original network Cartoon Network & Boomerang (U.S.) +Canal J & Gulli (France) Picture format 1080i (HDTV) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release November 8, 2014 (2014-11-08) – present Chronology Related shows Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog Sonic the Hedgehog Sonic Underground Sonic X External links Website +Sonic Boom is a computer-animated children's television series, produced by Sega of America, Inc. and Technicolor Animation Productions in collaboration with Lagardère Thématiques and Jeunesse TV, respectively for Cartoon Network, Canal J, and Gulli. Based on the video game franchise Sonic the Hedgehog created by Sega, the series is the fifth animated television series based on the franchise, and the first to be produced in computer-generated animation and in high definition. +Sonic, Tails, Amy, Knuckles, and Sticks reside on Seaside Island in Hedgehog Village, formerly Badgerville.[3] Together, they defend the island from various threats like Doctor Eggman and his robotic creations. +While she may at times seem insane, her madness does occasionally stray into genius, allowing her to find solutions that no one else could have thought of. Doctor Eggman (voiced by Mike Pollock) – A mad scientist who is the constant nemesis of Team Sonic and the inhabitants of Bygone Island, residing in a lair off the island's coast. In this series, Eggman is typically portrayed as being rather buffoonish, with his schemes usually being considered annoying rather than threatening. +Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref. 2016 Universal Film Festival Best Animation Marlene Sharp Nominated [92] 2017 Chico Independent Film Festival Best Animation Natalys Raut-Sieuzac Won [93] TV France International Export Awards Animation Nominated [94] Teen Choice Award Choice Animated TV Show Nominated [95] +Sonic Boom (TV series) +External links +Personal life +References +Michael Edward George Tucker (30 November 1944 – 28 March 2018)[1] was a British equestrian rider, who was better known more as Britain's main equestrian (eventing) commentator. +He lived in Cotswold District at Long Newnton. He was a beef farmer, with Wagyu cattle. He was married to Angela. +He died suddenly on 28 March 2018 at the age of 73.[2] +References +Corrado dal Fabbro (sometimes shown as Corrado Dal Fabbro or Corado dal Fabro, August 4, 1945 – March 29, 2018)[1] was an Italian bobsledder who competed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. +He won the silver medal in the four-man event at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo. +↑ Bob, è morto Dal Fabbro: argento olimpico e iridato negli anni 70 (in Italian) +External links +References +Biography +Alberto Ongaro (22 August 1925 – 23 March 2018),[1] also known by his pseudonym Alfredo Nogara, was an Italian journalist, writer and comics writer. +Born in Venice, Italy, he lived for a long time in South America and England, before returning to Venice in 1979. +↑ "Morto il veneziano Alberto Ongaro, scrittore e viaggiatore amico di Hugo Pratt" (in Italian). +Veneziatoday.it. Retrieved 2018-03-24. ↑ Taglietti, Cristina. "Morto Alberto Ongaro, autore veneziano" (in Italian). +Online biography (in Italian) Interview with Alberto Ongaro (in Italian) +References +Dexter Melvyn Davies (10 April 1951 – 17 March 2018)[1] was an Australian politician. +Davies was born in Kellerberrin, Western Australia, and was a farmer and consultant before entering politics. He also played Australian rules football at a high level, appearing in 14 games for East Fremantle in the Western Australian National Football League (WANFL) between the 1969 and 1971 WANFL seasons.[2] In 1998, Davies was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Council in a countback as a National Party member for Agricultural. +He was defeated in 2001.[3] +His daughter, Mia Davies, also became a member of parliament, and the first woman to lead the WA Nationals. +Retrieved 17 July 2015. ↑ "The Hon. Dexter Melvyn Davies MLC". Parliament of Western Australia. +Reception +Cast +External links +Critical reception +Box Office +Noah Is Gone... Directed by Toby Genkel Sean McCormack Produced by Emely Christians Moe Honan Jean-Marie Musique Christine Parisse Mark Mertens Jan Goossen Written by Richard Conroy Toby Genkel Mark Hodkinson Marteinn Thorisson Starring Callum Maloney Elle Fanning Douglas Booth Amy Grant Paul Tylak Aileen Mythen Martin Sheen Patrick Fitzsymons Music by Stephen McKeon Edited by Reza Memari Production company Ulysses Filmproduktion Fabrique d'Images Skyline Entertainment Moetion Films Studio Rakete The Picture Factory Grid Animations Distributed by Wild Bunch (Germany) Entertainment One (UK,USA) Release date 26 February 2015 (2015-02-26) (Luxembourg City Film Festival) 1 May 2015 (2015-05-01) (Ireland) 30 July 2015 (2015-07-30) (Germany) Running time 87 minutes Country Germany Luxembourg Belgium Ireland United States Language English Box office CN¥10.8 million (China)[1] +Ooops! +Noah Is Gone... (also known as All Creatures Big and Small in the United States and Two by Two in the United Kingdom) is a 2015 German-Luxembourgish-Belgian-Irish 3D computer-animated adventure comedy film about what happened to the creatures that missed Noah's Ark. +Callum Maloney as Finny Nestrian Elle Fanning as Leah Grymp Douglas Booth as Dave Nestrian (Finny's dad), Stayput, and Tanglefoot Amy Grant as Hazel Grymp (Leah's mom) Tara Flynn as Hazel (Irish dub) Paul Tylak as Obesey Aileen Mythen as Mrs. Griffin and Flamingo Martin Sheen as Lion[2] Alan Stanford as Lion (Irish dub) +The film has grossed CN¥10.8 million at the Chinese box office.[1] +The film has a 31% rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 4.5/10, making the reception of the film on the website negative. However, there is no Critic Consensus rating yet. +1 2 "诺亚方舟漂流记（2016）". cbooo.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved August 17, 2016. ↑ http://www.breathecast.com/articles/all-creatures-big-and-small-starring-martin-sheen-amy-grant-retells-noah-story-for-kids-on-google-play-29117 +Ooops! Noah Is Gone... on IMDb Ooops! +Noah Is Gone... at Rotten Tomatoes Ooops! Noah Is Gone... at The Big Cartoon DataBase +Ooops! Noah Is Gone... +External links +Environmental issues +A sheet of aluminium foil +Standard household foil is typically 0.016 mm (0.63 mils) thick, and heavy duty household foil is typically 0.024 mm (0.94 mils). The foil is pliable, and can be readily bent or wrapped around objects. Thin foils are fragile and are sometimes laminated to other materials such as plastics or paper to make them more useful. +Aluminium foil +Some aluminium foil products can be recycled at around 5% of the original energy cost,[16] although many aluminium laminates are not recycled due to difficulties in separating the components and low yield of aluminium metal. +Archived from the original on 2017-10-22. ↑ Huss, G. (1997) Microwaveable Packaging and Dual-Ovenable Materials in The Wiley Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology, 2nd ed., edited by Brody, A. and Marsch, K. New York, John Wiley and Sons ↑ Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate. "Action Plan, page 5, table 2: 4.2 vs. 0.19". Archived from the original on 2009-04-06. +External links +Reception +Home media +Animal welfare +Release +Proposed ban +Evan Almighty received generally negative reviews from critics and viewers. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 23%, based on 192 reviews, with the critical consensus reading, "Big on special effects but short on laughs, Evan Almighty underutilizes a star-studded cast that includes Steve Carell and Morgan Freeman."[1] At the website Metacritic, which utilizes a normalized rating system, the film earned a score of 37 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[2] +Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved July 18, 2010. 1 2 "Evan Almighty". +Metacritic. +Retrieved June 7, 2011. ↑ "Columbia Get "The Passion Of The Ark"". +Archived from the original on August 8, 2010. Retrieved March 14, 2009. +1 2 Shari, Izatun (July 14, 2007). +"Watch movie first before calling for ban, says Rais". Malaysia Star. Archived from the original on August 8, 2010. +Retrieved April 5, 2010. 1 2 Wloszczyna, Susan (May 4, 2006). "First look: Steve Carell lets his hair down for "Almighty"". +Retrieved March 14, 2009. ↑ "Evan Almighty on DVD | Trailers, bonus features, cast photos & more | Universal Studios Entertainment Portal". Getonboardnow.org. +Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. +Retrieved August 8, 2011. ↑ Scott, Walter (June 17, 2007). "Personality Parade". Parade. +Archived from the original on August 8, 2010. Retrieved March 14, 2009. ↑ Booth, Michael (June 24, 2007). "Humane group makes sure animals in films don't work like dogs". +Oakland Tribune. High Beam Research. +Retrieved June 13, 2010. +(Registration required (help)). ↑ Jablon, Robert (December 11, 2006). "Hollywood chimps head to sanctuary". MSNBC. +Archived from the original on August 8, 2010. Retrieved March 14, 2009. ↑ Roberts, Sheila. "Evan Almighty, Tom Shadyac Interview". +Movies Online. +Archived from the original on August 8, 2010. +Retrieved March 14, 2009. ↑ "Birds & Animals Unlimited (Gary Gero)" (PDF). +PETA. Retrieved March 14, 2009. ↑ Johanson, MaryAnn (May 9, 2007). +"Evan Almighty Animal Friendly?". +Film.com. +Retrieved March 14, 2009. ↑ "Evan Almighty DVD". About.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2010. +Retrieved March 14, 2009. ↑ ""Surf's Up" rides DVD wave to dual wins". +The Hollywood Reporter. Canada.com. Reuters. +October 18, 2007. Archived from the original on August 8, 2010. Retrieved July 18, 2010. ↑ "Evan Almighty". +The Numbers. Retrieved March 14, 2009. ↑ Roeper, Richard. "Throw this god-awful sequel a life jacket". +Chicago Sun-Times. +Archived from the original on June 27, 2007. +Retrieved March 14, 2009. ↑ "Acting trumps effects in kid-friendly sequel". The Star-Ledger. June 21, 2007. +Archived from the original on August 8, 2010. +Retrieved March 14, 2009. ↑ Tyler, Josh (June 18, 2007). +"Evan Almighty - Review". +CinemaBlend. Archived from the original on August 8, 2010. Retrieved March 14, 2009. ↑ Travers, Peter (December 19, 2007). +"Peter Travers' Best and Worst Movies of 2007". +Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on June 18, 2008. +Retrieved March 14, 2009. ↑ "2007 MTV Movie Awards Winners". MTV. Archived from the original on August 8, 2010. +Retrieved March 14, 2009. ↑ "Comedy - God". +Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 14, 2009. 1 2 3 Finke, Nikki. +"More Sinking Sequels: 'Evan Almighty' Debuts Weak; 'Silver Surfer' Drops -65%". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on May 6, 2008. +Retrieved April 5, 2010. ↑ "Will Churchgoers Flood Theaters This Week?". +IMDB News. +Retrieved March 14, 2009. ↑ Reuters (June 24, 2007). ""Evan Almighty" cursed at box office". Reuters. +Archived from the original on August 8, 2010. +Retrieved March 14, 2009. ↑ "Evan Almighty Weekend Box Office". +Retrieved March 14, 2009. ↑ "Evan Almighty". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 14, 2009. ↑ Monger, James Christopher. +Official website Evan Almighty on IMDb Evan Almighty at AllMovie Evan Almighty at Rotten Tomatoes Evan Almighty at Box Office Mojo +Evan Almighty Theatrical release poster Directed by Tom Shadyac Produced by Tom Shadyac Gary Barber Roger Birnbaum Neal H. Moritz Michael Bostick Screenplay by Steve Oedekerk Story by Steve Oedekerk Joel Cohen Alec Sokolow Based on Characters by Steve Koren Mark O'Keefe Starring Steve Carell Morgan Freeman Lauren Graham John Goodman Wanda Sykes John Michael Higgins Jonah Hill Molly Shannon Music by John Debney Cinematography Ian Baker Edited by Scott Hill Production company Spyglass Entertainment Relativity Media Shady Acres Entertainment Original Film Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date June 22, 2007 (2007-06-22) Running time 96 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $175 million Box office $173.4 million +Evan Almighty is a 2007 American fantasy disaster comedy film and the stand-alone sequel and spin-off of Bruce Almighty (2003). The film was directed by Tom Shadyac, written by Steve Oedekerk, based on the characters created by Steve Koren and Mark O'Keefe from the original film, and starring Steve Carell, Morgan Freeman, Lauren Graham and John Goodman. +The film grossed less than its budget of $175 million worldwide, and received generally negative reviews.[1][2] Evan Almighty was also notable for allegations that the many animals used in the film were treated poorly, but Universal Pictures stressed the animals' conditions were acceptable. +Evan Almighty +Two elephants being trained for filming +The American Humane Association oversaw the 177 species of animals that were used in the film.[6] In scenes including both predators and prey, the animals were digitally added instead to ensure their safety.[28] The American Humane Association gave its permission for the film to display "No animals were harmed in the making of this movie" over the closing credits.[29] +Two chimpanzees who appear in the movie, Cody and Sable, were surrendered by their owner to settle a lawsuit that documented allegations of beatings and mistreatment.[30] The film's director, Tom Shadyac, said of PETA's criticisms "They're not wrong. There's a certain amount of hypocrisy whenever you work with animals, even to show, which we hope we're showing, that respect of all of God's creation...I don't know. I respect their criticism."[31] PETA was also critical of Birds & Animals Unlimited, the primary animal supplier to the film, for alleged serious and continuing violations of the U.S. Animal Welfare Act, including failure to comply with veterinary care requirements and failure to provide shelter from heat and sunlight, which PETA details and claims it can document.[32] A Universal Studios spokesperson declared: +The film was released on HD DVD and DVD on October 9, 2007[34] and was the fourth-most rented DVD of the week earning $6.4 million.[35] In the film's first six weeks of release it earned $27,676,676 in domestic DVD sales.[36] The HD-DVD and DVD's special features include deleted scenes, outtakes, cast interviews, and footage of the animals used in the film. The film was released on Blu-ray on August 7, 2012. +Malaysia's Muslim Consumers Association (PPIM) called for a ban on the film, claiming it is offensive to Islam. Secretary-General Maamor Osman claimed that the film was depicting the great flood as comedy and characterized God with the portrayal of a human, both of which are considered blasphemous in Islam. Similarly there was some public protest against Bruce Almighty being shown in theaters, but that movie was released on DVD and is now shown on television broadcasts. +Evan Almighty was still released in Malaysia on August 23, 2007.[11] +External links +Adaptations +Awards and Nominations +God Tussi Great Ho Evan Almighty, a follow-up film starring Steve Carell instead of Carrey +Official website Bruce Almighty on IMDb Bruce Almighty at AllMovie Bruce Almighty at Box Office Mojo Bruce Almighty at Rotten Tomatoes Bruce Almighty at Metacritic +Bruce Almighty Theatrical release poster Directed by Tom Shadyac Produced by Tom Shadyac Jim Carrey[1] James D. Brubaker Michael Bostick Steve Koren Mark O'Keefe Screenplay by Steve Koren Steve Oedekerk Story by Steve Koren Mark O'Keefe Starring Jim Carrey Morgan Freeman Jennifer Aniston Philip Baker Hall Lisa Ann Walter Catherine Bell Steve Carell Music by John Debney Cinematography Dean Semler Edited by Scott Hill Production company Spyglass Entertainment Shady Acres Pit Bull Productions[1] Touchstone Pictures[2] Distributed by Universal Pictures (US) Buena Vista International (outside US)[2][3] Release date May 14, 2003 (2003-05-14) (Hollywood) May 23, 2003 (2003-05-23) (United States) Running time 101 minutes[4] Country United States Language English Budget US$81 million[5] Box office US$484.6 million[5] +Bruce Almighty is a 2003 American fantasy comedy film directed by Tom Shadyac, written by Steve Koren, Mark O'Keefe and Steve Oedekerk and stars Jim Carrey as Bruce Nolan, a down-on-his-luck TV reporter who complains to God (Morgan Freeman) that he is not doing his job correctly, and is offered the chance to try being God himself for one week. +Association Category Nominee Results ASCAP Film and Television Music award Top Box Office Films John Debney Won ASCAP Film and Television Music award Most Performed Song from a Motion Picture "I'm With You" Graham Edwards Avril Lavigne Won BET Comedy award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Box Office Movie Morgan Freeman Nominated Black Reel award Film: Best Supporting Actor Morgan Freeman Nominated Golden Schmoes award Most Overrated Movie of the Year N/A Nominated Image award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Morgan Freeman Won MTV Movie + TV award Best Comedic Performance Jim Carrey Nominated MTV Movie + TV award Best Kiss Jim Carrey Jennifer Aniston Nominated MTV Movie award, Mexico Most Divine Miracle in a Movie (for the chest of Grace) Jim Carrey Won Nickelodeon Kid's Choice award Favorite Movie N/A Nominated Nickelodeon Kid's Choice award Favorite Movie Actor Jim Carrey Won People's Choice award Favorite Comedy Motion Picture N/A Won Teen Choice award Choice Movie Actor - Comedy Jim Carrey Won Teen Choice award Choice Movie Actress - Comedy Jennifer Aniston Nominated Teen Choice award Choice Movie - Chemistry Jim Carrey Morgan Freeman Nominated +Bruce Almighty +Further reading +Etymology +Vishnu avatar +Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8426-0822-0. +Matsya (Sanskrit: मत्स्य, lit. fish), is the fish avatar in the ten primary avatars of Hindu god Vishnu. Matsya is described to have rescued Manu and earthly existence from a great deluge. +The earliest accounts of Matsya as a fish-saviour equates him with the Vedic deity Prajapati. The fish-savior later merges with the identity of Brahma in post-Vedic era, and still later as an avatar of Vishnu.[1][2][3] The legends associated with Matsya expand, evolve and vary in Hindu texts. These legends have embedded symbolism, where a small fish with Manu's protection grows to become a big fish, and the fish saves earthly existence.[4][5] +Matsya iconography sometimes is zoomorphic as a giant fish with horn, or anthropomorphic in the form of a human torso connected to the rear half of a fish.[6][4] +Matsya is a Sanskrit word and means "fish". The term appears in the Rigveda.[7] It is related to maccha, which also means fish.[7] +Matsya preparing to slay the demon. +Matsya is generally enlisted as the first avatar of Vishnu, especially in Dashavatara (ten major avatars of Vishnu) lists. However, that was not always the case. Some lists do not list Matsya as first, only later texts start the trend of Matsya as the first avatar.[17] +Matsya +Dashavatara Flood myth +External links +Evolutionary interpretation +Longer lists +Etymology +The Bhagavata Purana claims that Vishnu has infinite avatars which he takes whenever there is a need to restore cosmic order, however, it still goes on to numerically list out 22 Vishnu avatars in chapter 1.3. +Four Kumaras (Catursana) [BP 1.3.6] – the four Sons of god Brahma and exemplified the path of devotion Varaha [BP 1.3.7]- The divine warthog who lifts earth from cosmic waters Narada [BP 1.3.8] -the divine-sage who travels the worlds as a devotee of Vishnu Nara-Narayana [BP 1.3.9] – the twin-sages Kapila [BP 1.3.10] – a renowned sage spoken of in the Mahabharata, son of Kardama Muni and Devahuti and sometimes identified with the founder of the Samkhya school of philosophy Dattatreya [BP 1.3.11] – the combined avatar of the Hindu trinity Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. He was born to the sage Atri became a great seer himself Yajna [BP 1.3.12] – the lord of fire-sacrifice, who was also a previous Indra – the lord of heaven Rishabha [BP 1.3.13] – the father of Bharata Chakravartin and Bahubali Prithu [BP 1.3.14] – the sovereign-king who milked the earth as a cow to get the world's grain and vegetation and also invented agriculture Matsya [BP 1.3.15]- A narwhal who guided Manu's ark during the pralaya (deluge) and also killed demon Hayagriva Kurma [BP 1.3.16]- A giant tortoise who balances Mount Mandara atop his caprice during the churning of the cosmic ocean of milk Dhanvantari [BP 1.3.17] – the father of Ayurvedic medicine and a physician to the Devas Mohini [BP 1.3.17] – the enchantress Narasimha [BP 1.3.18]- The man-lion who kills demon Hiranyakashpu Vamana [BP 1.3.19]- The dwarf Parashurama [BP 1.3.20]- The Brahmin warrior with an axe who kills Kartyavira Arjuna and his Kshatriya allies Rama [BP 1.3.22]- 'Perfect King' from Suryavansha, Subject of Ramayana Vyasa [BP] 1.3.21] – the compiler of the scriptures – Vedas and writer of the scriptures Puranas and the epic Mahabharata Balarama [BP 1.3.23]- Lord of agriculture and elder brother to Krishna Krishna [BP 1.3.23]-Subject of the Mahabharata and the Bhagavad Gita Buddha [BP 1.3.24]- The enlightened teacher Kalki [BP 1.3.25]- The future lawgiver +Thirty-nine avatars are mentioned in the Pañcaratra including the likes of Garuda[23]. [24] However, despite these lists, the commonly accepted number of ten avatars for Vishnu was fixed well before the 10th century CE.[25] +Some modern interpreters sequence Vishnu's ten main avatars in a definitive order, from simple life-forms to more complex, and see the Dashavataras as a reflection, or a foreshadowing, of the modern theory of evolution. Such an interpretation was first propounded by Theosophist Helena Blavatsky in her 1877 opus Isis Unveiled, in which she proposed the following ordering of the Dashavataras:[33][34] +Matsya - fish, the first class of vertebrates; evolved in water (Indicates origin of Fishes in Silurian Period) Kurma - amphibious living in both water and land; but not to confuse with the vertebrate class amphibians)(Indicates origin of Amphibians in Devonian Period) Varaha - mammals, wild land animals (Indicates Mammals origin in Triassic Period) Narasimha - beings that are half-animal and half-human (indicative of emergence of human thoughts and intelligence in powerful wild nature) Vamana - short, premature human beings Parasurama - early humans living in forests and using weapons Rama - humans living in community, beginning of civil society Krishna - humans practicing animal husbandry, politically advanced societies Buddha - humans finding enlightenment Kalki - advanced beings with great powers of destruction. +Similarly, Monier Monier-Williams wrote "Indeed, the Hindus were ... Darwinians centuries before the birth of Darwin, and evolutionists centuries before the doctrine of evolution had been accepted by the Huxleys of our time, and before any word like evolution existed in any language of the world."[35] J. B. S. Haldane suggested that Dashavatara gave a "rough idea" of vertebrate evolution: a fish, a tortoise, a boar, a man-lion, a dwarf and then four men (Kalki is not yet born).[36] Nabinchandra Sen explains the Dashavatara with Darwin's evolution in his Raivatak.[37] C. D. Deshmukh also remarked on the "striking" similarity between Darwin's theory and the Dashavatara.[38] +Then, there arises the future Buddha Metteyya. ↑ U Chit Tin, Sayagyi (March 1988). "The Coming Buddha, Ariya Metteyya". +What the Buddha said in plain English. ↑ B-Gita 8.17 "And finally in Kal-yuga (the yuga we have now been experiencing over the past 5,000 years) there is an abundance of strife, ignorance, irreligion and vice, true virtue being practically nonexistent, and this yuga lasts 432,000 years. In Kali Yuga, vice increases to such a point that at the termination of the yuga the Supreme Lord Himself appears as the Kalki avatara" ↑ Klostermaier (2007) p. 495 ↑ "Bhagavata Purana, 12.2.16-17". +Archived from the original on 27 January 2010. 1 2 3 4 Carman 1994, p. 211-212. 1 2 3 4 Wuaku 2013, p. 148. ↑ Literature review of secondary references of Buddha as Dashavatara which regard Buddha to be part of standard list: Britannica Balarama Britannica A Dictionary of Asian Mythology By David Adams Leeming p. +19 "Avatar" Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide By Roshen Dalal p. 112 "Dashavatara" ""The standard and most accepted list found in Puranas and other texts is: ... +Rama, Krishna, Buddha, Kalki." +The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M p. +73 "Avatar" Hindu Gods and Goddesses By Sunita Pant Bansal p. +27 "Vishnu Dashavatara" Hindu Myths (Penguin Books) pp. 62-63 The Hare Krsnas - Incarnations of the Lord - Dasavatara - Ten Primary Visnu Incarnations The Book of Vishnu (see index) Seven secrets of Vishnu By Devdutt Pattanaik p. 203 "In the more popular list of ten avatars of Vishnu, the ninth avatar is shown as Buddha, not Balarama." A Dictionary of Hinduism p. +47 "Avatara" BBC - GCSE Bitesize Avatars Gavin D. Flood (13 July 1996). +An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0. ↑ Beck, Guy L. (1993). +Sonic theology: Hinduism and sacred sound. +Columbia, S.C: University of South Carolina Press. p. 170. +ISBN 0-87249-855-7. 1 2 3 Holt 2013, p. 14. ↑ Holt 2013, p. 3. ↑ Hāṇḍā, Omacanda (1994). +Buddhist Art & Antiquities of Himachal Pradesh: Up to 8th Century A.D. Columbia, Mo: South Asia Books. p. 40. ISBN 81-85182-99-X. ↑ Indian, History. "(Prabha IAS-IPS Coaching Centre - Indian History 2003 exam - "The crystallization Of the Avatara Concept and the worship of the incarnations of Vishnu were features of Bhagavatism during the Gupta period"". +Arumbakkam, Chennai. Archived from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2008. ↑ Krishna 2009. ↑ Pathak, Dr. Arunchandra S. (2006). +"Junnar". +The Gazetteers Dept, Government of Maharashtra (first published: 1885). +Archived from the original on 16 October 2009. +Retrieved 2008-11-03. ↑ Mukherjee, Prabhat The history of medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa. +P.155 ↑ Bhag-P 1.3 Archived 2013-05-21 at the Wayback Machine. +Canto 1, Chapter 3 ↑ Sullivan 2001, p. 32. ↑ Schrader, Friedrich Otto (1916). +Introduction to the Pāñcarātra and the Ahirbudhnya saṃhitā. Adyar Library. p. 42. ↑ Mishra, Vibhuti Bhushan (1973). +Religious beliefs and practices of North India during the early mediaeval period, Volume 1. +BRILL. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-90-04-03610-9. ↑ শ্ৰীমন্ত শংকৰদেৱৰ কীৰ্ত্তন পুঠি, চতুৰ্বিংশতি অৱতাৰ। Collected: 8/10/2015 IST ↑ Orissa Review ↑ Religion of the Hindus By Kenneth W Morgan, D S Sarma p.55 ↑ Iconography of Balarama By N.P. Joshi p.25 ↑ Kennedy, M.T. (1925). +The Chaitanya Movement: A Study of the Vaishnavism of Bengal. +H. Milford, Oxford university press. ↑ Flood, Gavin D. (1996). +An introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 341. +ISBN 0-521-43878-0. Retrieved 2008-04-21. "Early Vaishnava worship focuses on three deities who become fused together, namely Vasudeva-Krishna, Krishna-Gopala and Narayana, who in turn all become identified with Vishnu. Put simply, Vasudeva-Krishna and Krishna-Gopala were worshiped by groups generally referred to as Bhagavatas, while Narayana was worshipped by the Pancaratra sect." ↑ Essential Hinduism S. Rosen, 2006, Greenwood Publishing Group p.124 ISBN 0-275-99006-0 1 2 Nanda, Meera (19 November 2010). +"Madame Blavatsky's children: Modern Hinduism's encounters with Darwinism". +In James R. Lewis; Olav Hammer. +Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science. BRILL. pp. 279–344. ISBN 90-04-18791-X. ↑ Brown, C. Mackenzie (June 2007). +"The Western roots of Avataric Evolutionism in colonial India". Zygon. +42 (2): 423–448. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9744.2007.00423.x. ↑ Brown, C Mackenzie (19 November 2010). "Vivekananda and the scientific legitimation of Advaita Vedanta". In James R. Lewis; Olav Hammer. +Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science. BRILL. p. 227. +ISBN 90-04-18791-X. ↑ "Cover Story: Haldane: Life Of A Prodigious Mind". +Science Reporter. +Council of Scientific & Industrial Research. 29: 46. +1992. ↑ Amiya P. Sen (2010). +Explorations in Modern Bengal, C. 1800-1900: Essays on Religion, History, and Culture. Primus Books. p. 196. ISBN 978-81-908918-6-8. ↑ Chintaman Dwarkanath Deshmukh (1972). +Aspects of Development. Young Asia Publication. p. 33. +19th century painting of avatars of Vishnu by Raja Ravi Varma. +Dashavatara (Sanskrit: दशावतार, daśāvatāra) refers to the ten primary avatars of Vishnu, the Hindu god of preservation. Vishnu is said to descend in form of an avatar to restore cosmic order. The word Dashavatara derives from daśa, meaning 'ten', and avatar (avatāra), roughly equivalent to 'incarnation'. +Avatar Position Yuga[1] Matsya 1 Satya Yuga Kurma 2 Varaha 3 Narasimha 4 Vamana 5 Treta Yuga Parashurama 6 Rama 7 Balarama (8) Dwapara Yuga Krishna (8, 9) Buddha (9) Kali Yuga Kalki 10 +The word Dashavatara derives from daśa, meaning 'ten' and avatar (avatāra), meaning 'incarnation'. +Number of occurrences of these avatars of lord Vishnu are one less than the total number of avatars in previous yuga. +Satya Yug - Had 4 (Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha) +Dashavatara +Treta Yug - Had 3 (Vamana, Parshurama, Rama) +Dvapara Yug - Had 1 (Krishna) +Kali Yug - Had 1, Yet to have 1 (Buddha, Kalki) +A frequently worshipped deity in Hinduism, he is the hero of various legends and embodies qualities such as love and playfulness. Buddha: Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, is commonly included as an avatar of Vishnu in Hinduism. Buddha is sometimes depicted in Hindu scriptures as a preacher who deludes and leads demons and heretics away from the path of the Vedic scriptures, but another view praises him a compassionate teacher who preached the path of ahimsa (non-violence).[12][11][13] Kalki ("Eternity", or "White Horse", or "Destroyer of Filth"), will be the final incarnation of Vishnu, foretold to appear at the end of Kali Yuga, our present epoch. +External links +Bibliography +Puranas +Media related to Kurma at Wikimedia Commons +Kurma (Sanskrit: कूर्म; Kūrma, lit. turtle) is the second Avatar of Vishnu. Like other avatars of Vishnu, Kurma appears at a time of crisis to restore the cosmic equilibrium.[1] His iconography is either a tortoise, or more commonly as half man-half tortoise.[2] These are found in many Vaishnava temple ceilings or wall reliefs.[3][4] +Kurma (tortoise), snake rope, mountain with dancing Vishnu artwork at the Bangkok Airport, Thailand. +Kurma Avatar of Vishnu, below Mount Mandara, with Vasuki wrapped around it, churning the ocean of milk during Samudra Manthan. ca 1870. +The Kurma legend is described in Vaishnava Puranas. In one version, sage Durvasa curses the Devas (gods) to lose their powers because they slighted him. The gods needed nectar of immortality (amrit) to overcome this curse, and they make a pact with the asuras (demons) to churn the cosmic ocean of milk, so as to extract the nectar, and once it skims out they would share it.[6] To churn the ocean of milk, they used Mount Mandara as the churning staff, and the serpent Vasuki as the churning rope while the turtle Kurma, Vishnu bore the mountain on his back so that they could churn the waters so that the churning staff would not sink the cosmic waters.[9] +The Asuras immediately took the nectar, and quarreled amongst themselves. Vishnu then manifested himself as the beautiful Mohini and tricked the Asuras to retrieve the potion, which he then distributed to the Devas. Though the Asuras realized the trick, it was too late—the Devas had regained their powers, and were then able to defeat their foes. +1 2 Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. p. 253. +ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5. 1 2 Cornelia Dimmitt; JAB van Buitenen (2012). Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas. +Kurma +Rao, T.A. Gopinatha (1914). Elements of Hindu iconography. 1: Part I. Madras: Law Printing House. +Etymology +Origin +External links +Symbolism +Temples +Vamana iconography +Vamana (Sanskrit: वामन, IAST: Vāmana, lit. dwarf), is the fifth avatar of Hindu god Vishnu.[1][2] He incarnates in a time of crisis to restore cosmic balance by creatively defeating the Asura king Mahabali, who had acquired disproportionate power over the universe. According to Hindu mythology, the noble demon king sponsors a sacrifice and gift giving ceremony to consolidate his power, and Vishnu appears at this ceremony as a dwarf mendicant Brahmin called Vamana.[1] When Vamana's turn comes to receive a gift, Mahabali offers him whatever riches and material wealth he would like, but Vamana refuses everything and states he would just like three paces of land. Mahabali finds the dwarf's request amusingly small and irrevocably grants it.[1] Vamana then grows into a giant of cosmic proportions. +The Sanskrit word Vamana (वामन) means "dwarf".[3] He is also known as Trivikrama (त्रिविक्रम) means the three steps, representing the Svarga (heaven), the earth, and the Patala (netherworld). +Aditi took Payovrata to propitiate Lord Vishnu. As a result, Vamana was born to Aditi and Kashyapa.[7] He is the twelfth of the Adityas. +Vaman holding leg on Bali +Mahabali symbolizes Samridhi (prosperity), the three feet symbolizes the three states of existence (Jagrat (awake), Swapna (dream sleep) and Sushupti (deep sleep) and final step is on his head which elevates from these three states, unto moksha (spiritual liberation, release from rebirths).[9] +The Vamana iconography and images are found in many Vaishnava temples. Some Vamana temples include: +Vamana temple at Marhia, Jabalpur (dated to 5th-century, Gupta Empire era)[17][18] Vamana temple in Nagpur complex of Ramagiri temples, Maharashtra (5th-century CE)[19] Vamana along with other avatars of Vishnu, at the Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh, Jhansi (Uttar Pradesh, dated 500-500 CE)[20] Thrikkakara Temple, Thrikkakkara, Cochin, Kerala Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram in Kanchipuram Vamana Temple, Eastern Group of Temples, Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tirukoyilur in Tirukoilur, Viluppuram district, Tamil Nadu +Vamana +Media related to Vamana at Wikimedia Commons +Dashavatara Vishnu Purana Onam Bhagavata Purana Vishnu Varaha Parashurama Rama Krishna Buddha Kalki Vamadeva +1 2 3 4 5 6 James G. Lochtefeld (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 737, 84. +ISBN 978-0-8239-3180-4. ↑ Deborah A. Soifer (1991). The Myths of Narasimha and Vamana: Two Avatars in Cosmological Perspective. State University of New York Press. p. 3–4. +ISBN 978-0-7914-0800-1. 1 2 Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. +Infobase Publishing. p. 477. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5. 1 2 3 Deborah A. Soifer (1991). +The Myths of Narasimha and Vamana: Two Avatars in Cosmological Perspective. +State University of New York Press. pp. 18–19, 22–25. +ISBN 978-0-7914-0800-1. ↑ James G. Lochtefeld (2002). +The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 711. ISBN 978-0-8239-3180-4. ↑ Deborah A. Soifer (1991). +The Myths of Narasimha and Vamana: Two Avatars in Cosmological Perspective. +State University of New York Press. pp. xiii, 113–116, 123–138. ISBN 978-0-7914-0800-1. ↑ Account of the several Manus and Manwantaras Vishnu Purana, translated by Horace Hayman Wilson, 1840, Book III: Chapter I. 265:22, at the request of the deities Vishńu was born as a midget, Vámana, the son of Adití by Kaśyapa. +Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 74. ↑ Nanditha Krishna (2009). Book of Vishnu. Penguin Books. pp. 58–61. +ISBN 978-81-8475-865-8. ↑ Roshen Dalal (2010). +Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books. pp. 229–230. +ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6. ↑ T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1993). Elements of Hindu iconography. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 163–167. +ISBN 978-81-208-0878-2. ↑ Chandra, Pramod (1970). +"A Vamana Temple at Marhia and Some Reflections on Gupta Architecture". +Artibus Asiae. 32 (2/3): 125–145. doi:10.2307/3249549. ↑ Meister, Michael W. (1996). "Man and Man-Lion: The Philadelphia Narasimha". +Artibus Asiae. 56 (3/4): 291–301. doi:10.2307/3250120. ↑ Bakker, Hans (2013). +"The Trivikrama Temple: A New Interpretation of Rāmagiri Evidence (3)". +South Asian Studies. Taylor & Francis. 29 (2): 169–176. doi:10.1080/02666030.2013.833757. ↑ Alexander Lubotsky (1996), The Iconography of the Viṣṇu Temple at Deogarh and the Viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇa, Ars Orientalis, Vol. +"FYR Macedonia: MRT Will Not Participate in Eurovision 2018 As Things Stand – Eurovoix". eurovoix.com. Eurovoix. Archived from the original on 30 October 2017. +Retrieved 26 December 2017. +1 2 3 "43 Countries will participate". eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. 17 November 2017. +Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. +Retrieved 17 November 2017. ↑ "Video: Waylon will represent The Netherlands at the 2018 Eurovision Song Contest!". eurovision.tv. +Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. +Retrieved 9 November 2017. ↑ Storvik-Green, Simon (25 March 2014). +"Australian superstar to sing at Eurovision". Eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. +Archived from the original on 13 June 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2015. ↑ McCaig, Ewan (3 March 2018). "Slovenia: Lea Sirk to Include English or Portuguese in Hvala, ne! for Eurovision". eurovix.com. +Eurovoix. Retrieved 3 March 2018. ↑ Jordan, Paul (12 March 2018). +"EQUINOX release 'Bones' for Bulgaria - Eurovision Song Contest Lisbon 2018". eurovision.tv. +European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 13 March 2018. ↑ Earl, Samantha (7 February 2018). "SHE'S BACK. +Who is SuRie? +Eurovision: You Decide hopeful performing her song Storm and Blanche's backing singer in 2017". thesun.co.uk. +The Sun. Retrieved 8 February 2018. 1 2 Jordan, Paul (29 January 2018). +"Which Countries Will Perform in Which Semi-Final at Eurovision 2018?". eurovision.tv. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. +Retrieved 29 January 2018. 1 2 "Running order for Eurovision 2018 Semi-Finals revealed". eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. +3 April 2018. +Retrieved 3 April 2018. ↑ "Eurovision Song Contest 2018 First Semi-Final". eurovision.tv. +European Broadcasting Union. 29 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018. +Retrieved 29 January 2018. ↑ Ieva Zasimauskaitė, Eurovision Song Contest. +1 2 "The Voice of Italy 2018, finale l'8 maggio: sarà scontro con Eurovision" (in Italian). eurofestivalnews.com. +25 January 2018. +Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. +Retrieved 30 January 2018. ↑ "Eurovision Song Contest 2018 Second Semi-Final". eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. +29 January 2018. +Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. +Retrieved 29 January 2018. ↑ Rasmussen, Eurovision Song Contest. ↑ "Eurovision Song Contest 2018 Grand Final". eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. 29 January 2018. +Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2018. ↑ Halpin, Chris (12 March 2018). "Oito for Portugal: Cláudia Pascoal to Perform 8th in Eurovision 2018 Grand Final". wiwibloggs.com. +Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018. ↑ "Which countries? GFAQs". eurovision.tv. +EBU. Archived from the original on 22 May 2014. +Retrieved 22 May 2014. ↑ Granger, Anthony (14 May 2017). "Andorra: No Return To The Eurovision Song Contest in 2018". Eurovoix. +Archived from the original on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017. ↑ Herbert, Emily (18 September 2017). "Bosnia & Herzegovina: BHRT Will Not Participate in Eurovision 2018". eurovoix.com. +Archived from the original on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 18 September 2017. ↑ Granger, Anthony (22 May 2017). "Luxembourg: Will not participate in Eurovision 2018". eurovoix.com. +Eurovoix. +Archived from the original on 22 May 2017. ↑ Jiandani, Sanjay (Sergio) (31 August 2017). "Monaco: TMC confirms non participation in Eurovision 2018". esctoday.com. +Esctoday. +Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. ↑ Farren, Neil (11 September 2017). +"Slovakia: No Return to Eurovision in 2018". eurovoix.com. +Eurovoix. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. ↑ "Turkey will return to Eurovision in 2018 announces former winner Sertab". Ryan Cobb. +13 July 2017. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. ↑ Jiandani, Sanjay (Sergio) (2 August 2017). "Turkey: Is Turkey returning to Eurovision with maNga?". esctoday.com. +ESCToday. +Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. +Retrieved 5 August 2017. ↑ Belgeli, Burak (7 August 2017). ""IS TURKEY COMING BACK?" – TURKISH VICE PRIME MINISTER ANSWERS". escrazzi.com. ESCrazzi. +Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017. ↑ Jiandani, Sanjay (Sergio) (7 August 2017). "Turkey: TRT confirms non participation in Eurovision 2018". esctoday.com. +Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. +Retrieved 7 August 2017. ↑ ten Veen, Renske (30 January 2016). +"Should Dimash Kudaibergen sing for Kazakhstan at Eurovision 2017?". +Wiwibloggs. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. +Retrieved 15 May 2016. ↑ "Kazakhstan: Turkvision Winner Zhanar Dugalova Would Compete at Eurovision – Eurovoix World", Eurovoix World, 28 April 2017, https://eurovoix-world.com/kazakhstan-turkvision-winner-zhanar-dugalova-compete-eurovision/. Retrieved 16 May 2017 ↑ "Kazakhstan: Will Khabar Agency debut in Eurovision 2018?". 25 September 2017. +Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. ↑ Jordan, Paul (7 November 2017). "All Aboard! +Lisbon welcomes 42 countries to Eurovision 2018". eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. +Retrieved 7 November 2017. ↑ "Kazakhstan's Channel 31 claims: "We will participate in Eurovision 2019!"". ESCXTRA. 22 December 2017. +Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2017. ↑ "The EBU's statement regarding Channel 31 and Kazakhstan's participation in Eurovision". ESCToday. +23 December 2017. Archived from the original on 23 December 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2017. ↑ ago, Anthony Granger • 1 hour (30 May 2017). +"Kosovo: RTK Hopeful Of Eurovision Debut in 2018". Eurovoix. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. +Retrieved 30 May 2017. ↑ Jiandani, Sanjay (27 September 2017). "Kosovo: RTK's statement about Kosovo's debut in Eurovision 2018". esctoday.com. +Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. ↑ Jiandani, Sanjay (1 September 2017). +"Liechtenstein: 1 FL TV will not debut in Eurovision 2018". esctoday.com. +Archived from the original on 1 September 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017. ↑ Granger, Anthony (4 November 2017). +"Liechtenstein: 1 FLTV Plans Eurovision Debut in 2019". eurovoix.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2018. +Retrieved 4 November 2017. ↑ Granger, Anthony (1 February 2018). "Cyprus: Hovig Announced as Eurovision 2018 Spokesperson". Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. ↑ "Georgia: Tamara Gachechiladze Announced As Spokesperson - Eurovoix". +Eurovision Song Contest 2018 All Aboard! Dates Semi-final 1 8 May 2018 (2018-05-08) Semi-final 2 10 May 2018 (2018-05-10) Final 12 May 2018 (2018-05-12) Host Venue Altice Arena, Lisbon, Portugal Presenter(s) Filomena Cautela Sílvia Alberto Daniela Ruah Catarina Furtado Executive supervisor Jon Ola Sand Executive producer João Nuno Nogueira[1] Host broadcaster Rádio e Televisão de Portugal (RTP) Opening act Final: Fado performance by Mariza and Ana Moura, Flag parade introducing the 26 finalist countries with live music by scratching duo Beatbombers Interval act Final: "Amar pelos dois" and a new single performed by Salvador Sobral, Electronic music performance by Branko Participants Number of entries 43 Debuting countries None Returning countries Russia Withdrawing countries None Participation map Participating countries Countries that participated in the past but not in 2018 Vote Voting system Each country awards two sets of 12, 10, 8–1 points to their 10 favourite songs: one from their professional jury and the other from televoting. +USS Nathan James is a fictional guided missile destroyer of the United States Navy, used as the setting for the 1988 post-apocalyptic novel The Last Ship and the television series of the same name. +USS Nathan James +Manifestations +Etymology and definitions +Unfavorable views of Muslims, 2016 Country Percent Hungary[6] 72% Italy[6] 69% Poland[6] 66% Greece[6] 65% Spain[6] 50% United States of America[137] 46% Canada[138] 43% Netherlands[6] 35% Sweden[6] 35% France[6] 29% Germany[6] 29% United Kingdom[6] 28% +Anti-Islamic hate crimes All hate crimes Year Arson offenses Total offenses Arson offenses Total offenses 1996 0 33 75 10,706 1997 1 31 60 9,861 1998 0 22 50 9,235 1999 1 34 48 9,301 2000 0 33 52 9,430 2001 18 546 90 11,451 2002 0 170 38 8,832 2003 2 155 34 8,715 2004 2 193 44 9,035 2005 0 146 39 8,380 2006 0 191 41 9,080 2007 0 133 40 9,006 2008 5 123 53 9,168 2009 1 128 41 7,789 2010 1 186 42 7,699 2011 2 175 42 7,254 2012 4 149 38 6,718 2013 1 165 36 6,933 Total 38 2,613 863 158,593 Average 2.1 145.2 47.9 8810.7 1996–2000 avg .40 30.6 57.0 9,707 2001 18 546 90 11,451 2002–2013 avg 1.50 159.5 40.7 8,217 +Oxford Dictionary. Retrieved November 10, 2016. ↑ "islamophobia". +Retrieved November 10, 2016. +1 2 3 Miles & Brown 2003, p. 166. 1 2 See Egorova; Tudor (2003) pp. 2��3, which cites the conclusions of Marquina and Rebolledo in: "A. Marquina, V. G. Rebolledo, 'The Dialogue between the European Union and the Islamic World' in Interreligious Dialogues: Christians, Jews, Muslims, Annals of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts, v. 24, no. +43 (3-4): 335–54. doi:10.1080/00313220903109250. 1 2 Sayyid, Salman; Vakil, Abdoolkarim (2010). +Thinking Through Islamophobia: Global Perspectives. +New York: Columbia University Press. p. 319. ISBN 9780231702065. ↑ Kaya, Ayhan (2014). "Islamophobia". +In Cesari, Jocelyne. The Oxford Handbook of European Islam. Oxford University Press. +ISBN 978-0-19-960797-6. ↑ Carpente, Markus (2013). Diversity, Intercultural Encounters, and Education. p. 65. ↑ Pande, Rekha (2012). Globalization, Technology Diffusion and Gender Disparity. p. 99. ↑ Racism and Human Rights. p. +169, Jørgen S. Nielsen – 2004 ↑ Children's Voices: Studies of Interethnic Conflict and Violence in European schools, Mateja Sedmak, p124 ↑ Kuwara, Ibrahim (2004). Islam Nigeria-UK Road Tour. p. 6. ↑ 2002, Fred halliday, Two hours that shook the world, p. 97 ↑ Kollontai, Pauline (2007). +Community Identity: Dynamics of Religion in Context. p. 254. ↑ Seid, Amine (2011). Islamic Terrorism and the Tangential Response of the West. p. 39. ↑ Goknar, Erdag (2013). Orhan Pamuk, Secularism and Blasphemy. p. 219. ↑ Arasteh, Kamyar (2004). +The American Reichstag. p. 94. ↑ Dressler, Markus (2011). Secularism and Religion-Making. p. 250. ↑ Kaim, Markus (2013). +Great Powers and Regional Orders. p. 157. ↑ 2013, Glen Perry, The International Relations of the Contemporary Middle East, p. 161 ↑ Toyin Falola – 2001, Violence in Nigeria: The Crisis of Religious Politics and Secular Ideologies, p. +240, "Anti-Sufism itself is therefore a marker of identity, and the formation of the Izala proves this beyond any reasonable doubt". ↑ Colonialism and Revolution in the Middle East, p. 197, Juan Ricardo Cole – 1999, "Ironically, the Sufi-phobia of the British consuls in the aftermath of 1857 led them to look in the wrong places for urban disturbances in the 1860s." ↑ 2005, Ahmed Hashim, Insurgency and Counter-insurgency in Iraq, Cornell University Press (2006), ISBN 9780801444524 ↑ Roland Imhoff & Julia Recker (University of Bonn). "Differentiating Islamophobia: Introducing a new scale to measure Islamoprejudice and Secular Islam Critique". +Retrieved 2013-09-19. ↑ "Oxford English Dictionary: -phobia, comb. form". +Oxford University Press. (subscription required) 1 2 "Oxford English Dictionary: Islamophobia". +Oxford University Press. (subscription required) ↑ "Defining "Islamophobia"". +Center for Race & Gender. ↑ Encyclopedia of Race and Ethics, p. 215 ↑ Kandel, Johannes (August 2006). "Islamophobia – On the Career of a Controversial Term" (PDF). +Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006. ↑ "Runnymede Trust – Ranimed, Runnymede and a Long Report". Retrieved 18 March 2015. ↑ Mcb.org.uk Archived 2012-03-06 at the Wayback Machine. ↑ Richardson, Robin (December 2009). +Islamophobia is an intense fear or hatred of, or prejudice against, the Islamic religion or Muslims,[1][2][3] especially when seen as a geopolitical force or the source of terrorism.[4][5][6] +There are a number of other possible terms which are also used in order to refer to negative feelings and attitudes towards Islam and Muslims, such as anti-Muslimism, intolerance against Muslims, anti-Muslim prejudice, anti-Muslim bigotry, hatred of Muslims, anti-Islamism, Muslimophobia, demonisation of Islam, or demonisation of Muslims. In German, Islamophobie (fear) and Islamfeindlichkeit (hostility) are used. The Scandinavian term Muslimhat literally means "hatred of Muslims".[9] +When discrimination towards Muslims has placed an emphasis on their religious affiliation and adherence, it has been termed Muslimphobia, the alternative form of Muslimophobia,[10] Islamophobism,[11] antimuslimness and antimuslimism.[12][13][14] Individuals who discriminate against Muslims in general have been termed Islamophobes, Islamophobists,[15] anti-Muslimists,[16] antimuslimists,[17] islamophobiacs,[18] anti-Muhammadan,[19] Muslimphobes or its alternative spelling of Muslimophobes,[20] while individuals motivated by a specific anti-Muslim agenda or bigotry have been described as being anti-mosque,[21] anti-Shiites.[22] (or Shiaphobes[23]), anti-Sufism[24] (or Sufi-phobia)[25] and anti-Sunni (or Sunniphobes).[26] +The word Islamophobia is a neologism[27] formed from Islam and -phobia, a suffix used in English to form "nouns with the sense 'fear of – – ', 'aversion to – – '."[28] +According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word means "Intense dislike or fear of Islam, esp. as a political force; hostility or prejudice towards Muslims" and is attested in English as early as 1923.[29] The Berkeley University Islamophobia Research & Documentation Project suggested the working definition: "Islamophobia is a contrived fear or prejudice fomented by the existing Eurocentric and Orientalist global power structure. It is directed at a perceived or real Muslim threat through the maintenance and extension of existing disparities in economic, political, social and cultural relations, while rationalizing the necessity to deploy violence as a tool to achieve 'civilizational rehab' of the target communities (Muslim or otherwise). Islamophobia reintroduces and reaffirms a global racial structure through which resource distribution disparities are maintained and extended."[30] +Speaker at demonstration of initiative We don't want Islam in the Czech Republic on March 14, 2015 in České Budějovice, Czech Republic +Islamophobia +External links +Letter values +Abjad order +Another Abjad sequence (probably older, now mainly confined to the Maghreb), is:[1] +which can be vocalized as: +Another vocalization is: +Modern dictionaries and other reference books do not use the Abjad order to sort alphabetically; instead, the newer hijāʼī (هجائي) order (with letters partially grouped together by similarity of shape) is used: +Another kind of alfabaʼī order used to be widely used in the Maghreb until recently, when it was replaced by the Mashriqi order:[1] +Persian dictionaries use a slightly different order, in which و comes before ه instead of after it. +Value Letter Name Trans- literation 1 ا alif ā / ʼ 2 ب bāʼ b 3 ج jīm j 4 د dāl d 5 ه hāʼ h 6 و wāw w / ū 7 ز zayn/zāy z 8 ح ḥāʼ ḥ 9 ط ṭāʼ ṭ Value Letter Name Trans- literation 10 ى yāʼ y / ī 20 ك kāf k 30 ل lām l 40 م mīm m 50 ن nūn n 60 س sīn s 70 ع ʻayn ʻ 80 ف fāʼ f 90 ص ṣād ṣ Value Letter Name Trans- literation 100 ق qāf q 200 ر rāʼ r 300 ش shīn sh 400 ت tāʼ t 500 ث thāʼ th 600 خ khāʼ kh 700 ذ dhāl dh 800 ض ḍād ḍ 900 ظ ẓāʼ ẓ 1000 غ ghayn gh +The Abjad numerals are a decimal numeral system in which the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet are assigned numerical values. They have been used in the Arabic-speaking world since before the eighth century when Arabic numerals were adopted. In modern Arabic, the word abjadīyah means 'alphabet' in general. +A few of the numerical values are different in the alternative Abjad order. For four Persian letters these values are used: +Value Letter Name Trans- literation 2 پ pe p 3 چ če or che č or ch 7 ژ že or zhe ž or zh 20 گ gaf g +1 2 (in Arabic) Alyaseer.net ترتيب المداخل والبطاقات في القوائم والفهارس الموضوعية Ordering entries and cards in subject indexes Discussion thread (Accessed 2009-Oct-06) +The most common Abjad sequence, read from right to left, is: +Abjad numerals +This is commonly vocalized as follows: +Another vocalization is: +Reception +Release +External links +Production +Box office +The Tuxedo Film poster Directed by Kevin Donovan Produced by Adam Schroeder John H. Williams Screenplay by Michael J. Wilson Michael J. Leeson Story by Phil Hay Matt Manfredi Michael J. Wilson Starring Jackie Chan Jennifer Love Hewitt Jason Isaacs Music by Christophe Beck John Debney Production company Blue Train Productions DreamWorks SKG Parkes/MacDonald Productions Vanguard Films Distributed by DreamWorks Pictures Release date September 27, 2002 (2002-09-27) Running time 98 minutes Country United States Language English Cantonese Budget $60 million[1] Box office $105.5 million[1] +The Tuxedo is a 2002 American comedy–action film directed by Kevin Donovan and starring Jackie Chan, Jennifer Love Hewitt and Jason Isaacs. It is a spy spoof that involves a special tuxedo that grants its wearer special abilities and a corporate terrorist threatening to poison the United States' fresh water supply with bacteria that spills electrolytes into the blood and totally dehydrates the host.[2] +The Tuxedo +During filming in Toronto, Chan and Love Hewitt appeared on an on-set webcam and interacted with fans.[3] +On a reported budget of $60 million, the film grossed $50.5 million in the United States. In its opening weekend the film grossed $15 million from 3,022 theaters. The film total worldwide gross is $105.4 million.[1] +On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 22% based on 139 reviews and an average rating of 4.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Chan is as charming as ever, but his talents are squandered by special effects and bad writing."[4] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 30 out of 100 based on 27 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[5] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[6] +Retrieved 2010-10-23. ↑ "Jackie Chan, Jennifer Love Hewitt visit the Bagel Cam". YouTube. Retrieved 16 April 2015. ↑ "The Tuxedo (2002)". +The Tuxedo on IMDb The Tuxedo at Rotten Tomatoes The Tuxedo at Box Office Mojo Jackie Chan interview for The Tuxedo +External links +Letters +Differences between Persian and Arabic alphabet +Alphabets derived from Perso-Arabic +The Arabic letter tāʾ marbūṭah (ة), unless used in a direct Arabic quotation, is usually changed to a te (ت) or he ه, in accordance with its actual pronunciation. Tāʾ marbūṭa, used in feminine nouns in Arabic, is a combined form of hāʾ, with the dots marking tāʾ and represents a [t] that is dropped in word-final position. Since Persian does not have grammatical gender, tāʾ marbūṭa is not necessary and is kept only to maintain fidelity in Arabic loanwords and quotations. +Name Persian Unicode Arabic Unicode 0 ۰ U+06F0 ٠ U+0660 1 ۱ U+06F1 ١ U+0661 2 ۲ U+06F2 ٢ U+0662 3 ۳ U+06F3 ٣ U+0663 4 ۴ U+06F4 ٤ U+0664 5 ۵ U+06F5 ٥ U+0665 6 ۶ U+06F6 ٦ U+0666 7 ۷ U+06F7 ٧ U+0667 8 ۸ U+06F8 ٨ U+0668 9 ۹ U+06F9 ٩ U+0669 ye ی U+06CC ي U+064A kāf ک U+06A9 ك U+0643 +Retrieved 2015-09-05. ↑ "Unicode Characters in the 'Number, Decimal Digit' Category". +The Persian alphabet (Persian: الفبای فارسی‎, UniPers: Alefbâye Fârsi), or Perso-Arabic alphabet, is a writing system used for the Persian language. +# Name Name in Persian script DIN 31635 IPA Contextual forms Final Medial Initial Isolated 0 hamza[4] همزه ʾ [ʔ] ـئ ـأ ـؤ ـئـ ئـ ء أ 1 ʾalef الف ā [ɒ] ـا آ / ا 2 be بِ b [b] ـب ـبـ بـ ب 3 pe پِ p [p] ـپ ـپـ پـ پ 4 te تِ t [t] ـت ـتـ تـ ت 5 s̱e ثِ s̱ [θ] ـث ـثـ ثـ ث 6 jim جیم j [d͡ʒ] ـج ـجـ جـ ج 7 che چِ č [t͡ʃ] ـچ ـچـ چـ چ 8 ḥe(-ye jimi) حِ ḥ [ħ] ـح ـحـ حـ ح 9 khe خِ x [x] ـخ ـخـ خـ خ 10 dāl دال d [d] ـد د 11 ẕāl ذال ẕ [ð] ـذ ذ 12 re رِ r [ɾ] ـر ر 13 ze زِ z [z] ـز ز 14 že ژِ ž [ʒ] ـژ ژ 15 sin سین s [s] ـس ـسـ سـ س 16 šin شین š [ʃ] ـش ـشـ شـ ش 17 ṣād صاد ṣ [sˤ] ـص ـصـ صـ ص 18 z̤ād ضاد z̤ [dz] ـض ـضـ ضـ ض 19 ṭā, ṭoy (in Dari) طی, طا ṭ [tˤ] ـط ـطـ طـ ط 20 ẓā, ẓoy (in Dari) ظی, ظا ẓ [zˤ] ـظ ـظـ ظـ ظ 21 ʿeyn عین ʿ [ʕ] ـع ـعـ عـ ع 22 ġeyn غین ġ [ɣ] ـغ ـغـ غـ غ 23 fe فِ f [f] ـف ـفـ فـ ف 24 qāf قاف q [q] ـق ـقـ قـ ق 25 kāf کاف k [k] ـک ـکـ کـ ک 26 gāf گاف g [ɡ] ـگ ـگـ گـ گ 27 lām لام l [l] ـل ـلـ لـ ل 28 mim میم m [m] ـم ـمـ مـ م 29 nun نون n [n] ـن ـنـ نـ ن 30 vāv واو v / ū / ow / (w / aw / ō in Dari) [v] / [uː] / [o] / [ow] / ([w] / [aw] / [oː] in Dari) ـو و 31 he(-ye do-češm) هِ h [h] ـه ـهـ هـ ه 32 ye یِ y / ī / á / (ay / ē in Dari) [j] / [i] / [ɒː] / ([aj] / [eː] in Dari) ـی ـیـ یـ ی +Persian alphabet +Reception +External links +Voice cast +The Land Before Time II: The Great Valley Adventure Directed by Roy Allen Smith Produced by Roy Allen Smith Written by John Loy John Ludin Dev Ross Based on characters by Judy Freudberg Tony Geiss Starring Scott McAfee Candace Hutson Heather Hogan Rob Paulsen Linda Gary Kenneth Mars John Ingle Jeff Bennett Tress MacNeille Narrated by John Ingle Music by Michael Tavera James Horner (archive music from The Land Before Time) Edited by Jay Bixsen Production company Universal Animation Studios Universal 1440 Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment Release date December 26, 1994 (1994-12-26) Running time 73 minutes Country United States Language English +The Land Before Time II: The Great Valley Adventure is a 1994 American direct-to-video animated adventure musical film directed by Roy Allen Smith, is the animated sequel to the 1988 film The Land Before Time. It was released six years after the original and the first in the series to be a direct-to-video.[1] The tone, action and plot of the film was made much softer and slower than that of the original, and features musical numbers, in order to appeal to a more preschooler-oriented audience. After the release of this sequel, all the films in the series have been released at a rate of one film every one or two years, up until 2007's The Land Before Time XIII: The Wisdom of Friends. +Scott McAfee as Littlefoot Candace Hutson as Cera Heather Hogan as Ducky Jeff Bennett as Petrie / Ozzy Rob Paulsen as Spike / Strut / Chomper Kenneth Mars as Grandpa Longneck Linda Gary as Grandma Longneck Tress MacNeille as Petrie's Mother / Ducky's Mother / Maiasaura John Ingle as Narrator / Cera's father +In August 2014, the New York Post ranked each of the 13 Land Before Time films released up to that point and placed The Great Valley Adventure at number 5. The New York Post wrote that out of each film, The Great Valley Adventure "does the best job of maintaining some of the darker tone of the original movie while broadening its humor for younger audiences. But it's also responsible for introducing the musical format, so, boo."[3] In 2011, Total Film ranked it as 7th among the "50 Worst Kids Movies".[4] +"Direct-to-Video Sequels: Franchised and Fancy Free". +Animation World Network. Retrieved 27 August 2016. ↑ Sandler, Adam (14 July 1993). +"A rundown of the best and worst 'The Land Before Time' movies". New York Post. Retrieved 4 December 2016. ↑ Winning, Josh (November 8, 2011). +GamesRadar. Retrieved October 24, 2015. +The Land Before Time II: The Great Valley Adventure +The Land Before Time II: The Great Valley Adventure on IMDb +External links +Candace Hutson Born (1980-05-03) May 3, 1980 Savannah, Georgia, U.S. Occupation Actress, voice actress, television presenter Years active 1985–1996; 2016–present +Candace Hutson (born May 3, 1980) is an American actress, voice actress and television presenter, best known as the voice of Cera the Triceratops in The Land Before Time film series from the first film to The Land Before Time IV: Journey Through the Mists. She was a regular in the television situation comedy Evening Shade. She voiced Mattie the Mouse in Reader Rabbit and appeared in the films Dolly Dearest (1992) and The Maddening (1995).[1][2][3][4][5] +↑ "Candace Hutson Video | Celebrity Interview and Paparazzi". ovguide.com. Retrieved 26 October 2013. ↑ "Candace Hutson". celebritynetworth.com. Retrieved 26 October 2013. ↑ "Candace Hutson". imdb.com. +Candace Hutson on IMDb +Candace Hutson +Filmography +External links +1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Johnson, John; Fuentes, Gabe (1988-08-07). "A Script of Fear: Repeated Threats by Father of Child Actress Carried to Tragic End". latimes.com. Retrieved 26 September 2011. ↑ Barsi, Ági (1999), What will you do?, A Better Life, ISBN 0967169399 1 2 3 DEATH OF A FAMILY – Judith Barsi's story. +Judith Barsi on IMDb "Child Actress Judith Barsi: A Life Cut Tragically Short". Crime Library. Judith Eva Barsi at Find a Grave +Judith Barsi Barsi on an episode of Punky Brewster Born Judith Eva Barsi (1978-06-06)June 6, 1978 Los Angeles, California, U.S. Died July 25, 1988(1988-07-25) (aged 10) Canoga Park, Los Angeles, California, U.S. Cause of death Murder by gunshot Resting place Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Hollywood Hills Occupation Actress Years active 1984–1988 +Judith Eva Barsi (June 6, 1978 – July 25, 1988) was an American child actress. She began her career in television, making appearances in commercials and television shows, and later appeared in the films Jaws: The Revenge, The Land Before Time, and All Dogs Go to Heaven, providing the voice for animated characters in the latter two. She and her mother, Maria, were both killed in July 1988 as a result of a double murder–suicide perpetrated by her father, József.[1] +Barsi's grave at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Hollywood Hills +Year Title Role Notes 1984 Fatal Vision Kimberly (age 3) Miniseries 1984 Jessie Katie Episode: "Valerie's Turn" 1985 Kids Don't Tell Jennifer Ryan Television movie 1985 Do You Remember Love Kathleen Television movie 1985 The Twilight Zone Gertie Segment: "A Little Peace and Quiet" 1985 There Were Times, Dear Molly Reed Television movie 1985 The Fall Guy Little Girl Episode: "Escape Claus" 1986 Remington Steele Laurie Beth Piper Episode: "Suburban Steele" 1986 Punky Brewster Anna 2 episodes 1986 Trapper John, M.D. Lindsay Christmas Episode: "Life, Death and Dr. Christmas" 1986 Cheers Child #1 Episode: "Relief Bartender" 1986 Cagney & Lacey Shauna Bard Episode: "Disenfranchised" 1986 The New Gidget Little Girl Episode: "It's Only Rock & Roll" 1986 Eye of the Tiger Jennifer Matthews 1986 The Love Boat Christmas Angel Episode: "The Christmas Cruise: Part 2" 1987 Destination America Amy Television movie 1987 Slam Dance Bean 1987 Jaws: The Revenge Thea Brody 1987–88 The Tracey Ullman Show Little Girl / Karen 2 episodes 1988 St. Elsewhere Debbie Oppenheimer Episode: "The Abby Singer Show" 1988 Growing Pains Young Carol Episode: "Graduation Day" 1988 ABC Afterschool Special Billie Foster Episode: "A Family Again"; Released posthumously 1988 The Land Before Time Ducky (voice) Released posthumously 1989 All Dogs Go to Heaven Anne-Marie (voice) Released posthumously 1992 Growing Pains Young Carol Episode: "The Last Picture Show, part 2" (archive footage) +Judith Barsi +External links +The abbreviation kyr means "thousand years". +Kyr was formerly common in some English language works, especially in geology and astronomy, for the unit of 1,000 years or millennium. The "k" is the unit prefix for kilo- or thousand with the suffix "yr" simply an abbreviation for "year". +Kyr +External links +Reception and criticism +Voice cast +The Land Before Time III: The Time of the Great Giving Directed by Roy Allen Smith Produced by Roy Allen Smith Zahra Dowlatabadi Written by Dev Ross Based on Characters by Judy Freudberg Tony Geiss Starring Scott McAfee Candace Hutson Heather Hogan Rob Paulsen John Ingle Linda Gary Whitby Hertford Nicholas Guest Tress MacNeille Frank Welker Scott Menville Kenneth Mars Jeff Bennett Narrated by John Ingle Music by Michael Tavera James Horner (music from The Land Before Time) Edited by Jay Bixsen Production company Universal Cartoon Studios Distributed by MCA/Universal Home Video Release date December 12, 1995 (1995-12-12) Running time 71 minutes Country United States Language English +The Land Before Time III: The Time of the Great Giving is a 1995 direct-to-video animated adventure musical film directed by Roy Allen Smith. It is the second sequel to The Land Before Time and the third film in the film franchise. +Scott McAfee as Littlefoot Candace Hutson as Cera Heather Hogan as Ducky Jeff Bennett as Petrie / Mutt / Iguanodon Rob Paulsen as Spike / Kosh Whit Hertford as Hyp (speaking) Josh Keaton as Hyp (singing) Scott Menville as Nod Kenneth Mars as Grandpa Longneck Linda Gary as Grandma Longneck / Mother Quetzalcoatlus Nicholas Guest as Hyp's Father Tress MacNeille as Stegosaurus / Spike & Ducky's Mother / Petrie's Mother John Ingle as Narrator / Cera's father Frank Welker as Velociraptor (Note: This movie is the only one in the film series that Frank Welker was credited in the end credits for voicing a sharptooth.) +In a brief Entertainment Weekly review, Michael Sauter criticized some modernisms in the dialogue but said that, "Littlefoot and his friends still retain their youthful charm."[1] In August 2014, the New York Post ranked each of the 13 Land Before Time films released up to that point and placed The Time of the Great Giving at number 2, noting the "genuinely terrifying" velociraptors.[2] +The Land Before Time III: The Time of the Great Giving +↑ Sauter, Michael (1995-12-08). "Video Review: THE LAND BEFORE TIME III: The Time of the Great Giving". EW.com. +Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2009-12-29. ↑ Miller, Gregory E. (2014-08-13). "A rundown of the best and worst 'The Land Before Time' movies". +New York Post. Retrieved 2016-12-30. ↑ Zizek, Slavoj (2002). Welcome to the Desert of the Real. +Verso Books. p. 68-70. ISBN 1781680310. +The Land Before Time III: The Time of the Great Giving on IMDb +External links +Notes +Arnold Genthe and George R. Lawrence, photographers of the earthquake Committee of Fifty (1906) Earthquake engineering List of earthquakes in 1906 List of earthquakes in California List of earthquakes in the United States +The Great 1906 San Francisco Earthquake – United States Geological Survey 1906 San Francisco earthquake at Curlie (based on DMOZ) The 1906 Earthquake and Fire – National Archives Before and After the Great Earthquake and Fire: Early Films of San Francisco, 1897–1916 – American Memory at the Library of Congress A geologic tour of the San Francisco earthquake, 100 years later – American Geological Institute The Great 1906 Earthquake and Fire – Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco website The Great 1906 Earthquake and Fire – Bancroft Library Mark Twain and the San Francisco Earthquake – Shapell Manuscript Foundation Several videos of the aftermath – Internet Archive San Francisco Earthquake and Fire, April 18, 1906 Seismographs of the earthquake taken from the Lick Observatory from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive, UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections Timeline of the San Francisco Earthquake April 18 – 23, 1906 – The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco JB Monaco Photography – Photographic account of earthquake and fire aftermath from well-known North Beach photographer Tsunami Record from the Great 1906 San Francisco Earthquake – USGS The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and authoritative data for this event. +1906 San Francisco earthquake Eureka Dunsmuir Chico Truckee Santa Rosa Salinas Bakersfield Fresno Paso Robles Santa Monica Indio UTC time 1906-04-18 13:12:27 ISC event 16957905 USGS-ANSS ComCat Local date April 18, 1906 (1906-04-18) Local time 05:12 a.m. local time Magnitude 7.9 Mw[1] Depth 5 mi (8.0 km)[2] Epicenter 37°45′N 122°33′W / 37.75°N 122.55°W / 37.75; -122.55Coordinates: 37°45′N 122°33′W / 37.75°N 122.55°W / 37.75; -122.55[2] Type Strike-slip[3] Areas affected North Coast San Francisco Bay Area Central Coast United States Max. intensity XI (Extreme)[4] Tsunami Yes[5] Casualties 700–3,000+[6] +The 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck the coast of Northern California at 5:12 a.m. on April 18 with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.9 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme). High intensity shaking was felt from Eureka on the North Coast to the Salinas Valley, an agricultural region to the south of the San Francisco Bay Area. Devastating fires soon broke out in the city and lasted for several days. +1906 San Francisco earthquake +External links +AFF U-16 Women's Championship +AFC U-16 Women's Championship record +Thailand women's national under-17 football team is a national association football youth team of Thailand and is controlled by the Football Association of Thailand. +Thailand Women's U-17 Nickname(s) Changsuk (ช้างศึก, "The War Elephants") Association Football Association of Thailand Confederation AFC (Asia) Sub-confederation AFF (South-East Asia) Home stadium Various FIFA code THA First colours Second colours Asia Championship Appearances 7 (first in 2005) Best result Third Place, 2005 +Thailand women's national football team Thailand women's national under-20 football team +↑ "AFC U-16 Women's Championship". RSSSF. 2015. +The People's Republic of China (PRC) claims the island of Taiwan to be part its territory under its Constitution as the Taiwan Province. It is usually referred to by mainland media as the Taiwan Region or Taiwan Area. +The PRC has never administered Taiwan: the Taiwan Area, including all of the contemporary Taiwan Province, is currently administered by the government of the Republic of China (ROC). Maps published by the PRC (and other sources that adopt the PRC's views) show Taiwan Province in accordance with its pre-1949 boundaries as a part of the PRC. +Taiwan 台湾省 Taiwan Province Type Not applicable (see Cross-Strait Relations) Taiwan Area[1] Name transcription(s) • Chinese 台湾省 (Táiwān shěng) • Abbreviation TW / 台 (pinyin: Tái) • Minnan Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-oân-séng • Hakka Romanization Thòi-vàn-sén Location of Taiwan within China Coordinates: 23°42′N 121°00′E / 23.7°N 121.0°E / 23.7; 121.0Coordinates: 23°42′N 121°00′E / 23.7°N 121.0°E / 23.7; 121.0 Sovereign State China Separated from Fujian 1885 Named for See Taiwan Capital Taipei Largest city New Taipei Divisions - Prefecture and County-level - Township-level 6 "municipalities by Executive Yuan", 3 provincial cities, 11 counties 368 towns, townships, county-controlled cities, and districts Government • Type Taiwanese Authorities • Member of National CPC's Congress Lu Li'an Area • Taiwan Area 35,581 km2 (13,738 sq mi) Demonym(s) Taiwanese compatriots Demographics • Ethnic composition Han - 98% Various Taiwanese ethnic minorities (Gaoshan in official documents) - 2% Time zone Taipei Time (UTC+8) Postal code 00 0000 – 00 9999 Area code(s) 6(historical) 00886 GDP CNY — (n/a) • per capita CNY — (n/a) HDI 0.882 (n/a) (Very high) Website http://www.gwytb.gov.cn/ +Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China +Rajabasa Highest point Elevation 1,281 m (4,203 ft) [1] Listing Ribu Coordinates 05°47′00″S 105°37′30″E / 5.78333°S 105.62500°E / -5.78333; 105.62500Coordinates: 05°47′00″S 105°37′30″E / 5.78333°S 105.62500°E / -5.78333; 105.62500 Geography Location Sumatra, Indonesia Geology Mountain type stratovolcano Last eruption Unknown +Solar power in Thailand is targeted to reach 6,000 MW by 2036.[2] In 2013 installed photovoltaic capacity nearly doubled and reached 704 MW by the end of the year.[3] At the end of 2015, with a total capacity of 2,500-2,800 MW, Thailand has more solar power capacity than all the rest of Southeast Asia combined.[2] +Thailand has great solar potential, especially the southern and northern parts of the northeastern region of Udon Thani Province and certain areas in the central region. Around 14.3% of the country has a daily solar exposure of around 19–20 MJ/m2/day, while another 50% of the country gains around 18–19 MJ/m2/day. In terms of solar potential, Thailand lags behind the US, but is ahead of Japan.[4] +The 84 MW Lopburi Solar Farm was completed in May 2013. German solar energy company Conergy signed a contract with Thailand's Siam Solar Energy to construct three solar plants of 10.5 MW each in addition to existing two solar plants that have been under construction since autumn 2012.[5] +Daily insolation in Bangkok with an average of 5.04 hours of sun per day.[7] +Photovoltaics - Deployment Year Cumulative Capacity (MWp) Annual Installations (MWp) On-grid Off-grid Total On-grid Off-grid Total 2005 1.77 22.11 23.88 0.01 13.04 13.05 2006 1.86 28.66 30.52 0.09 6.55 6.64 2007 3.61 28.90 32.51 1.74 0.24 1.98 2008 4.06 29.34 33.39 0.45 0.44 0.89 2009 13.67 29.49 43.17 9.62 0.16 9.77 2010 19.57 29.65 49.22 5.89 0.16 6.05 2011 212.80 29.88 242.68 193.23 0.23 193.46 2012 357.38 30.19 387.57 144.89 0.15 145.04 2013 794.07 29.73 823.80 436.69 -0.45a 436.24 2014 1,268.77 229.73 1,298.51 474.71 0 474.71 2015b 1,299.62 230.03 1,329.65 722[8] 0.29 31.15 Source: IEA-PVPS, Annual Report 2015 (AR2015)[9] Notes: a Some of the off-grid systems were dismantled. b Preliminary data at the end of October 2015. +Power purchase scheme +In January 2015, Thailand's Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) announced a new regulation for the purchase of electricity from ground-mounted solar projects, replacing the "adder" scheme with the "feed-in-tariff" (FiT) scheme. The regulation aims to revive the investment in renewable energy projects in Thailand after a quiet period in the renewable energy sector in 2014. There are over one hundred projects, with a total capacity of 1,000 MW, whose applications have not yet been accepted under the adder scheme and therefore are eligible for the feed-in-tariff scheme.[6] +Solar power in Thailand +250 500 750 1,000 1,250 1,500 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 Cumulative Capacity – Total installed PV capacity in megawatts since 2005 +100 200 300 400 500 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 Annual Installations – Annually installed PV capacity in megawatts since 2005 +Archived from the original on 5 April 2014. ↑ "Areas with solar power potential". Thailand Ministry of Energy, Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency. Retrieved 5 Mar 2015. ↑ "Thailand turns to solar power". +US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 9 Jul 2012. ↑ http://solarpv.tv/index.php/2016/09/13/solar-pv-installed-capacity-reaches-2-7gw-in-thailand/ ↑ IEA-PVPS, Annual Report 2015 (AR2015), p. +References +Cveto Pretnar (January 27, 1957 – April 25, 2018) was a Slovenian ice hockey player. +He played for the Yugoslavia men's national ice hockey team at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo.[1] +Pretnar died on April 25, 2018 at the age of 61.[2] +References +Barrie Williams (6 January 1939 – 23 April 2018) was a British football coach. +He managed Sutton United during the 1980s and the England women's team during 1991. +In January 1989, Williams led Sutton United, of the Football Conference, to a famous FA Cup win over top division Coventry City. A teacher of English Literature by profession, Williams was known for quoting Shakespeare[1] and Kipling, as well as smoking a pipe.[2] He later emigrated to Spain.[3] +2006-02-01. Retrieved 2012-01-15. ↑ Neil Moxley & Laura Williamson (2011-12-02). "Sutton stunned Coventry in 1989, now it's time for another... +Further reading +References +Selected publications +David Easton (June 24, 1917 – July 19, 2014) was a Canadian-born American political scientist. +Easton, who was born in Toronto, Ontario, came to the United States in 1943. From 1947-1997, he served as a professor of political science at the University of Chicago. +At the forefront of both the behavioralist and post-behavioralist revolutions in the discipline of political science during the 1950s and 1970s, Easton provided the discipline's most widely used definition of politics as the authoritative allocation of values for the society. He is renowned for his application of systems theory to the study of political science. Policy analysts have utilized his five-fold scheme for studying the policy-making process: input, conversion, output, feedback and environment. +Gunnell argues that since the 1950s the concept of "system" was the most important theoretical concept used by American political scientists. The idea appeared in sociology and other social sciences but it was Easton who specified how it could be best applied to behavioral research on politics.[1] +External links +Bibliography +Biography +References +Arthur Fisher Bentley (October 16, 1870 in Freeport, Illinois – May 21, 1957 in Paoli, Indiana) was an American political scientist and philosopher who worked in the fields of epistemology, logic and linguistics and who contributed to the development of a behavioral methodology of political science. +He received his Bachelor of Arts in 1892 and his Ph.D. in 1895 from Johns Hopkins University. +He was the second person to win the American Humanist Association's Humanist of the Year Award, in 1954.[1] He moved to Paoli, Indiana in 1910 where he lived for the rest of his life.[2] +American Humanist Association. Retrieved October 16, 2013. ↑ www.encyclopedia.com Retrieved 2014-11-13. ↑ http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Bentley/Bentley_1941.html ↑ Lemann, Nicholas (August 11, 2008). "Conflict of Interests". +Major works +External links +References +Harold Dwight Lasswell (February 13, 1902 – December 18, 1978) was a leading American political scientist and communications theorist. +He was a PhD student at the University of Chicago, and he was a professor of law at Yale University. He served as president of the American Political Science Association (APSA), of the American Society of International Law and of the World Academy of Art and Science (WAAS). +Scholarship +External links +References +David Bicknell Truman (June 1, 1913 – August 28, 2003)[1] was an American academic who served as the 15th president of Mount Holyoke College from 1969-1978. +He is also known for his role as a Columbia University administrator during the Columbia University protests of 1968. +↑ Foundation, John Simon Guggenheim Memorial (1 January 1955). "Reports of the Secretary & of the Treasurer". John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. – via Google Books. ↑ "Columbia News ::: Former Provost, University Vice President David Truman Dies". ↑ "A Detailed History". +External links +References +Filmography +Muriel Aked (9 November 1883 – 21 March 1955) was a British film actress.[1] +Retrieved April 5, 2018. ↑ "Muriel Aked". Who Was Who in the Theatre: 1912-1976. +Muriel Aked on IMDb +Film roles +External links +References +Television roles +Selected Appearances +Denyse Alexander (born 28 June 1931) is a British stage, film and television actress.[1][2][3] She was married to the film and television director Jack Gold from 1957 until his death in August 2015.[4] +↑ "Denyse Alexander - Theatricalia". theatricalia.com. ↑ "Denyse Alexander". ↑ "Denyse Alexander". www.aveleyman.com. ↑ "Jack Gold, film director - obituary". 17 August 2015 – via www.telegraph.co.uk. ↑ "The Anniversary (1979)". +Denyse Alexander on IMDb +External links +References +Selected filmography +Helen Marguerite Allan (born 30 August 1909 (Internet Movie Database lists 1905) in Saint Petersburg ; died 29 January 1994 in Wokingham, Berkshire, UK)[1] was a Russian-born British actress.[2][3][4] +↑ "Marguerite Allan" Google search Retrieved 2-22-2018. ↑ "Marguerite Allan". ↑ "Marguerite Allan - Movies and Filmography - AllMovie". AllMovie. ↑ McFarlane, Brian (16 May 2016). "The Encyclopedia of British Film: Fourth edition". +Marguerite Allan on IMDb +External links +Select publications +Paul R. Abramson (born November 28, 1937, died Feb. +12, 2018) was an American political scientist and author known for his research and writing on American, European, and Israeli elections. He was a Professor of political science at Michigan State University. +Singly Authored Books: +Co-Authored Books: +External links +Samuel Krislov (born 1929) is Professor of Political Science and Law at the University of Minnesota. +He received his B.A. and M.A. from New York University and his Ph.D. from Princeton University. +His areas of interest include comparative politics, governance, the Supreme Court, the political process, and Israeli courts, politics and society. +Samuel Krislov +Awards[2] +References +Fred W. Riggs (July 3, 1917 in China – February 9, 2008 in USA)[1] was a political scientist and pioneer in administrative model building and theory formulation. +He is known for his works in Comparative Public Administration, especially his Riggsian Model.[2] He was Professor Emeritus at Political Science Department of University of Hawaii. +Retrieved 2012-02-18. 1 2 "RIGGS: Curricuilum Vitae". .hawaii.edu. Retrieved 2012-02-18. +References +Susan Welch is a political scientist, currently the Dean of the College of the Liberal Arts at Pennsylvania State University[1] and also its Professor of Science, and also a published author, being widely cited by her peers[2] and widely held in libraries.[3][4] +Retrieved August 22, 2016. ↑ "Susan Welch". scholar.google.com. Retrieved August 22, 2016. ↑ "Welch, Susan". worlcat.org. Retrieved August 22, 2016. ↑ "Welch, Susan". worldcat.org. +References +Uday Singh Mehta is an American political scientist, currently a Distinguished Professor at City University of New York, and previously the Clarence Francis Professor at Amherst College.[1][2][3][4] +Retrieved February 11, 2017. ↑ "Uday Singh Mehta". cuny.edu. Retrieved February 11, 2017. ↑ "Uday Singh Mehta". cuny.edu. Retrieved February 11, 2017. ↑ "Mehta, Uday Singh". worldcat.org. +References +Publications +Ronald Tiersky (born 1944) is the Joseph B. Eastman Professor of Political Science at Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts.[1] He has held the position of Director at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies center in Bologna, Italy, and the Institute of Current World Affairs. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and is the general editor of the "Europe Today" series at Rowman & Littlefield publishers. +Educated in the U.S. and France, Tiersky has written widely on French and European affairs, and on American foreign policy. +↑ Taylor, Paul (28 September 2010). "Austerity protests may curb euro zone reform". Reuters. +External links +Notes +Selected publications +Alan Dana Taylor (born October 27, 1947) is an American mathematician who, with Steven Brams, solved the problem of envy-free cake-cutting for an arbitrary number of people with the Brams–Taylor procedure. +Taylor received his Ph.D. in 1975 from Dartmouth College.[2] +He currently is the Marie Louise Bailey professor of mathematics at Union College, in Schenectady, New York. +ISBN 0-387-94391-9 and 0-387-94500-8;[3] with Allison Pacelli: 2nd edition. 2008. Steven J. Brams and Alan D. Taylor (1995). +References +Leslie Paul Thiele at University of Florida.[1][2][3] +↑ "Distinguished Professors". ufl.edu. Retrieved May 14, 2017. ↑ "Leslie Thiele". ufl.edu. Retrieved May 14, 2017. ↑ "Leslie Thiele". ufl.edu. +Filmography +Variety show +Awards and nominations +Discography +Kim Se-jeong (born August 28, 1996), better known by the mononym Sejeong, is a South Korean singer and actress signed under Jellyfish Entertainment. She is best known as the runner-up contestant in Produce 101, a former member of the girl group I.O.I, and as a member of Gugudan. She was a co-host of the variety show Talents for Sale in 2016 and played the leading role in the teen drama, School 2017. +Kim Se-jeong was born in Gimje, North Jeolla Province, but moved to Anyang, Gyeonggi where she stayed with her mother and older brother at her aunt's house. Her parents split when she was a child, leaving her mother to single-handedly raise her and her brother, and she has previously stated that she did not contact her father until her third year of middle school.[1][2] Kim is currently studying practical music in Hanyang Women's University. +In 2012, Kim participated in the second season of competition television show K-pop Star 2 at the age of 16.[3][4] She did not make it through the second round ranking audition, but Yang Hyun-suk brought her back as a wildcard for the casting round, where she performed a duet of Taeyang's "I Need A Girl" with fellow contestant Jo Yoo-min.[5] Yang cast the both of them, grouping Kim with contestants Nicole Curry and Lee Soo-kyung for the final casting round. However, at the end of the round, she was eliminated from the competition.[6] +Plans for Kim to host a new KBS show Talents for Sale alongside Kim Jong-kook, Lee Seo-jin and Noh Hong-chul were announced in April 2016.[12] She displayed a variety of talents on the show and earned the nickname 'Variety Cheat Key'.[13] On June 10, 2016, YMC Entertainment revealed that Kim would not be taking part in I.O.I's unit promotions but would instead return to her agency to debut and promote with its upcoming girl group.[14] On June 28, 2016, Kim officially debuted as a member of South Korean girl group Gugudan.[15] On November 23, 2016, Kim participated in Jellyfish Entertainment’s music channel project Jelly Box and released the single "Flower Way" (Hangul: 꽃길; RR: Kkotgil), produced by Zico, along with a music video.[16] The single topped seven major charts upon its release,[17] and Kim received her first music program trophy as a solo artist with "Flower Way" on the November 30th episode of Show Champion.[18] +On January 12, 2017, Kim released the song "If Only" for the OST of the Korean drama The Legend of the Blue Sea.[19] That month, she became a permanent MC for OnStyle's Get It Beauty.[20] In July 2017, she took on her first major acting role as the lead, Ra Eun-ho, in KBS2's teen drama School 2017.[21] Later that year, she sang "Star Blossom" for SM Station with NCT's Doyoung.[22] +Title Year Peak chart position Sales Album KOR Gaon [23] As lead artist "Flower Way" (꽃길) (Prod. by Zico of Block B)[upper-alpha 1] 2016 2 KOR: 976,110+[24] Non-album single Collaborations "I Like You, I Don't" (좋아한다 안 한다) (with Lee Tae-il of Block B) 2017 8 KOR: 100,233+[25] Non-album singles "Star Blossom" (with Doyoung of NCT) — KOR: 20,782+[26] Soundtrack appearances "If Only" (만에 하나) 2017 35 KOR: 68,848+[27] The Legend of the Blue Sea OST "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that region. +Year Title Network Note / Role Ref. 2012–2013 K-pop Star 2 SBS Eliminated in casting audition round [3][4] 2016 Produce 101 Mnet Survival show that determined I.O.I members Talents for Sale KBS2 Regular host [28] Boom Shakalaka Contestant Immortal Songs 2 Contestant (Episode 282) 2017 1 vs 100 KBS2 Contestant (Episode 466) King of Mask Singer MBC Contestant as "Worker Holic Antgirl" (Episode 95) [29] Law of the Jungle in Sumatra SBS Cast member [28][30] Get It Beauty OnStyle Regular host [20][31] 2018 Busted! Netflix Cast member [32] +Gugudan and solo career +Drama +Produce 101 and I.O.I +Early life and education +Singles +↑ "'님과함께2' 김세정 "아버지 중3때 10년 만에 봤다" 가정사 공개" (in Korean). Nate. May 18, 2016. +Retrieved June 18, 2016. ↑ "김세정 "10년 만에 만난 아빠, 첫인사는 미안"(영상)". Dispatch (in Korean). May 24, 2016. +Retrieved June 23, 2016. 1 2 "프로듀스101 순위1위 김세정, 3년전 'K팝스타2' 시절 어땠나". Asiae (in Korean). +February 13, 2016. Retrieved June 23, 2016. 1 2 "프로듀스101 순위1위 김세정, 3년전 'K팝스타2' 시절 어땠나". +The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). February 20, 2016. +Retrieved February 28, 2017. ↑ "'K팝스타2' 조윤민·김세정, YG 동반 캐스팅..'깜짝'". The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). January 6, 2013. +Retrieved June 26, 2016. ↑ "'케이팝 스타2' YG표 걸그룹, 혹평 속 니콜 커리만 YG행". The Fact (in Korean). Retrieved June 23, 2016. ↑ "젤리피쉬가 애들잘뽑음(프로듀스101)". +Nate (in Korean). 2016-02-13. +Retrieved December 1, 2016. ↑ "'프로듀스101' 김세정 1위 지켰다…2위 최유정·3위 강미나". Retrieved June 26, 2016. ↑ "프로듀스 101 김세정 1위, 눈물 소감…최고 시청률 경신". The Donga Ilbo. +Retrieved June 23, 2016. ↑ "101 girls down to 'I.O.I'". The Korea Times. +April 4, 2016. ↑ "[단독] "I.O.I 완전체 8월에도 쭉"…이벤트+CF로 뭉친다". 네이트뉴스 (in Korean). Retrieved August 9, 2016. ↑ "김세정, '어서옵쇼' 고정 출연…지상파 예능 신고식텐아시아 | 텐아시아". TenAsia (in Korean). +April 21, 2016. +Retrieved June 23, 2016. ↑ "'어서옵쇼' 김세정, 열일하는 '재능 치트키!'…랩부터 팔씨름까지 못하는 게 없는 요정!". Asia Today (in Korean). Retrieved August 9, 2016. ↑ "I.O.I, 유닛 멤버 확정…'전소미-주결경-최유정 등 7인'(공식입장)". +Star MBN (in Korean). June 10, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2016. ↑ "Kim Se-jeong, Kang Mi-na join Jellyfish's first girl group". +June 6, 2016. ↑ "I.O.I's Kim Se-jeong to finish track with Zico". Kpop Herald. November 16, 2016. ↑ "'Flower Road' by I.O.I's Kim Se-jeong tops local chart". +Kpop Herald. November 23, 2016. +1 2 "Gugudan′s Kim Se Jeong Wins First Music Program as Solo Artist". enewsWorld. Retrieved December 1, 2016. ↑ "구구단 김세정 측 "'푸른바다' OST '만에하나' 참여 확정"(공식)". Newsen (in Korean). +January 5, 2017. +Retrieved February 28, 2017. 1 2 "구구단 세정, '겟잇뷰티' 고정 MC로 발탁". 10Asia (in Korean). +January 20, 2017. Retrieved January 21, 2017. 1 2 "Kim Se-jung confirms role in 'School 2017'". +Kpop Herald. June 6, 2017. ↑ "NCT's Doyoung and gugudan's Kim Sejeong Duet on Romantic 'Star Blossom'". Billboard. +October 13, 2017. Retrieved October 17, 2017. ↑ "Gaon Digital Chart". Gaon Chart (in Korean). +Korea Music Content Industry Association. +Archived from the original on February 4, 2015. Retrieved February 9, 2017. "Flower Way". ↑ Total Download sales for "Flower Way": "2016년 11월 Download Chart (see #9)". +Gaon Music Chart. Korea Music Content Industry Association. Retrieved February 9, 2017. +"2016년 12월 Download Chart (see #16)". Gaon Music Chart. Korea Music Content Industry Association. +"2017년 01월 Download Chart (see #42)". +Gaon Music Chart. Korea Music Content Industry Association. "2017년 02월 Download Chart (see #54)". +Gaon Music Chart. Korea Music Content Industry Association. Retrieved May 11, 2017. +"2017년 03월 Download Chart (see #67)". Gaon Music Chart. Korea Music Content Industry Association. +Retrieved May 11, 2017. "2017년 04월 Download Chart (see #84)". Gaon Music Chart. +Korea Music Content Industry Association. Retrieved May 11, 2017. ↑ Total Download sales for "I Like You, I Don't": "2017년 24주차 Download Chart (see #3)". Gaon Music Chart. +Korea Music Content Industry Association. Retrieved June 27, 2017. ↑ Cumulative sales for "Star Blossom": "Gaon Download Chart, Week #41 (see #74)". Korea Music Content Industry Association. +Retrieved October 20, 2017. ↑ Total Download sales for "If Only": "2017년 01월 Download Chart (see #93)". Gaon Music Chart. Korea Music Content Industry Association. +1 2 Jie Ye-eun (January 16, 2017). "Gugudan's Sejeong joins 'Law of the Jungle'". kpopherald.koreaherald.com. Retrieved February 28, 2017. ↑ Song Yoon-jeong (January 22, 2017). "'복면가왕' 대세 소녀 김세정, 떠나 보내기 아까운 최강 가창력". +Asia Economic Daily (in Korean). Retrieved January 22, 2017. ↑ Kim Eun-ae (January 16, 2017). "구구단 김세정 '정글의 법칙' 첫 출연, 인도네시아 출국". +Sports Today (in Korean). +Retrieved February 2, 2017. ↑ "Kim Se-jeong to leave 'Get It Beauty': report". Kpop Herald. July 9, 2017. ↑ "Netflix announces star-studded reality show". +Korea JoongAng Daily. April 5, 2018. ↑ "Actor Kim Wins Top Prize at Korea Drama Festival Awards". The Korea Times. +November 2, 2008. +Retrieved May 3, 2015. ↑ "'제 1회 서울어워즈', 드라마·영화 각 부문별 후보공개[공식]". Sports Donga (in Korean). Retrieved September 27, 2017. ↑ "Gugudan's Sejeong wins Popularity Award at The Seoul Awards". +Kpop Herald. October 29, 2017. ↑ "2017 Top 10 Artists". +Melon. Archived from the original on June 9, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2017. ↑ "'My Ugly Duckling' moms win grand prize at 2017 SBS Entertainment Awards". +December 31, 2017. ↑ "KBS Drama Awards 2017: Kim Young Chul, Chun Ho Jin share grand prize; complete winners list". International Business Times. +January 1, 2018. ↑ "제54회 백상예술대상, TV·영화 각 부문별 수상 후보자 공개". JTBC (in Korean). April 6, 2018. +Kim Se-jeong Kim Se-jeong in December 2017 Native name 김세정 Born Kim Se-jeong (1996-08-28) August 28, 1996 Gimje, North Jeolla, South Korea Education Hanyang Women's University Occupation Singer actress Musical career Genres K-pop Instruments Vocals Years active 2016–present Labels Jellyfish Entertainment YMC Entertainment Associated acts I.O.I Gugudan Korean name Hangul 김세정 Hanja 金世正 Revised Romanization Gim Se-jeong McCune–Reischauer Kim Se-chŏng +In January 2016, she represented Jellyfish Entertainment together with fellow trainees Kim Na-young and Kang Mi-na on the reality survival show Produce 101 for the chance to debut in a Mnet girl group.[7] All three were assigned to "Group A" in the first episode of the program, and she achieved the first-place ranking on several episodes,[8][9] earning the nickname "God Sejeong". The program came to an end on April 1, 2016, and the final line-up of I.O.I, made up of the top 11 poll-winners, was announced. Kim finished second overall, with 525,352 votes, becoming an official member of the girl group.[10] I.O.I promoted as a whole for events and advertising gigs.[11] +Year Award Category Nominated work Result Ref. +2016 15th KBS Entertainment Awards Rookie Variety Talents for Sale Nominated [33] 2017 10th Korea Drama Awards Best New Actress (TV) School 2017 Nominated 1st The Seoul Awards Best New Actress (Drama) Nominated [34] Popularity Award, Actress N/A Won [35] 2nd Asia Artist Awards N/A Nominated 2017 Mnet Asian Music Awards Best Vocal Performance (Female Solo) "Flower Way" Nominated Qoo10 Song of the Year Nominated 9th Melon Music Awards Top 10 Artists N/A Nominated [36] Hot Trend Award "Flower Way" Nominated "I Like You, I Don't" (with Taeil of Block B) Nominated 11th SBS Entertainment Awards Best Challenge Award Law of the Jungle in Sumatra Won [37] 31st KBS Drama Awards Best New Actress School 2017 Won [38] 2018 54th Baeksang Arts Awards Best New Actress (TV) Pending [39] +Kim Se-jeong +Year Title Role Network Notes Ref. 2016 The Sound of Your Heart Neighbor in Apt. 205 Naver TV Cast KBS2 Special appearance 2017 School 2017 Ra Eun-ho KBS2 Lead role [21] +Ubon Ratchathani +Mae Hong Son +Nonthaburi +Phitsanulok +Phichit +Provinces +Bueng Kan +Yom River +This is a list of rivers of Thailand. The rivers are arranged alphabetically within their respective provinces or special governed districts. The same river may be found in more than one province as many rivers cross province borders. +The Chao Phraya River in Bangkok +Chao Phraya River Lop Buri River Noi River Pa Sak River +Mekong River +Mun River Lam Takhong River +Ing River Kok River Mae Sai River Mekong River Ruak River Wang River Yom River +Hueang River Loei River Mekong River Pa Sak River +Moei River Pai River Salween River +Chao Phraya River Nan River Ping River Sakae Krang River Yom River +Mekong River +Pattani River +Ayutthaya +Chiang Mai +Kanchanaburi +Phayao +Chainat +Saraburi +Chiang Rai +Chanthaburi +Samut Sakhon +Pattani +Nakhon Si Thammarat +Prachinburi +Nan +Nakhon Pathom +Chachoengsao +Nakhon Ratchasima +Phrae +Ang Thong +Phetchaburi +Phetchabun +Loei +Lamphun +Kalasin +Nong Khai +Ratchaburi +Maha Sarakham +Chaiyaphum +Sisaket +Buriram +Mukdahan +Yala +Special governed districts +Uttaradit +Tak +Nakhon Phanom +Nakhon Sawan +Lampang +Kamphaeng Phet +Lop Buri +Suphan Buri +Trang +Bangkok +Khwae Yai River Mae Klong River Ping River Wang River +Nan River Yom River +Prachin Buri River +Mae Klong River Phachi River +Tha Chin River +Lop Buri River Pa Sak River +Mun River +Tha Chin River +Trang River +Chi River Mekong River Mun River +Nan River +Pattani River +Chao Phraya River +Chao Phraya River +Bang Pakong River Nakhon Nayok River +Chao Phraya River Sakae Krang River Tha Chin River +Chi River +Chanthaburi River +Kok River Li River Ping River +Chi River +Ping River Sakae Krang River +Khwae Yai River Mae Klong River Phachi River +Wang River +Li River Ping River +Pa Sak River +Chi River +Mae Klong River Tha Chin River +Mekong River +Mun River +Tapi River Trang River +Nan River Wa River +Mekong River +Chao Phraya River +Ing River Yom River +Pa Sak River +Phetchaburi River +Nan River Yom River +First responders +Life expectancy +Thailand has an unconventional approach to providing first responders in an emergency: it sends volunteers. Some 65 percent of emergency cases in Bangkok are handled by volunteers. Fully equipped ambulances with professional staff are sent only if required.[12] +Volunteers are not allowed to accept money from hospitals or from victims. The volunteers say they do this to help people or as a way to earn karma for the next life.[12] The training level of volunteers is not high, just 24 hours. The National Institute of Emergency Medicine (NIEMS) is seeking to increase minimum training to 40 hours, a move initially opposed by the Rescue Network of Thailand, an association of voluntary first responders.[13] +Not all first responder organizations are altruistic. Significant money must be at stake as, sometimes, competition for patients between organizations leads to turf wars and even gun play.[14] +Non-communicable diseases form the major burden of mortality in Thailand, while infectious diseases including malaria and tuberculosis, as well as traffic accidents, are also important public health issues.[2] The mortality rate is 205 per 1,000 adults for those aged between 15 and 59 years.[9] The under-five mortality rate is 14 per 1,000 live births.[9] The maternal mortality ratio is 48 per 100,000 live births (2008).[9] +The American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) conducted a study in partnership with the Thailand Ministry of Public Health to ascertain the effectiveness of providing people who inject drugs illicitly with daily doses of the anti-retroviral drug Tenofovir as a prevention measure. The results of the study were released in mid-June 2013 and revealed a 48.9 percent reduced incidence of the virus among the group of subjects who received the drug, in comparison to the control group who received a placebo. The principal investigator of the study stated in Lancet, "We now know that pre-exposure prophylaxis can be a potentially vital option for HIV prevention in people at very high risk for infection, whether through sexual transmission or injecting drug use."[19] +Food safety scares are common to Thailand. Besides, common is microbial contamination of street food left out in the hot sun and dusty roads as well as store food contamination by banned or toxic pesticides and fake food products.[20] +The health minister said that about 88,000 patients develop AMR infections a year. The infections claim at least 38,000 lives in Thailand each year, causing 42 billion baht in economic damage. Without measures to address the issue, he said that the world would enter a "post-antibiotic era" with at least 10 million people around the world dying from AMR by 2050, 4.7 million of them in Asia.[23] +In 2014, some 334 babies were born daily in Thailand to mothers aged between 15 and 19.[24] +Thailand has had "a long and successful history of health development," according to the World Health Organization. Life expectancy is averaged at seventy years and a system providing universal health care for Thai nationals has been established since 2002.[1] +Health and medical care is overseen by the Ministry of Public Health (MOPH), along with several other non-ministerial government agencies, with total national expenditures on health amounting to 4.3 percent of GDP in 2009. +Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, the oldest and largest hospital in Thailand. +Universal health care is provided through three programs: the civil service welfare system for civil servants and their families, Social Security for private employees, and the universal coverage scheme that is theoretically available to all other Thai nationals. Some private hospitals are participants in the programs, but most are financed by patient self-payment and private insurance. According to the World Bank, under Thailand’s health schemes, 99.5 percent of the population have health protection coverage.[3] +Thailand introduced universal coverage reforms in 2001, one of only a handful of lower-middle income countries to do so. Means-tested health care for low-income households was replaced by a new and more comprehensive insurance scheme, originally known as the 30 baht project, in line with the small co-payment charged for treatment. People joining the scheme receive a gold card, which allows them to access services in their health district and, if necessary, to be referred for specialist treatment elsewhere.[3] +Although the reforms have received a good deal of criticism, they have proved popular with poorer Thais, especially in rural areas, and they survived the change of government after the 2006 military coup. Then, Public Health Minister, Mongkol Na Songkhla, abolished the 30 baht co-payment and made the scheme free. It is not yet clear whether the scheme will be modified further under the military government that came to power in May 2014.[5][6][7] +Data for utilization of health services in 2008 includes: 81 percent contraceptive prevalence, 80 percent antenatal care coverage with at least four visits, 99 percent of births attended by skilled health personnel, 98 percent measles immunization coverage among one-year-olds, and 82 percent success in treatment of smear-positive tuberculosis. Improved drinking-water sources were available to 98 percent of the population, and 96 percent were using improved sanitation facilities (2008).[9] +Most hospitals in Thailand are operated by the Ministry of Public Health. Private hospitals are regulated by the Medical Registration Division. Other government units and public organisations also operate hospitals, including the military, universities, local governments and the Red Cross. +Since HIV/AIDS was first reported in Thailand in 1984, 1,115,415 adults had been infected as of 2008, with 585,830 having died since 1984. 532,522 Thais were living with HIV/AIDS in 2008.[16] In 2009 the adult prevalence of HIV was 1.3%.[17] As of 2009, Thailand had the highest prevalence of HIV in Asia.[18] +Teen pregnancies +Infectious diseases +Water and sanitation +Pollution +Antibiotic abuse +Infrastructure +Health Districts +HIV/AIDS +Food safety +There are three levels of medical emergency help in Thailand, from first responder (FR) level to basic life support (BLS) level, and advanced life support (ALS) level. Most volunteers have attained the FR level. They are affiliated with foundations and local administrative bodies.[13] Thailand's Medical Emergency Hotline centre responds to about 1.5 million medical emergencies each year. +Years of life lost, distributed by cause, was 24 percent from communicable diseases, 55 percent from non-communicable diseases, and 22 percent from injuries (2008).[9] +Life expectancy in Thailand is 71 for males and 78 for females.[9] +Major infectious diseases in Thailand also include bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis, dengue fever, malaria, Japanese encephalitis, rabies, and leptospirosis.[15] The prevalence of tuberculosis is 189 per 100,000 population.[9] +The government has begun to improve its support to persons with HIV/AIDS and has provided funds to HIV/AIDS support groups. Public programs have begun to alter unsafe behaviour, but discrimination against those infected continues. The government has funded an antiretroviral drug program and, as of September 2006, more than 80,000 HIV/AIDS patients had received such drugs. +In July 2012 consumer action groups demanded four unlisted toxic pesticides found on common vegetables at levels 100 times the EU guidelines (which are banned in developed countries) be banned. +Chemical companies are requesting to add them to the Thai Dangerous Substances Act so they can continue to be used, including on exported mangoes to developed countries which have banned their use.[20] In 2014, Khon Kaen University concluded after a study, that Thailand should ban 155 types of pesticides, with 14 listed as urgent: Carbofuran, Methyl Bromide, Dichlorvos, Lambda-cyhalothrin, Methidathion-methyl, Omethoate, Zeta Cypermethrin, Endosulfan sulfate, Aldicarb, Azinphos-methyl, Chlorpyrifos-ethyl, Methoxychlor and Paraquat.[21] +A study by the health ministry and Britain's Wellcome Trust released in September 2016 found that an average of two person die every hour from multi-drug resistant bacterial infections in Thailand.[22] That death rate is much higher than in Europe. The improper use of antibiotics for humans and livestock has led to the proliferation of drug-resistant microorganisms, creating new strains of "superbugs" that can be defeated only by "last resort" medicines with toxic side effects. In Thailand, antibiotics are freely available in pharmacies without a prescription and even in convenience stores. +The World Bank estimates that deaths in Thailand attributable to air pollution has risen from 31,000 in 1990 to roughly 49,000 in 2013.[25][26] +Retrieved 29 August 2012. ↑ World Health Organization Statistical Information System: Core Health Indicators ↑ The Universal Coverage Policy of Thailand: An Introduction Archived 2012-01-19 at the Wayback Machine. ↑ G20 Health Care: "Health Care Systems and Health Market Reform in the G20 Countries." Prepared for the World Economic Forum by Ernst & Young. January 3, 2006. ↑ Hughes D, Leethongdee S (2007). +"Universal coverage in the land of smiles: lessons from Thailand's 30 baht health reforms". +Health Affairs. 26 (4): 999–1008. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.26.4.999. +PMID 17630443. ↑ "Thailand - Country statistics". Global Health Observatory. World Health Organization. +Retrieved 21 December 2011. +1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Thailand - Country health profile" (PDF). Global Health Observatory. World Health Organization. +Retrieved 21 December 2011. ↑ "Map of Health Districts in Thailand" (PDF). ↑ "Table of health districts in Thailand" (PDF). +1 2 Calderon, Biel (2014-04-24). +"In Pictures: Thailand's emergency volunteers". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 24 April 2018. +1 2 3 "Rescue workers say first responders not ready for new training rule". +The Nation. 2017-12-06. Retrieved 24 April 2018. ↑ "Arrest made in bloody row between Bangkok rescue crews". +The Nation. 23 April 2018. +Retrieved 24 April 2018. ↑ Thailand country profile. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (July 2007). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ↑ Pongphon Sarnsamak (25 November 2008). +"More teenaged girls getting HIV infection". The Nation. Archived from the original on 26 November 2014. +Retrieved 17 June 2013. ↑ "Thailand". HIV InSite. UCSF Center for HIV Information. +July 2009. Retrieved 17 June 2013. ↑ "COUNTRY COMPARISON :: HIV/AIDS - ADULT PREVALENCE RATE". The CIA World Factbook. +CIA. 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013. ↑ Emma Bourke (14 June 2013). +"Preventive drug could reduce HIV transmission among injecting drug users". The Conversation Australia. +The Conversation Media Group. +Retrieved 17 June 2013. +1 2 Laopaisarntaksin, Pawat (2012-07-12). +"Cancer-causing chemical residues found in vegetables". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 10 December 2015. ↑ http://www.biothai.org/node/302 1 2 Yee, Tan Hui (12 November 2016). +"Antibiotic abuse killing thousands in Thailand". +Straits Times. +Retrieved 18 November 2016. ↑ "Thailand joins global 'superbug' fight". Bangkok Post. 21 November 2016. +Retrieved 21 November 2016. ↑ Editor4 (1 December 2016). "Sex education strengthens sexual discrimination in Thailand". +Prachatai English. +Retrieved 4 December 2016. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link) ↑ The Cost of Air Pollution: Strengthening the Economic Case for Action (PDF). Washington DC: World Bank and Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 2016. p. 101. +Retrieved 8 December 2016. ↑ Buakamsri, Tara (8 December 2016). "Our silent killer, taking a toll on millions" (Opinion). Bangkok Post. +Non-communicable diseases form the major burden of morbidity and mortality, while infectious diseases including malaria and tuberculosis, as well as traffic accidents, are also important public health issues.[2] +The National Health Security Office (NHSO) allocates funding through the universal coverage program. Other health-related government agencies include the Health System Research Institute (HSRI), Thai Health Promotion Foundation ("ThaiHealth"), National Health Commission Office (NHCO), and the Emergency Medical Institute of Thailand (EMIT). Although there have been national policies for decentralization, there has been resistance in implementing such changes and the MOPH still directly controls most aspects of health care. +The bulk of health financing comes from public revenues, with funding allocated to contracting units for primary care annually on a population basis. According to the WHO, 65 percent of Thailand's health care expenditure in 2004 came from the government, while 35 percent was from private sources. Thailand achieved universal coverage with relatively low levels of spending on health, but it faces significant challenges: rising costs, inequalities, and duplication of resources.[3][4] +In 2009, annual spending on health care amounted to 345 international dollars per person in purchasing power parity (PPP). Total expenditures represented about 4.3 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). Of this amount, 75.8 percent came from public sources and 24.2 percent from private sources. +In 2008, 98 percent of the population had access to an improved water source.[1] Ninety-six percent of the population have access to improved sanitation facilities.[1] +Each health district is responsible for about 3-6 million people living in those provinces. It aims to provide better quality medical services for citizens within that region and increased efficiency in terms of transferring patients to other hospitals if there is a lack in capability of care within that district. Health districts in Thailand are organised into the following categories, as of August 2017[10][11]: +Health Districts in Thailand Health District Number Area of Thailand Area Code Provinces 1 Upper Northern Region Area 1 15 Chiang Mai, Mae Hong Son, Lampang, Lamphun Upper Northern Region Area 2 16 Chiang Rai, Nan, Phayao, Phrae 2 Lower Northern Region Area 1 17 Tak, Phitsanulok, Phetchabun, Sukhothai, Uttaradit 3 Lower Northern Region Area 2 18 Kamphaeng Phet, Nakhon Sawan, Phichit, Uthai Thani Upper Central Region Area 1 2 Chai Nat 4 Upper Central Region Area 1 1 Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Saraburi Upper Central Region Area 2 2 Lopburi, Sing Buri, Ang Thong Middle Central Region Area 3 Nakhon Nayok 5 Lower Central Region Area 1 4 Kanchanaburi, Nakhon Pathom, Ratchaburi, Suphan Buri Lower Central Region Area 2 5 Prachuap Khiri Khan, Phetchaburi, Samut Songkhram, Samut Sakhon 6 Middle Central Region Area 3 Prachinburi, Sa Kaeo Eastern Region 9 Chanthaburi, Trat, Rayong, Chonburi, Samut Prakan, Chachoengsao 7 Middle Northeastern Region Area 12 Kalasin, Khon Kaen, Maha Sarakham, Roi Et 8 Upper Northeastern Region Area 1 10 Loei, Nong Khai, Nong Bua Lamphu, Udon Thani, Bueng Kan Upper Northeatern Region Area 2 11 Nakhon Phanom, Mukdahan, Sakon Nakhon 9 Lower Northeastern Region Area 1 13 Chaiyaphum, Nakhon Ratchasima, Buriram, Surin 10 Lower Northeastern Region Area 2 14 Yasothon, Sisaket, Amnat Charoen, Ubon Ratchathani 11 Southern Region Eastern Seaboard 6 Chumphon, Surat Thani, Nakhon Si Thammarat Southern Region Western Seaboard 7 Ranong, Phang Nga, Phuket, Krabi 12 Southern Region Eastern Seaboard 6 Phatthalung Southern Region Western Seaboard 7 Trang Southern Region Border Provinces 8 Songkhla, Satun, Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat +Health in Thailand +In computer science, a suffix array is a sorted array of all suffixes of a string. It is a data structure used, among others, in full text indices, data compression algorithms and within the field of bibliometrics. +Suffix arrays were introduced by Manber & Myers (1990) as a simple, space efficient alternative to suffix trees. They have independently been discovered by Gaston Gonnet in 1987 under the name PAT array (Gonnet, Baeza-Yates & Snider 1992). +Let S = S [ 1 ] S [ 2 ] . . . S [ n ] {\displaystyle S=S[1]S[2]...S[n]} be a string and let S [ i , j ] {\displaystyle S[i,j]} denote the substring of S {\displaystyle S} ranging from i {\displaystyle i} to j {\displaystyle j} . +The suffix array A {\displaystyle A} of S {\displaystyle S} is now defined to be an array of integers providing the starting positions of suffixes of S {\displaystyle S} in lexicographical order. This means, an entry A [ i ] {\displaystyle A[i]} contains the starting position of the i {\displaystyle i} -th smallest suffix in S {\displaystyle S} and thus for all 1 < i ≤ n {\displaystyle 1. ↑ Dargis, Manohla. "Cannes International Film Festival". +Film screening room at Georgetown University, Washington D.C. +Film studies is an academic discipline that deals with various theoretical, historical, and critical approaches to films. It is sometimes subsumed within media studies and is often compared to television studies. Film studies is less concerned with advancing proficiency in film production than it is with exploring the narrative, artistic, cultural, economic, and political implications of the cinema.[1] In searching for these social-ideological values, film studies takes a series of critical approaches for the analysis of production, theoretical framework, context, and creation.[2] In this sense the film studies discipline exists as one in which the teacher does not always assume the primary educator role; the featured film itself serves that function. +Film studies as an academic discipline emerged in the twentieth century, decades after the invention of motion pictures. Not to be confused with the technical aspects of film production, film studies exists only with the creation of film theory—which approaches film critically as an art—and the writing of film historiography. Because the modern film became an invention and industry only in the late nineteenth century, a generation of film producers and directors existed significantly before the academic analysis that followed in later generations. +Early film schools focused on the production and subjective critique of film rather than on the critical approaches, history and theory used to study academically. Since the time film was created, the concept of film studies as a whole grew to analyze the formal aspects of film as they were created. Established in 1919 the Moscow Film School was the first school in the world to focus on film. +In the United States the USC School of Cinematic Arts, established in 1929, was the first cinematic based school, which was created in agreement with the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. +They were also the first to offer a major in film in 1932 but without the distinctions that are assumed in film studies. +Universities began to implement different forms of cinema related curriculum without, however, the division between the abstract and practical approaches. +The Deutsche Filmakademie Babelsberg (i.e. German Film Academy Babelsberg) was founded in the Third Reich in 1938. +Among the lecturers were e.g. Willi Forst and Heinrich George. To complete the studies at the Academy a student was expected to create his own film. +A movement away from Hollywood productions in the 1950s turned cinema into a more artistic independent endeavor. It was the creation of the auteur theory, which asserted film as the director's vision and art, that prompted film studies to become truly considered academically worldwide in the 1960s. +In 1965, film critic Robin Wood, in his writings on Alfred Hitchcock, declared that Hitchcock's films contained the same complexities of Shakespeare's plays.[3] Similarly, Jean Luc Godard, a contributor to the influential magazine Cahiers du Cinema wrote, “Jerry Lewis...is the only one in Hollywood doing something different, the only one who isn’t falling in with the established categories, the norms, the principles. ...Lewis is the only one today who’s making courageous films.[4] With stable enrollment, proper budgets and interest in all humanities numerous universities contained the ability to offer distinct film studies programs. +There were no individuals that created the criteria for film studies; rather the growing community of the film industry and academics began to criticize, document and analyze films, eventually conforming the concepts of film studies that pertain to artistic academia. With the success in first half of the twentieth century, prominent persons in the film industry could become an endowment source for schools focusing primarily on film, creating the location for film studies as a discipline to form. An example is George Lucas' US$175 million donation to the USC School of Cinematic Arts in 2006.[5] +Many programs conjoin film studies with media and television studies, taking knowledge from all parts of visual production in the approach. With the growing technologies such as 3-D film and YouTube, films are now concretely used to teach a reflection of culture and art around the world as a primary medium. Due to the ever-growing dynamic of film studies, a wide variety of curricula have emerged for analysis of critical approaches used in film.[7] Although each institution has the power to form the study material, students are usually expected to grasp a knowledge of conceptual shifts in film, a vocabulary for the analysis of film form and style, a sense of ideological dimensions of film, and an awareness of extra textual domains and possible direction of film in the future.[8] +The curriculum of tertiary level film studies programs often include but are not limited to: +Introduction to film studies Modes of film studies Close analysis of film History of film/media Analysis with emphasis +Attention to time period Attention to regional creation Attention to genre Attention to creators +Methods of film production +With diverse courses that make up for film studies majors or minors come to exist within schools.[9][10][11] +In the United States, universities offer courses specifically toward film studies, and schools committed to minor/major programs. Currently 144 different tertiary institutions nationwide offer a major program in film studies.[6] This number continues to grow each year with new interest in the film studies discipline. Institutions offering film degrees as part of their arts or communications curriculum differ from institutions with a dedicated film program. +Despite this fact more prosperous countries have the ability to study film in all the aspects of film studies. Discourse in film can be found in the schools around the world; often, international attention to the aesthetics of film emerge from film festivals. For example, the Cannes Film Festival is the most prestigious in the world.[14] Though this discourse revolves around the film industry and promotion and does not exist within an academic school setting, numerous aspects of analysis and critical approaches are taken into account on this international stage. +The prominent persons that have influenced the study of film range from teachers to movie producers but can be subsumed into two major categories: persons in film production and persons in film criticism. +Darren Aronofsky Ingmar Bergman Andrei Tarkovsky Sergei Eisenstein Alfred Hitchcock Miloš Forman Film screening room at Georgetown University Martin Scorsese William Kennedy Dickson Robert J. Flaherty Stanley Kubrick David Lynch Akira Kurosawa Satyajit Ray Francis Ford Coppola Jean-Luc Godard Orson Welles John Ford Coen brothers Christopher Nolan Steven Spielberg Quentin Tarantino George Lucas Spike Lee Ava DuVernay +Film studies +André Bazin Éric Rohmer François Truffaut Andrew Sarris David Bordwell Christian Metz Gene Shalit James Agee Jean-Luc Godard Leonard Maltin Pauline Kael Robin Wood Roger Ebert Scott Buchanan Walter Benjamin Jonathan Rosenbaum Siegfried Kracauer Linda Williams Richard Dyer Laura Mulvey Jeanine Basinger Kristin Thompson +Glossary of motion picture terms Experimental film Fictional film List of film schools List of film schools in the United States History of film Film theory List of film periodicals Philosophy of film Outline of film Filmmaking Film genre +External links +References +Tharman Shanmugaratnam (Chinese: 尚达曼; pinyin: Shàng Dámàn; Tamil: தர்மன் சண்முகரத்தினம்; born 25 February 1957) is a Singaporean politician and economist. He is currently Deputy Prime Minister and Coordinating Minister for Economic and Social Policies. +He is also Chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), Singapore's central bank and financial regulator. In April 2017, Tharman was appointed to chair a G20 Eminent Persons Group on Global Financial Governance, which was set up to review the system of multilateral financial institutions. He also succeeded Jean-Claude Trichet as Chairman of the Group of Thirty, an independent global council of leading economic and financial policy-makers from January 1, 2017. +He has spent his working life in public service, in roles related to economic policy and education. +He served as Minister for Finance from 2007 to 2015,[1] and as Minister for Education from 2003 to 2008.[2] +"PM Lee and Singapore's new Cabinet sworn in". CNA. ↑ May Wong (29 March 2008). +"PM Lee unveils cabinet changes". Channel News Asia. Singapore. ↑ "LSE announces its new Honorary Fellows". lse.ac.uk. ↑ "New MAS chief is top-notch economist". +References +Fraser Lee Adams (1891–1979) was an American politician who served two terms as mayor of Huntsville, Alabama, from 1922 to 1926.[2][3] He had previously served as a Huntsville City Alderman from 1918 to 1920 and as President of the Huntsville City Council from 1920 to 1922. +External links +Further reading +References +Bibliography +George W. Meeker (1833–1890) was the 23rd mayor of Columbus, Ohio and the 21st person to serve in that office. +He served Columbus for one term. His successor was James G. Bull after 1870. +He died in 1890.[1] +(1975). Columbus Mayors (PDF). Columbus, Ohio: Columbus Citizen-Journal. +A Centennial Biographical History of the City of Columbus and Franklin County, Ohio. County and regional histories of the "Old Northwest.": Ohio. Chicago, Illinois: Lewis Publishing Company. +"Meeker, George W (11/20/1834-7/26/1890)". Columbus in Historic Photographs. Columbus, Ohio: Columbus Metropolitan Library. +Powell, Thomas Edward, ed. (1913). The Democratic Party Of the State Of Ohio: A Comprehensive History Of Democracy In Ohio From 1803 To 1912, Including Democratic Legislation In the State, The Campaigns Of a Century, History Of Democratic Conventions, the Reverses And Successes Of the Party, Etc, Volume 2. +Ohio Publishing Company. pp. 251–253. +Religious importance +External links +See also +Date +Sunni Islam +Shia Islam +Laylat al-Qadr Official name ليلة القدر (Night of Decree) Also called Night of Power, Night of Value, Night of Destiny, or Night of Determination[1] Observed by Muslims Significance Night the Quran was revealed; Angels descend to the earth and the annual decree is revealed to them; Better than 1000 months of worship Observances Night prayers, Reading Quran, Making Dua, Doing Dhikr, Observing Iʿtikāf Date See text +Laylat al-Qadr (from Arabic: لیلة القدر‎), variously rendered in English as the Night of Decree[2], Night of Power,[3] Night of Value, Night of Destiny,[4] or Night of Measures, is in Islamic belief the night when the first verses of the Quran were revealed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.[5] It is one of the nights of the last ten days of Ramadan. Muslims believe that on this night the blessings and mercy of God are abundant, sins are forgiven, supplications are accepted, and that the annual decree is revealed to the angels who also descend to earth, specially the Angel Gabriel, referred to as "the Spirit", to perform every and any errand decreed by God. Islam holds that God Almighty alone answers our supplications and that He alone receives them and forgives humanity and gives them what they ask for and that on this particular night Muslims should actively seek God's forgiveness and engage in various acts of worship. +The specific date of Laylat al-Qadr is not mentioned in the Quran.[7][8] +In Islamic countries and Sunni communities all over the world, Laylat al-Qadr is found to be on the last ten nights of Ramadan, mostly in on one of the odd nights (21st, 23rd, 25th, 27th or 29th) whereby night precedes day. Many traditions insist particularly on the night before the 27th of Ramadan.[9][10][11] +27th of Ramadan Gregorian date[12] 1438 22 June 2017 1439 11 June 2018 +Shia Muslims similarly believe that Laylat al-Qadr is to be found in the last ten odd nights of Ramadan but mostly on the 19th, 21st or 23rd of Ramadan with 23rd being the most important night.[13] The 19th, according to the Shia belief coincides with the night Ali was attacked in the Mihrab while worshipping in the Great Mosque of Kufa, and died on the 21st of Ramadan. +23rd of Ramadan Gregorian date 1436 10 July 2015 1437 27 June 2016[14] 1438 18 June 2017[15] 1439 8 June 2018[16] +The night is not comparable to any others in view of Muslims[13] and according to a tradition, the blessings due to the acts of worship during this night can't be equaled even by worshipping throughout an entire lifetime. The reward of acts of worship done in this one single night is more than the reward of around 83 years (1000 months) of worship.[5] Laylat al-Qadr is referenced in the Quran:[4][13] +We have indeed revealed this (Message) in the Night of Power: And what will explain to thee what the Night of Power is? The Night of Power is better than a thousand months. Therein come down the angels and the Spirit by Allah's permission, on every errand: Peace!... +Laylat al-Qadr +The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. ↑ "Calendar center of Geophysics institute of Tehran University, 1395 Calendar" (PDF) (in Persian). Retrieved 12 June 2016. ↑ "Calendar center of Geophysics institute of Tehran University, 1396 Calendar" (PDF) (in Persian). Retrieved 12 June 2016. ↑ "Calendar center of Geophysics institute of Tehran University, 1397 Calendar" (PDF) (in Persian). ↑ Koh e Murad ↑ Dogana laytul qadr reference. ↑ Quran 97:1–5 ↑ "Imam Mahdi (a) in Chapter al-Qadr". +References +Toh Chin Chye, DUNU (First Class), (simplified Chinese: 杜进才; traditional Chinese: 杜進才; pinyin: Dù Jìn Cái; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tō Chìn-châi; 10 December 1921 – 3 February 2012) was a politician from Singapore. +He was a prominent member of the country's first generation of political leaders after Singapore became independent in 1965, serving as Deputy Prime Minister (1965–1968), Minister for Science and Technology (1968–1975) and Minister for Health (1975–1981). +He served as the Chairman of the People's Action Party (PAP) from 1954 to 1981, and as the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Singapore from 1968 to 1975. +After he left the Cabinet in 1981, he continued to serve as a Member of Parliament (MP) on the backbenches until he retired from politics in 1988. +Toh completed his secondary education at St George's Institution in Taiping, Perak, and at the Anglo-Chinese School in Ipoh. He obtained a diploma in science from Raffles College in Singapore in 1946. He furthered his studies at University of London and in 1953 he received a PhD in Physiology from the National Institute for Medical Research.[4] +Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2011. ↑ "Dr Toh Chin Chye". +Mark Hamill Hamill at the Japanese premiere of Star Wars: The Last Jedi in December 2017 Born Mark Richard Hamill (1951-09-25) September 25, 1951 Oakland, California, U.S. Alma mater Los Angeles City College Occupation Actor voice actor writer Years active 1970–present Political party Democratic Spouse(s) Marilou York (m. 1978) Children 3 Signature +Mark Richard Hamill (born September 25, 1951) is an American stage, screen and voice actor. He is known for playing Luke Skywalker in the Star Wars film series and for his voice-over work in animations and video games as the Joker, beginning with Batman: The Animated Series in 1992. +Hamill has acted in several theater productions, including The Elephant Man, and is the cowriter of The Black Pearl comic book miniseries. +Mark Hamill +Gameplay +Soundtrack +Just Dance 2019 is an upcoming dance rhythm game developed by Ubisoft. It was officially unveiled on June 11, 2018, during its E3 press conference[1], and is scheduled to be released on October 23, 2018 on Nintendo Switch, Wii, Wii U, PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Xbox 360[2][3]. +As with the previous installments of the franchise, players must mimic the on-screen dancer's choreography to a chosen song using either motion controllers or the game's associated Just Dance Controller app on a smartphone. +The following songs confirmed to feature on the game include:[4] +External links +Just Dance 2019 Developer(s) Ubisoft Paris Publisher(s) Ubisoft Series Just Dance Platform(s) Wii Wii U Nintendo Switch PlayStation 4 Xbox One Xbox 360 Release NA: October 23, 2018 EU: October 25, 2018 AU: October 25, 2018 Genre(s) Dance Mode(s) Multiplayer +11 June 2018. ↑ "E3 2018 HIGHLIGHTS: UBISOFT PRESS CONFERENCE". Gaming Union. 11 June 2018. ↑ "Ubisoft Announces Just Dance 2019 With a Colorful Dance Routine". +Official website +External links +References +Honours +Enoch zu Guttenberg, 2012 +Georg Enoch Robert Prosper Philipp Franz Karl Theodor Maria Heinrich Johannes Luitpold Hartmann Gundeloh Freiherr von und zu Guttenberg, known as Enoch zu Guttenberg, (29 July 1946 – 15 June 2018) was a German conductor. +He also owned the large winery estate Weingut Reichsrat von Buhl. +Born in Guttenberg, Bavaria, Germany, he was a member of the House of Guttenberg, he is the son of CSU politician Karl Theodor von und zu Guttenberg and Rosa Sophie Prinzessin von Arenberg. He was the father of CSU politician Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg. +Guttenberg died on 15 June 2018 at the age of 71.[1] +2008: Echo Klassik Bundesverdienstkreuz 1. Klasse Bayerischer Verdienstorden +↑ "Enoch zu Guttenberg tot", Neue Presse (Coburg), 15 June 2018 (in German) +Enoch zu Guttenberg in the German National Library catalogue Official website Discography Enoch zu Guttenberg +Enoch zu Guttenberg +References +Ettore Romoli (9 April 1938 – 14 June 2018) was an Italian politician.[2] He was a member of the Forza Italia party and was mayor of Gorizia from 2007 to 2017.[3] +Retrieved 2017-06-13. ↑ "Gorizia: conferma per sindaco uscente di centrodestra Ettore Romoli" (in Italian). liberoquotidiano.it. Retrieved 2017-06-13. ↑ "Gorizia, il sindaco Ettore Romoli finanzia 30 disoccupati con i soldi per i rifugiati politici" (in Italian). liberoquotidiano.it. Retrieved 2017-06-13. +External links +References +Career +Pritam Singh (born 2 August, 1976), JD, is a Singaporean politician and lawyer serving as leader of the Workers' Party and Leader of the Opposition since 2018. Prior to the appointment, he was previously the Assistant Secretary-General of the party since 2016. +A member of the opposition and the chairman of Aljunied-Hougang town council, he has been a Member of Parliament (MP) representing the Aljunied Group Representation Constituency for Eunos since 2011.[2] +Pritam Singh served in the SAF until 2002, achieving the rank of Major[3]. +In 2007, he founded Opinion Asia, an online commentary syndicate with a focus on Asian issues. +At the 2011 general election, Singh was part of the five-member Worker's Party team which contested the Aljunied Group Representation Constituency (GRC). The team included the party's Secretary-General, Low Thia Khiang, Sylvia Lim (the party's Chairperson), Chen Show Mao and Muhamad Faisal bin Abdul Manap. They faced the team from the incumbent People's Action Party (PAP), which was led by then Minister for Foreign Affairs George Yeo. +The Workers' Party's team defeated the PAP team by 72,289 votes (54.7%) to 59,829 (45.2%),[4] marking the first occasion in Singapore's history in which an opposition party had won an election in a GRC. +Retrieved 2018-04-29. ↑ Exclusive Interview with Pritam Singh, Univantage, SMU, October 2011 ↑ 2011's Chevening Scholars, British High Commission Singapore website, retrieved 8 April 2012. ↑ News from our alumni, kcl.ac.uk, retrieved 8 April 2012. ↑ Pritam Singh Archived 2011-06-26 at the Wayback Machine., wp.sg, retrieved 6 April 2012. ↑ "WP's Pritam Singh ties the knot in colourful ceremony". Retrieved 2017-12-10. ↑ https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/workers-party-secretary-general-pritam-singh-10-things-to-know-10116750 +Guide +This is a list of symbols used in all branches of mathematics to express a formula or to represent a constant. +For many of the symbols below, the symbol is usually synonymous with the corresponding concept (ultimately an arbitrary choice made as a result of the cumulative history of mathematics), but in some situations, a different convention may be used. For example, depending on context, the triple bar "≡" may represent congruence or a definition. However, in mathematical logic, numerical equality is sometimes represented by "≡" instead of "=", with the latter representing equality of well-formed formulas. +Each symbol is shown both in HTML, whose display depends on the browser's access to an appropriate font installed on the particular device, and typeset as an image using TeX. +This list is organized by symbol type and is intended to facilitate finding an unfamiliar symbol by its visual appearance. For a related list organized by mathematical topic, see List of mathematical symbols by subject. That list also includes LaTeX and HTML markup, and Unicode code points for each symbol (note that this article doesn't have the latter two, but they could certainly be added). +There is a Wikibooks guide for using maths in LaTeX,[1] and a comprehensive LaTeX symbol list.[2] It is also possible to check to see if a Unicode code point is available as a LaTeX command, or vice versa.[3] Also note that where there is no LaTeX command natively available for a particular symbol (although there may be options that require adding packages), the symbol could be added via other options, such as setting the document up to support Unicode,[4] and entering the character in a variety of ways (e.g. copying and pasting, keyboard shortcuts, the \unicode{} command[5]) as well as other options[6] and extensive additional information.[7][8] +Symbols based on equality "=": Symbols derived from or similar to the equal sign, including double-headed arrows. Not surprisingly these symbols are often associated with an equivalence relation. Symbols that point left or right: Symbols, such as < and >, that appear to point to one side or another. +1 2 3 4 5 6 "The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List" (PDF). p. 15. Retrieved 16 November 2017. Because of the lack of notational consensus, it is probably better to spell out “Contradiction!” than to use a symbol for this purpose. ↑ Cook, John. +"Unicode / LaTeX conversion". John Cook Consulting. Retrieved 18 November 2017. ↑ "LaTeX/Special Characters". +Wikibooks. Retrieved 18 November 2017. ↑ "\unicode - Tex Command". TutorialsBay. +Retrieved 18 November 2017. ↑ "Unicode characters in pdflatex output using hexcode without UTF-8 input". Tex Stack Exchange. Retrieved 18 November 2017. ↑ "fontenc vs inputenc". +Retrieved 18 November 2017. ↑ "pdflatex crashes when Latex code includes \unicode{f818} and \unicode{f817} and how to handle it". TeX Stack Exchange. Retrieved 18 November 2017. ↑ "Math is Fun website". ↑ Rónyai, Lajos (1998), Algoritmusok(Algorithms), TYPOTEX, ISBN 963-9132-16-0 ↑ Deb, K.; Pratap, A.; Agarwal, S.; Meyarivan, T. (2002). +References +Sonia Scurfield, B.A (née Onishenko; September 19, 1928 – June 14, 2018)[1] was a co-owner of the Calgary Flames hockey team from 1985 to 1994.[2] She became the second woman, and the only Canadian woman, to have her name engraved on the Stanley Cup when the Flames won the National Hockey League championship in 1989.[3] +Hockey Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved 7 November 2014. ↑ https://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/sonia-scurfield-canadian-woman-engraved-stanley-cup/ +External links +References +Andrew Massey (1 May 1946 – 1 June 2018) was an English conductor and composer who was primarily active in the United States. +From 1991–2002 he was principal conductor of the Toledo Symphony Orchestra. He had previously held the post of principal conductor with the Fresno Philharmonic, the New Orleans Philharmonic-Symphony Orchestra and the Rhode Island Philharmonic Orchestra.[1] He later served as conductor for the Middlebury College orchestra and an interim conductor for the Vermont Youth Orchestra. +He died in his home in Vermont on 1 June 2018, age 72, after a long battle with cancer.[2] +↑ "The Baton is Passed". The Blade (Toledo, Ohio). +18 May 2002. ↑ "Andrew Massey (1946-2018)". +The Blade (Toledo, Ohio). 2 June 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2018. +References +Sam Moore, born Salim Ziady, (October 25, 1929 – June 1, 2018) was a Lebanese-born American publisher. +He was the chief executive officer of Thomas Nelson from 1969 to 2005. +Moore was born on October 25, 1929 in Beirut, Lebanon.[1][2][3] He emigrated to the United States in the 1950s to attend Columbia International University,[1] followed by the University of South Carolina.[4] +Moore had a wife, Peggy, and three children.[3] +Moore died on June 1, 2018, at 88.[2][3][4] +1 2 "Loyal friend of LU and former Thomas Nelson Publishers CEO leaves lasting legacy". Liberty News. Liberty University. +Retrieved June 9, 2018. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Former Thomas Nelson CEO Moore dies". Nashville Post. +Retrieved June 9, 2018. 1 2 3 Wenner, Emma (June 4, 2018). "Obituary: Sam Moore". +Retrieved June 9, 2018. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Shellnutt, Sam (June 4, 2018). "Died: Sam Moore, Who Made Thomas Nelson a Top Christian Publisher". +External links +References +André Desvages (12 March 1944 – May/June 2018) was a French professional road bicycle racer.[1] Desvages' short professional cycling, from 1967 to 1970, is mostly remembered for his 5A stage win in the 1968 Tour de France. +After his cycling career he became technical director of the new Gitane team, and he signed a young Bernard Hinault. +He competed in the team time trial at the 1964 Summer Olympics.[2] +↑ Disparition d'André Desvages (in French) ↑ "André Desvages Olympic Results". sports-reference.com. Retrieved 22 August 2014. +André Desvages at Cycling Archives Official Tour de France results for André Desvages +External links +References +Johnnie Keyes (February 21, 1940 – June 3, 2018) was an Afro-American pornographic film actor.[1][2] +Keyes had a lead role in Behind the Green Door (1972). +He also performed in films in the Swedish Erotica series during the 1980s. In addition to his work in adult film, Keyes starred in musicals and the theater, was a boxer, a singer, and a sex surrogate.[3] +The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 26, 2015. ↑ "Golden Age Icon Johnnie Keyes Dies". Adult Video News. +June 4, 2018. Retrieved June 4, 2018. ↑ "Johnnie Keyes: The Man Behind The Green Door Podcast 59 - The Rialto Report". The Rialto Report. +2016-03-13. Retrieved 2018-06-11. ↑ "AVN Hall of Fame". Archived from the original on 2007-08-14. ↑ "XRCO Hall of Fame". +Johnnie Keyes on IMDb Johnny Keyes at the Internet Adult Film Database Johnny Keyes at the Adult Film Database +External links +References +Robert Norman "Bob" Forhan (March 27, 1936 – June 3, 2018) was a Canadian ice hockey right winger who competed in the 1960 Winter Olympics and 1964 Winter Olympics. +Born in Newmarket, Ontario, Forhan won a silver medal at the 1960 Winter Olympics in ice hockey. He finished fourth at the 1964 Winter Olympics in ice hockey. +In 2010 he was one of the 7 "inaugural inductees to the Newmarket Sports Hall of Fame."[1] He died on June 3, 2018 at the age of 82.[2] +References +Amand Dalem (5 June 1938 – 28 February 2018) was a Belgian politician who was Mayor of Rochefort (1970–1994), Senator (1979–1994), Minister of the Walloon Government (1985–1992), and Governor of the Province of Namur (1994–2007).[1] +↑ L'ex-ministre et gouverneur de la province de Namur Amand Dalem est décédé (in French) +References +Edouard Ferrand +Édouard Ferrand (25 April 1965 – 1 February 2018) was a French politician and a member of National Front. +He was a Front National MEP and regional councillor in Burgundy.[1] In 2009, he was selected to be National Front's candidate in Burgundy for the 2010 regional elections.[2] He was elected to the European Parliament in May 2014.[3] +External links +References +Zeng Jinyan +Zeng Jinyan (Chinese: 曾金燕; born October 9, 1983), is a Chinese blogger and human rights activist. +The wife of AIDS and environmental activist Hu Jia, Zeng became famous for a blog she had maintained throughout the disappearance of her husband, which was believed to be the working of China's secret police.[1] Zeng was put under house arrest in August 2006 and the blog that details her life under constant surveillance and police harassment has been subsequently blocked in China. +Zeng continued to update her blog until July 27, 2008, before her disappearance. +References +Jean-Baptiste Kim (right) +Jean-Baptiste Kim (born 26 January 1966) is a political defector-refugee from South Korea in Europe. +He was born in South Korea which he fled as a teenager following incarceration and torture against him and his family members by the South Korean authorities leading to the death of his father.[1] (His father was a political activist of the then-military dictatorship in South Korea.) +In 2007 he announced his dissociation with Pyongyang and that he is no longer working for the North Korean state.[4] This led to the cancellation of the Rock for Peace Festival that he was in the middle of organising in which a Norwegian rock band among others was to perform in Pyongyang.[5] +Since his retirement from politics, he is currently living in Annecy, France with his family and writing his biography, 'Resistance', and many other books and articles according to his recent public pages on Facebook.com.[6] +"From despot's PR man to Surrey salesman". +The Spectator. Retrieved 2013-10-12. ↑ "Smells Like Kim Spirit". +Mesh.typepad.com. Retrieved 2013-10-12. ↑ Archived August 29, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. ↑ "Jean-Baptiste Kim". +Facebook. Retrieved 2013-10-12. +External links +References +Bak Jongcheol (April 1, 1965 – January 14, 1987[1]) was South Korean democracy movement activist. +His death by torture helped spark the June Democracy Movement of 1987. +Martyr for Democracy Bak Jongcheol Memorial Association (in Korean) +References +Dan Ťok MP Minister of Transport Incumbent Assumed office 4 December 2014 Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka Andrej Babiš Preceded by Antonín Prachař Member of the Chamber of Deputies Incumbent Assumed office 21 October 2017 Personal details Born (1959-03-04) 4 March 1959 Uherské Hradiště, Czechoslovakia Political party independent (nominated by ANO 2011) Alma mater Brno University of Technology +Dan Ťok (born 4 March 1959) is a Czech politician who has been Minister of Transport since 2014. +He was nominated to the government by ANO 2011.[1] +Ťoka čeká hlavně stabilizace ŘSD". Retrieved 22 April 2016. +Dan Ťok +References +Karla Šlechtová (born 22 May 1977) is a Czech politician and economist who has been Minister of Defence since December 2017. +Previously, she served as Minister of Regional Development from 2014 to 2017.[1] Šlechtová has also been Member of the Chamber of Deputies (MP) since October 2017. +8 October 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2015. +References +Pavel Bělobrádek (Czech pronunciation: [ˈpavɛl ˈbjɛlobraːdɛk]; born 25 December 1976) is a Czech politician who has been the Leader of the KDU-ČSL since 2010. +He was an unknown at the time of his election in 2010.[1] +He served as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Science and Research in Bohuslav Sobotka's Cabinet 29 January 2014 to 13 December 2017. +Niuzer.com. Retrieved 2011-12-12. +References +Vojtěch Adam (born 12 September 1950), is a Czech politician. +He has served as a member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic since 2013, representing Southern Moravia for the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia[1] +Psp.cz. Retrieved 2015-06-18. +Vojtěch Adam +References +Sir Anthony Michael William Battishill GCB (born 4 July 1937) is a former British senior civil servant. +He served as the Chairman of the Board of Inland Revenue from 1986 to 1997. +Battishill was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in the 1989 New Year Honours.[1] He was promoted to Knight Grand Cross (GCB) in the 1997 New Year Honours.[2] +Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany +References +Royal Houses +Presidents of the Federal Republic of Germany +Grand Crosses Special Issue of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany +Konrad Adenauer Helmut Kohl[1] +26 October 1998. Retrieved 31 January 2017. +This is a list of recipients of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. +King Albert II of Belgium King Philippe of Belgium King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden King Juan Carlos I of Spain Queen Juliana of the Netherlands Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands Queen Elizabeth II King Birendra of Nepal Prince Claus of the Netherlands Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld Henrik, Prince Consort of Denmark Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh King Hassanal Bolkiah King Hussein of Jordan Queen Margrethe II of Denmark Queen Silvia of Sweden Queen Sirikit of Thailand Queen Sofía of Spain Queen Sonja of Norway Empress Farah Pahlavi Queen Paola of Belgium Queen Aishwarya of Nepal Queen Frederica of Hanover Queen Rania of Jordan Queen Ratna of Nepal Qaboos bin Said al Said King Paul of Greece King Mahendra of Nepal King Olav V of Norway Emperor Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway Emperor Haile Selassie I Emperor Akihito of Japan King Maha Vajiralongkorn of Thailand +Karl Carstens Joachim Gauck Gustav Heinemann Roman Herzog Theodor Heuss Horst Köhler Heinrich Lübke Johannes Rau Walter Scheel Frank-Walter Steinmeier Richard von Weizsäcker Christian Wulff +External links +See also +20th century +Prior to 20th century +21st century +Map of Mecca, 1946 "H.V. Weakley Photo Gallery: Pilgrimage, Mecca c1912" – via St Antony's College, Oxford, Middle East Centre Archive. +Qatar National Library. +Fourmilab. +The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Mecca, Saudi Arabia. +683 / 63-64 H - Siege of Mecca (683); Kaaba burnt.[4] 692 - Siege of Mecca (692).[5] 751 - Milestones installed along the Darb Zubaidah (Baghdad-Mecca road). 793 - Harun al-Rashid visits city.[4] 810 - Aqueduct built.[1] 930 - City sacked by Qarmatians; Black Stone taken out of Mecca.[4] 951 - Black Stone returned to Mecca.[4] 1184 - Traveller Ibn Jubayr visits city.[6] 1265 - Egyptian Mamluks in power.[4] 1326 - Traveller Ibn Battuta visits Mecca.[6] 1517 - Ottomans in power;[7] Selim I becomes Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. 1630 - Flood.[7] 1631 - Kaaba rebuilt.[8] 1802/1803 - Mecca "captured by the Sa'udi-Wahhabi army."[9] 1812/1813 - Wahhabis ousted by Egyptian forces.[7] 1840 - Ottomans in power again.[7] 1880 - 21 March: Sharif assassinated.[5] 1885 - Population: 45,000 (estimate).[10] 1886 - Printing press in use (approximate date).[11] +1925 - City becomes part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.[4] 1926 - Al Adl cemetery and al-Mahad al-Ilmi Suudi (school)[11] established. 1929 - Amanat al-Asima (municipality) established.[11] 1931 / 1349-1350 H - Public library founded (approximate date).[11] 1932 - Dar al-Hadith (school) established.[11] 1930s - Aziziyya, Faysaliyya, Khayriyya, and Suudiyya schools established (approximate date).[11] 1938 - Maktabat al-Haram (library) active.[11] 1945 - Al-Wehda Club (sport club) formed. 1949 / 1368-1369 H - Kulliyyat al-Sharia (college) established.[11] 1951 - College of Education established.[11] 1958 - Al Nadwa newspaper begins publication.[14] 1960 - Police academy established.[11] 1962 Slavery abolished.[11] Population: 158,908.[15] 1964 / 1383-1384 H Malcolm X visits city.[1] Masjid al-Haram expanded.[1] 1966 - Mahad al-Nur (school) established.[11] 1972 - Hajj televised.[16] 1973 - "Master Plan for the Holy City of Mecca" launched.[1] 1974 - Population: 366,801.[17] 1975 - Fire in Mina.[1] 1979 - 20 November-4 December: Grand Mosque seizure.[18] 1981 - Umm al-Qura University established.[11] 1986 - King Abdul Aziz Stadium opens. +Timeline of Mecca +2005 - April: 2005 Islamic Solidarity Games held in city. 2006 / 1426-1427 H 5 January: 2006 Mecca hostel collapse. 12 January: 2006 Hajj stampede.[18] December: Abraj al Bait Mall in business.[19] 2007 - Jamaraat Bridge for pedestrians rebuilt. +Mecca history History of Mecca (in Arabic) List of sharifs of Mecca Timeline of Muhammad in Mecca List of mosques in Mecca Timeline of Islamic history Timelines of other cities in Saudi Arabia: Jeddah, Medina, Riyadh +Retrieved 30 April 2015. ↑ "Price of Progress: Transforming Islam's Holiest Site", New York Times, 8 March 2007 ↑ "Why do thousands want to show off Mecca on a chat app?", BBC News, 11 July 2015 ↑ "Snapchat opens digital window on Mecca to millions", al-Jazeera, 14 July 2015 +Umar's opposition +Significance +Treaty +The Treaty of Hudaybiyyah (Arabic: صلح الحديبية) was an important event that took place during the formation of Islam. It was a pivotal treaty between Muhammad, representing the state of Medina, and the Quraysh tribe of Mecca in March 628 (corresponding to Dhu al-Qi'dah, 6 AH). It helped to decrease tension between the two cities, affirmed a 10-year peace, and authorised Muhammad's followers to return the following year in a peaceful pilgrimage, later known as The First Pilgrimage.[1][2][3] +The statement of the treaty was as follows:[6] +Whoever in Arabia wishes to enter into a treaty or covenant with Muhammad can do so, and whoever wishes to enter into a treaty or covenant with the Quraysh can do so. And if a Qurayshite comes without the permission of his guardian to Muhammad, he shall be delivered up to the Quraysh; but if, on the other hand, one of Muhammad's people comes to the Quraysh, he shall not be delivered up to Muhammad. This year, Muhammad, with his companions, must withdraw from Mecca, but next year, he may come to Mecca and remain for three days, yet without their weapons except those of a traveler, the swords remaining in their sheaths.” +After the treaty was signed, most of the pilgrims objected to Muhammad giving in to the Koreishites on most points, refusing to use the name of Allah, and refusing to call himself the Messenger of God. This led to Umar having doubts about Muhammad's truthfulness and asking Muhammad if he really was the Messenger of God.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13] This has even been recorded in Sahih Muslim.[14] Umar later said that if a hundred men had supported him, then he would have left Islam then.[15][16][17] +Further, as there was no longer a constant struggle between the Muslims and the polytheists, many people saw Islam in a new light, which led to many more people accepting Islam. In addition, the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah paved the way for many other tribes to make treaties with the Muslims. The treaty also serves as an example that Islam was not merely spread with the sword, as Muhammad had an army that could have attacked Mecca, but Muhammad chose to make a treaty instead of attacking. +A verse of the Quran was revealed about the treaty, which translates to, "Verily we have granted thee a manifest victory" (Quran 48:1). +Pledge of the Tree List of treaties Urwah ibn Mas'ud +ISBN 978-0-06-115577-2. ↑ Armstrong, Karen (2002). Islam: A Short History. +New York: Modern Library. p. 23. +ISBN 978-0-8129-6618-3. ↑ Andrae; Menzel (1960) p. +156; See also: Watt (1964) p. 183 ↑ "The Event Of Hudaybiyyah". Al-Islam.org. +Retrieved 22 November 2015. ↑ Learning Islam 8. +Islamic Services Foundation. 2009. p. D14. ISBN 1-933301-12-0. ↑ Razwy, Sayed Ali Asgher. +A Restatement of the History of Islam & Muslims. pp. 183–186. ↑ Glubb, Sir John. +The Great Arab Conquests. ↑ Bodley, R.V.C. The Messenger - the Life of Mohammed. ↑ al-Samawi, Muhammad al-Tijani. +Then I was Guided. ↑ "The Treaty of Hudaybiyah". +Questions on Islam. +Retrieved 15 June 2018. ↑ Ibn Hisham. ibid, Volume 3. p. 331. ↑ ibn Hanbal, Ahmad. ibid, Volume 4. p. 330. ↑ Muslim. Sahih, Volume 3. p. 1412. ↑ Razwy, Sayed Ali Asgher. A Restatement of the History of Islam & Muslims. p. 185. ↑ Rodinson, Maxime (2002). +Treaty of Hudaybiyyah +Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Khādim al-harmain ash-sharifain (Arabic) Iki Kutsal Cami'nin Hizmetkâri(Turkish) Incumbent Salman Details Style CTHM, Your Majesty First monarch Salahuddin Al Ayyubi Residence King's Palace, Riyadh +Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques (abbreviation CTHM) (Arabic: خَـادِم الْـحَـرَمَـيْـن الـشَّـرِيْـفَـيْـن‎, Khādim al-Ḥaramayn aš-Šarīfayn; Turkish: İki Kutsal Cami'nin Hizmetkârı), sometimes translated as Servant of the Two Noble Sanctuaries or Protector of the Two Holy Cities, is a royal style that has been used by many Islamic rulers, including the Ayyubids, the Mamluk Sultans of Egypt, the Ottoman Sultans, and in the modern age, Saudi Arabian kings.[1] The title refers to the ruler taking the responsibility of guarding and maintaining the two holiest mosques in Islam: Al-Haram Mosque (Arabic: ٱلْـمَـسْـجِـد الْـحَـرَام‎, translit. Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām, "The Sacred Mosque") in Mecca and the Prophet's Mosque (Arabic: ٱلْـمَـسْـجِـد الـنَّـبَـوِي‎, translit. Al-Masjid An-Nabawī) in Medina,[1][2] both of which are in the Hejazi region[3] of the Arabian Peninsula. +It is believed that the first person to use the title was Saladin.[4] +After defeating the Mamluks and gaining control of the Mecca and Medina in 1517, the Ottoman Sultan Selim I adopted the title. Rather than style himself the Ḥākimü'l-Ḥaremeyn (Arabic: حَـاكِـمُ الْـحَـرَمَـيْـن‎, Ruler of The Two Holy Cities), he accepted the title Ḫādimü'l-Ḥaremeyn (Arabic: خَـادِمُ الْـحَـرَمَـيْـن‎, Servant of The Two Holy Cities).[5][6][7] This title was used by all subsequent Ottoman Caliph Sultans until Mehmed VI, the last. +The first King of Saudi Arabia to assume the title was Faisal bin Abdul Aziz. His successor Khalid did not use the title,[4] but the latter's successor Fahd did, replacing the term "His Majesty" with it.[8] The current king, Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, took the same title after the death of King Abdullah, his half brother, on 23 January 2015.[2] +Amīr al-Mu’minīn (Arabic: أَمِـيْـر الْـمُـؤْمِـنِـيْـن‎, "Commander of the Believers") Holy city Jerusalem Islamic Waqf +1 2 "Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz". The Saudi Embassy in Tokyo, Japan. Retrieved April 6, 2011. ↑ Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary. +Retrieved 27 June 2016. ↑ Freidun Emecen, Selim I, TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi, Vol.36, p.413-414. (In Turkish) ↑ İlber Ortaylı, "Yavuz Sultan Selim", Milliyet (In Turkish) ↑ İlber Ortaylı, "Surre alayı Topkapı Sarayı’ndan geçiyor", Milliyet, 20 April 2008 (In Turkish) ↑ "Fahad played pivotal role in development". Gulf Daily News. +Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques +South Asia +Americas +West Asia +List +Central and East Asia +Southeast Asia +Africa +Europe +Nippur (Ancient Mesopotamian religions)[6] Qom (Shi'a Islam) Safed (Judaism) Tarim (Sufism) Tiberias (Judaism) Balkh (Zoroastrianism) Mazar-i-Sharif (Islam in Afghanistan)[7] Yazd (Zoroastrianism) Udvada (Zoroastrianism) +Ganges River in Varanasi +Ajmer (Islam) Allahabad/Prayag (Hinduism) Anandpur Sahib (Sikhism) Anuradhapura (Buddhism) Ayodhya (Hinduism) Badrinath (Hinduism) Barmer (Jainism) Chamkaur Sahib (Sikhism) Damdama Sahib (Sikhism) Dwarka (Hinduism) Falna (Jainism) Fatehgarh Sahib (Sikhism) Goindwal Sahib (Sikhism) Gaya/Bodh Gaya (Buddhism, Hinduism) Jaipur (Jainsm) Kathmandu (Hinduism-Buddhism) Kanchipuram (Hinduism) Kandy (Buddhism) Kartarpur Sahib, India (Sikhism) Kiratpur Sahib (Sikhism) Kurukshetra (Hinduism) Kartarpur Sahib, Pakistan (Sikhism) Lumbini (Buddhism) Mathura (Hinduism) Mount Abu (Jainism) Nagpur (Buddhism, Islam) Nanded (Sikhism) Nankana Sahib (Sikhism) Nathdwara (Hinduism) Paonta Sahib (Sikhism) Patna Sahib (Sikhism) Poo Pathi (Hinduism) Puri (Hinduism) Pushkar (Hinduism) Rajgir (Buddhism, Jainism) Rameswaram (Hinduism) Ranakpur (Jainism) Salasar (Hinduism) Sultanpur Lodhi (Nanak Nagri) (Sikhism) Sri Amritsar (Sikhism) Sri Muktsar Sahib (Sikhism) Tarn Taran Sahib (Sikhism) Tirupati (city) (Hinduism) Udaipur (Hinduism) Ujjain (Hinduism) Varanasi/Benares/Kashi (Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism) Vrindavan (Hinduism) +Qufu (Confucianism) Lhasa (Tibetan Buddhism) Thimphu (Tibetan Buddhism) Ise (Shinto) Yawata (Shinto) Mount Kōya (Shingon Buddhism) Kyoto (Japanese Buddhism, Shinto) Tenri (Tenrikyo) Turkestan (Islam) +Denpasar (Balinese Hinduism) Kudus (Islam) Demak (Islam) Cirebon (Islam) Surabaya (Islam) Borobudur (Buddhism) Prambanan (Buddhism, Hinduism) Tay Ninh (Cao Dai) +Retrieved 1 July 2011. ↑ http://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-54/siparee-mai-miracle-mother#axzz54IoQr600 ↑ http://www.libraryireland.com/social-history/popular-rhymes/kilkenny-cats.php ↑ http://www.kilkennypeople.ie/news/kilkenny-news/62942/St-Canice-s-Cathedral-is-Kilkenny.html ↑ "Historical city Mtskheta becomes "Holy City"". Agenda.ge. 7 April 2014. +Such cities may also contain at least one headquarters complex (often containing a religious edifice, seminary, shrine, residence of the leading cleric of the religion and/or chambers of the religious leadership's offices) which constitutes a major destination of human traffic, or pilgrimage to the city, especially for major ceremonies and observances. A holy city is a symbolic city, representing attributes beyond its natural characteristics. Marketing experts have suggested that holy cities may be the oldest brands, and more specifically, place brands because they have value added via the perception of religious adherents.[1] +Abydos (Ancient Egyptian religion) Aksum (Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church) Alexandria (Coptic Orthodox Church) Bubastis (Centre of worship for Bastet) Harar (Islam) Heliopolis (Ancient Egyptian religion) Nkamba (Kimbanguism) Ife (Yoruba religion) Kairouan (Sufism) Lalibela (Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church) Moulay Idriss (Islam) Zion City Moria (Zion Christian Church) Ewu (St. Benedict Monastery), (Assemblies of God Church), (Alu-Oshaeraen Shrine), (Alu-Azido Shrine), the spiritual headquarters of Esan religion. Touba, Senegal (Mouridism). Ouidah (West African Vodun) +Tiwanaku (Ancient Andean religion, and now a religious centre of many ceremonies) Cuzco (Ancient Incan religion) Independence, Missouri - a Zion and future location of the New Jerusalem in the Latter Day Saint movement Charleston, South Carolina (Religious Diversity) Clearwater, Florida (Church of Scientology) Santa Fe, New Mexico (Roman Catholicism) Salt Lake City (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints) Mexico City (in Aztec religion as the site where the gods commanded the Mexica to begin the empire and in Roman Catholicism as the site of the apparition of Our Lady of Guadalupe). The second most visited Catholic site and third most visited religious site in the world. Teotihuacan (in Olmec, Toltec, and Aztec religion as the birthplace of the gods) Siparia (Roman Catholicism, Indigenous Trinidadian religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Spiritual Baptist, Rastafarianism, Yoruba-Orisha, Bahá’í)[2] +St Peter's Square, Vatican City. +Canterbury Cathedral. +Rome (Roman Catholicism) Vatican City (Roman Catholicism) Cologne (Medieval, Roman Catholicism) Venice (Roman Catholicism) Fátima (Roman Catholicism) Paris (Roman Catholicism) Constantinople/Istanbul (Orthodox Christianity) Athens (Orthodox Christianity) Ohrid (Orthodox Christianity) Bolghar (Medieval, Islam) Santiago de Compostela (Roman Catholicism, Priscillianism) Caravaca de la Cruz (Roman Catholicism) Canterbury (Medieval Roman Catholicism and Church of England) Santo Toribio de Liébana (Roman Catholicism) Toledo (Medieval, Roman Catholicism and Islam) Córdoba (Medieval, Islam) Częstochowa (Roman Catholicism) Kilkenny (Roman Catholicism)[3][4] Medjugorje (Roman Catholicism) Wittenberg (Lutheranism) +Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem, a holy city in Judaism, Christianity and Islam +Shrine of the Báb in Haifa, sacred to the Bahá'í faith. +Jerusalem (Judaism, Christianity, Islam) Mount Sinai (Judaism, Christianity, Islam) Hebron (Judaism, Islam) Nazareth (Christianity) Bethlehem (Christianity) Karbala (Shi'a Islam) Haifa (Bahá'í) Akká (Bahá'í) Antioch (Christianity) Vagharshapat (Armenian Apostolic Church) Mashhad (Shi'a Islam) Mecca (Islam) Medina (Islam) Mtskheta (Georgian Orthodox Church)[5] Najaf (Shi'a Islam) +Further reading +Aftermath +Seizure +Siege +Notes +Prisoners, trials and executions +Background +The Grand Mosque seizure occurred during November and December 1979 when extremist insurgents calling for the overthrow of the House of Saud took over Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. The insurgents declared that the Mahdi (the "redeemer of Islam") had arrived in the form of one of their leaders – Mohammed Abdullah al-Qahtani – and called on Muslims to obey him. For nearly two weeks Saudi Special Forces, assisted by Pakistani and French commandos,[7] fought battles to reclaim the compound.[8] +The seizure of Islam's holiest site, the taking of hostages from among the worshippers and the deaths of hundreds of militants, security forces and hostages caught in the crossfire in the ensuing battles for control of the site, shocked the Islamic world. The siege ended two weeks after the takeover began and the mosque was cleared.[9] Al-Qahtani was killed in the recapture of the mosque but Juhayman and 67 of his fellow rebels who survived the assault were captured and later beheaded.[10][11][12] +Following the attack, the Saudi King Khaled implemented a stricter enforcement of Shariah (Islamic law),[13] he gave the ulama and religious conservatives more power over the next decade, and religious police became more assertive.[14] +He declared his brother-in-law Mohammed Abdullah al-Qahtani to be the Mahdi, or redeemer, who arrives on earth several years before Judgement Day. His followers embellished the fact that Al-Qahtani's name and his father's name are identical to Prophet Mohammed's name and that of his father, and developed a saying, "His and his father's names were the same as Mohammed's and his father's, and he had come to Makkah from the north", to justify their belief. The date of the attack, 20 November 1979, was the first day of the year 1400 according to the Islamic calendar; this ties in with the tradition of the mujaddid, a person who appears at the turn of every century of the Islamic calendar to revive Islam, cleansing it of extraneous elements and restoring it to its pristine purity.[15] +In the early morning of 20 November 1979, the imam of the Grand Mosque, Sheikh Mohammed al-Subayil, was preparing to lead prayers for the 50,000 worshippers who had gathered for prayer. At around 5:00 am he was interrupted by insurgents who produced weapons from under their robes, chained the gates shut and killed two policemen who were armed with only wooden clubs for disciplining unruly pilgrims.[26] The number of insurgents has been given as "at least 500"[10] or "four to five hundred", and included several women and children who had joined al-Otaybi's movement.[25] +The insurgents released most of the hostages and locked the remainder in the sanctuary. They took defensive positions in the upper levels of the mosque, and sniper positions in the minarets, from which they commanded the grounds. No one outside the mosque knew how many hostages remained, how many militants were in the mosque and what sort of preparations they had made. +Smoke rising from the Grand Mosque during the assault on the Marwa-Safa gallery, 1979. +Grand Mosque seizure +The battle had lasted for more than two weeks, and had officially left "255 pilgrims, troops and fanatics" killed and "another 560 injured ... although diplomats suggested the toll was higher."[41] Military casualties were 127 dead and 451 injured.[5] +Surviving insurgents in custody of Saudi authorities (c. 1979). +Surviving insurgents in custody of Saudi authorities (c. 1979). +Al-Qahtani was killed in the recapture of the mosque but Juhayman and 67 of his fellow rebels who survived the assault were captured and later beheaded.[10][11] They were not shown leniency.[12] The king secured a fatwa (edict) from the Council of Senior Scholars[10][11] which found the defendants guilty of seven crimes: +violating the Masjid al-Haram's (the Grand Mosque's) sanctity; violating the sanctity of the month of Muharram; killing fellow Muslims and others; disobeying legitimate authorities; suspending prayer at Masjid al-Haram; erring in identifying the Mahdi; exploiting the innocent for criminal acts.[47][48] +Operation Blue Star, Golden Temple, Amritsar, India, 1984 Siege of Lal Masjid People claiming to be the Mahdi Masjid al-Haram (Grand Mosque) Ikhwan Revolt List of modern conflicts in the Middle East Special Services Group Pakistan +Retrieved 12 November 2010. ↑ "How Did the Seizure of the Mosque and Mecca Influence al-Qaeda?". Retrieved 14 November 2017. ↑ Miller, Flagg (2015). +EMBASSY OF THE U.S. IN LIBYA IS STORMED BY A CROWD OF 2,000; Fires Damage the Building but All Americans Escape – Attack Draws a Strong Protest Relations Have Been Cool Escaped without Harm 2,000 Libyan Demonstrators Storm the U.S. Embassy Stringent Security Measures Official Involvement Uncertain, New York Times, 3 December 1979 ↑ ""Active Measures": Forgery, Disinformation, Political Operations" (PDF). Inside the Cold War.org. United States Department of State Bureau of Public Affairs. +October 1981. ↑ Commins, David (2009). +The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia. I.B.Tauris. p. 168. ↑ Salame, Ghassan (1987). +"Islam and politics in Saudi Arabia". Arab Studies Quarterly. ix (3): 321. ↑ Lacey, Robert (2009). +20th century +See also +Prior to 20th century +21st century +The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Medina, Saudi Arabia. +656 - Ali becomes caliph and moves capital from Medina to Kufa.[6][7] 661 - Umayyad Caliphate established; capital moved from Medina to Damascus.[1] 662 - Marwan ibn al-Hakam becomes Governor of Madina. 683 - Medina sacked by Umayyads.[8] 8th century - Sharia (Islamic law) codified in Medina.[3] 706 - Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz becomes Governor of Madina. 707 - Al-Masjid al-Nabawi rebuilt.[9] 975 - City wall built.[6] 1162 - City wall expanded.[6] 1513 - Al-Hajjaria waqf (trust) incorporated. +1908 - Hejaz Railway (Damascus-Medina) begins operating.[3] 1916 - Siege of Medina begins. 1919 - January: Siege of Medina ends; Arabs in power.[13] 1925 - Medina becomes part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.[11] 1937 - Italian-Muslim hospital founded.[14] 1953 - Baqi Cemetery expanded.[14] 1955 - Al-Masjid al-Nabawi enlarged.[14] 1961 - Islamic University of Madinah established.[12][15] 1974 Mohammad Airport opens. Population: 198,186.[16] 1985 - King Fahd Complex for the Printing of the Holy Quran begins operating. +Timeline of Medina +2010 - Population: 1,180,770. 2014 8 February: 2014 Medina hotel fire. Air pollution in Medina reaches annual mean of 65 PM2.5 and 153 PM10, much higher than recommended.[17] 2016 - 4 July: bombing at Prophet's Mosque.[18] +History of Medina Other names of Medina Timelines of other cities in Saudi Arabia: Jeddah, Mecca, Riyadh +External links +Umayyad era +Ottoman era +Current expansion project +Era of Muhammad +Controversies +Era of Abraham and Ishmael +Notes +Saudi era +There has been some controversy that the expansion projects of the mosque and Mecca itself are causing harm to early Islamic heritage. Many ancient buildings, some more than a thousand years old, have been demolished to make room for the expansion.[53] Some examples are:[54][55] +Bayṫ Al-Mawlīd (Arabic: بَـيْـت الْـمَـوْلِـيْـد‎), the house where Muhammad was born, was demolished and rebuilt as a library. Dār Al-Arqam (Arabic: دَار الْأَرْقَـم‎), the Islamic school where Muhammad first taught, was flattened to lay marble tiles. The house of Abu Jahal has been demolished and replaced by public washrooms. +Retrieved 24 September 2013. ↑ http://www.haramainsharifain.com/p/blog-page.html ↑ http://www.haramain.info ↑ Zeitlin, I. M. (2013-04-25). "3". The Historical Muhammad. +John Wiley and Sons. +ISBN 0745654886. ↑ Adamec, Ludwig (2009). Historical Dictionary of Islam, 2nd Edition. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. 102. +ISBN 9780810861619. ↑ Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi (26 March 2016). The Laws of Islam (PDF) (in English). +Enlight Press. ISBN 978-0994240989. Retrieved 22 December 2017. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) 1 2 "Saudi Arabia starts Mecca mosque expansion". reuters.com. ↑ Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary. +2001. p. 479. ISBN 0 87779 546 0. Retrieved 2013-03-17. ↑ "Is Saudi Arabia Ready for Moderate Islam? - Latest Gulf News". www.fairobserver.com. +Retrieved 2017-11-25. ↑ "As we prepare to fall back, here are seven great clocks of the world". +Los Angeles Times. 2017-10-29. +ISSN 0458-3035. +Retrieved 2017-11-25. ↑ "Saudi Arabia Bulldozes Over Its Heritage" Check |url= value (help). Time. Retrieved 2017-11-25. ↑ Reid, Richard J. (12 January 2012). +"The Islamic Frontier in Eastern Africa". A History of Modern Africa: 1800 to the Present. John Wiley and Sons. p. 106. +ISBN 0470658983. Retrieved 15 March 2015. ↑ Palmer, A. L. (2016-05-26). +Historical Dictionary of Architecture (2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 185–236. ISBN 1442263091. ↑ Quran 2:127 (Translated by Yusuf Ali) ↑ Quran 22:27 ↑ Quran 21:57–58 ↑ History of Islam by Professor Masudul Hasan ↑ Book of Genesis, Genesis 11:28, Genesis 11:31 and Genesis 15:7 ↑ Book of Nehemiah, Nehemiah 9:7 ↑ Mecca: From Before Genesis Until Now, M. Lings, pg. +Al-Haram Mosque Arabic: ٱلْـمَـسْـجِـد الْـحَـرَام‎, translit. Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām The Grand Mosque during the Hajj of 2009 Location in Saudi Arabia Basic information Location Makkah, Hejaz, Saudi Arabia[1] Geographic coordinates 21°25′19″N 39°49′34″E / 21.422°N 39.826°E / 21.422; 39.826Coordinates: 21°25′19″N 39°49′34″E / 21.422°N 39.826°E / 21.422; 39.826 Affiliation Islam Administration Saudi Arabian government Leadership Imam(s): Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais Saud Al-Shuraim Abdullah Awad Al Juhany Saleh Al Talib Saleh Al Humaid Bandar Baleelah Usaamah Khayyat Yaseer Al Dosari Khalid Al Ghmadi Maher Al Muaiqly Faisal Gazzawi[2][3] Website www.gph.gov.sa Architectural description Architectural type Mosque Date established Era of Abraham in Islamic thought[4] Specifications Capacity 900,000 worshippers (Increased to 4,000,000 worshippers during the Hajj period) Minaret(s) 9 Minaret height 89 m (292 ft) +The Great Mosque of Mecca, also called Al-Haram Mosque (Arabic: ٱلْـمَـسْـجِـد الْـحَـرَام‎, translit. al-Masjid al-Ḥarām, "the Forbidden Mosque"[5] or "the Sacred Mosque"[6]:471) or Grand Mosque of Makkah,[7] is the largest mosque in the world, and surrounds the Islamic Qiblah (Arabic: قِـبْـلَـة‎, Direction of Prayer), that is the Kaaba in the Hejazi[8] city of Mecca (Arabic: مَـكَّـة‎, Makkah), Saudi Arabia. Muslims face the Kaaba while performing the Ṣalāh (Arabic: صَـلَاة‎, Islamic act of worship). One of the Five Pillars of Islam requires every Muslim to perform the Ḥajj (Arabic: حَـجّ‎, 'Pilgrimage'), one of the largest annual gatherings of people in the world, at least once in their lifetime if able to do so, including Ṭawāf (Arabic: طَـوَاف‎, Circumambulation) of the Kaaba. +Mecca in 1910 +The Quran [2:127][14] states that Ibrahīm (Arabic: إِبْـرَاهِـيْـم‎, Abraham), together with his son Ismāʿīl (Arabic: إِسْـمَـاعِـيْـل‎, Ishmael), raised the foundations of a house that is identified by most commentators as the Kaaba. God had shown Abraham the exact site, very near to the Well of Zamzam, where Abraham and Ishmael began work on the Kaaba's construction in circa 2130 BCE. After Abraham had built the Kaaba, an angel brought to him the Black Stone, a celestial stone that, according to tradition, had fallen from Heaven on the nearby hill Abu Qubays. +Upon Muhammad's victorious return to Mecca in 630 CE, he and his son-in-law, Ali Ibn Abi Talib, broke the idols in and around the Kaaba, similar to what, according to the Quran, Abraham did in his homeland.[16][lower-alpha 1] Thus ended polytheistic use of the Kaaba, and re-began monotheistic rule over it and its sanctuary.[20][21][22][23] +The first major renovation to the mosque took place in 692 on the orders of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan.[24] Before this renovation, which included the mosque's outer walls being raised and decoration added to the ceiling, the mosque was a small open area with the Kaaba at the center. By the end of the 8th century, the mosque's old wooden columns had been replaced with marble columns and the wings of the prayer hall had been extended on both sides along with the addition of a minaret on the orders of Al-Walid I.[25][26] The spread of Islam in the Middle East and the influx of pilgrims required an almost complete rebuilding of the site which included adding more marble and three more minarets. +Grand Mosque seizure Al-Aqsa Mosque, Jerusalem Holiest sites in Islam Ḥ-R-M Haram (site) List of famous mosques List of the oldest mosques +Mecca in 1850, during the Ottoman period +In 1570, Sultan Selim II commissioned the chief architect Mimar Sinan to renovate the mosque. This renovation resulted in the replacement of the flat roof with domes decorated with calligraphy internally, and the placement of new support columns which are acknowledged as the earliest architectural features of the present mosque. These features are the oldest surviving parts of the building. +Great Mosque of Mecca +In this renovation, four more minarets were added, the ceiling was refurnished, and the floor was replaced with artificial stone and marble. The Mas'a gallery (As-Safa and Al-Marwah) is included in the Mosque, via roofing and enclosures. During this renovation many of the historical features built by the Ottomans, particularly the support columns, were demolished. +In 2007, the mosque commenced a fourth extension project which is estimated to last until 2020. King Abdullah Ibn Abdulaziz planned to increase the mosque's capacity to 2 million; although the King died in 2015, his successor, King Salman, is likely to continue renovations.[7][29] In 2016 it was estimated that Great Mosque had cost 100 billion dollars.[30] +System requirements +macOS Mojave (/moʊˈhɑːvi, mə-/ mo-HAH-vee) (version 10.14) is the upcoming fifteenth major release of macOS, Apple Inc.'s desktop operating system for Macintosh computers. The successor to macOS High Sierra, it was announced at the WWDC 2018 on June 4, 2018.[3][4] It brings several iOS apps to the desktop including Apple News, Voice Memos, and Home; includes a vastly updated Dark Mode;[5] and is the final version of macOS to support 32-bit apps.[6] +macOS Mojave requires Macs with Metal API support:[9][10] +macOS 10.14 Mojave A version of the macOS operating system macOS Mojave in Dark Mode Developer Apple Inc. OS family Macintosh Unix Source model Closed, with open-source components General availability Fall 2018 Latest preview 10.14 beta 2[1] (18A314h)[2] (June 19, 2018 (2018-06-19)) [±] Update method Mac App Store Platforms x86-64 Kernel type Hybrid (XNU) License APSL and Apple EULA and Non-Disclosure Agreement Preceded by macOS 10.13 High Sierra Official website www.apple.com/macos/mojave-preview/ Support status Partial Support - Operating system is in beta +The name "Mojave" refers to the Mojave Desert in California.[7] +Developer beta releases of macOS Mojave are currently available to Apple Developer Program members with public beta releases expected later in the summer of 2018, and the public release expected around fall of the same year.[8] +MacBook: early-2015 or newer MacBook Pro: mid-2012 or newer MacBook Air: mid-2012 or newer Mac Mini: late-2012 or newer iMac: late-2012 or newer iMac Pro: late-2017 or newer Mac Pro: late-2013 or newer, plus mid-2010 and mid-2012 models with recommended Metal-capable GPU +Retrieved June 19, 2018. ↑ "Watch the Apple WWDC Special Event". Apple. Archived from the original on June 4, 2018. +Retrieved June 4, 2018. ↑ "Apple introduces macOS Mojave". Apple Newsroom (Press release). Archived from the original on June 5, 2018. +Retrieved June 5, 2018. ↑ Miller, Chance. +"Hands-on with dark mode in macOS 10.14 Mojave [Gallery]". 9to5Mac. 1 2 "Apple Confirms Mojave is the Last macOS Release to Support 32-Bit Apps". +Mac Rumors. Archived from the original on June 7, 2018. Retrieved June 5, 2018. ↑ "Apple is changing how its Macs work. +Here's how". The Independent. Archived from the original on June 9, 2018. +Retrieved June 6, 2018. ↑ "Apple Seeds First Beta of macOS Mojave to Developers". Archived from the original on June 5, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2018. ↑ Juli Clover (June 4, 2018). +"MacOS 10.14 Mojave Drops Support for Many Older Machines". MacRumors. Archived from the original on June 5, 2018. +Retrieved June 4, 2018. ↑ Smith, Chris. +"Mojave's Dark Mode is terrific, but your Mac might not be able to handle it". BGR. Retrieved June 10, 2018. ↑ "Vulkan is coming to macOS and iOS, but no thanks to Apple". +MacOS Mojave +See also +Naming +Veryovkina Cave (Russian: Пещера Верёвкина, Georgian: ვერიოვკინას გამოქვაბული) is the deepest-known[1][2] cave on Earth. It is situated 2309 meters above sea level[3] in the Arabika Massif of the Gagra Range of the Western Caucasus, in the Gagra district, in Abkhazia, Georgia. The entrance of the cave with a cross section of 3 × 4 m is located on the pass between the Krepost (Fortress, 2384 m[4]) and Zont (2382 m[5]) mountains, closer to the slopes of Mt. +Side Profile +List of deepest caves +CAVES information system (Russian) +Initially, in 1968, the cave was assigned the name S-115 which was later replaced by P1-7, and in 1986 it was renamed after Alexander Veryovkin. Caver and cave diver Alexander Veryovkin died in 1983 while exploring a siphon in the cave Su-Akan, located in the Sary-Tala massif, Kabardino-Balkaria Republic of the Russian Federation. +An ancient collector of the karst aquifer system with extensive horizontal tunnels, not typical for the Arabica massif, was discovered. Veryovkina became the second super deep cave (over 2 km) and the deepest accessible without diving equipment. Second half of August 2017 - the "Perovo-speleo" team reached the depth of 2204 m, thus setting a new world depth record. +"Пещера Веревкина в Абхазии: претендент на рекорд и новый вид жуков" [Veryovkina Cave in Abkhazia: aspirant for a record and a new species of beetles] (in Russian). Retrieved 8 May 2018. ↑ Kovinov, Dmitrij. "Поход по Арабике через перевалы Дзоу и Шу, 21 - 24 августа 2016" [Trekking through Arabica over the passes Dzou and Shu, 21 - 24 August 2016] (in Russian). +Veryovkina Cave +External links +Contents +Description +Another Green World: The Codex Seraphinianus, by John Coulthart Peter Schwenger's Codex Seraphinianus, Hallucinatory Encyclopedia "The Worlds of Luigi Serafini" by Jordan Hurder Curiosities - Codex Seraphinianus by Bud Webster at F&SF "Codex Seraphinianus Resource and Analysis Site" by Kane X. Faucher Justin Taylor (May 2007). "The Codex Seraphinianus: How mysterious is a mysterious text if the author is still alive (and emailing)?". The Believer. +"Codex Seraphinianus - The World's Weirdest Book". AbeBooks. "Codex Seraphinianus: A New Edition of the Strangest Book In the World" on Dangerous Minds Look Inside the Extremely Rare Codex Seraphinianus, the Weirdest Encyclopedia Ever. +Codex Seraphinianus The original two-volume work Author Luigi Serafini Country Italy Publisher Franco Maria Ricci Publication date 1981 Pages 127 (Vol. +II) ISBN 88-216-0026-2 ISBN 88-216-0027-0 ISBN 88-216-2027-1 Dewey Decimal 039 (Encyclopedias in other languages) +Codex Seraphinianus,[1] originally published in 1981, is an illustrated encyclopedia of an imaginary world, created by the Italian artist, architect, and industrial designer Luigi Serafini during thirty months, from 1976 to 1978.[2] The book is approximately 360 pages long (depending on edition), and written in a cipher alphabet[3] in a constructed language.[4] +Originally published in Italy, the book has since been released in several countries.[4] +The book is an encyclopedia in manuscript with copious hand-drawn, colored-pencil illustrations of bizarre and fantastical flora, fauna, anatomies, fashions, and foods.[5] It has been compared to the still undeciphered Voynich manuscript,[3] the story "Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius" by Jorge Luis Borges,[6] and the artwork of M. C. Escher[7] and Hieronymus Bosch.[4][5] +Others depict odd, apparently senseless machines, often with a delicate appearance, kept together by tiny filaments. There are also illustrations readily recognizable as maps or human faces. On the other hand, especially in the "physics" chapter, many images look almost completely abstract.[4] Practically all figures are brightly coloured and rich in detail. +The book is divided into eleven chapters, partitioned into two sections. The first section appears to describe the natural world, dealing with flora, fauna, and physics. The second deals with the humanities, the various aspects of human life: clothing, history, cuisine, architecture and so on. +The fourth chapter deals with something that seems to be physics and chemistry, and is by far the most abstract and enigmatic. The fifth chapter deals with bizarre machines and vehicles. The sixth chapter explores the general humanities: biology, sexuality, various aboriginal peoples, and even shows examples of plant life and tools (such as pens and wrenches) grafted directly into the human body. +After the last chapter there is a table of contents or an index, followed by something that resembles an afterword, except the writing there seems sloppy and rushed.[4] +Codex Seraphinianus +Codex Mendoza, an Aztec codex of the Colonial age, intended as an encyclopedia of Aztec life for the King of Spain The Voynich manuscript, an illustrated codex hand-written in an unknown writing system from the early 15th century A Book from the Sky, a similar book by Chinese artist Xu Bing, consisting of new, meaningless Chinese characters, printed from hand-carved blocks Fantastic Planet, a French film consisting of similar abstract imagery After Man and Man After Man by Dougal Dixon - books illustrating speculated future zoology and anthropology, respectively. +1 2 3 Tim Conley; Stephen Cain (2006). +"Codex Seraphinianus". Encyclopedia of Fictional and Fantastic Languages. +Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 30–31. +ISBN 0-313-33188-X. ↑ Antoinette LaFarge. +"Codex Seraphinianus". University of California, Irvine. 1 2 3 Baird Searles (April 1984). +Further reading +External links +Constructed impossible objects +Notable examples +An impossible object (also known as an impossible figure or an undecidable figure) is a type of optical illusion. It consists of a two-dimensional figure which is instantly and subconsciously interpreted by the visual system as representing a projection of a three-dimensional object. +Penrose triangle (Tribar) – The Penrose triangle was first created by the Swedish artist Oscar Reutersvärd in 1934. The mathematician Roger Penrose independently devised and popularised it in the 1950s, describing it as "impossibility in its purest form". Impossible trident (or devil's tuning fork) – The Blivet has three cylindrical prongs at one end which then mysteriously transform into two rectangular prongs at the other end.[5] +The notion of an "interactive impossible object" is an impossible object that can be viewed from any angle without breaking the illusion.[7] +Views of a sculpture (in East Perth, Australia) from different angles. As the view rotates, a Penrose triangle appears to form. +Masters of Deception: Escher, Dalí & the Artists of Optical Illusion. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 261. +ISBN 1402705778. ↑ Khoh, Chih W.; Kovesi, Peter (February 1999). +"Animating Impossible Objects". Retrieved 10 February 2014. +Impossible object +Formation +The first Confederate Assembly +Confederate Ireland or the Union of the Irish (Latin: Hiberni Unanimes) refers to the period of Irish self-government between 1642 and 1649, during the Eleven Years' War. +During this time, two-thirds of Ireland was governed by the Irish Catholic Confederation, also known as the Confederation of Kilkenny because it was based in Kilkenny. It was formed by Irish Catholic nobles, clergy and military leaders after the Irish Rebellion of 1641. The Confederation had what were effectively a parliament (called the General Assembly), an executive (called the Supreme Council), and a military. +The remaining Protestant-controlled enclaves in Ulster, Munster and Leinster were held by armies loyal to the royalists, parliamentarians or Scottish Covenanters. Throughout its existence, the Confederation waged war against the parliamentarians. +In 1648, it allied itself with the royalists. +However, in 1649 a parliamentarian army under Oliver Cromwell invaded Ireland. It defeated the Confederates and royalists and brought the Confederation to an end. +For a military history of the period, see Irish Confederate Wars +The Irish Catholic Confederation was formed in the aftermath of the 1641 rebellion, both to control the popular uprising and to organise an Irish Catholic war effort against the remaining English and Scottish armies in Ireland. It was hoped that by doing this, the Irish Catholics could hold off an English or Scottish re-conquest of the country. +They put forth their proposals for a government to Irish Catholic nobles such as Viscount Gormanston, Viscount Mountgarret and Viscount Muskerry. These men would commit their own armed forces to the Confederation and persuaded other rebels to join it. The declared aims of the Confederates were similar to those of Sir Phelim O'Neill, the leader of the early stages of the rebellion in Ulster, who issued the Proclamation of Dungannon in October 1641. +On 17 March 1642 these nobles signed the "Catholic Remonstrance" issued at Trim, County Meath that was addressed to King Charles I. On 22 March, at a synod in nearby Kells chaired by Hugh O'Reilly, Archbishop of Armagh, a majority of the Catholic bishops proclaimed that the rebellion was a just war.[2] +Cathedral of St Canice, where members of the Assembly heard mass[3] +On 10 May 1642, Ireland's Catholic clergy held a synod at Kilkenny. +Present were the Archbishops of Armagh, Cashel and Tuam, eleven bishops or their representatives, and other dignitaries.[4] They drafted the Confederate Oath of Association and called on all Catholics in Ireland to take the oath. Those who took the oath swore allegiance to Charles I and vowed to obey all orders and decrees made by the "Supreme Council of the Confederate Catholics". The rebels henceforth became known as Confederates. +The synod re-affirmed that the rebellion was a "just war".[5] It called for the creation of a council (made up of clergy and nobility) for each province, which would be overseen by a national council for the whole island. It vowed to punish misdeeds by Confederate soldiers and to excommunicate any Catholic who fights against the Confederation. The synod sent agents to France, Spain and Italy to gain support, gather funds and weapons, and recruit Irishmen serving in foreign armies.[6] Lord Mountgarret was appointed president of the Confederate Supreme Council, and a General Assembly was fixed for October that year.[7] +The first Confederate General Assembly was held in Kilkenny on 24 October 1642, where it set up a provisional government.[8] The Assembly was a parliament in all but name. +Present at the first Assembly were 14 Lords Temporal and 11 Lords Spiritual from the Parliament of Ireland, along with 226 commoners.[9] The Confederate's constitution was written by a Galway lawyer named Patrick D'Arcy. The Assembly resolved that each county should have a council, overseen by a provincial council made up of two representatives from each county council. The Assembly agreed orders "to be observed as the model of their government".[10][11] +The Assembly elected an executive known as the Supreme Council. The first Supreme Council was elected on or about 14 November. It consisted of 24 members, 12 of whom were to abide always in Kilkenny or wherever else they deemed fitting.[8] +Leinster Ulster Connacht Munster Thomas Fleming Hugh O'Reilly Malachias O'Queely Maurice de Roche, Viscount Roche of Fermoy Viscount Gormanston Arthur Magennis, Viscount Magennis of Iveagh Thomas Dillon, 4th Viscount Dillon Daniel O'Brien, 1st Viscount Clare Nicholas Plunkett Philip O'Reilly John de Burgh, Bishop of Clonfert Edmund FitzMaurice Richard Bellings Col. Brian MacMahon Lucas Dillon Dr Fennel James Cusack Heber Magennis Geoffrey Browne Robert Lambert Viscount Mountgarret Turlogh O'Neill Patrick D'Arcy George Comyn +Irish Catholic Confederation Cónaidhm Chaitliceach na hÉireann 1642–1652 Flag Great Seal Motto Hiberni unanimes pro Deo Rege et Patria (Latin) Éireannaigh aontaithe le Dia, rí agus tír (Irish) "Irishmen united for God, king and country" Capital Kilkenny Languages Irish, Latin, English Religion Roman Catholic Government Confederal monarchy King • 1641–1649 Charles I • 1649–1653 Charles II Lord Lieutenant • 1641 Robert Sidney (first) • 1652–1653 Charles Fleetwood (last) Legislature General Assembly Historical era the Confederate Wars • Irish Confederate Wars 1642 • Cromwellian conquest 1652 • Restoration 1 May 1660 Preceded by Succeeded by Kingdom of Ireland Commonwealth of England +↑ Siochrú, Micheál (1998). Confederate Ireland 1642–1649 A constitutional and political analysis. Four Courts Press. +ISBN 1-85182-400-6. ↑ Catholic Encyclopedia, sub. +Hugh O'Reilly ↑ C. P. Meehan (1846). +The Confederation of Kilkenny. Dublin: James Duffy. p. 176. ↑ Meehan, Charles Patrick. +The members of the first Supreme Council were as follows: +Confederate Ireland +Notes +An impossible trident with backgrounds, to enhance the illusion +An impossible trident,[1] also known as an impossible fork,[2] a blivet,[3] poiuyt, devil's tuning fork,[4] etc., is a drawing of an impossible object (undecipherable figure), a kind of an optical illusion. It appears to have three cylindrical prongs at one end which then mysteriously transform into two rectangular prongs at the other end. +External links +Other Penrose polygons +Impossible object +The Penrose triangle +It was first created by the Swedish artist Oscar Reutersvärd in 1934. The psychiatrist Lionel Penrose and his mathematician son Roger Penrose independently devised and popularized it in the 1950s, describing it as "impossibility in its purest form". It is featured prominently in the works of artist M. C. Escher, whose earlier depictions of impossible objects partly inspired it. +The tribar appears to be a solid object, made of three straight beams of square cross-section which meet pairwise at right angles at the vertices of the triangle they form. The beams may be broken, forming cubes or cuboids. +Impossible triangle sculpture as an optical illusion, East Perth, Western Australia +Three hares Penrose steps Penrose square root law +Viewed from a certain angle, this cube appears to defy the laws of geometry. +A possible non-cube that, viewed from appropriate angle, looks like an impossible cube. +It is a two-dimensional figure that superficially resembles a perspective drawing of a three-dimensional cube, with its features drawn inconsistently from the way they would appear in an actual cube. In Belvedere a boy seated at the foot of a building holds an impossible cube. A drawing of the related Necker cube (with its crossings circled) lies at his feet, while the building itself shares some of the same impossible features as the cube.[1][2] +Penrose triangle Blivet +Abe no Seimei (安倍 晴明, February 21, 921 A.D. – October 31, 1005 A.D.) was an onmyōji, a leading specialist of onmyōdō during the middle of the Heian period in Japan.[2] In addition to his prominence in history, he is a legendary figure in Japanese folklore and has been portrayed in a number of stories and films. +Seimei worked as onmyōji for emperors and the Heian government, making calendars and advising on the spiritually correct way to deal with issues. He prayed for the well-being of emperors and the government as well as advising on various issues. He was also an astrologer and predicted astrological events. +The Seimei Shrine, located in Kyoto, is a popular shrine dedicated to him. The Abeno train station and district, in Osaka, are sometimes said to be named after him, as it is one of the locations where legends place his birth. +His pedigree was not very clear. His ancestor might have been Abe no Masuki (安倍 益材), a Daizen-no-daibu (大膳大夫 "Master of the Palace Table"),[3] or Abe no Shunzai (安倍 春材), a Kokushi of Awaji.[4] Another candidate was Abe no Miushi (阿倍 御主人), who appeared as an Udaijin (右大臣 "Minister of the Right") in The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter.[3][4] Seimei might also have been a descendant of Abe no Nakamaro as Abe-no-Sukune-no-Seimei (安倍宿禰晴明), although some other sources recorded his name as Abe-no-Asomi-no-Seimei (安倍朝臣晴明), which refers to the Abe-no-Asomi descending from Abe no Miushi. The name Sukune (宿禰), through the Abe clan, was taken from Naniwa no Imiki (難波忌寸, later Naniwa no Sukune) of the Naniwa clan (難波氏), also known as the Naniwa no Kishi (難波吉士), which Naniwa no Mitsuna (難波 三綱, fl.) established.[5] +According to Anderson,[6] Abe no Seimei was a descendant of the poet Abe no Nakamaro and a disciple of Kamo no Tadayuki (賀茂忠行) and Kamo no Yasunori, 10th-century diviners of the Heian court. He became Kamo no Yasunori's successor in astrology and divination, while Yasunori's son took on the lesser responsibility of devising the calendar.[7][8] Seimei's duties included analyzing strange events, conducting exorcisms, warding against evil spirits, and performing various rites of geomancy. He was said to be especially skilled in divining the sex of fetuses and finding lost objects.[2] According to the Konjaku Monogatarishu, he correctly predicted the abdication of Emperor Kazan based on his observation of celestial phenomena. +Seimei's reputation grew sufficiently that, from the late 10th century, the Onmyōryō, the government ministry of onmyōdō, was controlled by the Abe clan. The Kamo clan likewise became the hereditary keepers of the calendar.[9] +The mystical symbol of the equidistant five-pointed star, referred to in the West as a pentagram, is known in Japan as the Seiman or the Seal of Abe no Seimei.[10] +According to legend, Abe no Seimei was not entirely human. His father, Abe no Yasuna (安倍 保名), was human, but his mother, Kuzunoha, was a kitsune (a "fox spirit").[11] At a very early age, no later than five, he was allegedly able to command weak oni to do his bidding. His mother entrusted Seimei to Kamo no Tadayuki so that he would live a proper human life and not become evil himself. +Seimei is involved in numerous other tales as well. He appears as a minor character in the Heike Monogatari and is said to be responsible for divining the location of the Shuten-dōji, a powerful oni purportedly slain by Minamoto no Yorimitsu.[12] He is sometimes said to be the onmyōji who discovered Tamamo-no-Mae's true nature, although the time of the Tamamo-no-Mae story does not coincide with Seimei's lifetime; other sources credit the act to a descendant, Abe no Yasuchika.[13][14][15] +After Seimei's death the emperor had a shrine, the Seimei shrine, erected at the location of his home. The original shrine was destroyed in war during the fifteenth century, but it was rebuilt in the same location and still stands today.[1][16] +The asteroid 5541 Seimei, discovered in 1976, is named for him.[17] +Seimei's life is well recorded, and there is little question about it. Immediately after his death, however, legends arose much like those surrounding Merlin. Many legends of Seimei were originally written in the Konjaku Monogatarishū, and by the Edo period there were many stories in circulation that focused on his heroic acts. +Many of his legends revolve around a series of magical battles with a rival, Ashiya Doman (蘆屋道満), who often tried to embarrass Seimei so that he could usurp his position. One noted story involved Doman and the young Seimei in a divination duel to reveal the contents of a particular box. Doman had another person put fifteen mandarin oranges into the box and "divined" that there were fifteen oranges in it. +External links +Citations +Philosophy +Bibliography +Anonymous protestors at the Brussels Stock Exchange, Belgium, January 2012 +Retrieved March 24, 2011. ↑ "Anonymous Official". ↑ Landers, Chris (April 2, 2008). "Serious Business: Anonymous Takes On Scientology (and Doesn't Afraid of Anything)". Baltimore City Paper. +Archived from the original on June 8, 2008. +Retrieved July 3, 2008. ↑ Oltsik, Jon (December 3, 2013). +"Edward Snowden Beyond Data Security". Network World. Retrieved December 4, 2013. ↑ Waites, Rosie (October 20, 2011). +"V for Vendetta masks: Who". BBC News. Retrieved October 20, 2011. ↑ Krupnick, Matt (August 15, 2011). +"Freedom fighters or vandals? No consensus on Anonymous". Oakland Tribune. +MercuryNews.com. +Retrieved July 10, 2013. 1 2 Carter, Adam (March 15, 2013). +"From Anonymous to shuttered websites, the evolution of online protest". CBC News. Archived from the original on May 6, 2013. +Retrieved May 6, 2013. +1 2 Coleman, Gabriella (April 6, 2011). "Anonymous: From the Lulz to Collective Action". +Archived from the original on May 5, 2013. +Retrieved May 5, 2013. ↑ Rawlinson, Kevin; Peachey, Paul (April 13, 2012). +"Hackers step up war on security services". +The Independent. – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) . +Retrieved May 5, 2013. +1 2 Gellman, Barton (April 18, 2012). +"The 100 Most Influential People In The World". Time. ↑ "The philosophy of Anonymous". Harry Halpin. p. 27. +Retrieved 24 February 2014. 1 2 Kelly 2012, p. 1678. ↑ Coleman, Gabriella (December 10, 2010). +"What It's Like to Participate in Anonymous' Actions". +The Atlantic. +Archived from the original on May 2, 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2013. 1 2 Kelly 2012, p. 1682. ↑ Olson 2012, p. 92. ↑ Brown, Jesse (February 7, 2008). +"Community Organization with Digital Tools: The face of Anonymous". +MediaShift Idea Lab: Reinventing Community News for the Digital Age. PBS. +Archived from the original on February 11, 2008. Retrieved March 3, 2008. ↑ Olson 2012, pp. 58–59. ↑ Olson 2012, p. x. ↑ Kelly 2012, p. 1679. ↑ Cadwalladr, Carole (September 8, 2012). "Anonymous: behind the masks of the cyber insurgents". +The Guardian. +Archived from the original on May 2, 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2013. +1 2 Allnut, Luke (June 8, 2012). +"Parmy Olson On Anonymous: 'A Growing Phenomenon That We Don't Yet Understand'". +Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on May 2, 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2013. ↑ Olson 2012, p. 7. ↑ Morris, Adam (April 30, 2013). +"Julian Assange: The Internet threatens civilization". +Salon. Archived from the original on May 2, 2013. +Retrieved May 2, 2013. ↑ Kelly 2012, p. 1680. +1 2 3 Norton, Quinn (June 13, 2012). +"In Flawed, Epic Anonymous Book, the Abyss Gazes Back". +Wired. Archived from the original on May 2, 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2013. ↑ Olson 2012, pp. 122–23. +1 2 Shuman, Phil (July 26, 2007). "FOX 11 Investigates: 'Anonymous'". +MyFOX Los Angeles. +KTTV (Fox). Archived from the original on May 22, 2008. ↑ Olson 2012, p. 28. ↑ Whipple, Tom (June 20, 2008). "Scientology: the Anonymous protesters". +The Times. UK. Archived from the original on September 5, 2008. ↑ Olson 2012, p. 49. ↑ Olson 2012, p. 48. ↑ "Two-year term for Shetland hacker". +The Herald. – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) . +May 17, 2013. Retrieved June 27, 2013. ↑ Olson 2012, pp. 50–52. ↑ Olson 2012, pp. 57–58. 1 2 Dibbell, Julian (September 21, 2009), The Assclown Offensive: How to Enrage the Church of Scientology, Wired Magazine, retrieved November 27, 2009 ↑ Dibbell, Julian (July 11, 2008), "Sympathy for the Griefer: MOOrape, Lulz Cubes, and Other Lessons From the First 2 Decades of Online Sociopathy", GLS Conference 4.0, Madison, Wisconsin: Games, Learning and Society Group, archived from the original on July 14, 2011, retrieved November 7, 2008 Project Chanology "mention" begins approximately 27:45 minutes into the presentation. ↑ Popkin, Helen A.S. +(April 18, 2011). +"Notorious NSFW website cleans up its act". Digital Life on MSNBC. Archived from the original on November 1, 2011. +Retrieved April 19, 2011. ↑ Everything Anonymous Archived May 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.. +AnonNews.org (2013-04-20). Retrieved on 2013-08-12. ↑ Leavitt, Alex (2011-04-15). +"Archiving Internet Subculture: Encyclopedia Dramatica". Web Ecology Project. Retrieved 2011-09-29. ↑ Stryker, Cole (2011). +Epic Win for Anonymous: How 4chan's Army Conquered the Web. New York, New York: Overlook Press. p. 155. +ISBN 1-59020-738-6. +Retrieved 2011-09-29. ↑ "Who is LulzSec hacker Ryan Cleary?". June 22, 2011. ↑ "Cruise bio hits stores as video clip of actor praising Scientology makes it way to Internet". +The Washington Post. – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) . Associated Press. +January 15, 2008. +Retrieved May 2, 2013. ↑ Tucker, Neely (January 18, 2008). +"Tom Cruise's Scary Movie; In Church Promo, the Scientologist Is Hard to Suppress". +Washington Post. – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) . +Retrieved May 2, 2013. ↑ Olson 2012, pp. 63–65. ↑ "Fair game; Scientology". The Economist. – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) . +February 2, 2008. +Retrieved May 2, 2013. ↑ Olson 2012, pp. 71–72, 122, 124, 126–29. ↑ Olson 2012, p. 206. ↑ Norton, Quinn (December 30, 2011). +"Anonymous 101 Part Deux: Morals Triumph Over Lulz". Wired. Archived from the original on May 5, 2013. +Retrieved May 5, 2013. ↑ Olson 2012, pp. 71–72. 1 2 George-Cosh, David (January 25, 2008). "Online group declares war on Scientology". +National Post. +Archived from the original on January 28, 2008. Retrieved January 25, 2008. ↑ "Scientology faces wave of cyber attacks". +Cape Times. – via HighBeam Research (subscription required) . +March 4, 2008. +Retrieved May 2, 2013. ↑ Olson 2012, p. 82–3. ↑ DeSio, John (May 6, 2008). +"Queens Anonymous Member Gets a Letter from Scientologists". +The Village Voice. Archived from the original on May 2, 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2013. ↑ Ramadge, Andrew (March 20, 2008). +"Scientology site gets a facelift after protests". news.com.au. +Archived from the original on May 2, 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2013. ↑ Howarth, Mark (June 1, 2008). +Kelly, Brian (2012). "Investing in a Centralized Cybersecurity Infrastructure: Why 'Hacktivism' can and should influence cybersecurity reform" (PDF). Boston University Law Review. +Activist websites used by Anonymous +Why We Protest.net, Anonymous-supported website centered on anti-Scientology protest activity Anonews.co, Anonymous news aggregator site. +News coverage +Anonymous collected news and commentary at Wired +Anonymous An emblem that is commonly associated with Anonymous. +The "man without a head" represents anonymity and leaderless organization.[1] Individuals appearing in public as Anonymous, wearing Guy Fawkes masks Formation c. 2004 Type Multiple-use name/avatar Virtual community Voluntary association Purpose Anti-cyber-surveillance Anti-cyber-censorship Internet activism Internet vigilantism Region served Global Membership Decentralized affinity group +Anonymous is a decentralized international hacktivist group that is widely known for its various DDOS cyber attacks against several governments, government institutions & government agencies, corporations, and the Church of Scientology. +Anonymous originated in 2003 on the imageboard 4chan, representing the concept of many online and offline community users simultaneously existing as an anarchic, digitized global brain.[2][3][4] Anonymous members (known as "Anons") can be distinguished in public by the wearing of Guy Fawkes masks in the style portrayed in the graphic novel and film V for Vendetta.[5] However this may not always be the case, as some of the collective prefer to instead cover their face without using the well-known mask as a disguise. +Dozens of people have been arrested for involvement in Anonymous cyberattacks, in countries including the US, UK, Australia, the Netherlands, Spain, India and Turkey. Evaluations of the group's actions and effectiveness vary widely. Supporters have called the group "freedom fighters"[6] and digital Robin Hoods[7] while critics have described them as "a cyber lynch-mob"[8] or "cyber terrorists".[9] In 2012, Time called Anonymous one of the "100 most influential people" in the world.[10] +Long-standing political question that has gone unanswered with often tragic consequences for social movements. This is an Internet-based, non-extremist, socialist community movement that looks for answers to questions that are unanswered.[11] +We [Anonymous] just happen to be a group of people on the Internet who need—just kind of an outlet to do as we wish, that we wouldn't be able to do in regular society. ...That's more or less the point of it. Do as you wish. ... There's a common phrase: 'we are doing it for the lulz.' — Trent Peacock. +Because Anonymous has no leadership, no action can be attributed to the membership as a whole. Parmy Olson and others have criticized media coverage that presents the group as well-organized or homogeneous; Olson writes, "There was no single leader pulling the levers, but a few organizational minds that sometimes pooled together to start planning a stunt."[17] Some members protest using legal means, while others employ illegal measures such as DDoS attacks and hacking.[18] Membership is open to anyone who wishes to state they are a member of the collective;[19] British journalist Carole Cadwalladr of The Observer compared the group's decentralized structure to that of al-Qaeda: "If you believe in Anonymous, and call yourself Anonymous, you are Anonymous."[20] Olson, who formerly described Anonymous as a "brand", stated in 2012 that she now characterized it as a "movement" rather than a group: "anyone can be part of it. It is a crowd of people, a nebulous crowd of people, working together and doing things together for various purposes."[21] +The group's few rules include not disclosing one's identity, not talking about the group, and not attacking media.[22] Members commonly use the tagline "We are Anonymous. +We are Legion. +We do not forgive. +We do not forget. Expect us."[23] Brian Kelly writes that three of the group's key characteristics are "(1) an unrelenting moral stance on issues and rights, regardless of direct provocation; (2) a physical presence that accompanies online hacking activity; and (3) a distinctive brand."[24] +Anonymous (group) +"Message to Scientology", January 21, 2008 +The South Korean boy band Seventeen embarked on their first concert tour entitled Seventeen 1st Asia Tour 2016 Shining Diamonds in July through September 2016, performing at venues including Singapore, Australia, New Zealand and China.[1] The string of concerts began in South Korea where 13,000 tickets were sold.[2] They have also held four showcases, the most notable being their debut showcase, "Seventeen 1st Mini Album '17 Carat' Showcase" which was broadcast live on MBC.[3] +1 2 "[NOTICE] 2016 SEVENTEEN 1st Asia Tour: SHINING DIAMONDS 안내공지" (in Korean). Seventeen Official Website. 1 2 "세븐틴, 단독 콘서트 전석 매진..'대세의 길'" (in Korean). +Naver. ↑ "세븐틴, 천명 쇼케이스 도전…유이 지원사격" (in Korean). X Sport News. ↑ "[NOTICE] 2017 SEVENTEEN 1ST WORLD TOUR "DIAMOND EDGE" 월드투어 안내 [+ENG/JPN/CHN]". +Seventeen Official Website. ↑ "SEVENTEEN CONFIRMA SU DEBUT EN CHILE". NoiX Producciones Official Facebook Page. ↑ "세븐틴, 첫 월드투어 20만명 동원...11월 컴백까지 탄탄대로". +Seventeen 1st Asia Tour 2016 Shining Diamond Tour by Seventeen Associated album Love & Letter Start date August 13, 2016 (2016-08-13) End date September 11, 2016 (2016-09-11) No. of shows 1 in Singapore 2 in Philippines 1 in Indonesia 1 in Thailand 2 in Australia 1 in New Zealand 1 in Hong Kong 1 in China 1 in Taiwan 11 Total Seventeen concert chronology +External links +See also +Publication +Influence +Gallery of prints +The 8th print, Discomedusae. The center and bottom-center images are Desmonema annasethe; the tentacles reminded Haeckel of his late wife's long flowing hair.[1] +Kunstformen der Natur (known in English as Art Forms in Nature) is a book of lithographic and halftone prints by German biologist Ernst Haeckel. +Originally published in sets of ten between 1899 and 1904 and collectively in two volumes in 1904,[2] it consists of 100 prints of various organisms, many of which were first described by Haeckel himself. Over the course of his career, over 1000 engravings were produced based on Haeckel's sketches and watercolors; many of the best of these were chosen for Kunstformen der Natur, translated from sketch to print by lithographer Adolf Giltsch.[3] +A second edition of Kunstformen, containing only 30 prints, was produced in 1924. +Kunstformen der Natur was influential in early 20th-century art, architecture, and design, bridging the gap between science and art. In particular, many artists associated with Art Nouveau were influenced by Haeckel's images, including René Binet, Karl Blossfeldt, Hans Christiansen, and Émile Gallé. One prominent example is the Amsterdam Commodities Exchange designed by Hendrik Petrus Berlage: it was in part inspired by Kunstformen illustrations.[5] +Haeckel's original classifications appear in italics. +Sea anemone (Actiniae) Anthomedusa (Anthomedusae) Antelope (Antilopina) Arachnid (Arachnida) Ascidian (Ascidiae) Frog (Batrachia) Bryozoa Turtle (Chelonia) Ciliate (Ciliata) Annelid (Chaetopoda) Bat (Chiroptera) Conifer (Coniferae) Copepod (Copepoda) Box jellyfish (Cubomedusae) Decapods (Decapoda) Cephalopod (Gamochonia) Fern (Filicinae) Red Algae (Florideae) Lichen (Lichenes) Lizard (Lacertilia) Moss (Muscinae) Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) Nudibranch (Nudibranchia) Trachylina (Narcomedusae) Orchid (Orchidae) Boxfish (Ostraciontes) Prosobranchia (obsolete classification) Siphonophorae Polycystine (Spumellaria) Radiolarian (Stephoidea) Moth (Tineida) Hummingbird (Trochilidae) Tubularia (Tubulariae) +On Growth and Form +"From Here to Eternity: Ernst Haeckel and Scientific Faith, Religion, Theology, and Natural Science, Vol. 3 by Mario di Gregorio". +Journal of the History of Biology. +39 (1): 214–216. doi:10.1007/s10739-006-0001-9. +JSTOR 4332000. ↑ Juliana D. Kreinik; New York University. +Institute of Fine Arts (2008). The Canvas and the Camera in Weimar Germany: A New Objectivity in Painting and Photography of the 1920s. +ProQuest. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-549-58248-9. ↑ Breidbach, Visions of Nature, p. 253 ↑ Breidbach, Visions of Nature, pp. 229-231 ↑ Breidbach, Visions of Nature, pp. 231, 268-269 +Marine Biological Laboratory Library - An exhibition of material on Haeckel, including background on many Kunsformen der Natur plates. University Art Gallery, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth - An Ernst Haeckel exhibition from 2005 pairing prints from Kunstformen der Natur with modern sculptures. Kurt Stüber's Biolib - An online version of Kunstformen der Natur with 200 dpi scans of the 100 plates, their scheme plates, the accompanying description, table of contents and supplement pages. +Kunstformen der Natur +References +Antonio Halili (1945 or 1946 – 2 July 2018) was a Filipino politician who served as the Mayor of Tanauan, Batangas from 2013 until his death in 2018. +His term as Mayor was controversial due to his methods of dealing with crime and illegal drugs in his city. +On July 2, 2018, he was killed during a ceremony after being shot through the chest by an unknown gunman.[1][2] +Overview +Manzil +The Blackwell Companion to the Qur'an. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 180 (by François Déroche). ISBN 1405178442. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link) ↑ ORGANIZATION OF THE QUR'AN by M. Amir Ali ilaam.net +A juzʼ (Arabic: جُزْءْ‎, plural أَجْزَاءْ ajzāʼ, literally meaning "part") is one of thirty parts of varying lengths into which the Quran is divided. +These maqra are often used as sections for revision when memorizing the Quran. The most commonly memorized juz is juzʾ amma, which is the 30th juz and contains chapters (sura) 78 through 114, most of the shortest chapters of the Quran. Juzʾ amma is named after the 1st word of the 30th chapter (chapter 78) in that juz'.[3] +Distribution of surah across ajzāʼ, with the length of the bar corresponding to a surah being propotionate to the number of letters of the surah in the juz divided by the total number of letters in the juz. +Wa-man yaqnut 43 (33:31) - (34:23) 44 (34:24) - (36:27) 23. Wa-mā-anzalna 45 (36:28) - (37:144) 46 (37:145) - (39:31) 24. Fa-man ʾaẓlamu 47 (39:32) - (40:40) 48 (40:41) - (41:46) 25. ʾIlaihi yuraddu 49 (41:47) - (43:23) 50 (43:24) - (45:37) 26. +Juz' +External links +Codex Seraphinianus +Career +Other works +Luigi Serafini (born 4 August 1949 in Rome) is an Italian artist and designer. He is best known for creating the Codex Seraphinianus, an illustrated encyclopedia of imaginary things in what is believed to be a constructed language. This work was published in 1981 by Franco Maria Ricci, out of Milan. +His objects were often defined by a certain metalanguage aptitude, like the chairs Santa and Suspiral or the lamps and the glass for Artemide. He has created scenery, lighting and costumes for the ballet "The Jazz Calendar" by Frederick Ashton at Teatro Alla Scala and worked also for the Piccolo Teatro di Milano. He has done set designs for RAI, television acronyms/logos in computer graphics. +Luna-PAC Serafini +In May 2007, he held an "ontological exhibition" Luna Pac in Milan at PAC in Milan.[1] He occasionally gives interviews in Italian media and art publications.[2] +In July 2008, he completed a polychrome installation "Balançoires sans Frontières" (Altalene senza Frontiere) in Castasegna, Switzerland.[4] +The Codex Seraphinianus was originally released as in a limited edition of 5000 artfully-bound copies in 1981. It has been republished on five occasions, first in a 1983 English language edition; then in English, Spanish, and French editions in the 1990s, each again limited to 5000 copies; and finally in more widely printed editions in 2006 and 2013. In 2013, Serafini also released a deluxe, signed and numbered limited edition of 600, 300 in English and 300 in Italian. +Pulcinellopedia +In 1984 Serafini illustrated Pulcinellopedia (piccola), under the pseudonym P. Cetrulo (published by Longanesi), with a suite of pencil drawings about the Neapolitan masque of Pulcinella. It is more difficult to find than the Codex, and as of 2008 has been out of print for some time. +Luigi Serafini (artist) +Metropolitana di Napoli, Stazione Mater dei, 2003 LUNA-PAC SERAFINI-Milano, maggio 2007 on YouTube LUNA-PAC SERAFINI-Milano, maggio 2007 on YouTube +↑ "Official Church of Scientology: David Miscavige, Religious Technology Center Chairman of the Board". +Scientology.org. Retrieved November 6, 2013. +1 2 3 Christensen, Dorthe Refund (2004). +"Inventing L. Ron Hubbard". +In James R. Lewis (scholar). +Controversial New Religions. Oxford University Press. p. 247. ISBN 0-19-515683-8. ↑ Young, Robert Vaughn (November–December 1993). +References +Mikishi Abe (阿部 美樹志, Abe Mikishi, 1883–1965) was a Japanese architect and civil engineer, known for his PhD thesis on reinforced concrete frames, and for several concrete buildings.[1] Abe was responsible for designing the first elevated railway using reinforced concrete. He contributed to many architectural and engineering works of the Hankyu Hanshin Toho Group. +Buildings: +Nihon jinmei daijiten+Plus. Kōdansha. Retrieved 13 February 2012. ↑ Hibiya Movie Theater +External links +References +Bayan Muna (literally, "Nation First") is a leftist political party in the Philippines. +The motto of the party is "New Politics, the Politics of Change", against "traditional, elitist, pro-imperialist politics".[1] Its platform includes the advocation of a government that progressively supports the working class, with meaningful representation of all democratic sectors in the Philippines. Bayan Muna was the second most popular party-list party in the 2007 Philippine elections. In 2009, Bayan Muna Representative Satur Ocampo and former Bayan Muna and incumbent Gabriela Representative Liza Maza ran for senate seats, joining Bongbong Marcos, the son of former Philippine dictator Ferdinand Marcos, under the ticket of billionaire real estate magnate Senator Manny Villar.[2] +References +Ferdinand Martin Gomez Romualdez (born November 14, 1963), known professionally as Martin Romualdez, is a Filipino politician. +He was a three-term Representative of the 1st District of Leyte. Barred from seeking reelection, he ran for Senator of the Philippines but lost in the 2016 national elections.[2] Romualdez owns newspaper companies such as Manila Standard and the Journal Group of Publications.[3] He is also the National President of the Lakas-Christian Muslim Democrats political party.[4] +↑ Gonzales, Yuji Vincent (21 May 2015). "Who are the richest, poorest congressmen?". +Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 20 February 2018. 1 2 "Romualdez files COC for senator; mum on presidential pick". +Philippine Daily Inquirer. October 13, 2015. +Retrieved April 28, 2016. ↑ "Razon sells Manila Standard Today to Romualdez group". +The Philippine Star. April 16, 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2016. ↑ "Lakas-CMD chief: In democracy, anyone can run". +Philippine Daily Inquirer. May 25, 2015. +Retrieved April 29, 2016. ↑ "Aquino signs into law Romualdez's PWD bill". +Philippine Daily Inquirer. March 30, 2016. Retrieved April 29, 2016. ↑ http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2013/11/alumni-students-aid-philippines ↑ "CEU Law dean leads Upsilon UNO awardees". +External links +References +Official social media +Marcos Family +Ferdinand "Bongbong" Romualdez Marcos Jr.[1] (born September 13, 1957) is a Filipino politician and former senator in the 16th Congress of the Philippines. +He is the second child and only son of former President Ferdinand E. Marcos and of former First Lady Imelda Romualdez-Marcos. +Marcos served as Governor of Ilocos Norte (1983–1986, 1998–2007) and as Representative of the Second District of Ilocos Norte (1992–1995, 2007–2010) under Kilusang Bagong Lipunan, the political party founded by his father. He was also Deputy Minority Leader during his second term in the House of Representatives.[2] In 2010, Marcos was elected as Senator of the Philippines under the Nacionalista Party. Senator Marcos chairs several senate committees, including the Committee on Local Government and the Committee on Public Works, and is a member of several other committees.[3] +Bongbong Marcos +↑ "Senator Ferdinand "Bongbong" R. Marcos Jr". Senate of the Philippines. Retrieved October 15, 2015. ↑ "Senator Ferdinand "Bongbong" R. Marcos Jr. – Senate of the Philippines". senate.gov.ph. +Retrieved November 12, 2015. ↑ "List of Committees". Senate of the Philippines. +February 5, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2014. 1 2 "Bongbong Marcos running for vice president in 2016". +CNN. October 5, 2015. Retrieved October 5, 2015. ↑ http://news.abs-cbn.com/video/focus/01/21/16/marcos-special-diploma-from-oxford-is-same-as-bachelors-degree ↑ "Resume of Senator Ferdinand "Bongbong" R. Marcos Jr. – Senate of the Philippines". senate.gov.ph. +External links +Rolando Gutierrez Andaya Jr. (born March 10, 1969) is Filipino congressman of 1st District of Camarines Sur and former Secretary of Department of Budget and Management. +Further reading +1922 Zemsky Sobor of Amur region +The zemsky sobor (Russian: зе́мский собо́р, IPA: [ˈzʲemskʲɪj sɐˈbor], lit. assembly of the land) was a Russian parliament of the feudal Estates type, active in the 16th and 17th centuries. +Zemsky sobor, by Sergei Ivanov +It could be summoned either by tsar, or patriarch, or the Boyar Duma. Three categories of population, comparable to the Estates-General of France or the modern day U.K. parliament, but with the numbering of the first two Estates reversed, participated in the assembly: +The Holy Sobor of high Orthodox clergy. “Lords spiritual” using English terminology. Representatives of merchants and townspeople (third estate) or “commons.” +The first zemsky sobor was held by tsar Ivan the Terrible in 1549. +During his reign he held a number of such gatherings and they became a common tool used to enact major pieces of legislation or to decide controversial issues. Although the Sobors were primarily a tool used to rubberstamp decisions that Ivan had already made, sometimes initiative was taken by the lower nobility and townsfolk. For instance, the tsar was scandalized when the assembly of 1566 asked him to abolish the Oprichnina. +When the Rurik Dynasty died out in 1598 it was a sobor that appointed Boris Godunov as the next tsar. +Another grand council, featuring even peasants, elected Mikhail Romanov to take the throne in 1613 after the Time of Troubles. During Mikhail's reign, when the Romanov dynasty was still weak, such assemblies were summoned annually. +Once the Romanovs were firmly in power, however, the sobor gradually lost its power. +A major council assembled to ratify the Treaty of Pereyaslav in 1654 was the last for thirty years. +The last sobors were held by the great Galitzine in 1682, to abolish the mestnichestvo, and in 1684, to ratify the "Eternal Peace" with Poland. +Four years after the death of the last Russian tsar, on July 23, 1922, General M.K. Dieterichs of the Far Eastern White Army convened the Zemsky Sobor of Amur region (Приамурский Земский Собор) in Vladivostok. +This sobor called on all Russian people to repent for the overthrow of the tsar and proclaimed a monarchy by naming Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaievich Romanov as tsar. Patriarch Tikhon (who was not present; neither was the Grand Duke) was named as the honorary chairman of the sobor. Two months later the Amur region fell to the Bolsheviks. +References +Bibliography +The Burden of Responsibility: Blum, Camus, Aron, and the French Twentieth Century. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-41418-3. +Raymond Aron +Tony Robert Judt, FBA (/dʒʌt/ JUT; 2 January 1948 – 6 August 2010)[1] was a English-American historian, essayist and university professor who specialised in European history. +Judt moved to New York and served as the Erich Maria Remarque Professor in European Studies at New York University, and Director of NYU's Erich Maria Remarque Institute. He was a frequent contributor to the New York Review of Books. In 1996 Judt was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and in 2007 a corresponding Fellow of the British Academy. +External links +References +↑ Webb, W. L. (18 December 2011). "Václav Havel obituary". The Guardian. +1 2 Crain, Caleb (21 March 2012). "Havel's Specter: On Václav Havel". +Václav Havel Official website Václav Havel Library, Prague Knihovna Vaclava Havla (Vaclav Havel Library) at Google Cultural Institute Encyclopædia Britannica's biography of Václav Havel Watch Citizen Havel, a film about Václav Havel, at www.dafilms.com Appearances on C-SPAN Václav Havel on IMDb "Václav Havel collected news and commentary". +Václav Havel (Czech pronunciation: [ˈvaːtslav ˈɦavɛl] ( listen); 5 October 1936 – 18 December 2011) was a Czech statesman, writer and former dissident,[1][2] who served as the last President of Czechoslovakia from 1989 until the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1992 and then as the first President of the Czech Republic from 1993 to 2003. +As a writer of Czech literature, he is known for his plays, essays, and memoirs. +Liu Xiaoqing (born 30 October 1955[1]) is a Chinese actress and businesswoman.[2] She was one of the leading actresses in China in the 1980s.[3][4] +In her early days Liu worked as a farm labourer, then as a propagandist for the People's Liberation Army and later a stage actor for the Chengdu Military Drama Group.[3][5] +1 2 Ni, Ching-Ching (30 September 2002). "Now This Is Bad Publicity; Actress Liu Xiaoqing's many incarnations have made her rich and kept China buzzing. But today she is cast in a new, unsavory role: tax cheat". +6 January 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2009. ↑ Bartholemew, Ian (4 January 2008). "Golden oldies take on a new luster". +Retrieved 16 December 2009. ↑ Barmé, Geremie (1996). "A Star Reflects on the Sun". Shades of Mao: the posthumous cult of the great leader. +Retrieved 16 December 2009. ↑ "Chinese actress Liu Xiaoqing performs in drama 'Fenghua Juedai'." (Archive) China Daily. July 10, 2012. +Liu acted in mainland Chinese films before she turned 30 — The Great Wall of the South China Sea (1976),[3] What a Family (1979) and The Little Flower (1980).[6] Her breakthrough role was the ruthless Qing Dynasty Empress Dowager Cixi in The Burning of the Imperial Palace (1983) and Reign Behind the Curtain (1984). Her portrayal of Cixi won her numerous awards in Chinese film festivals and she later reprised the role in two unrelated films, including Li Lianying: The Imperial Eunuch (1991). She won Best Actress at the Hundred Flowers Award for her role as Hua Jinzhi in The Savage Land, filmed in 1981 but not released until 1987,[3] and again for her role in Hibiscus Town (1986).[7] She holds a record for having won the most number of awards in the actress categories of the Hundred Flowers Award, with three Best Actress and one Best Supporting Actress.[8] +References +Political parties +General elections (Khmer: ការបោះឆ្នោតជ្រើសតាំងតំណាងរាស្ត្រនីតិកាលទី៦) are due to be held in Cambodia on Sunday, 29 July 2018 to elect members of the sixth National Assembly. +Party Ballot number Khmer National United Party 1 Our Motherland Party 2 Ponleu Thmey Party 3 Cambodian Nationality Party 4 Khmer Rise Party 5 Beehive Social Democratic Party 6 Grassroots Democracy Party 7 Republican Democratic Party 8 Reaksmey Khemra Party 9 League for Democracy Party 10 Khmer Republican Party 11 Khmer Anti-Poverty Party 12 FUNCINPEC 13 Khmer Economic Development Party 14 Cambodian Youth Party 15 Dharmacracy Party 16 Khmer Will Party 17 Cambodia Indigenous Democracy Party 18 Khmer United Party 19 Cambodian People's Party 20 +↑ http://www.khmertimeskh.com/50269628/two-more-seats-added-to-the-national-assembly/ ↑ Heng Reaksmey and Men Kimseng (7 March 2014). "Opposition Standing Firm on Election Reform Demand". Voice of America. +Tally of votes +External links +Per party +May 11, 1992 Philippine Senate election result Rank Candidate Party Votes 1 Tito Sotto LDP 11,792,121 2 Ramon Revilla Sr. LDP 8,321,278 3 Edgardo Angara LDP 8,019,011 4 Ernesto Herrera LDP 7,219,170 5 Alberto Romulo LDP 6,824,256 6 Ernesto Maceda NPC 6,820,717 7 Orlando S. Mercado LDP 6,691,132 8 Neptali Gonzales LDP 6,578,582 9 Leticia Ramos-Shahani Lakas 6,578,582 10 Heherson Alvarez LDP 6,360,898 11 Blas Ople LDP 6,024,930 12 Freddie Webb LDP 5,929,426 13 Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo LDP 5,858,950 14 Teofisto Guingona Jr. +The senatorial election was held in the Philippines on May 11, 1992. +This was the first general election (where all positions are contested) under the 1987 Philippine Constitution. +An estimated 80,000 candidates ran for 17,000 posts from the presidency down to municipal councilors. +The first 12 senators who garnered the highest votes would have a 6 six-year term while the next 12 senators would have a 3-year term. Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP) got a large share in the Senate race. TV personality and Former Quezon City Vice Mayor Vicente Sotto III (also known as Tito Sotto) got the highest number of votes. +Party/coalition Votes % Seats won % LDP 124,399,291 45.0% 16 66.7% NPC 48,956,459 17.7% 5 20.8% Lakas 48,658,631 17.6% 2 8.3% Liberal/PDP-Laban 19,158,013 6.9% 1 4.2% Nacionalista 14,499,923 5.2% 0 0.0% KBL 12,691,686 4.6% 0 0.0% PRP 6,141,565 2.2% 0 0.0% PMP 1,423,994 0.5% 0 0.0% Independents 515,927 0.2% 0 0.0% Totals 276,445,489 100.0% 24 100.0% Source: "Electoral Politics in the Philippines" (PDF). quezon.ph. Retrieved 2010-12-10. +Islam +Judaism and Christianity +Pagan +In the arts +Religion +As depicted by Michelangelo, a version of the Ancient of Days +Islam considers Allah to be beyond ordinary vision as the Qur'an states that "Sights cannot attain him; he can attain sights",[1] but other verses indicate that he would be visible in the hereafter.[2] The Qur'an makes many references to the face of God but its use of the Arabic word for a physical face — wajh — is symbolic and is used to refer to God's presence which, in Islam, is everywhere: "wherever you turn, there is the face of God".[3] +Now have come to you, from your Lord, proofs (to open your eyes): if any will see, it will be for (the good of) his own soul; if any will be blind, it will be to his own (harm): I am not (here) to watch over your doings. — The Cattle: 006.104 +Andrea Mantegna, Sacrifice of Isaac The Hand of God was the only part of God shown in art for many centuries. +In Judeo-Christianity, the concept is the manifestation of God rather than a remote immanence or delegation of an angel, even though a mortal would not be able to gaze directly upon him.[4] In Jewish mysticism, it is traditionally believed that even the angels who attend him cannot endure seeing the divine countenance directly.[5] Where there are references to visionary encounters, these are thought to be either products of the human imagination, as in dreams or, alternatively, a sight of the divine glory which surrounds God, not the godhead itself.[6] +An important early use of the concept in the Old Testament is the blessing passed by Moses to the children of Israel in Numbers 6:24–26[7] +The LORD bless thee, and keep thee: The LORD make his face shine upon thee, and be gracious unto thee: The LORD lift up his countenance upon thee, and give thee peace."[1] ^ Book of Numbers 6:24-26, Authorized King James Version of the Bible. London: Robert Barker, King's Printer. 1611. +In pagan religions, the face of God might be viewed in a literal sense - the face of an idol in a temple.[9] In prayers and blessings, the concept was more metaphorical, indicating the favourable attention of the deity. For example, in the Babylonian blessing:[10] +"May Ea rejoice over thee! May Damkina, the queen of the deep, lighten thee with her countenance! May Marduk, the great overseer of the Igigi, lift up thy head!" +God was represented by the Hand of God, in fact including the forearm but no more of the body, at several places in the 3rd-century Dura-Europos synagogue, presumably reflecting the usual practice in ancient Jewish art, almost all of which is now lost. The Hand convention was continued in Christian art, which also used full body depictions of the God the Son with the appearance of Jesus for Old Testament scenes, in particular the story of Adam and Eve, where God needed to be represented.[11] The biblical statements from Exodus and John quoted above were taken to apply not only to God the Father in person, but to all attempts at the depiction of his face.[12] The development of full images of God the Father in Western art was much later, and the aged white-haired appearance of the Ancient of Days gradually became the conventional representation, after a period of experimentation, especially in images the Trinity, where all three persons might be shown with the appearance of Jesus. In Eastern Orthodoxy the depiction of God the Father remains unusual, and has been forbidden at various church councils; many early Protestants did the same, and in the Counter Reformation the Catholic Church discouraged the earlier variety of depictions but explicitly supported the Ancient of Days. +The description of the Ancient of Days, identified with God by most commentators,[13] in the Book of Daniel is the nearest approach to a physical description of God in the Hebrew Bible:[14] +. ...the Ancient of Days did sit, whose garment was white as snow, and the hair of his head like the pure wool: his throne was like the fiery flame, and his wheels as burning fire. (Daniel 7:9) +Anthropomorphism Beatific vision Names of God Omnipresence +External links +Complaint +Gameplay +Games Series +Luxor HD +Luxor App icon on itunes Developer(s) MumboJumbo Publisher(s) MumboJumbo Designer(s) Scott Hansen Platform(s) Mac OS X, Windows, iOS, PlayStation Portable (subtitled The Wrath of Set) & Android (Luxor HD and Luxor: Amun Rising HD only) Release May 30, 2005[1] Genre(s) Puzzle Mode(s) Single player +Luxor is a game and series of tile-matching action puzzle video games, developed by MumboJumbo, with the initial release in 2005. The first sequel to this game was Luxor 2, which was released in 2006 and included new gameplay, levels and bonus. After that came Luxor 3, which featured seven gameplay modes and improved graphics. +Luxor’s gameplay is similar to the games Marble Lines, Puzz Loop, and Zuma, in that it challenges the user to eliminate colored magical spheres by causing three or more spheres of the same color to collide. When spheres are eliminated, nearby spheres which now form a segment of three or more of the same color will also explode in a chain reaction. +During gameplay, the on-screen spheres continuously move forward, pushed themselves by additional small scarabs. If any sphere reaches the player's pyramid, he or she loses a life and is forced to restart the level. If the player succeeds in eliminating a certain number of spheres without this occurring, new spheres cease to arrive and the level can be completed by removing those which remain. +Luxor Luxor HD Luxor 2 Luxor 2 HD Luxor 3 Luxor Amun Rising Luxor Amun Rising HD Luxor The Wrath of Set (for PSP) Luxor: Pharaoh's Challenge (for Wii, NDS, PSP) Luxor: Quest for the Afterlife Luxor 5th Passage Luxor Mahjong Luxor Adventures (or Luxor Great Adventures Deluxe) Luxor Evolved +Luxor HD is a remake of Luxor that has high definition, and Luxor 2's graphics. +After competitor Codeminion released their game StoneLoops! of Jurassica for iPhone, MumboJumbo sent a complaint to Apple with the request to remove the game from the Apple App Store. According to MumboJumbo the game has many similarities with the Luxor-series which could confuse customers. Apple accepted the complaint and the game was removed.[2] +↑ IGN: Luxor ↑ "Where is StoneLoops or how to get rid of your competition in the Apple Appstore". Codeminion. 23 October 2009. +Luxor (video game) +References +The Cambodian Liberty Party (CLP) is a Cambodian political party founded in November 2015 by former CPP lawmaker Chea Chamroeun.[1] Prince Sisowath Chakrey Noukpol was chosen President of the party on May 4, 2016. +References +Say Chhum (born 5 February 1945) is a Cambodian politician who has been President of the Senate of Cambodia since 2015. +He was First Vice-President of the Senate until June 2015, when he succeeded Chea Sim upon the latter's death. +He served as Chairman of the Permanent Committee of the Central Committee of the Cambodian People's Party. +He was elected to represent Kampong Speu Province in the National Assembly in 2003.[1] He also served as Second Vice-President of the National Assembly. +References +Bibliography +Prince Bounkhong, the son of Prince Souvanna Phomma, was the last uparaja of Luang Phrabang. He was granted the title of Chao Ratsaphakhinay by King Chulalongkorn of Siam in 1884. +From 1911 to 1920, he was a member of the Government Council of French Indochina.[1] +Historical Dictionary of Laos (3, illustrated ed.). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-5624-7. ↑ Lee 2013, p. 375. +Golden Dragon and Purple Phoenix: The Chinese and Their Multi-Ethnic Descendants in Southeast Asia. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-4383-43-1. +References +Dr. Ponemek Daraloy is a Laotian physician and politician. As of 2010, he is Minister of Public Health of Laos.[1] +↑ "Members of the Lao Government". Lao News Agency. Archived from the original on June 3, 2011. +External links +References +Fahmi Reza is a political graphic designer,[1] street artist[2] and documentary film maker[3] based in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.[4] He is known in particular for depicting Malaysia’s then Prime Minister, Najib Razak, as a clown.[5] +Fahmi Reza creating his clown portrayal of Prime Minister Najib Razak +1 2 "Malaysian punk artist clowns with scandal-hit leader". ↑ "The untold story of the hartal - theSundaily". thesundaily.my. Retrieved 7 June 2016. ↑ "Centre For Independent Journalism, Malaysia » Blog Archive » Banning Anwar from UM demonstrates lack of academic freedom". cijmalaysia.org. Retrieved 7 June 2016. ↑ "The Muzzling of the Malaysian Mind". +↑ fahmireza (5 March 2012). "10 Tahun Sebelum Merdeka (2007)". Retrieved 7 June 2016 – via YouTube. +External links +References +↑ "Moderate": White, Michael (14 March 2014). "Tony Benn: the establishment insider turned leftwing outsider". The Guardian. +Retrieved 4 May 2016. +Key proponent of democratic socialism: Duncan Hall (2011). +A2 Government and Politics: Ideologies and Ideologies in Action. Lulu.com. p. 45. +ISBN 978-1-4477-3399-7. +1 2 Re Parliamentary Election for Bristol South East [1964] 2 Q.B. 257, [1961] 3 W.L.R. 577 ↑ "British socialist Tony Benn dead at 88". +News.com.au. Retrieved 18 March 2014. ↑ Renton, Dave (February 1997). "Does Labour's Left Have an Alternative?". +Socialist Review. +Archived from the original on 11 September 2003. +Retrieved 2 May 2010. ↑ "Collection – The Rt Hon Tony Benn MP". Art in Parliament. UK Parliament. +Retrieved 3 May 2010. ↑ Burrows, Saffron (21 December 2014). "He loved so well: a moving tribute to Tony Benn by the actor Saffron Burrows". +Anthony Neil Wedgwood Benn (3 April 1925 – 14 March 2014), originally known as Anthony Wedgwood Benn, but later as Tony Benn, was a British politician, writer, and diarist. +He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for 47 years between the 1950 and 2001 general elections and a Cabinet minister in the Labour governments of Harold Wilson and James Callaghan in the 1960s and 1970s. +Originally a moderate, he was identified as being on the party's hard left from the early 1980s, and was widely seen as a key proponent of democratic socialism within the party.[1] +By date +Freeview video interview by the Vega Science Trust. Recorded in 2005. Benn, Tony. +"Exclusive Interview". +Glastonbury Festival. Archived from the original on 24 May 2005. +Retrieved 5 May 2016 – via the Wayback Machine. Tony Benn. "Atomic hypocrisy: West is not in a position to take a high moral line". +Other +Find Your Way Studio album by Gabrielle Released 18 October 1993 Recorded 1992–1993 Genre R&B Length 48:41 Label PolyGram Records Go! +Discs Producer Boilerhouse Andy Cox John Douglas Richard Fermie Paul & Steve Jervier Tim Laws David Steele Jonathan Wales Gabrielle chronology Find Your Way (1993) Gabrielle (1996) Singles from Find Your Way "Dreams" Released: 7 June 1993 "Going Nowhere" Released: 20 September 1993 "I Wish" Released: 29 November 1993 "Because of You" Released: 14 February 1994 +Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic [1] +Find Your Way – Standard edition[2] No. Title Writer(s) Producer (s) Length 1. +"Going Nowhere" Gabrielle George McFarlane Jonathan Wales Paul Jervier Steve Jervier 3:49 2. +"Who Could Love You More" Gabrielle Winston Sela Andy Cox David Steele 3:54 3. +"Find Your Way" Gabrielle Jon Douglas Douglas 4:42 4. +"I Wanna Know" Gabrielle Ben Wolff Andy Dean Ben Barson The Boilerhouse Boys 4:28 5. +"Dreams" Gabrielle Tim Laws Richie Fermie 3:45 6. +"I Wish" Gabrielle Douglas Douglas 4:48 7. +"We Don't Talk" Gabrielle Douglas Douglas 4:34 8. +"Second Chance" Gabrielle Cox Steele Cox Steele 3:24 9. +"Say What You Gotta Say" Gabrielle Wolff Dean Barson The Boilerhouse Boys 3:43 10. +"Because of You" Gabrielle McFarlane McFarlane 3:46 +UK bonus track(s)[3] No. Title Writer(s) Producer (s) Length 11. +"Inside Your Head" Gabrielle Laws Laws 7:46 +Japanese bonus track(s)[4] No. Title Writer(s) Producer (s) Length 12. +"Dreams" (Our Tribe House Mix) Gabrielle Laws Fermie 6:44 13. +"Going Nowhere" (It's In The Post [Again] Mix) Gabrielle McFarlane Wales Jervier Jervier 4:40 +What Happens to My Family? (Hangul: 가족끼리 왜 이래; RR: Gajokggiri Wae Irae; lit. What's With This Family?) is a 2014-2015 South Korean television series starring Yoo Dong-geun, Kim Hyun-joo, Kim Sang-kyung, Yoon Park and Park Hyung-sik.[1][2] It aired on KBS2 on Saturdays and Sundays at 19:55 from August 16, 2014 to February 15, 2015. +Cha Soon-bong is a widower who has devoted his life to his three children, loving them despite their self-centred selfishness and disrespect. However, when he discovers that he has terminal cancer, he decides to use the time he has left to ensure their happiness when he is gone. His eldest daughter Kang-shim, after a failed relationship, has resigned herself to never marry and a lifetime of being alone; his eldest son Kang-jae, a brilliant oncologist, is resentful of his humble origins; and his youngest son, Dal-bong, is a drifter who claims that nothing seems to go right for him. +Plot +What Happens to My Family? Promotional poster for What Happens to My Family? Also known as What's with This Family? +We Are Family This Is Family Genre Family Romance Comedy Drama Written by Kang Eun-kyung Directed by Jeon Chang-geun Starring Yoo Dong-geun Kim Hyun-joo Kim Sang-kyung Yoon Park Park Hyung-sik Country of origin South Korea Original language(s) Korean No. of episodes 53 Production Producer(s) Kim Jung-gyu Production location(s) Korea Running time Saturdays and Sundays at 19:55 (KST) Production company(s) Samhwa Networks Release Original network Korean Broadcasting System Original release 16 August 2014 (2014-08-16) – 15 February 2015 (2015-02-15) Chronology Preceded by Wonderful Days Followed by House of Bluebird External links Website +"Park Hyung-sik to depart Real Men". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 2014-08-13. ↑ TNmS Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu in Korean ↑ AGB Daily Ratings: this links to current day-select the date from drop down menu in Korean +Track listing +Charts +Gabrielle is the second studio album by English R&B artist Gabrielle. +It was released in 1996 and reached number 11 in the UK Albums Chart. The album was certified Platinum in the UK. +Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic link +Gabrielle – Standard edition[1] No. Title Writer(s) Producer(s) Length 1. +"Forget About the World" Gabrielle Ben Barson Andy Dean Ben Wolff The Boilerhouse Boys 4:15 2. +"People May Come" Gabrielle Barson Dean Wolff The Boilerhouse Boys 4:29 3. +"I Live in Hope" Gabrielle Barson Dean Wolff The Boilerhouse Boys 4:08 4. +"Baby I've Changed" Gabrielle Ashley Beedle Marc Woolford The Boilerhouse Boys Beedle Woolford 4:40 5. +"Give Me a Little More Time" Gabrielle Barson Dean Wolff The Boilerhouse Boys 4:54 6. +"If You Really Cared" Gabrielle Barson Dean Wolff The Boilerhouse Boys 4:51 7. +"There She Goes" Gabrielle Barson Dean Wolff The Boilerhouse Boys 4:00 8. +"Our Love is Over" Gabrielle Barson Dean Wolff The Boilerhouse Boys 5:13 9. +"If I Could" Gabrielle Denzil Foster Thomas McElroy Foster & McElroy 4:44 10. +"Alone" Gabrielle Barson Dean Wolff The Boilerhouse Boys 3:09 11. +"Have You Ever Wondered" Gabrielle Barson Dean Wolff The Boilerhouse Boys 3:57 12. +"So Glad" Gabrielle Barson Dean Wolff The Boilerhouse Boys 4:05 13. +"Miracle" Gabrielle Foster McElroy Foster & McElroy 4:41 +Gabrielle – UK bonus tracks[2] No. Title Writer(s) Producer(s) Length 14. +"If You Ever" (with East 17) Carl Martin Mike Rose Nicholas Foster 4:17 15. +"Walk On By" Burt Bacharach Hal David The Boilerhouse Boys 3:21 16. +"Forget About The World" (Remix by Trevor Horn) Gabrielle Barson Dean Wolff The Boilerhouse Boys 4:22 +Gabrielle – Japan bonus tracks[3] No. Title Writer(s) Producer(s) Length 14. +"Something To Talk About" Gabrielle Barson Dean Wolff The Boilerhouse Boys 4:13 +Gabrielle (album) +Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic [1] +Rise – Standard edition[2] No. Title Writer(s) Producer (s) Length 1. +"Sunshine" Gabrielle Jonathan Shorten Shorten Richie Fermie (co.) 4:10 2. +"Rise" Gabrielle Ollie Dagois Bob Dylan Ferdy Unger-Hamilton Jonny Dollar Simon Richmond 3:39 3. +"When a Woman" Gabrielle Julian Gallagher Richard Stannard Gallagher Stannard 3:11 4. +"Tell Me What You Dream" Gabrielle Gallagher Stannard Gallagher Stannard 4:03 5. +"5 O'Clock" Gabrielle Dagois Unger-Hamilton Dagois Unger-Hamilton 3:36 6. +"Should I Stay" Gabrielle Jonathan Sharp Dollar Richmond 3:59 7. +"Over You" Gabrielle Shorten Shorten Fermie (co.) 4:21 8. +"Falling" Gabrielle Gallagher Stannard Gallagher Stannard 3:21 9. +"If You Love Me" Gabrielle Shorten Shorten 3:56 10. +"Independence Day" Gabrielle Sharp Shorten Fermie (co.) 4:35 11. +"Gonna Get Better" Gabrielle Shorten Roger Drakes Shorten 3:59 +Rise – UK reissue bonus tracks[3] No. Title Writer(s) Producer (s) Length 12. +"Out of Reach" Gabrielle Shorten Shorten 3:18 13. +"There's Nothing I Won't Do for You" Gabrielle The Boilerhouse Boys Shorten 4:10 14. +"Rise" (Acoustic Version) Gabrielle Ollie Dagois Bob Dylan Ferdy Unger-Hamilton 3:55 15. +Rise – Japan bonus tracks[4] No. Title Writer(s) Producer(s) Length 12. +"There's Nothing I Won't Do for You" Gabrielle The Boilerhouse Boys Shorten Fermie 4:10 13. +"Make You Wanna Holler" Gabrielle Ashley Beadle Marc Woodford Beadle Woodford 4:44 +Rise Underground – Remix edition[5] No. Title Writer(s) Producer (s) Length 1. +"Sunshine" (Wookie Dub Mix) Gabrielle Jonathan Shorten Shorten Richie Fermie[a] Wookie[b] 4:26 2. +"Rise" (Artful Dodger Above Board Vox) Gabrielle Ollie Dagois Bob Dylan Ferdy Unger-Hamilton Jonny Dollar Simon Richmond Artful Dodger[b] 3:43 3. +"When a Woman" (Restless Natives Groove Mix) Gabrielle Julian Gallagher Richard Stannard Gallagher Stannard Restless Natives[b] 3:57 4. +"5 O'clock" (K Warren Dub) Gabrielle Dagois Unger-Hamilton Dagois Unger-Hamilton Ceri Evans[b] 3:44 5. +"Should I Stay" (Zed Bias Vocal Mix) Gabrielle Jonathan Sharp Dollar Richmond K Warren[b] 4:54 6. +"Over You" (Ed Case & Carl H Dub) Gabrielle Shorten Shorten Fermie[a] Zed Bias[b] Dave Jones[b] 4:00 7. +"Independence Day" (Ed Case & Carl H Dub) Gabrielle Sharp Shorten Fermie[a] Carl H Ed Case[b] 3:01 8. +"Independence Day" (Ed Case & Carl H Remix) Gabrielle Sharp Shorten Fermie[a] Carl H Ed Case[b] 3:29 9. +"When a Woman" (Restless Natives Dub Mix) Gabrielle Julian Gallagher Richard Stannard Gallagher Stannard Restless Natives[b] 1:55 10. +"If You Love Me" (Bump And Flex Dub Mix) Gabrielle Shorten Shorten Bump & Flex[b] 4:28 11. +"Gonna Get Better" (D.E.A. Vocal) Gabrielle Shorten Roger Drakes Shorten D.E.A. Project[b] DJ Para[b] Lloyd-E[b] R. Lally[b] 4:03 12. +"Over You" (Zed Bias Dub) Gabrielle Shorten Shorten Fermie[a] Bias[b] Jones[b] 4:21 13. +"If You Love Me" (Bump And Flex Vocal Mix) Gabrielle Shorten Shorten Bump & Flex[b] 4:11 14. +"Tell Me What You Dream" (M Dubs Vocal Mix) Gabrielle Gallagher Stannard Gallagher Stannard Dennis MDubs[b] 5:07 15. +"Sunshine" (Wookie Main Mix)) Gabrielle Jonathan Shorten Shorten Richie Fermie[a] Wookie[b] 4:26 16. +"5 O'clock" (Architechs Mix) Gabrielle Dagois Unger-Hamilton Dagois Unger-Hamilton Architechs[b] 4:39 17. +"Falling" (Stanton Warriors Remix) Gabrielle Gallagher Stannard Gallagher Stannard Stanton Warriors[b] 4:53 18. +"Gonna Get Better" (D.E.A. Dub) Gabrielle Shorten Roger Drakes Shorten D.E.A. Project[b] DJ Para[b] Lloyd-E[b] R. Lally[b] 4:36 +Rise (Gabrielle album) +Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total 1 China (CHN) 1 0 0 1 2 Indonesia (INA) 0 1 0 1 3 Chinese Taipei (TPE) 0 0 1 1 Total (3 Nations) 1 1 1 3 +Medal table +2018 Asian Games medal table +Jaruwat Saensuk Personal information Nationality Thai Born (1996-05-21) 21 May 1996 Sport Sport Rowing +↑ "Jaruwat Saensuk". rio2016.com. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016. +Personnel +Reception +Track listing +Under My Skin is the sixth studio album by English singer and songwriter Gabrielle. +It was released on 17 August 2018 via BMG Rights Management, her first studio record in 11 years. Two singles have been released from the album; the lead single, "Show Me", was released on 26 April 2018. +The second single "Shine", was released on 6 July 2018. +Gabrielle launched the new record with a sold-out show at London's Jazz Café on 8 May 2018.[1] +In a 3 out of 5 star review, Dave Simpson of The Guardian referred to the album as "a heartfelt comeback" that "makes it seem as if she never went away" and added that "the glossy pop-soul production is as catchy as her smashes" but that several songs "would be self-help manual material if they weren’t so passionately, sincerely sung". He concluded by explaining that "while more grit in the butter wouldn’t have gone amiss, Under My Skin returns to the sound that made Gabrielle famous".[2] +Adapted from qobuz[3] +Gabrielle – vocals, backing vocals, composition Ian Barter – production, drums, guitar, bass guitar, keyboards, record engineering, composition Steve Chrisanthou – composition, production, guitar, bass guitar, mixing engineering, record engineering Tim Larsson – composition, production, piano, mix engineer, record engineering Tobias Lundgren – composition, production, guitar, mix engineering, record engineering Louise Hull – backing vocals Christian Burns – backing vocals Jennifer Kästel – backing vocals Jay Reynolds – mix engineering Guy Massey – mix engineering Dick Beetham – master engineering Chris Smith – drums Paul Siddall – keyboards Tim Kellet – brass Andy Thornton – bass guitar +Chart (2018) Peak position Scottish Albums (OCC)[4] 5 UK Albums (OCC)[5] 7 +Charts +Under My Skin Studio album by Gabrielle Released 17 August 2018 Recorded 2017–2018 Length 44:49 Label BMG Rights Producer Gabrielle (exec.) +Steve Chrisanthou Ian Barter Tim Larsson Tobias Lundgren Gabrielle chronology Now and Always (2013) Under My Skin (2018) Singles from Under My Skin "Show Me" Released: 26 April 2018 "Shine" Released: 6 July 2018 +No. Title Writer(s) Producer(s) Length 1. +"Under My Skin" Gabrielle Barter Ian Barter 3:46 2. +"Thank You" Gabrielle Chrisanthou Steve Chrisanthou 3:28 3. +"Show Me" Gabrielle Chrisanthou Chrisanthou 3:29 4. +"Every Step" Gabrielle Barter Barter 3:16 5. +"Stronger" Gabrielle Chrisanthou Chrisanthou 4:23 6. +"Put Up a Fight" Gabrielle Barter Barter 3:42 7. +"Signs" Gabrielle Barter Barter 3:51 8. +"Breathe" Gabrielle Barter Barter 3:57 9. +"Young and Crazy" Gabrielle Chrisanthou Chrisanthou 3:18 10. +"Take a Minute" Gabrielle Chrisanthou Chrisanthou 3:30 11. +"Won't Back Down" Gabrielle Burgess Barter 4:12 12. +"Shine" Gabrielle Tim Larsson Tobias Lundgren Larsson Lundgren 3:57 +↑ https://www.entertainment-focus.com/music-section/music-reviews/live/gabrielle-the-jazz-cafe-london-live-review/ ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/aug/17/gabrielle-under-my-skin-review-a-heartfelt-comeback ↑ "Under My Skin - Gabrielle - Credits - qobuz". qobuz. Retrieved 15 August 2018. ↑ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". +Under My Skin (Gabrielle album) +External links +References +Demands +Charter 08 is a manifesto initially signed by 303 Chinese dissident intellectuals and human rights activists.[1] It was published on 10 December 2008, the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopting name and style from the anti-Soviet Charter 77 issued by dissidents in Czechoslovakia.[2] Since its release, more than 10,000 people inside and outside China have signed the charter.[3][4][5] +"All kinds of social conflicts have constantly accumulated and feelings of discontent have risen consistently," it reads. "The current system has become backward to the point that change cannot be avoided." China remains the only large world power to still retain an authoritarian system that so infringes on human rights, it states. +Specific demands are: +Free markets and protection of private property, including privatizing state enterprises and land. Financial and tax reform. Social security. +↑ "Over 5000 people have signed the Charter 08 (《零八宪章》签名已超过5000人)". Boxun. 17 December 2008. +Retrieved 15 December 2008. ↑ Spencer, Richard (9 December 2008). "Chinese dissidents emulate anti-Soviet heroes with Charter 08". +Telegraph.co.uk. +Retrieved 10 December 2008. ↑ A Nobel Prize for a Chinese Dissident, The New York Times, September 20, 2010 ↑ Why China's leadership should talk to the Charter 08 movement, Washington Post, 30 January 2009. ↑ Small green shoots of rebellion among ordinary Chinese, Irish Times, 31 January 2009. 1 2 Macartney, Jane (10 December 2008). "Leading Chinese dissident, Liu Xiaobo, arrested over freedom charter". +London: Times Online. Retrieved 10 December 2008. ↑ Link, Perry. "Charter 08 Translated from Chinese by Perry Link The following text of Charter 08, signed by hundreds of Chinese intellectuals and translated and introduced by Perry Link, Professor of Chinese Literature at the University of California, Riverside". +The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 10 December 2008. ↑ "Charter 08 (translated from the Chinese by Human Rights in China)". Human Rights in China. +Retrieved 10 December 2008. +1 2 3 China aims to silence reform call, BBC News, 12 January 2009. ↑ Human Rights in China, "Independent Scholars Detained: Start of 2009 Crackdown?," 9 December 2008. ↑ A Manifesto on Freedom Sets China’s Persecution Machinery in Motion, New York Times, 3 May 2009. ↑ "刘晓波因涉嫌煽动颠覆国家政权罪被依法逮捕" (Liu Xiaobo Formally Arrested on 'Suspicion of Inciting Subversion of State Power' Charges), China Review News, 24 June 2009. 1 2 "Beijing acts to stifle dissident call for reform," Financial Times, 3 January 2009. ↑ "Media Ban on Charter Activists," UNHCR and RFA, 24 December 2008. ↑ "Edgy China blog site shut amid Internet porn sweep Archived January 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.," Associated Press, 9 January 2009. ↑ Sean McCormack, Sean McCormack (11 December 2008). "Harassment of Chinese Signatories to Charter 08 Press Statement Sean McCormack, Spokesman Washington, DC". +U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on December 14, 2008. Retrieved 10 December 2008. ↑ "China retaliates against signatories of rights charter". +Charter 08 +References +Clubs +Kantapat Koonmee (Thai: กันตพัฒน์ คูณมี; RTGS: Kantapat Koonmee, born 17 April 1998) is a member of the Thailand men's national volleyball team.[1][2][3] +Chonburi (2014–2016) Air force (2016–present) +History +Unknown locations +Demolition +External links +Gallery +Notable interments +Kin of Muhammad +Visitation of Baqi The oldest photos of Jannat al-Baqi (in Persian) Jannat al-Baqi website Map of Jannat al-Baqi History of the Cemetery of Jannat al-Baqi The Baqi Collection Photos Map of Jannat al-Baqi according to Sunni Muslim sources +Jannaṫ al-Baqī‘ (Arabic: جَـنَّـة الْـبَـقِـيْـع‎, lit. 'Garden of the Baqi') is a cemetery in Medina, the Hijazi[1] region of present-day Saudi Arabia. It is located to the southeast of the Prophet's Mosque, which contains the qabr (Arabic: قَـبْـر‎, grave) of Muhammad. It is also known as Baqī‘ al-Gharqad (Arabic: بَـقِـيْـع الْـغَـرْقَـد‎, meaning "Baqi' of the Boxthorn").[2] +Many traditions relate Muhammad issuing a prayer every time he passed it. A Jewish graveyard was once located behind Jannat al-Baqi. The Umayyad rulers took down the wall of the Jewish cemetery and widened the Muslim graveyard to enclose the tomb of Caliph Uthman ibn Affan within it.[3] +When Muhammad arrived at Medina from Mecca in September 622 CE, al-Baqi' was a land covered with Lycium shawii boxthorn trees. According to historical records, after the arrival of Muhammad, the houses of Medina developed near Baqi', which was therefore considered as the public tomb. Also Baqi' was introduced as somewhere which its east side is Nakhl and its west side there are houses. +In order to honour Uthman ibn Affan, Muawiyah included the huge Jewish graveyard into al-Baqi cemetery. The Umayyad Caliphate built the first dome in al-Baqi over his grave. During different times of history, many domes and structures were built or rebuilt over many famous graves in al-Baqi. +The cemetery was demolished[2] by forces loyal to the Wahhabi-Saudi alliance in 1806 and 1925[5] (or 1926).[2][6] +At the beginning of the Wahhabis of Najd's nineteenth century (1806) control over Mecca and Medina, they demolished many of the religious buildings including tombs and mosques, whether inside or outside the Baqi,[7] in accordance with their doctrine.[2] These were razed to the ground[6][8] and plundered for their decorations and goods.[9] +The second demolition was discussed in Majles-e Shora-ye Melli (The National Consultative Assembly of Iran) and a group of representatives was sent to Hijaz to investigate. In recent years, efforts were made by Iranian religious scholars and political figures to restore the cemetery and its shrines.[6] Both Sunni and Shia protested against the destruction[2][10] and rallies are held annually.[2][12] The day is regarded as Yaum-e Gham ("Day of Sorrow").[10] Prominent Sunni theologians and intellectuals have condemned the "unfit" situation of the Baqi cemetery but the Saudi authorities have so far ignored all criticism and rejected any requests for restoration of the tombs and mausoleums.[6] Though nowadays the situation of the Baqi is better than the time of demolition but there was acrimony in the memories of the Muslims who visited there in the past.[13] +Uthman ibn Affan, companion, son-in-law of Muhammad and third Sunni Caliph. Uthman ibn Affan was at first buried in a Jewish graveyard behind Al-Baqi', but later Muawiyah I extended Al-Baqi' to include Uthman.[17][18] Uthman Bin Mazoun, companion of Muhammad. Abu Sa‘id al-Khudri Malik ibn Anas, Islamic jurist Nafi‘ al-Madani, one of Ten Readers of Quran Abdülmecid II, the last Ottoman sultan, the 37th Head of the Ottoman dynasty +Mohammad Hayya Al-Sindhi, scholar Imam Shamil, Muslim leader and freedom fighter from the Caucasus Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy, scholar Idris of Libya, King of Libya Hasan as-Senussi, Crown Prince of Libya Muhammad Zakariya Kandhalawi, Author of Fazael-e-A'maal Prof Dr Riaz Ahmed Pal, Chairman of Biological Sciences Quid-e-azim University and Founder of Parasite (shafaq) +Halimah Graves of Fatimah (single grave in front) and Imams Hasan, Zayn al-Abidin, Baqir and Jafar (2nd row left to right, 4 graves side by side), and ‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib (single grave at right) Grave of wives of Muhammad, left to right: Juwayriyya bint al-Harith, Hind bint Abi Umayya, Zaynab bint Jahsh, Zaynab bint Khuzayma, Sawda bint Zamʿa, Hafsa bint Umar, Safiyya bint Huyayy, Ramla bint Abi Sufyan, Aisha bint Abi Bakr Ibrahim ibn Muhammad Uthman Abdullah ibn Ja'far and Aqeel ibn Abi Talib Malik ibn Anas and Nafi‘ al-Madani +1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bahramian, Ali; Gholami, Rahim (2013). "al-Baqīʿ". +In Madelung, Wilfred; Daftary, Farhad. +Encyclopaedia Islamica (Third ed.). Retrieved 2 September 2016. ↑ Ahmed, Irfan. +Retrieved 9 September 2016. ↑ Bahramian, Ali. +"Baqi". The Great Islamic Encyclopedia (in Persian). Retrieved 9 September 2016. +ISBN 9780745601540. ↑ ; Mary and jesus in Islam, By Yasin T. al-Jibouri; p.298; "She was buried somewhere in the graveyard of Jannatul-Baqi' in Medina in an unmarked grave" ↑ 'A Very Humble Tribute to Fatima Zahra(AS)'; photo: ‘Mowla(TUS) at Jannatul Baqi’" ↑ Lady Fatima, Islamic Insight, Accessed September 1, 2012. ↑ "Al Baqi Cemetery". Al-Mustafa International University. Retrieved 20 June 2017. ↑ "History of the Cemetery Of Jannat Al-Baqi". +See also +Critical reaction +Controversy +Reception and controversy +Creator's reaction +Muslim Massacre: The Game of Modern Religious Genocide Developer(s) Eric 'Sigvatr' Vaughn Platform(s) Microsoft Windows Release January 2008 Genre(s) Shoot 'em up Mode(s) Single player +Muslim Massacre: The Game of Modern Religious Genocide is a controversial 2008 amateur computer game by former Something Awful forum member Eric Vaughn under the screen name "Sigvatr". It is a top-down shoot 'em up video game. The aim of the game is to kill all the Muslims that appear on the screen – in the words of its creator, "take control of the American hero and wipe out the Muslim race with an arsenal of the world's most destructive weapons."[1] +PC World's Matt Peckham compared it to the Atari video game Berzerk, commenting that without any meaning to it, it is a parody that feels "utterly devoid of anything remotely Swiftian, and which viewed at the mechanical level is pretty weak, monotonous sauce." He noted that as opposed to banning it, people who do not like it should boycott it, while parents should supervise what their children play.[3] Kotaku's Michael McWhertor called it a straightforward shooter, calling its "visual style and retro 8-bit musical nods" well crafted. He felt that it alluded to shooting games such as Contra and Ikari Warriors, ultimately stating that "it doesn't play particularly well, nor is it a bad game."[6] GameSetWatch's Simon Carless gave it a "resounding 'eh'".[7] The game has been downloaded over 100,000 times as of April 11, 2008.[8] +The game, while being released for some time beforehand, gained controversy around the seventh anniversary of the September 11 attacks in 2001.[2] TechRadar's Adam Hartley said that the game was "vile, childish, tedious and desperate to drum-up-controversy".[2] The chief executive of the Muslim youth organization, The Ramadhan Foundation Mohammed Shafiq commented that "encouraging children and young people in a game to kill Muslims is unacceptable, tasteless and deeply offensive".[2] He also stated that it "incites violence toward Muslims and is trying to justify the killing of innocent Muslims", urging both the British government and Internet providers to shut the web site down.[9] Inayat Bunglawala of the Muslim Council of Britain said that Vaughn and the ISPs who host the game should be ashamed, stating that "anti-Muslim prejudice is already on the increase and needs to be challenged and not reinforced through tasteless and offensive stunts like this."[10] Similarly, the president of the Islamic Council of Queensland Suliman Sabdia urged for the web site to be shut down by Police Minister Judy Spence, commenting that "this is the sort of game which creates hysteria."[11] Spence was concerned with the game, commenting that the web site has been "brought to the attention of police, who are making an assessment as to whether it breaches any legislation."[11] A Queensland Police spokesman announced that the game was examined, where "no offence was detected". They referred the matter to Canadian authorities.[12] +Ledonne responded by hoping that he wasn't doing it for "the lulz" like V-Tech Rampage developer Ryan Lambourn, adding that he would define a success as "the opportunity to think more critically about the elements your game addresses." Vaughn claimed that the message was that Muslims needed to "suck it down and stop getting offended by everything", adding that "if they learnt to just ignore people, things would be better." He also noted that it wasn't just to Muslims, but all people, stating that "there are people all around the world who will do things that make you mad."[19] Vaughn commented that the game's depictions of Muslims was no more negative than television news, adding that he didn't feel that children would be affected, and that parents were responsible for instilling positive attitudes in their children.[5] +Ethnic Cleansing Islamic Fun! Under Ash Under Siege Persecution of Muslims 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict in video games +Retrieved October 27, 2011. 1 2 Editor, Nicholas Coates, Associate (14 September 2008). +Retrieved 30 July 2014. ↑ Detweiler, Craig (25 January 2010). "Halos and Avatars: Playing Video Games with God". +Westminster John Knox Press – via Google Books. ↑ "'Muslim Massacre' Game Condemned". Muslim in Suffer. 2008-11-05. +Retrieved 2017-01-12. ↑ Ahmed, Murad (2008-09-11). "Muslim Massacre computer game condemned as tasteless by British Muslims". The Times. +London. ↑ Maggie Greene (9/14/08). "'Muslim Massacre' Creator Tucks Tail, Apologizes". Kotaku. ↑ "Muslim Massacre Creator: My Apology Was Fake". +Archived from the original on 2013-10-17. +Scientific career +External links +Selected works +References +Bibliography +Early life and education +Gloria Lim Born 1930 Singapore Nationality Singaporean Occupation Mycologist, university professor Years active 1957–2011 Known for First woman dean of the faculty of science, University of Singapore First woman commissioner of the Public Service Commission +Gloria Lim BBM (born 1930) is a retired Singaporean mycologist whose research focused on tropical fungi and who built up a fungal repository of regional samples. Lim was twice appointed as Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of Singapore (now the National University of Singapore), the first woman to hold that position. +After her retirement, she became the first Director of Singapore's National Institute of Education and helped it launch a university degree program. She served on the Public Service Commission as its first woman commissioner for 14 years, and then served as general manager of the Community Mediation Unit for 8 years. She has received numerous honours and awards for her contributions to science and to improving education in Singapore. +Gloria Lim was born in Singapore in 1930. +While the girls school she attended did not teach sciences,[1] she graduated from the University of Singapore with a BS in botany with first-class honours in 1954. +She earned a Diploma in Education in 1956 and an MS in plant pathology in 1957 from the University of Malaya in Kuala Lumpur.[1][2] +Lim began teaching at the Raffles Girls' School; she later was hired to teach at the University of Malaya and divided her time teaching at Raffles in the morning and botany at the university in the afternoons. +She was awarded an Inter-University Council Fellowship which allowed her to attend the University of London.[1] Lim earned her doctorate in 1961 and then attended the University of California, Berkeley, on a Fulbright Fellowship between 1966 and 1967,[2] becoming a mycologist.[1] +Returning to Singapore, Lim became an expert on fungi and built up a unique repository of the region's fungal species, writing hundreds of research articles and consulting with universities and businesses at home and abroad. She worked on the advisory board of a company developing medicinal mushrooms, and assisted the Singaporean Ministry of Defence when their storage bunkers developed mould.[1] After her retirement, the collection of various species was disassembled and destroyed.[1] +Lim, Gloria; Khew, E; Yeoh, H H (March 1985). "Extracellular enzymes of some black aspergilli in Singapore". MIRCEN journal of applied microbiology and biotechnology. +Proceedings of a workshop on plant viruses and mycoplasmas held at the National University of Singapore, Botany Department, 24–27 May 1983 (Report). Asian Network for Biological Sciences. Louis, Isabelle; Lim, Gloria (March 1987). +"Spore density and root colonization of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas in tropical soil". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 88 (2): 207–212. doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(87)80216-4. +"Edible mushrooms in Singapore and other Southeast Asian countries". Mycologist. 4 (3): 119–124. doi:10.1016/s0269-915x(09)80038-4. +Lim, Gloria (2004). Molecular cytogenetic characterization of complex genomic rearrangements in osteosarcoma. National Library of Canada (Thesis). +1 2 3 4 "Gloria Lim: Mycology expert and first woman member of the Public Service Commission". Singapore: Singapore Women's Hall of Fame. +2014. Retrieved 7 November 2015. ↑ Gopinathan, S (25 January 2002). "Valuing the Teaching Profession: Purpose, Passion & Hope" (PDF). +Gloria Lim +In Chan, Juliana; Chua, Grace; Sim, Shuzhen; et al. Singapore's Scientific Pioneers. Singapore: Asian Scientist Publishing Pte Ltd. +External links +List of Sahabah +Archived from the original on 1 August 2009. ↑ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Uthman-ibn-Affan ↑ Asma Afsaruddin, Oliver (2009). "ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. +Oxford: Oxford University Press. +(Subscription required (help)). ↑ Ochsenweld, William; Fisher, Sydney Nettleton (2004). +The Middle East: A History (6th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-244233-6. ↑ Bewley & Saad, p. 32. ↑ Laundau-Tasseron & Tabari, p. 198. ↑ Bewley & Saad, p. 161. ↑ Muhammad ibn Saad. +Media related to Uthman at Wikimedia Commons Views of various Islamic historians on Uthman: +Views of the Arab Media on Uthman: +Shia view of Uthman: +Uthman ibn Affan 3rd Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate Reign 6 November 644 – 17 June 656 Predecessor Umar Ibn Al-Khattab Successor Ali Ibn Abi-Talib Born 579 (42 BH) Taif, Arabia Died 20 May 656(656-05-20) (aged 76–77) (17 Dhū al-Qa‘dah 35 AH)[1][2][3] Medina, Arabia, Rashidun Empire Burial Jannat al-Baqi, Madinah Spouse "Umm 'Amr" Asma bint Abi Jahl Ruqayyah bint Muhammad Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad Fakhitah bint Ghazwan Umm al-Banin bint Uyayna Fatima bint al-Walid Daughter of Khalid ibn Asid Umm 'Amr Umm Najm bint Jundub Ramla bint Shayba Bunana Na'ila bint al-Furafisa Zaynab bint Hayyan (concubine) Another Concubine Issue (among others) Aban Full name Arabic: عثمان بن عفان‎ Tribe Quraysh (Banu Umayya) Dynasty Rashidun Father Affan ibn Abi al-'As Mother Arwa bint Kurayz Religion Islam[4] Arab Polytheism (Until 620 AD) +Uthman ibn Affan (Arabic: عثمان بن عفان‎, translit. ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān), also known in English by the Turkish and Persian rendering, Osman (579 – 17 June 656), was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the third of the Rashidun, or "Rightly Guided Caliphs". Born into a prominent Meccan clan, Banu Umayya of the Quraysh tribe, he played a major role in early Islamic history. When Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab died in office aged 59/60 years, ʿUthmān, aged 64/65 years, succeeded him and was the second-oldest to rule as Caliph. +According to Sunni tradition Uthman married Ruqayyah, and upon her death, married Umm Kulthum. Both his wives having been daughters of Muhammad, earned him the honorific title Dhū al-Nurayn ("The Possessor of Two Lights").[5] +Under Uthman's leadership, the Islamic empire expanded into Fars (present-day Iran) in 650, and some areas of Khorasan (present-day Afghanistan) in 651. The conquest of Armenia had begun by the 640s.[6] His reign also saw widespread protests and unrest that eventually led to armed revolt and his assassination. +External links +References +Khosit Phetpradab (Thai: โฆษิต เพชรประดับ; born 8 July 1994) is a Thai badminton player.[1][2] +↑ "Players: Khosit Phetpradab". bwfbadminton.com. Badminton World Federation. Retrieved 20 October 2016. ↑ "Khosit Phetpradab Full Profile". bwf.tournamentsoftware.com. +Khosit Phetpradab at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com +References +↑ "Players: Puavaranukroh DECHAPOL". bwfbadminton.com. Badminton World Federation. Retrieved 20 August 2016. ↑ "ชายคู่ไทย ผงาด! อนาคตดังได้อีก". www.thairath.co.th (in Thai). +Thai Rath. Retrieved 14 February 2017. ↑ "BWF Launches New Events Structure". +Badminton World Federation. 29 November 2017. ↑ "Action-Packed Season Ahead!". +Dechapol Puavaranukroh (Thai: เดชาพล พัววรานุเคราะห์; born 20 May 1997) is a Thai badminton player.[1] He won a gold medal at the 2014 BWF World Junior Championships in boys' doubles event with his partner Kittinupong Kedren.[2] +Dechapol Puavaranukroh +External links +References +Kittinupong Kedren (Thai: กิตตินุพงษ์ เกตุเรน; born 19 July 1996) is a Thai male badminton player.[1] He won a gold medal at the 2014 BWF World Junior Championships in the boys' doubles event with his partner Dechapol Puavaranukroh.[2] +↑ "Players: Kedren KITTINUPONG". bwfbadminton.com. Badminton World Federation. Retrieved 20 August 2016. ↑ "ชายคู่ไทย ผงาด! อนาคตดังได้อีก". www.thairath.co.th (in Thai). +Kittinupong Kedren at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com +External links +References +Puttita Supajirakul at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com Puttita Supajirakul at BWFbadminton.com Puttita Supajirakul at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com +Puttita Supajirakul (Thai: พุธิตา สุภจิรกุล; born 29 March 1996) is a Thai badminton player who competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.[2] She was the part of Thailand's gold medals-winning team at the 2015 and 2017 Southeast Asian Games in the women's team event. She also the women's doubles champion at the 2016 Thailand Open. +Charts +It was written by Gabrielle and Jonathan Shorten for her greatest hits compilation Dreams Can Come True, Greatest Hits Vol. 1 (2001), spanning her first three albums. Produced by Shorten, the song served as the album's lead single and managed to peak at number nine on the UK Singles Chart. +Track listings +"Don't Need the Sun to Shine (to Make Me Smile)" Single by Gabrielle from the album Dreams Can Come True, Greatest Hits Vol. +1 Released 22 October 2001 Format CD single cassette Recorded 2001 Genre Pop R&B Length 3:28 Label Go Beat Universal Songwriter(s) Gabrielle Jonathan Shorten Producer(s) Jonathan Shorten Gabrielle singles chronology "Out of Reach" (2001) "Don't Need the Sun to Shine (to Make Me Smile)" (2001) "Stay the Same" (2004) "Out of Reach" (2001) "Don't Need the Sun to Shine (to Make Me Smile)" (2001) "Stay the Same" (2004) +UK CD: 1 No. Title Length 1. +UK CD: 2 No. Title Length 1. +Don't Need the Sun to Shine (To Make Me Smile) +References +Bin Chhin (Khmer: ប៊ិន ឈិន; born 17 August 1949) is a Cambodian politician who has served as Deputy Prime Minister of Cambodia since 2007.[1] In March 2017, he was appointed the acting Minister in Charge of the Council of Ministers following Sok An's death.[2] He is also the chairman of the National Authority for Land Dispute and Resolution, in charge of solving the nation's land disputes.[3] He is a Member of Parliament for the constituency of Prey Veng. +Agence Kampuchea Presse. 24 September 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2017. ↑ "Sok An's Top Job Filled, But Many Still Vacant". +References +Bibliography +Bou Thang is a Cambodian politician, Senator, Chairman of the Committee Interior and Defense of the Senate (term 2012-2018). He belongs to the Cambodian People's Party and was elected to represent Ratanakiri Province in the National Assembly of Cambodia in 2003.[1] Thang is a member of the Tampuan ethnic group.[2] +Strangio, Sebastian (2014). Hun Sen's Cambodia. United States of America: Yale University Press. +References +Television +Filmography +Movies +1 2 Honasan , Alya B. (7 December 2012). "Nonie, Shamaine and Delphine Buencamino—'No, we're not royalty'". +Philippine Daily Inquirer. +Retrieved 15 February 2017. ↑ Guerrero , Amadís Ma. (8 June 2013). "'Triple threat' Nonie Buencamino holds solo concert at CCP on June 13". +Anthony Buencamino (born September 1, 1966), simply known as Nonie Buencamino, is an acclaimed[1] Filipino character actor known for his theater work. +He is strongly associated with Philippine New Wave Cinema, playing roles such as Mayor Bartolome in Jun Lana's Barber's Tales and Felipe Buencamino in Jerrold Tarog's Heneral Luna. +External links +Rita Amor (born 1932) is a Filipina supporting actress who mostly appeared in films made by Lvn Pictures. Her career was a short one, spanning only three years. +Filmography: +Rita Amor on IMDb +External links +References +Filmography +Bimbo Danao (1915 – July 23, 1967)[1][2] was a pre-World War II war Filipino actor. +Bimbo Danao on IMDb Lea named Aliw Awards Entertainer of the Year +References +Career +Wendy Ng Yan Yee (born 11 July 1993) is a Malaysian diver. +Ng begin diving at the age of 13 at Bandar Tun Razak Swimming Pool. She was a rhythmic gymnast but her talent was spotted by the national coach, Yang Zhuliang due to her "physical build was good for diving".[2] +She competed 3 m springboard at the 2012 Summer Olympics.[3] +Ng finishes 11th in 3 metre springboard at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships in Kazan, Russia and qualify for the 2016 Summer Olympics.[4] +1 2 "Ng Yan Yee". Kuala Lumpur 2017. +Retrieved 21 August 2017. ↑ "Ng Yan Yee". +2014 Commonwealth Games. ↑ Profile Archived 28 January 2013 at Archive.is ↑ Lim, Teik Huat. +"Wendy in for 3m springboard final, and Rio Olympics!". Malaysia: The Star. Retrieved 1 August 2015. +External links +References +Cherif Younousse Samba (born May 22, 1995) is a Qatari Olympic volleyball player.[1][2] +Archived from the original on October 10, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2016. ↑ "Cherif Younousse". fivb.org. 2014-06-25. +Cherif Younousse at the FIVB beach volleyball players' database Cherif Younousse at the Beach Volleyball Database Cherif Younousse Samba at the International Olympic Committee Cherif Younousse at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com +External links +Ian "Bluey" Hampshire (9 May 1948 – 3 September 2018) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Geelong and Footscray. +He played as a ruckman. +References +Wanny van Gils (February 10, 1959 – July 28, 2018) was a Dutch football player and coach.[1] +↑ "Ernie Brandts gaat vierdeklasser DIA in Teteringen trainen" (in Dutch). Omroep Brabant. 11 April 2014. ↑ Voormalig NAC en Willem II-speler Wanny van Gils (59) overleden - AD (in Dutch) ↑ Oud NAC-speler Wanny van Gils (59) overleden - NAC (in Dutch) ↑ Voormalig NAC-voetballer Wanny van Gils (59) overleden (in Dutch) +External links +References +Television roles +Selected filmography +Patricia Hayes on IMDb Patricia Hayes at the BFI's Screenonline +Patricia Lawlor Hayes, OBE (22 December 1909 – 19 September 1998) was an English BAFTA Television Award-winning character actress. +Patricia Hayes died in September, 1998 in Surrey[4] but she appeared posthumously in the 2002 film Crime and Punishment which had been filmed in 1993, but delayed because of a legal case.[5] +↑ Births England and Wales 1837–1983 ↑ GRO Register of Births: Mar 1910 1d 623 WANDSWORTH – Patricia Lawlor HAYES ↑ BBC Radio 4: Desert Island Discs http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p009n6qn ↑ GRO Register of Deaths: SEP 1998 A5B 70 WEST SURREY – Patricia Lawlor Brook, DoB 22 Dec 1909 aged 88 ↑ Paul, Louis (2007). Tales from the cult film trenches: interviews with 36 actors from horror, science fiction and exploitation cinema. McFarland. +References +Zarinah Abdullah (born 1971) is a retired badminton player notable for being the first female professional badminton player in Singapore.[1] She was considered Singapore's top badminton player in the 1990s[2] and represented the country in the 1992 and 1996 Summer Olympics. +"Zarinah still wants to win". Today. p. 33. Retrieved 1 November 2016 – via NewspaperSG. ↑ "13-year-old embarks on a singing path". +References +Razali Rashid is a Singaporean football Forward who played for Singapore in the 1984 Asian Cup. +He also played for Farrer Park United. +Awards +References +Jae (real name Jae Ang) (born February 16, 1982) is a singer-songwriter who represented Singapore at the ABU Radio Song Festival 2012. +↑ "Jae Ang - ABU Radio Song Festival 2012". Retrieved 23 October 2012. +Table +External links +Notes +The following sortable table lists land surface elevation extremes by country. +1 2 "Thailand: Division (Planning Regions and Provinces) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 8 December 2017. ↑ "Bangkok". British and World English Dictionary. +Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 4 August 2017. 1 2 "Definition of "Bangkok"". +Collins English Dictionary (online). +HarperCollins. Retrieved 26 March 2014. ↑ "Bangkok". US English Dictionary. +Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 4 August 2017. +1 2 Chandrashtitya, Tipawan; Matungka, Chiraporn. ประวัติเมืองธนบุรี [History of Thonburi City]. Arts & Cultural Office website (in Thai). Dhonburi Rajabhat University. +Archived from the original on 13 July 2010. +Retrieved 11 December 2011. 1 2 3 4 Committee for the Rattanakosin Bicentennial Celebration (1982). จดหมายเหตุการอนุรักษ์กรุงรัตนโกสินทร์ [Rattanakosin City conservation archives]. +Department of Fine Arts. +Reproduced in "กว่าจะมาเป็นกรุงเทพฯ" [The path to become Bangkok]. +BMA Data Center. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2012. ↑ Baker & Pongpaichit 2005, pp. 37–41, 45, 52–71, 149–150, 162, 199–204. ↑ พจนานุกรม ฉบับราชบัณฑิตยสถาน พ.ศ. ๒๕๔๒ [Royal Institute Dictionary, B.E. 1999 (online edition)] (in Thai). +External links +References +Filmography +Jalees Sherwani was an Indian screenwriter and lyricist. His first appearance was in the film "Kanwarlal" with Jeetendra.[1] He died in 2018.[2] +Aroon Purie for Living Media India Ltd. 1 April 1997. p. 365. Retrieved 8 December 2011. ↑ Famous Writer Jalees Sherwani Passed Away ↑ "Jalees Sherwani as President of FWA". ↑ "Jury Member". +References +Johanna (Hannie) van Leeuwen (18 January 1926 – 1 August 2018) was a Dutch politician of the Anti-Revolutionary Party (until 1980) and its successor the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) party. +(in Dutch) Parlement.com biography +Taylor Ross Whitley (February 21, 1980 – August 1, 2018)[1] was an American football guard in the National Football League. +He played two years with the Miami Dolphins (2003-2004), one year with the Denver Broncos (2005), and another with the Washington Redskins. +↑ "Slocum, teammates remember Taylor Whitley as a "bright-eyed" leader". TexAgs. 2 August 2018. +References +Salvatore Meleleo (24 July 1929 – 2 August 2018) was an Italian politician. +Meleleo was born in Corigliano d'Otranto and trained as a surgeon. +Affiliated with Christian Democracy, he served as mayor Lecce between July 1977 to May 1983, and again from September 1985 to January 1986. +Meleleo's mayoralty was followed by four terms in the Chamber of Deputies, from 1983 to 1994.[1][2] He represented the Union of the Centre in the Senate from 2001 to 2006.[3][4] Outside of politics, Meleleo ran a company that distributed mineral water.[5] +Retrieved 9 August 2018. ↑ "Morto a 89anni Salvatore Meleleo: fu sindaco di Lecce e poi parlamentare „ Morto a 89anni Salvatore Meleleo: fu sindaco di Lecce e poi parlamentare". Lecce Prima (in Italian). 2 August 2018. +Salvatore Meleleo +Nicolás Alejandro Tagliafico (born 31 August 1992) is an Argentine footballer who plays as a left back for Dutch club Ajax. Because of his "lung-busting stamina, excellent technique and continuous enterprise", as well as his playing position and club, he has been compared to the Internazionale and Argentina left-sided player Javier Zanetti, formerly also of Banfield.[2] +1 2 "2018 FIFA World Cup Russia: List of players: Argentina" (PDF). FIFA. 10 June 2018. p. 1. +Retrieved 10 June 2018. ↑ "Nicolás Tagliafico: the New Javier Zanetti?". +Mediolana. 14 August 2011. Retrieved 3 January 2014. +1 2 "Closing '11 statistics". Argentine Soccer. Retrieved 27 July 2011. ↑ https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/world-cup/argentina-world-cup-squad-paulo-dybala-mauro-icardi-a8362096.html ↑ "N. Tagliafico". +Nicolás Tagliafico +See also +References +Festivals and observances +Tabodwe (Burmese: တပို့တွဲ) is the eleventh month of the traditional Burmese calendar.[1] +Full moon of Tabodwe Harvest Festival (ထမနဲပွဲတော်)[2] Mon National Day[3] Pagoda festivals Alaungdaw Kathapa Pagoda Festival (Sagaing Region)[4] Shwe Settaw Pagoda Festival (Minbu Township, Magwe Region)[5][6] Kyaikkhauk Pagoda Festival (Thanlyin Township, Yangon Region)[7] +Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2013. ↑ May Sandy (21 February 2011). "Neighbours stick together for 'htamane' festival". Myanmar Times. +"Mon 'proud and happy' to hold public National Day celebration". Myanmar Times. Retrieved 13 October 2013. ↑ Aung Shin (20 February 2012). +Myanmar Times. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2013. ↑ "Let's enjoy Mann Shwe Sattaw Pagoda Festival". +Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2013. ↑ Cherry Thein (28 February 2011). "Thanlyin's Kyaik Khauk Pagoda set for revamp". +Retrieved 12 October 2013. ↑ Wut Yee Swe; Win Htein Kyaw; Wai Win; Tin Tin Aye; Win Myint; Aung Myat Kyaw; Tin Nyunt (2007). "Utilization of Seasonal Flowers in Common Health Problems" (PDF). 15th Myanmar Military Medical Conference. +Ministry of Health. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015. +Burmese calendar Festivals of Burma +Further reading +References +Bibliography +Heywood, Andrew (2017). Political Ideologies: An Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan. +↑ Heywood 2017, p. 69. ↑ Hall, Peter A.; Lamont, Michèle (22 April 2013). Social Resilience in the Neoliberal Era. Cambridge University Press. p. 166. +ISBN 9781107034976. ↑ Dahms, Harry F. (2014). Mediations of Social Life in the 21st Century. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 101. +ISBN 9781784412227. 1 2 Farney, James Harold (2012). +Social Conservatives and Party Politics in Canada and the United States. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442612600. ↑ "Conservatism - By Branch / Doctrine - The Basics of Philosophy". www.philosophybasics.com. +Social conservatism is the belief that society is built upon a fragile network of relationships which need to be upheld through duty, traditional values and established institutions.[1] This can include moral issues.[2] Social conservatism is generally sceptical of social change, and believes in maintaining the status quo concerning social issues such as family life, sexual relations and patriotism.[3] +Notes +Domenico Fattori was a Sammarinese politician who was the foreign minister of San Marino from 1860 to 1908.[1] Fattori also served as a captain regent of San Marino 12 times, each for the usual six-month terms. +He was the Captain Regent with the longest cumulative term (six years). +↑ James B. Minahan (23 December 2009). The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems. ABC-CLIO. p. 510. +Foreign honours +References +Honours +Stefano Palmieri (born 18 September 1964) is Captain Regent of San Marino together with Matteo Ciacci since 1 April 2018. +He had previously served in the same position for the semester from 1 October 2009 to 1 April 2010, alongside Francesco Mussoni.[1] +Monaco : Grand Cross of the Order of Saint-Charles (5 March 2010) [2] +Radio e Televisione della Repubblica di San Marino (in Portuguese). 27 November 2009. Retrieved 30 May 2011. ↑ Nomination by Sovereign Ordonnance n°2654 of 5 March 2010 (French) +References +Matteo Ciacci (born 5 May 1990)[1] is a Sammarinese politician and one of the current Captains Regent, serving with Stefano Palmieri. +He took office on 1 April 2018.[2] +He worked as an official and sports manager. Ciacci is graduated in law from the University of Urbino. He is currently the youngest serving state leader in the world. +↑ Rulers ↑ Stefano Palmieri e Matteo Ciacci: le schede dei nuovi Capitani Reggenti (in Italian) +External links +References +Vanessa D'Ambrosio (born 26 April 1988) was Captain Regent of San Marino, serving from April until October 2017 (alongside Mimma Zavoli). +She was born in Borgo Maggiore, San Marino on 26 April 1988. +↑ "S.E. Vanessa D'Ambrosio - Consiglio Grande e Generale". www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm. +Retrieved 8 May 2017. 1 2 "San Marino. Ufficiale, Mimma Zavoli e Vanessa D'Ambrosio nuovi Capitani Reggenti - La Tribuna Sammarinese". +References +Gian Nicola Berti (9 August 1960)[1] is a politician who served as a Captain Regent of San Marino (alongside Massimo Andrea Ugolini). +He served from 1 April 2016 to 1 October 2016 and represented We Sammarinese.[2] +Republic of San Marino. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016. ↑ "Cerimonia di insediamento degli Eccellentissimi Capitani Reggenti Gian Nicola Berti e Massimo Andrea Ugolini" (in Italian). +Republic of San Marino. Retrieved 6 April 2016. ↑ "Gian Nicola Berti candidato di Noi Sammarinesi per la nomina a Capitano Reggente". +La Tribuna Sammarinese (in Italian). +March 15, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2016. +References +Giovanni Battista Urbani (3 November 1923 – 2 September 2018) was an Italian communist politician who served as Mayor of Savona from 1957 to 1958, and as a Senator from 1972 to 1987.[1] +↑ Savona, è morto l’ex sindaco e senatore Giovanni Battista Urbani (in Italian) +External links +References +Gert Brauer (7 September 1955 – 1 January 2018) was a German footballer.[1] +He played 270 Oberliga matches in East Germany.[2] +↑ http://www.otz.de/startseite/detail/-/specific/Trauer-um-ehemaligen-FCC-Spieler-Gert-Brauer-1685650081 ↑ Arnhold, Matthias (16 July 2015). "Gert Brauer - Matches and Goals in Oberliga". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. +References +Humberto Ivar Araújo Coutinho (August 21, 1946 – January 1, 2018) was a Brazilian physician and politician. +Coutinho served as the President of the Legislative Assembly of Maranhão from 2015 until his death in office on January 1, 2018.[1] +1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Morre Humberto Coutinho, presidente da Assembleia Legislativa do Maranhão". G1. Grupo Globo. +2018-01-01. +Archived from the original on 2018-01-02. +Retrieved 2018-01-09. ↑ "Falece o deputado Humberto Coutinho, presidente da Assembleia Legislativa do Maranhão". Portal Sinal Verde. 2018-01-01. +Archived from the original on 2018-01-08. Retrieved 2018-01-09. +References +Books +Articles +Peter Angus Evans (7 November 1929 – 1 January 2018) was an English musicologist, most noteworthy for his book The Music of Benjamin Britten. +Evans was born in West Hartlepool, and studied with Arthur Hutchings and A.E.F. Dickinson at Durham University from 1947 to 1951 (BA 1950).[1] He taught music at Bishop Wordsworth's School in Salisbury (1951-52) before gaining his Fellowship Diploma from the Royal College of Organists in 1952.[2] He was then appointed a lecturer at Durham University in 1953. He graduated with a BMus from Durham in that year and took the MA with a dissertation on 17th-century chamber music manuscripts in Durham Cathedral Library. He was awarded the DMus by the university in 1958. +From 1961 to 1990 he was professor of music at the University of Southampton.[1] +He died on 1 January 2018, at A Paul McCartney concert where he had a seizure.[3] +Peter Evans (musicologist) +External links +Awards +References +↑ "Wolfgang Treu gestorben - Nachricht - filmportal.de". www.filmportal.de. Retrieved 10 January 2018. +Wolfgang Treu (April 12, 1930 in Hamburg – January 1, 2018) was a German cinematographer.[1] +References +Silvio Grassetti (24 February 1936 – 9 September 2018) was an Italian professional Grand Prix motorcycle road racer.[1] +1 2 3 4 "Silvio Grassetti career statistics". motogp.com. Retrieved 14 December 2011. +Silvio Grassetti +References +Biography +Julio Blanck (28 June 1954 – 7 September 2018) was an Argentine journalist. +Blanck was born on 28 June 1954. He studied chemistry and journalism.[1] He started working in the Clarín newspaper in 1977, at the sports section. +He also worked in the "Goles Match" sports magazine from 1980-82. He was transferred to the political section during the 1982 Falklands War. +He became the chief of the section in 1992, and stayed in that position until 2002. +Blanck died of cancer on 7 September 2018, aged 64.[1] +1 2 3 "Murió el periodista Julio Blanck" [The journalist Julio Blanck has died] (in Spanish). La Nación. Retrieved 7 September 2018. +References +Discography +Luís Afonso (also known as Montanha) is a Brazilian clarinetist and bass clarinetist. +Afonso studied clarinet and bass clarinet at the Rotterdam Conservatoire under Walter Boeykens and Henri Bok.[1] He has taught at São Paulo University since 1992.[1] He plays clarinet in the Orquestra Sinfônica Municipal and Orquestra Jazz Sinfônica do Estado de São Paulo.[1] He also plays in a bass clarinet duo called Clarones with the Dutch Henri Bok, as well as in the acclaimed clarinet quintet Sujeito a Guincho. +1 2 3 "Luís Afonso "Montanha"". World Bass Clarinet Foundation. Retrieved 2009-08-06. +References +Hugo Mariutti, born in São Paulo/Brazil on 18 December 1975, is the brother of Luís Mariutti, ex-bassist of the power metal bands Angra and Shaaman. +Hugo Mariutti played guitar in Shaaman,[1] with his brother, and now plays in Henceforth and Andre Matos' solo project. +"Biography: Shaman". AMG. Retrieved 16 May 2010. +External links +References +Filmography +David Coburn (born October 31, 1969) is an American actor, voice actor, and singer. +He is best known as the voice of Captain Planet in the TV series Captain Planet and the Planeteers.[1] He has lived in Paris, France, since 2011. +↑ "Designing a World Where Environmentalists Win". GOOD Magazine. ↑ The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946-Present. Ballantine Books. +External links +References +Emily Axford is an American actress, writer and producer.[1] She is best known for her roles on truTV comedy original Adam Ruins Everything, with Adam Conover, as herself, and for her role on Pop TV original Hot Date as Em, co-starring with her husband Brian K. Murphy, and for her role as executive producer on the program.[2] +↑ "Emily Axford". IMDB. Retrieved 29 January 2018. ↑ "Emily Axford and Brian K. Murphy are the Married Masterminds Behind 'Hot Date'". +Observer. +Retrieved 29 January 2018. ↑ "Not Another D&D Podcast". Headgum.com. Retrieved July 25, 2018. +External links +References +Nita Cavalier (1906–1969) was an American silent film and stage actress. +Nita Cavalier was born on May 15, 1906 in Denver, Colorado.[1] She moved to Los Angeles, California with her family at the age of one.[1] She attended the Hollywood High School.[1] +1 2 3 "Garrick-Times Scribe Reverses Order and Interviews Herself: Nita Cavalier Tells Experience as Hollywood Actress". +The Capital Times. +February 16, 1930. p. 1. +Retrieved April 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. ↑ University of Washington Digital Collections: Stage actress Nita Cavalier. ↑ "Kongo". Chino Champion. October 9, 1928. p. 3. +Retrieved April 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. ↑ Schmitt, Ken (February 4, 1930). +"Nita Cavalier and George LaMar Make Local Debut". +The Capital Times. p. 14. Retrieved April 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. ↑ "Hobby Horses". +External links +References +Partial filmography (stuntman) +Edward Clay "Tap" Canutt (August 7, 1932 – June 6, 2014) was an American stunt performer and actor who worked on over 40 films between 1950 and 1980. +He was the eldest son of legendary stuntman and rodeo champion Yakima Canutt. +He was also the brother of Joseph Canutt. +Tap was born in Los Angeles, California, on August 7, 1932. He died in Santa Clarita, California, on June 6, 2014, at the age of 81.[1][2] +↑ B, Tom (19 July 2014). "Boot Hill: RIP Tap Canutt". ↑ "One Helluva Ride: The Life of Yakima Canutt – Stargazer Mercantile". stargazermercantile.com. +External links +References +Filmography +Lori Cardille (born 1954) is an American actress, best known for her role in Day of the Dead (1985). +Cardille is the daughter of Bill "Chilly Billy" Cardille.[1][2] She studied acting at Carnegie Mellon University.[1] +1 2 3 4 5 6 "Interview - Lori Cardille of Day of the Dead - Cryptic Rock". crypticrock.com. Retrieved 15 January 2017. 1 2 3 "A dead good day with Lori Cardille - an interview". retroladyland.blogspot.ca. +External links +References +Filmography +James Usselman[1] (1876–1938), known professionally as James Carew, was an American actor who appeared in many films, mainly in Britain. He was born in Goshen, Indiana in 1876 and began work as a clerk in a publishing firm. +He began acting on stage in Chicago in 1897 in Damon and Pythias. +External links +References +Selected filmography +Selected television +Joseph David-Jones is an American actor, known for his roles in the TV dramas Nashville and Legends of Tomorrow.[1][2][3] +↑ "'Nashville' newcomer Joseph David-Jones talks 'Nashville' and his upcoming Kathryn Bigelow film – AOL Entertainment". Aol.com. Retrieved July 21, 2017. +External links +References +Partial filmography +Milla Davenport (February 4, 1871 – May 17, 1936) was a stage and film actress, born in Zurich, Switzerland. +Milla Davenport died in Los Angeles, California in 1936, aged 65. +She was buried in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery.[1][2] +Track listing +Charts and Certifications +"Waiting for Love" is a song by Swedish DJ and music producer Avicii, produced by Avicii and Dutch producer Martin Garrix and featuring uncredited vocals from Simon Aldred, the lead singer of former English band Cherry Ghost.[3] The track was released on 22 May 2015 as the lead single from Avicii's second studio album, Stories (2015). The lyrics were also written by Aldred.[4] +External links +Turneraceae Kunth ex DC. (/ˌtɜːrnɪˈreɪsii/) is a family of flowering plants consisting of 120 species in 10 genera. The Cronquist system placed the Turneracids in the order Violales, but it is not currently recognized as a valid family by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group in the APG III system of 2009, which includes the taxa in the Turneraceae in the Passifloraceae.[1] +Genera +flower of Turnera subulata +The genera typically included in this family are: +↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 105–121, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x, retrieved 2010-12-10 +References +Dr. Abdul Majeed Abdul Bari was the Minister of Islamic Affairs of the Maldives from 2008 to 2012.[1] +Miadhu Daily. Nov 13, 2008. Archived from the original on 2013-12-16. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) +References +Per Anders Åberg (16 April 1945 – 23 January 2018) was a Swedish sculptor, painter and cartoonist. +Åberg was best known for his wooden models of all sorts of buildings. In the early 1970s, he was assigned to decorate the Stockholm metro station Solna Centrum. In 1980, Åberg founded the Mannaminne museum, an outdoor art museum in Nordingrå, Sweden.[1] +References +Ibrahim Abiriga (June 5, 1956 – June 8, 2018) also known as Abiriga Ibrahim Yusuf Abdalla was a Ugandan politician and military officer. +He was the elected member of parliament for the Arua Municipality Constituency in the 10th Parliament[1] from 2016 to 2018 when he was shot and killed near his home in Kawanda.[2][3] +Retrieved 2018-06-11. ↑ "Abiriga shot dead". www.newvision.co.ug. Retrieved 2018-06-08. ↑ Ltd, Observer Media. "MP Abiriga, bodyguard gunned down". +Ibrahim Abiriga +External links +Alyosha Abrahamyan (Armenian: Ալյոշա Աբրահամյան; 29 August 1945 – 26 August 2018) was an Armenian footballer who played as a goalkeeper for FC Ararat Yerevan. +References +Abdilaqim Ademi (December 20, 1969 – February 15, 2018) was Minister of Education and Science of Macedonia.[1] +↑ "Vice Prime Minister". Government of Macedonia. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. +References +Boukary Adji (1939[1]– 4 July 2018) was a Nigerien politician. +He served as Niger's Prime Minister from 30 January 1996 to 21 December 1996.[2] +1 2 3 4 "Boukari Adji, nommé Premier ministre le 5 mai 1996 Archived December 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.", Afrique Express (in French). ↑ Niger: Year in Review 1996, Britannica.com. +External links +References +Filmography +Denis Van Akiyama (May 28, 1952 – June 28, 2018)[1] was a Japanese Canadian actor best known as providing the voice of Iceman/Bobby Drake, Silver Samurai and Sunfire in the X-Men Animated Series and Malachite/Kunzite in the original English version of Sailor Moon. +He played Shinji in Johnny Mnemonic. +Akiyama was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[2] He was also a frequent guest star on Katts and Dog. In 2015, he appeared in the film Pixels.[3] +Archived from the original on 2018-07-04. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-07-25. Retrieved 2013-06-29. ↑ "Denis Akiyama facts". +External links +References +Bibliography +Selected filmography +Guillermo Juan Bredeston (24 August 1933 – 28 July 2018) was an Argentine stage, television and film actor.[1] +External links +Notes +Maxwell Pym Ritchie (4 November 1934 – 28 July 2018[2]) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL). +[3] +↑ "Tribute:Max Ritchie". Herald Sun. ↑ "Vale Max Ritchie - NMFC.com.au". nmfc.com.au. Retrieved 2018-08-02. ↑ Holmesby, Russell; Main, Jim (2014). +The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers: every AFL/VFL player since 1897 (10th ed.). Seaford, Victoria: BAS Publishing. p. 752. ISBN 978-1-921496-32-5. +References +Samson Abioye (25 March 1991 – 28 July 2017) was a Nigerian computer programmer and internet entrepreneur. +In 2013, he co-founded pass.ng, a self-testing online platform which helps students practice for national examinations, while studying at Ladoke Akintola University as an undergraduate.[1] Until his demise, he operated as pass.ng's CEO.[2][3] +Abioye passed on in the morning of 28th July 2017. Upon his death, Pulse Nigeria described his death as "one that has shocked the sphere of technology in Nigeria".[5] +How 25-year-old Samson Abioye built one of Nigeria's biggest e-testing Platform before Passing – BellaNaija". BellaNaija. Retrieved 26 August 2017. ↑ "7 Things About Samson Abioye, CEO Of Pass.ng Who Slumped And Died At 25". +Nigerian Celebrity News + Latest Entertainment News. 4 August 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017. ↑ "The Evolution of a Startup Helping Students Hack Standardized Tests: Samson Abioye on Pass.ng | TechCabal". +Retrieved 11 August 2017. ↑ "Outliers Magazine interview with the founders of Pass.ng". 1 February 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2017. ↑ Johnson, yodele (3 August 2017). +References +Inga Lantz (1 February 1943– 28 July 2017) was a Swedish politician. +She served on the Riksdag from 1973 to 1988 as a member of the Left Party–Communists.[1][2] +25 August 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2017. (Subscription required (help)). ↑ Inga Lantz +References +Career +Early life +Death +Hervé Le Roux (1958 – 26 July 2017) was a French film critic and director. +Hervé Le Roux was born in 1958.[1] +Le Roux began his career as a critic for Cahiers du Cinéma.[2][3] In 1989, he was an assistant director to Alain Bergala's Icognito.[1] +Le Roux died on 26 July 2017 in Poitiers at the age of 59.[1][2][3] +1 2 3 4 "Le cinéaste Hervé Le Roux, notamment réalisateur de "Reprise", est mort". France Info. 27 July 2017. +Retrieved 28 July 2017. 1 2 3 4 Tranchant, Marie-Noëlle (27 July 2017). +"Mort du réalisateur Hervé Le Roux". +Le Figaro. Retrieved 28 July 2017. 1 2 3 4 Péron, Didier (27 July 2017). +"MORT DU CINÉASTE HERVÉ LE ROUX À L'ÂGE DE 59 ANS". Libération. Retrieved 28 July 2017. +References +Ralph "Buddy" Fletcher (August 20, 1932 – July 25, 2017) was the mayor of Lakeland, Florida from 1993 until 2009.[1][2][3] At the end of his tenure he faced ethics complaints.[4] He was succeeded in office by Gow Fields. +History +Single album +Reality shows +Discography +Filmography +Singles +Girls' Generation-Oh!GG (Hangul:소녀시대-Oh!GG) is the second sub-unit of South Korean girl group Girls' Generation, formed by SM Entertainment in 2018. +The group is composed of five Girls' Generation members who remained with the agency: Taeyeon, Sunny, Hyoyeon, Yuri, and Yoona.[1] Oh!GG officially debuted on September 5, 2018, with the single "Lil' Touch". +On August 2, 2018, SM Entertainment revealed that Girls' Generation would be forming a new unit group, and that more details would be revealed soon.[3] On August 27, SM Entertainment unveiled Girls' Generation-Oh!GG as the group's second unit, consisting of the members still signed to the label.[4] The group made its debut on September 5, with the single Lil' Touch which was released in both digital and physical formats.[5] The single contained the title track "Lil' Touch", and a b-side entitled "Fermata" as well their instrumentals.[6] +Title Year Peak chart positions Sales Album KOR [9] US World [10] "Lil' Touch" (몰랐니) 2018 To Be Announced Lil' Touch +Year Title Network Note 2018 Girls For Rest Naver TV V-Live JTBC2 Premiered on September 3[11] +On October 9, 2017, Girls' Generation members Seohyun, Tiffany and Sooyoung decided to leave SM Entertainment, effectively putting the group on hiatus. The label later announced the group was not disbanded, and future involvement with the three members and Girls' Generation would be discussed.[2] +Retrieved 2018-09-05. ↑ "[공식] 소녀시대 新 유닛, 'Oh!GG' 9월 5일 컴백". 네이트뉴스 (in Korean). Retrieved 2018-09-05. ↑ Tamar Herman (August 27, 2018). +"Girls' Generation Unit 'Oh!GG' to Release New Album in September". +Billboard. Retrieved August 28, 2018. ↑ "Oh! GG teases new track, 'Lil' Touch'". +Kpop Herald. +September 4, 2018. ↑ "Gaon Album Chart". +Gaon Music Chart. ↑ "World Albums". Billboard. ↑ "Gaon Digital Chart". +Gaon Music Chart. ↑ "World Digital Songs". +Billboard. ↑ "Girls' Generation vacations in northern France". Kpop Herald. August 29, 2018. +Oh!GG +References +Personal bests +International competitions +Yothin Yaprajan (Thai: โยธิน ยาประจันทร์; born 8 May 1992) is a Thai middle-distance runner. +Outdoor +800m - 1:51.30 (Bangkok 2013) 1500m - 3:49.35 (Singapore 2015) +Indoor +1500m - 3:59.82 (Ashgabat 2017) +References +Personal bests +Sanchai Namkhet (Thai: สัญชัย นามเขต) is a Thai long-distance runner. +Outdoor +3000m - 8:36.90 (Chonburi 2013) 5000m - 14:40.59 (Singapore 2015) 10,000m - 30:35.54 (Naypiydaw 2013) 3000m steeplechase - 9:25.66 (Vientiane 2012) Half Marathon - 1:08:41 (Buriram 2017) Marathon - 2:34:39 (Samui Island 2012) +Indoor +3000m - 8:36.95 (Ashgabat 2017) +Individual +Awards +References +Clubs +Mawin Maneewong (Thai: มาวิน มณีวงษ์; born 5 November 1996) is a member of the Thailand men's national volleyball team who plays as a setter.[1][2][3] +Chonburi (2014–2016) Air force (2016–present) +References +Clubs +Amorntep Konhan (Thai: อมรเทพ คนหาญ; born October 6, 1995) is a member of the Thailand men's national volleyball team.[1] He is a currently playing for Phitsanulok.[2][3][4] +Phetchabun (2013) Phitsanulok (2015–2018) (2018–2019) +Retrieved 22 May 2018. ↑ "อมรเทพ คนหาญ : หนุ่มจากไร่อ้อย สู่ว่าที่ดาวตบทีมชาติ". Retrieved 6 December 2017. ↑ "18 หนุ่มดาวรุ่งลูกยางของเมืองไทยที่น่าจับตามองในปี 2016". Retrieved 6 December 2017. ↑ ""ไดมอนด์ฟู้ด" หนุน "พิษณุโลก" ลุยตบไทยลีก เลก 2". +Major results +Tairat Bunsuk (born 11 January 1993) is a Thai Olympic weightlifter. +He represented his country at the 2014 and 2015 world championships and 2016 Summer Olympics.[1][2] +↑ Tairat Bunsuk. nbcolympics.com ↑ "Tairat Bunsuk". Rio 2016. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. +References +Sarat Sumpradit (born 17 April 1994) is a Thai weightlifter who competes in the 94 kg division. +He won a gold medal at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games and placed fourth at the 2014 Asian Games and 2016 Olympics.[1] +↑ "Sarat Sumpradit". rio2016.com. Retrieved 13 August 2016. +External links +References +Chitchanok Pulsabsakul (born 4 November 1993) is a Thai weighlifter.[1] She competed at the 2013 World Championships in the Women's +75 kg, winning the Bronze medal. +External links +References +Filmography +Shai Alexander (January 17, 1979 in Donetsk, Ukraine) is a Ukrainian-born Australian actor. +Shai currently resides in Sydney, New South Wales. He was trained in screen acting at the National Institute of Dramatic Art.[1] +External links +Partial filmography +Dorothy Alison (4 April 1925 – 17 January 1992) was an Australian stage, film and television actress.[1] +She was born in the New South Wales mining city of Broken Hill and educated at Sydney Girls High School.[2] She moved to London in 1949 to further her career.[3] Aside from her numerous mostly-supporting film roles, she appeared in several television programmes and miniseries, including a prominent role in A Town Like Alice, The Adventures of Robin Hood as the Duchess Constance and other TV shows.[4][5] +Sydney Girls High School. Retrieved 2008-05-25. ↑ "Dorothy Alison - Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos - AllMovie". AllMovie. ↑ "A Town Like Alice (1981)". ↑ "Dorothy Alison". www.aveleyman.com. ↑ "BAFTA Awards". awards.bafta.org. ↑ "BAFTA Awards". awards.bafta.org. ↑ "Australian Television: 1982-1985 Logie Awards". www.australiantelevision.net. +External links +References +Bibliography +Selected filmography +Glenore Jean Pointing (1913–1984), known professionally as Glen Alyn, was an Australian actress who appeared in a number of British films during the 1930s.[1] +External links +References +Selected filmography +16 April 2009. Retrieved 14 May 2010. ↑ "Joss Ambler". aveleyman.com. Retrieved 21 September 2017. +Joss Ambler (23 June 1900 – 1959) was an Australian-born British film and television actor.[1] He usually played somewhat pompous and irascible figures of authority, excelling in comedy films. +He was an effective foil to George Formby in both Trouble Brewing (as Lord Redhill) and Come On George! (as Sir Charles), and similarly to Will Hay in The Black Sheep of Whitehall, (as a government minister).[2] +Year Title Role 1937 Captain's Orders Randolph Potts The Last Curtain Ellis 1938 Break the News Press Agent Premiere Spectator 1939 Come On George! +External links +References +Filmography +Bob Baines (born 1952) is an Australian actor. +He has starred in many television shows including Water Rats and Home and Away as school principal Martin Bartlett +↑ "The Dalfram Dispute 1938 : Pig Iron Bob DVD". Why Documentaries. Retrieved May 11, 2018. +Film +External links +References +Filmography +TV +Chai Hansen (born Chai Romruen, February 8, 1989) is an Australian-Thai actor.[1] He is best known for his roles as Monkey in The New Legends of Monkey,[2] Zac in Mako: Island of Secrets,[3] Ilian in The 100[4] and Jordan Kyle in Shadowhunters.[5] +Chai Hansen +External links +References +Selected filmography +Peter Gwynne (1929 – 17 November 2011) was a New Zealand-born Australian television actor who was also known for voice-over work. +Australian Screen. National Film & Sound Archive. Retrieved 11 August 2013. +The 'Are'are language is spoken by the 'Are'are people of the Solomon Islands. It is spoken by about 18,000 people, making it the second-largest Oceanic language in the Solomons after the Kwara'ae (also from Malaita). The literacy rate for 'Are'are is somewhere between 30% and 60%[1] for first language speakers, and 25%–50% for second language learners. +Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. ↑ Naitoro, Kateřina (2013). A Sketch Grammar of 'Are'are: The Sound System and Morpho-syntax. University of Canterbury. +Director +Tony Aboyantz (21 January 1928 in Krasnodar, Russia – 10 November 1992 in Paris, France) was an Armenian director who resided mostly in France. +External links +Filmography +External links +Leslie Ablett (6 March 1904 – 22 April 1952) was a British water polo player who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics. +Elections for the President of Israel were held in the Knesset on 30 October 1962.[1] Incumbent President Yitzhak Ben-Zvi stood again, and was the only candidate. +He was re-elected with 62 of the 104 votes cast. +Ben-Zvi's third term began on the day of the election. He later died before his term finished, on 23 April 1963. +Results +References +Candidate Votes Yitzhak Ben-Zvi 62 Blank ballots 42 Total 104 +Israeli presidential election, 1962 +References +Personal bests +Boonthung Srisung (Thai: บุญถึง ศรีสังข์; Thai nickname: Tay[1]; born 30 May 1981 in Buriram Province, Thailand[2]) is a Thai long-distance runner. +Srisung graduated from the Institute of Physical Education in Sukhothai, Thailand, and is currently coached by Nikorn Kansong.[1] +Outdoor +Indoor +Results +External links +References +External links +See also +The Ministry of Tourism is a government ministry of Cambodia.[1] +The current Minister of Tourism is Dr. Thong Khon. +↑ Dr. Thong Khon, Minister of Tourism. "Minister's Speech". "Ministry of Tourism of Cambodia. +Lin Hujia (Chinese: 林乎加; pinyin: Lín Hūjiā; December 1916 – 13 September 2018) was a Chinese politician. +He was born in Changdao County, Shandong Province. +He was mayor and communist party chief of Beijing and Tianjin. He was Minister of Agriculture (1981–1982).[1] Lin died in 2018 at the age of 101.[2] +↑ 林乎加：大学办分校的前前后后 Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. ↑ "中顾委委员林乎加去世 曾任北京上海天津市委书记" (in Chinese). sina.com.cn. 13 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018. +References +Parliamentary elections were held in Benin on 30 March 2003.[1] The result was a victory for the parties of the pro-government Presidential Movement supporting President Mathieu Kérékou, which won 52 of the 83 seats. +External links +Selected filmography +Jimmy Aubrey (23 October 1887 in Bolton, Lancashire, England – 2 September 1983 in Woodland Hills, California) was an English actor who worked with both Charlie Chaplin and Laurel and Hardy, having gone with Fred Karno's company to America. +However he left to start on his own in Vaudeville. +He started in comedies, then went on to comedic roles in drama. +Film +External links +References +Career +Television +Filmography +↑ "Daisy is new face for EastEnders". Metro. Retrieved 19 June 2015. ↑ http://metro.co.uk/2008/01/03/daisy-is-new-face-for-eastenders-373559/ ↑ http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/news/a526038/tim-vine-joins-cast-of-bbc-one-comedy-blandings.html#~pg4I2jKO5bFrGq ↑ http://metro.co.uk/2014/08/19/chris-addison-joins-cast-of-doctor-who-12-comedy-actors-appearing-in-series-8-4837912/ +Daisy Beaumont (born 5 May 1974) is an English actress. +Beaumont's television work includes a variety of shows, among others The Border, EastEnders,[1] Hotel Babylon, A Touch of Cloth, Agatha Christie's Poirot, Mumbai Calling and The Bill as well as a small role in the Jackie Chan & Owen Wilson film Shanghai Nights. +Daisy Beaumont +References +Select credits +John Dobbie (died 1952) was a popular Australian actor of theatre and film. +He was frequently appeared alongside George Wallace and had worked for a time in America.[1][2] +↑ Andrew Pike and Ross Cooper, Australian Film 1900–1977: A Guide to Feature Film Production, Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1998, 159. ↑ "John Dobbie dies, aged 49". The Argus. Melbourne: National Library of Australia. +External links +References +Gloria Dawn (February 26, 1929 – April 2, 1978) was an Australian female actor and singer. +She was one of Australia's leading stage stars in the 1960s and 1970s.[1][2] +Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 3 April 1978. p. 3. Retrieved 8 June 2017 – via National Library of Australia. +External links +Filmography +Peter Julian Curtin (31 January 1944 – 18 May 2014) was an Australian television and stage actor, whose career began when he joined the Melbourne Theatre Company, appearing in The Plough and the Stars with Wendy Hughes.[1] +Curtin married actress Ailsa Piper in 1987. Curtin died, aged 70, on 18 May 2014.[2] +Retrieved 21 May 2014. ↑ Cuthbertson, Debbie (21 May 2014). "Acting world mourns death of Peter Curtin". The Sydney Morning Herald. +External links +References +Select film credits +Peter Cummins (born 2 June 1931 in Melbourne) is an Australian character actor who was especially prominent in the 1970s and appeared in some of the most famous Australian films. +He was part of the Carlton group that were influential in Australian theatre of the early 1970s, which also included Graeme Blundell, Bruce Spence, Max Gillies and David Williamson.[1] +External links +References +Selected filmography +Kenneth John Warren (25 September 1929, Parramatta, New South Wales – 27 August 1973, Effingham, Surrey, England) was an Australian actor.[1] +References +Michael Bernard Foley (born 3 December 1946) is a former Australian politician and member of the Tasmanian Greens. +After politics, Foley has been head of the Far South Wilderness Centre.[1][2] +1 2 "The Tasmanian Devil goes through hell". ↑ Parliament of Tasmania (2005). "Foley, Michael Bernard". The Parliament of Tasmania from 1856. +References +Agnes Addison (c. +1842 – 28 January 1903) was a New Zealand draper. +She was born Agnes Broomfield in Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland about 1842.[1][2][3] +References +Nada Hazel Clark (10 October 1922 – 4 August 1964) was a New Zealand trade unionist. +She was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 10 October 1922.[1] +References +The Christian Democratic Party (Portuguese: Partido Democrata Cristão, PDC) was a political party in Brazil founded in 1945. +The PDC, a small party supporting traditional Christian values, never achieved electoral success and was banned by the military dictatorship in 1965. +The party was re-created following the fall of the military in 1985, and subsequently merged with other parties, including the Democratic Social Party,[1] to form the right-wing Brazilian Progressive Party (PPB) in 1993. +↑ Kevin J. Middlebrook (31 August 2000). Conservative Parties, the Right, and Democracy in Latin America. JHU Press. p. 189. +The All People's Party (APP) is a former political party in Bhutan. Its leader was former and future Prime Minister Jigme Y. Thinley.[3] +On July 25, 2007, the relatively strong APP merged with the failing Bhutan People's Unity Party, led by former lyonpo (assemblyman) Yeshey Zimba; the two parties unified as the Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party.[2] Both the PUP and APP had been registered with the Election Commission.[1][4][5] +Kuensel online. Retrieved 2011-09-24. ↑ PIPS - Pakistan Institute For Peace Studies (SouthAsiaNet - SOUTH ASIA) ↑ Penjore, Ugyen (2007-03-24). "The Race is On". +External links +References +Filmography +Sibylla Deen is an Australian actress. +She is best known for her portrayals of Nusrat Al Fayeed in the television series Tyrant and Queen Ankhesenamun in the miniseries Tut opposite Ben Kingsley and Avan Jogia.[1] +Television roles Year Title Role Notes 2017 The Last Ship Lucia Recurring role; 8 episodes 2014–2016 Tyrant Nusrat Al-Fayeed Recurring role; 20 episodes 2015 Tut Ankhesenamun Miniseries; main role +External links +References +Filmography +Elsa Granger (died 8 February 1955) was an Australian actress who studied acting with P.J. Ramster and appeared in several of his films. +She was a member of Sydney society and frequently appeared in the society columns.[1] She travelled to Hollywood in 1922 but did not have much success.[2] +National Library of Australia. 16 March 1921. p. 8. Retrieved 2 June 2012. ↑ Andrew Pike and Ross Cooper, Australian Film 1900–1977: A Guide to Feature Film Production, Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1998, 107. +References +Eoin Coughlan (born 31 March 1992) is an Australian judoka. +He competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the men's 81 kg event, in which he was eliminated in the second round by Lee Seung-soo.[1][2] +Retrieved 16 August 2016. ↑ "Men's -81 kg - Standings". Rio 2016. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. +References +Lionel Cousens is an Australian Paralympic archer. He was born in Western Australia.[1] At the 1964 Tokyo Games, he won a silver medal in archery in the Men's St. Nicholas Round Team open event.[2] +Beckenham, Western Australia: T. Beck. ↑ "Athlete Search Results". International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 31 May 2012. +External links +References +Maria Despas (born 3 May 1967) is an Australian freestyle skier. +She was born in Sydney. She competed at the 1998 and 2002 Winter Olympics, in women's moguls.[1] +References +Arnie Dickins is an Australian judoka who competes in the men's 60 kg category.[1] At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he was narrowly defeated in the first round.[2] He has been Australian Judo Champion on three occasions. +References +Raymond Barry (born 7 October 1949) is an Australian former wrestler who competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics.[2] +1 2 3 https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ba/raymond-barry-1.html ↑ "Olympics". sports-reference. Retrieved 19 June 2012. +References +Kaity Fassina (born 17 July 1990) is an Australian weightlifter.[1] She competed in the women's 90 kg event at the 2018 Commonwealth Games, winning the silver medal.[2][3] +Retrieved 11 April 2018. ↑ "Commonwealth Games 2018: Tasmania's Kaity Fassina wins Games silver on dfay five". Blue Mountains Gazette. Retrieved 11 April 2018. ↑ "Event Schedule - Women's 90kg". +External links +References +The Alliance of the National Community (Sangkum Cheat Niyum) that represented four parties had all of its four parties merge and be transformed into a political party called the Sangkum Jatiniyum Front Party and one of them is the Khmer Unity Party.[1][2] +↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 13 September 2008. ↑ ↑ +Sangkum Jatiniyum Front Party +References +Partial filmography +Fred Conyngham (June 8, 1901 – May 8, 1974) was an actor, and native of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. +He began his career as a specialty dancer. He left musical comedy for drama then discovering he possessed a good tenor voice he had it trained and returned to musical comedy as a leading man. He toured the world and on his return was given a part in the film The Indiscretions of Eve (1932), which started his film career off.[1] +It was written by Gabrielle and frequent collaborator Jonathan Shorten for the soundtrack of Sharon Maguire's 2001 romantic comedy fim Bridget Jones's Diary. Released as the soundtrack's lead single in 2001, it became Gabrielle's highest-charting single since "Dreams" in 1993, reaching number four on the UK Singles Chart and number nine in Australia. It was most successful in New Zealand, where it reached number two for a week in September 2001. +Out of Reach (song) +External links +Selected filmography +Ellis Irving (1902–1983) was an Australian film actor who appeared in a number of British films.[1] He was married to the actress Sophie Stewart.[2][3][4] +Year Title Role Notes 1933 The Bermondsey Kid Joe Dougherty 1934 Nine Forty-Five Turner Murder at Monte Carlo Marc Orton 1935 The Black Mask Verrell 1940 The Sea Hawk Monty Preston 1942 Went the Day Well? +British Film Institute. Retrieved 31 May 2016. ↑ "Person Page". ↑ "Well-Dressed Women In The Orontes". The West Australian. +Retrieved 12 August 2018 – via National Library of Australia. , ...Mr. Ellis Irving. is visiting Australia for the first time for 20 years. His wife is known professionally as Sophie Stewart... ↑ "ORONTES ARRIVALS". +Victoria, Australia. 9 August 1949. p. 5. Retrieved 12 August 2018 – via National Library of Australia. +External links +References +David Beard (born 23 October 1973) is an Australian volleyball player, who twice competed for the Men's National Team at the Summer Olympics: Sydney 2000 and Athens 2004.[1] +↑ "David Beard Bio, Stats, and Results | Olympics at". Sports-reference.com. Retrieved 2017-04-12. +External links +References +Shamoli Ray (born April 5, 1994) is a Bangladeshi competitive archer.[1] At the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, she competed as a lone archer for the Bangladeshi team in the women's individual recurve through a tripartite invitation.[2] There, Ray discharged a score of 600 points, 7 perfect tens, and 4 bull's eyes to take the fiftieth spot in the classification stage, before she challenged her opening round bout against the twelfth-seeded Mexican archer Gabriela Bayardo, which abruptly ended her Olympic debut in a severe 0–6 defeat.[3][4][5] +Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2017. ↑ Shahriyar Amin, Ali (21 August 2016). "Bangladesh's sorry Olympics tale". +External links +Karma (born 6 June 1990[1]) is a female Bhutanese recurve archer from Trashiyangtse. +Karma took up archery in April 2009.[2] +She competed in the individual recurve event and the team recurve event at the 2013 and 2015 World Archery Championships in Copenhagen, Denmark and she represented Bhutan at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.[3] She was defeated in the first round by Tuiana Dashidorzhieva of Russia.[4] Karma was the flag bearer for Bhutan during the Parade of Nations.[5] +Bhutan Archery Federation. Retrieved 12 August 2016. ↑ Stanley, John (5 August 2016). "For Bhutan, Rio Hopes Rest With Karma (Literally)". +Archery 360. Retrieved 12 August 2016. ↑ "2015 World Archery Championships: Entries by country" (PDF). ianseo.net. pp. 7–18. Retrieved 26 August 2015. ↑ "Rio 2016". +Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 2016-08-25. ↑ "The Flagbearers for the Rio 2016 Opening Ceremony". 2016-08-16. +External links +Bhutan competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, which was held from 5 to 21 August 2016. +The country's participation in Rio de Janeiro marked its ninth appearance in the Summer Olympics since its début at the 1984 Summer Olympics. The delegation included two female athletes, Karma in the women's individual archery tournament and Kunzang Lenchu in the women's 10 metre air rifle shooting contest. Both qualified for the Games through wildcard places because they did not match the required qualification standards. +Karma was selected as the flag bearer for the opening ceremony while Lenchu held it at the closing ceremony. Karma was eliminated at the Round of 64 while Lenchu exited the competition after the shooting qualification round. +External links +References +Rachel Rourke (born (1988-10-01)1 October 1988) is an Australian female volleyball player. +She is part of the Australia women's national volleyball team. +She participated in the 2014 FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix. On club level she played for Incheon Pink Spiders in 2014.[1] +↑ "Team Roster – Australia". FIVB.org. Retrieved 11 February 2016. +References +Celeste Ferraris (born 29 September 1970) is a former synchronized swimmer from Australia. She competed in the women's solo and women's duet competitions at the 1992 Summer Olympics.[1] +↑ "Celeste Ferraris Olympic Results". sports-reference.com. Retrieved 9 November 2014. +Early years +External links +References +Daniel Arnamnart (born 14 September 1989) is an Australian competitive swimmer who specialises in backstroke events. +Arnamnart was born in Wahroonga, New South Wales. He was educated at Asquith Boys High School.[1] +Arnamnart completed at the 2006 Australian Short Course Swimming Championships reaching the finals of all three backstroke events. He finished 5th in 50 metres, 4th in the 200 metres and won the bronze medal in the 100 metre event finishing behind the winner in all three events Matt Welsh. On the back of these results he was named in the team of 30 to represent Australia at the second edition of the Junior Pan Pacific Swimming Championships held in Maui, Hawaii, in January 2007.[2] At that event, he won the 100 metre backstroke in 54.99 seconds[3] a new Under 17's Australian record.[4] He also won two more gold medals when he teamed up Bobby Jovanovich, Robert Hurley and Reece Turner to take out the 4x100-metre freestyle relay[3] and with James Stacey, Sam Ashby and Bobby Jovanovich to win the 4x100-metre medley relay.[3] At the conclusion of the event, he was named the swimmer of the meet.[5] +Daniel Arnamnart qualified for the 2012 Olympics by winning silver medal in the 100-metre backstroke at the Australian Swimming Championships in Adelaide with a time of 54.05. [6] At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Arnamnart competed in the preliminary heats of the 100-metre backstroke, and finished with the 16th-best time overall, qualifying for the semifinals. In the semifinals, his time was not fast enough to qualify for the final.[7] +Archived from the original (pdf) on 9 April 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2011. ↑ "Jovanovich and Kates Named in 2007 Junior Pan Pacific Championships Team". Swimming WA. +References +Mark Anderson (born 15 May 1952) is an Australian former swimmer. +He competed in the men's 200 metre freestyle at the 1968 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Pauline Gray (born 9 April 1951) is an Australian former swimmer. +She competed in two events at the 1968 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Sonya Gray (born 8 November 1959) is an Australian former swimmer. +She competed in the women's 200 metre freestyle at the 1976 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +David Griffin (born 1967 in Kempsey, New South Wales) is an Australian swimmer. +He lost his right leg above the knee in a tractor accident when he was 11 years of age. At the age of 15 he was noticed by a local swim coach Roger Whitmore and began training in earnest for the NSW Amputee championships. +David competed in the 1984 Games for the Disabled in New York where he won a bronze medal in the 100 m butterfly.[1] At the 1988 Seoul Paralympics he won bronze medals in both the 100 m butterfly and freestyle events.[1] +1 2 "David Griffin - IPC Historical Results Database". International Paralympic Committee (IPC). Retrieved 24 August 2012. +References +Judith-Lee Alice Green, OAM[1] (born 7 February 1967)[2] is an Australian Paralympic swimmer. +She won a gold medal at the 2000 Sydney Games in the Women's 100 m Breaststroke SB6 event,[3] for which she received a Medal of the Order of Australia.[1] +Retrieved 30 January 2012. ↑ Australian Paralympic Committee (2000). Media guide : 2000 Sydney Paralympic Games. Sydney, Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. ↑ "Athlete Search Results". +References +Jo-Anne Barnes (born 24 December 1954) is an Australian former swimmer. +She competed in two events at the 1968 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Beverly Bainbridge (born 28 January 1940) is an Australian former swimmer. +She competed in the women's 100 metre butterfly at the 1956 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Paul Gockel (born 10 October 1965) [1] is an Australian Paralympic swimmer. +He was born in Southport, Queensland.[1] He participated in four events in swimming at the 1992 Barcelona Games.[2] He won a silver medal at the 1996 Atlanta Games in the Men's 4x100 m Freestyle S7–10 event and swam in three individual events.[2] +1 2 Xth Paralympic Games Atlanta U.S.A. August 15-25 1996 : Australia : team handbook. Sydney: Australian Paralympic Federation. 1996. +1 2 Results for Paul Gockel from the International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 14 August 2012. +References +Grant Fitzpatrick (born 18 March 1976)[1] is an Australian Paralympic swimmer with an intellectual disability. +He was born in the Sydney suburb of Blacktown.[1] He won two silver medals at the 1996 Atlanta Games in the Men's 100 m Freestyle MH and Men's 50 m Freestyle MH events.[2] He had an Australian Institute of Sport Athlete with a Disability scholarship in 1996.[3] In 1996, he was named Blacktown City Council's Sportsperson of the Year.[4] +1 2 Xth Paralympic Games Atlanta U.S.A. August 15-25 1996 : Australia : team handbook. Sydney: Australian Paralympic Federation. 1996. p. 72. ↑ "Athlete Search Results". +References +Leanne Francis (born 19 January 1957) is an Australian former swimmer. +She competed in two events at the 1972 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Sue Funch (born 24 June 1955) is an Australian former swimmer. +She competed in three events at the 1972 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Bruce Featherston (born 10 July 1952) is an Australian former swimmer. +He competed in five events at the 1972 Summer Olympics.[1][2] +Retrieved 23 November 2016. ↑ "Australian Olympic Committee: Bruce Featherston". corporate.olympics.com.au. Retrieved 23 November 2016. +References +Janelle Elford (born 13 February 1970) is an Australian swimmer. +She competed in two events at the 1988 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Patricia Huntingford (born 12 July 1940) is an Australian former swimmer. +She competed in the women's 100 metre backstroke at the 1956 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Susan Knox is a Paralympic swimming competitor from Australia. She won a bronze medal at the 1988 Seoul Games in the Women's 100 m Backstroke A4 event.[1] +↑ "Athlete Search Results". International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 30 September 2011. +Release History +Weekly Chart +Commercial performance +Monthly Chart +Track listing +Charts +ON/OFF is the first and debut EP of the South Korean boy group, ONF under WM Entertainment. The album was released on August 2, 2017, which consisted of five title tracks with the main title track "ON/OFF" same with the name of EP.[1] +Country Date Distributing label Format South Korea August 2, 2017 Stone Music Entertainment WM Entertainment CD, digital download Various +"ON/OFF" debuted at number 9 on the Gaon Album Chart, on the chart issue dated July 30 - August 5, 2017.[7] The EP placed at number 24 on the chart for the month of August 2017, with 7,390 physical copies sold.[8] +Chart (2017) Peak position South Korean Albums (Gaon)[7] 9 +Chart (2017) Peak position South Korean Albums (Gaon)[8] 24 +Retrieved June 10, 2018. ↑ "온앤오프(ONF), 하이라이트 메들리 영상을 공개…'감각적 신성'". Top Star News (in Korean). Retrieved June 10, 2018. ↑ "'B1A4 남동생 그룹' 온앤오프, 데뷔곡 'ON/OFF' 뮤비 티저 공개". +On/Off (ONF EP) +Weekly Chart +Promotion +Monthly Chart +Track listing +Charts +Release history +You Complete Me is the second EP of South Korean boy group ONF. It was released on June 7, 2018 by WM Entertainment and distributed by Stone Music Entertainment. The EP consisted of six tracks with the title track "Complete".[2][3] +On June 7, 2018, ONF performed their new second album, "You Complete Me" on the showcase event that was held at Hoe Hung-dong New World, Central District, Seoul. All the seven members of the group attended the conference.The title track "Complete" is a dance song featuring a feeling of conflicting feelings, sometimes even though it sounds like a screaming boy's voice.[8][9] +The group made their comeback, performing their lead single,"Complete" and "Fly Me to The Moon" on June 7 on Mnet's M Countdown.[10] +Chart (2018) Peak position South Korean Albums (Gaon)[11] 8 +Chart (2017) Peak position South Korean Albums (Gaon)[12] 17 +Country Date Distributing label Format South Korea June 7, 2018 Stone Music Entertainment WM Entertainment CD, digital download Various +↑ "ONF Brightens up The Summer With 'Complete' Music Video: Watch". BillBoard. June 8, 2018. +1 2 "[공식입장] 온앤오프 '믹스나인' 데뷔 무산 아픔 딛고 6월 7일 컴백 확정". +X Sports News (in Korean). May 15, 2018. +Retrieved June 8, 2018. 1 2 "'컴백 임박' 온앤오프(ONF), 두 번째 미니 앨범 트랙리스트 '전�� 공개'…'청량미 넘쳐'". Top Star News (in Korean). +May 30, 2018. Retrieved June 8, 2018. ↑ "온앤오프, 싱그러운 매력으로 무장… 컴백 기대감 'ON'". Sports World (in Korean). +Retrieved June 10, 2018. ↑ "온앤오프(ONF), 신보 'Complete(널 만난 순간)' 가사 깜짝 공개…사랑을 표현하는 당찬 소년의 설렘". Top Star News (in Korean). Retrieved June 10, 2018. ↑ "'완전체 컴백' 온앤오프(ONF), 신보 하이라이트 메들리 영상 선공개…'기대감 UP'". +Retrieved June 10, 2018. ↑ "'컴백' 온앤오프(ONF), 7人 7色 티저 공개…타이틀곡은 'Complete(널 만난 순간)'". Top Star News (in Korean). Retrieved June 10, 2018. ↑ "阳光清爽大男孩组合ONF迷你专辑《YOU COMPLETE ME》showcase舞台". +Asia Today (in Chinese). +Retrieved June 8, 2018. ↑ "[BZ포토] 'You Complete Me'로 돌아온 온앤오프(ONF)". EToday (in Korean). Retrieved June 8, 2018. ↑ ""신인상 목표" 온앤오프, B1A4 남동생→'믹스나인'→대세 시동 켠다 [종합]". +Osen (in Korean). Retrieved June 15, 2018. ↑ "Gaon Album Chart – Week 23, 2018". Gaon Chart (in Korean). +Retrieved June 14, 2018. ↑ "Gaon Album Chart for June, 2018". Gaon Chart (in Korean). Retrieved July 13, 2018. +References +Holly Barratt (born 1 January 1988) is an Australian swimmer. +She competed in the women's 50 metre backstroke event at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships.[1][2] +Retrieved 26 July 2017. ↑ "2017 World Aquatics Championships > Search via Athletes". Budapest 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017. +References +Susie Baumer (born 31 March 1966) is an Australian swimmer. +She competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics and the 1988 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Denise Beckwith (born 7 December 1977[1]) is a Paralympic swimming competitor from Australia. +She was born in Sydney, New South Wales. [1] She won a bronze medal at the 2000 Sydney Games in the Women's 4x50 m Freestyle 20 pts event.[2] +Media guide : 2000 Sydney Paralympic Games. Sydney, Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. Information on past Australian Paralympic Games results and profiles on Australian athletes and staff attending the Sydney Paralympic Games. ↑ "Athlete Search Results". +References +Graham Hamilton is an Australian former swimmer. He competed in the men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay at the 1956 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Fiona Alessandri (born 5 November 1967) is an Australian swimmer. +She competed in four events at the 1988 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Mark Altmann is a Paralympic swimming competitor from Australia. He won a bronze medal at the 2000 Sydney Games in the Men's 50 m Butterfly S7 event.[1] [2] His time was 34.39.[3] +Retrieved 2 October 2011. ↑ "Australian Swimming". Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2015. ↑ "Paralympics results". +References +Rex Aubrey (born 4 February 1935) is a retired Australian freestyle swimmer. +He competed in the 100 m and 4×200 m relay events at the 1952 Olympics and placed sixth in the 100 m. Two years later he won two medals at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games.[1] +References +William Burton (born 15 September 1941) is an Australian former swimmer. He competed in two events at the 1960 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +John Byrom (born 16 March 1947) is an Australian former swimmer. +He competed in the men's 200 metre backstroke at the 1964 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Christine Barnetson (born 5 March 1948) is an Australian swimmer. +She competed in the women's 200 metre breaststroke at the 1964 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Tom Boast (born 13 November 1905, date of death unknown) was an Australian swimmer. He competed in the men's 100 metre backstroke event at the 1928 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Sharon Booth (born 26 June 1956) is an Australian former swimmer. +She competed in three events at the 1972 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Bruce Bourke (born 5 February 1929) is an Australian former swimmer. He competed in two events at the 1948 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Warren Boyd (born 23 December 1926) is an Australian former swimmer. +He competed in the men's 100 metre freestyle at the 1948 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Rosemary Brown (born 11 April 1961) is an Australian swimmer. +She competed in six events at the 1980 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Australian Longcourse Swimming Records +Kate Church (born 27 March 1978)[1] is an Australian Paralympian from Victoria who competed in swimming at the 2000 Summer Paralympic Games.[2] +SB8 Open Women's 50m Breastroke, set 26 March 1999 [3] +Australian Paralympic Committee. Archived from the original on 5 December 2000. Retrieved 4 March 2012. ↑ http://www.paralympic.org/Athletes/Results ↑ "Multi Class Long Course Records". +References +Daniel Cave (born 9 February 1999) is an Australian swimmer. +He competed in the men's 100 metre breaststroke event at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships.[1][2] +Retrieved 30 July 2017. ↑ "2017 World Aquatics Championships > Search via Athletes". Budapest 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2017. +References +Jack Cartwright (born 22 September 1998) is an Australian swimmer. He competed in the men's 100 metre freestyle event at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships.[1][2] +Retrieved 27 July 2017. ↑ "2017 World Aquatics Championships > Search via Athletes". Budapest 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2017. +References +Debra Cain (born 16 July 1956) is an Australian former swimmer. +She competed in four events at the 1972 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Jane Cortis (born 21 June 1948) is an Australian former swimmer. +She competed in the women's 400 metre individual medley at the 1964 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Karen Lord (born 13 March 1970) is an Australian swimmer. +She competed in two events at the 1988 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Sue Lewis (born 28 December 1954) is an Australian former swimmer. +She competed in three events at the 1972 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Drue Le Guier (born 2 May 1959) is an Australian former swimmer. +She competed in two events at the 1976 Summer Olympics.[1] +External links +References +Bai Zhijian (Chinese: 白志健; November 1948) is the current chairman of the National People's Congress Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee, and former director of the Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Macau Special Administrative Region. +He served as head of that office from July 2002 to January 2014. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1976. He has served as a member of the 16th and 17th Central Committees of the Communist Party of China.[1] +↑ Vitae, China. "China Vitae : Biography of Bai Zhijian". www.chinavitae.com. Retrieved 2017-10-22. +Bai Zhijian +External links +References +Chai Lee is an actress,[1] born in Canton, China. +She is best known for her appearances in British films and television, particularly her uncredited role as a Moonbase Alpha operative in the science fiction series Space 1999, as Esther in The Professionals and her performance in the crime drama Gangsters, as Lily Li Tang. +The New York Times. ↑ "Emanuelle Gialla". The New York Times. +External links +References +Filmography +Zhang Linlin (张玲麟, born Xiangxiang, 12 June 1933) better known by the Hong Kong stage name Chung Ching (鍾情; Zhōng Qíng) was a popular leading lady of Hong Kong films in the 1950s. After completing 54 films from 1953 to 1967, many of them in the leading role, she retired from film at the height of her career to become well known as a painter using both shui-mo and Western watercolor techniques.[1] +External links +References +Filmography +Naren Hua (born 17 November 1962) is a Chinese film and television actress of Mongolian ethnicity. +She began her film career in 1976 in Zhan Di Huang Hua.[1] +Film +External links +Television series +Filmography +↑ "51st Golden Horse Award Ceremony". China Daily. ↑ "第24届北京大学生电影节闭幕 《罗曼蒂克消亡史》获最佳影片奖". Sina (in Chinese). ↑ "电影《柳如是》常熟开机 万茜与影帝秦汉搭戏". +May 29, 2010. ↑ "演员万茜《圣诞玫瑰》剧照曝光 饰演善良贤内助". Sohu (in Chinese). April 8, 2013. ↑ "《军中乐园》"冰山美人"万茜揭面纱". +September 2, 2014. ↑ "《青田街一号》张孝全男扮女装 万茜频喊丑". ifeng (in Chinese). July 17, 2015. ↑ "《捉迷藏》首曝"迷失"主题海报 霍建华秦海璐万茜 演绎三角迷情博弈". Mtime (in Chinese). +May 27, 2016. ↑ "话剧改编电影《你好疯子》明年元旦上映 万茜、金士杰传媒大学分享"疯路历程"". Mtime (in Chinese). December 4, 2016. ↑ "《荡寇风云》曝"戚夫人"新剧照". +September 26, 2012. ↑ "万茜《传奇之王》演烈女 与柳云龙首次"触电"". Tencent (in Chinese). April 12, 2011. ↑ "方力申携手万茜 《假如我是真的》婚礼变闹剧". +Wan Qian (Chinese: 万茜, born 14 May 1982), also known as Regina Wan, is a Chinese actress and singer. +She won Golden Horse Award for Best Supporting Actress for the 2014 Taiwanese film Paradise in Service and the Beijing College Student Film Festival for Best Actress for the 2016 film The Insanity.[1][2] +External links +References +Bibliography +Filmography +Stephen Abbott (known as Steve Abbott; born 24 March 1956, Broken Hill, New South Wales) is an Australian comedian and author, also known under the comedic moniker of The Sandman or occasionally Sandy. +He was a member of the band The Castanet Club with others such as Mikey Robins, Angela Moore and Maynard.[1] +ISBN 0-7333-0534-2. Observations from a Moving Vehicle (1998) ABC Books ISBN 0-7333-0579-2 Big Man's World (1998) with Tony Squires and Mikey Robins Pleasant Avenue (1999) ABC Books ISBN 0-7333-0686-1 204 Bell Street (2000) Sandman's Uncertain Years (2001) Diary of a Bus Clown (2002) Abbott, Steve (2005). Sandman in Siberia. +Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2013. ↑ "Sandman In Siberia". www.dvdbits.com. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. +External links +References +Robert Kilderry (born c. +1935) is a former Australian professional tennis player. He reached the third round of the 1962 Australian Championships in the men's singles.[1] He is the father of Paul Kilderry +↑ "Rob Kilderry - ATP Proflie". ATP. Retrieved 31 October 2016. +Denise O'Brien (born 25 July 1937) is an Australian fencer. +She competed in the women's individual foil event at the 1956 Summer Olympics.[1] +↑ "Denise O'Brien Olympic Results". sports-reference.com. Retrieved 2010-10-14. +References +Graham McKenzie (born 1934) is an Australian fencer. +He competed in the individual sabre event at the 1956 Summer Olympics.[1] +↑ "Graham McKenzie Olympic Results". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 13 October 2010. +Graham McKenzie (fencer) +External links +Che Mian (Chinese: 车冕; pinyin: Chē Miǎn; born April 27, 1983) is a Paralympic athlete from China competing mainly in category T36 sprint events. +He competed in the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Greece. There he won a silver medal in the men's 4 x 100 metre relay - T35-38 event, a silver medal in the men's 4 x 400 metre relay - T35-38 event, a bronze medal in the men's 100 metres - T36 event, finished sixth in the men's 200 metres - T36 event and finished fourth in the men's 400 metres - T36 event. He also competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, China. +External links +Notes +Chen Hongjie (born 14 February 1990) is a Paralympic athlete from China competing mainly in category T46 track and field events.[1] +He competed in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, China. There he won a bronze medal in the men's High jump - F44/46 event. Four years later he repeated the feat with another bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London. +↑ "Chen Hongjie". paralympic.org. Retrieved 30 August 2016. +References +Chen Yegang is a Chinese paralympic archer. He won the silver medal at the Men's team recurve event[1] and the bronze medal in the Men's individual recurve event at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing.[2] +↑ "Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games Archery Men's Team Recurve open". International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 2 August 2014. ↑ "Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games Archery Men's Individual Recurve standing". +References +Cheng Changjie is a Chinese paralympic archer. +He won the silver medal at the Men's team recurve event at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing.[1] +↑ "Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games Archery Men's Team Recurve open". International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 2 August 2014. +References +Chen Yonggang is a paralympic athlete from China competing mainly in category F58 Shot putt and discus events. +References +Song Zhenling is a Chinese cyclist. She won the bronze medal at the Women's C1–3 500 meter time trial event at the 2016 Summer Paralympics with 40.020.[1] +↑ "Women's C1-2-3 500m Time Trial - Standings". rio2016.com. Archived from the original on September 22, 2016. Retrieved September 17, 2016. +External links +Qing Suping is a Paralympian athlete from China competing mainly in category F57-58 javelin throw events. +She competed in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, China. There she won a gold medal in the women's F57-58 javelin throw event. +Qing Suping +References +Wu Bin is a Chinese paralympic swimmer. He won the bronze medal in the Men's 50 metre freestyle - S12 event at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens.[1] +↑ "ATHENS 2004 Paralympic Games Swimming Men's 50 m Freestyle S12". International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 2 August 2014. +Chen Li Ping is a paralympic athlete from China competing mainly in category F54/55 throwing events. +Chen Li Ping competed in all three throwing events at the 2004 Summer Paralympics and although she was unable to medal in the shot she did win bronze medals in both the discus and javelin. [1] +References +Yang Yang (born January 21, 1997) is a Chinese swimmer.[1] He won 4 gold medals at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. +↑ "Yang Yang". london2012.com. Retrieved 2013-03-05. +References +Zhang Li is a Chinese swimmer. She won the gold medal at the Women's 200 metre freestyle S5 event at the 2016 Summer Paralympics with 2:48.33.[1] +↑ "Women's 200m Freestyle - S5 - Standings". rio2016.com. Retrieved September 15, 2016. +References +Zhang Ying is a Chinese swimmer. She won the silver medal at the Women's 100 metre backstroke S7 event at the 2016 Summer Paralympics with 1:23.34.[1] She was fourth placed at the same event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics with an Asian record of 1:25.63. +↑ "Women's 100m Backstroke - S7 - Standings". rio2016.com. Retrieved September 14, 2016. +References +Xia Jiangbo (born September 1, 1989) is a Chinese swimmer. At the 2012 Summer Paralympics she won 2 gold medals.[1] +↑ "Jiangbo Xia". london2012.com. Retrieved 2013-03-05. +References +Lin Yongqing (born 24 December 1992) is a Chinese swimmer. +He competed in the men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay event at the 2016 Summer Olympics.[1] +Rio 2016. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016. +References +Lin Xintong (born 4 July 2000) is a Chinese swimmer.[1] She competed in the women's 50 metre butterfly event at the 2018 Asian Games, winning the bronze medal.[2] +Retrieved 20 August 2018. ↑ "Swimming: Women's 50m Butterfly". Asian Games 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018. +References +Liu Ou (Chinese: 刘鸥, born 13 November 1986) is a Chinese synchronized swimmer. +Liu competed in the women's team event at the 2008 Summer Olympics where she won a bronze medal. She followed up this success in the women's duet and women's team events at the 2012 Summer Olympics where she won a bronze (with Huang Xuechen) and silver medal respectively. [1] +References +Liu Xiaoyu (simplified Chinese: 刘晓宇; traditional Chinese: 劉曉宇; pinyin: liú xiǎo yǔ; born on 25 June 1988 in Shenyang, Liaoning) is a Chinese female international swimmer. She competed for China at the 2012 London Olympics in the 100 m breaststroke.[1][2] +↑ London 2012 Archived 2013-05-23 at the Wayback Machine. ↑ "Liu Xiaoyu Bio, Stats, and Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 2017-08-15. +Liu Xiaoyu (swimmer) +Chen Cheng is a Chinese swimmer.[1] At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he competed in the Men's 200 metre breaststroke, finishing in 33rd (last) place overall in the heats, failing to qualify for the semifinals. +↑ "Cheng Chen". 2012 Summer Olympics. Retrieved 13 October 2012. +References +Cao Yue (born 29 October 1995) is a Chinese swimmer. +She competed in the women's 400 metre freestyle event at the 2016 Summer Olympics.[1] +Rio 2016. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016. +References +Chen Yejie (born 6 April 2001) is a Chinese swimmer. +She competed in the women's 1500 metre freestyle event at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships.[1][2] +Retrieved 25 July 2017. ↑ "2017 World Aquatics Championships > Search via Athletes". Budapest 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2017. +Major achievements +References +Chen Yanyan (born 1985-04-05 in Changsha, Hunan) is a female Chinese swimmer, who competed for Team China at the 2008 Summer Olympics. +She is the younger sister of synchronized swimmer Chen Xuan.[1] +↑ "陈燕燕原是花游公主 美女意外转行仰泳闯出名堂". Sohu Sports. 2007-09-26. +References +Chen Xuan (Chinese: 陈绚, born 10 February 1978) is a Chinese former synchronized swimmer who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics.[1] +She is the older sister of swimmer Chen Yanyan.[2] +↑ "Olympics". sports-reference. Retrieved 20 July 2012. ↑ "陈燕燕原是花游公主 美女意外转行仰泳闯出名堂". Sohu Sports. +References +CHEN Xiujun (born 20 January 1986) is a former Olympic-level swimmer from China. She swam for China at the 2004 Olympics[1] and the 2003 World Championships. +↑ "Olympics". sports-reference. Retrieved 9 June 2012. +References +Chen Qin (born 10 February 1963) is a Chinese former swimmer who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics.[1] +↑ "Olympics". sports-reference. Retrieved 1 June 2012. +Chen Jie (born 28 February 1995) is a Chinese swimmer. +She competed in the women's 200 metre backstroke event at the 2016 Summer Olympics.[1] +Rio 2016. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2016. +References +Chen Jianhong (born 20 January 1969) is a Chinese former swimmer who competed in the 1988 Summer Olympics and in the 1992 Summer Olympics.[1] +Chen Jianhong +References +Chen Huiling (born 2 April 1971) is a Chinese former swimmer who competed in the 1988 Summer Olympics.[1] +↑ "Olympics". sports-reference. Retrieved 9 June 2012. +Chen Huiling +References +Shang Keyuan (born 4 February 1995) is a Chinese swimmer. +He competed in the men's 200 metre freestyle event at the 2016 Summer Olympics.[1] +↑ "Shang Keyuan". Rio 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016. +References +Sun Dan (born 18 January 1985) is a Chinese former swimmer who competed in the 2000 Summer Olympics.[1] +↑ "Olympics". sports-reference. Retrieved 9 June 2012. +Sun Dan (swimmer) +References +Sun Meichen (born 1 November 1998) is a Chinese swimmer. +She competed in the women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay event at the 2016 Summer Olympics.[1] +Rio 2016. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2016. +References +Sun Qiuting (Chinese: 孙萩亭, born 22 September 1985) is a Chinese synchronized swimmer.[1] +She has qualified for the 2008 Summer Olympics. +See also +References +Song Wenyan (born 9 April 1992) is a Chinese swimmer. +She competed for China at the 2012 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +He Chao (born 11 February 1992) is a Chinese diver. +He is the 2014 Asian Games gold medal Champion in the 1m springboard and silver medal champion in 3 m springboard.[1] +↑ Rory Marsden (Oct 1, 2014). "Asian Games 2014: Day 12 Results, Updated Medal Table and Incheon Schedule". +Retrieved 21 February 2015. ↑ Zhou, Xin (8 August 2015). "He Chao, new world champion out of elder brother's shadow". +He Chao +External links +He Liping (simplified Chinese: 何丽萍; traditional Chinese: 何麗萍; pinyin: Hé Lìpíng; born November 13, 1972) is a female Chinese softball player who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics. +References +Huang Lizhu (born 9 October 1987) is a Chinese competitive sailor. +She competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, in the women's 470 class.[1] +↑ "Lizhu Huang". rio2016.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2016. +External links +References +Huang Xianyuan (Chinese: 黃 賢媛, born February 2, 1966) is a retired Chinese rhythmic gymnast. +She competed for China in the rhythmic gymnastics all-around competition at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. She was 32nd in the qualification round and didn't advance to the final.[1] +References +Ji Fengqin (born 17 April 1974) is a Chinese sailor who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics.[1] +Ji Fengqin +See also +References +Jing Ruixue (景瑞雪, Jǐng Ruìxuě, born July 4, 1988 in Xi'an) is a female wrestler from China. +She won the silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the women's 63 kg category. She beat Choe Un-Gyong, Monika Michalik and Lyubov Volosova before losing in the final to defending champion Kaori Icho.[1] +↑ "Jing Ruixue Bio, Stats, and Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 2017-08-18. +External links +References +Jiang Yilun (simplified Chinese: 姜懿伦; traditional Chinese: 姜懿倫; pinyin: Jiāng Yìlún; born 12 February 1993) is a Chinese curler. +She was born in Harbin.[1] She competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, where the Chinese team participated in the women's curling tournament.[2] She Also Will Compete At The 2017 Pacific-Asia Curling Championships +↑ 2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship Media Guide ↑ "Jiang Yilun". Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved September 29, 2014. +References +Jiang Xishang (born 15 May 1980) is a Chinese professional field hockey player who represented China at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.[1] The team finished last in their group, and finished 11th after beating South Africa. +References +Li Hongxia (born 10 September 1986, Liaoning Province[1]) is a field hockey player from China. She won a silver medal with the national women's hockey team at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.[1] +Major performances +Li Hongquan (born September 9, 1969 in Dongshan, Zhangzhou, Fujian) is a male Chinese sports sailor. +He competed for Team China at the 2008 Summer Olympics. +References +Li Ke (born 1 July 1969) is a Chinese sailor who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics.[1] +See also +References +Li Jinzi (李金子; Lǐ Jīnzǐ, born 4 March 1990 in Zhaodong, Heilongjiang Province) is a Chinese female boxer. +She studied at the Jilin Institute of Physical Education, and began boxing at the age of 14.[1] Li won a bronze medal in the women's middleweight competition at the 2012 London Olympics. +References +List of Leaders of the Opposition in Jatiya Sangsad +The Leader of the Opposition (Bengali: বিরোধীদলীয় নেতা) leads the Official Opposition in the Jatiya Sangsad, the national parliament of Bangladesh. The Leader of the Opposition is normally the leader of the largest party not within the government which is usually the second largest political party in the Jatiya Sangsad.[1] +# Leader of the Opposition Party Took office Left office 1 Asaduzzaman Khan Awami League 18 February 1979 24 March 1982 2 Sheikh Hasina Awami League 7 May 1986 30 March 1996 3 Khaleda Zia Bangladesh Nationalist Party 12 June 1996 15 July 2001 (2) Sheikh Hasina Awami League 1 October 2001 29 October 2006 (3) Khaleda Zia Bangladesh Nationalist Party 29 December 2008 9 January 2014 4 Rowshan Ershad Jatiya Party 9 January 2014 Incumbent +↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-06-02. Retrieved 2013-06-08. +Leader of the Opposition +References +List of Leaders of the Opposition since 2011 +Opposition is the political parties represented in the Assembly of the Union that are not in government either on their own or as part of a governing coalition. +Portrait Name (Born-Died) Term of Office Political Party Assembly President Took Office Left Office Days 1 Sai Hla Kyaw (b. +1955) 30 March 2011 12 May 2012 409 Shan Nationalities Democratic Party 1 (2010) Thein Sein 2 Aung San Suu Kyi[1] (b. +1945) 12 May 2012 29 January 2016 1357 National League for Democracy 3 Thein Sein (b. +1945) 1 February 2016 23 August 2016 204 Union Solidarity and Development Party 2 (2015) Htin Kyaw 4 Than Htay[2] (b. +1954) 23 August 2016 Incumbent 751 Union Solidarity and Development Party +Retrieved 7 December 2013. ↑ Ei Ei Toe Lwin (24 August 2016). "U Thein Sein steps down as USDP chair". The Myanmar Times. +List of Leaders of the Opposition of Malaysia +References +↑ "www.parlimen.gov.my" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-10-06. ↑ Hansard - 30 January 1973 ↑ Hansard - 4 November 1974 ↑ Hansard - 5 November 1975 ↑ Hansard - 10 October 1978 ↑ Hansard - 12 October 1982 ↑ Hansard - 8 October 1986 ↑ Hansard - 10 December 1990 ↑ Hansard - 15 June 1995 ↑ Hansard - 20 December 1999 ↑ Hansard - 9 September 2002 ↑ Hansard - 19 May 2004 ↑ Hansard - 30 April 2008 ↑ "PKR president poised to make history as first woman Opposition Leader". The Star. +The Leader of the Opposition in Malaysian Federal Politics is a Member of Parliament in the Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives).[1] By convention, the position is held by the leader of the political party not in government that has the most seats in the House. When in parliament, the Leader of the Opposition sits on the left-hand side of the centre table, in front of the Opposition and opposite the Prime Minister. The Opposition Leader is elected by the minority party of the House according to its rules. +# Leader of the Opposition Political party Term of office Prime Minister Refs Took office Left office 1 Burhanuddin al-Helmy (1911–1969) MP for Besut PMIP 1959 1964 Tunku Abdul Rahman 2 Tan Chee Khoon (1919–1996) MP for Batu LPM 1964 1969 - Position vacant 1969 1971 Abdul Razak Hussein 3 Mohamed Asri Muda (1923–1992) MP for Pasir Puteh PMIP 1971 1973 4 Lim Kit Siang (b. +1941) MP for Bandar Malacca DAP 30 January 1973 31 July 1974 [2] 5 James Wong (1922–2011) MP for Miri-Lubis SNAP 1974 1974 6 Edmund Langgu Saga (b. +1941) MP for Kota Melaka (1975-1978) MP for Petaling (1978–1982) MP for Kota Melaka (1982-1986) MP for Tanjong (1986–1999) DAP 4 November 1975 12 June 1978 [4] Hussein Onn 31 July 1978 29 March 1982 [5] Mahathir Mohamad 10 July 1982 19 July 1986 [6] 8 October 1986 4 October 1990 [7] 10 December 1990 6 April 1995 [8] 15 June 1995 10 November 1999 [9] 7 Mohamed Fadzil M. Noor (1937–2002) MP for Pendang PAS 20 December 1999 23 June 2002 [10] 8 Abdul Hadi Awang (b. +1941) MP for Ipoh Timor DAP 19 May 2004 13 February 2008 [12] 9 Wan Azizah Wan Ismail (b. +1952) MP for Permatang Pauh PKR 30 April 2008 28 August 2008 [13][14] 10 Anwar Ibrahim (b. +1952) MP for Permatang Pauh PH (PKR) 18 May 2015 7 April 2018 [18] 11 Dr. Ahmad Zahid Hamidi (b. +1953) MP for Bagan Datuk BN (UMNO) 18 July 2018 Incumbent Mahathir Mohamad [19] +See also +References +List of Opposition Leaders +The Leader of the Opposition of Singapore is usually the leader of the second largest political party represented in the Parliament of Singapore. +During the 1955 Legislative Assembly election, the late Lee Kuan Yew was the de facto Leader of the Opposition, as the People's Action Party was then the second largest political party represented in the Legislative Assembly. +The current de facto Leader of Opposition is Pritam Singh of the Workers' Party of Singapore.[1] +# Leader of the Opposition Party Took office Left office Parliament 1 Lee Kuan Yew (1923–2015) People's Action Party 22 April 1955 31 March 1959 1st Legislative Assembly 2 Lim Yew Hock (1914–1984) Singapore People's Alliance 1 July 1959 3 September 1963 2nd Legislative Assembly – No Leader of the Opposition during 1963–1968, as Barisan Sosialis leaders were not represented in the legislature. +2nd Parliament 3rd Parliament 4th Parliament 3 Joshua Benjamin Jeyaretnam (1926–2008) Workers' Party October 1981 4 December 1984 5th Parliament 25 February 1985 10 November 1986 6th Parliament 4 Chiam See Tong (1935–) Singapore Democratic Party 10 November 1986 17 August 1988 9 January 1989 14 August 1991 7th Parliament 6 January 1992 17 May 1993 8th Parliament 5 Ling How Doong (1934–) Singapore Democratic Party 17 May 1993 16 December 1996 (4) Chiam See Tong (1935–) Singapore People's Party 26 May 1997 18 October 2001 9th Parliament Singapore Democratic Alliance 25 March 2002 20 April 2006 10th Parliament 6 Low Thia Khiang (1956–) Workers' Party 2 November 2006 19 April 2011 11th Parliament 10 October 2011 25 August 2015 12th Parliament 15 January 2016 8 April 2018 13th Parliament 7 Pritam Singh (1976–) Workers' Party 8 April 2018 Incumbent +References +Opinion polls +An independence referendum will be held in New Caledonia on 4 November 2018.[1][2] Voters will be given the choice of remaining part of France or becoming an independent country. +The government and authorities in Metropolitan France have stated that they will recognise and abide by the results of the referendum. If the motion fails, New Caledonians will have opportunities to vote again in 2020 and 2023 if one third of the local assembly decide so.[3] +↑ "New Caledonia, French Leaders Look To Finalize Plans For 2018 Referendum". Pacific Islands Report. 7 November 2016. +Retrieved 8 April 2017. ↑ Willsher, Kim (19 March 2018). "New Caledonia sets date for independence referendum". The Guardian. +Retrieved 20 March 2018. ↑ Lyons, Kate (16 July 2018). +"New Caledonia Referendum: Call to Reject 'Colonising Power' France". The Guardian. ↑ "Neukaledonien (Frankreich), 13. +September 1987 : Unabhängigkeit / Verbleib bei Frankreich -- [in German]". Database and Search Engine for Direct Democracy (in German). +See also +References +Countries +This is a list of countries and territories by their average elevation above sea level. +List of elevation extremes by country List of highest points of European countries List of islands by highest point List of highest towns by country List of highest mountains +↑ "Country Geography Data". Portland State University. Retrieved 26 April 2015. +Country Elevation Afghanistan 1,885 m (6,184 ft) Albania 708 m (2,323 ft) Algeria 800 m (2,625 ft) Andorra 1,996 m (6,549 ft) Angola 1,112 m (3,648 ft) Antarctica 2,300 m (7,546 ft) Argentina 595 m (1,952 ft) Armenia 1,792 m (5,879 ft) Australia 330 m (1,083 ft) Austria 910 m (2,986 ft) Azerbaijan 384 m (1,260 ft) Bangladesh 85 m (279 ft) Belarus 160 m (525 ft) Belgium 181 m (594 ft) Belize 173 m (568 ft) Benin 273 m (896 ft) Bhutan 3,280 m (10,761 ft) Bolivia 1,192 m (3,911 ft) Bosnia and Herzegovina 500 m (1,640 ft) Botswana 1,013 m (3,323 ft) Brazil 320 m (1,050 ft) Brunei 478 m (1,568 ft) Bulgaria 472 m (1,549 ft) Burkina Faso 297 m (974 ft) Burma 702 m (2,303 ft) Burundi 1,504 m (4,934 ft) Cambodia 126 m (413 ft) Cameroon 667 m (2,188 ft) Canada 487 m (1,598 ft) Central African Republic 635 m (2,083 ft) Chad 543 m (1,781 ft) Chile 1,871 m (6,138 ft) China 1,840 m (6,037 ft) Colombia 593 m (1,946 ft) Congo 430 m (1,411 ft) Congo DR 726 m (2,382 ft) Corsica 568 m (1,864 ft) Costa Rica 746 m (2,448 ft) Croatia 331 m (1,086 ft) Cuba 108 m (354 ft) Cyprus 91 m (299 ft) Czech Republic 433 m (1,421 ft) Denmark 34 m (112 ft) Djibouti 430 m (1,411 ft) Dominican Republic 424 m (1,391 ft) Ecuador 1,117 m (3,665 ft) Egypt 321 m (1,053 ft) El Salvador 442 m (1,450 ft) Estonia 61 m (200 ft) Equatorial Guinea 577 m (1,893 ft) Eritrea 853 m (2,799 ft) Ethiopia 1,330 m (4,364 ft) Finland 164 m (538 ft) France 375 m (1,230 ft) French Guiana 168 m (551 ft) Gabon 377 m (1,237 ft) Gambia 34 m (112 ft) Georgia 1,432 m (4,698 ft) Germany 263 m (863 ft) Ghana 190 m (623 ft) Greece 498 m (1,634 ft) Greenland 1,792 m (5,879 ft) Guatemala 759 m (2,490 ft) Guinea 472 m (1,549 ft) Guinea-Bissau 70 m (230 ft) Guyana 207 m (679 ft) Haiti 470 m (1,542 ft) Honduras 684 m (2,244 ft) Hungary 143 m (469 ft) Iceland 557 m (1,827 ft) India 160 m (525 ft) Indonesia 367 m (1,204 ft) Iran 1,305 m (4,281 ft) Iraq 312 m (1,024 ft) Ireland 118 m (387 ft) Israel 508 m (1,667 ft) Italy 538 m (1,765 ft) Ivory Coast 250 m (820 ft) Jamaica 340 m (1,115 ft) Japan 438 m (1,437 ft) Jordan 812 m (2,664 ft) Kazakhstan 387 m (1,270 ft) Kenya 762 m (2,500 ft) Kuwait 108 m (354 ft) Kyrgyzstan 2,988 m (9,803 ft) Latvia 87 m (285 ft) Laos 710 m (2,329 ft) Lebanon 1,250 m (4,101 ft) Lesotho 2,161 m (7,090 ft) Liberia 243 m (797 ft) Libya 423 m (1,388 ft) Lithuania 110 m (361 ft) Luxembourg 325 m (1,066 ft) Macedonia 741 m (2,431 ft) Madagascar 442 m (1,450 ft) Malawi 779 m (2,556 ft) Malaysia 538 m (1,765 ft) Maldives 1.8 m (6 ft) Mali 343 m (1,125 ft) Mauritania 276 m (906 ft) Mexico 1,111 m (3,645 ft) Moldova 139 m (456 ft) Mongolia 1,528 m (5,013 ft) Montenegro 1,086 m (3,563 ft) Morocco 909 m (2,982 ft) Mozambique 345 m (1,132 ft) Namibia 1,141 m (3,743 ft) Nepal 3,265 m (10,712 ft) Netherlands 30 m (98 ft) New Zealand 388 m (1,273 ft) Nicaragua 298 m (978 ft) Niger 474 m (1,555 ft) Nigeria 380 m (1,247 ft) North Korea 400 m (1,312 ft) Norway 460 m (1,509 ft) Oman 310 m (1,017 ft) Pakistan 900 m (2,953 ft) Panama 360 m (1,181 ft) Papua New Guinea 667 m (2,188 ft) Paraguay 178 m (584 ft) Peru 1,555 m (5,102 ft) Philippines 442 m (1,450 ft) Poland 173 m (568 ft) Portugal 372 m (1,220 ft) Puerto Rico 261 m (856 ft) Qatar 28 m (92 ft) Romania 414 m (1,358 ft) Rwanda 1,598 m (5,243 ft) Russia 600 m (1,969 ft) Saudi Arabia 665 m (2,182 ft) Senegal 69 m (226 ft) Serbia 473 m (1,552 ft) Sierra Leone 279 m (915 ft) Singapore 15 m (49 ft) Slovakia 458 m (1,503 ft) Slovenia 492 m (1,614 ft) Somalia 410 m (1,345 ft) South Africa 1,034 m (3,392 ft) South Korea 282 m (925 ft) Spain 660 m (2,165 ft) Sri Lanka 228 m (748 ft) Sudan 568 m (1,864 ft) Suriname 246 m (807 ft) Swaziland 305 m (1,001 ft) Sweden 320 m (1,050 ft) Switzerland 1,350 m (4,429 ft) Syria 514 m (1,686 ft) Tajikistan 3,186 m (10,453 ft) Taiwan 1,150 m (3,773 ft) Tanzania 1,018 m (3,340 ft) Thailand 287 m (942 ft) Togo 236 m (774 ft) Trinidad and Tobago 83 m (272 ft) Tunisia 246 m (807 ft) Turkey 1,132 m (3,714 ft) Turkmenistan 230 m (755 ft) Ukraine 175 m (574 ft) United Arab Emirates 149 m (489 ft) United Kingdom 162 m (531 ft) United States 760 m (2,493 ft) Uruguay 109 m (358 ft) Venezuela 450 m (1,476 ft) Vietnam 398 m (1,306 ft) Western Sahara 256 m (840 ft) Yemen 999 m (3,278 ft) Zambia 1,138 m (3,734 ft) Zimbabwe 961 m (3,153 ft) World 840 m (2,756 ft) +List of countries by average elevation +Results +References +A constitutional referendum was held in the Maldives on 18 August 2007 to decide on whether the country should have a presidential system or a parliamentary system. President of the Maldives Maumoon Abdul Gayoom supported a presidential system while the opposition Maldivian Democratic Party favored a parliamentary system.[1] +Choice Votes % Presidential system 95,619 62.04 Parliamentary system 58,504 37.96 Invalid/blank votes 1,767 – Total 155,890 100 Registered voters/turnout 199,841 78.01 Haveeru +References +Provisional results +National Assembly elections are scheduled to be held in Bhutan in 2018; the first round was held on 15 September and the second round will take place on 18 October.[1] +The 47 members of the National Assembly are elected from single-member constituencies. Primary elections are held in which voters cast votes for parties. The top two parties are then able to field candidates in the main round of voting, in which members are elected using first-past-the-post voting.[3] +Party First round Second round Votes % Votes % Seats +/– Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa 92,722 31.85 Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party 90,020 30.92 People's Democratic Party 79,883 27.44 0 –32 Bhutan Kuen-Nyam Party 28,473 9.78 0 New Total 291,098 100 Registered voters/turnout 438,663 66.36 – – Source: ECB +Results +References +Indirect presidential elections were held in Israel on 10 June 2014.[1] The result was a victory for Reuven Rivlin of Likud. +Rivlin was sworn in as President of Israel on 24 July.[2] +Candidate Party First round Second round Votes % Votes % Reuven Rivlin Likud 44 37.6 63 54.3 Meir Sheetrit Hatnuah 31 26.5 53 45.7 Dalia Itzik Kadima 28 23.9 Dalia Dorner Independent 13 11.1 Dan Shechtman Independent 1 0.9 Invalid ballots/blank votes 2 – 3 – Total 119 100 119 100 Registered voters/turnout 120 99.2 120 99.2 Source: Haaretz +Only 119 votes were cast, as one member of the Knesset, Meir Porush, was abroad.[5] +Results +References +Elections for the President of Israel were held in the Knesset on 24 March 1993,[1] following the end of Chaim Herzog's second five-year term in office. Ezer Weizman, former Israeli Air Force commander and Defense Minister of Israel, ran against Dov Shilansky, a Likud politician. The Knesset elected Weizman, by a majority of 66 to 53 to serve as the next President of Israel. +Candidate Votes Ezer Weizman 66 Dov Shilansky 53 Blank ballots 1 Total 120 +See also +Around the world +References +The 54th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 54 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and South America. +Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 54° south passes through: +Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 54°0′S 0°0′E / 54.000°S 0.000°E / -54.000; 0.000 (Prime Meridian) Atlantic Ocean 54°0′S 20°0′E / 54.000°S 20.000°E / -54.000; 20.000 (Indian Ocean) Indian Ocean 54°0′S 147°0′E / 54.000°S 147.000°E / -54.000; 147.000 (Pacific Ocean) Pacific Ocean 54°0′S 73°9′W / 54.000°S 73.150°W / -54.000; -73.150 (Chile) Chile Santa Inés Island, Clarence Island and Aracena Island 54°0′S 71°16′W / 54.000°S 71.267°W / -54.000; -71.267 (Strait of Magellan) Strait of Magellan 54°0′S 70°52′W / 54.000°S 70.867°W / -54.000; -70.867 (Chile) Chile Dawson Island 54°0′S 70°20′W / 54.000°S 70.333°W / -54.000; -70.333 (Canal Whiteside) Canal Whiteside 54°0′S 70°5′W / 54.000°S 70.083°W / -54.000; -70.083 (Chile) Chile Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego 54°0′S 68°37′W / 54.000°S 68.617°W / -54.000; -68.617 (Argentina) Argentina Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego 54°0′S 67°24′W / 54.000°S 67.400°W / -54.000; -67.400 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean 54°0′S 38°12′W / 54.000°S 38.200°W / -54.000; -38.200 (South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands) South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Willis Islands, Bird Island and South Georgia (claimed by Argentina) 54°0′S 37°23′W / 54.000°S 37.383°W / -54.000; -37.383 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean +53rd parallel south 55th parallel south +See also +Around the world +References +The 53rd parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 53 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and South America. +Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 53° south passes through: +Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 53°0′S 0°0′E / 53.000°S 0.000°E / -53.000; 0.000 (Prime Meridian) Atlantic Ocean 53°0′S 20°0′E / 53.000°S 20.000°E / -53.000; 20.000 (Indian Ocean) Indian Ocean Passing just north of the McDonald Islands, Australia 53°0′S 73°15′E / 53.000°S 73.250°E / -53.000; 73.250 (Australia) Australia Heard Island 53°0′S 73°25′E / 53.000°S 73.417°E / -53.000; 73.417 (Indian Ocean) Indian Ocean 53°0′S 147°0′E / 53.000°S 147.000°E / -53.000; 147.000 (Pacific Ocean) Pacific Ocean 53°0′S 74°28′W / 53.000°S 74.467°W / -53.000; -74.467 (Chile) Chile Desolación Island 53°0′S 73°57′W / 53.000°S 73.950°W / -53.000; -73.950 (Strait of Magellan) Strait of Magellan 53°0′S 73°25′W / 53.000°S 73.417°W / -53.000; -73.417 (Chile) Chile Muñoz Gamero Peninsula and Riesco Island 53°0′S 71°52′W / 53.000°S 71.867°W / -53.000; -71.867 (Seno Otway) Seno Otway 53°0′S 71°15′W / 53.000°S 71.250°W / -53.000; -71.250 (Chile) Chile Brunswick Peninsula 53°0′S 70°49′W / 53.000°S 70.817°W / -53.000; -70.817 (Strait of Magellan) Strait of Magellan 53°0′S 70°24′W / 53.000°S 70.400°W / -53.000; -70.400 (Chile) Chile Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego 53°0′S 68°36′W / 53.000°S 68.600°W / -53.000; -68.600 (Argentina) Argentina Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego 53°0′S 68°15′W / 53.000°S 68.250°W / -53.000; -68.250 (Atlantic Ocean) Atlantic Ocean Passing just south of Beauchene Island, Falkland Islands (claimed by Argentina) +52nd parallel south 54th parallel south +History +References +The Democratic Party (Chinese: 民主黨) was a short-lived political party in the early of the Republican period of China from 1912 to 1913. +It was formed by serval groups of politicians of the late Qing Constitutional Movement on 27 September 1912 in Beijing after seeing the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) and Republican emerged in the Provisional Senate of the Provisional Republican Government. Tang Hualong became the first Chairman of the party while Liang Qichao was the actual head. The radical faction split from the party after the party stood with the government's stance on the Russo-Mongolian Agreement on 3 November 1912.[1] +Under Liang Qichao, the Democratic Party, Unity Party, and Republican Party merged into the Progressive Party on 29 May 1913. The Progressive Party became the flagship pro-Yuan party in the National Assembly. +↑ Zhang, Yufa (1985). 民國初年的政黨 [Minguo chu nian de zheng dang]. Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica. pp. 102–108. +Democratic Party (1912) +Results +References +A referendum on employment protection was held in Switzerland on 17 February 1924.[1] Voters were asked whether they approved of an amendment to the federal employment protection law.[1] The proposal was rejected by 57.6% of voters.[1] +Results +References +A constitutional referendum was held in Estonia between 13 and 15 August 1932.[1] The new constitution proposed by Parliament was rejected by 50.8% of voters, with a turnout of 90.5%.[2] +Choice Votes % For 333,979 49.2 Against 345,212 50.8 Invalid/blank votes 13,111 – Total 692,302 100 Registered voters/turnout 765,002 90.5 Source: Nohlen & Stöver +Results +References +A referendum on a new electoral system was held in Liechtenstein on 14 February 1932.[1] The proposal was approved by 54.9% of voters.[1] +Choice Votes % For 1,202 54.9 Against 986 45.1 Invalid/blank votes 49 – Total 2,237 100 Registered voters/turnout 2,338 95.7 Source: Nohlen & Stöver +Results +References +A constititional referendum was held in Haiti on 2 June 1935.[1] The amendment would extend the term of President Sténio Vincent, and was reportedly approved by 100% of voters, with just 297 against.[2] +Choice Votes % For 614,217 100 Against 297 0.0 Invalid/blank votes - Total 614,514 100 Source: Nohlen +Results +References +A constitutional referendum was held in Guinea on 13 October 1946 as part of the wider French constitutional referendum. Although the proposed new constitution was rejected by 54% of voters in the territory,[1] it was approved 53% of voters overall. +References +Narong Chok-Umnuay (born 21 September 1944) is a Thai former swimmer. +He competed in two events at the 1964 Summer Olympics.[1] +Results +References +An independence referendum was held in Latvia on 3 March 1991,[1] alongside a similar referendum in the Republic of Estonia. Known as the "Popular Survey about the independence of the Republic of Latvia", voters were asked "are you in favour of a democratic and independent Republic of Latvia".[2] It was approved by 74.9% of voters, with a turnout of 87.6%.[2] Latvian Republic civilians registered in Soviet Army units also had the right to vote in this poll.[3] +Bernardo Francisco Bello Gutiérrez (December 8, 1933 – September 14, 2018)[1] was a Chilean footballer who played for Colo-Colo in Chile. +External links +References +Abdon Alinovi (6 May 1923 – 15 February 2018) was an Italian politician. +Alinovi was born in Eboli on 6 May 1923.[1] He moved to Naples and became active in the Italian Communist Party. +In 1976, Alinovi sat in the Chamber of Deputies, representing Naples until 1992. He later joined the Democrats of the Left and served as the party's Naples chapter president.[2] +1 2 "Muore Abdon Alinovi, dirigente Pci, presidente Antimafia, una vita per i deboli". Consumatrici (in Italian). 15 February 2018. +Public policy is the principled guide to action taken by the administrative executive branches of the state with regard to a class of issues, in a manner consistent with law and institutional customs. +Norwich University Public Administration. Norwich University Public Administration. Retrieved 24 November 2014. ↑ Kilpatrick, Dean, "Definitions of Public Policy and Law" ↑ Schuster II, W. Michael, "For the Greater Good: The Use of Public Policy Considerations in Confirming Chapter 11 Plans of Reorganization" ↑ John, Peter (1998). +Analysing Public Policy. Continuum. 1 2 Sharkansky, Ira; R. Hofferbert. +"Dimensions of State Politics, Economics, and Public Policy". The American Political Science Review. +1 2 3 4 5 Thei, Geurts; Be Informed (2010). "Public Policy: The 21st Century Perspective". ↑ Hill, Michael (2005). Public Policy Process. +Pearson. ↑ Kilpatrick ↑ Schramm, Wilbur (165). The Process and Effects of mass communication. ISBN 0252001974. ↑ Pellissery, Sony (2015). +Public Policy. The SAGE Encyclopedia of World Poverty. Sage. ↑ http://www.gppi.net/fileadmin/gppi/Global_Public_Policy_Foreign_Affairs.pdf ↑ Stone, Diane. +"Global public policy, transnational policy communities, and their networks." +Policy studies journal 36, no. 1 (2008): 19-38 +Truck mounted core drill +A core drill is a drill specifically designed to remove a cylinder of material, much like a hole saw. The material left inside the drill bit is referred to as the core. +Core drills used in metal are called annular cutters. Core drills used for concrete are generally called Diamond Core Drills and are water cooled.[1] For drilling masonry, carbide core drills can be used.[2] +The earliest core drills were those used by the ancient Egyptians, invented in 3000 BC.[3] Core drills are used for many applications, either where the core needs to be preserved (the drilling apparatus used in obtaining a core sample is often referred to as a corer), or where drilling can be done more rapidly since much less material needs to be removed than with a standard bit. This is the reason that diamond-tipped core drills are commonly used in construction to create holes for pipes, manholes, and other large-diameter penetrations in concrete or stone. +Core drills are used frequently in mineral exploration where the coring may be several hundred to several thousand feet in length. The core samples are recovered and examined by geologists for mineral percentages and stratigraphic contact points. This gives exploration companies the information necessary to begin or abandon mining operations in a particular area. +Oriented Core Goniometer commonly used when logging core and analyzing contacts and other structural features. +Before the start of World War Two, Branner Newsom, a California mining engineer, invented a core drill that could take out large diameter cores up to 16 feet in length for mining shafts. This type of core drill is no longer in use as modern drill technology allows standard drilling to accomplish the same at a much cheaper cost.[4] +Core drills come with several power choices including electric, pneumatic, hydraulic (all of which require power sources, such as a generator). +Core drills (annular cutters for metal drilling) Drilling fluid Drilling rig Exploration diamond drilling +Retrieved 4 August 2014. ↑ "Concrete Drilling Tutorial". Retrieved 4 August 2014. ↑ Jacques W. Delleur (12 December 2010). The Handbook of Groundwater Engineering, Second Edition. +Core drill +Conservative liberalism is a variant of liberalism, combining liberal values and policies with conservative stances, or simply representing the right-wing of the liberal movement.[1] It is a more positive and less radical variant of classical liberalism.[2] Conservative liberal parties tend to combine market liberal policies with more traditional stances on social and ethical issues.[3] Neoconservatism has also been identified as an ideological relative or twin to conservative liberalism,[4] and some similarities exist also between conservative liberalism and national liberalism. +References +Conservative liberalism +Further reading +Notes +Cultural conservatism is described as the preservation of the heritage of one nation, or of a shared culture that is not defined by national boundaries.[1] Other variants of cultural conservatism are concerned with culture attached to a given language such as Arabic or Icelandic. +Notes +↑ "Average yearly temperature (1961-1990, Celsius) - by country". lebanese-economy-forum.com. Lebanese Economy Forum. Retrieved 20 August 2015. +Average yearly temperature is calculated by averaging the minimum and maximum daily temperatures in the country, averaged for the years 1961–1990, based on gridded climatologies from the Climatic Research Unit elaborated in 2011.[1] +Country Average yearly temperature (1961–1990, degrees Celsius) Burkina Faso 28.25 Mali 28.25 Kiribati 28.20 Djibouti 28.00 Tuvalu 28.00 Senegal 27.85 Mauritania 27.65 Maldives 27.65 Palau 27.60 Benin 27.55 Gambia 27.50 Marshall Islands 27.40 Ghana 27.20 Bahrain 27.15 Niger 27.15 Qatar 27.15 Seychelles 27.15 Togo 27.15 Somalia 27.05 United Arab Emirates 27.00 Sri Lanka 26.95 Sudan 26.90 Brunei 26.85 Cambodia 26.80 Nigeria 26.80 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 26.80 Guinea-Bissau 26.75 Samoa 26.70 Grenada 26.65 Chad 26.55 Singapore 26.45 Ivory Coast 26.35 Thailand 26.30 Sierra Leone 26.05 Antigua and Barbuda 26.00 Barbados 26.00 Guyana 26.00 Indonesia 25.85 Federated States of Micronesia 25.85 Philippines 25.85 Trinidad and Tobago 25.75 Guinea 25.70 Suriname 25.70 Solomon Islands 25.65 Oman 25.60 Comoros 25.55 Eritrea 25.50 Saint Lucia 25.50 Malaysia 25.40 Panama 25.40 Belize 25.30 Kuwait 25.35 Venezuela 25.35 Liberia 25.30 Timor-Leste 25.25 Papua New Guinea 25.25 Tonga 25.25 Cuba 25.20 Gabon 25.05 Bangladesh 25.00 Brazil 24.95 Jamaica 24.95 Central African Republic 24.90 Haiti 24.90 Vietnam 24.45 Nicaragua 24.90 Bahamas 24.85 Costa Rica 24.80 Kenya 24.75 Saudi Arabia 24.65 Cameroon 24.60 Republic of the Congo 24.55 Dominican Republic 24.55 Equatorial Guinea 24.55 Colombia 24.50 Saint Kitts and Nevis 24.50 El Salvador 24.45 Fiji 24.40 Democratic Republic of the Congo 24.00 Vanuatu 23.95 Yemen 23.85 Mozambique 23.80 São Tomé and Príncipe 23.75 India 23.65 Paraguay 23.55 Honduras 23.50 Guatemala 23.45 Cape Verde 23.30 Laos 22.80 Uganda 22.80 Madagascar 22.65 Algeria 22.50 Mauritius 22.40 Dominica 22.35 Tanzania 22.35 Ethiopia 22.20 Egypt 22.10 Malawi 21.90 Ecuador 21.85 Libya 21.80 Australia 21.65 Angola 21.55 Bolivia 21.55 Botswana 21.50 Iraq 21.40 Swaziland 21.40 Zambia 21.40 Mexico 21.00 Zimbabwe 21.00 Pakistan 20.20 Namibia 19.95 Burundi 19.80 Peru 19.60 Israel 19.20 Malta 19.20 Tunisia 19.20 Cyprus 18.45 Jordan 18.30 Rwanda 17.85 South Africa 17.75 Syria 17.75 Uruguay 17.55 Iran 17.25 Morocco 17.10 Lebanon 16.40 Greece 15.40 Portugal 15.15 Turkmenistan 15.10 Argentina 14.80 Monaco 13.55 Italy 13.45 Spain 13.30 Myanmar 13.05 Afghanistan 12.60 Uzbekistan 12.05 Azerbaijan 11.95 Lesotho 11.85 San Marino 11.85 South Korea 11.50 Albania 11.40 Japan 11.15 Turkey 11.10 Croatia 10.90 France 10.70 Montenegro 10.55 Bulgaria 10.55 New Zealand 10.55 Serbia 10.55 Bosnia and Herzegovina 09.85 Macedonia 09.80 Hungary 09.75 Belgium 09.55 Moldova 09.45 Ireland 09.30 Netherlands 09.25 Slovenia 08.90 Romania 08.80 Luxembourg 08.65 United States 08.55 Germany 08.50 Chile 08.45 United Kingdom 08.45 Ukraine 08.30 Nepal 08.10 Poland 07.85 Andorra 07.60 Czech Republic 07.55 Denmark 07.50 Bhutan 07.40 Armenia 07.15 China 06.95 Slovakia 06.80 Kazakhstan 06.40 Austria 06.35 Belarus 06.15 Lithuania 06.20 Georgia 05.80 North Korea 05.70 Liechtenstein 05.65 Latvia 05.60 Switzerland 05.50 Estonia 05.10 Sweden 02.10 Tajikistan 02.00 Iceland 01.75 Finland 01.70 Kyrgyzstan 01.55 Norway 01.50 Mongolia −0.70 Russia −5.10 Canada −5.35 +Tube sizes +Diamond drilling +Core extraction +Exploration diamond drilling is used in the mining industry to probe the contents of known ore deposits and potential sites. By withdrawing a small diameter core of rock from the orebody, geologists can analyse the core by chemical assay and conduct petrologic, structural and mineralogical studies of the rock. +Diamond core drill bits +Rodolphe Leschot is often cited as being the inventor of the first core bit in 1863.[1] Early diamond drilling opened up many new areas for mineral mining, and was related to a boom in mineral exploration in remote locations. Before the invention of the portable diamond drill, most mineral prospecting was limited to finding outcrops at the surface and hand digging. In the late 1970s, General Electric pioneered the technology of polycrystalline diamond compacts (PDCs) as a replacement for natural diamonds in drill bits.[2] +As shown in the figure, the diamonds are scattered throughout the matrix, and the action relies on the matrix to slowly wear during the drilling, so as to expose more diamonds. The bit is mounted onto a drill stem, which is connected to a rotary drill. Water is injected into the drill pipe, so as to wash out the rock cuttings produced by the bit and also to reduce the heat produced due to friction which causes less wear and tear of the bits. +The drill uses a diamond encrusted drill bit (pictured on the right) to drill through the rock. The drill produces a "core" which is photographed and split longitudinally. Half of the split core is assayed while the other half is permanently stored for future use and re-assaying if necessary. +Early exploration companies tended to choose drilling contractors who typically charge per meter rates and/or day rate depending on difficulty of project. For example, Energold Drilling would provide diamond drilling services for projects with limited infrastructure and focus on portability, whereas larger drilling groups such as Boart Longyear tended to work on established producing mine sites. +Constantly withdrawing the entire heavy drill pipe is impractical, so methods were developed to pull up the core inside the barrel. If the rock would always be solid granite, and the core would always break at the drill bit, then it would be a simple matter to stop the drilling, and lower a simple grabbing device by a wire and pull up the core. Unfortunately, many applications require an undisturbed core in fractured rock, which calls for elaborate wire-line devices. +The photo shows the extraction of a core, using a triple-tube wire-line system, capable of extracting core under the worst conditions.[4] This is very important when exploring fault zones such as the San Andreas Fault. +There are five major "wire line" tube sizes typically used. Larger tubes produce larger diameter rock cores and require more drill power to drive them. The choice of tube size is a trade-off between the rock core diameter desired and the depth that can be drilled with a particular drilling rig motor. +Drill cores +Exploration diamond drilling +Sebastian Stan (born 13 August 1982) is a Romanian American[1] actor. +On television, he has played Carter Baizen in Gossip Girl, Prince Jack Benjamin in Kings, Jefferson in Once Upon a Time, and T.J. Hammond in Political Animals. +The latter earned him a nomination for the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Movie/Miniseries. +"Pedi, Stan and Rosenblat Join Broadway's Talk Radio Cast". Playbill. Retrieved September 28, 2014. ↑ "Sebastian Stan talking for Romanian television ProTV (with English subtitle)". +Sebastian Stan +References +George Bodey (died 6 June 1930) was an Australian politician who represented the South Australian House of Assembly multi-member seat of Victoria and Albert from 1912 to 1915 for the Liberal Union.[1] +References +Michael John Crandon (born 10 December 1953) is an Australian politician. +He was first elected for the seat of Coomera to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland for the Liberal National Party of Queensland at the 2009 Queensland Election.[1] +↑ "Member Biography – Mr Michael Crandon". Parliament of Queensland. Retrieved 26 August 2012. +Comparison of operating system kernels +The Linux family of operating systems is based on this kernel and deployed on both traditional computer systems such as personal computers and servers, usually in the form of Linux distributions,[9] and on various embedded devices such as routers, wireless access points, PBXes, set-top boxes, FTA receivers, smart TVs, PVRs, and NAS appliances. +On October, 5th 1991, version 0.02 of the Linux kernel was released.[20] +When Torvalds released version 0.12 in February 1992, he adopted the GNU General Public License (GPL) over his previous self-drafted license, which had not permitted commercial redistribution.[21] +On 19 January 1992, the first post to the new newsgroup alt.os.linux was submitted.[22] On 31 March 1992, the newsgroup was renamed comp.os.linux.[23] +Version[lower-alpha 1] Original release date Current version Maintainer Support model Old version, no longer supported: 3.0 21 July 2011[1] 3.0.101[246] Greg Kroah-Hartman[247] EOL (7th LTS release, maintained from July 2011 to October 2013, providing the base for real-time tree)[246][247] Old version, no longer supported: 3.1 24 October 2011[248] 3.1.10[249] Greg Kroah-Hartman EOL (maintained from October 2011 to January 2012)[249] Old version, no longer supported: 3.2 4 January 2012[250] 3.2.102[251] Ben Hutchings[8][252] 8th LTS release, was "projected EOL" for May 2018,[253] and has been maintained from March 2012, used in Ubuntu 12.04 LTS[254] and optionally in 12.04 ESM,[255] Debian 7 "Wheezy" and Slackware 14.0.[224][252] Canonical promised to (at least) provide long-term support until April 2017;[13] Support has continued for months after. +Old version, no longer supported: 3.3 18 March 2012[256] 3.3.8[257] Greg Kroah-Hartman EOL (maintained from March 2012 to June 2012)[257] Old version, no longer supported: 3.4 20 May 2012[258][259] 3.4.113[260] Li Zefan[224][261] (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) EOL (9th LTS release, maintained from May 2012 to October 2016).[262] Old version, no longer supported: 3.5 21 July 2012[263] 3.5.7[264] Greg Kroah-Hartman EOL (maintained from July 2012 to October 2012);[264] Canonical provided extended support until April 2014.[228][265] Old version, no longer supported: 3.6 30 September 2012[266] 3.6.11[267] Greg Kroah-Hartman EOL (maintained from October 2012 to December 2012)[267] Old version, no longer supported: 3.7 10 December 2012[268] 3.7.10[269] Greg Kroah-Hartman EOL (maintained from December 2012 to March 2013)[269][270] Old version, no longer supported: 3.8 18 February 2013[271] 3.8.13[272] Greg Kroah-Hartman EOL (maintained from February 2013 to May 2013);[272] Canonical provided extended support until August 2014.[228][273] Old version, no longer supported: 3.9 28 April 2013[274] 3.9.11[275] Greg Kroah-Hartman EOL (maintained from April 2013 to July 2013)[275] Old version, no longer supported: 3.10 30 June 2013[276] 3.10.108[277] Willy Tarreau[224][278] (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) EOL (10th LTS release, maintained from August 2013 to November 2017)[277] Old version, no longer supported: 3.11 2 September 2013[37] 3.11.10[279] Greg Kroah-Hartman EOL (maintained from September 2013 to November 2013);[279] Canonical provided extended support until August 2014.[228] The codename chosen for version 3.11 is "Linux for Workgroups". +Old version, no longer supported: 3.12 3 November 2013[280] 3.12.74[281] Jiří Slabý[224][282] (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) EOL (11th LTS release, maintained from November 2013 to May 2017.)[282][281] Old version, no longer supported: 3.13 19 January 2014[283] 3.13.11[284] Greg Kroah-Hartman EOL (maintained from January 2014 to April 2014);[284] Canonical provided extended support until April 2016.[228][285] Old version, no longer supported: 3.14 30 March 2014[286] 3.14.79[287] Greg Kroah-Hartman[224] EOL (12th LTS release, maintained from March 2014 to August 2016)[287] Old version, no longer supported: 3.15 8 June 2014[288] 3.15.10[289] Greg Kroah-Hartman EOL (maintained from June 2014 to August 2014)[289] Older version, yet still supported: 3.16 3 August 2014[290] 3.16.58[291] Ben Hutchings[224][292] (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) 13th LTS release, maintained from August 2014 to October 2014, May 2016 to April 2020.[224][293] Used in Debian 8 "Jessie".[294] Canonical provided extended support until April 2016.[228][295] Old version, no longer supported: 3.17 5 October 2014[296] 3.17.8[297] Greg Kroah-Hartman EOL (maintained from October 2014 to January 2015)[297] Older version, yet still supported: 3.18 7 December 2014[298] 3.18.123[299] Greg Kroah-Hartman[300] (formerly Sasha Levin[301]) (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) EOL (14th LTS release, maintained from December 2014 to January 2017).[302] However Greg stated that he will release irregular updates to the 3.18 tree.[303] Old version, no longer supported: 3.19 8 February 2015[304] 3.19.8[305] Greg Kroah-Hartman EOL (maintained from February 2015 to May 2015);[305] last stable release of the 3.x.y kernel series;[306] Canonical provided extended support until July 2016.[228][307] Legend: Old version Older version, still supported Latest version Latest preview version Future release +Version[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2] Original release date Current version Maintainer Support model Old version, no longer supported: 4.0 12 April 2015[123] 4.0.9[309] Greg Kroah-Hartman EOL (maintained from April 2015 to July 2015)[310] Old version, no longer supported: 4.1 22 June 2015[311] 4.1.52[312] Sasha Levin[6][313] (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman)[314] EOL (15th LTS release, maintained from July 2015 to May 2018)[224][311] Old version, no longer supported: 4.2 30 August 2015[315] 4.2.8[316] Greg Kroah-Hartman EOL (maintained from August 2015 to December 2015);[316] Canonical provided extended support until July 2016.[11][317] Old version, no longer supported: 4.3 1 November 2015[318] 4.3.6[319] Greg Kroah-Hartman EOL (maintained from November 2015 to February 2016)[320] Older version, yet still supported: 4.4 10 January 2016[321] 4.4.159[322] Greg Kroah-Hartman[224] 16th LTS release, maintained from January 2016 to February 2022.[224][323] Canonical will provide extended support until April 2021.[324] As the first kernel selected for Super Long Term Support (SLTS), the Civil Infrastructure Platform will provide support until at least 2026, possibly until 2036.[325] Old version, no longer supported: 4.5 13 March 2016[326] 4.5.7[327] Greg Kroah-Hartman EOL (maintained from March 2016 to June 2016)[328] Old version, no longer supported: 4.6 15 May 2016[329] 4.6.7[330] Greg Kroah-Hartman EOL (maintained from May 2016 to August 2016)[330] Old version, no longer supported: 4.7 24 July 2016[331] 4.7.10[332] Greg Kroah-Hartman EOL (maintained from July 2016 to October 2016)[332] Old version, no longer supported: 4.8 25 September 2016[333] 4.8.17[334] Greg Kroah-Hartman EOL (maintained from September 2016 to January 2017)[334] Older version, yet still supported: 4.9 11 December 2016[335] 4.9.130[336] Greg Kroah-Hartman[224] 17th LTS release, maintained from December 2016 to January 2023.[224][337] Used in Debian 9 "Stretch".[338] Old version, no longer supported: 4.10 19 February 2017[339] 4.10.17[340] Greg Kroah-Hartman EOL (maintained from February 2017 to May 2017)[340] Old version, no longer supported: 4.11 30 April 2017[341] 4.11.12[342] Greg Kroah-Hartman EOL (maintained from April 2017 to July 2017)[342] Old version, no longer supported: 4.12 2 July 2017[343] 4.12.14[344] Greg Kroah-Hartman EOL (maintained from July 2017 to September 2017)[344] Old version, no longer supported: 4.13 3 September 2017[345] 4.13.16[346] Greg Kroah-Hartman EOL (maintained from September 2017 to November 2017)[346] Older version, yet still supported: 4.14 12 November 2017[347] 4.14.73[348] Greg Kroah-Hartman[224] 18th LTS release, maintained from November 2017 to January 2020[224][349] Old version, no longer supported: 4.15 28 January 2018[350] 4.15.18[351] Greg Kroah-Hartman EOL (maintained from January 2018 to April 2018)[351] Old version, no longer supported: 4.16 1 April 2018[352] 4.16.18[353] Greg Kroah-Hartman EOL (maintained from April 2018 to June 2018)[353] Old version, no longer supported: 4.17 3 June 2018[354] 4.17.19[355] Greg Kroah-Hartman EOL (maintained from June 2018 to August 2018)[355] Current stable version: 4.18 12 August 2018[356] 4.18.11[3] Greg Kroah-Hartman Latest mainline release Latest preview version of a future release: 4.19 30 September 2018[4] 4.19-rc6[4] Greg Kroah-Hartman Latest unstable release, will be the 19th LTS release[357] Legend: Old version Older version, still supported Latest version Latest preview version Future release +This was followed by 0.02, 0.03, 0.10, 0.11, 0.12 (the first GPL version), 0.95, 0.96, 0.97, 0.98, 0.99 and then 1.0.[359] From 0.95 on there were many patch releases between versions. +In 2004, after version 2.6.0 was released, the kernel developers held several discussions regarding the release and version scheme[360][361] and ultimately Linus Torvalds and others decided that a much shorter "time-based" release cycle would be beneficial. +"Anatomy of the Linux kernel". +The Linux kernel was conceived and created in 1991 by Linus Torvalds[11] for his personal computer and with no cross-platform intentions, but has since expanded to support a huge array of computer architectures, many more than other operating systems or kernels. +Linux rapidly attracted developers and users who adopted it as the kernel for other free software projects, notably the GNU Operating System,[12]; fallout of the Unix wars.[13] The Linux kernel has received contributions from nearly 12,000 programmers from more than 1,200 companies, including some of the largest software and hardware vendors.[14][15] +There was considerable debate about how easily the license could be changed to use later GPL versions (including version 3), and whether this change is even desirable.[37] Torvalds himself specifically indicated upon the release of version 2.4.0 that his own code is released only under version 2.[38] However, the terms of the GPL state that if no version is specified, then any version may be used,[39] and Alan Cox pointed out that very few other Linux contributors had specified a particular version of the GPL.[40] +Torvalds commented, "I think a number of outsiders... believed that I personally was just the odd man out, because I've been so publicly not a huge fan of the GPLv3."[41] This group of high-profile kernel developers, including Linus Torvalds, Greg Kroah-Hartman and Andrew Morton, commented on mass media about their objections to the GPLv3.[42] They referred to clauses regarding DRM/tivoization, patents, "additional restrictions" and warned a Balkanisation of the "Open Source Universe" by the GPLv3.[42][43] Linus Torvalds, who decided not to adopt the GPLv3 for the Linux kernel, reiterated his criticism even years later.[44] +Torvalds has stated his belief that LKMs using only a limited, "public" subset of the kernel interfaces can sometimes be non-derived works, thus allowing some binary-only drivers and other LKMs that are not licensed under the GPL.[citation needed] A very good example for this is the usage of dma_buf by the proprietary Nvidia graphics drivers. dma_buf is a recent kernel feature (like the rest of the kernel, it is licensed under the GPL) that allows multiple GPUs to quickly copy data into each other's framebuffers.[45] One possible use case would be Nvidia Optimus that pairs a fast GPU with an Intel integrated GPU, where the Nvidia GPU writes into the Intel framebuffer when it is active. +Alan Cox replied on LKML, rejecting a request from one of their engineers to remove this technical enforcement from the API.[46] Not all Linux kernel contributors agree with this interpretation, however, and even Torvalds agrees that many LKMs are clearly derived works, and indeed he writes that "kernel modules ARE derivative 'by default'".[47] +THAT is a gray area, and _that_ is the area where I personally believe that some modules may be considered to not be derived works simply because they weren't designed for Linux and don't depend on any special Linux behaviour."[48] Proprietary graphics drivers, in particular, are heavily discussed. +These files are under a variety of licenses, out of which many are restrictive and their exact underlying source code is usually unknown.[8] +In 2002, Richard Stallman stated why, in his point of view, such blobs make the Linux kernel partially non-free software, and that distributing Linux kernel "violates the GPL", which requires "complete corresponding source code" to be available.[7] In 2008, Free Software Foundation Latin America started Linux-libre as a project that creates a completely free variant of the Linux kernel without proprietary objects; it is used by certain completely free Linux distributions, such as those endorsed by the Free Software Foundation, while it can also be used on most distributions.[49] +However, the interface between the kernel and loadable kernel modules (LKMs), unlike in many other kernels and operating systems, is not meant to be very stable by design.[16] +On 15 December 2010, the Debian Project announced that the next Debian stable version "6.0 Squeeze" would come with a kernel "stripped of all non-free firmware bits".[50] This policy continued to be applied in later stable Debian releases.[citation needed] +This is the result of an incident in which William Della Croce, Jr., who was not involved in the Linux project, trademarked the name and subsequently demanded royalties for its use.[51] Several Linux backers retained legal counsel and filed suit against Della Croce. +The issue was settled in August 1997 when the trademark was assigned to Linus Torvalds.[52][53] +Despite previous claims that SCO was the rightful owner of 1 million lines of code, they specified only 326 lines of code, most of which were uncopyrightable.[54] In August 2007, the court in the Novell case ruled that SCO did not actually own the Unix copyrights, to begin with,[55] though the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in August 2009 that the question of who owned the copyright properly remained for a jury to answer.[56] The jury case was decided on 30 March 2010 in Novell's favour.[57] +The Linux kernel, developed by contributors worldwide, is a prominent example of free and open source software,[17] and it's supported up to six years depending on version. +The Linux kernel is released under the GNU General Public License version 2 (GPLv2),[6][18] with some firmware images released under various non-free licenses.[8] +History +On 25 August 1991, Torvalds posted the following to comp.os.minix, a newsgroup on Usenet:[19] +A timber-framed Middle German house in Klein Schöppenstedt near Cremlingen around 1900 +It is known by a variety of other names, many of which indicate its regional distribution: +The northern boundary of its distribution area is roughly where the Central Uplands merge into the North German Plain. There, its place is gradually taken by the Low German house (Fachhallenhaus), known colloquially as the Niedersachsenhaus (Low Saxon house). An important distinction between the two types of farmhouse is that the roof of the Middle German house is supported by its outer walls, whereas that of the Low German house is supported by internal, wooden posts. +Simplified ground floor plan of a Middle German house. Key: Stube: living quarters, Kachelofen: tiled stove, Küche: kitchen, Herd: stove, Flur: hallway, Futterraum: fodder area, Kühe: cows, Pferde: horses, Diele/Scheune: barn, Unterfahrt: porch, Wohnen: living area, Wirtschaftsbereich: working area +The Middle German house (German: mitteldeutsches Haus) is a style of traditional German farmhouse which is predominantly found in Central Germany. +Ernhaus (hall house, hall kitchen house[1]) oberdeutsches Haus (Upper German house) thüringisches Haus (Thuringian house) fränkisches Haus (Franconian house) +External links +References +Reflections on the Revolution in France. ↑ Drew Reed (15 October 2014). "South America's New Generation of Right Wing Environmentalists". ↑ Góes, Bruno. "PEN será Patriota para dar candidatura a Jair Bolsonaro | Lauro Jardim - O Globo". +Lauro Jardim - O Globo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 27 September 2017. ↑ 3, Jornal Página. "Bolsonaro escolhe o PEN para se lançar à Presidência em 2018". www.pagina3.com.br. +Retrieved 27 September 2017. ↑ Preston Manning plays green card, archived from the original on 21 January 2016, retrieved 2 March 2018 ↑ "La Plaza". Los Angeles Times. 10 December 2008. ↑ Tim Johnson, For Mexico's Ecologist Green Party, 'green' mostly means money, not environment, McClatchy Newspapers (18 June 2012). ↑ "Green Party rival crossed the line, says gay candidate". +Green conservatism is a combination of conservatism with environmentalism. Environmental concern has been voiced by both conservative politicians and philosophers throughout the history of modern conservatism with Edmund Burke (the philosophical founder of modern conservatism) in his Reflections on the Revolution in France quoted as saying 'the earth, the kind and equal mother of all ought not to be monopolised to foster the pride and luxury of any men'.[1] +Green conservatism +Notes +References +Johnston, Larry (2007). Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State. University of Toronto Press. +Liberal conservatism is a political ideology combining conservative policies with liberal stances, especially on ethical and social issues, or a brand of political conservatism strongly influenced by liberalism.[1] +Liberal conservatism incorporates the classical liberal view of minimal government intervention in the economy, according to which individuals should be free to participate in the market and generate wealth without government interference.[2] However, individuals cannot be thoroughly depended on to act responsibly in other spheres of life, therefore liberal conservatives believe that a strong state is necessary to ensure law and order and social institutions are needed to nurture a sense of duty and responsibility to the nation.[2] It is a political position which also supports civil liberties along with some social conservative positions and is usually regarded as a centre-right ideology. In western Europe, especially northern Europe, liberal conservatism is the dominant form of contemporary conservatism and has also adopted some socially liberal positions. +↑ Nordsieck, Wolfram. "Parties and Elections in Europe". 1 2 McAnulla 2006, p. 71. ↑ Johnston 2007, p. 155. ↑ Grigsby, Ellen: Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Political Science. +References +Electoral history +The Khmer Will Party is a Cambodian political party founded in 2018. +Its president is Kong Monika.[1] It came fourth in the 2018 general election, but did not win any seats. +Summary +After ten minutes of furious attack, West Germany succeeded in scoring through a goal by Horst Hrubesch after a cross from the left. +German ARD commentator Eberhard Stanjek at one point refused to comment on the game any longer. Austrian commentator Robert Seeger bemoaned the spectacle, and asked viewers to turn off their television sets. George Vecsey, a New York Times journalist, stated that the teams "seemed to work in concert", though added that proving such would be impossible.[1] El Comercio, the local newspaper, printed the match report in its crime section.[6] +Likewise, many spectators were not impressed and voiced their disgust with the players. Chants of "Fuera, fuera" ("Out, out"), "Argelia, Argelia" ("Algeria, Algeria"), and "Que se besen, que se besen" ("Let them kiss, let them kiss") were shouted by the Spanish crowd,[7] while angry Algerian supporters waved banknotes at the players. The match was criticized even by the German and Austrian fans who had hoped for a hot rematch of the 1978 World Cup match, the so-called "Miracle of Córdoba", in which Austria had beaten West Germany; one German fan burned the national flag in protest.[8][9] +The "Disgrace of Gijon" is the name given to a 1982 FIFA World Cup football match played between West Germany and Austria at the El Molinón stadium in Gijón, Spain, on 25 June 1982. The match was the last game of the first-round Group 2, with Algeria and Chile having played the day before. +With the outcome of that match already decided, a win by one or two goals for West Germany would result in both them and Austria qualifying at the expense of Algeria, who had defeated West Germany in the first game. West Germany took the lead after 10 minutes, after which the remaining 80 minutes was characterized by few serious attempts by either side to score. Both sides were accused of match-fixing, although FIFA ruled that neither team broke any rules. +As a result of this, and similar events at the previous World Cup in Argentina, FIFA revised the group system for future tournaments, so that the final two games in each group would be played simultaneously.[1] In German, the match is known as Nichtangriffspakt von Gijón (lit. +"Non-aggression pact of Gijón") or Schande von Gijón (lit. "Disgrace of Gijón"),[2] while in Algeria it is called فضيحة خيخون (faḍīḥa Khīkhūn, "Scandal of Gijón"); it is also called the Anschluss (in reference to the unification of Austria and Nazi Germany in 1938).[3] +Background +Note: 2 points for a win, 1 for a draw, first tie-breaker is goal difference. +Algeria began their campaign by recording a shock 2–1 win over West Germany on the opening day, described as the "greatest World Cup upset since North Korea beat Italy in 1966",[4] and as "one of the biggest shocks in World Cup history".[5] Algeria became the first African and Arab team to defeat a European team at the FIFA World Cup. They then went on to lose 0–2 to Austria before beating Chile 3–2 in their final match. Algeria's victory over Chile made them the first ever African and Arab team to win twice at a World Cup.[5] +As Algeria played that final match the day before West Germany met Austria, the two European teams knew what result they needed in order to qualify for the next round. A German win by one or two goals would see both West Germany and Austria qualify. A larger West German victory, by three goals or more, would see West Germany and Algeria qualify (because Algeria had scored more goals than Austria, they would qualify even with the same goal difference), while a draw or an Austrian win would eliminate the Germans. +Match +Worldwide, hundreds of mango cultivars exist. In mango orchards, multiple cultivars are often grown together to improve cross-pollination. +Most of the varieties of mangoes available in grocery stores in the United States can trace their lineage to the Haden mango tree, a tree planted by Jack Haden in 1902 in Coral Gables, Florida (Haden itself can be traced back to Malgova which is misspelled Malgoba in US and has its origin in Tamil Nadu, India). The Zills family has created a number of new varieties of mango, most recently, Gary Zill with Zill's High Performance a selective breeding program of new varieties. The following are among the more widely grown mango cultivars, listed by the country in which they were selected or are most extensively cultivated: +Table of mangoes +↑ "Treat yourself to mangoes on Jayamahal Road". ↑ "Top 10 Different Types Of Mangoes Grown In India". ↑ "Buy Organic fresh Bangalora/KiliMooku/Totapuri Mangoes online direct from farms - Salem Mango". www.salemmango.com. +Retrieved 2018-04-17. ↑ "Manila Super Mango (Philippine Mango), the world's sweetest mango". Retrieved May 7, 2015. ↑ "Digha Ghat's Dudhiya Malda considered 'King of Mangoes' in Bihar". dna. +Kalepad Andhra Pradesh, India Keitt Australia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Italy, South Africa, United States Keitt (pronounced "kit") is one of the latest season mangoes in South Florida (United States), with fruit into October. Backyard Keitt's in South Florida regularly get to 2 pounds, and occasionally as large as 5 pounds. Kensington Pride Australia, Italy, United States Kent Australia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Israel, Italy, Mexico, South Africa, United States The original Kent tree still stands in Coral Gables, Florida (United States) Kohu Amba Sri Lanka Kothapalli Kobbari Pithapuram, Andhra Pradesh of India Also known as Kobbari Mamidi. +Contents: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z +Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z +Contents: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z +Shabbat (/ʃəˈbɑːt/; Hebrew: שַׁבָּת‎ [ʃa'bat], "rest" or "cessation") or Shabbos (['ʃa.bəs], Ashkenazi Hebrew and Yiddish: שבת‎), or the Sabbath is Judaism's day of rest and seventh day of the week, on which religious Jews, Samaritans and certain Christians (such as Seventh-day Adventists, the 7th Day movement and Seventh Day Baptists) remember the Biblical creation of the heavens and the earth in six days and the Exodus of the Hebrews, and look forward to a future Messianic Age. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Judaism's traditional position is that unbroken seventh-day Shabbat originated among the Jewish people, as their first and most sacred institution, though some suggest other origins. +Other rituals +Status as a holy day +↑ Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 293:2 ↑ Every Person's Guide to Shabbat, by Ronald H. Isaacs, Jason Aronson, 1998, p. 6 1 2 Landau, Judah Leo. The Sabbath. +Johannesburg, South Africa: Ivri Publishing Society, Ltd. pp. 2, 12. +Retrieved 2009-03-26. ↑ Graham, I. L. (2009). +"The Origin of the Sabbath". Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia. Archived from the original on December 3, 2008. +Retrieved 2009-03-26. ↑ "Jewish religious year: The Sabbath". +Encyclopædia Britannica. +Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-26. +According to biblical tradition, it commemorates the original seventh day on which God rested after completing the creation. +Scholars have not succeeded in tracing the origin of the seven-day week, nor can they account for the origin of the Sabbath. ↑ Bechtel, Florentine (1912). +New York City: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 2009-03-26. +1 2 Sampey, John Richard (1915). +"Sabbath: Critical Theories". In Orr, James. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. +Howard-Severance Company. p. 2630. +Retrieved 2009-08-13. ↑ "Mezad Hashavyahu Ostracon, c. 630 BCE". +Archived from the original on 2013-01-30. +Retrieved 2012-09-12. ↑ "Histoire du peuple hébreu". André Lemaire. Presses Universitaires de France 2009 (8e édition), p. +66 ↑ Eviatar Zerubavel (1985). +The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week. +University of Chicago Press. +ISBN 0-226-98165-7. ↑ Craveri, Marcello (1967). +The Life of Jesus. +Grove Press. p. 134. ↑ Joseph, Max (1943). +"Holidays". In Landman, Isaac. The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia: An authoritative and popular presentation of Jews and Judaism since the earliest times. +Retrieved 2 August 2015. ↑ Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chaim 261. ↑ Derived from Isaiah 58:13–14. ↑ Chagigah 1:8. ↑ Klein, Miriam (April 27, 2011). "Sabbath Offers Serenity in a Fast-Paced World". Triblocal. +Chicago Tribune. ↑ Neulander, Arthur (1950). +"The Use of Electricity on the Sabbath". +Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly. 14: 165–171. ↑ Adler, Morris; Agus, Jacob; Friedman, Theodore (1950). +Retrieved 2009-03-27. ↑ "The Sunday-Sabbath Movement in American Reform Judaism: Strategy or Evolution" (PDF). Americanjewisharchives.org. Retrieved 8 October 2017. ↑ Shulkhan Arukh, Orach Chaim 280:1 +Plot +Goblin Slayer (Japanese: ゴブリンスレイヤー, Hepburn: Goburin Sureiyā) is a Japanese dark fantasy light novel series written by Kumo Kagyu and illustrated by Noboru Kannatuki. A manga adaptation by Kōsuke Kurose is serialized in the Monthly Big Gangan magazine, and a second adaptation by Masahiro Ikeno runs in the same magazine. A prequel manga by Kento Eida runs in Young Gangan. +In a world of fantasy, adventurers come far and wide to join the Guild, in order to complete contracts for whatever jobs are available. An inexperienced priestess joins her first adventuring party, but comes into danger after her first adventurer contract involving goblins goes wrong. After the rest of her party is wiped out, she is saved by a man known as Goblin Slayer, an adventurer whose only purpose is the eradication of goblins with extreme prejudice. +Goblin Slayer The cover of the first light novel. ゴブリンスレイヤー (Goburin Sureiyā) Genre Dark fantasy[1] Light novel Written by Kumo Kagyu Illustrated by Noboru Kannatsuki Published by SB Creative English publisher NA Yen Press Demographic Male Imprint GA Bunko Original run February 15, 2016 – present Volumes 8 Manga Written by Kōsuke Kurose Published by Square Enix English publisher NA Yen Press Demographic Seinen Magazine Monthly Big Gangan Original run May 25, 2016 – present Volumes 5 Manga Goblin Slayer Side Story: Year One Written by Kento Eida Published by Square Enix English publisher NA Yen Press Demographic Seinen Magazine Young Gangan Original run September 15, 2017 – present Volumes 2 Light novel Goblin Slayer Side Story: Year One Written by Kumo Kagyu Illustrated by Shingo Adachi Published by SB Creative English publisher NA Yen Press Demographic Male Published March 15, 2018 Volumes 1 Manga Goblin Slayer: Brand New Day Written by Masahiro Ikeno Published by Square Enix English publisher NA Yen Press Demographic Seinen Magazine Monthly Big Gangan Original run May 25, 2018 – present Anime television series Directed by Takaharu Ozaki Written by Hideyuki Kurata Yōsuke Kuroda Music by Kenichirō Suehiro Studio White Fox Licensed by NA Crunchyroll Funimation Original network AT-X, Tokyo MX, Sun TV, BS11 Original run October 7, 2018 – present Episodes 12 +Design thinking refers to a process from which design concepts (proposals for new products) emerge.[1] Design thinking encompasses cognitive and practical activities including problem-finding, decision-making, creativity, sketching, prototyping and evaluating.[2] +Harvard Business Review, June 2008. 1 2 Dorst, Kees (2012). +Frame Innovation: Create new thinking by design. +Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-32431-1. 1 2 Kolko, J. +"The divisiveness of design thinking." ACM Interactions, May-June, 2018: http://interactions.acm.org/archive/view/may-june-2018/the-divisiveness-of-design-thinking ↑ "Design Thinking Is a Boondoggle". The Chronicle of Higher Education. +2018-05-21. +Retrieved 2018-07-06. ↑ Visser, W. 2006, The cognitive artifacts of designing, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. +1 2 3 4 Lawson, Bryan. How Designers Think: The Design Process Demystified. +London: Architectural, 1980 ↑ Dorst, Kees; Cross, Nigel (September 2001). +"Creativity in the design process: co-evolution of problem–solution". Design Studies. 22 (5): 425–437. doi:10.1016/S0142-694X(01)00009-6. +1 2 3 4 Cross, Nigel. "Designerly Ways of Knowing." +Design Studies 3.4 (1982): 221-27. ↑ Robson, Mike (2002) [1988]. "Brainstorming". Problem-solving in groups (3rd ed.). +Aldershot, Hampshire, UK; Burlington, VT: Gower. p. 41. ISBN 0-566-08467-8. OCLC 50746638. +1 2 3 McKim, Robert (1973). +Experiences in Visual Thinking. Brooks/Cole Publishing Co. 1 2 3 4 5 Plattner, Hasso; Meinel, Christoph; Leifer, Larry J., eds. +(2011). Design thinking: understand, improve, apply. Understanding innovation. +Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. xiv–xvi. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-13757-0. ISBN 3-642-13756-3. +OCLC 898322632. ↑ Rittel, Horst; Webber, Melvin. "Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning. Policy Sciences 4.2 (1973): 155-69" (PDF). ↑ Beinecke, Richard. +"Leadership for Wicked Problems." +The Innovation Journal 14.1 (2009): 1–17. ↑ Koberg, Don, and Jim Bagnall, The Universal Traveler - a Soft-Systems guide to: creativity, problem-solving and the process of design. Los Altos, CA: Kaufmann, 1972. ↑ Dubberly, Hugh. "How Do You Design: A Compendium of Models". ↑ Leborg, Christian. +Visual Grammar. New York: Princeton Architectural, 2006. 1 2 3 4 5 Brown, T. Wyatt, J. 2010. +Design thinking for social innovation. Stanford social innovation review ↑ Brown, T. 2008. Design Thinking. +Harvard Business Review 1 2 3 An introduction to design thinking, dschool.stanford.edu. 1 2 3 4 Brown, T. Wyatt, J. 2010. Design thinking for social innovation. +Stanford social innovation review. ↑ Kelley T. Littman J, 2005, The Ten Faces of Innovation ↑ Fraser, H. 2006. Turning design thinking in design doing, Rotman Magazine ↑ designandthinking, Mu Ming Tsai,2012, Film ↑ Brown, Tim, and Barry Kātz. +Change by Design: How Design Thinking Transforms Organizations and Inspires Innovation. New York: Harper Business, 2009. ↑ Brown, Tim. "Design Thinking"." +Harvard Business Review, June 2008, pp. 85-92. ↑ Myerson, Jeremy. +IDEO: Masters of Innovation. +New York: teNneues, 2001. ↑ Brown, Tim (2009). Tim Brown urges designers to think big (YouTube). TED. ↑ Norman, Donald A. (1 January 1986). +"User Centered System Design". +Taylor & Francis. doi:10.1201/b15703. ↑ Ralph, Paul (April 2015). "The Sensemaking-Coevolution-Implementation Theory of software design". Science of Computer Programming. +101: 21–41. doi:10.1016/j.scico.2014.11.007. ↑ Archer L. B. et al. (1979) "Design in General Education". +London: The Royal College of Art. ↑ Owen-Jackson, G. (ed.) (2002) "Teaching Design and Technology in Secondary Schools", London: Routledge Falmer. ↑ "REDlab- Research in Education & Design". stanford.edu. 1 2 3 Arnold, J.E. (2016) [1959]. Creative Engineering: Promoting Innovation by Thinking Differently. +Edited With an Introduction and Biographical Essay by William J. Clancey (PDF). Stanford Digital Repository. Retrieved September 23, 2018. +1 2 3 4 Archer, L. Bruce. Systematic Method for Designers. Council of Industrial Design, H.M.S.O., 1965. ↑ von Thienen, J.P.A.; Clancey, W.J.; Corazza, G.E.; Meinel, C. (2017), "Theoretical foundations of design thinking. +Part I: John E. Arnold's creative thinking theories", in Plattner, H.; Meinel, C.; Leifer, L., Design thinking research. +Making distinctions: Collaboration versus cooperation, Understanding Innovation, Cham: Springer, pp. 13–40 ↑ Archer, L. Bruce. "Design Management" Management Decision 1.4 (1967): 47-51. 1 2 Simon, Herbert (1969). +The Sciences of the Artificial. Cambridge: MIT Press. 1 2 Rowe, G. Peter (1987). +Design Thinking. Cambridge: The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-68067-7. ↑ Faste, Rolf, Bernard Roth and Douglass J. Wilde, "Integrating Creativity into the Mechanical Engineering Curriculum", Cary A. Fisher, Ed., ASME Resource Guide to Innovation in Engineering Design, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1993 1 2 Faste, Rolf, "Ambidextrous Thinking", Innovations in Mechanical Engineering Curricula for the 1990s, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, November 1994 ↑ Patnaik, Dev, "Forget Design Thinking and Try Hybrid Thinking", Fast Company, August 25, 2009. "... design thinking is any process that applies the methods of industrial designers to problems beyond how a product should look. +Ten Types of Innovation: The Discipline of Building Breakthroughs. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2013. ↑ Erwin, Kim. +Communicating the New: Methods to Shape and Accelerate Innovation. +Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2014. ↑ Moggridge, Bill. Designing Interactions. Chapter six. +The MIT Press; 1 edition (October 1, 2007). ↑ "Design Camp". +IIT Institute of Design—Beta website. ↑ "Girls Driving for a Difference". +Girls Driving for a Difference. ↑ Cole, Samantha (3 March 2015). +"How four women in an RV plan to change young girls' lives: this summer, four Stanford students will bring design-thinking workshops to middle-school girls at summer camps across the country". Fast Company. Retrieved 11 March 2015. +Design thinking +References +Lotay Tshering (Dzongkha: བློ་གྲོས་ཚེ་རིང་; born c. 1968)[1] is a Bhutanese politician and doctor who is the current Prime Minister of Bhutan,[3][4] in office since 7 November 2018. +He is also the president of Druk Nyamrup Tshogpa since 14 May 2018.[5][6] +1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "The persuasive president – KuenselOnline". www.kuenselonline.com. ↑ "Dr Lotay Tshering is the prime minister candidate". www.kuenselonline.com. 23 October 2018. ↑ "Narendra Modi congratulates newly elected PM of Bhutan". Hindustan Times. +19 October 2018. ↑ "DNT elects Dr. Lotay Tshering as President and Dasho Sherub Gyeltshen as Vice President - BBS". BBS. 14 May 2018. +Retrieved 16 October 2018. ↑ "Ready to lead DNT, says Dr Lotay Tshering – KuenselOnline". www.kuenselonline.com. +Retrieved 16 October 2018. ↑ "DNT cannot be stronger than 2018's team". +1 2 3 4 5 6 "11 Things To Know About Bhutan's New Prime Minister Dr Lotay Tshering". bhutantimes.com. 1 2 Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy (20 October 2018). "Centre-left DNT win may strengthen India-Bhutan relations". +The Economic Times. ↑ "DNT elects Dr. Lotay Tshering as President and Dasho Sherub Gyeltshen as Vice President". 14 May 2018. ↑ "North and South Thimphu ayes for DNT – KuenselOnline". +This is a list of subfamilies and genera of the dogbane family Apocynaceae. A list of synonyms for the various genera is given here, together with supporting references. +Airlines and destinations +Facilities +Passenger +This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http://www.afhra.af.mil/. +Istanbul Atatürk Airport features two main passenger terminals which are linked to each other:[7] +The International Terminal was inaugurated in 2000 and is used for all international flights. +It features a large main hall containing eight check-in isles and a wide range of airside facilities such as shops and restaurants. The departures area consists of 27 gates (201-226) which are all equipped with jetbridges as well as several bus-boarding stands. The arrivals floor below is equipped with 11 baggage reclaim belts.[7] The International Terminal is able to handle widebody aircraft such as Turkish Airlines' Boeing 777-300ERs. +There is also an additional terminal for general aviation to the northwest of the main areas[8] as well as a dedicated cargo terminal including sections for radioactive and refrigerated freight.[9] +The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights to and from Istanbul Atatürk Airport:[21] +General layout of the airport +International Terminal +External links +International Terminal +Domestic Terminal +Terminals +Retrieved 4 August 2012. ↑ "EAD Basic - Error Page". Retrieved 1 June 2015. ↑ aero.de - "Frankfurt offers the most destinations" 20 February 2017 ↑ "'Full' Heathrow Extends European Hub Lead as Terror Hurts Rivals". +1 2 3 4 "Terminal Map". ↑ "General Aviation Terminal". ↑ "Cargo Terminal". ↑ "İGA - About the Construction". +Istanbul Atatürk Airport (IATA: IST, ICAO: LTBA) (Turkish: İstanbul Atatürk Havalimanı) is the main international airport serving Istanbul, and the biggest airport in Turkey by total number of passengers, destinations served and aircraft movements. +First opened in 1912 in Yeşilköy as a military airfield, on the European side of the city, it is located 24 km (15 mi) west[4] of the city centre and serves as the main hub for Turkish Airlines. +The city's other, smaller, international airport is Sabiha Gökçen International Airport. As of February 2017, 273 non-stop destinations are served from Istanbul-Atatürk, making it the airport with the second-most non-stop destinations worldwide after Frankfurt Airport.[5] +The current domestic terminal in the 1980s - at the time, it was both the international and domestic terminal +Apron overview +Runways 35L and 35R in 2004 +Personhood +A person is a being that has certain capacities or attributes such as reason, morality, consciousness or self-consciousness, and being a part of a culturally established form of social relations such as kinship, ownership of property, or legal responsibility.[1][2][3][4] The defining features of personhood and consequently what makes a person count as a person differ widely among cultures and contexts. +In ancient Rome, the word persona (Latin) or prosopon (πρόσωπον; Greek) originally referred to the masks worn by actors on stage. The various masks represented the various "personae" in the stage play.[5] +Defining personhood is a controversial topic in philosophy and law, and is closely tied to legal and political concepts of citizenship, equality, and liberty. According to common worldwide general legal practice, only a natural person or legal personality has rights, protections, privileges, responsibilities, and legal liability. Personhood continues to be a topic of international debate, and has been questioned during the abolition of slavery and the fight for women's rights, in debates about abortion, fetal rights, and in animal rights advocacy.[7] +In addition to the question of personhood, of what makes a being count as a person to begin with, there are further questions about personal identity and self: both about what makes any particular person that particular person instead of another, and about what makes a person at one time the same person as they were or will be at another time despite any intervening changes. +Catholic Encyclopedia. +11. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 2011-03-09. +The Latin word persona was originally used to denote the mask worn by an actor. +From this, it was applied to the role he assumed, and, finally, to any character on the stage of life, to any individual. ↑ Thisleton NIGNTC commentary on 1 Corinthians "Thinkers in ancient times had a difficulty in expressing the notion of personality"; Barfield in History of English Words “Take, for instance, the word person...Its present meaning of an individual human being is largely due to the theologians who hit upon it when they were looking for some term that would enable them to assert the trinity of Godhead without admitting more than one 'substance'"; John Zizioulas in Being as Communion, 1985 New York:St Vladimirs Press p. +Person +Music videos +Remixes +Published remixes +List of non-single songs, showing year released and album name Title Year Album "Sky"[35] (with Alex Skrindo) 2017 Insomniac Records Presents: EDC Las Vegas 2017 +List of remixes, showing original artist, year released and streaming platform Title Original artists Year Platform Credited as DJ Walkzz "Glimpse of Heaven" (DJ Walkzz Remix)[46] DJ Harmonics 2012 YouTube "New Hunter" (DJ Walkzz Remix)[lower-alpha 4][47] DJ Ness "Dota" (DJ Walkzz Remix)[lower-alpha 4][47] Basshunter "Level One" (DJ Walkzz Remix)[lower-alpha 4][47] Boosterz Inc "Perry 2013" (DJ Walkzz Remake)[48] Baby T 2013 "The Final Countdown" (DJ Walkzz Remix)[49] Europe Credited as Alan Walker "A World of Peace" (Alan Walker Remix)[50] Jacoo 2014 SoundCloud "Rays of Light" (Alan Walker Remix)[51][52][53] Broiler 2015 YouTube SoundCloud "Shelter" (Alan Walker Remix)[54] Dash Berlin (featuring Roxanne Emery) SoundCloud "Hymn for the Weekend" (Alan Walker Remix)[55][56][57][58] Coldplay 2016 YouTube +List of production singles, showing customer and year released[lower-alpha 5] Title Customer Year Credited as Walkzz[lower-alpha 6] "The Young Geralds 2016"[59] Bergensrussen 2015 "24 Karat 2016"[60] Røykenrussen 2016 Credited as DJ Walkzz "Kjuagutt 2016"[61] (with DJ Ness) Bergensrussen 2016 Credited as Alan Walker "Golden Gate 2016"[62] (Marvin Divine) with uncredited Alan Walker "Golden Gate"[63] (Russ Collective featuring Alan Walker and Marvin Divine) Larviksrussen Published 2015 Released 2017 +List of music videos, showing year released and directors Title Year Directors "Faded"[64] 2015 Rikkard Häggbom Tobias Häggbom "Faded" (Restrung)[65] 2016 "Sing Me to Sleep"[66] "Alone"[67] "Ignite" (Instrumental)[68] 2017 Alexander Gustavson "Tired"[69] Alexander Halvorsen "The Spectre"[70] Alexander Zarate Frez Audun Notevarp "All Falls Down"[71] Kristian Berg "Ignite"[72] 2018 Alexander Zarate Frez "Darkside"[73] Kristian Berg "Diamond Heart"[74] +The Norwegian DJ Alan Walker has released one extended play, twelve singles, seventeen remixes and ten music videos. +Title Details Alan Walker Hits[1] Released: 8 December 2017 (Japan) Label: Sony, MER Formats: Digital download Faded Japan EP[2] Released: 25 April 2018 (Japan) Label: Sony Music Japan International Formats: CD, digital download +As lead artist +Production credits +Notes +Record label release +Other songs +Singles +As featured artist +List of singles as featured artist, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name Title Year Peak chart positions Album NOR [3] FIN [31] SWE [32] "Back to Beautiful" (Sofia Carson featuring Alan Walker)[lower-alpha 3] 2017 — — — Non-album singles "Ignite"[33] (K-391 featuring Alan Walker, Julie Bergan and Seungri) 2018 1 5 [34] 13 "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. +List of remixes, showing original artists, year released, with selected chart positions and album name Title Original artists Year Peak chart positions Album NOR [3] FRA [6] SWE [10] "Air" (Alan Walker Remix)[36][37] LarsM (featuring Mona Moua) 2014 — — — Non-album singles "Millionaire" (Alan Walker Remix) Cash Cash and Digital Farm Animals (featuring Nelly) 2016 19 — — "Move Your Body" (Alan Walker Remix) Sia 3 154 [38] 68 [39] This Is Acting (Deluxe Edition) "After the Afterparty" (Alan Walker Remix) Charli XCX (featuring Lil Yachty) 2017 — — — Non-album singles "Back to Beautiful" (Alan Walker Remix)[lower-alpha 3] Sofia Carson — — — "That's What I Like" (Alan Walker Remix) Bruno Mars — — — "Issues" (Alan Walker Remix) Julia Michaels — — — "Malibu" (Alan Walker Remix) Miley Cyrus — — — "Tired" (Alan Walker Remix) Alan Walker (featuring Gavin James) — — — "Legends Never Die" (Alan Walker Remix)[40] League of Legends (featuring Against the Current and Mako) — — — "Lonely Together" (Alan Walker Remix) Avicii (featuring Rita Ora) — — — "Strongest" (Alan Walker Remix) Ina Wroldsen ― ― ― "Again" (Alan Walker Remix)[41] Noah Cyrus (featuring XXXTentacion) ― ― ― "Stranger Things" (Alan Walker Remix)[42] Kygo (featuring OneRepublic) 2018 ― ― ― Kids in Love (Remixes) "All Night" (Alan Walker Remix)[43] Steve Aoki and Lauren Jauregui ― ― ― Non-album singles "This Is Me" (Alan Walker Relift)[44] Keala Settle and The Greatest Showman Ensemble ― ― ― "Sheep" (Alan Walker Relift)[45] Lay ― ― ― "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. +Guest appearances Title Year Artist "Momentum"[75] 2017 Don Diablo +Retrieved 10 November 2018. ↑ "finnishcharts.com - Finnish charts portal". finnishcharts.com. Retrieved 30 June 2018. ↑ "Sverigetopplistan - Sveriges Officiella Topplista". www.sverigetopplistan.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 3 August 2018. ↑ Powell, Karlie (12 May 2018). +Retrieved 10 January 2017. ↑ "swedishcharts.com - Sia - Move Your Body". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 10 January 2017. ↑ "Legends Never Die (Alan Walker Remix) feat. Against the Current & Mako - Single by League of Legends on Apple Music". iTunes Store (US). +Retrieved 21 December 2017. ↑ "Kids in Love (Remixes) - Album by Kygo on Apple Music". iTunes Store (US). Retrieved 14 February 2018. ↑ "All Night (Remixes) - Single by Steve Aoki & Lauren Jauregui on Apple Music". iTunes Store (US). Retrieved 9 March 2018. ↑ "This Is Me (Alan Walker Relift) [From "The Greatest Showman"] - Single by Keala Settle & The Greatest Showman Ensemble on Apple Music". iTunes Store (NO). +Retrieved 23 March 2018. ↑ "Sheep (Alan Walker Relift) - Single by Lay & Alan Walker on Apple Music". iTunes Store (ID). Retrieved 30 August 2018. ↑ Alan Walker (27 October 2012), DJ Harmonics - Glimpse Of Heaven (DJ Walkzz Remix), retrieved 23 March 2017 1 2 3 "Alan Walker - YouTube". 25 January 2014. ↑ Alan Walker (27 April 2013), Alan Walker - Perry 2013, retrieved 23 March 2017 ↑ Alan Walker (21 June 2013), Europe - The Final Countdown [Alan Walker Remix], retrieved 23 March 2017 ↑ Jacoo - A World Of Peace (Alan Walker Remix), retrieved 23 March 2017 ↑ Alan Walker (22 January 2015), Broiler - Rays Of Light [Alan Walker Remix], retrieved 23 March 2017 ↑ Broiler - Rays Of Light (Alan Walker Remix), retrieved 23 March 2017 ↑ Walker, Alan. +Retrieved 22 September 2018. ↑ "The Young Geralds 2016 (Original Mix) by Walkzz on Beatport". www.beatport.com. Retrieved 23 March 2017. ↑ "Walkzz New Releases: 24 Karat 2016 on Beatport". www.beatport.com. Retrieved 23 March 2017. ↑ David Whistle (24 April 2016), DJ Walkzz & DJ Ness - Kjuagutt 2016, retrieved 23 March 2017 ↑ Larviksguttene 2016 (28 August 2015). +Retrieved 18 May 2017. ↑ Alan Walker (3 December 2015), Alan Walker - Faded, retrieved 23 February 2017 ↑ Alan Walker (2 February 2015), Alan Walker - Faded (Restrung), retrieved 23 February 2017 ↑ Alan Walker (2 June 2016), Alan Walker - Sing Me To Sleep, retrieved 23 February 2017 ↑ Alan Walker (1 December 2016), Alan Walker - Alone, retrieved 23 February 2017 ↑ Alan Walker (8 April 2016), Alan Walker feat. K-391 - Ignite Instrumental, retrieved 7 April 2017 ↑ Alan Walker (19 May 2017), Alan Walker ft. Gavin James - Tired, retrieved 19 May 2017 ↑ Alan Walker (15 September 2017), Alan Walker - The Spectre, retrieved 15 September 2017 ↑ Alan Walker (26 October 2017), Alan Walker - All Falls Down (feat. +Julie Bergan & Seungri), retrieved 2018-05-14 ↑ Alan Walker (27 July 2018), Alan Walker - Darkside (feat. Au/Ra and Tomine Harket), retrieved 21 September 2018 ↑ Alan Walker (2018-09-28), Alan Walker - Diamond Heart (feat. Sophia Somajo), retrieved 2018-10-18 ↑ Don Diablo (26 July 2017), Don Diablo - Momentum : Official Music Video, retrieved 27 August 2017 +List of singles as lead artist, with selected chart positions and certifications, showing year released and album name Title Year Peak chart positions Certifications Album NOR [3] AUS [4] AUT [5] FRA [6] GER [7] IRE [8] NLD [9] SWE [10] UK [11] US [12] "Fade"[13] 2014 — — — — — — — — — — Non-album singles "Spectre"[lower-alpha 1][14] 2015 — — — — — — — — — — "Force"[lower-alpha 2][15] — — — — — — — — — — "Faded" 1 2 1 1 1 6 2 1 7 80 IFPI NOR: 11× Platinum[16] ARIA: 6× Platinum[17] BPI: Platinum[18] BVMI: Diamond[19] GLF: 13× Platinum[20] RIAA: Platinum[21] SNEP: Gold[22] "Sing Me to Sleep" 2016 1 — 4 51 10 — — 9 95 — IFPI NOR: 6× Platinum[16] ARIA: Gold[17] BVMI: Platinum[19] GLF: 3× Platinum[23] "Routine" (with David Whistle) — — — — — — — — — — "Alone" 1 — 1 89 4 74 53 2 — — IFPI NOR: 4× Platinum[16] ARIA: Gold[17] BVMI: Platinum[19] GLF: 3× Platinum[24] SNEP: Gold[22] "Ignite" (instrumental) (featuring K-391)[25] 2017 — — — — — — — — — — "Tired" (featuring Gavin James) 5 68 35 79 66 78 — 21 — — IFPI NOR: 2× Platinum[16] GLF: 2× Platinum[26] "The Spectre" 5 — 14 — 50 — — 22 — — "All Falls Down" (featuring Noah Cyrus and Digital Farm Animals) 1 95 29 — 75 65 20 4 87 — ARIA: Gold[17] GLF: Platinum[27] "Darkside" (featuring Au/Ra and Tomine Harket)[28] 2018 1 — 63 — 97 67 43 10 — — "Diamond Heart" (featuring Sophia Somajo)[29] 1 — 56 — 89 — — 11 [30] — — "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. +External links +References +Luchenok in 2010 +Igor Mikhailovich Luchenok (Belarusian: Iгар Міхайлавіч Лучанок, Ihar Mikhaylavich Luchanok, Russian: Игорь Михайлович Лученок; 6 August 1938 in Maryina Horka — 12 November 2018 in Minsk[1]) was a Belarusian composer, People's Artist of Belarus (and People's Artist of the USSR), and chairman of the Belarusian Union of Composers.[2] +References +Toivo Topias Pohjala (July 27, 1931 – November 12, 2018[1]) was a Finnish agronomist and politician. +He was born in Harjavalta, and is son of Toivo Pohjala. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1975 to 1987. +From 1987 to 1991 he served as Minister of Agriculture and Forestry.[2] +↑ https://www.is.fi/kotimaa/art-2000005897445.html ↑ "Toivo T. Pohjala" (in Finnish). Parliament of Finland. Retrieved 3 January 2014. +Toivo Topias Pohjala +Notes +Biography +Coat of arms of Pedro Arandadíaz +Pedro Aranda-Díaz Muñoz (29 June 1933 – 11 November 2018)[1] was a Mexican Roman Catholic archbishop. +Aranda-Díaz Muñoz was born in León, Guanajuato, and was ordained to the priesthood in 1956. +He served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tulancingo in Mexico from 1975 to 2006 and then as archbishop of the Tulancingo Archdiocese from 2006 to 2008.[2] +↑ https://www.criteriohidalgo.com/destacado/muere-pedro-arandadiaz-munoz-arzobispo-de-la-arquidiocesis-de-tulancingo ↑ "Metropolitan Archdiocese of Tulancingo, Mexico". gcatholic.org. Retrieved 2018-11-12. +References +Olga Harmony (April 23, 1928 – November 11, 2018) was a Mexican playwright and a drama teacher at the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria.[1] +↑ Paul, Carlos; Ángel, Vargas (November 12, 2018). "Murió Olga Harmony, "memoria del teatro mexicano"". La Jornada. +References +An indirect presidential election was held in Greece on 3 February 2010. +Incumbent president Karolos Papoulias was nominated by the ruling PASOK party (160 seats) and secured the support of the main opposition party, New Democracy (91 seats), and of the smaller LAOS (15 seats). Papoulias stood unopposed and was elected on the first ballot, with 266 votes.[1] +↑ "1974-2015: Οι Πρόεδροι της Δημοκρατίας, οι ψήφοι και οι συσχετ��σμοί των κομμάτων" (in Greek). in.gr. 18 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015. +Deputy Permanent Chairman +Deputy President +References +Supreme Council election results +Vice Presidents +President +A leadership election was held by the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) party on 19 October 2013. +It was won by incumbent Prime Minister and President of UMNO, Najib Razak. +Source +Candidate Division won Delegates' votes Mohamad Aziz 166 ' Abdul Rahman Palil 25 Ahmad Fariz Abdullah 0 +Candidate Division won Delegates' votes Muhyiddin Mohd Yassin won uncontested +3) Ahmad Zahid Hamidi 188 94,562 Mohd Shafie Apdal 177 82,252 Hishammuddin Hussein 101 56,604 Mukhriz Mahathir 93 57,189 Mohd Ali Mohd Rustam 7 15,294 Mohd Isa Abdul Samad 7 12,783 +United Malays National Organisation leadership election, 2013 +References +Local elections were held in Cambodia on 3 June 2012.[1] +Cambodian communal elections, 2012 +Election results +References +Syed Saddiq bin Syed Abdul Rahman (Jawi: سيد صديق بن سيد عبدالرحمن; born 6 December 1992) is a Malaysian politician and activist. +He is the current Minister of Youth and Sports, the Member of Parliament of Muar and the Youth Chief of the Malaysian United Indigenous Party or Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia (BERSATU), a component of Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition. He is also the youngest ever federal minister in 2018 since Malaysia's independence.[1] +↑ "10 Things About Syed Saddiq Abedul Rahman, Asia's Top Debater". themalaymailonline.com. +Retrieved 2017-09-03. ↑ Annie May. "6 Facts About Malaysia's Hottest Youth & Sports Minister, Syed Saddiq". hype.my. +Retrieved 7 August 2018. ↑ "Voting age should be lowered to 18, says Syed Saddiq - Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 2018-08-02. ↑ "Gov't aims to lower voting age to empower youth: Syed Saddiq". +New Straits Times. 23 July 2018. Retrieved 2 Aug 2018. ↑ "Malaysia General Election". undiinfo Malaysian Election Data. +Malaysiakini. +Retrieved 4 February 2018. +Results only available from the 2004 election. ↑ "SEMAKAN KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM KE - 14" (in Malay). Election Commission of Malaysia. Retrieved 17 May 2018.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Percentage figures based on total turnout. ↑ "The Star Online GE14". +Syed Saddiq +The Natural Language Toolkit, or more commonly NLTK, is a suite of libraries and programs for symbolic and statistical natural language processing (NLP) for English written in the Python programming language. It was developed by Steven Bird and Edward Loper in the Department of Computer and Information Science at the University of Pennsylvania.[5] NLTK includes graphical demonstrations and sample data. It is accompanied by a book that explains the underlying concepts behind the language processing tasks supported by the toolkit,[6] plus a cookbook.[7] +External links +NLTK is intended to support research and teaching in NLP or closely related areas, including empirical linguistics, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, information retrieval, and machine learning.[8] NLTK has been used successfully as a teaching tool, as an individual study tool, and as a platform for prototyping and building research systems. There are 32 universities in the US and 25 countries using NLTK in their courses. NLTK supports classification, tokenization, stemming, tagging, parsing, and semantic reasoning functionalities.[9] +Retrieved 2015-02-14. ↑ "Preface". www.nltk.org. Retrieved 2016-06-15. ↑ Bird, Steven; Klein, Ewan; Loper, Edward (2009). +Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Issues in Teaching Computational Linguistics, ACL. ↑ "NLTK Courses". Google Docs. Retrieved 2016-06-15. +Natural Language Toolkit +References +Sihanoukism (Khmer: សីហនុនិយម Sihanouk Niyum) is a Cambodian political ideology referring to Norodom Sihanouk's style of leadership, particularly in the 1950s. Sihanoukist political parties include the Sangkum Reastr Niyum, FUNCINPEC, and the most recent Community of Royalist People's Party.[1] On 30 June 2006, in a letter to Sisowath Thomico, Sihanouk urged FUNCINPEC and other parties not to use in their writings or statements "Sihanoukism" and "Sihanoukist".[2] +"Royalists Question Wisdom of Ranariddh's Planned Return". The Cambodia Daily. Retrieved 1 September 2014. ↑ https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/camdisc/dDs5DFVCBvk +Political ideology +External links +References +Society of Justice Party is a political party in Cambodia, whose president is Ban Sophal. +It believes in making the Cambodian people “confident in their national currency”, respecting Cambodia’s “constitution”, believes in the monarchy and the king as a “great nationalist” and also following Cambodia’s constitution it says he’s the symbol of “national unity”, “independence” and “sovereignty”. +Society of Justice Party +Isan Pattaya +The Apache License is a permissive free software license written by the Apache Software Foundation (ASF).[5] The Apache License, Version 2.0 requires preservation of the copyright notice and disclaimer. Like other free software licenses, the license allows the user of the software the freedom to use the software for any purpose, to distribute it, to modify it, and to distribute modified versions of the software, under the terms of the license, without concern for royalties. This makes ALv2 a FRAND-RF license. +Free software license Comparison of free and open-source software licenses Software using the Apache license (category) +Retrieved 6 July 2009. ↑ "OSI-approved licenses by name". Open Source Initiative. Archived from the original on 28 April 2011. +Retrieved 31 March 2011. ↑ "GNU License List". +Retrieved 1 October 2013. ↑ New Media Rights (2008-09-12). +"Open Source Licensing Guide". California Western School of Law. Retrieved 2015-11-28. +The ‘BSD-like’ licenses such as the BSD, MIT, and Apache licenses are extremely permissive, requiring little more than attributing the original portions of the licensed code to the original developers in your own code and/or documentation. ↑ "Licenses – The Apache Software Foundation". [html://web.archive.org/web/20070701222753/http://www.apache.org/licenses/ Archived] from the original on 1 July 2007. +Archived from the original on 5 March 2013. ↑ "How to choose a license for your own work". ↑ "Projects at SourceForge under Apache License". Retrieved 28 October 2012. ↑ "Standing Against License Proliferation". Retrieved 24 October 2009. ↑ Android Open Source licenses ↑ "Top 20 licenses". +"1 MIT 44.69%, 2 Other 15.68%, 3 GPLv2 12.96%, 4 Apache 11.19%, 5 GPLv3 8.88%, 6 BSD 3-clause 4.53%, 7 Unlicense 1.87%, 8 BSD 2-clause 1.70%, 9 LGPLv3 1.30%, 10 AGPLv3 1.05% ↑ "OpenBSD copyright policy". OpenBSD Project. Retrieved 25 April 2017. +Guido van Rossum (Dutch: [ˈɣido vɑn ˈrɔsʏm, -səm]; born 31 January 1956) is a Dutch programmer best known as the author of the Python programming language, for which he was the "Benevolent Dictator For Life" (BDFL) until he stepped down from the position in July 2018.[6][7] +Van Rossum was born and raised in the Netherlands, where he received a master's degree in mathematics and computer science from the University of Amsterdam in 1982. He has a brother, Just van Rossum, who is a type designer and programmer who designed the typeface used in the "Python Powered" logo. +Archived from the original on 31 October 2008. ↑ "Benevolent dictator for life". Linux Format. 1 February 2005. +Archived from the original on 1 October 2006. +Retrieved 1 November 2007. ↑ "Transfer of power". ↑ Manheimer, Ken (6 June 2000). +"(Python-Dev) Guido and Kim married". Python-Dev -- Python core developers. Archived from the original on 28 September 2010. ↑ "Guido van Rossum - Brief Bio". +Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. ↑ "Welcome Guido!". Dropbox Tech Blog. +7 December 2012. +Archived from the original on 7 September 2013. +Retrieved 6 September 2013. ↑ "Guido van Rossum Ontvangt NLUUG Award". +NLUUG. 28 May 2003. Retrieved 22 January 2018. ↑ "Guido van Rossum | Computer History Museum". www.computerhistory.org. +A plan is typically any diagram or list of steps with details of timing and resources, used to achieve an objective to do something. See also strategy. It is commonly understood as a temporal set of intended actions through which one expects to achieve a goal. +Plan +Life +References +Luca Santolini (born 22 February 1985)[1] is a Sammarinese politician and one of the current Captains Regent, serving with Mirko Tomassoni. +He took office on 1 October 2018. +He in serving as a member of the Grand and General Council since 2012. +Santolini graduated in international relations from the University of Bologna and in journalistic from the University of Urbino.[2] +↑ Rulers ↑ San Marino, Mirco Tomassoni e Luca Santolini nuovi Reggenti (in Italian) +References +Paolo Bollini (born 1960) is a Sammarinese politician.[1] He is a member of the Sammarinese Socialist Party.[2] He has been a captain regent twice, from October 1998 until April 1999 and from April 2004 until October 2004. +ISBN 978-0-933199-14-9. Retrieved 24 April 2011. ↑ "Insediati i nuovi Capitani Reggenti". Radio e Televisione della Repubblica di San Marino (in Italian). +References +Loris Francini (born 1962) is a Sammarinese politician.[1] +Francini was Captain Regent with Alberto Cecchetti from April 1998 to October 1998. +He served as captain-regent for a second term with Gianfranco Terenzi from April 1, 2006 to October 1, 2006. +He is a member of the Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party. +↑ "La DC ha approvato la lista dei 46 candidati alle elezioni". Radio e Televisione della Repubblica di San Marino (in Italian). 18 September 2008. +See also +References +List +This is a list of legislatures by size. Non-sovereign entities are marked in italics. +Country Type Lower house[1] Upper house[1] Lower house to upper house ratio Total Population[2] Population/seats China unicameral 7003298000000000000♠2,980 — — 7003298000000000000♠2,980 7009135569257600000♠1,355,692,576 7005454930000000000♠454,930 United Kingdom bicameral 7002650000000000000♠650 7002793000000000000♠793 6999822000000000000♠0.822 7003144300000000000♠1,443 7007637429770000000♠63,742,977 7004441730000000000♠44,173 Italy bicameral 7002630000000000000♠630 7002321000000000000♠321 7000196300000000000♠1.963 7002951000000000000♠951 7007616801220000000♠61,680,122 7004648580000000000♠64,858 France bicameral 7002577000000000000♠577 7002348000000000000♠348 7000165800000000000♠1.658 7002925000000000000♠925 7007662590120000000♠66,259,012 7004716310000000000♠71,631 India bicameral 7002545000000000000♠545 7002245000000000000♠245 7000222400000000000♠2.224 7002790000000000000♠790 7009123634463100000♠1,236,344,631 7006156499300000000♠1,564,993 European Union bicameral 7002751000000000000♠751 7001280000000000000♠28 7001268210000000000♠26.821 7002779000000000000♠779 7008511434812000000♠511,434,812 7005656527000000000♠656,527 Germany bicameral 7002709000000000000♠709 7001690000000000000♠69 7001102750000000000♠10.275 7002778000000000000♠778 7007809966850000000♠80,996,685 7005104109000000000♠104,109 Japan bicameral 7002465000000000000♠465 7002242000000000000♠242 7000192100000000000♠1.921 7002707000000000000♠707 7008126451398000000♠126,451,398 7005178856000000000♠178,856 Indonesia bicameral 7002560000000000000♠560 7002132000000000000♠132 7000424200000000000♠4.242 7002692000000000000♠692 7008253609643000000♠253,609,643 7005366488000000000♠366,488 Korea, North unicameral 7002687000000000000♠687 — — 7002687000000000000♠687 7007248516270000000♠24,851,627 7004361740000000000♠36,174 Morocco bicameral 7002395000000000000♠395 7002270000000000000♠270 7000146300000000000♠1.463 7002665000000000000♠665 7007329872060000000♠32,987,206 7004496050000000000♠49,605 Burma (Myanmar) bicameral 7002440000000000000♠440 7002224000000000000♠224 7000196400000000000♠1.964 7002664000000000000♠664 7007557462530000000♠55,746,253 7004839550000000000♠83,955 Ethiopia bicameral 7002547000000000000♠547 7002108000000000000♠108 7000506500000000000♠5.065 7002655000000000000♠655 7007966334580000000♠96,633,458 7005147532000000000♠147,532 Thailand bicameral 7002500000000000000♠500 7002150000000000000♠150 7000333300000000000♠3.333 7002650000000000000♠650 7007677414010000000♠67,741,401 7005104218000000000♠104,218 Mexico bicameral 7002500000000000000♠500 7002128000000000000♠128 7000390600000000000♠3.906 7002628000000000000♠628 7008120286655000000♠120,286,655 7005191539000000000♠191,539 Russia bicameral 7002450000000000000♠450 7002166000000000000♠166 7000271100000000000♠2.711 7002616000000000000♠616 7008142470272000000♠142,470,272 7005231283000000000♠231,283 Cuba unicameral 7002612000000000000♠612[3] — — 7002612000000000000♠612 7007110472510000000♠11,047,251 7004180510000000000♠18,051 Congo, Democratic Republic of the bicameral 7002500000000000000♠500 7002108000000000000♠108 7000463000000000000♠4.630 7002608000000000000♠608 7007774337440000000♠77,433,744 7005127358000000000♠127,358 Spain bicameral 7002350000000000000♠350 7002257000000000000♠257 7000136200000000000♠1.362 7002607000000000000♠607 7007477379410000000♠47,737,941 7004786460000000000♠78,646 Algeria bicameral 7002462000000000000♠462 7002144000000000000♠144 7000320800000000000♠3.208 7002606000000000000♠606 7007388137220000000♠38,813,722 7004640490000000000♠64,049 Brazil bicameral 7002513000000000000♠513 7001810000000000000♠81 7000633300000000000♠6.333 7002594000000000000♠594 7008202656788000000♠202,656,788 7005341173000000000♠341,173 Poland bicameral 7002460000000000000♠460 7002100000000000000♠100 7000460000000099999♠4.600 7002560000000000000♠560 7007383462790000000♠38,346,279 7004684750000000000♠68,475 Turkey unicameral 7002550000000000000♠550 — — 7002550000000000000♠550 7007816193920000000♠81,619,392 7005148399000000000♠148,399 United States bicameral 7002435000000000000♠435 7002100000000000000♠100 7000435000000099999♠4.350 7002535000000000000♠535 7008318892103000000♠318,892,103 7005596060000000000♠596,060 Sudan bicameral 7002450000000000000♠450 7001500000000000000♠50 7000900000000000000♠9.000 7002500000000000000♠500 7007354822330000000♠35,482,233 7004709640000000000♠70,964 Vietnam unicameral 7002500000000000000♠500 — — 7002500000000000000♠500 7007934218350000000♠93,421,835 7005186844000000000♠186,844 South Africa bicameral 7002400000000000000♠400 7001900000000000000♠90 7000444400000000000♠4.444 7002490000000000000♠490 7007483756450000000♠48,375,645 7004987260000000000♠98,726 Nigeria bicameral 7002360000000000000♠360 7002109000000000000♠109 7000330300000000000♠3.303 7002469000000000000♠469 7008177155754000000♠177,155,754 7005377731000000000♠377,731 Romania bicameral 7002329000000000000♠329 7002136000000000000♠136 7000241900000000000♠2.419 7002465000000000000♠465 7007201216410000000♠20,121,641 7004432720000000000♠43,272 Egypt unicameral 7002450000000000000♠450 minimum — — 7002450000000000000♠450 minimum 7007868950990000000♠86,895,099 — Ukraine unicameral 7002450000000000000♠450 — — 7002450000000000000♠450 7007442914130000000♠44,291,413 7004984250000000000♠98,425 Pakistan bicameral 7002342000000000000♠342 7002104000000000000♠104 7000328800000000000♠3.288 7002446000000000000♠446 7008196174380000000♠196,174,380 7005439853000000000♠439,853 Kenya bicameral 7002349000000000000♠349 7001670000000000000♠67 7000520890000099999♠5.209 7002416000000000000♠416 7007450100560000000♠45,010,056 7005108197000000000♠108,197 Canada bicameral 7002338000000000000♠338 7002105000000000000♠105 7000293300000000000♠2.933 7002413000000000000♠413 7007348348410000000♠34,834,841 7004843460000000000♠84,346 Yemen bicameral 7002301000000000000♠301 7002111000000000000♠111 7000271200000000000♠2.712 7002412000000000000♠412 7007260529660000000♠26,052,966 7004632350000000000♠63,235 South Sudan bicameral 7002332000000000000♠332 7001500000000000000♠50 7000664000000000000♠6.640 7002382000000000000♠382 7007115626950000000♠11,562,695 7004302690000000000♠30,269 Uganda unicameral 7002375000000000000♠375 — — 7002375000000000000♠375 7007359189150000000♠35,918,915 7004957840000000000♠95,784 Tanzania unicameral 7002357000000000000♠357 — — 7002357000000000000♠357 7007496391380000000♠49,639,138 7005139045000000000♠139,045 Afghanistan bicameral 7002250000000000000♠250 maximum 7002102000000000000♠102 — — 7007318228480000000♠31,822,848 — Zimbabwe bicameral 7002270000000000000♠270 7001800000000000000♠80 7000337500000000000♠3.375 7002350000000000000♠350 7007137717210000000♠13,771,721 7004393480000000000♠39,348 Sweden unicameral 7002349000000000000♠349 — — 7002349000000000000♠349 7006972380900000000♠9,723,809 7004278620000000000♠27,862 Nepal bicameral 7002275000000000000♠275 7001590000000000000♠59 7000466090000099999♠4.661 7002334000000000000♠334 7007289827710000000♠28,982,771 7004867750000000000♠86,775 Argentina bicameral 7002257000000000000♠257 7001720000000000000♠72 7000356900000000000♠3.569 7002329000000000000♠329 7007430243740000000♠43,024,374 7005130773000000000♠130,773 Somalia bicameral 7002275000000000000♠275 7001540000000000000♠54 7000509300000000000♠5.093 7002329000000000000♠329 7007104280430000000♠10,428,043 7004316960000000000♠31,696 Iraq unicameral 7002325000000000000♠325 — — 7002325000000000000♠325 7007325856920000000♠32,585,692 7005100264000000000♠100,264 Philippines bicameral 7002297000000000000♠297 7001240000000000000♠24 7001123750000000000♠12.375 7002321000000000000♠321 7008107668231000000♠107,668,231 7005335415000000000♠335,415 Bangladesh unicameral 7002300000000000000♠300 — — 7002300000000000000♠300 7008166280712000000♠166,280,712 7005554269000000000♠554,269 Greece unicameral 7002300000000000000♠300 — — 7002300000000000000♠300 7007107755570000000♠10,775,557 7004359190000000000♠35,919 Korea, South unicameral 7002300000000000000♠300 — — 7002300000000000000♠300 7007490399860000000♠49,039,986 7005163467000000000♠163,467 Malaysia bicameral 7002222000000000000♠222 7001700000000000000♠70 7000317100000000000♠3.171 7002292000000000000♠292 7007300733530000000♠30,073,353 7005102991000000000♠102,991 Iran unicameral 7002290000000000000♠290 — — 7002290000000000000♠290 7007808407130000000♠80,840,713 7005278761000000000♠278,761 Czech Republic bicameral 7002200000000000000♠200 7001810000000000000♠81 7000246900000000000♠2.469 7002281000000000000♠281 7007106274480000000♠10,627,448 7004378200000000000♠37,820 Cameroon bicameral 7002180000000000000♠180 7002100000000000000♠100 7000180000000000000♠1.800 7002280000000000000♠280 7007231307080000000♠23,130,708 7004826100000000000♠82,610 Ghana unicameral 7002275000000000000♠275 — — 7002275000000000000♠275 7007257581080000000♠25,758,108 7004936660000000000♠93,666 Colombia bicameral 7002166000000000000♠166 7002102000000000000♠102 7000162700000000000♠1.627 7002268000000000000♠268 7007462452970000000♠46,245,297 7005172557000000000♠172,557 Côte d'Ivoire unicameral 7002255000000000000♠255 — — 7002255000000000000♠255 7007228489450000000♠22,848,945 7004896040000000000♠89,604 Mozambique unicameral 7002250000000000000♠250 — — 7002250000000000000♠250 7007246921440000000♠24,692,144 7004987690000000000♠98,769 Serbia unicameral 7002250000000000000♠250 — — 7002250000000000000♠250 7006720976400000000♠7,209,764 7004288390000000000♠28,839 Syria unicameral 7002250000000000000♠250 — — 7002250000000000000♠250 7007179516390000000♠17,951,639 7004718070000000000♠71,807 Uzbekistan bicameral 7002150000000000000♠150 7002100000000000000♠100 7000150000000000000♠1.500 7002250000000000000♠250 7007289297160000000♠28,929,716 7005115719000000000♠115,719 Switzerland bicameral 7002200000000000000♠200 7001460000000000000♠46 7000434800000000000♠4.348 7002246000000000000♠246 7006806151600000000♠8,061,516 7004327700000000000♠32,770 Austria bicameral 7002183000000000000♠183 7001620000000000000♠62 7000295200000000000♠2.952 7002245000000000000♠245 7006822306200000000♠8,223,062 7004335640000000000♠33,564 Bulgaria unicameral 7002240000000000000♠240 — — 7002240000000000000♠240 7006692471600000000♠6,924,716 7004288530000000000♠28,853 Portugal unicameral 7002230000000000000♠230 — — 7002230000000000000♠230 7007108138340000000♠10,813,834 7004470170000000000♠47,017 Australia bicameral 7002150000000000000♠150 7001760000000000000♠76 7000197400000000000♠1.974 7002226000000000000♠226 7007225076170000000♠22,507,617 7004995910000000000♠99,591 Ireland bicameral 7002166000000000000♠166 7001600000000000000♠60 7000276700000000000♠2.767 7002226000000000000♠226 7006483276500000000♠4,832,765 7004213840000000000♠21,384 Netherlands bicameral 7002150000000000000♠150 7001750000000000000♠75 7000200000000000000♠2.000 7002225000000000000♠225 7007168773510000000♠16,877,351 7004750100000000000♠75,010 Sri Lanka unicameral 7002225000000000000♠225 — — 7002225000000000000♠225 7007218664450000000♠21,866,445 7004971840000000000♠97,184 Gabon bicameral 7002120000000000000♠120 7002102000000000000♠102 7000117600000000000♠1.176 7002222000000000000♠222 7006167259700000000♠1,672,597 7003753400000000000♠7,534 Belgium bicameral 7002150000000000000♠150 7001710000000000000♠71 7000211300000000000♠2.113 7002221000000000000♠221 7007104493610000000♠10,449,361 7004472820000000000♠47,282 Angola unicameral 7002220000000000000♠220 — — 7002220000000000000♠220 7007190881060000000♠19,088,106 7004867640000000000♠86,764 Tunisia unicameral 7002217000000000000♠217 — — 7002217000000000000♠217 7007109375210000000♠10,937,521 7004504030000000000♠50,403 Dominican Republic bicameral 7002183000000000000♠183 7001320000000000000♠32 7000571900000000000♠5.719 7002215000000000000♠215 7007103497410000000♠10,349,741 7004481380000000000♠48,138 Congo, Republic of the bicameral 7002139000000000000♠139 7001720000000000000♠72 7000193100000000000♠1.931 7002211000000000000♠211 7006466244600000000♠4,662,446 7004220970000000000♠22,097 Jordan bicameral 7002150000000000000♠150 7001600000000000000♠60 7000250000000000000♠2.500 7002210000000000000♠210 7006793049100000000♠7,930,491 7004377640000000000♠37,764 Mauritania bicameral 7002146000000000000♠146 7001560000000000000♠56 7000260700000000000♠2.607 7002202000000000000♠202 7006351680600000000♠3,516,806 7004174100000000000♠17,410 Finland unicameral 7002200000000000000♠200 — — 7002200000000000000♠200 7006526879900000000♠5,268,799 7004263440000000000♠26,344 Libya unicameral 7002200000000000000♠200 — — 7002200000000000000♠200 7006624417400000000♠6,244,174 7004312210000000000♠31,221 Hungary unicameral 7002199000000000000♠199 — — 7002199000000000000♠199 7006991912800000000♠9,919,128 7004498450000000000♠49,845 Malawi unicameral 7002193000000000000♠193 — — 7002193000000000000♠193 7007173774680000000♠17,377,468 7004900390000000000♠90,039 Chad unicameral 7002188000000000000♠188 — — 7002188000000000000♠188 7007114121070000000♠11,412,107 7004607030000000000♠60,703 Cambodia bicameral 7002123000000000000♠123 7001610000000000000♠61 7000201600000000000♠2.016 7002184000000000000♠184 7007154583320000000♠15,458,332 7004840130000000000♠84,013 Madagascar bicameral 7002151000000000000♠151 7001330000000000000♠33 7000457590000099999♠4.576 7002184000000000000♠184 7007232019260000000♠23,201,926 7005126097000000000♠126,097 Denmark unicameral 7002179000000000000♠179 — — 7002179000000000000♠179 7006556907700000000♠5,569,077 7004311120000000000♠31,112 Belarus bicameral 7002110000000000000♠110 7001640000000000000♠64 7000171900000000000♠1.719 7002174000000000000♠174 7006960805800000000♠9,608,058 7004552190000000000♠55,219 Equatorial Guinea bicameral 7002100000000000000♠100 7001700000000000000♠70 7000142900000000000♠1.429 7002170000000000000♠170 7005722254000000000♠722,254 7003424900000000000♠4,249 Norway unicameral 7002169000000000000♠169 — — 7002169000000000000♠169 7006514779200000000♠5,147,792 7004304600000000000♠30,460 Bolivia bicameral 7002130000000000000♠130 7001360000000000000♠36 7000361100000000000♠3.611 7002166000000000000♠166 7007106314860000000♠10,631,486 7004640450000000000♠64,045 Venezuela unicameral 7002165000000000000♠165 — — 7002165000000000000♠165 7007288684860000000♠28,868,486 7005174961000000000♠174,961 Mali unicameral 7002160000000000000♠160 — — 7002160000000000000♠160 7007164559030000000♠16,455,903 7005102849000000000♠102,849 Chile bicameral 7002120000000000000♠120 7001380000000000000♠38 7000315800000000000♠3.158 7002158000000000000♠158 7007173638940000000♠17,363,894 7005109898000000000♠109,898 Guatemala unicameral 7002158000000000000♠158 — — 7002158000000000000♠158 7007146470830000000♠14,647,083 7004927030000000000♠92,703 Zambia unicameral 7002158000000000000♠158 — — 7002158000000000000♠158 7007146385050000000♠14,638,505 7004926490000000000♠92,649 Oman bicameral 7001840000000000000♠84 7001710000000000000♠71 7000118300000000000♠1.183 7002155000000000000♠155 7006321977500000000♠3,219,775 7004207730000000000♠20,773 Burundi bicameral 7002100000000000000♠100 minimum 7001540000000000000♠54 — — 7007103959310000000♠10,395,931 — Kazakhstan bicameral 7002107000000000000♠107 7001470000000000000♠47 7000227700000000000♠2.277 7002154000000000000♠154 7007179488160000000♠17,948,816 7005116551000000000♠116,551 Lesotho bicameral 7002120000000000000♠120 7001330000000000000♠33 7000363600000000000♠3.636 7002153000000000000♠153 7006194200800000000♠1,942,008 7004126930000000000♠12,693 Croatia unicameral 7002151000000000000♠151 — — 7002151000000000000♠151 7006447053400000000♠4,470,534 7004296060000000000♠29,606 Eritrea unicameral 7002150000000000000♠150 — — 7002150000000000000♠150 7006638080300000000♠6,380,803 7004425390000000000♠42,539 Georgia unicameral 7002150000000000000♠150 — — 7002150000000000000♠150 7006493588000000000♠4,935,880 7004329060000000000♠32,906 Saudi Arabia unicameral 7002150000000000000♠150 — — 7002150000000000000♠150 7007273459860000000♠27,345,986 7005182307000000000♠182,307 Senegal unicameral 7002150000000000000♠150 — — 7002150000000000000♠150 7007136359270000000♠13,635,927 7004909060000000000♠90,906 Slovakia unicameral 7002150000000000000♠150 — — 7002150000000000000♠150 7006544358300000000♠5,443,583 7004362910000000000♠36,291 Lithuania unicameral 7002141000000000000♠141 — — 7002141000000000000♠141 7006350573800000000♠3,505,738 7004248630000000000♠24,863 Albania unicameral 7002140000000000000♠140 — — 7002140000000000000♠140 7006302020900000000♠3,020,209 7004215730000000000♠21,573 Ecuador unicameral 7002137000000000000♠137 — — 7002137000000000000♠137 7007156544110000000♠15,654,411 7005114266000000000♠114,266 Laos unicameral 7002132000000000000♠132 — — 7002132000000000000♠132 7006680369900000000♠6,803,699 7004515430000000000♠51,543 Armenia unicameral 7002101000000000000♠101 minimum — — 7002101000000000000♠101 minimum 7006306063100000000♠3,060,631 7004233640000000000♠23,364 Peru unicameral 7002130000000000000♠130 — — 7002130000000000000♠130 7007301479350000000♠30,147,935 7005231907000000000♠231,907 Slovenia bicameral 7001900000000000000♠90 7001400000000000000♠40 7000225000000000000♠2.250 7002130000000000000♠130 7006198829200000000♠1,988,292 7004152950000000000♠15,295 Haiti bicameral 7001990000000000000♠99 7001300000000000000♠30 7000330000000000000♠3.300 7002129000000000000♠129 7006999673100000000♠9,996,731 7004774940000000000♠77,494 Uruguay bicameral 7001990000000000000♠99 7001300000000000000♠30 7000330000000000000♠3.300 7002129000000000000♠129 7006333297200000000♠3,332,972 7004258370000000000♠25,837 Honduras unicameral 7002128000000000000♠128 — — 7002128000000000000♠128 7006859856100000000♠8,598,561 7004671760000000000♠67,176 Lebanon unicameral 7002128000000000000♠128 — — 7002128000000000000♠128 7006588256200000000♠5,882,562 7004459580000000000♠45,958 Burkina Faso unicameral 7002127000000000000♠127 — — 7002127000000000000♠127 7007183651230000000♠18,365,123 7005144607000000000♠144,607 Azerbaijan unicameral 7002125000000000000♠125 — — 7002125000000000000♠125 7006968621000000000♠9,686,210 7004774900000000000♠77,490 Paraguay bicameral 7001800000000000000♠80 7001450000000000000♠45 7000177800000000000♠1.778 7002125000000000000♠125 7006670386000000000♠6,703,860 7004536310000000000♠53,631 Turkmenistan unicameral 7002125000000000000♠125 — — 7002125000000000000♠125 7006517194300000000♠5,171,943 7004413760000000000♠41,376 Sierra Leone unicameral 7002124000000000000♠124 — — 7002124000000000000♠124 7006574372500000000♠5,743,725 7004463200000000000♠46,320 Macedonia unicameral 7002123000000000000♠123 — — 7002123000000000000♠123 7006209171900000000♠2,091,719 7004170060000000000♠17,006 Israel unicameral 7002120000000000000♠120 — — 7002120000000000000♠120 7006782185000000000♠7,821,850 7004651820000000000♠65,182 Kosovo unicameral 7002120000000000000♠120 — — 7002120000000000000♠120 7006185920300000000♠1,859,203 7004154930000000000♠15,493 Kyrgyzstan unicameral 7002120000000000000♠120 — — 7002120000000000000♠120 7006560421200000000♠5,604,212 7004467020000000000♠46,702 New Zealand unicameral 7002120000000000000♠120 usually — — 7002120000000000000♠120 usually 7006440191600000000♠4,401,916 — Guinea unicameral 7002114000000000000♠114 — — 7002114000000000000♠114 7007114743830000000♠11,474,383 7005100652000000000♠100,652 Niger unicameral 7002113000000000000♠113 — — 7002113000000000000♠113 7007174661720000000♠17,466,172 7005154568000000000♠154,568 Taiwan unicameral 7002113000000000000♠113 — — 7002113000000000000♠113 7007233599280000000♠23,359,928 7005206725000000000♠206,725 Papua New Guinea unicameral 7002111000000000000♠111 — — 7002111000000000000♠111 7006655273000000000♠6,552,730 7004590340000000000♠59,034 Rwanda bicameral 7001800000000000000♠80 7001260000000000000♠26 7000307700000000000♠3.077 7002106000000000000♠106 7007123371380000000♠12,337,138 7005116388000000000♠116,388 Central African Republic unicameral 7002105000000000000♠105 — — 7002105000000000000♠105 7006527795900000000♠5,277,959 7004502660000000000♠50,266 Liberia bicameral 7001730000000000000♠73 7001300000000000000♠30 7000243300000099999♠2.433 7002103000000000000♠103 7006409231000000000♠4,092,310 7004397310000000000♠39,731 Guinea-Bissau unicameral 7002102000000000000♠102 — — 7002102000000000000♠102 7006169339800000000♠1,693,398 7004166020000000000♠16,602 Estonia unicameral 7002101000000000000♠101 — — 7002101000000000000♠101 7006125792100000000♠1,257,921 7004124550000000000♠12,455 Moldova unicameral 7002101000000000000♠101 — — 7002101000000000000♠101 7006358328800000000♠3,583,288 7004354780000000000♠35,478 Latvia unicameral 7002100000000000000♠100 — — 7002100000000000000♠100 7006216516500000000♠2,165,165 7004216520000000000♠21,652 Botswana bicameral 7001630000000000000♠63 7001350000000000000♠35 7000180000000000000♠1.800 7001980000000000000♠98 7006215578400000000♠2,155,784 7004219980000000000♠21,998 Namibia bicameral 7001720000000000000♠72 7001260000000000000♠26 7000276900000000000♠2.769 7001980000000000000♠98 7006219840600000000♠2,198,406 7004224330000000000♠22,433 Tajikistan bicameral 7001630000000000000♠63 7001340000000000000♠34 7000185300000000000♠1.853 7001970000000000000♠97 7006805151200000000♠8,051,512 7004830050000000000♠83,005 Swaziland bicameral 7001650000000000000♠65 7001300000000000000♠30 7000216690000099999♠2.167 7001950000000000000♠95 7006141962300000000♠1,419,623 7004149430000000000♠14,943 Nicaragua unicameral 7001920000000000000♠92 — — 7001920000000000000♠92 7006584864100000000♠5,848,641 7004635720000000000♠63,572 Togo unicameral 7001910000000000000♠91 — — 7001910000000000000♠91 7006735137400000000♠7,351,374 7004807840000000000♠80,784 Singapore unicameral 7001870000000000000♠87 — — 7001870000000000000♠87 7006556730100000000♠5,567,301 7004639920000000000♠63,992 Maldives unicameral 7001850000000000000♠85 — — 7001850000000000000♠85 7005393595000000000♠393,595 7003463100000000000♠4,631 El Salvador unicameral 7001840000000000000♠84 — — 7001840000000000000♠84 7006612551200000000♠6,125,512 7004729230000000000♠72,923 Jamaica bicameral 7001630000000000000♠63 7001210000000000000♠21 7000300000000000000♠3.000 7001840000000000000♠84 7006293005000000000♠2,930,050 7004348820000000000♠34,882 Benin unicameral 7001830000000000000♠83 — — 7001830000000000000♠83 7007101605560000000♠10,160,556 7005122416000000000♠122,416 Montenegro unicameral 7001810000000000000♠81 — — 7001810000000000000♠81 7005650036000000000♠650,036 7003802500000000000♠8,025 Bahrain bicameral 7001400000000000000♠40 7001400000000000000♠40 7000100000000000000♠1.000 7001800000000000000♠80 7006131408900000000♠1,314,089 7004164260000000000♠16,426 Cyprus unicameral 7001800000000000000♠80 — — 7001800000000000000♠80 7006117245800000000♠1,172,458 7004146560000000000♠14,656 Puerto Rico bicameral 7001510000000000000♠51 7001300000000000000♠30 7000170000000000000♠1.700 7001810000000000000♠81 7006362089700000000♠3,620,897 7004447020000000000♠44,702 Mongolia unicameral 7001760000000000000♠76 — — 7001760000000000000♠76 7006295319000000000♠2,953,190 7004388580000000000♠38,858 Bhutan bicameral 7001470000000000000♠47 7001250000000000000♠25 7000188000000000000♠1.880 7001720000000000000♠72 7005733643000000000♠733,643 7004101890000000000♠10,189 Cabo Verde unicameral 7001720000000000000♠72 — — 7001720000000000000♠72 7005538535000000000♠538,535 7003748000000000000♠7,480 Trinidad and Tobago bicameral 7001410000000000000♠41 7001310000000000000♠31 7000132300000000000♠1.323 7001720000000000000♠72 7006122391600000000♠1,223,916 7004169990000000000♠16,999 Panama unicameral 7001710000000000000♠71 — — 7001710000000000000♠71 7006360843100000000♠3,608,431 7004508230000000000♠50,823 Hong Kong unicameral 7001700000000000000♠70 — — 7001700000000000000♠70 7006711268800000000♠7,112,688 7005101610000000000♠101,610 Mauritius unicameral 7001700000000000000♠70 — — 7001700000000000000♠70 7006133115500000000♠1,331,155 7004190170000000000♠19,017 Djibouti unicameral 7001650000000000000♠65 — — 7001650000000000000♠65 7005810179000000000♠810,179 7004124640000000000♠12,464 Guyana unicameral 7001650000000000000♠65 — — 7001650000000000000♠65 7005735554000000000♠735,554 7004113160000000000♠11,316 Kuwait unicameral 7001650000000000000♠65 — — 7001650000000000000♠65 7006274271100000000♠2,742,711 7004421960000000000♠42,196 Malta unicameral 7001650000000000000♠65 normally — — 7001650000000000000♠65 normally 7005412655000000000♠412,655 — Timor-Leste unicameral 7001520000000000000♠52 to 65 — — 7001520000000000000♠52 to 65 7006120154200000000♠1,201,542 — Iceland unicameral 7001630000000000000♠63 — — 7001630000000000000♠63 7005317351000000000♠317,351 7003503700000000000♠5,037 Luxembourg unicameral 7001600000000000000♠60 — — 7001600000000000000♠60 7005520672000000000♠520,672 7003867800000000000♠8,678 San Marino unicameral 7001600000000000000♠60 — — 7001600000000000000♠60 7004327420000000000♠32,742 7002546000000000000♠546 Jersey unicameral 7001580000000000000♠58 — — 7001580000000000000♠58 7004965130000000000♠96,513 7003166400000000000♠1,664 Bosnia and Herzegovina bicameral 7001420000000000000♠42 7001150000000000000♠15 7000280000000099999♠2.800 7001570000000000000♠57 7006387164300000000♠3,871,643 7004679240000000000♠67,924 Costa Rica unicameral 7001570000000000000♠57 — — 7001570000000000000♠57 7006475523400000000♠4,755,234 7004834250000000000♠83,425 French Polynesia unicameral 7001570000000000000♠57 — — 7001570000000000000♠57 7005280026000000000♠280,026 7003491300000000000♠4,913 São Tomé and Príncipe unicameral 7001550000000000000♠55 — — 7001550000000000000♠55 7005190428000000000♠190,428 7003346200000000000♠3,462 Bahamas, The bicameral 7001380000000000000♠38 7001160000000000000♠16 7000237500000000000♠2.375 7001540000000000000♠54 7005321834000000000♠321,834 7003596000000000000♠5,960 New Caledonia unicameral 7001540000000000000♠54 — — 7001540000000000000♠54 7005267840000000000♠267,840 7003496000000000000♠4,960 Gambia, The unicameral 7001530000000000000♠53 — — 7001530000000000000♠53 7006192552700000000♠1,925,527 7004363310000000000♠36,331 Vanuatu unicameral 7001520000000000000♠52 — — 7001520000000000000♠52 7005266937000000000♠266,937 7003513300000000000♠5,133 Barbados bicameral 7001300000000000000♠30 7001210000000000000♠21 7000142900000000000♠1.429 7001510000000000000♠51 7005289680000000000♠289,680 7003568000000000000♠5,680 Suriname unicameral 7001510000000000000♠51 — — 7001510000000000000♠51 7005573311000000000♠573,311 7004112410000000000♠11,241 Fiji unicameral 7001500000000000000♠50[4] — — 7001500000000000000♠50 7005903207000000000♠903,207 7003876900000000000♠8,769 Solomon Islands unicameral 7001500000000000000♠50 — — 7001500000000000000♠50 7005609883000000000♠609,883 7004180640000000000♠18,064 Samoa unicameral 7001490000000000000♠49 — — 7001490000000000000♠49 7005196628000000000♠196,628 7003401300000000000♠4,013 Bermuda bicameral 7001360000000000000♠36 7001110000000000000♠11 7000327300000000000♠3.273 7001470000000000000♠47 7004698390000000000♠69,839 7003148600000000000♠1,486 Kiribati unicameral 7001460000000000000♠46 — — 7001460000000000000♠46 7005104488000000000♠104,488 7003227100000000000♠2,271 Guernsey unicameral 7001450000000000000♠45 — — 7001450000000000000♠45 7004658490000000000♠65,849 7003146300000000000♠1,463 Qatar unicameral 7001450000000000000♠45 — — 7001450000000000000♠45 7006212316000000000♠2,123,160 7004471810000000000♠47,181 Belize bicameral 7001310000000000000♠31 7001120000000000000♠12 7000258300000000000♠2.583 7001430000000000000♠43 7005340844000000000♠340,844 7003792700000000000♠7,927 United Arab Emirates unicameral 7001400000000000000♠40 — — 7001400000000000000♠40 7006562880500000000♠5,628,805 7005140720000000000♠140,720 American Samoa bicameral 7001210000000000000♠21 7001180000000000000♠18 7000116700000000000♠1.167 7001390000000000000♠39 7004545170000000000♠54,517 7003139800000000000♠1,398 Isle of Man bicameral 7001240000000000000♠24 7001110000000000000♠11 7000218200000000000♠2.182 7001350000000000000♠35 7004868660000000000♠86,866 7003248200000000000♠2,482 Antigua and Barbuda bicameral 7001170000000000000♠17 7001170000000000000♠17 7000100000000000000♠1.000 7001340000000000000♠34 7004912950000000000♠91,295 7003268500000000000♠2,685 Seychelles unicameral 7001340000000000000♠34 — — 7001340000000000000♠34 7004916500000000000♠91,650 7003269600000000000♠2,696 Brunei unicameral 7001330000000000000♠33 — — 7001330000000000000♠33 7005422675000000000♠422,675 7004128080000000000♠12,808 Comoros unicameral 7001330000000000000♠33 — — 7001330000000000000♠33 7005766865000000000♠766,865 7004232380000000000♠23,238 Faroe Islands unicameral 7001330000000000000♠33 — — 7001330000000000000♠33 7004499470000000000♠49,947 7003151400000000000♠1,514 Macau unicameral 7001330000000000000♠33 — — 7001330000000000000♠33 7005587914000000000♠587,914 7004178160000000000♠17,816 Marshall Islands unicameral 7001330000000000000♠33 — — 7001330000000000000♠33 7004709830000000000♠70,983 7003215100000000000♠2,151 Dominica unicameral 7001320000000000000♠32 — — 7001320000000000000♠32 7004734490000000000♠73,449 7003229500000000000♠2,295 Greenland unicameral 7001310000000000000♠31 — — 7001310000000000000♠31 7004577280000000000♠57,728 7003186200000000000♠1,862 Northern Mariana Islands bicameral 7001200000000000000♠20 7000900000000000000♠9 7000222200000000000♠2.222 7001290000000000000♠29 7004514830000000000♠51,483 7003177500000000000♠1,775 Andorra unicameral 7001280000000000000♠28 minimum — — 7001280000000000000♠28 minimum 7004854580000000000♠85,458 — Grenada bicameral 7001150000000000000♠15 7001130000000000000♠13 7000115400000099999♠1.154 7001280000000000000♠28 7005110152000000000♠110,152 7003393400000000000♠3,934 Saint Lucia bicameral 7001170000000000000♠17 7001110000000000000♠11 7000154500000000000♠1.545 7001280000000000000♠28 7005163362000000000♠163,362 7003583400000000000♠5,834 Tonga unicameral 7001260000000000000♠26 — — 7001260000000000000♠26 7005106440000000000♠106,440 7003409400000000000♠4,094 Liechtenstein unicameral 7001250000000000000♠25 — — 7001250000000000000♠25 7004373130000000000♠37,313 7003149300000000000♠1,493 Palau bicameral 7001160000000000000♠16 7000900000000000000♠9 7000177800000000000♠1.778 7001250000000000000♠25 7004211860000000000♠21,186 7002847000000000000♠847 Monaco unicameral 7001240000000000000♠24 — — 7001240000000000000♠24 7004305080000000000♠30,508 7003127100000000000♠1,271 Saint Martin unicameral 7001230000000000000♠23 — — 7001230000000000000♠23 7004315300000000000♠31,530 7003137100000000000♠1,371 Aruba unicameral 7001210000000000000♠21 — — 7001210000000000000♠21 7005110663000000000♠110,663 7003527000000000000♠5,270 Cayman Islands unicameral 7001210000000000000♠21 — — 7001210000000000000♠21 7004549140000000000♠54,914 7003261500000000000♠2,615 Curaçao unicameral 7001210000000000000♠21 — — 7001210000000000000♠21 7005146836000000000♠146,836 7003699200000000000♠6,992 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines unicameral 7001210000000000000♠21 — — 7001210000000000000♠21 7005102918000000000♠102,918 7003490100000000000♠4,901 Niue unicameral 7001200000000000000♠20 — — 7001200000000000000♠20 7003119000000000000♠1,190 7001600000000000000♠60 Tokelau unicameral 7001200000000000000♠20 — — 7001200000000000000♠20 7003133700000000000♠1,337 7001670000000000000♠67 Wallis and Futuna unicameral 7001200000000000000♠20 — — 7001200000000000000♠20 7004155610000000000♠15,561 7002778000000000000♠778 Nauru unicameral 7001190000000000000♠19 — — 7001190000000000000♠19 7003948800000000000♠9,488 7002499000000000000♠499 Saint Barthelemy unicameral 7001190000000000000♠19 — — 7001190000000000000♠19 7003726700000000000♠7,267 7002382000000000000♠382 Saint Pierre and Miquelon unicameral 7001190000000000000♠19 — — 7001190000000000000♠19 7003571600000000000♠5,716 7002301000000000000♠301 Turks and Caicos Islands unicameral 7001190000000000000♠19 — — 7001190000000000000♠19 7004490700000000000♠49,070 7003258300000000000♠2,583 Gibraltar unicameral 7001180000000000000♠18 — — 7001180000000000000♠18 7004291850000000000♠29,185 7003162100000000000♠1,621 Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha unicameral 7001170000000000000♠17 — — 7001170000000000000♠17 7003777600000000000♠7,776 7002457000000000000♠457 British Virgin Islands unicameral 7001150000000000000♠15 — — 7001150000000000000♠15 7004326800000000000♠32,680 7003217900000000000♠2,179 Guam unicameral 7001150000000000000♠15 — — 7001150000000000000♠15 7005161001000000000♠161,001 7004107330000000000♠10,733 Sint Maarten unicameral 7001150000000000000♠15 — — 7001150000000000000♠15 7004396890000000000♠39,689 7003264600000000000♠2,646 Tuvalu unicameral 7001150000000000000♠15 — — 7001150000000000000♠15 7004107820000000000♠10,782 7002719000000000000♠719 United States Virgin Islands unicameral 7001150000000000000♠15 — — 7001150000000000000♠15 7005104170000000000♠104,170 7003694500000000000♠6,945 Micronesia, Federated States of unicameral 7001140000000000000♠14 — — 7001140000000000000♠14 7005105681000000000♠105,681 7003754900000000000♠7,549 Saint Kitts and Nevis unicameral 7001140000000000000♠14 — — 7001140000000000000♠14 7004515380000000000♠51,538 7003368100000000000♠3,681 Anguilla unicameral 7001110000000000000♠11 — — 7001110000000000000♠11 7004160860000000000♠16,086 7003146200000000000♠1,462 Montserrat unicameral 7001110000000000000♠11 — — 7001110000000000000♠11 7003521500000000000♠5,215 7002474000000000000♠474 Falkland Islands unicameral 7001100000000000000♠10 — — 7001100000000000000♠10 7003284000000000000♠2,840 7002284000000000000♠284 Pitcairn Islands unicameral 7001100000000000000♠10 — — 7001100000000000000♠10 7001480000000000000♠48 7000500000000000000♠5 Christmas Island unicameral 7000900000000000000♠9 — — 7000900000000000000♠9 7003153000000000000♠1,530 7002170000000000000♠170 Norfolk Island unicameral 7000900000000000000♠9 — — 7000900000000000000♠9 7003221000000000000♠2,210 7002246000000000000♠246 Cocos (Keeling) Islands unicameral 7000700000000000000♠7 — — 7000700000000000000♠7 7002596000000000000♠596 7001850000000000000♠85 Vatican City unicameral 7000700000000000000♠7[5] — — 7000700000000000000♠7 7002842000000000000♠842 7002120000000000000♠120 Cook Islands unicameral 7001240000000000000♠24 — — 7001240000000000000♠24 7004101340000000000♠10,134 7002422000000000000♠422 +Note: Population estimation is for July 2014, except for Curaçao and Sint Maarten (July 2013) and Falkland Islands (July 2012). ↑ "Cuba". Inter-Parliamentary Union (in Spanish). Retrieved 2014-08-26. ↑ http://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/2564/ ↑ "Vatican City State". vaticanstate.va. +References +Natural gas production +Countries by natural gas proven reserves (2014), based on data from The World Factbook +This is a list of countries by natural gas production based on statistics from the International Energy Agency.[1] +The data in the following table comes from The World Factbook.[2] +Rank Country Continent Annual NG production (million m3) Date of information 1 United States North America 766,200 2015 est. +WHO Data on Mean BMI (2014) +WHO Data on Prevalence of Obesity (BMI ≥ 30kg/m2) (2016) +References +WHO Data on Prevalence of Overweight (BMI ≥ 25kg/m2) (2014) +Data published in 2017.[3] +This page serves as a partial list of countries by adult mean body weight and incidence of obese and overweight populations as calculated by body mass index (BMI). +The data for 2014 was first published by the World Health Organization in 2015. +Data published in 2015.[4] +↑ Olson, Samantha (9 February 2016). "BMI Is No Longer A Good Indication Of Healthy Weight; Here Are 6 Better Ways To Measure Your Health". Medical Daily. ↑ "Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2014". +World Health Organization. Retrieved 10 April 2018. ↑ "Health Topics, Obesity". World Health Organization. +Retrieved 14 December 2017. ↑ "Health Topics, Obesity". World Health Organization. Retrieved 25 February 2016. +Data published in 2015.[2] +Country Overall rank Overall mean BMI (kg/m2) Female rank Female mean BMI (kg/m2) Male rank Male mean BMI (kg/m2) Nauru 1 32.5 3 32.8 1 32.1 Tonga 2 31.9 1 33.5 2 30.4 Samoa 3 31.7 1 33.5 3 29.9 Kuwait 4 30 6 30.8 4 29.5 Saint Kitts and Nevis 5 29.7 5 30.9 12 28.4 Saint Lucia 6 29.6 9 30.2 7 28.9 Kiribati 6 29.6 8 30.5 9 28.7 Palau 8 29.4 19 29.5 5 29.4 Federated States of Micronesia 8 29.4 4 31 22 27.8 Tuvalu 10 29.3 14 29.9 9 28.7 Qatar 11 29.2 11 30.1 6 29 Marshall Islands 11 29.2 12 30 12 28.4 Egypt 11 29.2 7 30.7 26 27.6 United Arab Emirates 14 29 15 29.7 11 28.6 Jordan 15 28.9 15 29.7 15 28.2 Belize 15 28.9 9 30.2 26 27.6 United States 17 28.8 27 28.8 8 28.8 Bahamas 17 28.8 17 29.6 16 28 Trinidad and Tobago 19 28.7 21 29.4 20 27.9 Barbados 19 28.7 12 30 38 27.4 Saudi Arabia 21 28.5 29 28.7 14 28.3 Libya 22 28.4 17 29.6 46 27.2 Bahrain 23 28.2 32 28.6 16 28 Mexico 24 28.1 29 28.7 33 27.5 Antigua and Barbuda 24 28.1 19 29.5 44 27.3 Syria 24 28.1 24 29 46 27.2 Iraq 27 28 27 28.8 46 27.2 New Zealand 28 27.9 41 27.8 16 28 Lebanon 29 27.8 45 27.6 16 28 Chile 29 27.8 38 28 26 27.6 Turkey 29 27.8 33 28.5 50 27.1 Argentina 32 27.7 47 27.5 22 27.8 Ireland 33 27.5 57 27.1 20 27.9 Andorra 33 27.5 57 27.1 22 27.8 Kazakhstan 35 27.4 47 27.5 38 27.4 El Salvador 35 27.4 38 28 56 26.8 Azerbaijan 35 27.4 36 28.1 67 26.6 Suriname 35 27.4 35 28.2 69 26.5 Jamaica 35 27.4 22 29.2 105 25.5 United Kingdom 40 27.3 57 27.1 33 27.5 Greece 40 27.3 55 27.2 38 27.4 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 40 27.3 36 28.1 69 26.5 South Africa 40 27.3 23 29.1 110 25.4 Australia 44 27.2 69 26.8 26 27.6 Canada 44 27.2 69 26.8 26 27.6 Malta 44 27.2 69 26.8 33 27.5 Venezuela 44 27.2 57 27.1 38 27.4 Georgia 44 27.2 52 27.3 46 27.2 Fiji 44 27.2 34 28.4 85 26.1 Panama 50 27.1 43 27.7 76 26.4 Cyprus 51 27 87 26.3 26 27.6 Ecuador 51 27 43 27.7 76 26.4 Grenada 51 27 29 28.7 113 25.2 Dominica 51 27 24 29 116 25.1 Czech Republic 55 26.9 94 26 22 27.8 Slovenia 55 26.9 87 26.3 33 27.5 Oman 55 26.9 57 27.1 56 26.8 Costa Rica 55 26.9 57 27.1 60 26.7 Nicaragua 55 26.9 41 27.8 88 26 Uruguay 60 26.8 67 26.9 60 26.7 Tunisia 60 26.8 47 27.5 88 26 Seychelles 60 26.8 38 28 100 25.6 Spain 63 26.7 94 26 38 27.4 Moldova 63 26.7 57 27.1 82 26.3 Dominican Republic 63 26.7 50 27.4 88 26 Armenia 63 26.7 50 27.4 92 25.9 Lithuania 67 26.6 94 26 44 27.3 Belarus 67 26.6 90 26.2 50 27.1 Eswatini (Swaziland) 69 26.5 26 28.9 130 24.1 Luxembourg 69 26.5 112 25.5 26 27.6 Slovakia 69 26.5 102 25.7 38 27.4 Russia 69 26.5 69 26.8 85 26.1 Guatemala 69 26.5 57 27.1 96 25.8 Poland 74 26.4 102 25.7 52 27 Turkmenistan 74 26.4 82 26.4 76 26.4 Honduras 74 26.4 52 27.3 105 25.5 Guyana 77 26.3 45 27.6 117 25 Hungary 77 26.3 119 25.2 33 27.5 Germany 77 26.3 106 25.6 52 27 Israel 77 26.3 90 26.2 82 26.3 Peru 77 26.3 67 26.9 98 25.7 Iran 82 26.2 55 27.2 112 25.3 Portugal 82 26.2 102 25.7 60 26.7 Brunei 82 26.2 78 26.6 96 25.8 Cuba 82 26.2 75 26.7 100 25.6 Kyrgyzstan 82 26.2 69 26.8 100 25.6 Vanuatu 82 26.2 69 26.8 100 25.6 Algeria 82 26.2 66 27 105 25.5 Albania 89 26.1 106 25.6 67 26.6 Bosnia and Herzegovina 89 26.1 102 25.7 69 26.5 Uzbekistan 89 26.1 87 26.3 92 25.9 Mongolia 92 26 82 26.4 105 25.5 Norway 92 26 119 25.2 55 26.9 Italy 92 26 119 25.2 56 26.8 Bulgaria 92 26 115 25.3 60 26.7 Montenegro 92 26 112 25.5 69 26.5 Ukraine 92 26 101 25.8 76 26.4 Bolivia 98 25.9 52 27.3 122 24.6 Colombia 98 25.9 80 26.5 110 25.4 Brazil 98 25.9 94 26 92 25.9 Iceland 98 25.9 123 25.1 60 26.7 Finland 98 25.9 115 25.3 69 26.5 Yemen 103 25.8 80 26.5 113 25.2 Paraguay 103 25.8 94 26 100 25.6 Latvia 103 25.8 123 25.1 56 26.8 Sweden 103 25.8 131 24.9 60 26.7 Serbia 103 25.8 119 25.2 76 26.4 Macedonia 103 25.8 115 25.3 76 26.4 Mauritius 109 25.6 90 26.2 117 25 Equatorial Guinea 109 25.6 93 26.1 117 25 Morocco 109 25.6 99 25.9 113 25.2 Gabon 112 25.5 82 26.4 122 24.6 Solomon Islands 112 25.5 82 26.4 124 24.5 Belgium 112 25.5 134 24.7 84 26.2 Estonia 112 25.5 142 24.3 52 27 Croatia 112 25.5 135 24.6 69 26.5 Tajikistan 117 25.4 115 25.3 105 25.5 Netherlands 117 25.4 129 25 92 25.9 Austria 117 25.4 140 24.4 69 26.5 Papua New Guinea 120 25.3 106 25.6 117 25 Malaysia 120 25.3 106 25.6 117 25 Romania 120 25.3 131 24.9 98 25.7 Denmark 120 25.3 139 24.5 88 26 France 120 25.3 135 24.6 85 26.1 Switzerland 120 25.3 155 23.8 60 26.7 South Sudan 126 25.2 75 26.7 134 23.7 Sudan 126 25.2 75 26.7 134 23.7 Maldives 128 25.1 99 25.9 127 24.2 Lesotho 129 24.9 57 27.1 151 22.7 Mauritania 130 24.8 82 26.4 142 23.2 Sao Tome and Principe 130 24.8 106 25.6 131 23.9 Botswana 132 24.7 78 26.6 147 22.9 Cabo Verde 132 24.7 114 25.4 131 23.9 Cameroon 134 24.4 123 25.1 133 23.8 Namibia 135 24.3 106 25.6 147 22.9 Ghana 136 24.2 123 25.1 139 23.4 Comoros 137 24.1 123 25.1 145 23 Thailand 137 24.1 135 24.6 136 23.6 Angola 137 24.1 135 24.6 138 23.5 Haiti 137 24.1 148 24 127 24.2 Gambia 141 24 123 25.1 145 23 Liberia 141 24 131 24.9 142 23.2 China 143 23.9 157 23.6 127 24.2 South Korea 143 23.9 160 23.4 125 24.3 Pakistan 145 23.8 140 24.4 141 23.3 Bhutan 145 23.8 144 24.2 139 23.4 Singapore 147 23.7 165 23.2 125 24.3 Côte d'Ivoire 148 23.6 145 24.1 142 23.2 Zimbabwe 149 23.4 129 25 172 21.8 Benin 149 23.4 142 24.3 153 22.6 Nigeria 149 23.4 148 24 150 22.8 Republic of the Congo 152 23.3 145 24.1 155 22.5 Djibouti 152 23.3 153 23.9 151 22.7 Togo 154 23.2 148 24 157 22.4 Philippines 154 23.2 160 23.4 147 22.9 Guinea-Bissau 156 23.1 153 23.9 162 22.2 Tanzania 156 23.1 148 24 162 22.2 Senegal 158 23 145 24.1 172 21.8 Kenya 158 23 148 24 169 21.9 Sri Lanka 158 23 159 23.5 155 22.5 Indonesia 161 22.9 160 23.4 157 22.4 Sierra Leone 162 22.8 157 23.6 168 22 Malawi 162 22.8 163 23.3 161 22.3 Mali 162 22.8 168 23 153 22.6 Guinea 165 22.7 163 23.3 164 22.1 Zambia 166 22.6 155 23.8 178 21.5 Myanmar 166 22.6 165 23.2 164 22.1 Laos 166 22.6 171 22.7 157 22.4 Japan 166 22.6 183 21.7 136 23.6 Central African Republic 170 22.4 165 23.2 176 21.6 Mozambique 171 22.3 168 23 176 21.6 Chad 171 22.3 173 22.5 164 22.1 Democratic Republic of the Congo 173 22.2 173 22.5 172 21.8 Nepal 173 22.2 178 22 157 22.4 Burkina Faso 175 22.1 178 22 164 22.1 Uganda 176 22 168 23 185 21 Rwanda 176 22 171 22.7 182 21.3 Somalia 178 21.9 173 22.5 184 21.2 India 178 21.9 177 22.1 172 21.8 Cambodia 178 21.9 178 22 169 21.9 North Korea 181 21.8 181 21.8 169 21.9 Niger 182 21.7 176 22.2 182 21.3 Vietnam 183 21.6 184 21.6 178 21.5 Afghanistan 183 21.6 181 21.8 178 21.5 Timor-Leste 185 21.2 188 21 178 21.5 Madagascar 186 21.1 186 21.2 186 20.9 Bangladesh 187 21 186 21.2 187 20.7 Burundi 188 20.9 185 21.3 188 20.4 Ethiopia 189 20.6 188 21 189 20.2 Eritrea 190 20.5 188 21 190 20.1 Kosovo - - - - - - Liechtenstein - - - - - - Monaco - - - - - - San Marino - - - - - - Taiwan - - - - - - Vatican City - - - - - - +References +Brun-Ly is a political party in Madagascar. +On the date of 23 September 2007 National Assembly elections, the party won 1 out of 127 seats. [1] +References +List of countries by emissions +This is a list of countries by total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per capita by year. It is based on data for carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, perfluorocarbon, hydrofluorocarbon, and sulfur hexafluoride emissions compiled by the World Resources Institute, divided by the population estimate by the United Nations (for July 1) of the same year.[1] The emissions data do not include land-use change and forestry. +↑ "Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT) Version 2.0. (Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2014)". World Resources Institute. +Metric Tons of CO2e Per capita Country 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 Kuwait 37.32 73.13 65.64 76.41 62.47 54.41 Brunei 48.33 46.38 46.49 44.83 46.88 46.84 Niue 16.4 16.8 19.05 24.3 28.65 45.6 Qatar 29.75 37.3 41.58 52.1 39.13 36.82 Belize 29.05 29.84 28.55 28.11 28.29 28.15 Oman 22.0 22.92 27.97 25.84 27.82 27.43 Bahrain 27.27 29.64 29.19 27.78 24.4 25.4 Australia 28.06 27.28 30.84 27.6 25.39 25.06 United Arab Emirates 40.13 38.81 34.89 32.13 23.73 24.59 Libya 21.16 19.43 18.66 20.91 22.63 21.47 Canada 20.22 20.69 22.12 21.94 20.47 20.94 Turkmenistan 13.39 14.51 18.13 19.44 20.93 Luxembourg 21.14 27.86 23.82 20.72 United States 23.23 23.26 23.86 22.92 20.97 19.9 Equatorial Guinea 0.52 2.7 13.89 25.83 21.33 19.15 Trinidad and Tobago 12.31 11.22 12.42 16.4 19.11 19.15 Grenada 16.29 16.63 17.28 17.82 18.39 18.89 Saudi Arabia 11.49 13.29 13.39 14.67 17.69 18.26 Kazakhstan 14.43 10.37 13.73 17.28 18.23 Estonia 14.4 13.53 15.77 17.3 17.66 Palau 6.98 6.74 10.3 11.64 17.03 New Zealand 19.01 18.27 18.4 18.77 16.86 16.62 Russia 14.45 13.92 14.7 15.21 15.31 Mongolia 12.81 11.28 11.48 10.13 10.91 13.47 South Korea 6.77 9.45 10.77 11.24 13.02 13.43 Ireland 15.04 15.76 17.39 16.77 13.57 12.65 Barbados 11.01 10.38 11.69 12.17 12.64 12.53 Finland 14.75 14.62 13.9 13.26 14.2 11.69 Israel 9.4 10.9 11.82 11.34 11.74 11.46 Czech Republic 14.05 13.76 13.47 12.39 11.42 Antigua and Barbuda 6.31 6.53 7.08 8.77 10.69 11.22 Netherlands 13.18 13.93 12.85 12.4 12.01 11.09 Germany 14.59 12.9 11.89 11.36 11.03 11.0 Central African Republic 12.21 11.98 11.8 11.28 10.78 10.94 Japan 9.4 9.91 10.04 10.16 9.54 10.55 Malaysia 5.72 6.79 7.91 9.33 9.94 10.2 Belgium 13.26 12.16 11.44 10.17 Uruguay 8.38 9.15 8.83 9.6 9.71 9.98 Singapore 10.28 11.82 11.88 9.48 9.84 9.88 Belarus 8.23 7.84 8.63 9.66 9.55 South Africa 8.18 7.77 7.71 9.23 9.5 9.49 Poland 11.23 10.7 9.4 9.6 9.82 9.43 Denmark 12.97 14.24 12.48 11.59 11.03 9.38 Iran 4.46 5.9 6.69 8.08 9.03 9.26 Norway 10.69 10.59 10.48 10.41 10.09 9.18 Austria 9.71 9.55 9.59 10.79 9.85 9.15 Bahamas 8.31 6.69 6.32 6.03 7.58 9.04 Iceland 12.06 10.27 11.15 10.43 8.9 8.96 Venezuela 8.62 8.73 8.7 8.85 9.08 8.85 Slovenia 8.92 9.01 9.67 9.3 8.72 China 2.69 3.39 3.49 5.5 7.43 8.49 United Kingdom 12.9 11.63 11.0 10.53 9.03 8.45 Iraq 8.92 6.48 7.87 6.42 7.52 8.4 Ukraine 10.41 8.25 8.54 8.13 8.33 Saint Kitts and Nevis 4.77 5.47 5.95 6.57 7.01 8.04 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.81 5.34 6.0 7.36 7.89 Argentina 7.12 7.25 7.49 7.73 7.77 7.86 Greece 9.39 9.71 10.53 10.73 9.0 7.68 Seychelles 2.94 3.38 7.86 8.45 8.28 7.65 Bulgaria 11.24 8.28 7.16 8.03 8.0 7.55 Uzbekistan 7.9 8.4 7.85 7.55 7.52 Slovakia 9.36 8.48 8.68 7.9 7.43 Azerbaijan 7.5 6.79 6.61 6.36 7.43 Italy 8.6 8.69 9.17 9.49 8.02 7.05 Malta 7.0 7.01 6.24 7.77 7.48 7.04 France 8.65 8.39 8.37 8.13 7.34 6.9 Serbia 6.54 6.62 Spain 6.91 7.54 8.99 9.62 7.27 6.57 Lithuania 6.07 5.55 6.51 6.65 6.45 Saint Lucia 5.74 6.85 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.44 Switzerland 7.77 7.33 7.16 7.21 6.77 6.34 World 5.62 5.4 5.41 5.85 6.15 6.27 Latvia 5.43 4.66 5.47 6.29 6.2 Suriname 7.27 7.75 5.67 5.63 5.9 6.18 Botswana 9.12 8.45 8.25 5.58 9.32 6.07 Cook Islands 3.91 4.02 4.57 5.33 5.81 6.07 Cyprus 6.59 7.3 8.19 8.53 7.92 6.06 Angola 4.29 4.43 4.2 5.06 6.32 5.99 Mexico 5.0 5.1 5.74 6.28 6.19 5.98 Chile 3.53 3.95 4.47 4.69 5.35 5.93 Portugal 5.67 6.61 7.6 7.76 6.14 5.89 Paraguay 5.25 5.71 5.08 4.92 5.56 5.81 Hungary 8.5 7.05 7.02 7.28 6.36 5.78 Croatia 4.64 5.41 6.4 5.99 5.49 Romania 10.12 7.31 5.84 6.29 5.67 5.46 Thailand 2.69 3.8 3.85 4.67 5.1 5.42 Montenegro 5.81 5.4 Turkey 3.71 4.18 4.8 4.66 5.18 5.39 Guyana 3.29 4.37 4.4 4.11 4.79 5.35 Sweden 7.9 8.18 7.53 7.0 6.25 5.29 Lebanon 2.75 5.39 5.53 4.86 5.5 5.11 Brazil 3.73 3.92 4.12 4.43 4.73 5.03 Algeria 3.5 3.42 3.75 4.04 4.58 4.88 Namibia 5.17 5.41 5.31 5.05 5.21 4.87 Nauru 14.23 11.02 8.86 6.71 4.94 4.53 Mauritius 2.02 2.29 3.31 3.71 4.33 4.52 Bolivia 3.04 3.49 3.38 3.78 4.38 4.5 Panama 2.93 3.37 3.37 3.83 4.24 4.45 Sudan 3.83 3.9 4.38 4.57 4.27 Cuba 5.02 3.43 3.89 3.54 4.33 4.08 Gabon 6.99 6.67 4.77 4.21 3.74 4.05 Gambia 4.08 4.13 4.14 4.13 4.26 4.02 Tonga 2.4 2.56 2.62 2.85 3.07 3.92 Cameroon 6.43 5.91 5.4 4.77 4.13 3.85 Ecuador 2.85 3.12 2.89 3.21 3.6 3.72 Jordan 4.87 4.85 3.82 4.28 3.66 3.66 Georgia 2.88 2.78 2.61 2.91 3.66 Colombia 3.4 3.5 3.27 3.21 3.3 3.37 Dominica 2.44 2.66 3.01 3.13 3.45 3.33 Jamaica 3.67 4.04 4.4 4.53 3.17 3.33 Syria 4.35 4.64 4.46 4.87 4.31 3.32 Zambia 5.18 4.2 3.36 3.58 3.31 3.31 Tunisia 2.36 2.52 2.89 3.04 3.36 3.24 Dominican Republic 2.12 2.63 3.21 3.03 3.28 3.23 Fiji 2.38 2.53 2.32 2.9 3.04 3.13 Egypt 2.15 2.13 2.41 2.96 3.18 3.03 Armenia 1.94 1.82 2.3 2.46 2.97 Indonesia 2.1 2.43 2.55 2.69 2.87 2.95 Costa Rica 2.68 2.77 2.52 2.71 2.83 2.93 Maldives 0.84 1.19 1.83 2.1 2.69 2.86 Albania 3.56 2.15 2.36 2.68 2.83 2.85 Mauritania 3.08 2.81 3.06 2.94 2.9 2.84 Peru 1.94 2.07 2.27 2.34 2.77 2.82 Moldova 4.12 2.6 2.91 3.02 2.82 Vietnam 1.03 1.25 1.63 2.16 2.8 2.81 Kyrgyzstan 2.06 1.85 1.97 2.16 2.73 Samoa 2.17 2.13 2.28 2.39 2.54 2.67 Vanuatu 3.04 3.07 2.85 2.5 2.79 2.66 North Korea 7.68 4.92 4.12 4.27 3.83 2.55 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1.41 1.9 2.09 2.64 2.65 2.53 Honduras 2.12 2.15 2.13 2.49 2.36 2.44 Nicaragua 2.26 1.94 2.33 2.43 2.42 2.37 Morocco 1.53 1.64 1.76 2.07 2.23 2.33 India 1.37 1.48 1.59 1.72 2.11 2.28 Swaziland 2.31 2.07 2.63 2.39 2.3 2.25 Chad 2.6 2.37 2.43 2.87 2.28 2.17 Papua New Guinea 2.09 2.68 2.31 2.22 2.08 2.16 Lesotho 1.18 1.11 1.16 1.74 2.04 1.99 Myanmar 1.37 1.52 1.6 1.78 1.84 1.92 Bhutan 1.36 1.68 1.72 1.55 1.46 1.91 Sri Lanka 1.3 1.38 1.64 1.8 1.79 1.87 El Salvador 1.28 1.68 1.76 2.02 1.96 1.85 Zimbabwe 3.25 2.62 2.47 1.93 1.81 1.82 Senegal 1.75 1.69 1.84 1.88 1.89 1.8 Cambodia 1.74 1.67 1.49 1.63 1.83 1.8 Pakistan 1.43 1.54 1.6 1.72 1.8 1.8 Mali 1.81 1.67 1.72 1.79 1.82 1.77 Nigeria 2.11 2.04 1.94 2.05 1.79 1.77 Laos 1.44 1.41 1.44 1.54 1.66 1.77 Philippines 1.45 1.68 1.73 1.67 1.65 1.74 Guatemala 1.23 1.41 1.63 1.71 1.64 1.71 Djibouti 1.52 1.52 1.51 1.49 1.51 1.55 Tanzania 1.64 1.56 1.39 1.55 1.46 1.54 Republic of the Congo 1.07 1.69 1.41 1.88 1.67 1.46 Ivory Coast 1.91 1.84 1.44 1.44 1.37 1.46 Niger 1.35 1.4 1.43 1.44 1.49 1.44 Eritrea 1.96 1.95 1.63 1.44 1.44 Guinea 1.25 1.19 1.21 1.27 1.41 1.43 Afghanistan 1.24 0.84 0.82 0.76 1.06 1.4 Yemen 0.99 1.0 1.15 1.33 1.41 1.39 Burkina Faso 1.25 1.29 1.27 1.42 1.38 1.38 Kenya 1.54 1.29 1.14 1.13 1.41 1.34 Ethiopia 1.11 1.09 1.16 1.31 1.3 Nepal 1.07 1.11 1.16 1.12 1.22 1.29 Tajikistan 1.28 0.98 1.04 1.1 1.25 Benin 1.01 0.88 1.01 1.16 1.21 1.22 Guinea-Bissau 1.22 1.18 1.13 1.04 1.18 1.17 Ghana 0.85 0.85 0.96 1.03 1.04 1.17 Cape Verde 0.63 0.73 0.79 1.1 1.43 1.15 Madagascar 1.99 1.77 1.53 1.36 1.24 1.15 Mozambique 1.38 1.23 1.03 1.09 1.09 1.04 Bangladesh 0.8 0.81 0.81 0.85 1.0 1.04 São Tomé and Príncipe 0.83 0.85 0.77 0.9 0.96 1.01 Solomon Islands 1.11 1.03 0.99 0.98 1.01 0.99 Sierra Leone 0.89 0.87 0.73 0.8 0.83 0.97 Togo 0.93 0.75 0.94 0.97 1.01 0.93 Uganda 0.82 0.78 0.73 0.8 0.92 0.89 Kiribati 0.49 0.47 0.59 0.88 0.81 0.77 Haiti 0.66 0.65 0.76 0.81 0.78 0.77 Malawi 0.95 0.64 0.58 0.53 0.59 0.61 Rwanda 0.52 0.63 0.54 0.56 0.61 0.6 Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.98 0.78 0.65 0.65 0.59 0.55 Comoros 0.56 0.53 0.52 0.47 0.5 0.54 Liberia 0.57 0.45 0.41 0.48 0.48 0.5 Burundi 0.42 0.42 0.35 0.26 0.29 0.32 +List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per capita +External links +List of producing countries +References +Alumina output in 2005. +It is also commonly referred to as alumina or aloxite[1] in the mining, ceramic and materials science communities. It is produced by the Bayer process from bauxite. Its most significant use is in the production of aluminium metal, although it is also used as an abrasive due to its hardness and as a refractory material due to its high melting point.[2] +Rank Country/Region Aluminium oxide production (tonnes) World 72,200,000 1 Australia 18,312,000 2 China 13,696,000 3 Brazil 6,720,200 4 United States 5,012,000 5 Jamaica 4,099,548 6 Russia 3,265,250 7 India 3,080,000 8 Suriname 2,151,148 9 Venezuela 1,920,000 10 Ireland 1,800,000 11 Ukraine 1,671,620 12 Kazakhstan 1,514,509 13 Canada 1,476,959 14 Spain 1,400,000 15 Italy 1,090,000 16 Germany 830,000 17 Japan 780,000 18 Romania 621,973 19 Guinea 555,000 20 Greece 510,000 21 France 500,000 22 Azerbaijan 352,665 23 Hungary 300,000 24 Montenegro 236,740 25 Turkey 140,089 26 Iran 130,000 +↑ "Aloxite", ChemIndustry.com database, retrieved 24 February 2007 ↑ "Alumina (Aluminium Oxide) – The Different Types of Commercially Available Grades". The A to Z of Materials. Retrieved 2007-10-27. +References +Duy Tân hội (chữ Hán: 維新會, Association for Modernization, 1904-1912) was an anti-French independence society in Vietnam founded by Phan Bội Châu and Prince Cường Để.[1][2] Gilbert Trần Chánh Chiêu was an agent of the Society.[3] The group in a broader sense was also considered a Modernisation Movement (vi:Phong trào Duy Tân).[4][5][6] +Duy Tân hội +Layaway (lay-by in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa)[1] is an agreement in which the seller reserves an item for a consumer until the consumer completes all the payments necessary to pay for that item. +Rather than taking the item home and then repaying the debt on a regular schedule, as in most installment plans or hire purchases, the layaway customer does not receive the item until it is completely paid for. There is sometimes a fee associated, since the seller must "lay" the item "away" in storage until the payments are completed. Because there is little risk involved for the seller, layaway can be readily offered to those with bad credit. +The main advantage of layaway is that no interest is charged. In addition, the price is fixed, availability is guaranteed by reserving the item in stock, and an item being purchased as a gift can be kept secret.[2] Consumers may also gain a sense of living within their means.[3][4] +History +Description +Layaway became common during the Great Depression of the 1930s.[3] It was widely withdrawn during the 1980s,[5] as the ubiquity of credit cards decreased its utility.[6] Wal-Mart announced in September 2006 that it would discontinue layaway service in all its stores,[5] citing the decrease in demand and a rise in cost of implementation.[7] However, in September 2011, Wal-Mart resumed the service due to the new financial difficulties imposed by the economy and the increased constraints on consumer credit.[8] During the 2012 season, many retailers were heavily advertising their layaway service and offering it for free (or effectively free) if all conditions were met.[9] In contrast, Kmart has been providing layaway in the United States for over forty years,[10] and was at one time the only major national discount retailer offering the service.[2] Other large retailers offering layaway programs include Burlington Coat Factory, Marshalls, Sears, and T.J. Maxx.[6] Toys "R" Us used to offer layaway but went bankrupt. In Canada it is available from many businesses including local bike shops, jewellers and adventure holidays.[3] +↑ "lay-by", TheFreeDictionary.com 1 2 Cheddar Berk, Christina (2008-10-22). "Another Kind of Holiday Nostalgia: Layaway". CNBC. +Retrieved 2011-12-21. 1 2 3 Mcginn, Dave (2009-06-15). "The return of layaway". +The Globe and Mail. +Toronto. Retrieved 2011-12-21. ↑ Surowiecki, James (January 2, 2012). "The Financial Page – Delayed Gratification". +The New Yorker. Condé Nast. LXXXVII (42): 23. +ISSN 0028-792X. 1 2 The Economist, (Jan. 10, 2009) U.S. print edition, p. +31. 1 2 3 MacDonald, Jay (2009-09-11). +"Layaway makes a comeback". +BankRate.com. ↑ Davis, Sharia (2006-05-22). "Wal-Mart Stores to Cease Layaway Service". WHAG-TV. ↑ Clifford, Stephanie (2011-09-08). +"Wal-Mart to Bring Back Layaway for Holidays". +The New York Times. +Retrieved 2011-12-21. ↑ Weisbaum, Herb (2012-09-13). "Some stores offering layaway for free". KLEWTv.com. +Retrieved 2012-10-06. ↑ Beck, Margery (2011-12-16). "Anonymous donors pay off Kmart layaway accounts". AP. +Archived from the original on 2011-12-21. +Retrieved 2011-12-21. ↑ "Digital Layaway". +Chattanooga Times Free Press. 2007-03-12. Archived from the original on 2007-05-13. ↑ "E-Layaways Add Convenience For Online Shoppers". +CBS Chicago. 2007-11-29. +Archived from the original on 2009-03-07. Retrieved 2011-12-21. ↑ "Online layaway: Old-fashioned payment system gets new digital life". CreditCards.com. +May 17, 2011. +Retrieved 2011-10-20. ↑ "Anonymous ‘Layaway Angels’ Return to Pay Off Strangers’ Balances" (Dec. 21, 2012) Yahoo! Finance ↑ "'I'm so elated it was paid off': Secret Santa calls Walmart and gives $10,000 to pay off store's layaways". +Daily Mail. London: Associated Newspapers Ltd. 22 December 2012. ↑ First Choice Auto Finance ↑ USAuto Sales ↑ "Car Pro Dealer Dubbed 'Layaway Angel' – Car Pro News" Archived 2015-02-17 at the Wayback Machine. +Layaway +1 2 3 "Aleksandar Vučić: Hrvati se rugaju mojim ubijenim precima!". Novosti. 1 2 Isailović & 6 September 2010. ↑ Index.hr & 13 May 2015. ↑ Mardell, Mark (26 January 2007). +"Europe diary: Serbian Radicals". BBC News. Retrieved 23 May 2010. ↑ "Seselj, Greater Serbia and Hoolbroke's shoes". +SENSE Tribunal. +19 August 2005. Retrieved 25 April 2011. ↑ Aleksandar Vučić Archived 3 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Istinomer.rs ↑ "Narod koji ima najkraće pamćenje na svetu" (in Serbian). +Preko ramena. 10 May 2012. 1 2 3 Guy De Launey (20 January 2014). +"Serbia transforming from pariah to EU partner". BBC News. Retrieved 22 January 2014. ↑ Judah. +Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15826-7. ↑ "Payoffs, fear and bloody conflict". 10 February 2000. ↑ McCormack 2006, p. 381. ↑ "Nikolić: I Vučić napustio radikale" (in Serbian). +Mondo. 14 September 2008. +Archived from the original on 15 September 2008. ↑ "Vučić napušta politiku (za sada)" (in Serbian). Mondo. 15 September 2008. +Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. ↑ Aleksandar Vucic: from nationalist hawk to devout Europeanist Archived 22 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine., GlobalPost.com, 13 March 2014. ↑ "Serbia PM Announces Early General Elections :: Balkan Insight". Retrieved 11 September 2016. ↑ "ODLUČENO Nikolić raspisao vanredne izbore za 24. april". 4 March 2016. +Retrieved 11 September 2016. ↑ "Конференције за медије". Retrieved 11 September 2016. ↑ "RIK objavio konačne rezultate izbora, u Skupštini predstavnici 12 lista". +Retrieved 11 September 2016. ↑ "Narodna skupština Republike Srbije - Poslaničke grupe". Retrieved 11 September 2016. ↑ Председништво СНС-а: Вучић кандидат за председника (Serbian) RTS February 14, 2017, retrieved April 28, 2017 ↑ Vucic Wins Serbian Presidential Elections Balkan Insight April 2, 2017, retrieved April 28, 2017 ↑ McLaughlin, Daniel. "Young Serbs vow to stop 'dictatorship' of president-elect Vucic". +The Irish Times. Retrieved 21 January 2018. ↑ Bogović, Nataša. "PM Vucic: Opposition thought that the "dictator" will bring the police into the streets". +Insajder. Retrieved 21 January 2018. ↑ ALEKSANDAR VUCIC SWORN IN AS SERBIAN PRESIDENT Euronews May 31, 2017 ↑ Vucic sworn in as Serbia's new president amid protests ABC News, May 31, 2017 ↑ "Vučić nema poverenja u policiju". danas.rs (in Serbian). +Danas. +2 September 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017. 1 2 3 Wilford, Greg (3 September 2017). +"Three arrested after Bentley crashes into Serbian president's motorcade, newspaper says". independent.co.uk. +The Independent. Retrieved 3 September 2017. +1 2 "Bentlijem naleteli na vozilo s Vučićem, uhapšeni". b92.net (in Serbian). Tanjug. +3 September 2017. +Retrieved 3 September 2017. ↑ "Vučić u Mitrovici: Milošević je bio veliki srpski lider". Al Jazeera Balkans (in Bosnian). +2018-09-09. +Retrieved 2018-09-10. ↑ McLaughlin, Daniel (August 29, 2018). +"Kosovo premier warns border change with Serbia 'would mean war'". +The Irish Times. Retrieved 2018-09-18. ↑ Rudic, Filip (August 24, 2018). "US Won't Oppose Serbia-Kosovo Border Changes – Bolton". +Balkan Insight. +Retrieved 2018-09-18. +1 2 Vasovic, Aleksandar (29 March 2013). "Ruling Serb Progressive Party stays popular: opinion poll". Reuters. +Retrieved 18 September 2013. +1 2 Pekusic, Biljana (20 May 2013). +"Vucic urges Kosovo Serbs to accept 'the future'". Southeast European Times. Retrieved 18 September 2013. ↑ "PM: Salaries, pensions, subsidies to be cut - - on B92.net". +Retrieved 11 September 2016. ↑ "Press Release: IMF Executive Board Approves €1.2 billion Stand-By Arrangement for Serbia". +Retrieved 11 September 2016. +1 2 "EU "praises Serbia's economic growth, outlines challenges" - - on B92.net". +B92.net. Retrieved 2017-07-27. ↑ "Serbia: Concluding Statement of the Mission for the 2017 Article IV Consultation and the Seventh Review under the Stand-By Arrangement (SBA)". www.imf.org. Retrieved 2017-07-27. ↑ "Average monthly salary in Serbia "first time" over EUR 400 - - on B92.net". +B92.net. +Retrieved 2017-07-27. ↑ "Serbia's central govt debt narrows to 67.1%/GDP at end-May - table - SeeNews - Business intelligence for Southeast Europe". seenews.com. +Retrieved 2017-07-27. ↑ "Serbia Will Take in Some Migrants, Vucic Says :: Balkan Insight". +Retrieved 11 September 2016. ↑ Sengupta, Kim (4 August 2013). +"Aleksandar Vucic: The man who's bringing Belgrade in from the cold". +The Independent. Retrieved 18 September 2013. ↑ "Aleksandar Vucic: Kosovo Serbs 'should accept deal'". BBC News. +13 May 2013. +Retrieved 18 September 2013. ↑ "Russia and Serbia deride EU reaction to Catalan vote". The Irish Times. 3 October 2017. ↑ "Šešeljevac vodi Skupštinu, a Vuk Drašković Vijeće Europe". +Retrieved 11 September 2016. ↑ Vučić sad nije za veliku Srbiju Archived 4 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. ↑ "Road traffic halted between Serbia and Croatia in migrants row". 22 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2016 – via Reuters. ↑ "Serbia to wait for deal with Croatia until Sept. +24 - - on B92.net". +Retrieved 11 September 2016. ↑ "Serbia accuses Croatia of obstructing its EU membership talks". +8 April 2016. +Retrieved 11 September 2016 – via Reuters. ↑ "European Commission Rejects Croatia's Arguments in Its Dispute with Serbia". Retrieved 11 September 2016. ↑ "Otkrivamo pet uvjeta postavljenih pred Srbiju uoči otvaranja poglavlja 23!". Retrieved 11 September 2016. ↑ "Serbia's Vucic, Rejecting EU Sanctions On Russia, Visits With Putin". +29 October 2015. +Retrieved 11 September 2016 – via Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. ↑ Kommersant (15 January 2016). "Serbia plans to buy air defense systems, MiG-29 fighters from Russia". Retrieved 11 September 2016. +1 2 3 "Vučić: Mi smo mali i ponosni, hvala Rusima na tri stvari". b92.net (in Serbian). 19 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2017. ↑ "Readout of the Vice President's Meeting with President of Serbia Aleksandar Vucic". +White House. July 17, 2018. ↑ "Bolton Says U.S. Won't Oppose Kosovo-Serbia Land Swap Deal". +Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. +August 24, 2018. ↑ "Srebrenica memorial: Angry protest mars burial of massacred Muslims". Independent. 11 July 2015. +Retrieved 15 February 2017. ↑ "Milosevic-era minister shakes off dark past on path to power in Serbia". Reuters. +13 March 2014. +Retrieved 15 February 2017. ↑ "Aleksandar Vučić - Granice Velike Srbije će biti Karlobag, Ogulin, Karlovac i Virovitica!". +Youtube. ↑ "Što je Vučić govorio u okupiranoj Glini 1995". tportal.hr. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2017. +1 2 "VIDEO Pogledajte još jedan Vučićev govor: "Karlovac, Virovitica i Ogulin su srpske zemlje"". ↑ "Vučić: Velika Srbija nerealna". tportal.hr. +10 December 2008. Retrieved 15 February 2017. ↑ Blair, David (11 July 2015). "Serbian leader forced to flee as thousands remember dead of Srebrenica". +The Daily Telegraph. +Retrieved 9 February 2017. ↑ Fisk, Robert (2016). +"Europe has a troublingly short memory over Serbia's Aleksander Vucic". +The Independent. +Retrieved 9 February 2017. ↑ "Aleksandar Vucic projected to win presidential election". www.aljazeera.com. ↑ "Izetbegovic "disappointed" with Vucic". +B92. +5 November 2015. +Retrieved 9 February 2017. ↑ "Vucic attacked, hit with stones in Srebrenica (video)". B92. 11 July 2015. +1 2 Press Online :: Politika :: Vučić lepio plakate sa natpisom Bulevar Ratka Mladića Archived 2 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine. ↑ "Street signs bearing Đinđić name vandalized". B92. July 6, 2007. +Retrieved 2018-09-18. ↑ Slavko Ćuruvija ↑ "Slavko Curuvija - Journalists Killed - Committee to Protect Journalists". Retrieved 11 September 2016. ↑ Ексклузивно На Монитору: „Убица“ Славка Ћурувије Је „Проговорио“… , wordpress.com; accessed 9 December 2015. ↑ "Milorad Ulemek provided info about murder of Slavko Ćuruvija", InSerbiaNews.info; accessed 9 December 2015. ↑ Stanković, Stefan (2 June 2015). +"Branka Prpa u Pressingu: Zašto Vučić nije pozvan da svedoči?". The Independent. Retrieved 9 February 2017. ↑ Filipovic, Gordana (March 27, 2017). +"How a Premier May Become a Strongman in Serbia: QuickTake Q&A". +Bloomberg. +Retrieved 2018-09-18. ↑ Nougayrède, Natalie (2018-04-11). +"Beware the chameleon strongmen of Europe". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-09-18. ↑ Karnitschnig, Matthew (2016-04-14). +"Serbia's latest would-be savior is a modernizer, a strongman — or both". +Politico Europe. +Retrieved 2018-09-18. ↑ Janjevic, Darko (June 18, 2017). "EU and the Balkans: Brussels' favorite strongmen". DW. +Retrieved 2018-09-18. ↑ Anastasijevic, Dejan (April 4, 2017). "Serbia's Vucic stronger than ever". EU Observer. +Retrieved 2018-09-18. +1 2 3 Die Tageszeitung:Die Pampigkeit des Herrn Vučić - In Serbien werden Internetseiten attackiert, Blogs gesperrt und Blogger festgenommen. Die Betroffenen berichteten wohl zu kritisch über die Regierung (German) - The stroppiness of Mr. Vučić - In Serbia being attacked websites, blocked blogs and arrested bloggers. The victims reported probably too critical about the government 1 2 3 Die Tageszeitung:"Serbische Regierung zensiert Medien - Ein Virus namens Zensur", taz.de; accessed 9 December 2015.(in German) ↑ "Online War Over Mocking Video of Serbian Deputy PM". +Retrieved 2018-02-18. ↑ "VUČIĆ KOD FEKETIĆA: Spasavao decu iz smetova (VIDEO)". kurir.rs (in Serbian). +Retrieved 2018-02-18. ↑ "Vučić Turcima u Kraljevu: Vodite računa o našim ženama". N1. +21 October 2018. +Retrieved 22 October 2018. ↑ "Građanski blok 381: Vučić ponižava naciju, rešenje je – smena". Movement of Free Citizens. 22 October 2018. +Retrieved 22 October 2018. ↑ "LUDI LUDACI, BOLESNICI, PERVERZNJACI, PORNIĆARI! Janković i ekipa prostački napali Vučića što brine o ženama u Srbiji?!?". Informer. +22 October 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018. ↑ Bojović, B. (12 August 2014). "Šta je Dačić savetovao Vučićevoj supruzi". +Blic. Retrieved 11 July 2015. ↑ "Vučić: Moraću da prekinem obaveze, dobili smo sina". b92.net (in Serbian). Retrieved 9 June 2017. ↑ "Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić Becomes MGIMO Honorary Doctor". mgimo.ru. +20 December 2017. +Retrieved 25 December 2017. ↑ "Serbian President receives honorary doctorate from Azerbaijan University of Languages". azertag.az. +22 May 2018. +Retrieved 27 May 2018. ↑ "Aleksandar Vučić - Order of Friendship from the President of Kazahstan". Večernje Novosti. Retrieved 2018-10-09. ↑ awarded the prestigious 'Order of Alexander Nevsky' by Putin "Vucic awarded the prestigious 'Order of Alexander Nevsky' by Putin=Ibna" Check |url= value (help). +My Hero Academia: Two Heroes (Japanese: 僕のヒーローアカデミア THE MOVIE ～２人の英雄（ヒーロー）～, Hepburn: Boku no Hīrō Academia THE MOVIE: Futari no Hīrō) is a 2018 Japanese anime superhero film based on the manga My Hero Academia by Kōhei Horikoshi. Set between the second and third seasons of the anime series, the film was directed by Kenji Nagasaki and produced by Bones. Anime Expo hosted the film's world premiere on July 5, 2018, and it was later released to theaters in Japan on August 3, 2018. +Wolfram uses his Quirk to control metal to hold off Midoriya and escapes to the rooftop, having kidnapped David so he can make more copies of the invention. Midoriya races to the roof and attempts to stop Wolfram from taking off in a helicopter with David, but fails and falls from the helicopter. Melissa also takes back control of the security system, freeing the pro heroes and disabling the robots. +Wolfram, in a last attempt, uses the invention to amplify his power and starts to overcome an already tired All Might, creating a giant body made up of metal parts and debris that traps David inside it. He overpowers All Might further with multiple Quirks and reveals that he is in league with All for One, who gave Wolfram additional Quirks and helped fuel David's fall from grace in an attempt to demoralize All Might. The rest of the students soon arrive on the roof to help All Might, and Midoriya and All Might work together to finish the fight. +During the credits, scenes are shown of the students and All Might enjoying a barbecue on the island after their victory with the rest of the students from their class Class 1-A, who were also on I-Island when the events of the film happened. Melissa also visits David, who is now in the hospital recovering while the police watch over him. +Voice cast +Character Japanese Voice Actor English Voice Actor Izuku Midoriya Daiki Yamashita Justin Briner All Might Kenta Miyake Christopher R. Sabat Katsuki Bakugō Nobuhiko Okamoto Clifford Chapin Ochako Uraraka Ayane Sakura Luci Christian Tenya Iida Kaito Ishikawa J. Michael Tatum Shōto Todoroki Yūki Kaji David Matranga Momo Yaoyorozu Marina Inoue Colleen Clinkenbeard Eijiro Kirishima Toshiki Masuda Justin Cook Minoru Mineta Ryō Hirohashi Brina Palencia Kyōka Jirō Kei Shindō Trina Nishimura Denki Kaminari Tasuku Hatanaka Kyle Phillips David Shield Katsuhisa Namase Ryōhei Kimura (young)[1] Ray Chase[2] Melissa Shield Mirai Shida Erica Mendez[2] Wolfram Rikiya Koyama Keith Silverstein[2] +Release +Plot +Other media +A one-shot spin-off manga of My Hero Academia, focusing on one of the film's original characters, Melissa Shield, was published in 2018's 35th issue of Shueisha's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine on July 30, 2018. The manga is illustrated by Yōkō Akiyama.[1] +All Might is invited to a summer trip at "I-Island", a man-made island where the top scientists of the world reside and perform research on Quirks, superpowers that 80% of the world's population has. He takes Izuku Midoriya as his guest and reminds him not to reveal to his good friend, former partner, and top scientist Professor David Shield the secret about their shared Quirk: One for All. After they arrive, they are greeted by Melissa Shield, David's daughter and a student of the island's academy hoping to be a scientist just like the father. +After a reunion with David, All Might becomes tired due to injuries sustained in the past from his battle with the villain All for One and transforms back into his depowered form. By running tests, David realizes that All Might's Quirk is nearly depleted. Meanwhile, Melissa shows Midoriya around the island, and they run into Yaoyorozu, who had been invited to the island and has brought Uraraka and Jirō as her guests. +Before the party, Melissa reveals to Midoriya that she is Quirkless like, unbeknownst to her, he once was. She also realizes his Quirk is similar to All Might's, and gives him a gauntlet she had designed that allows him to not get hurt when using his powers at 100%. +Meanwhile, Wolfram, a mysterious villain who secretly arrived on the island prior, takes control of the island's security system during the party and threatens to kill its residents. He also restrains all of the pro-heroes attending, including All Might, and takes David and his assistant Sam hostage in order to break into the island's vault. As they were running late, Midoriya, Melissa, Iida, Todoroki, Yaoyorozu, Uraraka, Jirō, Mineta, and Kaminari are not restrained alongside the pro-heroes at the party and, in order to take back control of the security system, decide to access it by reaching the 200th floor of the building the party is hosted at. +After the students reach the 80th floor, Wolfram and his team become aware of their plan and attempt to apprehend them. While hiding in a plant room, the group attempts to escape from two of the villains until Bakugō and Kirishima accidentally cross paths with them and engage in battle. Todoroki helps the others escape to a higher floor and joins Bakugō and Kirishima in their fight. +Attempting to reach the very top, Uraraka uses her Quirk to float Midoriya and Melissa closer to the security room. Just as Uraraka is about to be attacked by more robots, Bakugō, Todoroki, and Kirishima arrive to save her. The four of them fight the robots as Midoriya and Melissa fight their way to the very top. +It is revealed that David and Sam orchestrated the night's events with actors in order to steal back their greatest invention - a headset that maximizes the power of a person's Quirk. I-Island's top men decided that it was too dangerous, took their invention and research away, and locked it up so it wouldn't end up in the wrong hands. Deciding that All Might needed it to remain a hero and keep the world safe, David decided to get his invention back. +References +External links +References +Selected filmography +Ennio Fantastichini (20 February 1955 – 1 December 2018) was an Italian actor. +Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013. ↑ Paola Nicita (20 June 2010). "Nastro d'argento alla Ragonese". +Results +References +General elections were held in Bermuda in October 1993.[1] The result was a victory for the United Bermuda Party, which won 22 of the 40 seats in the House of Assembly. +Party Votes % Seats +/– United Bermuda Party 25,527 50.51 22 –1 Progressive Labour Party 23,168 45.84 18 +3 National Liberal Party 1,449 2.87 0 –1 Independents 397 0.79 0 –1 Total 50,541 100 40 0 Registered voters/turnout 33,922 – – Source: Parliamentary Registry +1993 Bermudian general election +Population +References +Anor is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. It lies about forty kilometres (twenty-five miles) south-south-east of Maubeuge. +Historical population Year Pop. ±% 1793 1,552 — 1800 1,783 +14.9% 1806 1,907 +7.0% 1821 1,608 −15.7% 1831 2,552 +58.7% 1836 2,670 +4.6% 1841 2,866 +7.3% 1846 2,965 +3.5% 1851 3,066 +3.4% 1856 2,967 −3.2% 1861 2,929 −1.3% 1866 2,844 −2.9% 1872 3,637 +27.9% 1876 4,500 +23.7% 1881 4,539 +0.9% 1886 4,902 +8.0% 1891 4,663 −4.9% 1896 4,578 −1.8% 1901 4,610 +0.7% 1906 4,604 −0.1% 1911 4,412 −4.2% 1921 4,119 −6.6% 1926 4,528 +9.9% 1931 4,160 −8.1% 1936 3,938 −5.3% 1946 3,300 −16.2% 1954 3,700 +12.1% 1962 3,794 +2.5% 1968 3,622 −4.5% 1975 3,373 −6.9% 1982 3,109 −7.8% 1990 3,099 −0.3% 1999 3,091 −0.3% 2006 3,213 +3.9% 2009 3,242 +0.9% 2012 3,347 +3.2% 2015 3,315 −1.0% +External links +DVD release +References +Porky in the North Woods (released December 19, 1936) is a Warner Brothers Looney Tunes short animated film. +The cartoon was supervised (directed) by Frank Tashlin (credited at "Frank Tash"), with animation by Volney White and Norman McCabe. The musical score is by Carl Stalling.[1] +Singles with NMB48 +Sayaka Yamamoto (山本 彩, Yamamoto Sayaka, born July 14, 1993) is a former member of the Japanese idol girl group NMB48, where she serves as the captain of Team N, and Leader of NMB48. She is also a former member of AKB48's Team K.[1][2][3] +Yamamoto participated for the first auditions for NMB48, and was selected along with 15 other girls. The group debuted on October 9, 2010 as Team N. In 2011, she and NMB48 member Miyuki Watanabe were the first NMB48 members to participate in an AKB48 single: "Everyday, Katyusha". +1 2 山本彩はチームNとKを兼任／大組閣祭り (in Japanese). Nikkan Sports News. Retrieved June 6, 2015. ↑ 山本彩のプロフィール [Sayaka Yamamoto's Profile] (in Japanese). oricon ME inc. +Retrieved June 6, 2015. ↑ "NMB48山本彩、AKB48兼任解除 決意を明かす". +Modelpress (in Japanese). +Modelpress. April 13, 2016. +Retrieved April 13, 2016. ↑ Suskin, Jeremy (February 23, 2015). +"Sayaka Yamamoto's Newest Photobook "SY" Top Sales Charts". Nihongogo. Nihongogo. +Retrieved February 23, 2015. ↑ Suskin, Jeremy (February 25, 2015). +"Sayaka Yamamoto's Photobook "SY" To See Second Printing". Nihongogo. Nihongogo. +Retrieved February 25, 2015. ↑ "NMB48山本彩、AKB48兼任解除 決意を明かす". Modelpress (in Japanese). Modelpress. +April 13, 2016. +Retrieved April 13, 2016. +1 2 "嵐、最新作『Are You Happy?』がオリコン初登場1位！". +RO69. ロッキング・オン・ホールディングス. November 1, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2016. ↑ "YAMAMOTO SAYAKA 2ND ALBUM DETAILED, TITLED "IDENTITY"". +Kimi.Kame. +Kimi.Kame. September 5, 2017. +Retrieved September 12, 2017. ↑ "さや姉、NMB48卒業発表で涙…会場騒然「何年も卒業の2文字と向き合ってきた」". https://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/ (in Japanese). https://headlines.yahoo.co.jp/. +July 30, 2018. +Retrieved July 30, 2018. +External link in |website=, |publisher= (help) ↑ "Ex-NMB48 Girls Return for Yamamoto Sayaka Graduation Concert". https://jshowbiz.com. jshowbiz. +October 27, 2018. +Retrieved October 27, 2018. +External link in |website= (help) 1 2 "AKB48第4回総選挙、大島優子が2年ぶり2回目のトップに" (in Japanese). Natalie. +June 6, 2012. Retrieved August 3, 2012. 1 2 "AKB48第4回総選挙、トップ16メンバーのコメント全紹介" (in Japanese). +On February 2014, it was announced that she would hold a concurrent position in AKB48's Team K.[1] +12 "Durian Shōnen" A-side, Team N Sang on "Inochi no Heso" as Team N. 13 "Must be now" A-side (Center), Team N Sang on "Yume ni Iro ga nai riyū" as Team N and "Orera to wa". 2016 14 "Amagami Hime" A-side (Center), Team N Also sang on "365 Nichi no Kamihikōki" as solo version, "Hakanai Monogatari" as Team N and "Dōtonbori yo, Naka Sete Kure!". 15 "Boku wa Inai" A-side, Team N Also sang on "Ima Naraba" as Saya Milky and "Sora Kara Ai ga Futte Kuru" as Team N. 16 "Boku Igai no Dareka" A-side (Center), Team N Also sang on "Kodoku Guitar" as Team N. 2017 17 "Warota People" A-side, Team N Also sang on "Doko ka de Kiss wo" as Team N. 2018 18 "Yokubomono" A-side (Center), Team N Also sang on "Hankyū Densha" as Team N. 19 "Boku Datte naichau yo" A-side (Center), Team N Last single to participate. +Sayaka Yamamoto +A budget is a financial plan for a defined period, often one year. It may also include planned sales volumes and revenues, resource quantities, costs and expenses, assets, liabilities and cash flows. Companies, governments, families and other organizations use it to express strategic plans of activities or events in measurable terms.[1] +External links +Gross national saving is derived by deducting final consumption expenditure from Gross national disposable income, and consists of personal saving, plus business saving, plus government saving, but excludes foreign saving. The figures are presented as a percent of GDP. A negative number indicates that the economy as a whole is spending more income than it produces, thus drawing down national wealth. +Rank Country Gross national savings (% of GDP) Year 1 Macau 65.9 2017 2 Ireland 56.3 2017 3 Singapore 53.5 2017 4 Luxembourg 53.4 2017 5 Brunei 53.0 2017 6 United Arab Emirates 52.8 2017 7 Qatar 51.1 2016 8 Suriname 50.0 2017 9 Republic of the Congo 47.5 2017 10 China 47.4 2017 11 Gabon 45.8 2017 12 Iran 44.3 2017 13 Panama 39.2 2016 14 Oman 38.8 2016 15 Mongolia 38.5 2017 16 Bahrain 37.8 2016 17 South Korea 36.6 2017 18 Malta 36.3 2016 19 Switzerland 34.3 2017 20 Botswana 34.3 2016 21 Mauritania 33.9 2017 22 Kazakhstan 33.8 2016 23 Timor-Leste 33.7 2017 24 Saudi Arabia 33.6 2017 25 Indonesia 33.6 2017 26 Czech Republic 33.6 2017 27 Thailand 33.0 2016 28 Algeria 32.8 2017 29 Malaysia 32.5 2017 30 Zambia 32.5 2016 31 Netherlands 31.8 2017 32 Norway 31.2 2017 33 Azerbaijan 30.9 2017 34 Equatorial Guinea 30.7 2017 35 Belarus 30.5 2017 36 Hungary 30.4 2017 37 Myanmar 30.0 2016 38 Sweden 29.9 2017 39 India 29.8 2017 40 Russia 29.6 2017 41 Sri Lanka 29.3 2017 42 Slovenia 28.9 2017 43 Kuwait 28.8 2016 44 Estonia 28.4 2017 45 Austria 28.4 2017 46 Denmark 28.1 2017 47 Germany 27.4 2017 48 Turkey 26.4 2017 49 Iceland 26.3 2017 50 Slovakia 26.1 2017 51 Uzbekistan 26.0 2017 52 Vietnam 25.5 2017 53 Belgium 25.3 2017 54 Bangladesh 25.3 2017 55 Bhutan 25.2 2017 56 Ecuador 24.8 2017 57 Ivory Coast 24.8 2017 58 New Zealand 24.8 2017 59 Australia 24.6 2017 60 Japan 24.5 2016 61 Ethiopia 24.1 2017 62 Poland 23.9 2017 63 Tanzania 23.9 2016 64 Spain 23.8 2017 65 Chile 23.8 2017 66 Vanuatu 23.4 2014 67 Hong Kong 23.2 2017 68 Croatia 22.7 2017 69 Mexico 22.7 2017 70 Peru 22.6 2017 71 Israel 22.6 2016 72 Bulgaria 22.4 2017 73 Finland 22.4 2017 74 France 22.4 2017 75 Romania 22.3 2017 76 Laos 21.9 2017 77 Morocco 21.7 2017 78 Cambodia 21.4 2017 79 Canada 21.4 2017 80 Sudan 20.9 2017 81 Italy 20.3 2017 82 Seychelles 20.3 2015 83 Latvia 20.1 2017 84 Georgia 20.1 2017 85 South Africa 19.6 2017 86 Burkina Faso 19.6 2017 87 Lithuania 19.5 2017 88 Bahamas 19.0 2017 89 Uruguay 18.8 2017 90 Costa Rica 18.7 2017 91 Iraq 18.7 2017 92 Dominican Republic 18.6 2017 93 Cameroon 18.5 2017 94 Paraguay 18.5 2017 95 Colombia 18.1 2017 96 Macedonia 17.9 2017 97 Niger 17.4 2017 98 Portugal 17.4 2017 99 Democratic Republic of the Congo 17.0 2017 100 United States 16.9 2016 101 Uganda 16.5 2017 102 Brazil 16.5 2017 103 Cyprus 16.5 2017 104 Argentina 16.4 2017 105 Guyana 16.4 2017 106 United Kingdom 15.8 2017 107 Chad 15.6 2017 108 Philippines 15.4 2017 109 Bolivia 15.3 2017 110 Nicaragua 14.8 2017 111 Ukraine 14.4 2017 112 Fiji 14.3 2016 113 Nigeria 13.1 2016 114 Senegal 12.8 2017 115 Guinea 12.6 2017 116 Cape Verde 12.5 2017 117 Serbia 12.2 2017 118 Cuba 12.1 2015 119 Angola 11.6 2017 120 Madagascar 11.5 2017 121 Benin 11.0 2017 122 Mauritius 10.7 2017 123 Greece 10.7 2017 124 South Sudan 10.5 2016 125 Belize 10.4 2017 126 Djibouti 10.3 2017 127 Nepal 10.3 2017 128 Venezuela 10.1 2014 129 Rwanda 8.9 2017 130 Jamaica 8.8 2017 131 Tunisia 8.8 2016 132 Albania 8.6 2017 133 Armenia 8.5 2017 134 Honduras 8.5 2017 135 Haiti 8.4 2017 136 Togo 7.4 2017 137 Tajikistan 7.1 2017 138 Namibia 6.8 2017 139 Pakistan 6.8 2017 140 Guinea-Bissau 6.3 2017 141 Malawi 6.2 2017 142 Ghana 5.7 2017 143 Kenya 5.4 2017 144 Montenegro 5.1 2017 145 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4.3 2017 146 Barbados 4.3 2017 147 Guatemala 4.0 2017 148 Afghanistan 3.6 2016 149 Zimbabwe 3.6 2017 150 Mozambique 3.2 2017 151 Swaziland 3.2 2016 152 Egypt 3.1 2017 153 Kosovo 2.1 2017 154 Kyrgyzstan 1.5 2017 155 Mali 1.4 2017 156 Eritrea 1.2 2011 157 El Salvador –0.4 2017 158 Jordan –0.8 2017 159 Lebanon –1.0 2017 160 Central African Republic –1.6 2017 161 Gambia –2.7 2017 162 Moldova –4.9 2017 163 Yemen –8.4 2016 164 Burundi –8.8 2016 165 Lesotho –12.4 2016 166 Comoros –12.6 2014 167 Sierra Leone –14.5 2016 168 Palestine –14.9 2017 169 Somalia –41.2 2017 170 Liberia –58.8 2016 +References +Sim Var (Khmer: ស៊ឹម វ៉ា; 2 February 1906 – 12 October 1989) was a Cambodian politician. +He served as Prime Minister of Cambodia from July 1957 to January 1958. +Together with Chhean Vam and Ieu Koeus, he co-founded the Democratic Party in April 1946. A nationalist,[2] Sim Var opposed the French rule over Cambodia and led opposition movements with other nationalists. +Sim Var was Cambodia's Ambassador to Japan during the 1970s.[1] +Nhiek Tioulong (Khmer: ញឹក ជូឡុង; 23 August 1908 – 9 June 1996) was a Cambodian army officer and politician who served as Acting Prime Minister of Cambodia from 13 February 1962 to 6 August 1962. +He was a prominent politician during the tenure of Prince Norodom Sihanouk. He also served as Minister for Foreign Affairs in the 1960s and repeatedly as governor of provinces in Cambodia. +Tioulong was the father of lawmaker Tioulong Saumura and father-in-law of opposition leader Sam Rainsy. +Tioulong died in a Hong Kong hospital on June 9, 1996, aged 87. +Vinich Chareonsiri (born 10 August 1936) is a Thai former sports shooter. +He competed in the 50 metre rifle three positions event at the 1968 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +↑ "Vinich Chareonsiri". Sports Reference. Retrieved 28 December 2015. +References +Kirin Chavanwong is a Thai basketball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1956 Summer Olympics.[1] +Kirin Chavanwong +External links +Honours +Yehoshua Glazer (Hebrew: יהושע גלזר‎, 29 December 1927 – 29 December 2018) was an Israeli footballer who played for Maccabi Tel Aviv and for the Israel national football team his entire career. +Israeli Premier League (6): 1946–47, 1949–50, 1951–52, 1953–54, 1955–56, 1957–58 Israel State Cup (6): 1946, 1947, 1954, 1955, 1958, 1959 +References +Biography +Raymond Ramazani Baya (16 June 1943 – 1 January 2019) was a Congolese politician. +He served as the foreign minister of that country[1] under the transitional government following his appointment to that post on July 23, 2004, by vice-president Jean-Pierre Bemba, who was allowed to appoint the foreign minister. +Ramazani was a long-time member of the regime of President Mobutu, most prominently as Minister of Information[2] and as Ambassador to France.[3] +Jeune Afrique L'intelligent: Issues 2269-2276 (in French). p. 8. Retrieved 10 November 2010. Raymond Ramazani Baya, universitaire, ex-journaliste et ancien ambassadeur à Paris... +Career +Discography +Faisal Mssyeh (25 January 1986 – 1 January 2019), known professionally as Feis or Feis Ecktuh, was a Dutch rapper. +Feis gained some fame in 2007 when he worked on the song "Klein, Klein Jongen" from U-Niq. +In the same year he was heard on the song "Coke op 't Gas" by Kempi. In 2009, he contributed to the album Winne zonder strijd by Winne. +In 2014, Feis released his debut album Hard from the outside, broken inside. In 2015, he was at the festival Eurosonic Noorderslag and in the same year he was seen with Maribelle in an episode of Ali B at full speed.[1] +On 1 January 2019, Feis was shot dead in Rotterdam on the Nieuwe Binnenweg.[2] +References +Paul Christopher Neville (20 March 1940 – 1 January 2019) was an Australian politician who was a National Party member of the Australian House of Representatives from March 1993 to August 2013, representing the Division of Hinkler, Queensland.[1] After the Queensland chapters of the Nationals and Liberals merged in 2008 as the Liberal National Party of Queensland, Neville continued to sit with the Nationals in Parliament. +Neville died at the Bundaberg Base Hospital in the early hours of 1 January 2019.[10]It is understood he had been suffering health problems for some time.[10] +National Party of Australia. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 2009-04-02. ↑ Commonwealth, Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives, 18 September 2001, 30853 (Paul Neville) ↑ Ian Warden, 'How cricketing animals were kept off Australia's national flag', The Canberra Times (Canberra), 4 September 2002, p. +External links +January +References +The following deaths of notable individuals occurred in 2019. Names are reported under the date of death, in alphabetical order by surname or pseudonym. +Feis Ecktuh, 32, Dutch rapper, shot.[1] Paul Neville, 78, Australian politician, MP (1993–2013).[2] Raymond Ramazani Baya, 75, Congolese politician, Foreign Minister (2004–2007) and Ambassador to France (1990–1996).[3] +↑ Vrienden: Slachtoffer schietpartij is rapper Feis (in Dutch) ↑ Former Nationals MP Paul Neville dies ↑ RDC: Décès du sénateur Raymond Ramazani Baya á Paris (in French) +References +Velga Vīlipa (4 February 1940 – 2 April 2018) was a Latvian film and theatre actress.[1][2][3] +She was best-known for her roles in the films Nauris and Šķēps un roze.[4][1][5] She also performed at the acclaimed Dailes Theatre and the Youth Theatre.[1][3] +Retrieved 6 May 2018. ↑ "ŠĶĒPS UN ROZE". kinomuzejs.lv (in Latvian). Latvijas Kultūras akadēmijas. Retrieved 7 April 2018. ↑ Šaitere, Tekla (29 January 2005). +References +Javier Aller Martín (20 April 1972 – 1 May 2018) was a Spanish film and television actor. +Born in Madrid,[1] his career began on 1998, and he participated in various humoristic film and TV series, known by his short stature. +He died on 1 May 2018 from diabetes after suffering from two strokes.[2][3] He participated in films such as The Biggest Robbery Never Told, Miguel y William, Mortadelo & Filemon: The Big Adventure, The Miracle of P. Tinto, His Majesty Minor.[4] +3 May 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018. ↑ "Muere Javier Aller, secundario habitual del cine español y rostro popular por «El milagro de P. Tinto»". ABC (in Spanish). +External links +References +Early life +River Alexander[1] (born November 29, 1999) is an American actor. +Alexander was born in Southwest Ranches, Florida.[2] He attended American Heritage School in Plantation, Florida.[3] +Alexander's first professional performance was on stage at the age of 11 in New York City at the Public Theater in the musical Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson. +He then went on to perform in the Broadway national tour of Billy Elliot the Musical. He has had several episodic roles on television. His first film role was in 2013's summer indie hit The Way, Way Back in the role of Peter.[4] He is currently filming Boychoir, to be released in 2015.[5] +Retrieved March 8, 2013. ↑ "Southwest Ranches Website". Retrieved May 1, 2014. ↑ "River's Website". Retrieved December 18, 2014. ↑ "Movie Web Credits". +Notes +Frederick Julius Abbott (25 November 1901 – 4 May 1952) was a New Zealand-born English cricketer who played three first-class matches for Worcestershire: one in 1919 and two in 1920. +He made his highest score, 42, on debut against Warwickshire in August 1919.[1] He also played at least once for Malvern College.[2] +↑ "Warwickshire v Worcestershire in 1919". CricketArchive. Retrieved 19 April 2009. ↑ "Malvern College v Wolverhampton in 1920". +External links +References +The Human Rights Party or (Kanakpak Sethi Manus) was a Cambodian political party founded on 22 July 2007 led by Kem Sokha. +Critics allege that its foundation is meant to weaken opposition parties and is driven by the ruling party. This sentiment, however, seems to be driven by the ruling party themselves as Kem Sokha has long been a very vocal critic of the ruling CPP party. +In the July 2008 parliamentary elections, the ruling party won a landslide majority and the Human Rights Party took third place. +In 2012 it merged with the Sam Rainsy Party to form the Cambodia National Rescue Party but the party still remains active until the 2017 Commune elections when it will officially disband.[1] +↑ "Changes at Human Rights Party". The Phnom Penh Post. 1 April 2013. +References +Biography +Bob Hanner (April 19, 1945 – January 2, 2019) was an American politician and businessman. +He was a member of the Georgia House of Representatives from 1974 to 2013. He was a member of the Republican party. Hanner was a Democrat; he then switched political parties and joined the Republicans in 2010. +Hanner was born in Sumter County, Georgia. He served in the United States Coast Guard in 1967 and 1968 in South Vietnam. Hanner went to the Gordon Military College and to the Georgia Southwestern State University. +He was involved in the insurance business and estate planning. Hanner was a farmer. He lived in Parrott, Georgia.[1][2] Hanner died on January 2, 2019.[3] +↑ "Project Vote Smart - The Voter's Self Defense System". Project Vote Smart. Retrieved 8 May 2015. ↑ Georgia House of Representatives-Bob Hanner ↑ Long time South Georgia state representative Bob Hanner dies +References +Edwin Hale Abbot (1834–1927) was a lawyer and railroad executive, active in Boston and Milwaukee. +Abbot was born in Beverly, Massachusetts, educated at Harvard University (BA 1855, AM 1858, and LL.D. 1861), and practiced law in Boston from 1862–76.[1] During this time, he served as an attorney for the Alabama Claims, a series of claims for damages by the United States government against the government of Great Britain for the assistance given to the Confederate cause during the American Civil War. In 1873 Abbot was named general solicitor and a director of the Wisconsin Central Railway. He moved to Milwaukee in 1876 and subsequently became the railway's president, in which role he served until 1890. +He was also a director of the Northern Pacific Railway. +He was elected Associate Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1924.[2] +(1908), Who's who in America, 5, Chicago: Marquis Who's Who, Incorporated, p. 2. ↑ "Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter A" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 18 March 2011. +References +Hermann Hansen Aarsrud (14 July, 1837– 14 February, 1927) was a Norwegian farmer and politician for the Liberal Party. +He was elected as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from the constituency Hedemarkens Amt in 1888, and moved up as a regular representative following the 1890 death of Eivind Torp. +He was re-elected in 1891, 1894 and 1897, serving through 1900. +He was a farmer and merchant[1] in Våler, Hedmark, and was mayor here from 1879 to 1904. +↑ "Hermann Hansen Aarsrud" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Social Science Data Services (NSD). Retrieved 19 November 2012. ↑ "Halvdan Aarsrud" (in Norwegian). +References +Chea Soth (Khmer: ជា សុទ្ធ; 3 March 1928 – 21 January 2012) was a Cambodian politician. +He belonged to the Cambodian People's Party and was elected to represent Prey Veng Province in the National Assembly of Cambodia in 2003.[1][2] He was Minister of Planning in the PRK government from 1982 to 1993. +Chea Soth died on 21 January 2012, at the age of 83.[3] +↑ "Election results" Archived June 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.. Cambodia National Election Committee. +Accessed June 18, 2008. ↑ "សមាជិក​​​សភា​ដែល​​មាន​វ័យ​ចាស់​ទុំ​​ជាង​គេ លោកជា សុទ្ធ ​​ទទួលមរណភាព​​​​ជរាពាធ​". +Koh Santepheap Daily. 2012-01-22. Retrieved 2018-11-27. zero width space character in |title= at position 7 (help) ↑ "Veteran revolutionary Chea Soth dies". +The Cambodia Herald. +21 January 2012. +Retrieved 9 April 2014. +References +Chhay Than is a Cambodian politician. He belongs to the Cambodian People's Party. He was named Finance Minister in 1989[1] and was elected to represent Kandal Province in the National Assembly of Cambodia in 2003. +↑ "Non-Persons No Longer". The New York Times. 8 January 1990. p. 6. +References +Kuoy Bunroeun (born February 12, 1967) is a Cambodian politician belonging to the Cambodia National Rescue Party representing Kampong Cham Province. +He was also a Sam Rainsy Party member representing Takeo Province in the 4th Mandate (2003-2008).[1] He was replaced by Sam Rainsy in 2014 who was barred from running in the election. +Chea Poch (born 2 January 1974) is a Cambodian politician. +He belongs to the Sam Rainsy Party and was elected to represent Prey Veng Province in the National Assembly of Cambodia in 2003.[1] +References +Nin Saphon (born 6 July 1948) is a Cambodian politician. +She belongs to the Cambodian People's Party and was elected to represent Takeo Province in the National Assembly of Cambodia in 2003.[1] +See also +References +List of African countries by area List of Asian countries by area List of Oceanian countries by area List of South American countries by area +↑ "Updated land cover figures". ssb.no. Retrieved 2015-11-21. ↑ The map shows one of the most commonly accepted delineations of the geographical boundaries of Europe, as used by National Geographic and Encyclopædia Britannica. +Below is a list of all countries in Europe, in order of geographical area. Europe's total geographical area is 10.18 million km². +List of European countries by area +External links +References +Bastian Karsten Ayong[1] (born 20 January 1998) is a Cameroon-born Czech professional football forward currently playing for 1. FK Příbram in the Czech First League. +He made his senior league debut for Příbram on 4 December 2016 in a Czech First League 2–2 away draw at Mladá Boleslav.[3] +Retrieved 15 May 2018. ↑ "Mladá Boleslav - Příbram 2:2, domácí znovu nevyhráli, vedení neudrželi". iDNES.cz. 4 December 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016. +External links +References +Club career +Teun Bijleveld (born 27 May 1998) is a Dutch football player. +He made his Eerste Divisie debut for Jong Ajax on 18 August 2017 in a game against SC Cambuur.[1] +↑ "Game Report by Soccerway". Soccerway. 18 August 2017. +References +Yasufumi Fujino (藤野 保史, Fujino Yasufumi) is a member of the Japanese Communist Party serving in the House of Representatives.[1] He was criticized for his remarks calling the budget for the Japan Self-Defense Forces money to "kill people".[2] +References +Crispín Oben (January 7, 1876 – August 29, 1947) was born in Lumban, Laguna, Philippines. +He finished his Bachelor of Arts Degree at Colegio de San Juan de Letran in 1895. +He then proceeded to study at the University of Santo Tomas from 1895–1898. He studied Law at the Escuela de Derecho from 1900–1902. He was a member of the First Philippine Assembly in 1907 representing the second district of Laguna. +He was married to Victoria Capistrano with whom he had twelve children, four of whom became nuns. +Quezon III, Manuel; Emmanuel, Albano; Ricardo, Jose; Manuel, Martinez; Jeremy, Barus (2007). Assembly of the Nation. Philippines: House of Representatives of the Philippines. +References +Victor S. Dominguez (May 3, 1935 – February 8, 2008) was a Filipino politician. +He started his political career as a Vice-Governor of Mountain Province on April 7, 1967. +He was elected to six terms as a member of Congress, representing the Lone District of Mountain Province.[1] +"Mountain Province solon Victor Dominguez dies; 72". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 11 February 2008. +External links +References +Ivan Milanov Dimitrov (Bulgarian: Иван Миланов Димитров; 14 May 1935 – 1 January 2019) was a Bulgarian footballer who played as a defender for the Bulgarian national team. +At club level, he made 340 appearances in the Bulgarian League, playing for Stroitel Sofia, Torpedo Sofia, Zavod 12 Sofia, Lokomotiv Sofia, Spartak Sofia and Akademik Sofia.[1] +Dimitrov was capped 70 times for the Bulgaria national football team. He appeared in the 1962 and 1970 FIFA World Cups.[2][3] He also competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics.[4] He died on 1 January 2019 at the age of 83.[5] +↑ "Тъжна вест! Почина една от емблемите на Локо (Сф)" (in Bulgarian). novsport.com. 2 January 2019. ↑ 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.. fifa.com ↑ Mamrud, Roberto (1 September 2016). +"Ivan Milanov Dimitrov - International Appearances". +RSSSF. Retrieved 3 January 2019. ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill. "Ivan Dimitrov Olympic Results". +Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. +Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 14 October 2018. ↑ "Почина легендата на Локо Сф Иван Димитров" (in Bulgarian). gong.bg. 2 January 2019. +Ivan Dimitrov (footballer) +External links +Kevin J. McIntyre (December 27, 1960 – January 2, 2019) was an American attorney and government official who served as a member and Chairman of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). +Prior to assuming his current role, he was co-leader of the global energy practice at the law firm Jones Day.[1] At Jones Day, McIntyre's legal practice focused on compliance and enforcement, energy trading, competition issues, and energy exports.[2][3] +McIntyre died on January 2, 2019, from brain cancer.[4] +July 13, 2017. Retrieved November 3, 2017. ↑ Crawford, Jonathan; Dlouhy, Jennifer (March 8, 2017). "Trump Picks McIntyre, Chatterjee for Federal Energy Agency, Sources Say". +Biography +Salvador Martínez Pérez (26 February 1933 – 2 January 2019) was a Mexican Roman Catholic bishop. +Martínez Pérez was born in Mexico and was ordained to the priesthood in 1960. +He served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Huejutla, Mexico, from 1994 to 2009.[1] +↑ "Diocese of Huejutla, Mexico". gcatholic.org. Retrieved 2019-01-03. +References +Bibi Ballandi (26 June 1946 – 15 February 2018) was[1] an Italian television producer. +He worked as a manager for numerous artists, including singers such as Al Bano, Mina, Little Tony, Rita Pavone, Orietta Berti, Nicola Di Bari and Caterina Caselli in the 1960s, and later worked with Fabrizio De Andrè, Lucio Dalla, Francesco De Gregori and Roberto Vecchioni.[1] +He died on 15 February 2018 in Imola, Italy, aged 71, following a long battle with colorectal cancer.[1] +1 2 3 4 "Bibi Ballandi è morto". RTL.it. 15 February 2018. +External links +References +Raffaele Baldassarre (MEP) 2014 +Raffaele Baldassarre (23 September 1956 – 10 November 2018) was an Italian politician and a member of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2014 for the European People's Party. +He was born in Lecce and died in a hospital there after a sudden illness had its onset at his home the night prior.[1] +References +Hans Jacob Aall (20 September 1869 – 6 November 1946) was a Norwegian museum director. +He was born in Arendal to ship owner Diderik Maria Aall and Marie Elisabeth Herlofson. He was a great-grandson of Niels Aall, and nephew of Axel Nicolai Herlofson.[1] +[1] +Hans Aall +External links +Jaak Aab (born 9 April 1960 in Taagepera) is an Estonian politician and a former Minister of Social Affairs of Estonia. +He belongs to the Estonian Centre Party (Eesti Keskerakond). +References +Early life and education +Ba Myint (Burmese: ဘမြင့်; born 13 November 1950) is a Burmese dental professor who served as Rector of the University of Dental Medicine, Yangon from 2004 to 2007. +He was the fourth president of the Myanmar Dental Association (MDA) from 1998 to 2008. +Ba Myint was born in Rangoon, Myanmar on 13 November 1950.[1] He graduated from university in July 1965. +He received Ph.D from Japan in 1995.[1] +Ba Myint +References +Nooran Bamatraf (born November 25, 1999) is a Yemeni swimmer. +She competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the women's 100 metre butterfly event; her time of 1:11.16 in the heats did not qualify her for the semifinals. She attends Lassiter High School in Marietta, GA as well as swimming for Stingrays Swimming under coaches Ian Goss and Michael Söderlund (Swedish Olympian in 1980, 1984, and 1988)[1][2] +Retrieved September 26, 2016. ↑ "Women's 100m Butterfly - Standings". Rio 2016. Archived from the original on September 22, 2016. +Nooran Ba-Matraf +References +Rabbi Shimon Baadani, a leading Israeli Sephardic rabbi and Yemenite Jew,[1] is a senior leader of Shas,[2][3] and a member of Moetzet Chachmei HaTorah.[4][5] Rav Baadani was born in 1928, Israel. +7 November 2014. ↑ "Shas leadership says Council of Torah Sages will continue to coordinate with political party". Jerusalem Post. 8 October 2013. ↑ "Rabbis Ba'adani and Mazuz to Meet – Yishai to Announce his Resignation". +References +Ma Sen (馬森, b. +3 October 1932, in Shandong province) is a Taiwanese writer.[1] +Ma Sen is a literary critic, a writer of fiction, and a playwright. He studied film and drama in France starting in 1961, later studying Sociology at the University of British Columbia. He is now a professor at Foguang University in the Graduate Institute of Literary Studies. +↑ Cody, Gabrielle H.; Sprinchorn, Evert (2007). The Columbia encyclopedia of modern drama. Columbia University Press. pp. 874–. +Life and career +Ma Jiantang (Chinese: 马建堂; born April 29, 1958) is a Chinese economist and politician, and the current executive vice-president of Academy of Governance (minister-level rank). +Born in Binzhou, Shandong, Ma graduated from the Department of Economics of Shandong University in 1982, and earned a master's degree at Nankai University in 1985. +He received his doctorate from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in 1988. +Ma won the Sun Yefang Economics Prize in 1994 while serving on the Development Research Center of the State Council, he received the Chinese Economic Theory Innovation award In 2012.[1] +Ma was elected to the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China as an alternate member in November 2012. Ma was ranked first out of 168 alternate members in a list ordered by the number of votes received at the party congress. +Ma was made a full member of the committee at the 3rd Plenum of the 18th Central committee in 2014 to replace a vacant seat.[3] +References +Karin MacDonald (born 16 May 1969) is an Australian politician and was a member of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly representing the electorate of Brindabella for the Labor Party. +MacDonald was elected at the 2001 ACT general election and retired at the 2008 ACT general election.[1] +MacDonald identifies as Jewish. Her maternal grandparents were German Jews who fled just prior to the outbreak of WW2. Her father converted to Judaism when he married her mother.[2] +2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 2010-08-02. ↑ http://www.hansard.act.gov.au/hansard/2002/pdfs/20011211.pdf +References +Howie MacDonald (born March 9, 1965) is a Canadian fiddler and entertainer from Westmount, Cape Breton Island. His lively Cape Breton style of fiddling has entertained audiences all over the world while travelling with The Rankin Family. +He has released multiple albums including one with Ashley MacIsaac, capebretonfiddlemusicNOTCALM in 2001.[1] +MacDonald was the Conservative Party of Canada candidate for Sydney—Victoria in the 2004[2] and 2006 federal elections.[3] +↑ "Gaelic College Faculty". The Gaelic College. Retrieved 2017-07-28. ↑ "MacDonald gets nod in Sydney-Victoria". +Datuk Haji Mohamed bin Nasir (Jawi: محمد بن ناصر) (January 1, 1916 – February 21, 1997)[1] was a Malaysian politician. +He served as the fifteenth Menteri Besar (Chief Minister) of Kelantan from 1973 to 1978.[2] +↑ "Dato Hj Muhammad Nasir [Menteri Besar Kelantan ke-15 1973-1978]". Geni. Retrieved 31 December 2018. ↑ "Senarai Menteri Besar Kerajaan Negeri Kelantan]". +Mohamed Nasir +References +Biography +Thomas Moffatt Burriss (September 22, 1919 – January 4, 2019) was an American businessman and politician in the state of South Carolina. +Burriss was born in Anderson, South Carolina and received his bachelor's degree from Clemson University, He served in the South Carolina House of Representatives as a member of the Republican Party from 1977 to 1992, representing Richland County, South Carolina. +He was a general contractor, and was a veteran of World War II.[1] +Moffatt Burriss +Notes +Conrado M. +"Conrad" Vega (June 22, 1938 – December 26, 2010) was an American politician and educator. +Born in South St. Paul, Minnesota, Vega received his bachelor's degree from University of St. Thomas and taught social studies at Lakeview High School. +He served in the Minnesota State Senate from 1977 to 1985 as a Democrat.[1][2] +External links +Hardy Williams (April 14, 1931 – January 7, 2010)[1] was an American politician who served as a Democratic member of the Pennsylvania State Senate. +He resigned his House seat when he won both elections simultaneously.[4] +Hardy Williams died on January 7, 2010 at the Kearsley Home in the Wynnefield section of Philadelphia.[5][6] +Only hours before the spring deadline to file nominating petitions for a fifth term in the state Senate, Philadelphia Democrat Hardy Williams announced that he would not run again. But even at the eleventh hour, one Democrat had no problem coming up with the 500 signatures he needed to become a candidate: Williams' son, State Rep. Anthony Hardy Williams. The younger Williams knew a couple of days ahead of time that his father was thinking of retiring. ↑ Cox, Harold (November 3, 2004). +Chalet Boonsingkarn is a Thai Olympic boxer. +He represented his country in the light-middleweight division at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He won his first bout against Luca Franca, but lost his second against Orhan Delibaș.[1] +↑ "Boonsingkarn Bio, Stats, and Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. +Paul Demange (4 June 1906[1][2] – 18 April 1970)[3][4] was a Minister of State for Monaco. +He served between 1966 and 1969. +He was born in 1906 and died in 1970.[5] +External links +Kim S. Benefield is a Democratic member of the Alabama Senate, representing the 13th District since 2006. +References +William A. Bell Sr. (born June 1, 1949) is an American politician who served as the 28th mayor of Birmingham, Alabama, from 2010 to 2017.[1] He is a member of the Democratic Party. +Bell previously held the office on an interim basis in 1999.[2] Bell was elected following a run-off with Patrick Cooper. +Bell won the run-off with 53.6% to Cooper's 46.4%. +1 2 "Office of the Mayor". Birmingham Alabama official website. Retrieved January 16, 2011. ↑ "Alabama mayor, councilor in hospital after brawl". ↑ "Birmingham mayoral race: Randall Woodfin defeats William Bell; live election updates". +References +Elaine H. Beech (born March 16, 1960) is an American politician. +She is a member of the Alabama House of Representatives from the 65th District, serving since 2009. +She is a member of the Democratic party.[1] +↑ "Elaine Beech". Retrieved July 2, 2015. +References +Phil A. Griego (born August 5, 1948)[1] is an American politician and a Democratic former member of the New Mexico Senate, representing the 39th District since 1997.[2] He resigned in March 2015.[3][4] +[2] +Phil Griego +External links +Cynthia L. Nava is a former Democratic member of the New Mexico Senate. +She represented the 31st District from 1992 to 2012. +References +Peter Butler (born 10 June 1951) is a British Conservative Party politician. +At the 1992 general election, he became the first Member of Parliament (MP) for the new constituency of North East Milton Keynes, winning the seat with a majority of over 14,000. +A former solicitor he served as a PPS to Kenneth Clarke. +Butler served only one term in Parliament. +At the 1997 election, he lost the seat by only 240 votes to Labour's Brian White.[1] +External links +References +Henry Arthur Evans (24 September 1898 – 25 September 1958), known as Arthur Evans, was a UK politician. +He contested the London County Council election, 1922 as a Progressive candidate for Lewisham West but was unsuccessful. +He was National Liberal Party Member of Parliament (MP) for Leicester East from 1922 to 1923 and Conservative MP for Cardiff South from 1924 to 1929, and from 1931 to 1945. +At the 1945 general election he was defeated by the future Labour Prime Minister James Callaghan. +External links +References +Haruko Arimura (有村 治子, Arimura Haruko, born 1970) is a Japanese politician of the Liberal Democratic Party, a member of the House of Councillors in the Diet of Japan (the national legislature). +Arimura was elected for the first time in 2001. She is affiliated to the openly revisionist organization Nippon Kaigi.[1] +The Hindenburg disaster occurred on May 6, 1937, in Manchester Township, New Jersey, United States. The German passenger airship LZ 129 Hindenburg caught fire and was destroyed during its attempt to dock with its mooring mast at Naval Air Station Lakehurst. On board were 97 people (36 passengers and 61 crewmen); there were 36 fatalities (13 passengers and 22 crewmen, 1 worker on the ground). +The Hindenburg over Manhattan, New York on May 6, 1937, shortly before its demise +References +Jörg Haas (born 27 February 1968) is a German middle-distance runner. +He competed in the men's 800 metres at the 1992 Summer Olympics.[1] He was the 1992 800 metres national champion at the German Athletics Championships. +External links +References +Jeanette Haas (born 3 January 1976) is a Canadian footballer who played as a midfielder for the Canada women's national soccer team. She was part of the team at the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup.[1] +↑ "FIFA Women's World Cup USA 1999 - Canada". FIFA Women's World Cup United States 1999. FIFA. +References +Seasonal bests by year +Tino Häber (born 1982) is a German javelin thrower. +He was born in Gera in Thuringia.[1] He competed in javelin throw at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, where he qualified for the final, and finished in 8th.[2] +↑ "Tino Haber". Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 11 August 2012. ↑ http://www.olympic.org/olympic-results/london-2012/athletics/javelin-throw-m +External links +References +Samu Aleksi Haber (born April 2, 1976 in Helsinki, Finland) is a Finnish singer, songwriter, television music competition judge, entrepreneur, and the lead vocalist and frontman of pop-rock band Sunrise Avenue.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] +Haber established a band Sunrise in 1992 with his friend Jan Hohenthal. +Hohenthal left the band in 2002 as he wanted to focus on his solo career. +In 2002 Haber changed the band name to Sunrise Avenue. Between 2002 and 2005 Haber visited 102 record companies and agents trying to find a label for Sunrise Avenue's music. The first album was made with financial help from Haber's friend Mikko Virtala, who sold his house to pay the studio costs. +References +International competitions +Ralf Haber (born 18 August 1962 in Altenburg, Thuringia) is a retired East German hammer thrower. +His personal best throw was 83.40 metres, achieved in May 1988 in Athens. +This is the current German record. +References +Ivana Habazin (born October 22, 1989) is a Croatian boxer. +She won a world middleweight title on March 16, 2018, after defeating Elena Sikmashvili.[1][2][3] +"Ivana Habazin otvoreno o obiteljskim tragedijama, redovničkom životu i trnovitom putu do uspjeha". tportal.hr. Retrieved October 28, 2018. ↑ Guja, Nikolina (May 1, 2018). "Ivana Habazin: 'U boks sam se zaljubila nakon izlaska iz samostana'". +External links +References +Bibliography +K. N. Pandita, also known as Kashi Nath Pandita (born 1929), is an Indian historian. +He was born in Baramulla, Jammu & Kashmir.[1] He studied and worked at Panjab University and University of Tehran, taught at the University of Kashmir and was the former professor and director at the Center of Central Asian Studies at the University of Kashmir.[2] He was awarded UGC Emeritus Fellowship in Central Asian Studies 1978-88, and was awarded by the President and Vice President of India in 1985 and 1987 (respectively) for his academic attainments.[3] +↑ "World People's Blog » Blog Archive » Kashi Nath Pandita – India". word.world-citizenship.org. ↑ Muḥammad, A. K., & Pandit, K. N. (2009). +New Delhi: Voice of India. ↑ "Padma Shri for Prof KN Pandita". tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 22 December 2017. +References +Leo Haber is an American writer based in New York. +Haber was born in Manhattan and studied at City College, Columbia University[1] and is adjunct professor of Hebrew language at Hebrew Union College, New York. +Aside from his novel The Red Heifer (2001), his writing has appeared in various magazines.[2] and he is editor of the Midstream magazine.[3] +External links +References +Hari Habrian[1] (born 28 April 1992) is an Indonesian footballer who currently plays as a Midfielder for Persita Tangerang in the Liga 2. +He made his debut when against Persikabo Bogor ini first week 2016 Indonesia Soccer Championship B.[2] +↑ "Hari Habrian ligaindonesia". ligaindonesia.co.id. Retrieved 20 January 2014. ↑ PERSITA vs PERSIKABO +"Hari Habrian". soccerway.com. Retrieved 20 January 2014. "Hari Habrian". goal.com. +External links +References +Cloé Hache (born 11 December 1997) is a French swimmer. +Hache was born in Nogent-sur-Marne, Paris.[1] She competed in the women's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay event at the 2016 Summer Olympics.[2] +Cloé Hache +External links +References +Olga Hachatryan (born July 6, 1992) is a Turkmen swimmer who specialized in sprint freestyle events.[1] Hachatryan represented Turkmenistan at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where she swam in the women's 100 m freestyle event, against Malta's Madeleine Scerri and Macedonia's Elena Popovska. She finished the race in last place for both the first heat and the overall standings, with a time of 1:14.77.[2] +↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill. "Olga Hachatryan". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. +Sports Reference LLC. +Retrieved 23 November 2012. ↑ "Swimming: Women's 100m Freestyle – Heat 1". +Beijing 2008. NBC Olympics. +Archived from the original on 21 August 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012. +Olga Hachatryan +References +Dr. Azman bin Ismail (Jawi: عزمن بن اسماعيل) is a Malaysian politician. He is the Member of the Parliament of Malaysia for the seat of Kuala Kedah in the state of Kedah, and sits in Parliament as a member of the People's Justice Party (PKR), a component party in the Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition. +Before entering politics, Dr. Azman was a medical doctor.[1] He entered Parliament after winning the Kuala Kedah parliamentary seat in the 2013 general election, replacing the incumbent PKR MP Ahmad Kassim as the party's candidate.[2] At the election, Azman defeated the Barisan Nasional (BN) candidate and fellow physician Zaki Zamani Abd Rashid by 4,947 votes.[3] In the 2018 general election, he won again to retain the Kuala Kedah seat. +↑ Rahimah Abdullah (27 April 2013). "BN Doctor vs PKR Doctor, who will win?". Astro Awani. +Retrieved 4 December 2014. ↑ "PKR unveils candidates for Alor Star, Kuala Kedah seats". +New Straits Times. 31 March 2013. +Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2014. 1 2 "Maklumat Terperinci Keputusan Pilihan Raya Umum" (in Malay). +Election Commission of Malaysia. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. +Retrieved 4 December 2014. ↑ "KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM 13". Sistem Pengurusan Maklumat Pilihan Raya Umum (in Malay). +Election Commission of Malaysia. +Retrieved 24 March 2017. ↑ "my undi : Kawasan & Calon-Calon PRU13 : Keputusan PRU13 (Archived copy)". www.myundi.com.my. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2014. ↑ "Keputusan Pilihan Raya Umum ke-13". +Utusan Malaysia. +Retrieved 26 October 2014. ↑ "Malaysia General Election". undiinfo Malaysian Election Data. +Malaysiakini. Retrieved 4 February 2017. Results only available from the 2004 election. ↑ "SEMAKAN KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM KE - 14" (in Malay). +References +Datuk Haji Abdul Rahim bin Bakri (Jawi: عبدالرحيم بن بكري; born 11 April 1961) is a Malaysian politician. +He is the Member of Parliament of Malaysia for the Kudat constituency in Sabah, formerly representing the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO). Presently he is an Independent politician due to his resignation from UMNO in 2018.[1] +Abdul Rahim was elected to federal Parliament in the 2004 general elections.[2] Since 2008 he had been a deputy minister in the former ruling Barisan Nasional (BN) government until 2018.[3] In April 2008, he was appointed as Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs,[4] and was appointed Deputy Minister of Transport in April 2009.[5] He was again moved, this time being appointed as the Deputy Minister of Defence, after the 2013 election.[6] +Percentage figures based on total turnout (including votes for candidates not listed). ↑ "Abdul Rahim bin Bakri, Y.B. Datuk Haji". Parliament of Malaysia. Retrieved 11 March 2010. ↑ "Deputy ministers chosen". +The Star. 19 April 2008. Retrieved 11 March 2010. ↑ "Najib Announces 28-member Cabinet". +Bernama. 9 April 2008. Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. +Retrieved 11 March 2010. (subscription required) ↑ "The complete list of Ministers and Deputy Ministers in Najib's new Cabinet". ABN News. 15 May 2013. +Archived from the original on 2 November 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014. ↑ "Sabah [Parliament Results]". The Star. +Archived from the original on 18 May 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2018. ↑ "SEMAKAN PENERIMA DARJAH KEBESARAN, BINTANG DAN PINGAT". Prime Minister's Department (Malaysia). +References +Adly bin Zahari (Jawi: ادلي بن زاهري; born 15 February 1971) is a Malaysian politician. +He is the incumbent eleventh Chief Minister of Malacca since 2018.[1] He is a member from National Trust Party (AMANAH), a component party of the Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition. +Adly is currently the Malacca State Legislative Assemblyman for Bukit Katil. +Retrieved 4 February 2017. Results only available from the 2004 election. ↑ "SEMAKAN KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM KE - 14" (in Malay). Election Commission of Malaysia. +References +Mark Leviste is a Filipino politician. A member of the Liberal Party (Philippines), he has been elected as the vice-governor of Province of Batangas in 2007, and was re-elected in 2010 and 2013. He has also been elected as a Member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines, representing the 4th District of Batangas. +He won election to Congress in 2004. +He studied at La Salle Green Hills and has a BSc from De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde.[1] +↑ "Vice Governor Mark Leviste". Archived from the original on 2016-04-07. +References +Henedina Razon-Abad (26 January 1955 – 8 October 2017) was a Filipina politician. +Born in 1955,[1] she attended Miriam College (then Maryknoll College) and later graduated from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. +After completing her education, Abad worked with several non-governmental organizations.[2] She also served as dean of the Ateneo de Manila University School of Government.[3] Abad was a member of the House of Representatives from 2004 to 2007 and again between 2010 and 2017, representing the Liberal Party and the legislative district of Batanes.[1] +She was married to Florencio Abad, with whom she had four children,[4][5] until her death from cancer at the age of 62 on 8 October 2017.[6] +Retrieved 9 October 2017. ↑ Nonato, Vince F. (9 October 2017). "Death of 'fierce liberal' Henedina Abad saddens House colleagues, Robredo". Philippine Daily Inquirer. +References +José Zulueta (Molo, Iloilo City, November 23, 1889 – December 6, 1972) was a Philippine lawyer and politician. +He was elected as Senate President for a brief period in 1953. +Muctar "Pusong" Yunos Junaid (LKS-KAM) is a Filipino politician and current mayor of Tabuan-Lasa in Basilan (2010–13).[1] +↑ COMELEC Election Results. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-05-17. +Retrieved 2011-02-14.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) +Constantino "Tinnex" Galagnara Jaraula (Born June 20, 1937) is a Philippine politician and former mayor of Cagayan de Oro City,[1] He served as representative of the Lone District of Cagayan de Oro during the 11th, 12th and 13th Congress. +↑ "Cagayan de Oro mining suspended". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 13 January 2009. +Adam Relson Limbago Jala (born 17 June 1979) is a Filipino politician. +A member of the Lakas-CMD Party, he is a Member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines, representing the 3rd District of Bohol for 2007–2010.[1] +↑ "Member Information: Adam Relson L. Jala". House of Representatives of the Philippines. Retrieved 2008-03-05. ↑ Idol ko si Adam Jala! +References +Charles Emmett Yeater, Philippines Governor General. +Charles Emmett Yeater[1] (April 24, 1861 – July 20, 1943[2]) of Sedalia, Missouri was acting Governor-General of the Philippines from March 5, 1921 to October 14, 1921. +He served as Democratic member of the Missouri Senate in 1892, and was a supporter of the legislation to move the Missouri State Capital from Jefferson City to Sedalia, which failed in the popular vote.[4] +Bureau of Printing (Manila). 1920. p. 3. ↑ Missouri State Archives - Death Certificates, 1910-1966 ↑ Charles E. Yeater Learning Center Archived October 4, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. ↑ IT, Missouri Secretary of State -. "Missouri Legislators XYZ". www.sos.mo.gov. +Alfonso Qua is a sailor from Philippines.[1] Qua represented his country at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Kiel. Qua took 26th place in the Soling with Mario Almario as helmsman and Ambrosio Santos as fellow crew member. +Filmography in Singapore / Malaya +External links +Filmography +Ramon A. Estella (1911 – 1991) was a pre-war Philippines movie director and actor. +References +Pol Hom (Khmer: ប៉ុល ហំម; born 3 February 1946) is a Cambodian politician and Member of Parliament for Takéo Province. He is the co-Vice President of the Cambodia National Rescue Party. +On 26 August 2014, he was elected chairman of the National Assembly Commission on Planning.[1] +↑ Ponniah, Kevin (26 August 2014). "Leadership elections set". The Phnom Penh Post. +References +Ou Chanrith (Khmer: អ៊ូ ច័ន្ទឫទ្ធិ; born February 25, 1969) is a Cambodian politician. +He is a member of the Cambodia National Rescue Party and he represents Kandal Province as its Member of Parliament (MP).[1] He was a member of the Human Rights Party from 2007 to 2012.[2] +Retrieved 9 October 2014. ↑ "Human Rights Party". Human Rights Party. Archived from the original on 7 November 2008. +References +Yem Ponhearith (Khmer: យ៉ែម បុញ្ញឫទ្ធិ; born 7 July 1960) is a Cambodian politician and was elected a Member of Parliament for Prey Veng in 2008.[1] He is the Chairman of the Commission on Education, Youth, Sport, Religious Affairs, Culture and Tourism.[2][3] +↑ "Directory of the Fourth National Assembly of Cambodia (2008-2013)" (PDF). COMFREL. Retrieved 19 September 2014. ↑ Carmichael, Robert (26 August 2014). +References +Yim Chhaily (born 1 January 1950) is a Cambodian politician. +He belongs to Cambodian People's Party and was elected to represent Banteay Meanchey in the National Assembly of Cambodia in 2003.[1] +References +Vorn Vet (1934–1978) born Sok Thuok,[1] was a deputy prime minister for the economy of Democratic Kampuchea. He was murdered at the S-21 security camp in 1978. +Vorn Vet +References +You Hokry (born 20 August 1944) is a Cambodian politician. +He belongs to the Funcinpec party and was elected to represent Kampong Cham in the National Assembly of Cambodia in 2003.[1] +References +Sarin Chhak (Khmer: សារិន ឆាក; 2 January 1922 – 1979) was a Cambodian statesman and diplomat who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1975 to 1976. +He died in 1979 in Vietnamese custody following the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia.[1] +He was an expert in borders. He graduated with a PhD from the University of Paris in 1966 with his thesis titled Les frontières du Cambodge (The Borders of Cambodia).[2] +↑ "Sarin Chhak bio" (PDF). ↑ "Border expert's fate a mystery". +Sarin Chhak +References +Nuth Rumdoul is a Cambodian politician. +He belongs to the Sam Rainsy Party and was elected to represent Kampong Speu Province in the National Assembly of Cambodia in 2003.[1] +External links +Further reading +References +Early life +Omar Razzaz (Arabic: عمر الرزاز‎; born 1 January 1960) is the current Prime Minister of Jordan. +He was designated to form a new government on 5 June 2018 after his predecessor resigned as a result of widespread protests against IMF-backed austerity measures in the country. +Razzaz was born in Al-Salt city in 1960[1] to Munif Razzaz and Lam'a Bseiso.[2] +Razzaz was enrolled at AUB’s faculty of engineering from 1979 to 1981[3] and holds a master’s degree in City Planning from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).[4][5] Razzaz holds a PhD from Harvard University in Planning, with a minor in Economics. He completed his post-doctorate at Harvard Law School. +↑ https://www.reuters.com/article/us-jordan-primeminister-factbox/jordans-new-prime-minister-omar-al-razzaz-idUSKCN1J01ZO ↑ "Mo'nes Razzaz". Razzaz.com. 1 January 2014. +Retrieved 15 June 2018. ↑ "Another AUB figure wins the confidence to lead". +American University of Beirut. +Retrieved 2018-10-29. ↑ "DUSP alum appointed prime minister of Jordan | MIT Department of Urban Studies and Planning". dusp.mit.edu. +Retrieved 2018-10-29. ↑ "Omar Razzaz | MIT - Solve". +SOLVE MIT. +Retrieved 2018-06-04. ↑ "Prime Minister Omar Razzaz's CV". Ro'ya. 5 June 2018. +Retrieved 5 June 2018. ↑ "Jordan's new Prime Minister Omar al-Razzaz". Reuters. 4 June 2018. +Retrieved 5 June 2018. +1 2 "New Jordanian cabinet has fresh faces but same old problems". +The National. Retrieved 2018-06-14. 1 2 3 4 "Jordan PM Omar Razzaz caught between angry public, international lenders". +Moubayed, Sami M. (2006). Steel & Silk: Men and Women who shaped Syria 1900–2000. Cune Press. +References +Fawzi El-Mulki (1910–1962) (Arabic: فوزي الملقي‎) was a Jordanian diplomat and politician. +While serving as ambassador to the United Kingdom in the early 1950s, he befriended King Hussein, who was studying there. In 1953 Hussein appointed al-Mulki to be prime minister of Jordan. +He was dismissed in 1954 after his liberal policies caused riots throughout the country. +From 1940 to 1947 he was Deputy Food controller, later Economic Adviser to the Government. In 1947 he was successively Consul-General in Cairo and Jordan Minister to Egypt and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Jordan. During the 1948 Palestine war he was Minister of Defense in the cabinet of Tawfik Abu al-Huda (28 December 1947 - 12 April 1950). +External links +References +Taher Nashat al-Masri (Arabic: طاهر المصري‎) is a Jordanian of Palestinian origin who served as Prime Minister of Jordan from 19 June 1991 to 21 November 1991.[1] He opposed the invasion of Iraq but reportedly wanted the Americans to stay in Iraq and keep it "out of the hands of the fundamentalists".[2] +External links +References +Ahmad Obeidat was Prime Minister of Jordan from 10 January 1984 to 4 April 1985. +He was born in Hartha, Irbid 18 November 1938. +In May 2011, he launched the National Front for Reform.[1][2] +↑ http://www.jordantimes.com/index.php?news=37695 ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-01-21. Retrieved 2013-01-09.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) +References +Malimba Masheke (born 17 June 1941 in Senanga District, Zambia)[1][2] is a Zambian politician. +He served as the 6th and last Prime Minister of the country from 15 March 1989 to 31 August 1991.[3] He had previously been Minister of Defence from 1985 to 1988 and Minister of Home Affairs from 1988 to 1989.[4] +↑ Profile of Malimba Masheke ↑ https://www.rulers.org/indexm2.html ↑ "The Countries YZ". Rulers.org. Retrieved 2010-11-01. ↑ The International Who's Who 2004. +References +Biography +Daniel Muchiwa Lisulo (6 December 1930 – 21 August 2000) was the 3rd Prime Minister of Zambia from June 1978 until February 1981. +Born in Mongu, Zambia, Lisulo married Mary Mambo in 1967; she died in 1976, leaving Lisulo with two daughters. +Lisulo served as the director of the Bank of Zambia from 1964 to 1977 before becoming Prime Minister. +He was a member of Parliament from 1977 to 1983. +After this, he went into private law practice. +He later joined the National Party, and was the party's interim president at the time of his death in 2000. He died in the Sun Hill Hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa.[1] +External links +Selected works +References +Judy Turner (1936 – 1 January 2019),[1] who wrote under several pseudonyms including Katie Flynn and Judith Saxton,[2] was a British author who wrote numerous popular historical and romantic fiction novels.[3] +↑ "Romantic fiction author Katie Flynn dies". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 4 January 2019. ↑ "Judith Saxton". +Randomhouse.co.uk. Retrieved 4 January 2019. ↑ "Katie Flynn". Amazon.com. +Retrieved 4 January 2019. ↑ "About us". Penguin.co.uk. Retrieved 4 January 2019. ↑ "Romantic fiction author Katie Flynn dies". +References +Peter Kelly (17 August 1944 – 2 January 2019) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician. +He was a Teachta Dála (TD) from 2002 to 2011.[2] +Previously a funeral director and publican, Kelly was first elected to Dáil Éireann for the Longford–Roscommon constituency at the 2002 general election. He was re-elected at the 2007 general election for the new Longford–Westmeath constituency.[3] He was a member of Longford County Council from 1985 to 2003, and also previously served on Longford Town Council. +He lost his seat at the 2011 general election.[3] He died in January 2019.[4] +↑ "Death Notice: Peter Kelly". RIP.ie. Retrieved 4 January 2019. ↑ "Peter Kelly". +Oireachtas Members Database. Retrieved 22 September 2009. 1 2 "Peter Kelly". +ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 22 September 2009. ↑ "Former Fianna Fáil TD Peter Kelly dies". RTÉ News. +References +Biography +Books +Pinaki Thakur (21 April 1959 — 3 January 2019) was a Bengali poet +Thakur was born in 1959 at Bansberia, Hooghly district in the Indian state of West Bengal. He studied Engineering but passionate in Bengali poetry from student life and wrote poems in various little magazines. +His poetry was first published in Ushinar magazine in 1974. In 1979 Thakur's poetry was published in Desh magazine. He became popular in Bengali literary field after publishing his first book Ekdin Ashoriri.[1] Thakur was conferred the Ananda Puraskar in 2012 for his book Chumbaner Kkhato.[2][3] He was also awarded by Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi Puraskar and Krittibas Purashkar.[4] He was suffering in Cerebral Malaria since December 2018 and died on 3 January 2019 in SSKM Hospital, Kolkata at the age of 59.[5] +Retrieved January 4, 2019. ↑ "Winter of Sadness: Bengal Loses 2 More Creative Jewels". Retrieved January 4, 2019. ↑ "Ananda Purashkar 1418". Retrieved January 4, 2019. ↑ "প্রয়াত কবি পিনাকী ঠাকুর (১৯৫৯-২০১৯)". anandabazar.com. +References +Ngin Khorn is a Cambodian politician. He belongs to the Cambodian People's Party and was elected to represent Battambang in the National Assembly of Cambodia in 2003.[1] +References +Kong Sam Ol (born 1 November 1936) is a Cambodian politician who has been Minister of the Royal Palace since 1998. +He was Minister of Agriculture and Forestry from 1986 to 1989. +He belongs to the Cambodian People's Party and was elected to represent Kampong Chhnang Province in the National Assembly of Cambodia in 2003.[1] +Hun Many PS (Khmer: ហ៊ុន ម៉ានី; born 27 November 1982) is a Cambodian politician. +He is the fifth child of Prime Minister Hun Sen and his wife, Bun Rany. Many is currently a Member of the National Assembly of Cambodia, representing Kampong Speu Province.[1] +↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-12.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) +References +Veng Sakhon (Khmer: វេង សាខុន; born 5 August 1960) is the Cambodian Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries since April 2016.[1] +"Mr Veng Sakhon - EU Agenda". Euagenda.eu. Retrieved 2018-05-28. +References +Early life and education +Wael Nader Al-Halqi (Arabic: وائل نادر الحلقي‎, born 1964) is a Syrian politician who was Prime Minister of Syria from 2012 to 2016.[1] Previously he was Minister of Health from 2011 to 2012. +He was appointed as Prime Minister on 9 August 2012. +Halqi was born in Jasim in the Daraa Governorate in 1964 into a Sunni Muslim family.[2][3] He earned a degree in medicine (MD) from the University of Damascus in 1987 and a master's degree in gynaecology and obstetrics again from the University of Damascus in 1991.[4] +Halqi is married and has four children.[4] +↑ "Syrian prime minister to visit Iran". Tehran Times. 9 January 2013. +Retrieved 24 January 2013. ↑ "Assad appoints health minister Wael al-Halki as new PM". Mpelembe. Damascus. +Reuters. +9 August 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2013. ↑ "Syria's Assad appoints new prime minister". Al Jazeera. +9 August 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2013. +1 2 3 4 Tamayo, Carolina (9 August 2012). +"Syria's Assad appoints new PM after defection". NTN 24. Retrieved 1 March 2013. ↑ "Syria's Assad appoints new prime minister". +Al Jazeera. +9 August 2012. +Retrieved 1 March 2013. ↑ "Syria crisis: PM Halaqi 'survives Damascus car bombing'". BBC News. 29 April 2013. +Retrieved 29 April 2013. ↑ Matthew Weaver (29 April 2013). "Syria crisis: PM 'survives' Damascus bomb attack - live updates". +External links +References +Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji (Arabic: عمر ابراهيم غلاونجي‎, ‘Umar Ibrāhīm Ğalāwanjī; born 1954) is a Syrian politician who was the caretaker Prime Minister of Syria in August 2012, following the defection of Riyad Farid Hijab. +On 6 August 2012, Ghalawanji was announced as the head of a Syrian caretaker government, succeeding prime minister Riyad Farid Hijab.[3][4] +External link in |publisher= (help) ↑ "Syria Designations; Non-proliferation Designations". US Department of the Treasury. 18 July 2012. +Retrieved 15 March 2013. ↑ "Syrian PM sacked – state TV". +RT. 6 August 2012. +Retrieved 6 August 2012. ↑ "Syrian prime minister joins opposition". Al Jazeera. 6 August 2012. +External links +References +The Hon. Dr. Keith Christopher Rowley MP (born 24 October 1949) is the current Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, in office since September 2015.[2] He has led the People's National Movement (PNM) since May 2010 and was Leader of the Opposition from 2010 to 2015. +He has also served as the Member of the House of Representatives for Diego Martin West since 1991.[3] He is a volcanologist who obtained his doctorate in geology, specializing in geochemistry.[4] +Rowley was a pupil of Bishop's High School, Tobago, and graduated from the University of the West Indies (Mona). +He holds a graduate degree in geology, specializing in geochemistry.[5] He first served in Parliament as an Opposition Senator from 1987 to 1990 (3rd Parliament). Subsequently, he was appointed as Minister of Agriculture, Land and Marine Resources (4th Parliament), Minister of Planning and Development and Minister of Housing (8th Parliament) and Minister of Trade and Industry (9th Parliament). +↑ https://www.opm.gov.tt/dr-rowley-and-family-move-into-prime-ministers-official-residence/ ↑ Linda Hutchinson-Jafar, "Trinidad's new prime minister, Keith Rowley, sworn in", Reuters Canada, 9 September 2015. ↑ "Current Members of the House of Representatives > The Honourable Dr. Keith Rowley, MP". Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago. Retrieved 25 June 2010. ↑ "Political Leader - Dr. Keith Rowley", PNM. ↑ "People's National Movement Trinidad and Tobago - Political Leader - Dr. Keith Rowley". www.pnm.org.tt. +Retrieved 2016-12-18. ↑ Julien, Joel (1 July 2010). +"Manning skips Rowley swearing-in". +Trinidad Express Newspaper. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. +References +The Hon. George Michael Chambers ORTT (4 October 1928 – 4 November 1997)[1] was the second Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago. +Born in Port of Spain, Chambers joined the People's National Movement (PNM) in 1956, and was elected to Parliament representing the St. Ann's East seat. +He served as Assistant General Secretary of the PNM before becoming Parliamentary Secretary in the Ministry of Finance in 1966. From there he went on to serve as Minister of Finance, Public Utilities, Housing, National Security, Education, Planning, Industry/Commerce and Agriculture. +References +Augusto Antonio Artur Da Silva (born 1956?) was the Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau, appointed by President José Mário Vaz January 30th, 2018 to April 16th, 2018, to succeed Umaro Sissoco Embaló, who had resigned two weeks earlier[1]. +Artur is a member of the ruling PAIGC Party, and served as education minister in the government of Carlos Gomes Júnior, as well as Foreign Minister[2]. The new Prime Minister’s first job will be to organise fresh parliamentary elections in the coming months. But because the PAIGC lost its parliamentary majority, President Vaz sought backing from MPs in the second largest party, the Party of Social Renovation, to secure Silva’s appointment.[3] +Retrieved 1 February 2018. ↑ "Guinea Bissau president names new prime minister". www.enca.com. Retrieved 1 February 2018. ↑ Rarieya, Yvonne. "Guinea-Bissau president names new PM in bid to end crisis - CGTN Africa - Strengthening news coverage in Africa". africa.cgtn.com. +References +Biography +Manuel Saturnino da Costa (born 1942) is a Guinea-Bissau politician who served as Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau from 26 October 1994 to 6 June 1997. +From 1977 he was in the Foreign Office, as the ambassador in Cuba and the USSR. +Following the victory of the PAIGC in the 1994 parliamentary election, Vieira appointed Saturnino da Costa, who was then Secretary-General of PAIGC, as Prime Minister on 25 October 1994. da Costa formed a government on 18 November that was almost entirely composed of PAIGC members, although one post was given to the Bafata Movement.[1] +External links +References +Bibliography +Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala meets David Ben-Gurion during a visit to Israel +Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala (Nepali: विश्वेश्वरप्रसाद कोइराला; 8 September 1914 – 21 July 1982), commonly known as B. P. Koirala, was a Nepali politician and a prolific writer. He was the Prime Minister of Nepal from 1959 to 1960. +He led the Nepali Congress, a social democratic political party. +Koirala was the first democratically elected and 22nd Prime Minister of Nepal. He held the office for 18 months before being deposed and imprisoned at the instruction of King Mahendra. The rest of his life was spent largely in prison or exile and in steadily deteriorating health.[1] +Atmabrittanta: Late Life Recollections. Kathmandu: Himal Books. ISBN 99933-1-308-4. ↑ "BP And His Thoughts". ↑ "B.P. Koirala- National Figure of Nepal: Politics, Literature". ↑ "Bisheshwar Prasad Koirala | A Life Review | AshishDanai.com.np | Nepali Literature Collection | Sahityasanjal | Audio Novels | Radio Programs | FM | By Ashish Danai". www.ashishdanai.com.np. +Peter Fenix (1 February 1939 – 11 January 2017) was a South African businessman and cricketer.[1] He played 57 first-class matches for Border and Eastern Province between 1958 and 1972.[2] +↑ "Businessman Peter Fenix dies aged 77". Weekend Post. Retrieved 18 April 2018. ↑ "Peter Fenix". +External links +References +Bibliography +Conrad Hilberry (March 1, 1928 – January 11, 2017) was an American poet. +He was a professor of English at Kalamazoo College from 1962 to 1998. +Hilberry's literary works have been recognized and highlighted at Michigan State University in their Michigan Writers Series.[1] Hilberry is the author of nine books of poetry. Hilberry is also the author of Luke Karamazov (1987), a nonfiction first person narrative of two sociopaths. +He died at the age of 88 on January 11, 2017 in Kalamazoo from complications of cancer and pneumonia.[2] +↑ "Michigan Writers Series". Michigan State University Libraries. Retrieved 2012-07-15. ↑ "Poet Conrad Hilberry, former Kalamazoo College prof, dies in Kalamazoo". +External links +References +Frank Tidy (17 May 1932 - 27 January 2017) was an English cinematographer. +Born in Liverpool, Tidy initially worked in stop motion animation before beginning working as a cinematographer.[1] Along with Roger Woodburn and Peter Biziou, he founded the company Valley Films, and would work on hundreds of commercials, many of which directed by eventual film director Ridley Scott and his brother Tony Scott. In 1977, he would serve as cinematographer on Scott's directorial debut The Duellists. +Tidy's work earned him a BAFTA nomination. +Tidy died on 27 January 2017 at a Kent nursing home following a battle of dementia.[2] +References +Peter Feil (25 March 1947 – 28 February 2017)[1] was a Swedish swimmer. +He competed in two events at the 1968 Summer Olympics.[2] +↑ "Peter Feil" (in Swedish). Sveriges Olympiska Kommitté. March 2017. +Retrieved 5 March 2017. ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill. +"Peter Feil Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. +References +Sotsha Ernest Dlamini (27 May 1940 – 7 February 2017) was Prime Minister of Swaziland from 6 October 1986 to 12 July 1989.[1] He was born in Mankayane.[2] +Dlamini died on 7 February 2017, aged 76.[3] +Retrieved 27 October 2010. ↑ Who'S Who in the World: 199l-1992 – Marguis Who's who ��� Google Books. Books.google.ca. Retrieved 2017-02-08. ↑ Ex-Prime Minister Sotsha Dlamini dies +References +Death +Smail Hamdani (Arabic: اسماعيل حمداني‎; 11 March 1930 – 6/7 February 2017) was an Algerian politician. +He was Prime Minister of Algeria from 15 December 1998 to 23 December 1999. +Hamdani was born in Guenzet, Bordj Bou Arréridj Province in eastern Kabylie, on 11 March 1930.[1] +He was Prime Minister from 15 December 1998[2] to 23 December 1999.[3] +Hamdani died in his sleep on the night of 6 February or the morning of 7 February 2017 at the age of 86.[4][5] +Retrieved 2013-01-27. ↑ "President appoints Smail Hamdani as new prime minister". nl.newsbank.com. BBC Monitoring International Reports (Algerian Radio). 15 December 1998. +References +Books +Redha Malek (Arabic: رضا مالك‎) (21 December 1931 – 29 July 2017) was Prime Minister of Algeria from August 21, 1993 to April 1994. +During his short term of office, which came in the early years of the Algerian Civil War, he pursued a hardline anti-Islamist policy and successfully negotiated debt relief with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), following the implementation of an IMF reform plan. +He died on 29 July 2017, at the age of 85 after a long illness.[1][2] +↑ Décès de Redha Malek, ancien chef du gouvernement (in French) ↑ "Algeria independence figure Redha Malek dies aged 86". www.9news.com.au. Retrieved 31 July 2017. +Redha Malek +References +Pedro Ángel Richter Fernández-Prada (4 January 1921[1][2] – 14 July 2017)[3] was a Peruvian politician who was the prime minister of Peru from January 31, 1979 until July 28, 1980.[4] On December 28, 2007, the Italian government issued an arrest warrant for Prada for the disappearance of 25 Italian citizens in the 1970s.[5] In February 2015 a trial started in Italy related to Operation Condor, there were indictments against 32 people, including Richter Prada. +He was charged with aggravated murder.[6] Richter Prada also served as Minister of Defense and Commander-in-Chief of the Army.[7] Richter Prada died on 14 July 2017 at the age of 96.[8] +The Banning of Anti-Personnel Landmines: The Legal Contribution of the International Committee of the Red Cross 1955–1999. Cambridge University Press. p. 422. ISBN 978-1-139-43197-2. ↑ https://redaccion.lamula.pe/2017/07/17/pedro-richter-prada-morales-bermudez-operacion-condor/victorliza/ +External links +References +Habib Thiam (21 January 1933 – 26 June 2017)[1] was a Senegalese politician. +He served as Prime Minister of Senegal on two occasions, from 1 January 1981 to 3 April 1983, and again from 8 April 1991 until 3 July 1998. +He also served as President of the National Assembly of Senegal from 1983 to 1984. +↑ "Sénégal : décès de l'ancien Premier ministre Habib Thiam", BBC News, 27 June 2017 (in French). +National Assembly profile (in French) +References +Biography +Kirti Nidhi Bista (Nepali: कीर्तिनिधि विष्ट; 15 January 1927 – 11 November 2017)[1] was a Nepali politician. +Bista was born in Thamel, Kathmandu, Nepal in 1927.[2] He served as prime minister of Nepal from 1969 to 1970, 1971 to 1973 and 1977 to 1979.[3] After the coup d'état of King Gyanendra in 2005, Bista was appointed one of the vice-chairmen[4] until the government collapsed in April 2006 after the people's uprising. +He is best remembered for resigning from the prime ministerial post after Singha Durbar burned down in 1973. +Bista died at his residence in Gyaneshwor on 11 November 2017. +He was 90.[5][6][7] Bista had been battling a long-term cancer.[8][9][10][11] +BBC News. 14 February 2005. Retrieved 18 February 2011. ↑ "Last rites of ex-PM Kirti Nidhi Bista performed (In photos)". ↑ "Former PM Bista passes away at 90". ↑ "कीर्तिनिधि विष्ट जसले भारतीय सेना फिर्ता गराए". ↑ "Former PM Kirti Nidhi Bista no more". ↑ "Former PM Bista passes away". ↑ "Nepal's three-time premier of monarchy era Kirti Nidhi Bista dies at 90". ↑ "Former PM Kirti Nidhi Bista passes away". +References +Francis Osborne Riviere (1932? – 23 November 2017)[1] was a Foreign Minister of Dominica. +He became the foreign minister in 2001, replacing the prime minister, Pierre Charles. +He acted as Prime Minister in November 2003, after Pierre Charles was taken ill. +Charles died on January 6, 2004. He had previously been trade minister.[2] +External links +References +Iain Rogerson (October 1960 – 13 October 2017) was a British actor best known for his portrayal of Harry Flagg in Coronation Street. +Alongside appearances in Emmerdale, Doctors, Casualty, Heartbeat, Peak Practice, The Hello Girls, As Time Goes By, The Bill, People Like Us, Drop the Dead Donkey and Bloomin Marvellous, plus numerous film appearances including Mike Bassett: England Manager, To Kill A King, Bedazzled and Up 'n' Under, he did extensive theatre work including work with John Godber and Hull Truck Theatre. +Rogerson died on 13 October 2017 in Wrexham Maelor Hospital from complications relating to diabetes.[1][2] +↑ "Chirk Coronation Street actor died after going into hospital with 'suspect insulin overdose'". Daily Post. 27 October 2017. ↑ Siddle, John (27 October 2017). +References +Jamal Uddin Ahmad (c. +1929 – January 3, 2015) was a Bangladeshi politician and accountant. +He served as the Deputy Prime Minister of Bangladesh from 1977 until 1982.[1] He also served as the former President of the South Asian Federation of Accountants, as well as the President of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh (ICAB) for two terms.[1] +In 1954, Ahmad received a master's degree in commerce from the University of Dhaka.[1] +Ahmad died at his home in the Baridhara neighborhood in Dhaka at approximately 10 p.m. on January 3, 2015, at the age of 85.[1] His first funeral prayer was held at the Gulshan Azad Mosque in Gulshan Thana with burial at a family cemetery in Daulatpur union, Fatikchhari Upazila, Chittagong District.[1] +1 2 3 4 5 "Former deputy prime minister Jamal Uddin Ahmad dies". Bdnews24.com. 2015-01-14. +References +Farid Aksheh (1921 – 22 May 2014) was a Jordanian politician. +He was born in Al Karak. +He served as Minister of Social Development and Labour in 1967.[1] He joined the cabinet of Prime Minister Ahmad al-Lawzi on 21 August 1972 as Minister of Health.[2] He kept this position until 1973.[1] +The Jordan Times. 22 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014. ↑ "Nuevo Gobierno Jordano" (in Spanish). +External links +References +Filmography +Movies +1 2 3 4 "January to June 2014". The Dead Rock Stars Club. Retrieved 2014-06-04. ↑ Hernández, Ricardo (30 March 2012). +Sergio Bustamante (October 18, 1934 – May 22, 2014) was a Mexican actor of telenovelas, cinema, dubbing and theater.[1] +Born Sergio Emilio Edgardo de Bustamante y Arteaga Roa,[1] he studied psychology in UNAM and later acted in Escuela de Arte Teatral. His debut as an actor was in El duelo by Federico S. Inclán. +His debut in cinema was Una golfa in 1957 with Silvia Pinal. +He died in Puebla, Mexico on May 22, 2014 from a heart attack at the age of 79.[1] +References +Saleh Wreikat (c. 1939 – 22 May 2014) was a Jordanian politician. +He served as a member of the 16th House of Representatives for the 5th District of Amman.[1] +In March 2011, during a vote of confidence, he supported Prime Minister Marouf al-Bakhit.[2] +During his time in the House of Representatives he was head of the House Water and Agriculture Committee.[3] Wreikat supported the right of an own state for Palestinians.[4] +Wreikat died on 22 May 2014, aged 74.[5] +"Trees In Jordan's Ajloun Forest Still At Risk". The Green Prophet. Retrieved 23 May 2014. ↑ "King continues visits to local communities". +External links +References +Wes Lofts (15 November 1942 – 22 May 2014) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Carlton in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the 1960s. +A key defender, Lofts represented the Victorian interstate team in both 1963 and 1967. He was a premiership player with Carlton in 1968 and missed out on a second premiership in 1970 when he was dropped for the finals series.[1] +Wes Lofts died on 22 May 2014 after a long battle with emphysema.[2] +11 September 1970. p. 22. Retrieved 7 July 2015. ↑ Niall, Jake (23 May 2014). "Carlton powerbroker Wes Lofts passes away". +References +Peter Dickson (born 22 October 1950) is a Scottish former professional football player. +He played for Parkhead, Albion Rovers and Queen of the South. He started his career as a striker but later played at right back. +Dickson played for Coatbridge club Albion Rovers where he was divisional top scorer in 1974/75. Dickson then joined Dumfries club Queen of the South on 23 November 1975 and went to make 231 appearances scoring 51 goals.[4] Team mates Allan Ball, Iain McChesney, Jocky Dempster and Nobby Clark have all since been interviewed by the club and remembered Dickson for his contribution in the 1975–76 Scottish Cup 5-4 extra time win against Ayr United. George Cloy and Jimmy Robertson have similarly been interviewed and remembered Dickson for his off field antics.[5] +↑ http://www.neilbrown.newcastlefans.com/albion/albion.html ↑ http://www.neilbrown.newcastlefans.com/queenofthesouth/queenofthesouth.html ↑ "Peter Dickson". www.fitbastats.com. Retrieved 13 October 2012. ↑ "On this day". +Qosfc.com. 2008-11-23. Retrieved 2010-05-28. ↑ "Queens Legends" on www.qosfc.com +External links +References +John Robert "Bob" Churchill (born 21 February 1939) is a former three positional small bore rifle shooter, who shot for the British National team in the seventies and eighties. He competed in the 50 metre rifle, three positions event at the 1972 Summer Olympics.[1] At the 1978 Seoul ISSF World Shooting Championships, he was gold medalist for both individual and — alongside Barry Dagger and Malcolm Cooper — the men's team events for the 50m free rifle kneeling 40 shots, kneeling position.[2] For many years, he was a member of the Tunbridge Wells Target Shooting club as well as clubs in Somerset. +In 1981, he co-wrote Modern Air Weapon Shooting with Granville Davies. +Sports Reference. Retrieved 14 February 2016. ↑ "Historical Results". Retrieved 15 December 2016. +Michael George Eilberg (born 6 October 1986) is a British dressage rider.[1] Representing Great Britain, he competed at the 2014 World Equestrian Games and at two European Dressage Championships (in 2013 and 2015). +↑ "Michael Eilberg". fei.org. Retrieved 27 March 2016. +External links +References +Frank E. Errington[1] (1890 – April 1958) was a British diver who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics. +In 1908 he was eliminated in the semi-finals of the 3 metre springboard competition after finishing fifth in his heat. +↑ Mallon, Bill; Buchanan, Ian (2009). The 1908 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary. McFarland. p. 445. +External links +References +Abigail Susan Edmonds (born 26 September 1990 in Watford) is a British canoeist that was chosen to represent Great Britain at the London 2012 Olympics.[1] +↑ "Abigail Edmonds". The Telegraph. Retrieved 10 August 2012. +External links +Barry Lillywhite (born 4 May 1946) is a British modern pentathlete. +He competed at the 1968 and 1972 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Blake Willard Nordstrom (October 4, 1960, Seattle - January 2, 2019, Seattle) was an American businessman and banker. +The great-grandson of John W. Nordstrom, he served as sole President of the Nordstrom department store chain from 2000-14, and then co-president with his brothers, Peter and Erik Nordstrom, from 2015 until his death in 2019 at the age of 58. +He was a former director of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. A graduate of the University of Washington, he married Molly A. Lewis in 1988 with whom he had two children.[1] +↑ Michael Corkery (January 3, 2019). "Blake W. Nordstrom, Scion of Retail Family, Dies at 58". The New York Times. +Blake Nordstrom +References +Ri Kun-mo, also translated as Ri Gun-mo (5 April 1926[1][2] – 2001)[3][4] was a North Korean politician (CND). +He was Prime Minister from 29 December 1986 to 12 December 1988, when he was replaced, reportedly due to poor health.[5] He succeeded Kang Song-san. +His successor was Yon Hyong-muk. +↑ http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/event/nkorea_nuclear/people/who_detail_43.htm ↑ "Ri Kun-mo". CyberNK. ↑ 북서 단행된 올해 주요 인사 ↑ Source for death ↑ "Press release of Li Gun Mo's replacement 12 December 1988". Brittanica Online. +Park Eunsik's writings +Notes +Park Eunsik (September 30, 1859 - November 1, 1925) was a Korean historian[2] and the second President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Shanghai during part of 1925. +Soon after the impeachment of Syngman Rhee from the presidency, Park was elected the president, but he soon died from illness while in office. +Park was succeeded by Yi Sang-ryong as the president. +References +Thong Khon (Khmer: ថោង ខុន; born 23 November 1951) is a Cambodian politician. +He is a member of the Cambodian People's Party and was elected to represent Kampong Thom Province in the National Assembly of Cambodia in 2003.[1] +References +Keo Remy (born September 13, 1963) is a Cambodian politician who is a Secretary of State at the Office of the Council of Ministers.[1] He is a member of the Cambodian People's Party. +Prior to becoming a Secretary of State, Remy was a Member of Parliament for two terms. He was featured in Joshua Kurlantzick's Charm Offensive: How China's Soft Power is Transforming the World.[2] +↑ "Assembly to name 10 officials to new government posts". Phnom Penh Post. +12 March 2009. ↑ Kurlantzick, Joshua (2007). +Charm Offensive: How China's Soft Power is Transforming the World. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300117035. +References +Keat Chhon (Khmer: គាត ឈន់; born 11 August 1934) is a Cambodian politician. +He belongs to the Cambodian People's Party and was elected to represent Phnom Penh in the National Assembly of Cambodia in 2003. +He was the Minister for Economy and Finance from 1994 to 2013. +By 2018, he has retired from all public offices. +Keat was born in Kratié Province. He is married to Lay Neari and has two children.[1] +↑ "MR KEAT CHHON" (PDF). Chicago State University. Retrieved 13 February 2017. ↑ "Welcome to The University of Cambodia (UC)". uc.edu.kh. +References +Kong Korm (Khmer: គង់ គាំ; born 6 April 1941) is a Cambodian politician and Senator. +He is a member of the Sam Rainsy Party and currently serves as its leader after Sam Rainsy resigned to lead the Cambodia National Rescue Party.[1] He was formerly a member of the Cambodian People's Party and served as foreign minister from 1986 to 1987. +↑ "Kong Korm expects to be new Sam Rainsy Party leader next month". Khmer News. 3 October 2012. +References +Chea Sophara (Khmer: ជា សុផារ៉ា; born 20 March 1953) is a Cambodian politician who currently serves as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction since 2016. +From 2008 to 2016, he was Minister of Rural Development. +He was also the Governor of Phnom Penh from 1998 to 2003. He is a Member of Parliament for Tbong Khmum Province, since 2018.[1] +↑ "His Excellency Mr. CHEA Sophara". mlmupc.gov.kh. Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction of Cambodia. Retrieved 12 September 2018. +References +Som Kimsuor is a Cambodian politician. She belongs to the Cambodian People's Party and was elected to represent Kampot Province in the National Assembly of Cambodia in 2003.[1] +References +Ke Sovannaroth (born 1962) is a Cambodian politician. +She belongs to the Sam Rainsy Party and was elected to represent Siem Reap Province in the National Assembly of Cambodia in 2003.[1] +External links +References +Alexia Chartereau (born 5 September 1998) is a French basketball player for CJM Bourges Basket and the French national team.[1] +She participated at the EuroBasket Women 2017.[2] +External links +References +Jesse Christensen (born 7 September 1998) is a South African cricketer.[1] He made his List A debut for Western Province in the 2016–17 CSA Provincial One-Day Challenge on 5 March 2017.[2] He made his first-class debut for Western Province in the 2016–17 Sunfoil 3-Day Cup on 23 March 2017.[3] +Retrieved 5 March 2017. ↑ "CSA Provincial One-Day Challenge, Pool A: Western Province v Border at Cape Town, Mar 5, 2017". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 5 March 2017. ↑ "Sunfoil 3-Day Cup, Cross Pool: Western Province v KwaZulu-Natal Inland at Cape Town, Mar 23-25, 2017". +References +Pavlos Correa (Greek: Παύλος Κορρέα; born 14 July 1998) is a Cypriot footballer who plays for Cypriot Second Division club Aris Limassol, on loan from Anorthosis Famagusta. +He plays as a defender.[1] +The Bay of Kompong Som is a southern bay of Cambodia. Kompong Som has a deep water inshore and a chain of islands across the mouth which protect the bay from storms. Deforestation of Indochina mangroves has become issues.[1] Kompong Som is also the location of Dong Peng and Sihanoukville with its Sihanoukville Autonomous Port, the main and only deep-water maritime port of Cambodia.[2] +Bay of Kompong Som Location Cambodia Coordinates 10°48′N 103°31′E / 10.80°N 103.51°E / 10.80; 103.51Coordinates: 10°48′N 103°31′E / 10.80°N 103.51°E / 10.80; 103.51 +Bay of Kompong Som +Kbal Chhay Waterfall +References +Kbal Chhay Waterfall is a waterfall approximately 7 km from the city of Sihanoukville in south-west Cambodia and then a further 9 km along a red dust track. +Until 1963 Kbal Chhay was a source for providing clean-water to Sihanoukville, but the arrangement ended when it became a hiding place for the Khmer Rouge. +In 1998 Kbal Chhay was developed by the Kok An Company who in constructing a road in the area developed the site for local and international tourists. Today the Royal Government of Cambodia has regained control of the site and once again uses it as a clean water source for the nearby city.[1] +Kbal Chhay Waterfall +Mu Space and Advanced Technology Co., Ltd., operating under the name mu Space Corp, is a company in Thailand that provides satellite-enabled broadband and mobile connectivity.[1] It was founded by James Yenbamroong in 2017 in Bangkok, Thailand, with the goal to research and develop space technology and applications for use in urban and rural areas.[1][4] +Mu Space plans to launch a communication satellite using Blue Origin's New Glenn rocket. The satellite will be worth up to US$150 million and have a lifespan of up to 15 years.[11] It will use the 50.5 degree East orbital slot to provide coverage over Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Vietnam and Thailand.[12] +Internet of Things (IoT) +Mu Space has started developing a smart apparel that can be worn and record health data for use in medical diagnosis. Product tests will be carried out at the IoT Institute in Thailand Digital Park, scheduled to be completed in 2020.[2] Mu Space is also operating a lab at True Digital Park in Bangkok, Thailand to research and showcase their products to the public.[2][13] +3D image of Mu Space's spacesuit +Space tourism +In 2021, the company plans to offer space tourism service to customers in Asia-Pacific. +Mu Space in September 2018 revealed the 3D image of spacesuit their customers will be wearing during spaceflight.[14] +As part of the company's space program, in July 2018, Mu Space sent experimental payload into space aboard Blue Origin's New Shepherd space rocket to test how materials react in micro-gravity environment. The payload included a silicon bleeding-prevention device used in hospitals, a carbon nanotube and a vacuum-sealed food product.[1] +Collaborations +Tham Luang cave +Tham Luang cave rescue +Initially focused on the implementation of a nationwide broadband project using satellite technology,[1]Mu Space in 2018 started doing activities and research of technology related to space. In July 2018, the company sent micro-gravity experiments into space aboard the New Shepard rocket of Blue Origin,[5] and in September 2018, it released a 3D image of their own spacesuit version for use by astronauts.[3] +Mu Space assembled a team of engineers to help in the rescue mission to save the 12 boys and their football coach trapped inside Tham Luang cave in Thailand. The company collaborated with Google and Weather Decision Technologies to provide the rescuers with weather forecast models.[15] +The Boring Company founder Elon Musk also offered his help and discussed his rescue plan via Twitter with Mu Space founder James Yenbamroong.[16] Musk then flew to Thailand with his private jet to deliver the "kid-sized" submarines his engineers developed for the rescue mission.[17] Thai authorities however decided not to use the submarines.[18] +From 2020 to 2021, Mu Space plans to launch its own communication satellite using the New Glenn space rocket of Blue Origin and offer space tourism services to Asia-Pacific customers.[1] +Mu Space founder James Yenbamroong had been interested in space from an early age. He studied aerospace and mechanical engineering degrees at University of California, Los Angeles, and learned about satellite systems while working with Northrop Grumman on unmanned vehicle systems. Yenbamroong then went back to Thailand after years of living in the US and founded Mu Space in June 2017. +The company is based in Bangkok and had 30 staff.[1][6] +The company started with a registered capital of US$3 million.[7] In December 2017, Thailand's National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission granted Mu Space a 15-year license to provide satellite services in the country.[8] +Technology projects +Communications satellite +The National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Communication had awarded Mu Space a license until 2032 to operate a satellite and provide services in Thailand.[1] In October 2017, the company signed a contract to lease a satellite ground system or teleport of CAT Telecom.[9] Mu Space is temporarily using the satellites of another company SES to provide broadband services in Thailand, pending the development of the company's own satellite in 2020.[3][10] +1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Interview: mu Space Corp | SpaceTech Asia". +Retrieved 2018-11-21. 1 2 "Mu Space sticks to IoT support plans". +Bangkok Post. +2018-08-24. +Retrieved 2018-11-22. 1 2 3 4 D, Dave (2018-09-21). "mu Space unveils its futuristic and sleek spacesuit - PattayaOne". +PattayaOne. +1 2 "Mu Space startup signs on as 3rd customer for Blue Origin's New Glenn - The Enterprise Orbit". +The Enterprise Orbit. +2017-09-27. +Retrieved 2018-11-21. ↑ "Blue Origin successfully tests escape system in latest New Shepard launch - SpaceNews.com". +SpaceNews.com. +2018-07-18. +Retrieved 2018-11-21. 1 2 3 "Thai Startup First in Asia to Launch Payload Aboard US Rocket". Khaosod English. +2018-07-26. +Retrieved 2018-11-21. ↑ "Thai space technology startup Mu Space to raise more than US$9.2 million in 2018 - Reuters". Retrieved 2018-11-21. +1 2 "Mu space becomes first Thai startup to acquire satellite license - The Myanmar Times". Retrieved 2018-11-21. ↑ "talk Satellite". www.talksatellite.com. +Retrieved 2018-11-21. ↑ "mu Space, SES and Hughes to provide broadband access to rural Thailand - Capacity Media". www.capacitymedia.com. +Retrieved 2018-11-21. ↑ "Thai startup mu Space seeks builder for satellite bound for leased orbit - SpaceNews.com". +SpaceNews.com. +2018-06-27. +Retrieved 2018-11-22. ↑ "mu Space secures satellite spectrum rights over 6 ASEAN countries | Startup Thailand". +Startup Thailand. +2018-07-01. +Retrieved 2018-11-21. ↑ "True Digital Park partners with mu Space, Thailand's first space technology startup, « Thai Trade Center, USA". www.thaitradeusa.com. +External links +mu Space Corp website +The 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification process will be a series of tournaments organised by the six FIFA confederations to decide 31 of the 32 teams which would play in the 2022 FIFA World Cup, with Qatar qualifying automatically as hosts. All 210 remaining FIFA member associations are eligible to enter the qualifying process. +CAF (Africa): 5 AFC (Asia): 4 or 5 (not including host nation) UEFA (Europe): 13 CONCACAF (North and Central America and Caribbean): 3 or 4 OFC (Oceania): 0 or 1 CONMEBOL (South America): 4 or 5 +The AFC obliged Qatar, the 2022 FIFA World Cup host, to participate in the qualifying stage as the first two rounds also act as qualification for the 2023 AFC Asian Cup.[7] +Timor-Leste was barred from participating in the Asian Cup qualification tournament after being found to have fielded a total of twelve ineligible players in 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification matches, among other competitions.[8] However, as FIFA has not barred them from the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualifiers, Timor-Leste are still allowed to enter the competition, but they are ineligible to qualify for the Asian Cup. +CAF +CONCACAF +CONMEBOL +OFC +The qualifying draw is scheduled to take place in July 2019.[1] +Inter-confederation play-offs +There will be two inter-confederation playoffs to determine the final two qualification spots for the finals. +The matchups will be decided at the preliminary draw to be held in July 2019.[1] +Qualified teams +Team Order of qualification Method of qualification Date of qualification Finals appearance Last appearance Previous best performance Current FIFA Ranking Qatar 1st Host 2 December 2010 0 (debut) N/A - 94 +The Qualifiers for the 2022 FIFA World Cup will begin in June 2019 and finish in November 2021 if it follows the tradition of beginning in the September three years before the finals and ends on the October the year before it. +Qualification process +However, Qatar is obliged by the AFC to participate in the Asian qualifying stage as the first two rounds also act as qualification for the 2023 AFC Asian Cup. If they reach the final stage, their choice on whether to continue with World Cup qualifying is subject to FIFA approval. If the hosts choose not to compete, the next-ranked team will advance instead.[2] For the first time after the initial two tournaments of 1930 and 1934, the World Cup will be hosted by a country whose national team has never played a finals match before.[3] The reigning World Cup champions France will also go through qualifying stages as normal.[4] +The allocation of slots for each confederation was discussed by the FIFA Executive Committee on 30 May 2015 in Zürich after the FIFA Congress.[5] The committee decided that the same allocation as 2006 would be kept for the 2010, 2014, 2018 and 2022 tournaments:[6] +However they considered that overall, there is evidence associating sceentime with poorer psychological health including symptoms such as inattention, hyperactivity, low self esteem, and behavioural issues in childhood and adolescence. They did not find evidence for any positive health benefits of screen time. In regard to quality of life, they discussed that "Suchert[29] reported that there was a positive association between screentime and poorer psychological well-being or perceived quality of life in 11/15 studies. +Digital media use has been complicated by digital media overuse, variously termed digital addictions or digital dependencies. These constructs are biopsychosocial and cultural phenomena, that behave differently in various societies and cultures.[1] They have been under study and analysis for some years.[2] "Psychologists and sociologists have ... been studying and debating about screens and their effects for (some) years,"[3] as have some anthropologists[4][5] and medical experts.[6] Some reviews have considered evidence of benefits of digital media use, stating that current evidence shows "moderate use of digital technology is not intrinsically harmful and may be advantageous in a connected world",[7] however a 2019 systematic review of reviews in the British Medical Journal found no evidence of net health benefits yet proven scientifically.[2] +Three journalists from Guardian Media Group discussed the moral panic around screen time in 2018, considering it may be partially attributable to search algorithms, as "Google does not sort search output by quality; it ranks search input by popularity". They commented "there is very little good research in the area", and that "technology use is incredibly diverse, and while pretending it is a unitary concept may be convenient, it makes meaningful understandings or interventions impossible."[58] +Unrestrained use of technological devices may impact upon developmental, social, mental and physical well-being and result in symptoms akin to other behavioural addictions.[18] Several clinics worldwide now offer treatment for internet addiction disorder,[19][20] and several studies have sought to establish a connection between the use of the internet and patterns of behaviour.[21][22] +Prison Architect is a private prison construction and management simulation video game developed by Introversion Software.[1] It was made available as a crowdfunded paid alpha pre-order on September 25, 2012 with updates scheduled every three to four weeks.[2] With over 2,000,000 copies sold, Prison Architect made over US$10.7 million in pre-order sales for the alpha version.[3] Prison Architect was an entrant in the 2012 Independent Games Festival.[4] +The game was available on Steam's Early Access program, and was officially released on October 6, 2015. +On 8 January 2019, it was announced that Paradox Interactive had acquired the rights to Prison Architect for an unknown sum.[5] +Gameplay +The player's role is of both architect and governor with sandbox micromanagement themes such as choosing where to put lights, drains and how they connect together. The player is also able to add workshops to the prison as well as reform programs that reduce the specific prisoner's recidivism rate. The player tells the prisoners what to do indirectly by setting their schedule.[7] The game takes inspiration from Theme Hospital, Dungeon Keeper, and Dwarf Fortress.[8] The player can also allow temperature, gangs, and more to add extra difficulty. +The first "official" (non-beta) release introduced an expanded story mode as a tutorial and an escape mode which depicts the player as prisoner with the goal of escape, causing as much trouble as possible.[9] +Prasert Prasarttong-Osoth (Thai: ปราเสริฐ ปราสาททองโอสถ, born 22 March 1933) is a Thai billionaire businessman, the founder and owner of Bangkok Dusit Medical Services, Thailand's largest private health care group, and the owner of a regional airline, Bangkok Airways. +Early life +He received a bachelor's degree from Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, after which he qualified as a medical doctor.[3] +He owns Bangkok Dusit Medical Services, Thailand's largest private health care group, and a regional airline, Bangkok Airways.[2] He is president and CEO of Bangkok Dusit, and CEO and vice chairman of Bangkok Airways.[2] +As of August 2018, Forbes estimated his net worth at US$3.5 billion.[2] +Mainland Australia is the main land mass of the Commonwealth of Australia excluding Tasmania and other offshore islands and external territories (such as the Australian Antarctic Territory). The land mass also constitutes the mainland of the Australian continent, and the term, along with continental Australia, can be used in a geographic sense to exclude surrounding continental islands. Generally, the term is applied to the states of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, and South Australia, as well as the Northern Territory, Australian Capital Territory, and Jervis Bay Territory. +Geography of Australia Fauna of Australia Flora of Australia List of islands of Australia States and territories of Australia +The Tiwi Islands are part of the Northern Territory, Australia, 80 km to the north of Darwin where the Arafura Sea joins the Timor Sea. They comprise Melville Island, Bathurst Island, and nine smaller uninhabited islands, with a combined area of 8,320 square kilometres (3,212 sq mi). +Inhabited before European settlement by the Tiwi indigenous Australians, there are approximately 3,000 people on the islands. +Japanese verb conjugation is the same for all subjects, first person ("I", "we"), second person ("you") and third person ("he/she/it" and "they"), singular and plural. The present plain form (the dictionary form) of all verbs ends in u. In modern Japanese, there are no verbs that end in fu, pu, or yu, no verbs ending in zu other than certain する forms (such as 禁ず kin-zu), and 死ぬ (しぬ, shinu; to die) is the only one ending in nu in the dictionary form. +This article describes a set of conjugation rules widely used in order to teach Japanese as a foreign language. However, Japanese linguists have been proposing various grammatical theories for over a hundred years and there is still no consensus about the conjugations. Japanese people learn the more traditional "school grammar" in their schools, which explains the same grammatical phenomena in a different way with different terminology (see the corresponding Japanese article). +In Japanese, the basic verb form is an imperfective aspect. It is broadly equivalent to the present and future tenses of English, and is sometimes called the "non-past tense". The imperfective form of a verb is the same as its dictionary form—it is used as the headword, or lemma—and no conjugation needs to be done. +(私は)買い物する (watashi wa) kaimono suru: "(I) shop", or "(I) will shop". (Japanese pronouns are usually omitted when it is clear about whom the speaker is talking.) (私は)明日勉強する (watashi wa) ashita benkyō suru: "Tomorrow, (I) will study". +In most cases, the base form of the imperfective aspect cannot be used to make a progressive statement, such as in the English sentence "I am shopping". Rather, it can only be used to express habit or other actions that are expected to continue into the future, such as in "I shop". To convey the former, the te form with iru must be used. +Type of word Pattern Example as a sentence with noun adj-i -い -i -い -i/-いです -i (desu), -い -i 安い yasui (cheap) 安い/安いです yasui (desu) (it is cheap) 安い品物 yasui shinamono (cheap goods) adj-na - -だ -da/-です -desu, -な -na 簡単 kantan (simple) 簡単だ/です kantan da/desu (it is simple) 簡単な事 kantan na koto (simple thing) adj-t - -たる -taru 暗澹 antan (dark) 暗澹たる時期 antan-taru jiki (dark period) adv-to - -と -to 陶然 tōzen (entranced) 陶然としている人 tōzen to shite iru hito (entranced person) +Negative +Type Negative Examples Negative aux だ da (copula) ではない de wa nai じゃない ja nai (colloquial) (Deviates with adj-i) aux です desu (copula, polite) ではありません de wa arimasen じゃありません ja arimasen (colloquial) vs する suru (do) しない shinai (さない sanai) 勉強する benkyō suru (study) 愛する aisuru (love) 勉強しない benkyō shinai 愛さない aisanai vk 来る kuru (come) 来ない konai -ます -masu (polite suffix) -ません -masen 行きます ikimasu (go) 行き���せん ikimasen v5u(-s) -う -u -わない -wanai 使う tsukau (use) 使わない tsukawanai v5k(-s) -く -ku -かない -kanai 焼く yaku (grill) 焼かない yakanai v5g -ぐ -gu -がない -ganai 泳ぐ oyogu (swim) 泳がない oyoganai v5s -す -su -さない -sanai 示す shimesu (show) 示さない shimesanai v5t -つ -tsu -たない -tanai 待つ matsu (wait) 待たない matanai v5n -ぬ -nu -なない -nanai 死ぬ shinu (die) 死なない shinanai v5b -ぶ -bu -ばない -banai 呼ぶ yobu (call) 呼ばない yobanai v5m -む -mu -まない -manai 読む yomu (read) 読まない yomanai v5r -る -ru -らない -ranai 走る hashiru (run) 走らない hashiranai v5r-i -る -ru * ある aru (be, exist) ない nai v5aru -る -ru -らない -ranai 下さる kudasaru (give) 下さらない kudasaranai v1 -る -ru -ない -nai 見る miru (see) 食べる taberu (eat) 見ない minai 食べない tabenai adj-i -い -i -くない -ku nai 痛い itai (painful) 痛くない itaku nai adj-na -な -na -ではない -de wa nai -じゃない -ja nai 簡単 kantan (simple) 簡単ではない kantan de wa nai 簡単じゃない kantan ja nai +Verb conjugates are often grouped into consonant-stems (五段動詞, godandōshi) (type I) and vowel-stems (一段動詞, ichidandōshi, いる, iru and える eru forms) (type II). The plain form of a type I verb has an う u sound (u, tsu, ru, ku, gu, nu, bu, mu, su), the ～ます -masu form has an い i sound (i, chi, ri, ki, gi, ni, bi, mi, shi), and the negative form has an あ a sound (wa, ta, ra, ka, ga, na, ba, ma, sa). The potential form has an え e sound (e, te, re, ke, ge, ne, be, me, se) and the volitional form has an おう ō sound (ō, tō, rō, kō, gō, nō, bō, mō, sō). +The conjugation tables below will include the EDICT word class abbreviations[2] to disambiguate classes with similar word endings. See Japanese consonant and vowel verbs for more information about verb groups and their conjugations. +Abbreviation Explanation adj-i adjective (keiyoushi) adj-na adjectival nouns or quasi-adjectives (keiyou-doushi) adj-t 'taru' adjective adv-to adverb taking the 'to' particle aux auxiliary aux-v auxiliary verb aux-adj auxiliary adjective v1 Ichidan verb v5 Godan verb (not completely classified) v5aru Godan verb - -aru special class v5b Godan verb with 'bu' ending v5g Godan verb with 'gu' ending v5k Godan verb with 'ku' ending v5k-s Godan verb - Iku/Yuku special class v5m Godan verb with 'mu' ending v5n Godan verb with 'nu' ending v5r Godan verb with 'ru' ending v5r-i Godan verb with 'ru' ending (irregular verb) v5s Godan verb with 'su' ending v5t Godan verb with 'tsu' ending v5u Godan verb with 'u' ending v5u-s Godan verb with 'u' ending (special class) vk Kuru verb - special class vs noun or participle which takes the aux. verb suru +Imperfective +An example is 入るな hairu na "Do not enter." ↑ The imperative form can be used as a command, e.g. 黙れ damare "shut up!", やめ yame "stop!" or 止まれ tomare "Stop (sign)". Non-volitional verbs (e.g. ある aru, わかる wakaru, できる dekiru) have no imperative form and くれる kureru "to give" is an exception that conjugates to くれ kure (the plain form of ～てください -te kudasai "Please (do)..."). A politer way of telling someone to do something is to use (masu stem)～なさい -nasai instead (e.g. 飲みなさい nominasai "Drink up.", しなさい shinasai "Do (what was said)."), or more informally, (masu stem)～な -na. +Laws of Robotics are a set of laws, rules, or principles, which are intended as a fundamental framework to underpin the behavior of robots designed to have a degree of autonomy. Robots of this degree of complexity do not yet exist, but they have been widely anticipated in science fiction, films and are a topic of active research and development in the fields of robotics and artificial intelligence. +The best known set of laws are those written by Isaac Asimov in the 1940s, or based upon them, but other sets of laws have been proposed by researchers in the decades since then. +Robots are artifacts; they should not be designed to exploit vulnerable users by evoking an emotional response or dependency. It should always be possible to tell a robot from a human. It should always be possible to find out who is legally responsible for a robot. +It is important to demonstrate that we, as roboticists, are committed to the best possible standards of practice. To understand the context and consequences of our research, we should work with experts from other disciplines, including: social sciences, law, philosophy and the arts. We should consider the ethics of transparency: are there limits to what should be openly available? +The EPSRC principles are broadly recognised as a useful starting point. In 2016 Tony Prescott organised workshop to revise these principles, e.g. to differentiate ethical from legal principles.[5] +Judicial development +Another comprehensive terminological codification for the legal assessment of the technological developments in the robotics industry has already begun mainly in Asian countries.[6] This progress represents a contemporary reinterpretation of the law (and ethics) in the field of robotics, an interpretation that assumes a rethinking of traditional legal constellations. These include primarily legal liability issues in civil and criminal law. +Satya Nadella's laws +In June 2016, Satya Nadella, a CEO of Microsoft Corporation at the time, had an interview with the Slate magazine and roughly sketched five rules for artificial intelligences to be observed by their designers:[7][8] +"A.I. must be transparent" meaning that humans should know and be able to understand how they work. "A.I. must maximize efficiencies without destroying the dignity of people". "A.I. must be designed for intelligent privacy" meaning that it earns trust through guarding their information. +Tilden's "Laws of Robotics" +Isaac Asimov's "Three Laws of Robotics" +Mark W. Tilden is a robotics physicist who was a pioneer in developing simple robotics.[9] His three guiding principles/rules for robots are:[9][10][11] +A robot must protect its existence at all costs. A robot must obtain and maintain access to its own power source. A robot must continually search for better power sources. +What is notable in these three rules is that these are basically rules for "wild" life, so in essence what Tilden stated is that what he wanted was "proctoring a silicon species into sentience, but with full control over the specs. Not plant. Not animal. +See also +Friendly AI Roboethics Ethics of artificial intelligence Military robots which may be designed such that they violate Asimov's First Law. Three Laws of Transhumanism Clarke's three laws Niven's laws +The best known set of laws are Isaac Asimov's "Three Laws of Robotics". These were introduced in his 1942 short story "Runaround", although they were foreshadowed in a few earlier stories. The Three Laws are: +A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws.[1] +Near the end of his book Foundation and Earth, a zeroth law was introduced: +0. A robot may not injure humanity, or, by inaction, allow humanity to come to harm. +EPSRC / AHRC principles of robotics +In 2011, the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) of Great Britain jointly published a set of five ethical "principles for designers, builders and users of robots" in the real world, along with seven "high-level messages" intended to be conveyed, based on a September 2010 research workshop:[1][3][4] +Gauteng (/xaʊˈtɛŋ/ khow-TENG[4]; Southern Sotho: Gauteng [xɑ́úˈtʼèŋ̀]; Zulu: iGauteng; Afrikaans, Northern Sotho, Tswana: Gauteng; Xhosa: iRhawuti; Tsonga: Gauteng; Southern Ndebele: I-Gauteng; Venda: Gauteng), which means "place of gold", is one of the nine provinces of South Africa. +Situated in the Highveld, Gauteng is the smallest province in South Africa, accounting for only 1.5% of the land area.[5] Nevertheless, it is highly urbanised, containing the country's largest city, Johannesburg, its administrative capital, Pretoria, and other large areas such as Midrand and Vanderbijlpark. As of 2018[update], Gauteng is the most populous province in South Africa with a population of approximately 14,700,000 people according to estimates.[6] +Cities and towns +Administrative divisions +The former Metsweding district consisting of Nokeng Tsa Taemane and Kungwini in the North of the province was incorporated into Tshwane in 2011.[1] +The Province of Alessandria (Italian: Provincia di Alessandria) is an Italian province, with a population of some 425,000, which forms the southeastern part of the region of Piedmont. The provincial capital is the city of Alessandria. +With an area of 3,558.83 square kilometres (1,374.07 sq mi) it is the third largest province of Piedmont after the province of Cuneo and the Metropolitan City of Turin. To the north it borders on the province of Vercelli and to the west on the Metropolitan City of Turin and the province of Asti. It shares its southern border with Liguria (province of Savona and the Metropolitan City of Genoa). +Az-Zarqā (Arabic: الزرقاء‎; English: The Blue City BGN: Az Zarqāʼ; local pronunciation ez-Zergā, ez-Zer'a, or ez-Zarka) is the capital of Zarqa Governorate in Jordan. Its name means "the blue (city)". It had a population of 635160 inhabitants in 2015.[1] +Zarqa is located in the Zarqa River basin in northeast Jordan. The city is situated 15 miles (24 km) northeast of Amman.[2] +Zarqa has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSk). The average annual temperature is 17.4 °C (63.3 °F), and around 182 mm (7.17 in) of precipitation falls annually, mostly in winter months. +References +The Ta'ang National Party (Burmese: တအာင်းအမ���ိုးသားပါတီ; abbreviated TNP), also known as the Ta'Arng (Palaung) National Party, is a political party in Myanmar (Burma).[2] The party was founded on 24 May 2010 to contest the 2010 general election, but did not participate in the 2012 by-election. +The party seeks to represent the Ta'ang people (also known as the Palaung people) in the parliament of Myanmar.[3] +Retrieved 19 November 2015. ↑ "Parties | Ta'Arng National Party". Archived from the original on 2015-11-17. ↑ "Myanmar Now | Ta'ang National Party". +References +Progressive conservatism is a political ideology which attempts to combine conservative and progressive policies. The initial origins of progressivism come from Western Europe during the 18th century and the Age of Enlightenment when it was believed that social reform and progression in areas such as science, economics, education, technology and medicine were necessary to improve human living conditions.[1] However, during the 19th century British prime minister Benjamin Disraeli advocated an alternative form of progressive politics known as progressive conservatism under his one-nation conservative government.[2] +↑ "What is progressivism?". Got Questions. Retrieved 4 June 2018. ↑ Patrick Dunleavy, Paul Joseph Kelly, Michael Moran. +External links +References +Democratic liberalism aims to reach a synthesis of democracy which is the participation of the people in the power and liberalism, a political and/or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual.[1] It arose after World War I (with most major nations enacting universal suffrage) and its main question was how to get the population involved and interested in politics outside of elections. +↑ "Liberalism". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 5 September 2018. +Democratic liberalism +References +Gordon Crosby (21 March 1927 – 3 January 2019) was a Canadian sprinter. +He competed in the men's 4 × 100 metres relay at the 1952 Summer Olympics.[2] +References +Charles Currie, S.J., (1930 – January 4, 2019) was an American Jesuit and academic administrator. +He served as the president of Wheeling Jesuit University and Xavier University.[1] He was also the chair of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities from 1997 to 2011.[2] +Retrieved January 9, 2019. ↑ Zimmerman, Carol (January 7, 2019). "Jesuit Father Charles Currie, college and social justice leader, dies". Catholic News Service. +References +Hans Normann Dahl (7 October 1937 – 29 January 2019) was a Norwegian illustrator, painter and sculptor. +He delivered illustrations the newspaper Dagbladet from 1967 to 1988, and illustrated a number of books. +He is represented at the National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design, at Bergen Museum and at the National Gallery in Warsaw.[1][2] +Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 17 June 2010. ↑ Mannila, Leena. +Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 17 June 2010. +External links +References +Siamion Mikalayevich Domash (Belarusian: Сямён Мікалаевіч Домаш, Russian: Семён Никола́евич До́маш; 2 January 1950 – 9 February 2019) was a Belarusian politician.[1] Chairman of Grodno Region in 19-1994. +He was registered to run in the Belarusian presidential election, 2001, but exited from the campaign, endorsing Vladimir Goncharik.[2] +References +Roy Lee Hilton (March 23, 1943 – January 6, 2019) was an American football defensive end in the National Football League from 1965 through 1975. +During that span he appeared in Super Bowl III and Super Bowl V for the Baltimore Colts. +He played college football at Jackson State University. Hilton died in 2019 at the age of 75; he had dementia in his later years.[2] +Works +External links +References +David Akpode Ejoor RCDS, PSC, (10 January 1932 – 10 February 2019) was a Nigerian Army officer who served as Chief of Army Staff (COAS). +He was the first Nigerian Commandant of the Nigerian Defence Academy and was once administrator of the now-defunct Mid-Western Region.[2] Ejoor was the governor of the Mid-Western State of Nigeria, during the Biafra Civil War. He then served as Chief of Army Staff from January 1971 to July 1975. +Ejoor died in Lagos on 10 February 2019.[3] He was 87. +Ejoor, David Akpode (1989). Reminiscences. Malthouse Press Ltd. +↑ ↑ "Focus on the growing role of women in oil region crisis". IRIN. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. +References +Ging Ginanjar (died 20 January 2019)[1] was an Indonesian journalist instrumental in securing freedom of the press during the transition to Post-Suharto Indonesia.[2] +He was jailed after participating in demonstrations in 1998. +After the fall of Suharto, Ging worked at KBR, an independent news agency formed in the wake of the transition, and then at Deutsche Welle, and eventually at BBC, where he worked until his death in January 2019. +"Tributes pour in for senior journalist Ging Ginanjar". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 27 January 2019. ↑ "BBC journalist Ging Ginanjar: A giant of Indonesia's battle for press freedom". +External links +References +Eugene Zwozdesky, MLA (July 24, 1948 – January 6, 2019) was a Canadian politician in the province of Alberta. +He served in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1993 to 2015, and was the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly from 2012 to 2015.[1] +Zwozdesky was born on July 24, 1948 in Nipawin, Saskatchewan to Ukrainian-Canadian parents Alec and Anna Zwozdesky[2][3] and came to Alberta at the age of two. He lived in Grand Centre, Hinton and Sangudo before moving to Edmonton, where he lived since 1963. After attending Victoria Composite High School, he obtained bachelor's degrees in arts and education from the University of Alberta.[4] Before becoming involved in politics, Zwozdesky worked as a teacher, administrator, professional musician, and businessman. +Government of Alberta. Retrieved 23 May 2012. 1 2 "The Canadian Parliamentary Guide - Gale Canada, Pierre G. Normandin - Google Books". +Retrieved 2019-01-06. ↑ "MLA still gets kick from time as Shumka dancer". The Edmonton Journal. March 18, 2009. +Retrieved January 6, 2019. 1 2 Nick Lees (2018-07-22). "Nick Lees: No signs of slowing down as Gene Zwozdesky turns 70". +Retrieved 2019-01-06. ↑ "Alberta Election 2015: Former Speaker of the House Gene Zwozdesky loses Edmonton-Mill Creek seat to NDP". Globalnews.ca. Retrieved 2019-01-06. ↑ "Dancer turned politician reflects Shumka success | CTV News Edmonton". +References +Angelo Ziccardi (1 May 1928 – 6 January 2019) was an Italian politician who served as a Senator between 1972 and 1983.[1] +↑ Matera, addio all'ex senatore del Pci Angelo Ziccardi (in Italian) +External links +References +Filmography +Peter Zander (9 July 1922 – 18 January 2019) was a German-born British actor.[1][2] Zander was born in July 1922 in Berlin, but emigrated to England in 1933 with his parents.[3][2] He died in January 2019 in a care home, after succumbing to the effects of a stroke suffered in 2012.[4][2] +Year Title Role Notes 1961 The Devil's Daffodil Sicherheitsbeamter Uncredited 1962 Mystery Submarine Lt. Jahn 1963 Face in the Rain 1965 Rotten to the Core German A.D.C. 1965 Dateline Diamonds Spankharen 1965 The Return of Mr. Moto Charles Ginelli +"Remarkable life of a WWII refugee, culture maven and WHT journalist". Welwyn Hatfield Times. Retrieved 4 February 2019. ↑ THOUGHTS OF A BERLINER LONDONER ↑ Peter Zander obituary +References +Sitha Sin (born 10 March 1950) is a Cambodian athlete. He competed in the men's high jump at the 1972 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Khem Son (born 1941) is a former Cambodian cyclist. He competed in the team time trial and the individual pursuit events at the 1964 Summer Olympics.[1] +↑ "Khem Son Olympic Results". sports-reference.com. Retrieved 22 August 2014. +References +Ragnar Karl Viktor Christiansen (28 December 1922 in Drammen – 18 February 2019)[1] was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party. +He served as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway during the terms 1950–1953 and 1954–1957.[2] When taking seat as a deputy in Parliament in 1950, at the age of 27 he was the youngest MP in Norway ever.[3] He was later elected to Parliament from Buskerud in 1957, and was re-elected four times to serve five terms.[2] +↑ https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/politikk/i/5VXAv1/Ap-veteran-Ragnar-Christiansen-er-dod 1 2 3 4 5 "Ragnar Christiansen" (in Norwegian). Storting. ↑ "Norges yngste stortingsmann". +Asker og Bærums Budstikke (in Norwegian). 14 August 1950. p. 4. +References +Robert Iskandar Ghanem (8 May 1942 – 10 February 2019) was a Lebanese lawyer and politician. +Robert Ghanem was a longtime deputy of the National Assembly of Lebanon and was the minister of education in the second government of Rafic Hariri.[1] Robert Ghanem was a candidate for President of Lebanon and participated in the Lebanese presidential election, 2014.[2] +Robert Ghanem was a member of the March 14 alliance.[3] But nevertheless, Ghanem is viewed as a moderate politician with relations across the political spectrum. +References +Ruby Sahali is a Filipino politician and incumbent Congresswoman of the lone district of Tawi-Tawi in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.[1] She is the eldest daughter of former Governor Sadikul A. Sahali and the sister of incumbent Tawi-Tawi Governor Nurbert M. Sahali and incumbent mayor of Panglima Sugala, a municipality in Tawi-Tawi, Rejie Sahali-Generale +↑ "Slain priest threatened but did not seek transfer—superior". Philippine Daily Inquirer. January 17, 2008. +Sources +Samuel Howe Barnes (1808 – November 13, 1860 in Norwich, Chenango County, New York) was an American politician from New York. +He married Harriet Pellet and they had six children. +On November 6, 1860, he was elected a Canal Commissioner on the Republican ticket, but died a week later, before the beginning of his term. +References +John William Cheek, CBE (15 February 1855 – 26 February 1942) was an Australian politician, who was an Independent member of the Tasmanian Legislative Council representing the electoral division of Westmorland on two occasions from 1907 to 1913, and then from 1919 until his death in 1942.[1] +Cheek was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) on 2 January 1939, for public service in Tasmania.[2] +Thomas Lefroy Cheek (28 December 1894 – 26 September 1994) was an Australian politician. +He was born in Evandale, the son of politician John Cheek and his wife Lydia. In 1950 he was elected to the Tasmanian Legislative Council as the independent member for Macquarie. He served as Chair of Committees from 1966 until his retirement in 1968. +Cheek died in 1994.[1] +↑ Parliament of Tasmania (2005). "Cheek, Thomas Lefroy". The Parliament of Tasmania from 1856. +References +Mark Andrew Boothman (born 6 June 1977) is an Australian Liberal National politician who is the Member of Parliament for Theodore in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland, having defeated government whip Margaret Keech to win Albert at the 2012 state election.[1] +Queensland Votes 2012. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 24 March 2012. +References +Percival Clarence Best (21 March 1873 – 14 April 1943) was an Australian politician. +Born in Westbury, Tasmania, he was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly for Wilmot in 1928, representing the Nationalist Party. +Defeated in 1931, he returned to politics in 1935 as the Independent member for the Legislative Council seat of Meander, which he held until his death in Hobart in 1943. +His son Charles was also an MLC from 1958 to 1971.[1] +↑ "Best, Percival Clarence". Parliament of Tasmania. 2005. +See also +References +List of Asian countries by area List of European countries by area List of Oceanian countries by area List of South American countries by area +United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names. 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2011. ↑ "List of countries, territories and currencies". +Below is a list of all countries in Africa, in order of geographical area. Sudan was, with an area of 2,505,813km², formerly the largest country in Africa, until South Sudan formally split from it in 2011. +References +↑ Aktuell '91 - Das Lexikon der Gegenwart, Harenberg Lexikon Verlag (1990) ↑ https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/region.php?N=%20Results%20&T=13&A=separate&RT=0&Y=1989&R=1&C=AF ↑ "GeoHive - World Population 1950-2050". +This is a list of countries by population in 1989, providing an overview of the world population before the fall of the Iron Curtain. +Data is taken from the annual dictionary[1] which appeared in late 1990. While population data is almost exclusively dated 1989, political developments before the summer of 1990 are taken into account, including Yemeni unification and Namibian independence but not German reunification which was finalised only in October. +Rank Country Population 1989 estimate - World population 5,230,452,409[3] 1 People's Republic of China 1,110,000,000 2 India 814,000,000 3 Soviet Union 287,800,000 4 United States 250,000,000 5 Indonesia 175,000,000 6 Brazil 147,500,000 7 Japan 123,000,000 8 Nigeria 114,000,000 9 Bangladesh 112,800,000 10 Pakistan 107,000,000 11 Mexico 84,900,000 12 Vietnam 64,400,000 13 West Germany 62,000,000 14 Philippines 61,900,000 15 Italy 57,500,000 16 United Kingdom 57,100,000 17 France 56,000,000 18 Turkey 55,400,000 19 Egypt 55,000,000 20 Thailand 55,000,000 21 Iran 55,000,000 22 Ethiopia 47,700,000 23 South Korea 42,400,000 24 Myanmar 39,900,000 25 Spain 39,200,000 26 Poland 37,900,000 27 South Africa 35,600,000 28 Zaire 34,000,000 29 Argentina 32,400,000 30 Colombia 32,300,000 31 Canada 26,200,000 32 Morocco 25,400,000 33 Sudan 25,000,000 34 Tanzania 24,700,000 35 Algeria 24,700,000 36 SFR Yugoslavia 23,800,000 37 Kenya 23,700,000 38 Romania 23,200,000 39 North Korea 22,000,000 40 Peru 21,800,000 41 Taiwan 20,100,000 42 Venezuela 19,400,000 43 Nepal 18,800,000 44 Iraq 17,600,000 45 Sri Lanka 17,500,000 46 Malaysia 17,400,000 47 Uganda 16,800,000 48 Australia 16,800,000 49 East Germany 16,400,000 50 Czechoslovakia 15,700,000 51 Afghanistan 15,500,000 52 Mozambique 15,300,000 53 Netherlands 14,900,000 54 Ghana 14,100,000 55 Saudi Arabia 12,700,000 56 Chile 12,700,000 57 Syria 12,200,000 58 Ivory Coast 11,800,000 59 Madagascar 11,100,000 60 Cameroon 10,900,000 61 Hungary 10,600,000 62 Cuba 10,600,000 63 Yemen 10,500,000 64 Ecuador 10,500,000 65 Portugal 10,300,000 66 Greece 10,000,000 67 Belgium 9,900,000 68 Zimbabwe 9,100,000 69 Bulgaria 9,000,000 70 Angola 9,000,000 71 Guatemala 8,900,000 72 Somalia 8,600,000 73 Sweden 8,500,000 74 Mali 8,500,000 75 Malawi 8,100,000 76 Tunisia 8,000,000 77 Cambodia 7,900,000 78 Zambia 7,800,000 79 Senegal 7,700,000 80 Burkina Faso 7,700,000 81 Austria 7,600,000 82 Niger 7,400,000 83 Rwanda 7,300,000 84 Dominican Republic 7,300,000 85 Bolivia 7,000,000 86 Switzerland 6,700,000 87 Haiti 6,200,000 88 Guinea 6,100,000 89 Chad 5,700,000 90 El Salvador 5,500,000 91 Burundi 5,200,000 92 Honduras 5,100,000 93 Denmark 5,100,000 94 Finland 4,970,000 95 People's Republic of Benin 4,600,000 96 Israel 4,500,000 97 Sierra Leone 4,300,000 98 Libya 4,300,000 99 Norway 4,200,000 100 Paraguay 4,000,000 101 Laos 3,900,000 102 Jordan 3,900,000 103 Nicaragua 3,700,000 104 Ireland 3,700,000 105 Papua New Guinea 3,600,000 106 New Zealand 3,400,000 107 Togo 3,200,000 108 Albania 3,200,000 109 Central African Republic 3,000,000 110 Uruguay 3,000,000 111 Lebanon 2,900,000 112 Costa Rica 2,900,000 113 Singapore 2,650,000 114 Liberia 2,500,000 115 Jamaica 2,400,000 116 Panama 2,300,000 117 Mongolia 2,100,000 118 People's Republic of the Congo 2,000,000 119 Kuwait 1,970,000 120 Mauritania 1,800,000 121 Namibia 1,760,000 122 Lesotho 1,700,000 123 United Arab Emirates 1,500,000 124 Bhutan 1,500,000 125 Oman 1,400,000 126 Trinidad and Tobago 1,300,000 127 Botswana 1,200,000 128 Gabon 1,100,000 129 Mauritius 1,050,000 130 Guyana 1,000,000 131 Guinea-Bissau 929,000 132 The Gambia 840,000 133 Fiji 758,000 134 Swaziland 757,000 135 Cyprus 696,000 136 Bahrain 483,000 137 Comoros 460,000 138 Suriname 400,000 139 Equatorial Guinea 389,000 140 Djibouti 383,000 141 Luxembourg 377,000 142 Malta 358,000 143 Qatar 342,000 144 Cape Verde 337,000 145 Solomon Islands 314,000 146 Brunei 267,000 147 Barbados 256,000 148 Iceland 251,000 149 Bahamas 247,000 150 Maldives 202,000 151 Belize 180,000 152 Samoa 169,000 153 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 169,000 154 Vanuatu 150,000 155 Saint Lucia 128,000 156 São Tomé and Príncipe 114,000 157 Tonga 108,000 158 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 108,000 159 Grenada 100,000 160 Antigua and Barbuda 86,000 161 Micronesia 85,000 162 Dominica 76,000 163 Seychelles 70,000 164 Kiribati 67,000 165 Andorra 49,000 166 Saint Kitts and Nevis 40,000 167 Marshall Islands 40,000 168 Liechtenstein 30,000 169 Monaco 29,000 170 San Marino 23,000 171 Palau 15,000 172 Tuvalu 9,000 173 Nauru 8,100 174 Vatican City 1,000 +References +Maurizio Clerici (16 May 1929 - 21 February 2019) was an Italian rower. +He competed in the men's coxless pair event at the 1956 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Tolicha Peak is a summit in the U.S. state of Nevada.[1] The elevation is 6,870 feet (2,090 m).[1] +Somporn Juangroongruangkit (born 1950/1951) is a Thai businesswoman, and the president and CEO of Thai Summit Group, the family-owned and largest car parts manufacturer in Thailand.[1][2][3] Her family also owns part of Matichon, a media group.[1] +Manuscript of Beethoven's Große Fuge, arranged for piano four hands +Ludwig van Beethoven's late string quartets are the following works: +131 is a six-movement work for the third "movement" is only 10 bars long and has the same A major key signature as its successor. Some critics notably Vincent d'Indy, regard it simply as an introduction. But the tonality of the 10 bars is clearly B minor and if we note the tonal centres of the first four movements we get the familiar pattern of op. +Beethoven's "obsession at that time with the upper four notes of the harmonic minor scale" (A. David Hogarth) is actually older and can be found elsewhere in his works. For an early example, see e.g. the first movement of the trio for strings opus 9 nr 3, in C minor. +Appraisal +These quartets went far beyond the comprehension of musicians and audiences of the time. One musician commented that "we know there is something there, but we do not know what it is." Composer Louis Spohr called them "indecipherable, uncorrected horrors." +Opinion has changed considerably from the time of their first bewildered reception: these six quartets (counting the Große Fuge) comprise Beethoven's last major, completed compositions and are widely considered to be among the greatest musical compositions of all time.[1] The Frankfurt School philosopher Theodor Adorno, in particular, thought highly of them,[9] and Igor Stravinsky described the Große Fuge as "an absolutely contemporary piece of music that will be contemporary forever".[3] Their forms and ideas inspired and continue to inspire musicians and composers, such as Richard Wagner and Béla Bartók. Wagner, when reflecting on Op. 131's first movement, said that it "reveals the most melancholy sentiment expressed in music".[4] The last musical wish of Schubert was to hear the Op. 131 quartet, which he did on 14 November 1828, five days before his death.[5] Upon listening to a performance of the Op. 131 quartet, Schubert remarked, "After this, what is left for us to write?"[6] Of the late quartets, Beethoven's favorite was the Fourteenth Quartet, op. 131 in C♯ minor, which he rated as his most perfect single work.[7] +Other versions +Transcriptions of some of the late quartets for string orchestra have been made by Arturo Toscanini and Felix Weingartner, among others. +Opus 127: String Quartet No. 12 in E♭ major (1825) Opus 130: String Quartet No. 13 in B♭ major (1826) Opus 131: String Quartet No. 14 in C♯ minor (1826) Opus 132: String Quartet No. 15 in A minor (1825) Opus 133: Große Fuge in B♭ major (1825; originally the finale to Op. 130; it also exists in a piano four-hands transcription, Op. 134) Opus 135: String Quartet No. 16 in F major (1826) +These six works are Beethoven's last major completed compositions. Although dismissed by musicians and audiences of Beethoven's day, they are now widely considered to be among the greatest musical compositions of all time,[1][2][3] and they have inspired many later composers. +Prince Nikolai Galitzine commissioned the first three quartets (numbers 12, 13 and 15) and in a letter dated 9 November 1822, offered to pay Beethoven "what you think proper" for the three works. +Beethoven replied on 25 January 1823 with his price of 50 ducats for each opus.[4] Beethoven composed these quartets in the sequence 12, 15, 13, 14, 16, simultaneously writing quartets 15 and 13.[5] +Beethoven wrote the last quartets in failing health. In April 1825 he was bedridden, and remained ill for about a month. +The illness—or more precisely, his recovery from it—is remembered for having given rise to the deeply felt slow movement of the Fifteenth Quartet, which Beethoven called "Holy song of thanks ('Heiliger Dankgesang') to the divinity, from one made well." He went on to complete the quartets now numbered Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Sixteenth. The last work Beethoven completed was the substitute final movement of the Thirteenth Quartet, which replaced the difficult Große Fuge.[6] +The "ABC" quartets +Opus 132, 130 and 131 are sometimes called the "ABC" quartets because of their successive tonalities: A minor, B♭ major, and C♯ minor. They are thematically linked together over the four notes of the second tetrachord of the harmonic minor scale. This is explained by A. David Hogarth in his notes written for the recording of all six quartets by the Quartetto Italiano:[7] +Alice May Roberts (born 19 May 1973) is an English evolutionary biologist, biological anthropologist,[1] television presenter and author. Since 2012 she has been Professor of the Public Engagement in Science at the University of Birmingham. +Early life and education +Roberts was born in Bristol in 1973,[2][3] the daughter of an aeronautical engineer and an English and arts teacher.[4] She grew up in Westbury-on-Trym where she attended Westbury C-of-E Primary School[5] and The Red Maids' School.[3][5][7] In December 1988 she won the BBC1 Blue Peter Young Artists competition, appearing with her picture and the presenters on the front cover of the 10 December 1988 edition of the Radio Times.[8] +Work and influences +Tombstone of Rosario Castellanos +Throughout her career, Castellanos wrote poetry, essays, one major play, and three novels: the semi-autobiographical Balún Canán and Oficio de tinieblas (translated into English as The Book of Lamentations) depicting a Tzotzil indigenous uprising in Chiapas based on one that had occurred in the 19th century. Despite being a ladino – of mestizo, not indigenous descent – Castellanos shows considerable concern and understanding for the plight of indigenous peoples. "Cartas a Ricardo," a collection of her letters to her husband Ricardo Guerra was published after her death as was her third novel, Rito de iniciación. +Rito de iniciación is in the bildungsroman tradition about a young woman who discovers her vocation of a writer. In "Cartas Ricardo" there are some 28 letters Castellanos wrote from Spain (1950-51) where she travelled with her friend, the poet, Dolores Castro. +Castellanos’ main focus in these short stories are the differences between distinct groups, namely, the whites and the indigenous people, but she also addresses the differences between men and women. Communication is an important theme in Castellanos’ work, and Ciudad Real shows the tension between the native people of Chiapas, Mexico and the whites, who cannot communicate with each other and subsequently don’t trust each other because they don’t speak the same language. These are recurring themes in this collection, along with themes of lonely and marginalized people. +However, the last story of the novel is somewhat different than the rest. In this story the main character, named Arthur, knows both Spanish and the indigenous language and is therefore able to break down the barriers that stand between the two different groups throughout the novel. At the end, Arthur makes a connection with nature (something that is rare in Castellanos’ work) and finds peace with himself and with the world. +Castellanos admired writers such as Gabriela Mistral, Emily Dickinson, Simone de Beauvoir, Virginia Woolf, and Simone Weil.[1] Castellanos' poem, "Valium 10," is in the confessional mode, and is a great feminist poem comparable to Sylvia Plath's "Daddy." +A park in Mexico City, located in the borough (Delegación) Cuajimalpa de Morelos is named after her. +Balún-Canán Fondo de Cultura Economica, 1957; 2007, ISBN 9789681683030 Poemas (1953–1955), Colección Metáfora, 1957 Ciudad Real: Cuentos, 1960; Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México, 2007, ISBN 9786071108654 Oficio de tinieblas 1962; 2013, Grupo Planeta – México, ISBN 978-607-07-1659-1 Álbum de familia (1971) Poesía no eres tú; Obra poética: 1948–1971 1972; Fondo de Cultura Economica, 2004, ISBN 9789681671174 Mujer que sabe latín . . . 1973; Fondo de Cultura Economica, 2003, ISBN 9789681671167 El eterno femenino: Farsa 1973; Fondo de Cultura Economica, 2012, ISBN 9786071610829 Bella dama sin piedad y otros poemas, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1984, ISBN 9789681617332 Los convidados de agosto. Ediciones Era. +ISBN 978-968-411-203-2. Declaración de fe Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México, 2012, ISBN 9786071119339 La muerte del tigre SEP, 198? Cartas a Ricardo (1994) Rito de iniciación 1996; 2012, Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México, ISBN 978-607-11-1935-3 Sobre cultura femenina. +Fondo de Cultura Económica. 2005. ISBN 978-968-16-7465-6. +Rosario Castellanos Figueroa (Spanish pronunciation: [roˈsaɾjo kasteˈʝanos]; 25 May 1925 – 7 August 1974) was a Mexican poet and author. +She was one of Mexico's most important literary voices in the last century. Throughout her life, she wrote eloquently about issues of cultural and gender oppression, and her work has influenced Mexican feminist theory and cultural studies. Though she died young, she opened the door of Mexican literature to women, and left a legacy that still resonates today. +Life +Born in Mexico City, she was raised in Comitán near her family's ranch in the southern state of Chiapas. She was an introverted young girl, who took notice of the plight of the indigenous Maya who worked for her family. According to her own account, she felt estranged from her family after a soothsayer predicted that one of her mother's two children would die shortly, and her mother screamed out, "Not the boy!" +The family's fortunes changed suddenly when President Lázaro Cárdenas enacted a land reform and peasant emancipation policy that stripped the family of much of its land holdings. At fifteen, Castellanos and her parents moved to Mexico City. One year later, her parents were dead and she was left to fend for herself. +Although she remained introverted, she joined a group of Mexican and Central American intellectuals, read extensively, and began to write. She studied philosophy and literature at UNAM (the National Autonomous University of Mexico), where she would later teach, and joined the National Indigenous Institute, writing scripts for puppet shows that were staged in impoverished regions to promote literacy. The Institute had been founded by President Cárdenas, who had taken away her family's land. +She married Ricardo Guerra Tejada, a professor of philosophy, in 1958. +The birth in 1961 of their son Gabriel Guerra Castellanos (now a political scientist) was an important moment in Castellanos’ life; prior to his birth, she suffered from depression after several miscarriages.[1] However, she and Guerra divorced after thirteen years of marriage, Guerra having been unfaithful to Castellanos. Her own personal life was marked by her difficult marriage and continuous depression, but she dedicated a large part of her work and energy to defending women’s rights, for which she is remembered as a symbol of Latin American feminism.[2][3] +In addition to her literary work, Castellanos held several government posts. In recognition for her contribution to Mexican literature, Castellanos was appointed ambassador to Israel in 1971. +On 7 August 1974, Castellanos died in Tel Aviv from an unfortunate electrical accident. Some have speculated that the accident was in fact suicide. Mexican writer Martha Cerda, for example, wrote to journalist Lucina Kathmann, "I believe she committed suicide, though she already felt she was dead for some time.".[1] There is no evidence to support such a claim, however. +Fluent in Pashto, Urdu and English, Yousafzai was educated mostly by her father, Ziauddin Yousafzai, who is a poet, school owner,[1] and an educational activist himself, running a chain of private schools known as the Khushal Public School.[2][3] In an interview, Yousafzai once stated that she aspired to become a doctor, though later her father encouraged her to become a politician instead.[4] Ziauddin referred to his daughter as something entirely special, allowing her to stay up at night and talk about politics after her two brothers had been sent to bed.[5] +Inspired by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, Yousafzai started speaking about education rights as early as September 2008, when her father took her to Peshawar to speak at the local press club.[1] "How dare the Taliban take away my basic right to education?", Yousafzai asked her audience in a speech covered by newspapers and television channels throughout the region.[2] In 2009, Yousafzai began as a trainee and then a peer educator in the Institute for War and Peace Reporting's Open Minds Pakistan youth programme, which worked in schools in the region to help young people engage in constructive discussion on social issues through the tools of journalism, public debate and dialogue.[3] +As a BBC blogger +From left to right: Martin Luther King Jr, Nelson Mandela and Muhammad Ali Jinnah have influenced Yousafzai +Their correspondent in Peshawar, Abdul Hai Kakar, had been in touch with a local school teacher, Ziauddin Yousafzai, but could not find any students willing to do so, as it was considered too dangerous by their families. Finally, Yousafzai suggested his own daughter, 11-year-old Malala.[1] At the time, Taliban militants led by Maulana Fazlullah were taking over the Swat Valley, banning television, music, girls' education,[32] and women from going shopping.[3] Bodies of beheaded policemen were being displayed in town squares.[32] At first, a girl named Aisha from her father's school agreed to write a diary, but then the girl's parents stopped her from doing it because they feared Taliban reprisals. The only alternative was Yousafzai, four years younger than the original volunteer, and in seventh grade at the time.[4] Editors at the BBC unanimously agreed.[2] +Malala Yousafzai (Malālah Yūsafzay: Urdu: ملالہ یوسفزئی‎; Pashto: ملاله یوسفزۍ‎ [məˈlaːlə jusəf ˈzəj];[1] born 12 July 1997)[2][2] is a Pakistani activist for female education and the youngest Nobel Prize laureate.[3] She is known for human rights advocacy, especially the education of women and children in her native Swat Valley in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, northwest Pakistan, where the local Taliban had at times banned girls from attending school. Her advocacy has grown into an international movement, and according to former Pakistani Prime Minister Shahid Khaqan Abbasi, she has become "the most prominent citizen" of the country.[4] +On 9 October 2012, while on a bus in the Swat District, after taking an exam, Yousafzai and two other girls were shot by a Taliban gunman in an assassination attempt in retaliation for her activism; the gunman fled the scene. Yousafzai was hit in the head with a bullet and remained unconscious and in critical condition at the Rawalpindi Institute of Cardiology, but her condition later improved enough for her to be transferred to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham, UK.[1] The attempt on her life sparked an international outpouring of support for Yousafzai. Deutsche Welle reported in January 2013 that Yousafzai may have become "the most famous teenager in the world".[2] Weeks after the attempted murder, a group of fifty leading Muslim clerics in Pakistan issued a fatwā against those who tried to kill her.[3] The Taliban was internationally denounced by governments, human rights organizations and feminist groups. +Yousafzai was born on 12 July 1997 in the Swat District of Pakistan's northwestern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, into a lower-middle-class family.[1] She is the daughter of Ziauddin Yousafzai and Tor Pekai Yousafzai.[2] Her family is Sunni Muslim[3] of Pashtun ethnicity.[4] The family did not have enough money for a hospital birth and as a result, Yousafzai was born at home with the help of neighbours.[5] She was given her first name Malala (meaning "grief-stricken")[6] after Malalai of Maiwand, a famous Pashtun poet and warrior woman from southern Afghanistan.[7] Her last name, Yousafzai, is that of a large Pashtun tribal confederation that is predominant in Pakistan's Swat Valley, where she grew up. At her house in Mingora, she lived with her two younger brothers, Khushal and Atal, her parents, Ziauddin and Toor Pekai, and two pet chickens.[3] +Not to be confused with Maia Mitchell, Australian actress and singer. +Her father's school closed, and afterwards she attended Unitarian minister Cyrus Peirce's school for young ladies. Later, she worked for Peirce as his teaching assistant before she opened her own school in 1835. She made the decision to allow nonwhite children to attend her school, a controversial move as the local public school was still segregated at the time.[1] One year later, she was offered a job as the first librarian of the Nantucket Atheneum,[12] where she worked for 20 years.[2] +At 10:50 pm on the night of October 1, 1847, using a Dollond refracting telescope with three inches of aperture and forty six inch focal length[15][16], Maria discovered Comet 1847 VI—modern designation C/1847 T1 and later known as "Miss Mitchell's Comet".[3][4] Under her father's name Mitchell published a notice of her discovery in Silliman's Journal in January 1848.[5] The following month, she submitted her calculation of the comet's orbit, ensuring her claim as the original discoverer.[19] That year, she was celebrated at the Seneca Falls Convention for the discovery and calculation.[19] +Some years previously, King Frederick VI of Denmark had established gold medal prizes to each discoverer of a "telescopic comet" (too faint to be seen with the naked eye). The prize was to be awarded to the "first discoverer" of each such comet (note that comets are often independently discovered by more than one person). Maria Mitchell won one of these prizes, and this gave her worldwide fame, since the only previous women to discover a comet were the astronomers Caroline Herschel and Maria Margarethe Kirch. +Temporarily, a question of priority arose because Francesco de Vico had independently discovered the same comet two days later, but had reported it to European authorities first. The question was resolved in Mitchell's favor and she was awarded the prize in 1848 by the new king Christian VIII.[1] +Mitchell began recording sun spots by eye in 1868, but from 1873, her students and she at Vassar College were able to make daily photographic records, allowing more accurate records. These were the first regular photographs of the sun, and they allowed her to explore the hypothesis that sun spots were cavities rather than clouds on the surface of the sun. For the total solar eclipse of July 1878, Mitchell and five assistants travelled with a 4-inch telescope to Denver for observations.[1] +She became the first woman elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1848[1] and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1850. +In 1881, reporting to the Association for the Advancement of Women, Mitchell expressed surprise that no women had been elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences after her.[2] Mitchell was also one of the first women elected to the American Philosophical Society (1869, at the same meeting Mary Somerville and Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz were elected).[3] She later worked at the U.S. Nautical Almanac Office, calculating tables of positions of Venus, and traveled in Europe with Nathaniel Hawthorne and his family. +In 1843, she left the Quaker faith and followed Unitarian principles. In protest against slavery, she stopped wearing clothes made of southern cotton. She was friends with various suffragists such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and co-founded the Association for the Advancement of Women in 1873.[1] +Mitchell became a celebrity following her discovery and awards, with hundreds of newspaper articles written about her in the subsequent decade.[1] At her home in Nantucket, she entertained prominent academics of the time such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Herman Melville, Frederick Douglass, and Sojourner Truth.[2] +Mitchell never married, but remained close to her immediate family throughout her life. After she retired from Vassar College in 1888, she lived in Lynn, Massachusetts, with her sister Kate and her family.[1] Very few of her personal documents remain from before 1846. +The Mitchell family believes she witnessed personal papers of fellow Nantucketers blown through the street by the Great Fire of 1846, and because fear of another fire persisted, she burned her own documents to keep them private.[2] +Legacy +She was also inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame, and was made a National Women's History Month Honoree for 1989 by the National Women's History Project.[4] She was the namesake of a World War II Liberty ship, the SS Maria Mitchell. New York's Metro North commuter railroad (with its Hudson Line endpoint in Poughkeepsie near Vassar College) has a train named the Maria Mitchell Comet in her honor. On August 1, 2013, the search engine Google honored Maria Mitchell with a Google doodle showing her in cartoon form on top of a roof gazing through a telescope in search of comets.[5][6][7] +Maria Mitchell [pronounced "mə-RYE-ə"] (August 1, 1818 – June 28, 1889) was an American astronomer, who in 1847 by using a telescope, discovered a comet, which as a result became known as "Miss Mitchell's Comet."[1] She won a gold medal prize for her discovery, which was presented to her by King Frederick VI of Denmark. On the medal was inscribed "Non Frustra Signorum Obitus Speculamur et Ortus" in Latin (taken from Georgics by Virgil (Book I, line 257)[2] (English: "Not in vain do we watch the setting and rising [of the stars]").[3] Mitchell was the first American woman to work as a professional astronomer.[4][5] +She had nine brothers and sisters. Her parents, William Mitchell and Lydia Coleman Mitchell, were Quakers. One of the tenets of the Quaker religion was intellectual equality between the sexes and Maria Mitchell thrived in the broader Nantucket community in which such equality was highly regarded. +Maria's parents, like other Quakers, valued education and insisted on giving her the same access to education as boys received. And Maria was fortunate that her father was a dedicated public school teacher who pursued an avid interest in mathematics and astronomy; he saw to it that Maria, who especially showed interest and talent, and all his children were indoctrinated with knowledge of astronomy.[1] Additionally, Nantucket's importance as a whaling port meant that wives of sailors were left for months, sometimes years, to manage affairs at home while their husbands were at sea, thus fostering an atmosphere of relative independence and equality for the women who called the island home.[2] +After attending Elizabeth Gardner small school in her earliest childhood years, Maria attended the North Grammar school, where William Mitchell was the first principal. Two years following the founding of that school, when Maria was 11, her father founded his own school on Howard Street. There, she was a student and also a teaching assistant to her father.[9] At home, Maria's father taught her astronomy using his personal telescope.[2] At age 12 1/2, she aided her father in calculating the exact moment of a solar eclipse.[11] +Maria Mitchell (seated) inside the dome of the Vassar College Observatory, with her student Mary Watson Whitney (standing), circa 1877[14] +Consuelo Velázquez Torres (Ciudad Guzmán Zapotlán el Grande, Jalisco, August 21, 1916 – January 22, 2005[1]) (popularly also known as Consuelito Velázquez[citation needed]) was a Mexican concert pianist, songwriter and recording artist. +(Most music resources, however, list her birth date as August 29, 1924.[citation needed]) +Velázquez was born in Ciudad Guzmán, Mexico, in 1916.[1] She was the fourth of five daughters.[2] +Velázquez was the songwriter and lyricist of many Spanish standard songs, such as "Amar y vivir" ("To Love and to Live"), "Verdad amarga" ("Bitter Truth"), "Franqueza", "Que seas feliz", "Abuela abuela", "Cachito", "Enamorada", and, most notably, the enduring 1940s-era standard "Bésame mucho", a romantic ballad which was soon recorded by artists around the globe, making it an international hit. +The Beatles famously performed it as a part of their 1 January 1962 studio audition for Decca executives, at which Decca 'failed' them (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dg48JepkiRo). The song was inspired by the sight of seeing a couple kissing in the street.[1] +Velázquez, who is said to have begun playing the piano at the age of four, started her professional career as a classical music concert pianist, performing at Palacio de Bellas Artes and XEQ Radio, but later became a singer and recording artist. According to Velázquez herself, she was strongly influenced by Spanish composer Enrique Granados. Velázquez also was elected to the Mexican Congress, she served as president for SACM (Society of Authors and Composers of Mexico), and she was vice-president of CISAC (International Confederation of Authors and Composers Societies). +Death +According to her obituary, she was 88 years old when she died in Mexico City, of respiratory problems, on January 22, 2005.[1][2] Velázquez had been in hospital since she suffered a fall in November 2004.[3] +Legacy +In 2003, sculptor Sergio Peraza immortalized Velázquez with a Mexico City statue.[1] +Niccolò Paganini +The 24 Caprices for Solo Violin were written in groups (six, six and twelve) by Niccolò Paganini between 1802 and 1817. +They are also designated as M.S. 25 in Maria Rosa Moretti's and Anna Sorrento's Catalogo tematico delle musiche di Niccolò Paganini which was published in 1982. +The Caprices are in the form of études, with each number exploring different skills (double stopped trills, extremely fast switching of positions and strings, etc.) +In 1940, to celebrate the centenary of Paganini's death, the complete set in the arrangement for violin and piano by Ferdinand David was recorded by the 20-year-old Austrian violinist Ossy Renardy (pseudonym of Oskar Reiss), with Walter Robert on piano (78 rpm's, RCA Victor; CD reprint by Biddulph).[4] This was the world premiere recording of any version of the 24 Caprices.[5] Renardy had played the solo violin version of the 24 in his Carnegie Hall debut the previous October. In 1953, shortly before his untimely death, Renardy recorded the 24 again (on Paganini's Guarnieri del Gesù violin, 'Il Cannone'), in the same arrangement by David, with Eugene Helmer accompanying (2LPs, Remington R-99-146 & R-99-152).[6][7] +In 1947, Ruggiero Ricci[8] made the first complete recording of the 24 Caprices in their original version (Decca).[9] Ricci later made further recordings, as stated below: +4 and 5). When Paganini released his Caprices, he dedicated them "alli artisti" (to the artists) rather than to a specific person. A sort of dedication can be recognized in Paganini's own score, where he annotated between 1832 and 1840 the following 'dedicatee' for each Caprice (possibly ready for a new printed edition): 1: Henri Vieuxtemps; 2: Giuseppe Austri; 3: Ernesto Camillo Sivori; 4: Ole Bornemann Bull; 5: Heinrich Wilhelm Ernst; 6: Karol Józef Lipiński; 7: Franz Liszt; 8: Delphin Alard; 9: Herrmann; 10: Théodor Haumann [sv]; 11: Sigismond Thalberg; 12: Dhuler; 13: Charles Philippe Lafont; 14: Jacques Pierre Rode; 15: Louis Spohr; 16: Rodolphe Kreutzer; 17: Alexandre Artôt; 18: Antoine Bohrer; 19: Andreas Jakob Romberg; 20: Carlo Gignami; 21: Antonio Bazzini; 22: Luigi Alliani; 23: [no name]; 24: Nicolò Paganini, sepolto pur troppo (to my self, regrettably buried). +Ferdinand David's first edition was published by Breitkopf & Härtel in 1854. David, as editor, also issued an edition of Caprices with piano accompaniments by Robert Schumann. Another edition by David was issued in two books of 12 caprices each "mit hinzugefügter Begleitung des Pianoforte von Ferdinand David" (with additional piano accompaniment by Ferdinand David) and published by Breitkopf & Härtel (c. +1860).[1] +Unlike many earlier and later sets of 24 pieces, there was no intention to write these caprices in 24 different keys. +7 A minor Posato This caprice focuses on slurred staccato passages, featuring many long slurred scales and arpeggios. 8 E-flat major Maestoso Caprice No. 8 focuses on sustaining a lower note while playing a higher melody at the same time, meanwhile incorporating many trills and double stops. 9 E major Allegretto Nicknamed "La Chasse" or "The Hunt", the violin's A and E strings imitate the flutes ("Sulla tastiera imitando il Flauto"), while the G and D strings imitate the horns ("imitando il Corno sulla D e G corda"). +10 G minor Vivace This caprice is primarily a study in up-bow staccato, with staccato notes punctuated by chords, trills and distant string crossings. 11 C major Andante/Presto/Andante The eleventh caprice starts and ends with sections that require multiple voices, containing a passage that consists of many dotted notes rapidly jumping up and down the scale. 12 A-flat major Allegro This caprice consists of a slurred pattern of a melody on an upper string alternating with a drone note on a bottom string, forcing the violinist to stretch great distances while keeping a finger on the drone string. +The middle, contrasting section is a formidable exercise in string crossings: it requires the violinist to play patterns of three sixteenth notes on the G string and then cross quickly to play one on the E string, and then back to the G string, all at a quick tempo. 24 A minor Tema: Quasi presto/variazioni I–XI/Finale The theme from Caprice No. 24 is well known, and has been used as the basis for many pieces by a wide variety of composers. This caprice uses a wide range of advanced techniques such as tremendously fast scales and arpeggios, double and triple stops, left hand pizzicato, parallel octaves and tenths, rapid shifting, and string crossings. +Stairway of the Hôtel Tassel, an early example of Gesamtkunstwerk +Canadian development corporation Westbank, founded by Ian Gillespie, uses Gesamtkunstwerk as the founding idea behind the company's vision and philosophy for urban development.[18] +The term was first used by the German writer and philosopher K. F. E. Trahndorff in an essay in 1827.[4] The German opera composer Richard Wagner used the term in two 1849 essays, and the word has become particularly associated with his aesthetic ideals.[2] It is unclear whether Wagner knew of Trahndorff's essay. +Before Wagner +After the lengthy domination of opera seria, and the da capo aria, a movement began to advance the librettist and the composer in relation to the singers, and to return the drama to a more intense and less moralistic focus. This movement, "reform opera" is primarily associated with Christoph Willibald Gluck and Ranieri de' Calzabigi. The themes in the operas produced by Gluck's collaborations with Calzabigi continue throughout the operas of Carl Maria von Weber, until Wagner, rejecting both the Italian bel canto tradition and the French "spectacle opera", developed his union of music, drama, theatrical effects, and occasionally dance. +Wagner felt that the Greek tragedies of Aeschylus had been the finest (though still flawed) examples so far of total artistic synthesis, but that this synthesis had subsequently been corrupted by Euripides. Wagner felt that during the rest of human history up to the present day (i.e. 1850) the arts had drifted further and further apart, resulting in such "monstrosities" as Grand Opera. Wagner felt that such works celebrated bravura singing, sensational stage effects, and meaningless plots. +Teams +External links +Jorge Daniel Aquino Guerrero (born 14 December 1987 in Ciudad del Este, Paraguay) is a Paraguayan footballer currently playing for Deportes Puerto Montt of the Primera B Chilena. +Profile at BDFA (in Spanish) Jorge Aquino at Soccerway +References +Michael Amberg (25 April 1926 – July 2001) was a British fencer. +He competed in the individual and team sabre events at the 1960 Summer Olympics.[1] +↑ "Michael Amberg Olympic Results". sports-reference.com. Retrieved 29 October 2010. +References +Biography +Johann Burger (born 31 May 1829 in Burg, Aargau; died 2 May 1912 in Munich) was a Swiss engraver. +He was a pupil of landscape painter and engraver Jakob Suter at Zofingen, and from 1850 to 1856 of reproduction engraver Julius Thäter at the Munich Academy, and engraved as his first plate “The Stoning of Saint Stephen,” after Schraudolph. His further works include “Lady Macbeth” (1858), after Cornelius; three plates illustrating scenes from the life of Saint Bonifacius, after Hess; and “Aurora” (1887), after Guido Reni. +References +The Beehive Social Democratic Party (Khmer: គណបក្សសំបុកឃ្មុំសង្គមប្រជាធិបតេយ្យ) is a Cambodian political party founded in 2015 by Beehive Radio journalist Mam Sonando.[1] The party came in seventh of twenty political parties in the 2018 general election. +↑ "Sonando's Beehive party takes first steps". The Phnom Penh Post. 2 July 2015. +Beehive Social Democratic Party +The Belarusian Socialist Sporting Party (Belarusian: Беларуская сац��яльна-спартыўная партыя) is a political party in Belarus, that supports the government of president Alexander Lukashenko. +It was created in 1994. Leader of the party is Vladimir Alexandrovich. +Selected video games +External links +References +Selected filmography +Selected television +Steven Barr (born June 24, 1955) is an American actor, probably best known for his voice work including Urdnot Wrex in the Mass Effect trilogy.[1][2][3] +Retrieved June 24, 2017. ↑ "Steve Barr (Person)". Giant Bomb. Retrieved June 24, 2017. ↑ "Steve Barr - Voice Actor Profile at Voice Chasers". +Selected screenwriting +References +Selected filmography +Selected television +John Bagni (December 24, 1910 – February 13, 1954) was an American actor and a writer for radio and television. +He often worked with his wife Gwen Bagni.[1] +↑ "Gwen Dubov; Wrote for Radio, TV, Movies". Articles.latimes.com. 2001-05-19. +Lamduan Armitage (née Seekanya) was a formerly unidentified woman whose body was discovered in 2004 on the mountain Pen-y-ghent in Yorkshire, England, leading her to become known as the Lady of the Hills.[1] The woman was found to have originally come from somewhere in South-East Asia[2] but despite an international police investigation, the identity of the woman, how she arrived at the location and the cause of her death remained a mystery until 2019.[3] The woman was identified in March 2019 through DNA testing.[4] +A number of countries were identified as the potential origin of the woman. These countries included: Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.[1] Analysis of the body indicated that the woman had been in the UK for at least two years prior to her death and that she had probably lived in Cumbria, Lancashire, or the west Yorkshire Dales.[2] +In 2018 an appeal was made by the North Yorkshire Police.[15] The appeal was made on Facebook in the Filipino, Thai, and English languages so that the messages could be shared internationally.[9] +On 22 January 2019, a family in Thailand came forward in the belief that they knew the identity of the victim.[16] The woman had married a British man in 1991 and moved to north-west England in 1995. The mother of the woman identified had not heard from her daughter since 2004. +Identification +On 19 March 2019 North Yorkshire Police revealed that they had identified the body, following DNA testing, as Lamduan Armitage (nee Seekanya).[1] +On Monday 20 September 2004 at 11:30 am, a man walking in the vicinity of Pen-y-ghent alerted the police to the discovery of the body of a dead woman.[5] The man had discovered the body in a well-trafficked location on the Pennine Way between Pen-y-ghent and Horton in Ribblesdale[6] in a stream called Sell Gill Beck[3] which flows into a cave called Sell Gill Hole.[7] It was thought that the body had been in the stream for some time[5] and that the woman could have died up to three weeks prior to the discovery.[8] The cause of death was not initially apparent and no signs of violence were reported.[5] +The woman was thought to be of South-East Asian origin,[1] had dark, shoulder-length hair [2] and was about 1.5 metres tall (4ft 11ins)[2]. She was believed to be aged between 25 and 35.[2] The woman had healthy teeth which had a noticeable gap at the front.[4] She was found wearing green jeans, a green and white striped T-shirt[10] and was wearing a wedding ring.[2] The ring was found to be 22 carat and to have been made in Bangkok, Thailand.[11] The woman had pierced ears but no earrings were found.[11] No shoes, warm outer clothing, personal bags of other effects were found at the scene of the discovery.[11] The woman weighed 10 stone (64 kg)[7] but appeared to have gained weight in the years prior to her death and wore a size 12 dress.[2] +Immediately after the discovery, North Yorkshire Police commenced an extensive investigation. Police questioned walkers using the Pennine Way, conducted house-to-house enquires in the locality and issued letters to local holiday accommodations that appealed for witnesses in multiple languages.[1] Police investigated every sighting in the Yorkshire Dales of women matching the description of the unidentified body dating back to 1 August 2004.[6] +A postmortem was undertaken which suggested the woman died between 31 August and 13 September but it did not provide enough information to enable investigators to establish the cause of death.[1] The postmortem indicated that the woman had probably been pregnant at some point during her life.[2] +Detective Chief Inspector Pete Martin who was working on the investigation stated that the death was unexplained rather than suspicious.[1] A search of missing persons databases did not produce any matches.[1] +History +The original lyrics were written in 1850 by Swiss pastor Jakob Josef Jauch (1802–1859),[1] at a time when the Principality of Liechtenstein, which is considered the last remnant of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, was a member of the German Confederation. About a decade earlier, French claims to the left bank of the Rhine (Rhine Crisis of 1840) had triggered a series of German "Rhine songs". +"Oben am jungen Rhein" was a number of early national anthems with the same tune as "God Save the Queen", but the only one that continues to use the tune.[2][3] In 1963, it was shortened (including explicitly Christian passages), and references to Germany were removed.[4] +Lyrics +Hoch leb' der Fürst vom Land, Hoch unser Vaterland, Durch Bruderliebe Band Vereint und frei. Long live Liechtenstein, Blossoming on the young Rhine, Fortunate and faithful! Long live the Prince of the Land, Long live our fatherland, Through bonds of brotherly love United and free! +Until 1963 its text was: +"L-Innu Malti" (in English: The Maltese Anthem) is the national anthem of Malta. It is written in the form of a prayer to God; It was composed by Robert Samut and the lyrics were written by Dun Karm Psaila. +From the mid nineteenth century up to the early 1930s, Malta was passing through a national awakening. With the increased national awareness, it was felt by many thinkers that Malta should have its own National Anthem. +In 1850 Ġan Anton Vassallo composed Innu Lil Malta, which used to be played during many Maltese political manifestations and meetings. +In 1922, Professor Mro. +Robert Samut composed a short melody. +A year later, Dr A.V. Laferla, Director of Primary Schools in Malta, obtained possession of this composition, as he wanted to have an anthem which could be sung by students in Malta's schools. Laferla asked Dun Karm to write lyrics that would fit with Samut's short and dignified melody. The poems of Dun Karm Psaila are well known for their religious and patriotic currents, and so are the verses written for Samut's anthem. +The hymn was already being sung in December 1922, mostly in governmental schools. +The first time it was heard in public was on 27 December 1922 and again on 6 January 1923, during two concerts at the Manoel Theatre. However, during its two first appearances, someone had changed some verses from the first stanza. This angered Dun Karm, who protested by writing an article in a local newspaper. +Ever since that day, not a single word has been changed. On 3 February 1923, another concert was held at the Manoel Theatre, performed by children from Sliema, with Dun Karm's original verses. The hymn was played by the Duke of Edinburgh's Band, of Vittoriosa. +The Maltese government declared the anthem as the official Maltese anthem on 22 February 1941. +The Independence Constitution 1964 confirmed it as the National Anthem of Malta, which is today one of the symbols of Maltese identity. +On 25 March 1945, in the Gżira Stadium, a football match was held between a Malta XI and Hajduk Split, a team from Yugoslavia. At that time, Malta was still under British Imperial rule, and the British Governor was present. Before the game, the band played the anthem of Yugoslavia, and then it played that of Great Britain, due to Malta's colonial status. +The Anthem is played during all the official duties of the President of Malta, of the Prime Minister of Malta, and those of other important governmental personalities. It is played during all important National activities. +Lyrics +"Hymne Monégasque" (English: "Monégasque Anthem") is Monaco's national anthem. +History +Théophile Bellando de Castro wrote the lyrics and composed the music of the 1st edition of "Hymne Monégasque" in 1841, later Castil-Blaze modified the melody and made several other minor changes. +In 1848 the National Guard, created by Prince Florestan, adopted Bellando's song and it became the March of the National Loyalists. +In 1896 Charles Albrecht composed a new arrangement for piano, published by Tihebaux in Paris and called Air National de Monaco; in 1897 Decourcelle of Nice, printed an edition called 429 Hymne National de Monaco for piano. +Years later, François Bellini orchestrated the song by Albrecht; this new arrangement for a trio was judged to be too long for people in 1900 and ceased being played. +The modern version was created by Léon Jehin in 1914 and was played for the first time during the 25th anniversary of the beginning Prince Albert's reign. +Finally in 1931 Louis Notari wrote the lyrics in the Monegasque language. +Only the Monegasque lyrics are official, reportedly dating back to a request from the Prince. The current official lyrics contain only one verse, sung at the start of the song and repeated again near the end after an instrumental interlude in the middle. The national anthem is rarely sung aloud at all in Monaco, except at official occasions. +Monegasque lyrics French translation English translation A Marcia de Muneghu / Inu Nactionale Hymne Monégasque National anthem Despoei tugiù, sciü d'u nostru paise Se ride aù ventu, u meme pavayun Despoei tugiù a curù russa e gianca E stà l'emblèma d'a nostra libertà Grandi e piciui, l'an sempre respetà Amu ch'üna tradiçiun, Amu ch'üna religiun, Amu avüu per u nostru unù I meme Principi tugiù E ren nun ne scangera Tantu ch'u suriyu lüjerà; Diu sempre n'agiüterà E ren nun ne scangera Depuis toujours, sur notre pays, Le même drapeau est déployé au vent, Depuis toujours les couleurs rouge et blanc Sont le symbole de notre liberté Grands et petits les ont toujours respectées. Forever, in our land, One flag has flown in the wind Forever, the colours red and white Have symbolised our liberty Adults and children have always respected them. +Fauré in 1922 +Gabriel Fauré's String Quartet in E minor, Op 121, is his last work, completed in 1924 shortly before his death at the age of 79. +His pupil Maurice Ravel had dedicated his String Quartet to Fauré in 1903, and he and others urged Fauré to compose one of his own; he declined, on the grounds that it was too difficult. When he finally decided to write it, he did so in trepidation. +The first movement, in 2/2 time, is in sonata form.[1] The opening theme, played by the viola, is answered by the first violin. The normal sonata pattern follows, with the viola's original theme omitted from the recapitulation. +2. Andante +The second movement, in 4/4 time, is in no discernible traditional form.[1] The opening theme is reprised half-way through the movement, but otherwise the andante winds a contemplative course through meandering scales and occasional octave jumps.[10] The dynamics constantly change, with crescendos or diminuendos in the majority of bars.[10] The Fauré scholar Jean-Michel Nectoux said of the movement, "The Andante is one of the finest pieces of string quartet writing. From start to finish it bathes in a supernatural light. There is nothing that is not beautiful in this movement with its subtle variations of light-play, a sort of white upon white. ... +3. Allegro +Like the opening movement, the finale is in sonata form, and like the andante it is in 4/4 time.[1] It combines the function of scherzo as well as finale. The cello introduces and develops the scherzo theme over a pizzicato accompaniment. The central development section, unusually long in relation to the rest of the movement, combines the themes heard at the beginning of the movement. +In performance, string quartets have varied widely in their tempi for the work. Of recordings in the CD catalogues in 2011, an example of a swift performance is that by the Amati Quartet, a 1993 performance on the Divox label, which plays for a total of 22 minutes and 18 seconds. Among the slower versions is that by the Medici Quartet (Nimbus, 1989) which is nearly seven minutes longer, at 29:10.[n 1] +The quartet is in three movements, the last movement combining the functions of scherzo and finale. The work has been described as an intimate meditation on the last things,[1] and "an extraordinary work by any standards, ethereal and other-worldly with themes that seem constantly to be drawn skywards."[2] +History +When Fauré was director of the Paris Conservatoire (from 1905 to 1920) he customarily left Paris for several weeks at the end of the academic year to compose in peace in quiet resorts. After his retirement he continued to retreat from Paris for bouts of sustained composition. The quartet was composed at Annecy-le-Vieux, and in Paris and Divonne-les-Bains between September 1923 and September 1924.[3] +Throughout his career Fauré had composed for chamber forces. +His works by 1923 included two piano quartets, two piano quintets, a piano trio, two violin sonatas, two cello sonatas and numerous smaller-scale chamber pieces.[4] He had, however, always declined to attempt a string quartet. +His pupil Maurice Ravel had dedicated his 1903 String Quartet to Fauré, and he and others urged Fauré to compose one of his own; Fauré refused, calling the task too difficult for him.[5] On 9 September 1923 he wrote from Annecy to his wife, who remained in Paris, "I've started a Quartet for strings, without piano. This is a genre which Beethoven in particular made famous, and causes all those who are not Beethoven to be terrified of it."[6] He worked on the piece, on and off for a year, finishing it on 11 September 1924, working long hours towards the end to complete it.[7] +The first movement of the quartet to be completed was the central andante,[8] which he wrote at Annecy between 9 and 13 September 1923.[9] The music critic Roger Nichols comments that the sober, meditative tone of the andante is reflected in the two other movements that Fauré wrote later.[10] After returning to Paris, Fauré began work on the first movement, for which he reused two themes from an unfinished violin concerto that he had begun and abandoned in 1878.[11] He resumed work on the piece in the summer of the following year, first at Divonne-les-Bains and finally at Annecy, where he had begun work on it a year earlier.[5] When the three movements were finished, he contemplated adding a separate scherzo, but decided against it, telling his wife, "The quartet is completed, unless I decide to have a little fourth movement which might have a place between the first and the second. +The quartet was premiered after Fauré's death;[13] he declined an offer to have it performed privately for him in his last days, as his hearing had deteriorated to the point where musical sounds were horribly distorted in his ear.[14] +Tarafım (IPA: [tɑɾɑˈfɯm]; English: My Motherland) is the national anthem of Gagauzia, an autonomous region of Moldova. It was composed by Mihail Colsa in 1995 and the lyrics were originally written by Mina Kosä. +It was officially adopted by the People's Assembly of Gagauzia in 1999.[1] +Latin script Cyrillic script (historical) IPA transcription English translation First verse Tarafım, san tarafım, Ne gözelsin, korafım: Çok comerţin sän, topraam, Gagauz Yerim, Bucaam! +Тарафым, сан тарафым, Не гӧзелсин, корафым: Чок ӂомерцин сӓн, топраам, Гагауз Ерим, Буӂаам! tɑɾɑfɯm, sɑn tɑɾɑfɯm ne ɟøzelsin, koɾɑfɯm t͡ʃok d͡ʒomeɾt͡sin sæn, topɾɑːm, gɑgɑuz jeɾim, bud͡ʒɑːm My motherland, you are my motherland, You are so beautiful, my native land: You are so generous, my soil, Gagauzia, my native land! Refrain Gagauziya – hoşluum, Çok sevin, koru dostluu, Bayraanı üüsek kaldır, Sän benim paalı halkım! Гагаузия – хошлуум, Чок севин, кору достлуу, Байрааны ӱӱсек калдыр, Сӓн беним паалы халкым! gɑgɑuzijɑ xoʃɫuːm, t͡ʃok sevin, koɾu dostɫuː, bɑjɾɑːnɯ yːsec kaɫdɯɾ, sæn benim pɑːɫɯ xɑɫkɯm Gagauzia – my joy, Be happy and protect the friendship, Raise your flag high, You are my precious people! +Second verse İIk adım sendi yaptık, Hem ana da biz dedik, Kauşu sevdik dinmäz, «Oglanı» çaldık bitmäz. Илк адым сенди яптык, Хем ана да биз дедик, Каушу севдик динмӓз, «Огланы» чалдык битмӓз. ilc ɑdɯm sendi jɑptɯk, hem ɑnɑ dɑ biz dedic, kɑuʃu sevdic dinmæz, ogɫɑnɯ t͡ʃɑɫdɯk bitmæz We set our first step with you, We called you mother, Our love will never fade away, Nor our sacrifice. Refrain Gagauziya – hoşluum, Çok sevin, koru dostluu, Bayraanı üüsek kaldır, Sän benim paalı halkım! +Гагаузия – хошлуум, Чок севин, кору достлуу, Байрааны ӱӱсек калдыр, Сӓн беним паалы халкым! gɑgɑuzijɑ xoʃɫuːm, t͡ʃok sevin, koɾu dostɫuː, bɑjɾɑːnɯ yːsec kaɫdɯɾ, sæn benim pɑːɫɯ xɑɫkɯm Gagauzia – my joy, Be happy and protect the friendship, Raise your flag high, You are my precious people! Third verse Gagauziya, mutlu yerim, Vatanımsın sän benim, Pek işçidir insanın, Yelleri keser altın. Гагаузия, мутлу ерим, Ватанымсын сӓн беним, Пек ишчидир инсанын, Еллери кесер алтын. gɑgɑuzijɑ, mutɫu jeɾim, vɑtɑnɯmsɯn sæn benim, pec iʃt͡ʃidiɾ insɑnɯn, jelleɾi ceseɾ ɑɫtɯn Gagauzia, my happy motherland, You are my motherland, Your people are hardworking, You produce gold. +Refrain Gagauziya – hoşluum, Çok sevin, koru dostluu, Bayraanı üüsek kaldır, Sän benim paalı halkım! Гагаузия – хошлуум, Чок севин, кору достлуу, Байрааны ӱӱсек калдыр, Сӓн беним паалы халкым! gɑgɑuzijɑ xoʃɫuːm, t͡ʃok sevin, koɾu dostɫuː, bɑjɾɑːnɯ yːsec kaɫdɯɾ, sæn benim pɑːɫɯ xɑɫkɯm Gagauzia – my joy, Be happy and protect the friendship, Raise your flag high, You are my precious people! Fourth verse Ne zorluk seni kırdı, Ne zaman dolaştırdı. +Allahım, koru topraa: Gagauz Yeri, Bucaa! Не зорлук сени кырды, Не заман долаштырды. Аллахым, кору топраа: Гагауз Ери, Буӂаа! ne zoɾɫuk seni kɯɾdɯ, ne zɑmɑn doɫɑʃtɯɾdɯ. ɑllɑxɯm, koɾu topɾɑː gɑgɑuz jeɾi, bud͡ʒɑː The Obstacles didn't stop you, Nor time did entangle you. +God protect our land: Gagauzia, my native land! Refrain Gagauziya – hoşluum, Çok sevin, koru dostluu, Bayraanı üüsek kaldır, Sän benim paalı halkım! Гагаузия – хошлуум, Чок севин, кору достлуу, Байрааны ӱӱсек калдыр, Сӓн беним паалы халкым! gɑgɑuzijɑ xoʃɫuːm, t͡ʃok sevin, koɾu dostɫuː, bɑjɾɑːnɯ yːsec kaɫdɯɾ, sæn benim pɑːɫɯ xɑɫkɯm Gagauzia – my joy, Be happy and protect the friendship, Raise your flag high, You are my precious people! +Refrain +Through the time we shall carry The name of our proud country Thee, the Republic of liberty You are the belief in peaceful horizons. +We'll sing both valleys and hills, Morning stars on the gray Dniester Wise and old ballads Which for centuries wanted us worthy. We'll glorify the heroic name Which fell in that battle And in the face of the holy memory We swear to the country to be its shield! +I +We sing the glory of Transnistria, There is strong friendship between the peoples, Great filial love We fused with her forever. +Glorified gardens and factories, Villages, fields, cities - For many glorious years work there has glorified the Fatherland. +Chorus: +We will carry through the years The name of our proud country and to the Republic of freedom We will be faithful as truth. +The Anthem of Transnistria, named "We sing the praises of Transnistria"[1] (Moldovan: Слэвитэ сэ фий, Нистрене; Romanian: Slăvită să fii Nistrene; Russian: Мы славим тебя, Приднестровье; Ukrainian: Ми славимо тебе, Придністров’я), was written by Boris Parmenov, Nicholas Bozhko and Vitaly Pishenko, and composed by Boris Alexandrovich Alexandrov. The anthem has lyrics in all three official languages of Transnistria: Romanian, Russian, and Ukrainian. They are, however, not all literal translations of one another. +The origin of the anthem was from the Russian patriotic song "Long live our Power" (Да здравствует наша держава), a 1943 composition that was one of the proposed songs to be the anthem of the former Soviet Union. Boris Alexandrov's composition was, however, rejected in favor of the one submitted by his father, Alexander Alexandrov.[2] +II +We praise their native valleys, Gray Dniester banks. Remember about the exploits of the epic, We thank the fathers road. +We praise names of all Who died for our father's house. Before the sacred memory of the fallen We give oath to the Fatherland. +I +We praise the land Transnistria Where people are proud Friendship, harmony, love Are forever associated with it. Famous for our plants, Broad fields and cities There are honest people Who labor for the benefit of the Fatherland. +CHORUS: +A shares and water Our proud name The Republic of freedom, Long live the family of people here +II +We praise native valley Beauty of the Dniester river banks, And we should not forget the epic Of the deeds of our fathers. Glorify their names Fallen for our father's house, Where the sacred memory of the dead, Fatherland sing the anthem. +Lyrics +Long live Mother Transnistria, A country of brothers and sisters This love without notice gift you daughters, sons. We'll sing orchards and factories, Cities, hamlets, plains, With them also tomorrow O country, make us prosperous! +Russian Russian transliteration Moldovan Cyrillic Romanian Latin Ukrainian Ukrainian transliteration English translation First stanza Мы славу поём Приднестровью, Здесь дружба народов крепка, Великой сыновней любовью Мы спаяны с ним навека. +Poklon tebe ot serdca, kraj rodimyj, Ljubimaja Burjatija moja. O, matj-zemlja! [tɐˈjɵʐnəjə ɐˈzʲɵrnəjə, sʲtʲɪpˈnajə] [tɨ ˈdobrɨm ˈsvʲetəm ˈsolnʲɪt͡ɕnɨm pɐlˈna] [t͡svʲɪˈtuɕːɪjə ɐt‿ˈkrajə ˈi də ˈkrajə] [ˈbutʲ ˈɕːæslʲɪvə, rɐdˈnajə stərɐˈna] [brʊsʲˈnʲit͡ɕnɨj ˈdux t͡ɕɪˈrʲɵmʊxʲɪ dɨˈxanʲjə] [lʲɪˈlovəvə bɐˈɡulʲnʲɪkə nɐsˈtoj] [ˈjæ ˈnʲe dɨˈʂu ˈa ˈpʲjʉ bləɡəʊˈxanʲjə] [mɐˈjej ˈzʲemlʲɪ rɐvˈnʲinːəj ˈi lʲɪsˈnoj] [prʲɪˈmʲi zʲɪmˈlʲæ sɨˈnovnʲɪjə spɐˈsʲibə] [svʲɪˈtoj vɐˈdoj bɐjˈkalə ʊɡɐˈsʲtʲi] [ˈʂtop ˈjæ ɐˈbrʲɵl nʲɪˈvʲidənːʊjʉ ˈsʲilʊ] [dlʲɪ ˈdalʲnʲɪvə nʲɪˈlʲɵxkəvə pʊˈtʲi] [s‿tɐˈboj zʲɪmˈlʲæ ˈmɨ ˈslʲitɨ vəjɪˈdʲinə] [mɐˈjejʉ ˈstalə ˈi sʊdʲˈba tvɐˈjæ] [pɐkˈlon tʲɪˈbʲe ɐt‿ˈsʲert͡sə ˈkraj rɐˈdʲimɨj] [lʲʉˈbʲiməjə bʊˈrʲætʲɪjə ˈmojə] [ɐ ˈmatʲ-zʲɪmˈlʲæ] Land of the taiga, the lakes, and prairies, you are full of good sunlight. Prosperous from one edge to another, be happy, our native country. +A spirit of cranberry, a breath of cherry, infusion of violet rosemary. I do not breathe, but I drink the fragrance, of my country's plains and forests. My country, accept the gratitude of your sons, receive the holy water of Baikal. +The Anthem of the Republic of Buryatia (Buryat: Буряад Уласай түрын дуулал)[lower-alpha 1] is one of the state symbols of the Republic of Buryatia together with the flag and the coat of arms. +The anthem was written by Damba Zhalsarayev[1] and was translated to Russian by Oleg Dmitriyev. The music was composed by Buryat composer and music teacher Anatoliy Andreyev. +The anthem was adopted on 20 April 1995 with the Law N121-I "On the State Anthem of the Republic of Buryatia".[2] +Lyrics +The last two lines in every stanza are repeated twice for the rhythmic composition. +In Buryat +Üngın daydaar, xangay taygaar nemjıgşe Ülzı Buryaad — manay nangin ülgı. Selmeg saryuun senxir nomin şarayşni Sedyxeldemnay xezeedeşyye zulgı. [uŋgiːŋ dæːdɑːr χɑɴɢæː tʰæːɢɑːr nɛmʒɪkʃə] [ulziː bʊrʲɑːt mɑnæː nɑŋgɪŋ ulgiː] [səlmɛk sɑrʲʊːŋ səŋçɪr nɔmɪŋ ʃɑræːʃnɪ] [sɛtʲxəldɛmnæː xɛzɛːdɛʃʲjɛ zʊlgiː] Second verse Эрхим хангал санзай шэнги агаарташ Эршэ хүсөөр элсүүлэнгүй яалайб! Эмтэй домтой мүнхын уһан аршаандаш Эльгэ зүрхөө хүртүүлэнгүй яалайб! +Erxim xangal sanzay şengi agaartaş Erşe xüsöör elsüülengüy yaalayb! Emtey domtoy münxın uhan arşaandaş Elyge zürxöö xürtüülengüy yaalayb! [ɛrçɪm χɑɴɢɐl sɑŋzæː ʃəŋgɪ ɑɢɑːrtʰɑʃ] [ɛrʃə xusœːr əlsuːləŋgui jɑːlæːp] [ɛmtʰɛː dɔmtʰɞː muŋçiːŋ ʊħɑŋ ɑrʃɑːndɑʃ] [ɛlʲgɛ zurxœː xurtʰuːləŋgui jɑːlæːp] Third verse Холын замда эхын ёһоор юрөөжэ, Хүмүүн зондо хэтын жаргал хүсөөш. Саяан хадын[lower-alpha 3] сэлгеэн амяар арюудхан, Байгал далайн гэгээн долгёор сүршөөш. +Sayaan xadın selgyeen amyaar aryuudxan, Baygal dalayn gegeen dolgyoor sürşööş. [χɔliːŋ zɑmdɑ ɛçiːŋ jɔħɔːr jʊrœːʒə] [xumuːŋ zɔŋdɔ xɛtʰiːŋ ʒɑrɢɐl xusœːʃ] [sɑjɑːŋ χɑdiːŋ səlgʲɛːŋ ɑmʲɑːr ɑrʲʊːtχɑŋ] [bæːɢɐl dɐlæːŋ gɛgɛːŋ dɔlgʲɔːr surʃœːʃ] Fourth verse Шэрүүн сагай ерээшье һаа дэлхэйдэ,[lower-alpha 4] Шинии заяан замһаа хадуурхагүйл.[lower-alpha 5] Эбтэй дорюун бүлын ёһоор жаргыш даа, Энхэ Буряад — манай нангин үлгы. Эхэ нютаг![lower-alpha 6] Şerüün sagay yereeşyye haa delxeyde, Şinii zayaan zamhaa xaduurxagüyl. Ebtey doryuun bülın yohoor jargış daa, Enxe Buryaad — manay nangin ülgı. +Russian lyrics and English translation +Aiaaira (Abkhazian: Аиааира; "Victory") is the de facto anthem of the partially recognized state of Abkhazia.[note 1] It was adopted in 1992. The lyrics were written by poet Gennady Alamia, and the music composed by Valery Chkadua.[1] +English translation +History +The lyrics were written after Abkhazia's proclamation of independence in 1992. They used as inspiration the Abkhazian revolutionary song "Kiaraz" (Abkhazian: "Кьараз") that originated during the short-lived Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921).[2] +In 1994, after the war for independence with Georgia, Valery Chkadua composed the anthem at the personal request of the first Abkhazian President Vladislav Ardzinba. Chkadua, who studied under Sergei Prokofiev and Dmitry Shostakovich, included various folk motives in the anthem. Chkadua, who refused royalties for the work, had written the anthem in the winter in a freezing, unheated house, but received housing as a thank you from the president.[3] Chkadua was sentenced by the Abkhaz court to 20 years imprisonment for pedophilia in 2018.[4] +After his election as second president of Abkhazia, Sergei Bagapsh issued a decree "On the State Anthem of the Republic of Abkhazia" that formally adopted "Aiaaira" as the national anthem on 24 October 2007.[1] +Abkhaz original +Ec̣wa-byrlaš Apsynṭwla, Ulpxa zgwac̣akwa irtypxo, Gej-śxej rypšʒara zapšnylaz. Žwlar lamysla iharaḳojṭ. [ɔħɔħɔʔɔ ħɔʔɔrada] [ɔħɔħɔʔɔ ħɔʔɔradara ǁ] [aʒᶣɥan mradɔwpʼ ǀ ɛt͡sʼᵛadɔwpʼ] [wara wɨda apʰsɨnra ǁ] [ɛt͡sʼᵛa bɨrlaʂ apʰsɨnt͡pʼla ǀ] [wɨlpʰχa zɡʷat͡sʼakʷʰa jɨrtʰɨpʰχɔ ǀ] [gɛj ʃχɛj rɨpʰʂd͡zara zapʰʂnɨlaz ǁ] [ʒᶣlar lamɨsla jɨħarakʼɔjtʼ ǁ] Second chorus Рада, Реида, Рарира Рада, Рерама, Рерашьа. Нарҭаа риира-зиироу Афырхацәа Ран-Гуашьа Аԥсынтәыла-иԥшьоч атәыла Зхы здиныҳәалаз Анцәа Зқьышықәасала имҩасхьо гылоуп Рыжәаҩа еибырҭоит уԥацәа. +Урылагәыргьа, Анра-аҳшара Шьардаамҭа, Аиааира! Šwnejbac, Apsnyžwlar Igylejṭ hamra, Jakwym tašwara! Urylagwyrgja, Anra-ahšara Śardaamta, Ajaajra! [ʃᶣnɛjbat͡sʰ ǀ apʰsnɨʒᶣlar] [jɨgɨlɛjtʼ ħamra ǀ] [jakʷʰɨm tʰaʃᶣara ǁ] [wɨrɨlaɡʷɨrɡʲa ǀ] [anra aħʂara] [ʃardaːmtʰa ǀ ajaːjra ǁ] +Hymn of Crimea (Crimean Tatar: Qırım Gimni; Ukrainian: Гімн Криму; Russian: Гимн Крыма) is the official anthem of the Crimea. The anthem was composed by Alemdar Karamanov, and the text was written by Olga Golubeva. +English translation +The anthem was adopted after a contest held by the Verkhovna Rada of Crimea (parliament) on 26 February 1992. +It was officially adopted on 18 October 2000. +Lyrics +Ukrainian lyrics +Russian lyrics +Anthem of the Slovene nation (Slovene: Himna slovenskega naroda) is based on a carmen figuratum poem by the 19th-century Romantic Slovene poet France Prešeren, inspired by the ideals of Liberté, égalité, fraternité,[1] and is one of the national symbols of Slovenia as a sovereign nation. +Lyrics and music +As a work of arts, published in the official journal Official Gazette, the text and melody of the seventh stanza of Zdravljica qualify as an official work and are per Article 9 of the Slovene Copyright and Related Rights Act not protected by the copyrights.[6] Their usage is regulated by the Act Regulating the Coat-of-Arms, Flag and Anthem of the Republic of Slovenia and the Flag of the Slovene Nation, published in the Official Gazette in 1994.[7] The official melody is written in B-flat major. +Lyrics +Historically, the national anthem from 1860[10][11] until the beginning of the 1990s,[12] was Naprej, zastava slave ("Forward, Flag of Glory"),[lower-roman 2] the first Slovene literature to be ever translated into English.[15] +"Lofsöngur" (Icelandic pronunciation: ​[ˈlɔfsøyŋkʏr], lit. "Hymn"), also known as "Ó Guð vors lands" (pronounced [ouː ˈkvʏð ˈvɔrs ˈlants]; English: "O, God of Our Land"), is the national anthem of Iceland. Sveinbjörn Sveinbjörnsson composed the music, while the lyrics were authored by Matthías Jochumsson. +This was adopted as the national anthem in 1944, when the country voted to end its personal union with Denmark and become a republic. +Although the Icelandic national anthem consists of three stanzas, only the first one is sung on a regular basis.[1] It is notorious for being extremely challenging to sing, due to its large vocal range of high and low registers.[2][9][12] "Lofsöngur" has been described as a Christian hymn to God with strong religious themes.[4][9] Thus, its suitability as the national anthem in Iceland's increasingly secular society of the present-day has been challenged,[2][9] not withstanding the fact that the country still maintains an official religion in the form of the Church of Iceland.[5] Some have suggested replacing it with a non-religious song that is more all-encompassing.[5][9] +Lyrics +Voru morgunsins húmköldu, hrynjandi tár, sem hitna við skínandi sól. ou kʏð ou kʏð vjɛr føtlʏm fram ɔk fournʏm þjɛr prɛnnanti, prɛnnanti saul kʏð faðɪr vɔr trɔʰtɪnn frau ki:nɪ tʰɪl ki:ns ɔk vjɛr kʰvøkʏm vɔrt hɛlkasta maul vjɛr kʰvøkʏm ɔk þøʰkʏm i: þusʏnt aur þvi: þu: ɛrt vɔrt ei:nasta scoul vjɛr kʰvøkʏm ɔk þøʰkʏm mɛð tʰɪtʰrantɪ tʰaur þvi: þu: tʰɪlpjoust vɔrt fɔrtlakaçoul i:stl̥ans þu:sʏnt aur i:stl̥ans þu:sʏnt aur Vɔrʏ mɔrkʏnsɪns hu:mkøltʏ r̥i:njantɪ tʰaur sɛm hɪtna vɪð scinantɪ soul Oh God, oh God! We fall far down and sacrifice your burning, burning soul, Father, our Lord from generation to generation, we tell our most important tales. We tell and we thank for a thousand years, for you are our only shelter. +Vér deyjum, ef þú ert ei ljós það og líf, sem að lyftir oss duftinu frá. Ó, vert þú hvern morgun vort ljúfasta líf, vor leiðtogi í daganna þraut og á kvöldin vor himneska hvíld og vor hlíf og vor hertogi á þjóðlífsins braut. Íslands þúsund ár, Íslands þúsund ár! verði gróandi þjóðlíf með þverrandi tár, sem þroskast á guðsríkis braut. +It is notorious for being extremely challenging to sing and its strong religious theme has been source of dispute in contemporary Iceland. +History +Though many of their initial composers had to study and ply their trade abroad due to insufficient opportunities on offer at home, they were able to bring what they had learned back to Iceland.[1][2] One of these musicians was Sveinbjörn Sveinbjörnsson, who was the first person from his homeland to pursue "an international career as a composer".[1] He sojourned in Edinburgh during the early 1870s,[2][3] and wrote the music for Lofsöngur inside a town house located in the city's New Town in 1874.[2] By 1922, the song became so well known and loved throughout Iceland that, in recognition of this, the Althing endowed Sveinbjörnsson with a state pension.[2] He was the first composer in the country to be conferred such an honour.[1] +The lyrical portion of it was penned by Matthías Jochumsson, one of the "best loved poets" in the country[4] who was also a priest.[5] Although the commemorative plaque in Edinburgh purports that both the music and lyrics were written there, it is nowadays believed that Jochumsson had in fact produced the latter back in his homeland.[3] Much like Sveinbjörnsson, Jochumsson became the first Icelandic poet to be given a state pension. The Althing also bestowed on him the title of "National Poet".[6] +It was written to coincide with the 1874 festivities in honor of one millennium since the Norse first arrived on the island.[1][7] It is for this reason that the full translation of the anthem's title is "The Millennial Hymn of Iceland".[7][8] The song was first played on August 2 of that year,[8] at a service celebrated at Reykjavík Cathedral to commemorate the milestone, with the King of Denmark (and hence, the King of Iceland) – Christian IX – in attendance.[5][9] However, the song was not officially adopted as the country's national anthem until 70 years later in 1944,[10] when Icelanders voted in a referendum to end their state's personal union with Denmark and become a republic.[11] +Stark Industries (NYSE: SIA, NASDAQ: STRK, fictional), later also known as Stark International, Stark Innovations, Stark Enterprises and Stark Resilient, is a fictional company appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The company is depicted as being owned and run by businessman Tony Stark, also known as Iron Man. It first appeared in Tales of Suspense #40 (April 1963) and was founded by Tony's father, Howard Stark. +Subsidiaries +Project: Caribbean (staff unknown)[19] - Stark Industries made an effort to start a plant in Haiti, however it was destroyed by Night Phantom. +Stark International +Originally Stark Industries, the name was changed when the company ceased manufacturing munitions, with Tony handing over the CEO position to Pepper Potts. Eventually, the company was taken over by Obadiah Stane after a hostile takeover and he renamed it Stane International. +He also assisted Jim Rhodes in learning to use the Iron Man armor, helped form Circuits Maximus, killed when Obadiah Stane had the Circuits Maximus building bombed[23] Abe Klein - Director of Engineering.[24] - Tony Stark's old electrical engineering professor. Killed by Mordecai Midas.[25] Scott Lang (Ant-Man)[26] Kristine "Krissy" Longfellow - Secretary.[27] She Posed as Tony Stark's secretary to be close to him without involving him with a criminal. Harold Marks (Techno-Killer) - A research technician.[28] He left to work for author James Spencer; built an armor in order to gain respect and vengeance from perceived lack of appreciation Vincent "Vic" Martinelli - A security guard.[29] He was a former soldier and architect who worked for Williams Innovations before working at Stark International. +In the Marvel Cinematic Universe, Stark Industries has a logo similar to that of defense contractors Lockheed Martin and Northrop Grumman[3] and is listed on the New York Stock Exchange as SIA. During the press conference scene, Stark is seen entering a building that resembles the entrance to Lockheed Martin's Skunk Works facility. An airplane extremely similar to the Lockheed YF-22 stood as a statue in front of the Stark Industries facility, exactly like the prototypes on display at Skunk Works facility in Palmdale, California. +Stark Industries was founded by Isaac Stark, Sr. in the 19th century and later taken over by Howard Stark and then by his son Tony, after his death. Over the years, through bankruptcy, Tony's "death", Tony's return and hostile takeovers, the company has gone through many name changes including Stark International[4] (later Stane International[5]), Stark Enterprises,[6][7] Stark/Fujikawa[8] and Stark Solutions.[9] +Stark Industries +Functions +Stark Industries is primarily a defense company that develops and manufactures advanced weapons and military technologies. The company manufactures the armor worn by Iron Man and War Machine. It builds the helicarriers used by S.H.I.E.L.D, and it produces the Quinjets used by the Avengers. +Tony Stark - Chairman of Stark Industries Obadiah Stane - Executive Officer (deceased) Happy Hogan[10] - Former head of Security Pepper Potts[10] - CEO Dr. Gray Armond[11] - Head Designer. Harmon Furmintz - Member of Stark Industries' biochemical division.[12] He worked for Genetech and was born around 1918. He was a child prodigy and recruited as candidate for Super Soldier Project, but was rejected due to having hemophilia. +He attempted to gain the power of Terrax, but his body and mind were destroyed by Shafear and reformed into duplicate of his own.[13] Jacob Fury (Scorpio)[14] - Former research scientist. Sally McIntyre[15] Eddie March[16] - Former part of the Iron Legion. Kevin O’Bryan[volume & issue needed] Ralph Roberts[volume & issue needed] Anton Vanko (Crimson Dynamo)[17] — Former Head Scientist and Chief Developer (deceased) Arwyn Zurrow[18] - Head of the Miami facilities. +"Ons Heemecht" (pronounced [ons ˈheːməɕt]) is the national anthem of Luxembourg. The title in Luxembourgish translates as "Our Homeland". +Michel Lentz wrote the words in 1859, and they were set to music by Jean Antoine Zinnen in 1864. The song was first performed in public in Ettelbruck, a town at the confluence of the Alzette and Sauer rivers (both of which are mentioned in the song) on 5 June 1864. +The first and the last stanza of "Ons Heemecht" were adopted as Luxembourg's national anthem in 1895. It was added as one of the official national emblems, alongside the national flag, national coat of arms, and the Grand Duke's Official Birthday, on 17 June 1993. +Lyrics +Words and music +The words of the anthem were written by Margaret Hendrie. The music was composed by Laurence Henry Hicks. +Nauru adopted this anthem in 1968, when they became sovereign. +Ma dedaro ama bwe dogum, mo otata bet egom. Atsin ngago bwien okor, ama bagadugu Epoa ngabuna ri nan orre bet imur. Ama memag ma nan epodan eredu won engiden, Miyan aema ngeiyin ouge: Nauru eko dogin! +Nauru our homeland, the land we dearly love, We all pray for you and we also praise your name. Since long ago you have been the home of our great forefathers And will be for generations yet to come. We all join in together to honour your flag, And we shall rejoice together and say: Nauru for evermore! +The Banner of Freedom (Samoan: O Le Fu'a o Le Sa'olotoga o Samoa) is the national anthem of Samoa. Both the words (which honour the country's flag) and the music were composed by Sauni Iiga Kuresa. Samoa adopted The Banner of Freedom as its national anthem upon gaining its independence from New Zealand in 1962. +Samoan version: +Look at those stars that are waving on it: This is the symbol of Jesus, who died on it for Samoa. Oh, Samoa, hold fast your power forever. Do not be afraid; God is our foundation, our freedom. +Teirake Kaini Kiribati or Stand up, Kiribati is the national anthem of Kiribati. It was written and composed by Uriam Uriam, and adopted in 1979. +Stand up, People of Kiribati! Sing with jubilation! Prepare to accept responsibility And to help each other! +The attainment of contentment And peace by our people Will be achieved when all our hearts beat as one, Love one another! Promote happiness and unity! Love one another! +Belau rekid (Our Palau) is the national anthem of Palau. It was officially adopted in 1980. +The music was written by Ymesei O. Ezekiel, to which the combined words of several authors were set. +In spirit let's join hands, united, one Care for our homeland...from forefathers on Look after its concord, its glory keep Through peace and love and heart's devotion deep +God bless our country, our island home always Our sweet inheritances from the ancient days Give us strength and power and all of the rights To govern with all eternity with might +Official version +Lomcheliu a rengrdel ma klebkellel, Lokiu a budch ma beltikelreng. +English translation +Palau is coming forth with strength and power, By the old ways abides still every hour. One country, safe, secure, one government Under the glowing, floating soft light stands. +Let's build our economy's protecting fence With courage, faithfulness and diligence Our life is anchored in Palau, our land We with our might through life and death defend +"O Arise, All You Sons" is the national anthem of Papua New Guinea. The 'National Identity Act' of Papua New Guinea was formed in 1971, motivating the country to create a national flag, a national emblem, a national pledge and a national anthem.[1] +The Papua New Guinean national flag and emblem were adopted four years earlier. However the National Anthem remained undecided until 1975. Although many songs were submitted to be the anthem, the National Executive Council decided a week before the country's Independence Day (10 September 1975), to adopt the anthem that was composed by Chief Inspector Thomas Shacklady (1917–2006), a bandmaster of the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary Band.[2] +So Heng Tai Mansion +The So Heng Tai Mansion (Thai: บ้านโซวเฮงไถ่, from Chinese: 蘇恒泰) is a nineteenth-century Chinese courtyard house in the historic neighbourhood of Talat Noi in Bangkok. It was built by Phra Aphaiwanit (Chat, of the Soh (蘇) clan, 1813–1849), a Hokkien Chinese bird's nest tax farmer who joined the nobility under King Rama III. The house has continuously been inhabited by his descendants, who now form the Poshyachinda family. +See also +Wanglee House, a Chinese courtyard house in Khlong San District +Romanian Folk Dances (Hungarian: Román népi táncok), Sz. +56, BB 68 is a suite of six short piano pieces composed by Béla Bartók in 1915. +He later orchestrated it for small ensemble in 1917 as Sz. +68, BB 76. +It is based on seven Romanian tunes from Transylvania, originally played on fiddle or shepherd's flute. The original name for the piece was titled Romanian Folk Dances from Hungary (Magyarországi román népi táncok) but was later changed by Bartók when Romania occupied and finally annexed Transylvania between 1918–1920.[1] It is nowadays available in the 1971 edition which is written with key signatures although Bartók rarely ever wrote key signatures.[2] +Other arrangements +Aside from the version Bartók wrote for a small orchestral ensemble, some of Bartók's friends wrote adaptations or transcriptions of this piece for several different ensembles. The following list shows some of the most published of them: +This is not just a transcription, but also an arrangement and adaptation of the piece for these two instruments, especially from the point of view of the violinist. Therefore, some of the slight adjustments Székely made on the original score were to transpose some of the songs: the second movement was transposed from D minor to F♯ minor, the third from B minor to D minor and the fourth from A major to C major. He also repeated some sections, added bars and used several techniques from the violin such as artificial harmonics, double stops, and Sautillé.[7] +Notable recordings +Notable recordings of this composition include: +Piano Solo Record Company Year of Recording Format András Schiff Denon Records / Brilliant Classics 1980 CD[12] Jenő Jandó Naxos Records 2005 CD[13] +Notable recordings of the arrangement by Zoltán Székely include: +Violin Piano Record Company Year of Recording Format Joseph Szigeti Béla Bartók EMI Classics 1930 CD[14] +Two Romanian Folk Dances Culture of Romania Béla Bartók List of compositions by Béla Bartók Transylvania +Structure +This set of dances consists of six movements and, according to the composer, it should take four minutes and three seconds to perform, but most professional pianists take up to five minutes. The list of the movements is as follows. The original Hungarian title will be in the first place, the most commonly known title in Romanian will be in the second place and the translation into English will be in parentheses: +Bot tánc / Jocul cu bâtă (Stick Dance) Brâul (Sash Dance) Topogó / Pe loc (In One Spot) Bucsumí tánc / Buciumeana (Dance from Bucsum) Román polka / Poarga Românească (Romanian Polka) Aprózó / Mărunțel (Fast Dance)[3][4] +The melody of the first movement, according to Bartók, came from the Mezőszabad (present-day Voiniceni) village that was part of Mezőcsávás (present-day Ceuașu de Câmpie) commune which was located in the Maros-Torda administrative county within Transylvania, and he first heard it when two gypsy violinists were playing it.[5] The second movement is a typical dance from Romania called Brâul, for which traditionally a sash or a waistband was used. This melody came from Egres (present-day Igriș), in the Banat region.[2] The third dance comes also from Egres (Igriș), but its theme is much darker and its melody recreates Middle Eastern instruments, such as the flute.[6] The fourth dance came from Bucsony, Alsó-Fehér County (today Bucium, Alba county in Romania).[4] The fifth dance is an old Romanian dance similar to the Polka and comes from Belényes (present-day Beiuş, in Bihor county), near the border between Hungary and Romania.[8] The sixth and last dance is formed by two different melodies: the first one comes from Belényes (present-day Beiuș) and the second one comes from the then named Nyagra (present-day Neagra) village within the Palotailva (present-day Lunca Bradului) commune.[9] Both on the orchestral version and on the original piano version, the final two dances are performed attacca—without a break between movements.[10] +All of the movements are composed according to the rules of the musical modes, which state that all melodies are to be written according to a specific order of tones and semitones. +Movement Tempo Time to perform[11] Key Form Mode Bot tánc / Jocul cu bâtă Allegro moderato, = 80 57 seconds A minor Binary Dorian and Aeolian on key centre A Brâul Allegro, = 144 25 seconds D minor Binary Dorian centered on D Topogó / Pe loc Andante, = 90 45 seconds B minor Binary Aeolian and Arabic influence (augmented seconds) on key centre B or Gypsy scale without leading-tone Bucsumí tánc / Buciumeana Moderato, = 100 35 seconds A major Binary with 2 tunes Mixolydian and Arabic influence on key centre A Román polka / Poarga Românească Allegro, = 152 31 seconds D major Binary with 2 tunes Lydian on key centre D Aprózó / Mărunțel Allegro, = 152 (and after, Più Allegro, = 160)[3] 13 and 36 seconds D Major, modulates to A major 3 tunes and coda Key Centre A; first part begins with Lydian, but is in Mixolydian; second part is in Dorian +Pavane pour une infante défunte (Pavane for a Deceased Infanta) is a piece for solo piano by the French composer Maurice Ravel in 1899 when he was studying composition at the Conservatoire de Paris under Gabriel Fauré. +Ravel also published an orchestrated version of the Pavane in 1910; it is scored for two flutes, oboe, two clarinets (in B♭), two bassoons, two horns, harp, and strings. A typical performance of the piece lasts between six and seven minutes. It is widely considered a masterpiece.[1] +Ravel himself made a piano roll recording of the piece in 1922. (His performance is approximately five minutes and forty seconds in length.) +In addition to numerous recorded performances within the classical repertoire,[1] the Pavane maintains a significant presence in popular music. In particular, the song "The Lamp Is Low" was adapted from it.[13] More recently, the Pavane appears in dozens of popular albums under both French[3] and English[4] forms of its title. +Ravel described the piece as "an evocation of a pavane that a little princess [infanta] might, in former times, have danced at the Spanish court".[1] The pavane was a slow processional dance that enjoyed great popularity in the courts of Europe during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.[3] +Ravel dedicated the Pavane to his patron, the Princesse de Polignac, and he probably performed the work at the princess's home on at least several occasions. It was first published by Eugène Demets in 1900, but it attracted little attention until the Spanish pianist Ricardo Viñes gave the first performance on 5 April 1902.[4] The work soon became very popular, although Ravel came to think of it as "poor in form" and unduly influenced by the music of Chabrier.[5] +Ravel intended the piece to be played extremely slowly – more slowly than almost any modern interpretation, according to his biographer Benjamin Ivry.[6] The critic Émile Vuillermoz complained that Ravel's playing of the work was "unutterably slow".[7] However, the composer was not impressed by interpretations that plodded. After a performance by Charles Oulmont, Ravel mentioned to him that the piece was called "Pavane for a dead princess", not "dead pavane for a princess".[8] When asked by the composer-conductor Manoah Leide-Tedesco how he arrived at the title Pavane pour une infante défunte, Ravel smiled coyly and replied, "Do not be surprised, that title has nothing to do with the composition. I simply liked the sound of those words and I put them there, c'est tout".[9] But Ravel also stated that the piece depicted a pavane as it would be danced by an infanta found in a painting by Diego Velazquez. +When Ravel published his orchestrated version of the Pavane in 1910, he gave the lead melody to the horn, and specified a non-generic instrument: the score calls for "2 Cors simples en sol" (two hand-horns in G).[1] The teaching of the valveless hand-horn had persisted longer in the Paris Conservatory than in other European centers; only in 1903 had the valve horn replaced it as the official horn of primary instruction. +The orchestral score was published in 1910. The premiere was given on 27 February 1911 in Manchester, England, conducted by Sir Henry Wood.[5] Reviewing the concert, the critic Samuel Langford called the work "most beautiful" and added, "The piece is hardly representative of the composer, with whom elusive harmonies woven in rapid figuration are the usual medium of expression. In the Pavane we get normal, almost archaic harmonies, subdued expression, and a somewhat remote beauty of melody."[10] +The first gramophone recording of the Pavane was made in 1921 in Paris.[1] A later recording, made in Paris in 1932 is sometimes thought to have been conducted by the composer, but was actually conducted by Pedro de Freitas-Branco, under the supervision of Ravel, who was present at rehearsal and the recording session.[11] +The Anthem of the Republic of Kalmykia (Kalmyk: Хальмг Таңһчин частр, translit. Haľmg Tañğçin çastr; Russian: Гимн Республики Калмыкия) is the title of the anthem of the Republic of Kalmykia, a federal subject of the Russia. +Russian lyrics and English translation +Russian in the Cyrillic script Russian in the Latin script English translation (translated by Naoki Watanabe) Светлая красивая Республика Калмыкия Всё, что задумала, исполняет, Складной жизни крепкие поводья В славной руке сжимает. Припев: С красной кисточкой калмыцкий народ, Красную стерь украсим! 𝄆 Родной державе мощь посвятим, Да будем здравствовать мы! 𝄆 Со всеми людьми разных языков вместе Вперёд стремится моя Республика. Дружбы пламя в высоком свете Будущее наше крепнет. +Припев Svetlaja krasivaja Respublika Kalmykija Vsjo, čto zadumala, ispolnjajet, Skladnoj žizni krepkije povodjja V slavnoj ruke sžimajet. Pripev: S krasnoj kistočkoj kalmyckij narod, Krasnuju sterj ukrasim! 𝄆 Rodnoj deržave mošcj posvjatim, Da budem zdravstvovatj my! 𝄆 So vsemi ljudjmi raznyh jazykov vmeste Vperjod stremitsja moja Respublika. Družby plamja v vysokom svete Budušceje naše krepnet. +It can be played during visits by highest officials of Russia (or its federal subjects), the CIS, and other countries (after their anthems have been played). Khalmg Tanghchin chastr is also played while state awards are being presented, and played during the openings and closings of solemn rallies, meetings, in honour of sports teams, and official celebrations. Additionally, the anthem can be played while laying wreaths to the graves of victims of political repression and those killed in the defense of their ethnic homeland.[2] +Anthem of the Republic of Buryatia National anthem of Mongolia List of national anthems +The song's music is a typical Kalmyk music with lyrics penned by Arkadiy Mandzhiyev (Аркадий Манджиев) and lyrics by Vera Shurgayeva (Вера Шургаева). +The Supreme Council of the Republic of Kalmykia announced the proclamation of the sovereignty of the republic in October 1990. On the 18th, the Supreme Council of the Kalmyk Autonomous SSR adopted the Declaration on State Sovereignty, according to which the Kalmyk ASSR became the Kalmyk SSR. Reflections on the coat of arms and the flag did not find this change. +By resolution of the Supreme Council of 20 February 1992, No. 336-IX, the Kalmyk SSR was renamed the Republic of Kalmykia (Хальмг Таңһчин). In accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Kalmyk SSR from 7 June 1991, No. 243-P -1X, a competition was announced in the republic to create new state symbols of the Kalmyk SSR.[1] +As a result, the Supreme Council of Kalmykia approved the anthem on 30 October 1992, along with its music and lyrics. The hymn was also approved by the separate Law of the Republic of Kalmykia of 4 November 1992 "On the Supplement of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Kalmyk SSR Article 158-1".[1] +Kalmyk lyrics +Gonzalez has recorded original material as well as a remix of the song "El Perdón" by Enrique Iglesias and Nicky Jam.[11] As of 2016, Gonzalez was preparing his debut solo album, titled AwakIn,[12] which is set to feature songs in English and Spanish with a mix of Latin rhythms[13] and American rap and pop.[14][15] +Gonzalez began his acting career in television commercials in Texas.[1] After graduating from high school, Gonzalez moved to Los Angeles where he began working in commercials and television series.[2] He has done television commercials for Ford, Honda, and AT&T.[4] +In January 2007, Gonzalez auditioned for Making Menudo in Los Angeles.[18] He did not make the cut, and so he began dance lessons and auditioned again in Dallas.[8] In Dallas, he was selected by the Puerto rican singer Luis Fonsi and the radio announcer Daniel Luna as one of the twenty-five participants who would go to New York City where they were filmed in the Road to Menudo series.[19] +Finally in 2007, for the same Making Menudo project Gonzalez was selected to be part of the jury of the new version of the Latino boy band Menudo.[20] The band would be a fusion of urban, pop and rock music in English and Spanish to produce several albums with the label of Sony BMG Epic Records. Several auditions were held in different cities such as Los Angeles, Dallas, Miami, New York City, among others. Gonzalez was a part of the Dallas competition where along the side of radio announcer Daniel Luna they chose varies contestants and in their pickings, Gonzalez was 1 of the 25 selected.[2] +As part of the show, Gonzalez along with fourteen other aspiring artists, was trained in singing and dancing in South Beach, Florida for almost four months.[21][22] +Gonzalez, during his acting career participated in the web series Los Americans (2011), which is characterized by having a multigenerational focus, a middle-class family living in Los Angeles. During the series, he participated with Esai Morales, Lupe Ontiveros, Tony Plana, Raymond Cruz, Yvonne DeLaRosa, and Ana Villafañe. +In 2009, Gonzalez appeared in the Parks and Recreation episode Sister City as Jhonny, a Venezuelan intern.[23][16] +In 2010, Gonzalez played the lead role in the video for Kaya Rosenthal (Can't Get You Out of My Mind). Gonzalez has also appeared in Locked Up Abroad, Hard Times, How to Rock, and Parenthood.[17] In 2010, Gonzalez played a role on Victorious in the episode (Survival of the Hottest).[24][25] +In Banged Up Abroad, JC Gonzalez appeared as Lia McCord's brother, who was arrested at the Bangladesh Airport for trafficking narcotics. +Juan Camilo Gonzalez, known professionally as JC Gonzalez, is a Colombian actor and singer-songwriter. His career began in 2009, when he participated in television commercials and advertisements in Texas.[1] Gonzalez was also a candidate on Making Menudo, an MTV reality show for which they selected twenty-five bilingual male singers. Gonzalez has also made appearances in film and television, such as Parks and Recreation, Blue (web series) and Los Americans.[2] +In 2010, In The second season of the NBC comedy-drama series Parenthood (season 2) Gonzalez played the role of a dancer in the Episode The Berger Cometh. +Also in 2010, Gonzalez worked with Ariana Grande in a role of her love interest in Victorious episode Survival of the Hottest. +In Parenthood (season 2) Gonzalez did the role of a Fraternity young man in the episode Orange Alert. Then in 2011, Gonzalez worked in Big Time Strike episode of Big Time Rush. +In 2012, Gonzalez played the character of a Football Player Bully in the episode How to Rock a Newscast of the American teen sitcom How to Rock that ran on Nickelodeon from February 4 to December 8, 2012. +During 2015 and 2018 Gonzalez's notable works included the role of "Jake" in episode "Blue Christmas" of American television series NCIS: New Orleans ,[26] role of "Kyle" in American procedural drama television series 9-1-1 (TV series) and an appearance as "DJ Diego Spiz" in Amazon Studios's American legal drama web television Goliath (TV series). +Gonzalez starred in Los Americans, an Internet series that was launched in May 2011.[27] In 2013, Gonzalez appeared in the web series Blue.[5] Gonzalez has also worked on other web series, including Ragdolls in 2013. In 2015, Gonzalez took on the role of Jake in the NCIS: New Orleans program, in the episode Blue Christmas.[3] +Gonzalez grew up in Sugar Land, Texas, a suburb of Houston and currently resides in Los Angeles, California. +Early years +Year Title Role Notes 2009 Second Coming Police officer (as Juan Camilo) Video 2012 Slumber Party Slaughter[28] Randy Film 2014 11:11 Ryan Short 2015 Elena Victor Short 2015 Hot Flash: The Chronicles of Lara Tate – Menopausal Superhero Cock Block Film 2017 More Than Enough (Original title: Good After Bad) Collin Film by Director: Anne-Marie Hess 2018 Ernesto's Manifesto Logan Film +Year Title Role Notes 2007 Making Menudo[29] JC MTV Reality Show 2008 Locked Up Abroad Lia McCords brother Episode: Bangladesh National Geographic Channel 2009 Parks and Recreation Jhonny Episode: "Sister City"[30] 2010 The Hard Times of RJ Berger TV Series dancer with knife Episode The Berger Cometh 2010 Victorious Ben Episode: Survival of the Hottest 2010 Parenthood Fraternity young man Episode: Orange Alert 2011 Big Time Rush Costart Episode: Big Time Strike 2012 How to Rock Football Player Bully Episode: How to Rock a Newscast, TV Series 2013 RagDolls Mateo Episodes: Bésame Mucho; The Sexy Bra; Undercover Date Agent; The Pot Shop 2014 I Didn't Do It[31] Mike Episode: Lindy Nose Best 2015 NCIS: New Orleans Jake Episode: "Blue Christmas"[4] 2018 9-1-1 (TV series) Kyle Tv Series 2018 Goliath (TV series) DJ Diego Spiz Tv Series +Webisodes +Year Title Role Notes 2009 Love Fifteen Cindy Lee's son Cindy Lee (Paola Turbay) 2011 Los Americans by Dennis E. Leoni Paul Valenzuela Episodes: Going to Mexico; The Truth Hurts; Secrets; Lead Us Not Unto Temptation; Family Heirloom; The Legacy; Fish and House Guests; Happy Birthday 2013 Blue (web series) Harry Episode: What Kind of a Name Is Blue? by Rodrigo Garcia +Comercial Paper Channel Honda Fit (inglés/español) Principal National Jack in the Box (Spanish) Principal National HCCS Fall Commercial Principal Regional Nerf Vulcan Hasbro Principal Regional Academy Sporting Goods Principal Regional Houston Community College Principal Regional (Institutional) National Principal Online Fiesta Rock Principal Regional Connect EDU Principal Online Nintendo Wii Principal National KFC Principal National AT&T Principal National Ford Focus Principal National +Year Title Position Album E.E.U.U R&B E.E.U.U Rap 2015 Equation of Love — — Equation of Love – Single 2015 Quiet Game — — Quiet Game – Single 2015 Cupid — — AwakIN 2015 Zoom — — Zoom – Single 2015 Prendete — — AwakIN 2016 Solitary Conversations — — 2moonS 2016 Luchando — — 2moonS 2016 Let me be me — — 2moonS +Gonzalez was born in Bogotá, Colombia in 1990. He has two younger siblings. Gonzalez was classified as a hyperactive child, and therefore earned the nickname of "terremoto" (Earthquake).[3][2] Gonzalez and his family moved to Houston when he was seven years old so that his younger brother could receive medical treatment.[3] +External links +JC Gonzalez Tv Show People: JC Gonzalez JC GONZALEZ “ THE LORD OF POP MUSIC” +Gonzalez started his elementary school at Gimnasio Los Caobos[6] in Bogota, Colombia and attended Clements High School in Sugar Land, Texas.[7][3] +JC Gonzalez has been characterized by his impetus, as indicated by the portal 'Pantallazos de Noticias' , where they claim that they have been traits of the personality of his maternal grandmother 'Cándida Rueda' , known for being the manager of Hotel San Carlos in Barrancabermeja, (Santander, Colombia)[9] +The artist has also made it known through several interviews that one of his engines is his brother Daniel, who has largely overcome a strange disease called Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita (AMC), and has taught him that without effort there is no reward, from there, says the singer, his discipline comes.[10] +Myanmar Radio and Television (Burmese: မြန်မာ့အသံနှင့်ရုပ်မြင်သံကြား, abbreviated MRTV), formerly the Burma Broadcasting Service (BBS), is the parent of state-run Myanmar Radio National Service, and a television channel. The television channels are broadcast from its broadcast centre in Kamayut, Yangon. The radio service is now broadcast primarily from Naypyidaw. +History +Radio service in Myanmar first came on air in 1936 during the British colonial era.[3] Regular programming by Bama Athan (Burmese: ဗမာ့အသံ; "Voice of Burma") began in February 1946 when the British established Burma Broadcasting Service (BBS), carrying Burmese language national and foreign news and musical entertainment, knowledge reply and school lessons and English language news and music programming.[1] After independence in 1948, it was named Myanma Athan (Burmese: မြန်မာ့အသံ; also meaning Voice of Burma, but with the more formal term "Myanmar"). +The service was renamed Myanmar Radio by the military government which came to power in 1988. The junta has also renamed the radio service's parent, BBS as Myanmar Radio and Television (MRTV) in 1997.[3] +Until the launch of Yangon City FM in 2001, BBS/Myanmar Radio was the only radio station in the country. For years, its main broadcast centre is at 426 Pyay Road in Kamayut in Yangon. Since late 2007, the main broadcast station has moved to Naypyidaw. +Television service in Myanmar was first introduced in June 1979 as a test trial in Yangon.[2] MRTV was first launched on 3 June 1980,[4] and regular television service was formally launched in 1981[5] using the NTSC standard.[6] In 2005, MRTV had 195 television relay stations throughout the country.[7] +MRTV plans the news interface, to the modern style of starting sequences and will have well-decorated news room. The broadcasting hours also increased to 18 hours (previously 10 hours). On March 24th 2018, MRTV adding 5 new TV channels to their Multiplex Play out System, such as Mizzima TV, Democratic Voice of Burma, Fortune, Channel K and MYTV(Myanmar). +The National Archives of Thailand (NAT) (Thai: สำนักหอจดหมายเหตุแห่งชาติ; RTGS: samnak ho chot mai het haeng chat ) is a Thai government agency under the Fine Arts Department of the Ministry of Culture. It was established in 1916 (B.E.2459) as a section of the National Library of Thailand. +It officially became the National Archives of Thailand on 18 August 1952.[1] +Researcher access +Foreign researchers are permitted to use the archives after completion of a researcher registration form and submitting letters of permission.[4] +The National Archives is responsible for collecting, preserving public and other historical records and make them available to the public. NAT advises government agencies on records management and records preservation. +Collection +The National Archives' collection consists of over one million historical government and public records, including paper and palm leaf documents, photographs, posters, maps, videos tapes, and sound recordings dating from the reign of King Rama IV to the present.[1] +As of 30 September 2011, the National Archives had 10,285 written documents, 24,508 wet plate collodions, 444,009 photos, 808,693 films, 20,062 maps and plans, 2,696 posters, 4,472 calendars, 4,467 audio records, 3,941 visual records, 9,503 microfilms, 734 compact discs, 34 digital visual records, 43,628 bound volumes, government documents and rare books, 1,867 meeting minutes, memos and incident records and 677,269 important news clippings. The oldest document in the collection is a paper document dating to the reign of King Rama IV (1851-1868).[2] +Thailand's archives hold few materials relating to foreign countries. For example, it has no materials about Vietnam, Cambodia, or Laos, but does have a number of Chinese documents. According to Thai culture researcher Phuthorn Bhumadhon, when he wants to search the history of the Ayutthaya period, he has to go to archives in France.[1] +Jason Ablewhite is an English politician, and the current Police and Crime Commissioner for Cambridgeshire, representing the Conservative Party. He was elected to the post on 5 May 2016, succeeding the previous incumbent, Graham Bright.[1] Ablewhite was elected as a councillor in St Ives, Cambridgeshire, in 2005, and was Leader of Huntingdonshire District Council for five years before retiring in 2015 to focus on politics.[2] +Arthur Geoffrey Dyke Acland (17 May 1908 – 14 September 1964), known as Geoffrey Acland, was a British Liberal Party politician. +Born near Hanover Square in London[1] to Liberal Party MP Francis Dyke Acland and Eleanor Margaret Cropper, Geoffrey was the younger brother of Richard Acland, who later became a Common Wealth Party and Labour Party MP. He studied at Rugby School, Trinity College, Cambridge, and the University of Grenoble.[2] During the Second World War, he served with the Border Regiment, rising to become a Captain.[3] +References +Sigurður Hjálmar Jónsson (27 March 1959 – 7 May 1996) was an Icelandic alpine skier.[1][2] He competed at the 1976 Winter Olympics and the 1980 Winter Olympics.[3][4] He won the Icelandic championship in slalom in 1980.[5] +References +Jaime Flores Castañeda (born 30 April 1967) is a Mexican politician from the Institutional Revolutionary Party. +From 2009 to 2012 he served as Deputy of the LXI Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Chihuahua.[1] +References +Franz Brunner (March 21, 1913 - December 22, 1991) was an Austrian field handball player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics. +He was part of the Austrian field handball team, which won the silver medal. He played two matches. +External links +Neli Irman (born 7 April 1986) is a Slovenian handball player for Spono Eagles and the Slovenian national team.[1][2] +References +Thomas Bolaers (born 18 February 1990) is a Belgian handball player for Cesson Rennes MHB[1] and the Belgian national team.[2] +References +Education +Yenbamroong received his early education in Bangkok at Sarawittaya School.[1] At 14, he went to New Zealand for his secondary education at Cambridge High School, where he was a varsity player in tennis.[6][2] At school, he showed a strong interest in astronomy, physics and kinematics.[3][6] +Yenbamroong later moved to the US and continued his secondary education at Beverly Hills High School.[1] While studying, he played for the school's soccer team.[2] His time in the US, which coincided with the boom of private space ventures,[14] had influenced Yenbamroong's decision to pursue a university degree in Aerospace, Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering.[4] He obtained his bachelor degree in 2008 from the University of California Los Angeles and his master degree in Mechanical Engineering in 2010 from the same university.[5] +Career +Early career +During his initial years in the US, Yenbamroong worked as part-time staff at Talesai, a Thai restaurant in Los Angeles. He was later a physics lab assistant at Santa Monica College and an intern at the Los Angeles County Department of Public Works. +While studying at the University of California Los Angeles, Yenbamroong worked as a system engineer for satellite projects at Northrop Grumman, an aerospace and defense technology company.[1] He was later promoted as project lead for unmanned vehicle systems at Northrop.[2] Yenbamroong left the US and moved back to Bangkok in 2014.[3] +Space and satellite company +In June 2017, Yenbamroong founded mu Space and Advanced Technology, or mu Space, using his personal money.[1] The company researches and develops satellite services for urban and rural areas.[15] mu Space initially had 6 staff[3] and later increased to 30 after the company raised US$3 million in funds.[16] +In December 2017, Thailand's National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission granted mu Space a 15-year license until 2032 to provide satellite services in the country.[17] The company is temporarily using the satellites of another company SES[18] to provide broadband services, pending the launch of the company's own satellite in 2021.[17] Worth up to US$150 million,[19] the satellite will use the 50.5-degrees East orbital slot to provide coverage over Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Vietnam and Thailand.[20] +James Yenbamroong, born Varayuth Yenbamroong (วรายุทธ เย็นบำรุง), is a space entrepreneur and engineer.[1] He is the founder, CEO and lead design architect of mu Space.[2][3] +Initially focused on the implementation of a satellite-powered broadband project in Thailand,[1] the company under Yenbamroong, later on, started doing space-related activities. +In July 2018, mu Space became the first Asian company to send a payload aboard the New Shepard rocket of Blue Origin to test the effects of microgravity on properties of materials.[21] The payload included a silicon bleeding-prevention device used in hospitals, a carbon nanotube and a vacuum-sealed food product.[3] In January 2019, Yenbamroong revealed his plan that mu Space is participating in NASA projects and other space exploration missions.[22] +Venture capital +Yenbamroong is opening in 2019 a venture capital unit to provide funds to startups and medium-sized companies working on artificial intelligence, robotics, space research and deep space exploration.[23] The venture unit, with an initial fund of US$ 100 million, will be set up in Singapore.[24] +Tham Luang cave rescue +Yenbamroong sent several engineers of mu Space to help in the rescue mission to save the 12 boys and their football coach trapped inside Tham Luang cave in 2018.[25] His company mu Space also collaborated with Google and Weather Decision Technologies to provide rescuers with weather forecast models in the cave area.[26] +Elon Musk, the founder of The Boring Company, a US-based tunnel construction company, also discussed with Yenbamroong his plan to help in the rescue.[27] Over Twitter, Musk initially suggested using a ground penetrating radar to dig holes to reach the boys, and then to install a giant air tube that the boys can use as a temporary passageway.[27] Later on, Musk settled on the idea of using kid-sized submarines for the rescue mission, which he had personally flown to Thailand on his private jet.[28] However, Thai authorities did not use the kid-sized submarines,[29] and decided to send divers to extract the trapped boys and their football coach out of the cave.[30] +Recognitions +Received the Quality Persons of the Year 2018 award from the Foundation of Science and Technology Council of Thailand[31] Listed in GQ Magazine in 2018 as "19 Thais We Are Proud Of"[32] +Born in 1984 and raised in Bangkok, Thailand, Yenbamroong moved to Waikato, New Zealand when he was 14 to attend Cambridge High School.[6] He later lived in California, USA and finished his secondary education at Beverly Hills High School.[6] He went to the University of California Los Angeles to earn his bachelor degree in Aerospace, Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering and his master degree in Mechanical Engineering.[2][3] +In June 2017, Yenbamroong founded mu Space, a company based in Bangkok that offers satellite services and Internet of Things (IoT) applications, of which he is CEO and lead design architect.[7] +In addition to his primary business pursuit, Yenbamroong has future plans of providing space tourism service to people in Asia-Pacific[8] and sending the first 100 humans to the moon.[9] He has stated that the goals of mu Space revolve around his vision of improving the quality of life of people on Earth.[9] His goals include mitigating the impact of human overpopulation on the environment and reducing the risk of human extinction by setting up a lunar habitation.[10] +Early life +Born on June 13, 1984 in Bangkok, Yenbamroong was the youngest among three siblings. +He is the son of Vilas Yenbamroong, a Thai military general, and Lamaiporn Yenbamroong, a senior US embassy staff in Thailand.[4] He is a cousin of award-winning chef Kris Yenbamroong,[4][5] named Food & Wine Magazine's Best New Chef in 2016 and author of the Night + Market cookbook.[11] +Yenbamroong's interest in aviation started when, as a child, he drew airplanes and robots on the wall of his bedroom.[12] His father, who often brought him to airshows and military museums, had also influenced his fascination with flights and the outer space. +Yenbamroong had read the biographies of Internet entrepreneur Sergey Brin and business magnate Warren Buffett, from which he learned about investing and how to start a company.[1] He was exposed to business at a young age, starting off by selling used books and video games to his childhood friends for profit.[13] +Chloe continues the search by investigating James' office for clues about Sera, instead revealing that James has been in contact with Damon; Chloe uses James' phone to convince Damon to disclose where Sera is located, and finds out that Damon has kidnapped her for ransom. She races to Damon to pay him off, but learns, when she reaches him, that James wanted him to kill Sera. Frank appears and fights Damon, after which Sera entreats Chloe to never tell Rachel about James' actions. +Bonus episode +After finding the map and an amulet in the attic, Max and Chloe discover the treasure's spot, only to find that Chloe's dad, William, had put their time capsule in a keg, along with his own recording, for safekeeping. Max can choose to either tell Chloe the truth, or hide it; regardless of her decision, their plans for the rest of the day are cut short when Chloe's mother, Joyce, returns home with the news of William's death. Max attends William's funeral days later and leaves for Seattle with her parents immediately after, leaving Chloe in grief.[1] +Life Is Strange: Before the Storm is an episodic graphic adventure video game developed by Deck Nine and published by Square Enix. The three episodes were released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One in late 2017, and for Linux, macOS, Android, and iOS in late 2018. It is the second entry in the Life Is Strange series, set as a prequel to the first game, focusing on sixteen-year-old Chloe Price and her relationship with schoolmate Rachel Amber. +Ashly Burch from the original game did not voice Chloe Price in Before the Storm because of the SAG-AFTRA strike, but reprised her role in a bonus episode once the strike was resolved. British indie band Daughter wrote and performed the score. Life Is Strange: Before the Storm received generally favourable reviews, praising characters, themes, and story, while criticising aspects like plotholes, the main relationship, and the impact of player decisions near the end of the game. +Gameplay +The player assumes control of sixteen-year-old Chloe Price, three years before Life Is Strange. Unlike its predecessor, the game does not include time travel. Instead, Before the Storm features the ability "Backtalk", which the player can use to call upon Chloe to get out of certain precarious situations; "Backtalk" may also make a situation worse. +Plot +In her Oregon hometown of Arcadia Bay, sixteen-year-old Chloe Price sneaks into a house concert at an old mill. Conflict arises with two men inside, but she evades them when schoolmate Rachel Amber causes a distraction. The next day, Chloe and Rachel reunite at Blackwell Academy and decide to ditch class, stowing away on a cargo train and ending up at a lookout point. +However, Chloe learns that Drew is being violently extorted by another drug dealer, Damon Merrick, and she must decide whether to pay off the dealer with the stolen money to protect Drew or keep it. Later, when a student is unable to participate in the school's theater production of The Tempest due to road closures caused by the wildfire, Chloe reluctantly takes on the role opposite Rachel. After the play, they decide to leave Arcadia Bay with the truck from the scrapyard, and return to Rachel's house to pack. +Detective Conan: The Fist of Blue Sapphire (名探偵コナン 紺青の拳（フィスト）, Meitantei Conan: Konjō no Fisuto) is a 2019 Japanese animated film.[4] It is the twenty-third installment of the Case Closed film series based on the manga series of the same name by Gosho Aoyama, following the 2018 film Detective Conan: Zero the Enforcer. +The film will be released on April 12, 2019.[5] +Cast +Minami Takayama as Conan Edogawa / Arthur Hirai Wakana Yamazaki as Ran Mōri Rikiya Koyama as Kogorō Mōri Kappei Yamaguchi as Shinichi Kudō and Kaito Kid[6][7] Kenichi Ogata as Professor Agasa Megumi Hayashibara as Ai Haibara Yukiko Iwai as Ayumi Yoshida Ikue Otani as Mitsuhiko Tsuburaya Wataru Takagi as Genta Kojima Naoko Matsui as Sonoko Suzuki Nobuyuki Hiyama as Makoto Kyogoku[6][7] Ikusaburo Yamazaki as Leon low Mayuko Kawakita as Rachel Cheongu +External links +Miz Cracker (born April 19, 1984) is the stage name of Maxwell Heller,[2] an American drag queen and television personality.[3] She is best known for competing on the tenth season of the reality competition television series RuPaul's Drag Race.[4] +Maxwell Heller was born in Seattle, Washington.[5] He began doing drag in 2011 and participated in marches for equality in Times Square with his drag mother Bob the Drag Queen, winner of the eighth season of RuPaul's Drag Race.[6][7][8] +Kathlen Ax (born 15 February 1993) is a Finnish handball player for HIFK Handboll and the Finnish national team.[1] +References +Dani Baijens (born 5 May 1998) is a Dutch handball player for TBV Lemgo[1] and the Netherlands national team.[2] +References +Three views of a prehistoric pendant in lignite/jet; Magdalenian culture (17,000–10,000 BCE), from the Marsoulas cave, Marsoulas, Haute-Garonne, France (Muséum de Toulouse) +Hallstatt culture bracelets made from jet and bronze, unearthed at the princely tomb of Magdalenenberg +Mourning jewellery: jet brooch, 19th century +Jet is a type of lignite,[1] a precursor to coal, and is a gemstone. Jet is not a mineral, but rather a mineraloid.[2] It has an organic origin, being derived from wood that has decayed under extreme pressure. +The English noun "jet" derives from the French word for the same material, jaiet (modern French jais), ultimately referring to the ancient town of Gagae.[3] Jet is either black or dark brown, but may contain pyrite inclusions,[4] which are of brassy colour and metallic lustre. The adjective "jet-black", meaning as dark a black as possible, derives from this material. +The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement is a World Heritage Site consisting of a selection of 17 building projects by the Franco-Swiss architect Le Corbusier.[1] These sites demonstrate how Modernism was applied to construction and show the global range of a style and an architect.[citation needed] +List of the sites +External links +Picture ID Name Location Coordinates Property Area Buffer Zone 1321-001 Maisons La Roche et Jeanneret France 48°51′6.696″N 2°15′55.26″E / 48.85186000°N 2.2653500°E / 48.85186000; 2.2653500 0.097 ha (0.24 acres) 13.644 ha (33.72 acres) 1321-002 Petite villa au bord du lac Léman fr Switzerland 46°28′6.29″N 6°49′45.61″E / 46.4684139°N 6.8293361°E / 46.4684139; 6.8293361 0.04 ha (0.099 acres) 5.8 ha (14 acres) 1321-003 Cité Frugès France 44°47′56.004″N 0°38′52.368″E / 44.79889000°N 0.64788000°E / 44.79889000; 0.64788000 2.179 ha (5.38 acres) 26.475 ha (65.42 acres) 1321-004 Maison Guiette Belgium 51°11′1.201″N 4°23′35.7″E / 51.18366694°N 4.393250°E / 51.18366694; 4.393250 0.0103 ha (0.025 acres) 6.7531 ha (16.687 acres) 1321-005 Maisons de la Weissenhof-Siedlung Germany 48°47′59.442″N 9°10′39.594″E / 48.79984500°N 9.17766500°E / 48.79984500; 9.17766500 0.1165 ha (0.288 acres) 33.6213 ha (83.080 acres) 1321-006 Villa Savoye et loge du jardiner France 48°55′27.923″N 2°1′42.038″E / 48.92442306°N 2.02834389°E / 48.92442306; 2.02834389 1.036 ha (2.56 acres) 155.585 ha (384.46 acres) 1321-007 Immeuble Clarté Switzerland 46°12′0.576″N 6°9′23.072″E / 46.20016000°N 6.15640889°E / 46.20016000; 6.15640889 0.15 ha (0.37 acres) 1.8 ha (4.4 acres) 1321-008 Immeuble locatif à la Porte Molitor France 48°50′36.204″N 2°15′4.644″E / 48.84339000°N 2.25129000°E / 48.84339000; 2.25129000 0.032 ha (0.079 acres) 57.113 ha (141.13 acres) 1321-009 Unité d’habitation Marseille France 43°15′40.932″N 5°23′46.248″E / 43.26137000°N 5.39618000°E / 43.26137000; 5.39618000 3.648 ha (9.01 acres) 119.833 ha (296.11 acres) 1321-010 La Manufacture à Saint-Dié fr France 48°17′26.952″N 6°57′0.9″E / 48.29082000°N 6.950250°E / 48.29082000; 6.950250 0.762 ha (1.88 acres) 64.912 ha (160.40 acres) 1321-011 Curutchet House Argentina 34°54′40.83″S 57°56′30.57″W / 34.9113417°S 57.9418250°W / -34.9113417; -57.9418250 0.027 ha (0.067 acres) 6.965 ha (17.21 acres) 1321-012 Chapelle Notre-Dame-du-Haut de Ronchamp France 47°42′16.164″N 6°37′14.808″E / 47.70449000°N 6.62078000°E / 47.70449000; 6.62078000 2.734 ha (6.76 acres) 239.661 ha (592.22 acres) 1321-013 Cabanon de Le Corbusier France 43°45′34.992″N 7°27′48.24″E / 43.75972000°N 7.4634000°E / 43.75972000; 7.4634000 0.198 ha (0.49 acres) 176.172 ha (435.33 acres) 1321-014 Complexe du Capitole India 30°45′27″N 76°48′20″E / 30.75750°N 76.80556°E / 30.75750; 76.80556 66 ha (160 acres) 195 ha (480 acres) 1321-015 Couvent Sainte-Marie-de-la-Tourette France 45°49′9.826″N 4°37′21″E / 45.81939611°N 4.62250°E / 45.81939611; 4.62250 17.923 ha (44.29 acres) 99.872 ha (246.79 acres) 1321-016 Musée National des Beaux-Arts de l��Occident Japan 35°42′55″N 139°46′33″E / 35.71528°N 139.77583°E / 35.71528; 139.77583 0.93 ha (2.3 acres) 116.17 ha (287.1 acres) 1321-017 Maison de la Culture de Firminy [fr] France 45°22′59.484″N 4°17′20.641″E / 45.38319000°N 4.28906694°E / 45.38319000; 4.28906694 2.601 ha (6.43 acres) 90.008 ha (222.41 acres) +General elections will be held in Indonesia on 17 April 2019. +For the first time in the country's history, the president, the vice president, and members of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), will be elected on the same day with over 190 million eligible voters. Sixteen parties will be participating in the elections nationally, with four participating for the first time. +In the presidential election, which follow a direct, simple majority system, incumbent Indonesian President Joko Widodo, known as Jokowi, will run for re-election with senior Muslim cleric Ma'ruf Amin as his running mate against former general Prabowo Subianto and former Jakarta deputy governor Sandiaga Uno for the five-year term between 2019 and 2024. The election will be a re-match of the 2014 presidential election, in which Widodo defeated Prabowo. The legislative election will see over 240,000 candidates competing for over 20,000 seats in the MPR and local councils for provinces and cities/regencies all being contested, with over 8,000 competing for the People's Representative Council seats alone. +Notes +Presidential elections were held in Ukraine on 31 March 2019. +A second round is scheduled to take place on 21 April 2019. +There were a total of 39 candidates for the election on the ballot. Due to 2014 annexation of Crimea by Russia and the occupation of parts of Donetsk Oblast and Luhansk Oblast, around 12% of eligible voters were unable to participate in the election. As no candidate received an absolute majority of the vote, a second round will be held between the top two candidates, Volodymyr Zelensky and Petro Poroshenko. +Results +References +Retrieved 27 March 2019. "Ukraine Declares Martial Law in Regions Bordering Russia and Unrecognized Transnistria". Hromadske.TV. 26 November 2018. +Retrieved 27 March 2019. ↑ "Ukraine Formally Sets Date For Presidential Election". +RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. +Retrieved 2018-11-28. 1 2 "Стало известно, сколько граждан смогут проголосовать на президентских выборах в Украине". +1 2 (in Ukrainian) Gnap also withdraws from the elections in favor of Hritsenko, Ukrayinska Pravda (1 March 2019) ↑ ↑ "На выборах президента Украины окончательно будет 39 кандидатов". +External links +There were a total of 39 candidates for the first round of the election.[8][9][9] By the end of the registration period on 9 February 2019,[3] the Central Election Commission (CEC) had registered 44 candidates for the elections.[10][11] Five candidates withdrew.[12][7][14] This means that the largest ever number of candidates (39) participated in a Ukrainian presidential election (in 2004 there were 24 candidates).[15] In total, 92 people submitted documents to the CEC to participate in the elections.[10] +A by-election was held on 13 October 2018 for the Dewan Rakyat seat of Port Dickson.[1] The seat became vacant after the resignation of the incumbent member Danyal Balagopal Abdullah, a member of Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) and the governing Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition.[2] This was the first federal by-election since the historic May 2018 general election, which saw the first-ever change of federal government in Malaysia's history. +Result +Anwar won the Port Dickson by-election with 31,016 votes securing a 23,560-vote majority, with runner-up Mohd Nazari garnering 7,456 votes.[28] +References +References +1 2 General Election Commission ↑ Presidential election planned for June 26 Montsame, 26 January 2017 ↑ No decisive winner in Mongolia presidential vote: election committee Reuters, 26 June 2017 ↑ Presidential election:second ballot on July 9 Montsame, 26 June 2017 ↑ Election of the President of Mongolia moved to July 7 ARD, 28 June 2017 (in Mongolian) ↑ "Началось. +Presidential elections were held in Mongolia on 26 June 2017. +Incumbent President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, first elected in 2009 and re-elected in 2013, was constitutionally barred from running for a third term.[2] For the first time, no candidate received a majority of the vote in the first round, forcing a run-off between Khaltmaagiin Battulga and Miyeegombyn Enkhbold on 7 July, brought forward from 9 July.[3][4][5] The third-placed candidate Sainkhuugiin Ganbaatar refused to recognise the results after he missed out on the second round due to finishing 1,849 behind Enkhbold, claiming that an additional 35,000 votes had been added to the total and there had been fraud. +His Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party demanded a recount of votes in Bayan-Ölgii.[6] +In the second round, Battulga was narrowly elected with 50.61% of the valid votes, or 55% of the votes cast for a candidate. +The Presidential election was held on 7 February 1986 in the Philippines were snap elections, and are popularly known as the snap elections, that followed the end of martial law and brought about the People Power Revolution, the downfall of President Ferdinand E. Marcos, and the accession of Corazon C. Aquino as president. +The campaign period lasted 45 days, from 19 December 1985 to 5 February 1986.[11][2][12] +The Catholic Private University Linz is one of four universities in Linz, the capital of Upper Austria, with approximately 500 students enrolled. Its roots go back to 1672 and it is a Papal faculty since 1978. It is an accredited private university but its tuition fees currently (as of December 2004) match those of Austria's public universities. +External links +Detective Conan: Zero The Enforcer (名探偵コナン ゼロの執行人, Meitantei Conan: Zero no Shikkounin) is a 2018 Japanese animated crime thriller film directed by Kobun Shizuno and written by Okura Takahiro. It was the twenty-second installment of the Case Closed film series based on the manga series of the same name by Gosho Aoyama, following the 2017 film Detective Conan: Crimson Love Letter. +The film was released on April 13, 2018.[1] +Debuting on 384 screens with Toho distributing, Detective Conan: Zero the Enforcer earned $12.1 million from 1.012 million admissions in its first weekend and ranked number-one at the Japanese box office. The 22nd Detective Conan feature film earned ¥9.18 billion[3] ($82 million) from its domestic run,[4] becoming the 9th highest-grossing anime film of all time, and the top-grossing film in the Detective Conan anime franchise, surpassing the 21st film Crimson Love Letter which grossed ¥6.87 billion in 2017.[5] +Case +Prior to the Summit, an explosion went off at one of the building, killing and injuring many Public Security Bureau personnel performing inspection there, including Amuro Tōru and Kazami Yūya. A preliminary investigation found the fingerprint which matches the Mori Kogoro's, and with other evidence purportedly located inside Kogoro's computer, Kogoro is arrested. After a hopeless search for a lawyer who is willing to represent Kogoro in the trial, Ran, Kisaki Eri, and Conan encountered a freelance lawyer, Tachibana Kyōko, who offered to represent Kogoro in the case. +Cast +Box office +Some countries may have a very complicated minimum wage system; for example, India has more than 1202 minimum wage rates.[1] +A US$ conversion rate from 2017 – obtained from the World Bank's Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average), World Development Indicators database – was used to convert the annual wage from national currency to US dollars. The template To USD was used to convert the annual wage from national currency to US dollars. ↑ Annual wages were calculated by multiplying monthly wages by 12, weekly wages by 52, daily wages by 5x52 and hourly wages by Wx52, where W is the legal maximum (or the practical, if lower) workweek length in hours. A purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion rate from 2016 – obtained from the World Bank's PPP conversion factor, private consumption (LCU per international $), World Development Indicators database – was used to convert the annual wage from national currency to international dollars. +Retrieved 16 March 2019. ↑ By law the standard workweek is 48 hours for most categories of industrial workers and 40 hours for government workers, with an eight-hour-per-day limit. ↑ http://www.thenews.pl/1/12/Artykul/382036,Polish-gov%E2%80%99t-backs-higher-minimum-wage ↑ https://dre.pt/web/guest/home/-/dre/117503933/details/maximized. Missing or empty |title= (help) ↑ "О внесении изменения в статью 1 Федерального закона "О минимальном размере оплаты труда", Федеральный закон от 07 марта 2018 года №41-ФЗ". docs.cntd.ru. Retrieved 2018-09-05. ↑ Saint Christopher and Nevis – Statuory Rules and Orders – Nº 35 of 2008 – The Labour (Minimum Wage) (National Minimum Wage) Order, 2008 ↑ Hewlett, LK (22 September 2014). +Retrieved 2014-05-20. ↑ The law sets a maximal 45-hour workweek for blue- and white-collar workers in industry, services, and retail trades and a 50-hour workweek for all other workers. The law limits annual overtime to 170 hours for those working 45 hours a week and 140 hours for those working 50 hours a week. Based on the Swiss Federal Office of Statistics the typical workweek is 41.7 hours. ↑ "Betriebsübliche Arbeitszeit nach Wirtschaftsabteilungen (NOGA 2008), in Stunden pro Woche, 1990-2013" (XLS) (statistics) (in German and French). +External links +Countries +Peter Paul Montgomery Buttigieg[1] ( /ˈbuːtɪdʒədʒ/ BOOT-ih-jəj;[2][3] born January 19, 1982) is an American politician and former Naval Intelligence Officer who has served as the mayor of the city of South Bend, Indiana since 2012. +Buttigieg is a graduate of Harvard University and Oxford University, having attended Pembroke College, Oxford on a Rhodes Scholarship. From 2007 to 2010 he worked at McKinsey and Company, a management strategy consulting firm.[4] From 2009 to 2017 Buttigieg served as an intelligence officer in the United States Navy Reserve, attaining the rank of lieutenant and deploying for the War in Afghanistan in 2014.[5][6] +Publications +ISBN 9781631494376. +References +External links +Presidential campaign website Buttigieg on the issues Mayor of South Bend website Appearances on C-SPAN Profile at Vote Smart +A constitutional referendum was held in Egypt from 20–22 April 2019,[1] with overseas voting taking place between 19 and 21 April.[2] The proposed changes allow President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi to remain in power until 2030; under the previous version of the constitution, he would have been barred from contesting the next elections, which were due in 2022.[3] The changes were approved by 88.83% of voters who voted, with a 44% turnout.[4] +Results +Choice Votes % Yes 23,416,741 88.83 No 2,945,680 11.17 Valid votes 26,362,421 96.94 Invalid or blank votes 831,172 3.06 Total votes 27,193,593 100.00 Registered voters and turnout 61,344,503 44.33 Source: Ahram Online +Proposed amendments +References +Article 140 is amended to lengthen the presidential term from four to six years and article 241 changes to lengthen el-Sisi's current term and allow him to stand for an additional term in office. +Other changes restore the president's ability to appoint Vice-Presidents (which had been abolished in 2012) and strengthen the powers of the president over the judiciary,[1] with modifications to articles 185, 189 and 193 making the president head of the Higher Council for Judicial Authorities, which would appoint the public prosecutor and judicial leaders, as well as giving the president the power to directly appoint the head of the Supreme Constitutional Court.[5] +A leadership election for the Civic Democratic Party (ODS) was held in the Czech Republic on 9 December 1996. Václav Klaus was reelected leader of ODS. +Election was part of 7th Congress of the party. Klaus received 249 votes of 295.[1] It was the last time when leader was elected for one-year term.[2] Christian Democratic Party was merged with ODS at the congress. Delegates also voted in favour of change of political style.[3] +Klaus' victory wasn't as decisive as in previous elections which was considered a sign of tension within the party. Some members of the party delivered critical speeches during the election. This includes Jan Ruml and Josef Zieleniec.[4] +References +Sonic the Hedgehog is an upcoming 2019 American-Japanese live-action animated action film distributed by Paramount Pictures and based on the Sega video game franchise. The film is directed by Jeff Fowler and written by Patrick Casey, Josh Miller, and Oren Uziel, from a story by Van Robichaux and Evan Susser. The film stars Ben Schwartz as the voice of Sonic the Hedgehog and Jim Carrey as Sonic's nemesis Doctor Robotnik, alongside James Marsden, Tika Sumpter, Adam Pally, and Neal McDonough. +Premise +Sheriff Tom Wachowski journeys from Green Hills, Montana, to San Francisco, California, to assist Sonic, an anthropomorphic blue hedgehog who can run at incredible speeds, evade capture by the government, collect his rings, and defeat the insane scientist Doctor Robotnik.[3][4] +Cast +Lee Wu-jong (Hangul: 이우정; Hanja: 李愚貞; RR: Yi Wujeong; August 1, 1923 – May 30, 2002) was a South Korean politician and feminist,[1] labor right activist, Christian feminism activist and anti-Hoju activist from 1950s to 1980s. +She was the 14th member of the National Assembly.[2] and the leader of South Korean radical feminists. Lee Wujong was the granddaughter of Lee Hae-jo, a famous writer. +Site link +References +Tyrone Thompson (1967 – May 4, 2019) was an American politician and a Democratic member of the Nevada Assembly, serving since being appointed on April 16, 2013. +Thompson was previously a coordinator of homeless services for Southern Nevada Regional Planning Coalition.[1] He died in office in 2019 at the age of 51.[2] +References +External links +Prospero Castillo Nograles (October 30, 1947 – May 4, 2019)[1] was a Filipino politician who served as a Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from 2008 to 2010.[2] He was elected as the Speaker of the House on February 5, 2008, the first ever elected Speaker from Mindanao in a hundred years in Philippine legislative history.[3] Beginning in 1989, Nograles was elected to five terms as a member of the House of Representatives, representing the 1st District of Davao City. +External links +Notes +Nograles was born in Davao City, and finished his primary and secondary education at the Ateneo de Davao University. +He then studied at the Ateneo de Manila University, obtaining his Bachelor of Arts Degree major in Political Science in 1967, and his Bachelor of Laws degree from the Ateneo de Manila Law School in 1971.[4][2] He placed second in the 1971 bar examinations with an average of 70.95%.[6] +Terje Moe Gustavsen (20 October 1954 – 4 May 2019[1]) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party and a civil servant. +Biography +He was state secretary to the Prime Minister in 1997, and Minister of Transport and Communications 2000-2001 in the first cabinet Stoltenberg.[2] Among others he became known for sacking the board of directors in the Norwegian State Railways in 2000.[3] +References +Books +ISBN 978-0310293996., republished as — (2014). +References +External links +Rachel Held Evans (née Rachel Grace Held, June 8, 1981 – May 4, 2019) was an American Christian columnist, blogger and author. +Her book A Year of Biblical Womanhood was on The New York Times' e-book non-fiction best-seller list.[1] +Gangoku Kankei (Japanese: 頑極官慶) was a Sōtō Zen priest of the Edo period. He was the founding abbot of Shinpo-ji temple (新豊寺) in Nagoya Prefecture. The prominent modern Zen teachers Dainin Katagiri and Sawaki Kōdō both trace their lineages back to Gangoku.[1] +References +Hiroyuki Ikeuchi (池内 博之, Ikeuchi Hiroyuki, born November 24, 1976) is a Japanese actor.[1] Ikeuchi's mother is from El Salvador and his father is Japanese. +He is an avid martial artist, mostly holding a black belt in judo and is also a keen fisherman. +External links +Filmography +Film +Television +GTO (1998) Beautiful Life (1999) Shinsengumi! (2004) - Kusaka Genzui Tatta Hitotsu no Koi (2006) Sengoku Jieitai: Sekigahara no Tatakai (2006) Bambino (2007) Yae no Sakura (2013) - Kajiwara Heima HERO 2 (2014) Kaitō Yamaneko (2016) - Katsuaki Inui[4] +References +Steven H. Amick (May 13, 1947 – January 23, 2019) was an American politician who served in the Delaware House of Representatives from the 25th district from 1987 to 1995 and in the Delaware Senate from the 10th district from 1995 to 2009.[1][2] +References +Harry Eugene Grabosky (September 1, 1936 – May 4, 2001) was an American collegiate and professional football defensive tackle. +He played professionally in the American Football League for the Buffalo Bills. +He played college football at Syracuse University and was drafted in the 26th round of the 1959 NFL Draft by the Washington Redskins.[1] +References +Alexander Tschäppät (16 April 1952 – 4 May 2018)[1] was a Swiss politician.[2] Tschäppät was a member of the Social Democratic Party of Switzerland. +He has been a member of the National Council of Switzerland from 1991 to 2003 and again 2011 to 2018. +He was mayor (Stadtpräsident) of Bern 2005 until 2016. +References +Kenneth John Thorneycroft (March 24, 1928 – May 4, 2018) was a Canadian Forces Air Command officer. +He served as deputy commander of NORAD from 1980 to 1983.[1] He died in 2018.[2] +References +Juan Morano Masa (5 December 1941 – 4 May 2018) was a Spanish politician who was a member of the Congress of Deputies from 2004 to 2015.. +He also served as the Mayor of León from 1979 to 1987 and from 1989 to 1995.[1] +References +It believes in promoting a “pluralistic political system” which is a centrist political position where there’s democracy for people to express their own political views equally. There is also a combination of right-wing and left-wing ideology where the people of Cambodia are protected by making the military plans, border defences and economic plans of Cambodia more powerfully stronger while defending itself from external aggression meaning imperialism etc. It also supports liberalism since it believes in opposing absolutism and Genocidal regimes as well “liberty and democracy”[1] +The party also had a vice president called Sok Dyvathann busily “recruiting members” and “organizing the party structure.” It won “1.3%” of the vote behind the Liberal Democratic Party with “1.5%” of the vote in the 1993 Cambodian elections. It also constructed its “first provincial” HQ which was an “office in Kompang Chhnang .” [2] +References +External links +Louis M. Crump (May 21, 1916 – April 6, 2019) was an American politician in the state of Texas. +Crump was born in Santa Anna, Texas. +He was a lawyer, residing in San Saba, Texas. He served in the Texas State Senate from 1959 to 1967 as a Democrat from the 16th district. +From 1963 to 1967, he served as president pro tempore of the state senate.[1] He turned 100 in May 2016[2] and died at the age of 102 in 2019.[3] +References +Fox and Haskell formula +Anaerobic exercise is a physical exercise intense enough to cause lactate to form. It is used by athletes in non-endurance sports to promote strength, speed and power and by body builders to build muscle mass. Muscle energy systems trained using anaerobic exercise develop differently compared to aerobic exercise, leading to greater performance in short duration, high intensity activities, which last from mere seconds to up to about 2 minutes.[1] Any activity lasting longer than about two minutes has a large aerobic metabolic component.[citation needed] +Metabolism +Anaerobic metabolism is a natural part of whole-body metabolic energy expenditure.[2] Fast twitch muscle (as compared to slow twitch muscle) operates using anaerobic metabolic systems, such that any recruitment of fast twitch muscle fibers leads to increased anaerobic energy expenditure. Intense exercise lasting upwards of about four minutes (e.g., a mile race) may still have a considerable anaerobic energy expenditure component. High-intensity interval training, although based on aerobic exercises like running, cycling and rowing, effectively becomes anaerobic when performed in excess of 90% maximum heart rate. +In contrast, aerobic exercise includes lower intensity activities performed for longer periods of time. Activities such as walking, long slow runs, rowing, and cycling require a great deal of oxygen to generate the energy needed for prolonged exercise (i.e., aerobic energy expenditure). In sports which require repeated short bursts of exercise however, the anaerobic system enables muscles to recover for the next burst. +The former is called alactic anaerobic and the latter lactic anaerobic system.[5] High energy phosphates are stored in limited quantities within muscle cells. Anaerobic glycolysis exclusively uses glucose (and glycogen) as a fuel in the absence of oxygen, or more specifically when ATP is needed at rates that exceed those provided by aerobic metabolism. The consequence of such rapid glucose breakdown is the formation of lactic acid (or more appropriately, its conjugate base lactate at biological pH levels). +The by-product of anaerobic glycolysis, lactate, has traditionally been thought to be detrimental to muscle function.[6] However, this appears likely only when lactate levels are very high. Elevated lactate levels are only one of many changes that occur within and around muscle cells during intense exercise that can lead to fatigue. Fatigue, that is muscle failure, is a complex subject. +See also +Aerobic exercise Bioenergetic systems Margaria-Kalamen power test +These conditions can impair coughing, swallowing, clearing the airways, and in the worst cases, breathing. Therefore, they worsen the flu symptoms.[162] +Encephalitis is a rare but not unheard of, and can occur in the elderly and present as confusion and slurred speech. +Seasonal variations +Seasonal risk areas for influenza: November–April (blue), April–November (red), and year-round (yellow). +Influenza reaches peak prevalence in winter, and because the Northern and Southern Hemispheres have winter at different times of the year, there are actually two different flu seasons each year. This is why the World Health Organization (assisted by the National Influenza Centers) makes recommendations for two different vaccine formulations every year; one for the Northern, and one for the Southern Hemisphere.[116] +A long-standing puzzle has been why outbreaks of the flu occur seasonally rather than uniformly throughout the year. One possible explanation is that, because people are indoors more often during the winter, they are in close contact more often, and this promotes transmission from person to person. Increased travel due to the Northern Hemisphere winter holiday season may also play a role.[163] Another factor is that cold temperatures lead to drier air, which may dehydrate mucus particles. +However, seasonal changes in infection rates also occur in tropical regions, and in some countries these peaks of infection are seen mainly during the rainy season.[167] Seasonal changes in contact rates from school terms, which are a major factor in other childhood diseases such as measles and pertussis, may also play a role in the flu. A combination of these small seasonal effects may be amplified by dynamical resonance with the endogenous disease cycles.[168] H5N1 exhibits seasonality in both humans and birds.[169] +An alternative hypothesis to explain seasonality in influenza infections is an effect of vitamin D levels on immunity to the virus.[170] This idea was first proposed by Robert Edgar Hope-Simpson in 1965.[171] He proposed that the cause of influenza epidemics during winter may be connected to seasonal fluctuations of vitamin D, which is produced in the skin under the influence of solar (or artificial) UV radiation. This could explain why influenza occurs mostly in winter and during the tropical rainy season, when people stay indoors, away from the sun, and their vitamin D levels fall. +Epidemic and pandemic spread +As influenza is caused by a variety of species and strains of viruses, in any given year some strains can die out while others create epidemics, while yet another strain can cause a pandemic. Typically, in a year's normal two flu seasons (one per hemisphere), there are between three and five million cases of severe illness and around 500,000 deaths worldwide,[172] which by some definitions is a yearly influenza epidemic.[173] Although the incidence of influenza can vary widely between years, approximately 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000 hospitalizations are directly associated with influenza every year in the United States.[174][175] One method of calculating influenza mortality produced an estimate of 41,400 average deaths per year in the United States between 1979 and 2001.[176] Different methods in 2010 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported a range from a low of about 3,300 deaths to a high of 49,000 per year.[177] +Roughly three times per century, a pandemic occurs, which infects a large proportion of the world's population and can kill tens of millions of people (see pandemics section). One study estimated that if a strain with similar virulence to the 1918 influenza emerged today, it could kill between 50 and 80 million people.[178] +Antigenic shift, or reassortment, can result in novel and highly pathogenic strains of human influenza +This new variant then replaces the older strains as it rapidly sweeps through the human population, often causing an epidemic.[179] However, since the strains produced by drift will still be reasonably similar to the older strains, some people will still be immune to them. In contrast, when influenza viruses reassort, they acquire completely new antigens—for example by reassortment between avian strains and human strains; this is called antigenic shift. If a human influenza virus is produced that has entirely new antigens, everybody will be susceptible, and the novel influenza will spread uncontrollably, causing a pandemic.[180] In contrast to this model of pandemics based on antigenic drift and shift, an alternative approach has been proposed where the periodic pandemics are produced by interactions of a fixed set of viral strains with a human population with a constantly changing set of immunities to different viral strains.[181] +The generation time for influenza (the time from one infection to the next) is very short (only 2 days). This explains why influenza epidemics start and finish in a short time scale of only a few months.[182] +Most influenza virus strains are not very infectious and each infected individual will only go on to infect one or two other individuals (the basic reproduction number for influenza is generally around 1.4). However, the generation time for influenza is extremely short: the time from a person becoming infected to when he infects the next person is only two days. The short generation time means that influenza epidemics generally peak at around 2 months and burn out after 3 months: the decision to intervene in an influenza epidemic therefore has to be taken early, and the decision is therefore often made on the back of incomplete data. +Etymology +The word Influenza comes from the Italian language meaning "influence" and refers to the cause of the disease; initially, this ascribed illness to unfavorable astrological influences. It was introduced into English in the mid-eighteenth century during a pan-European epidemic.[183] Archaic terms for influenza include epidemic catarrh, la grippe (from the French, first used by Molyneaux in 1694),[184] sweating sickness, and Spanish fever (particularly for the 1918 flu pandemic strain).[185] +Pandemics +The difference between the influenza mortality age distributions of the 1918 epidemic and normal epidemics. Deaths per 100,000 persons in each age group, United States, for the interpandemic years 1911–1917 (dashed line) and the pandemic year 1918 (solid line).[186] +Thermal imaging camera and screen, photographed in an airport terminal in Greece during the 2009 flu pandemic. Thermal imaging can detect elevated body temperature, one of the signs of swine flu. +The symptoms of human influenza were clearly described by Hippocrates roughly 2,400 years ago.[187][188] Although the virus seems to have caused epidemics throughout human history, historical data on influenza are difficult to interpret, because the symptoms can be similar to those of other respiratory diseases.[189][4] The disease may have spread from Europe to the Americas as early as the European colonization of the Americas; since almost the entire indigenous population of the Antilles was killed by an epidemic resembling influenza that broke out in 1493, after the arrival of Christopher Columbus.[191][192] +The first convincing record of an influenza pandemic was of an outbreak in 1580, which began in Russia and spread to Europe via Africa. In Rome, over 8,000 people were killed, and several Spanish cities were almost wiped out. Pandemics continued sporadically throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, with the pandemic of 1830–1833 being particularly widespread; it infected approximately a quarter of the people exposed.[190] +It is not known exactly how many it killed, but estimates range from 50 to 100 million people.[1][193][194] This pandemic has been described as "the greatest medical holocaust in history" and may have killed as many people as the Black Death.[4] This huge death toll was caused by an extremely high infection rate of up to 50% and the extreme severity of the symptoms, suspected to be caused by cytokine storms.[194] Symptoms in 1918 were so unusual that initially influenza was misdiagnosed as dengue, cholera, or typhoid. One observer wrote, "One of the most striking of the complications was hemorrhage from mucous membranes, especially from the nose, stomach, and intestine. Bleeding from the ears and petechial hemorrhages in the skin also occurred."[193] The majority of deaths were from bacterial pneumonia, a secondary infection caused by influenza, but the virus also killed people directly, causing massive hemorrhages and edema in the lung.[195] +The unusually severe disease killed between two and twenty percent of those infected, as opposed to the more usual flu epidemic mortality rate of 0.1%.[1][2] Another unusual feature of this pandemic was that it mostly killed young adults, with 99% of pandemic influenza deaths occurring in people under 65, and more than half in young adults 20 to 40 years old.[196] This is unusual since influenza is normally most deadly to the very young (under age 2) and the very old (over age 70). The total mortality of the 1918–1919 pandemic is not known, but it is estimated that 2.5% to 5% of the world's population was killed. As many as 25 million may have been killed in the first 25 weeks; in contrast, HIV/AIDS has killed 25 million in its first 25 years.[193] +Later flu pandemics were not so devastating. They included the 1957 Asian Flu (type A, H2N2 strain) and the 1968 Hong Kong Flu (type A, H3N2 strain), but even these smaller outbreaks killed millions of people. In later pandemics antibiotics were available to control secondary infections and this may have helped reduce mortality compared to the Spanish flu of 1918.[1] +Known flu pandemics[1][68][3] Name of pandemic Date Deaths Case fatality rate Subtype involved Pandemic Severity Index 1889–1890 flu pandemic (Asiatic or Russian Flu)[197] 1889–1890 1 million 0.15% possibly H3N8 or H2N2 N/A 1918 flu pandemic (Spanish flu)[198] 1918–1920 20 to 100 million 2% H1N1 5 Asian Flu 1957–1958 1 to 1.5 million 0.13% H2N2 2 Hong Kong Flu 1968–1969 0.75 to 1 million <0.1% H3N2 2 Russian flu 1977–1978 no accurate count N/A H1N1 N/A 2009 flu pandemic[199] 2009–2010 105,700–395,600[200] 0.03% H1N1 N/A +The first influenza virus to be isolated was from poultry, when in 1901 the agent causing a disease called "fowl plague" was passed through Chamberland filters, which have pores that are too small for bacteria to pass through.[201] The etiological cause of influenza, the virus family Orthomyxoviridae, was first discovered in pigs by Richard Shope in 1931.[202] This discovery was shortly followed by the isolation of the virus from humans by a group headed by Patrick Laidlaw at the Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom in 1933.[203] However, it was not until Wendell Stanley first crystallized tobacco mosaic virus in 1935 that the non-cellular nature of viruses was appreciated. +The main types of influenza viruses in humans. Solid squares show the appearance of a new strain, causing recurring influenza pandemics. Broken lines indicate uncertain strain identifications.[204] +The first significant step towards preventing influenza was the development in 1944 of a killed-virus vaccine for influenza by Thomas Francis, Jr. This built on work by Australian Frank Macfarlane Burnet, who showed that the virus lost virulence when it was cultured in fertilized hen's eggs.[205] Application of this observation by Francis allowed his group of researchers at the University of Michigan to develop the first influenza vaccine, with support from the U.S. Army.[206] The Army was deeply involved in this research due to its experience of influenza in World War I, when thousands of troops were killed by the virus in a matter of months.[3] In comparison to vaccines, the development of anti-influenza drugs has been slower, with amantadine being licensed in 1966 and, almost thirty years later, the next class of drugs (the neuraminidase inhibitors) being developed.[207] +In the United States, seasonal influenza is estimated to result in a total average annual economic cost of over $11 billion, with direct medical costs estimated to be over $3 billion annually.[208] It has been estimated that a future pandemic could cause hundreds of billions of dollars in direct and indirect costs.[209] However, the economic impacts of past pandemics have not been intensively studied, and some authors have suggested that the Spanish influenza actually had a positive long-term effect on per-capita income growth, despite a large reduction in the working population and severe short-term depressive effects.[210] Other studies have attempted to predict the costs of a pandemic as serious as the 1918 Spanish flu on the U.S. economy, where 30% of all workers became ill, and 2.5% were killed. A 30% sickness rate and a three-week length of illness would decrease the gross domestic product by 5%. Additional costs would come from medical treatment of 18 million to 45 million people, and total economic costs would be approximately $700 billion.[211] +Preventative costs are also high. Governments worldwide have spent billions of U.S. dollars preparing and planning for a potential H5N1 avian influenza pandemic, with costs associated with purchasing drugs and vaccines as well as developing disaster drills and strategies for improved border controls.[1] On 1 November 2005, United States President George W. Bush unveiled the National Strategy to Safeguard Against the Danger of Pandemic Influenza[2] backed by a request to Congress for $7.1 billion to begin implementing the plan.[213] Internationally, on 18 January 2006, donor nations pledged US$2 billion to combat bird flu at the two-day International Pledging Conference on Avian and Human Influenza held in China.[214] +In an assessment of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic on selected countries in the Southern Hemisphere, data suggest that all countries experienced some time-limited and/or geographically isolated socio/economic effects and a temporary decrease in tourism most likely due to fear of 2009 H1N1 disease. It is still too early to determine whether the H1N1 pandemic has caused any long-term economic impacts.[215] +Research +Dr. Terrence Tumpey examining a laboratory-grown reconstruction of the 1918 Spanish flu virus in a biosafety level 3 environment. +Research on influenza includes studies on molecular virology, how the virus produces disease (pathogenesis), host immune responses, viral genomics, and how the virus spreads (epidemiology). These studies help in developing influenza countermeasures; for example, a better understanding of the body's immune system response helps vaccine development, and a detailed picture of how influenza invades cells aids the development of antiviral drugs. One important basic research program is the Influenza Genome Sequencing Project, which is creating a library of influenza sequences; this library should help clarify which factors make one strain more lethal than another, which genes most affect immunogenicity, and how the virus evolves over time.[216] +Research into new vaccines is particularly important, as current vaccines are very slow and expensive to produce and must be reformulated every year. The sequencing of the influenza genome and recombinant DNA technology may accelerate the generation of new vaccine strains by allowing scientists to substitute new antigens into a previously developed vaccine strain.[217] New technologies are also being developed to grow viruses in cell culture, which promises higher yields, less cost, better quality and surge capacity.[218] Research on a universal influenza A vaccine, targeted against the external domain of the transmembrane viral M2 protein (M2e), is being done at the University of Ghent by Walter Fiers, Xavier Saelens and their team[219][220][221] and has now successfully concluded Phase I clinical trials. There has been some research success towards a "universal flu vaccine" that produces antibodies against proteins on the viral coat which mutate less rapidly, and thus a single shot could potentially provide longer-lasting protection.[222][223][224] +Typically, biologics do not target metabolic pathways like anti-viral drugs, but stimulate immune cells such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and/or antigen presenting cells, in an effort to drive an immune response towards a cytotoxic effect against the virus. Influenza models, such as murine influenza, are convenient models to test the effects of prophylactic and therapeutic biologics. For example, Lymphocyte T-Cell Immune Modulator inhibits viral growth in the murine model of influenza.[225] +Other animals +(Cat flu generally refers to feline viral rhinotracheitis or feline calicivirus and not infection from an influenza virus.) In pigs, horses and dogs, influenza symptoms are similar to humans, with cough, fever and loss of appetite.[53] The frequency of animal diseases are not as well-studied as human infection, but an outbreak of influenza in harbor seals caused approximately 500 seal deaths off the New England coast in 1979–1980.[227] However, outbreaks in pigs are common and do not cause severe mortality.[53] Vaccines have also been developed to protect poultry from avian influenza. These vaccines can be effective against multiple strains and are used either as part of a preventative strategy, or combined with culling in attempts to eradicate outbreaks.[228] +Bird flu +Flu symptoms in birds are variable and can be unspecific.[229] The symptoms following infection with low-pathogenicity avian influenza may be as mild as ruffled feathers, a small reduction in egg production, or weight loss combined with minor respiratory disease.[230] Since these mild symptoms can make diagnosis in the field difficult, tracking the spread of avian influenza requires laboratory testing of samples from infected birds. Some strains such as Asian H9N2 are highly virulent to poultry and may cause more extreme symptoms and significant mortality.[231] In its most highly pathogenic form, influenza in chickens and turkeys produces a sudden appearance of severe symptoms and almost 100% mortality within two days.[232] As the virus spreads rapidly in the crowded conditions seen in the intensive farming of chickens and turkeys, these outbreaks can cause large economic losses to poultry farmers. +An avian-adapted, highly pathogenic strain of H5N1 (called HPAI A(H5N1), for "highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of type A of subtype H5N1") causes H5N1 flu, commonly known as "avian influenza" or simply "bird flu", and is endemic in many bird populations, especially in Southeast Asia. This Asian lineage strain of HPAI A(H5N1) is spreading globally. It is epizootic (an epidemic in non-humans) and panzootic (a disease affecting animals of many species, especially over a wide area), killing tens of millions of birds and spurring the culling of hundreds of millions of other birds in an attempt to control its spread. +At present, HPAI A(H5N1) is an avian disease, and there is no evidence suggesting efficient human-to-human transmission of HPAI A(H5N1). In almost all cases, those infected have had extensive physical contact with infected birds.[235] In the future, H5N1 may mutate or reassort into a strain capable of efficient human-to-human transmission. The exact changes that are required for this to happen are not well understood.[236] However, due to the high lethality and virulence of H5N1, its endemic presence, and its large and increasing biological host reservoir, the H5N1 virus was the world's pandemic threat in the 2006–07 flu season, and billions of dollars are being raised and spent researching H5N1 and preparing for a potential influenza pandemic.[212] +Chinese inspectors on an airplane, checking passengers for fevers, a common symptom of swine flu +Although the strain of the virus is not thought to spread efficiently between humans,[237][238] by mid-April, at least 82 persons had become ill from H7N9, of which 17 had died. These cases include three small family clusters in Shanghai and one cluster between a neighboring girl and boy in Beijing, raising at least the possibility of human-to-human transmission. WHO points out that one cluster did not have two of the cases lab confirmed and further points out, as a matter of baseline information, that some viruses are able to cause limited human-to-human transmission under conditions of close contact but are not transmissible enough to cause large community outbreaks.[239][240] +Swine flu +In pigs swine influenza produces fever, lethargy, sneezing, coughing, difficulty breathing and decreased appetite.[241] In some cases the infection can cause abortion. Although mortality is usually low, the virus can produce weight loss and poor growth, causing economic loss to farmers.[241] Infected pigs can lose up to 12 pounds of body weight over a 3- to 4-week period.[241] Direct transmission of an influenza virus from pigs to humans is occasionally possible (this is called zoonotic swine flu). In all, 50 human cases are known to have occurred since the virus was identified in the mid-20th century, which have resulted in six deaths.[242] +In 2009, a swine-origin H1N1 virus strain commonly referred to as "swine flu" caused the 2009 flu pandemic, but there is no evidence that it is endemic to pigs (i.e. actually a swine flu) or of transmission from pigs to people, instead the virus is spreading from person to person.[243][244] This strain is a reassortment of several strains of H1N1 that are usually found separately, in humans, birds, and pigs.[245] +External links +In virus classification, influenza viruses are RNA viruses that make up four of the seven genera of the family Orthomyxoviridae:[36] +Influenzavirus A Influenzavirus B Influenzavirus C Influenzavirus D +Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus.[1] Symptoms can be mild to severe.[4] The most common symptoms include: high fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pains, headache, coughing, sneezing, and feeling tired.[1] These symptoms typically begin two days after exposure to the virus and most last less than a week.[1] The cough, however, may last for more than two weeks.[1] In children, there may be diarrhea and vomiting, but these are not common in adults.[5] Diarrhea and vomiting occur more commonly in gastroenteritis, which is an unrelated disease and sometimes inaccurately referred to as "stomach flu" or the "24-hour flu".[5] Complications of influenza may include viral pneumonia, secondary bacterial pneumonia, sinus infections, and worsening of previous health problems such as asthma or heart failure.[4][4] +These viruses are only distantly related to the human parainfluenza viruses, which are RNA viruses belonging to the paramyxovirus family that are a common cause of respiratory infections in children such as croup,[37] but can also cause a disease similar to influenza in adults.[38] +A fourth family of influenza viruses was identified in 2016 – Influenza D.[39][40][41][42][43][44][45] The type species for this family is Influenza D virus, which was first isolated in 2011.[8] +Influenzavirus A +This genus has one species, influenza A virus. Wild aquatic birds are the natural hosts for a large variety of influenza A. Occasionally, viruses are transmitted to other species and may then cause devastating outbreaks in domestic poultry or give rise to human influenza pandemics.[46] The type A viruses are the most virulent human pathogens among the four influenza types and cause the severest disease. The influenza A virus can be subdivided into different serotypes based on the antibody response to these viruses.[2] The serotypes that have been confirmed in humans, ordered by the number of known human pandemic deaths, are: +H1N1, which caused Spanish flu in 1918, and Swine Flu in 2009 H2N2, which caused Asian Flu in 1957 H3N2, which caused Hong Kong Flu in 1968 H5N1, which caused Bird Flu in 2004 H7N7, which has unusual zoonotic potential[48] H1N2, endemic in humans, pigs and birds H9N2 H7N2 H7N3 H10N7 H7N9, responsible for an ongoing epidemic in China and currently has the greatest pandemic potential among the Type A subtypes[49] H6N1, which only infected one person, who recovered +Influenzavirus B +Influenza virus nomenclature (for a Fujian flu virus) +This genus has one species, influenza B virus. Influenza B almost exclusively infects humans[47] and is less common than influenza A. The only other animals known to be susceptible to influenza B infection are the seal[50] and the ferret.[51] This type of influenza mutates at a rate 2–3 times slower than type A[52] and consequently is less genetically diverse, with only one influenza B serotype.[47] As a result of this lack of antigenic diversity, a degree of immunity to influenza B is usually acquired at an early age. However, influenza B mutates enough that lasting immunity is not possible.[53] This reduced rate of antigenic change, combined with its limited host range (inhibiting cross species antigenic shift), ensures that pandemics of influenza B do not occur.[54] +Influenzavirus C +This genus has one species, influenza C virus, which infects humans, dogs and pigs, sometimes causing both severe illness and local epidemics.[55][2] However, influenza C is less common than the other types and usually only causes mild disease in children.[57][58] +Influenzavirus D +This genus has only one species, influenza D virus, which infects pigs and cattle. The virus has the potential to infect humans, although no such cases have been observed yet.[1] This virus has not been found to be responsible for any major epidemics. +Structure, properties, and subtype nomenclature +Influenzaviruses A, B, C, and D are very similar in overall structure.[1][59][60] The virus particle (also called the virion) is 80–120 nanometers in diameter such that the smallest virions adopt an elliptical shape.[61] The length of each particle varies considerably, owing to the fact that influenza is pleomorphic, and can be in excess of many tens of micrometers, producing filamentous virions.[62] However, despite these varied shapes, the viral particles of all influenza viruses are similar in composition.[6] These are made of a viral envelope containing two main types of glycoproteins, wrapped around a central core. The central core contains the viral RNA genome and other viral proteins that package and protect this RNA. RNA tends to be single stranded but in special cases it is double.[64] Unusually for a virus, its genome is not a single piece of nucleic acid; instead, it contains seven or eight pieces of segmented negative-sense RNA, each piece of RNA containing either one or two genes, which code for a gene product (protein).[63] For example, the influenza A genome contains 11 genes on eight pieces of RNA, encoding for 11 proteins: hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), nucleoprotein (NP), M1 (matrix 1 protein), M2, NS1 (non-structural protein 1), NS2 (other name is NEP, nuclear export protein), PA, PB1 (polymerase basic 1), PB1-F2 and PB2.[65] +Replication +Host cell invasion and replication by the influenza virus. The steps in this process are discussed in the text. +Viruses can replicate only in living cells.[71] Influenza infection and replication is a multi-step process: First, the virus has to bind to and enter the cell, then deliver its genome to a site where it can produce new copies of viral proteins and RNA, assemble these components into new viral particles, and, last, exit the host cell.[63] +Influenza viruses bind through hemagglutinin onto sialic acid sugars on the surfaces of epithelial cells, typically in the nose, throat, and lungs of mammals, and intestines of birds (Stage 1 in infection figure).[72] After the hemagglutinin is cleaved by a protease, the cell imports the virus by endocytosis.[73] +The intracellular details are still being elucidated. It is known that virions converge to the microtubule organizing center, interact with acidic endosomes and finally enter the target endosomes for genome release.[74] +Once inside the cell, the acidic conditions in the endosome cause two events to happen: First, part of the hemagglutinin protein fuses the viral envelope with the vacuole's membrane, then the M2 ion channel allows protons to move through the viral envelope and acidify the core of the virus, which causes the core to disassemble and release the viral RNA and core proteins.[1] The viral RNA (vRNA) molecules, accessory proteins and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase are then released into the cytoplasm (Stage 2).[75] The M2 ion channel is blocked by amantadine drugs, preventing infection.[76] +These core proteins and vRNA form a complex that is transported into the cell nucleus, where the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase begins transcribing complementary positive-sense vRNA (Steps 3a and b).[77] The vRNA either is exported into the cytoplasm and translated (step 4) or remains in the nucleus. Newly synthesized viral proteins are either secreted through the Golgi apparatus onto the cell surface (in the case of neuraminidase and hemagglutinin, step 5b) or transported back into the nucleus to bind vRNA and form new viral genome particles (step 5a). Other viral proteins have multiple actions in the host cell, including degrading cellular mRNA and using the released nucleotides for vRNA synthesis and also inhibiting translation of host-cell mRNAs.[78] +Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase molecules cluster into a bulge in the cell membrane. The vRNA and viral core proteins leave the nucleus and enter this membrane protrusion (step 6). The mature virus buds off from the cell in a sphere of host phospholipid membrane, acquiring hemagglutinin and neuraminidase with this membrane coat (step 7).[79] As before, the viruses adhere to the cell through hemagglutinin; the mature viruses detach once their neuraminidase has cleaved sialic acid residues from the host cell.[2] After the release of new influenza viruses, the host cell dies. +Because of the absence of RNA proofreading enzymes, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that copies the viral genome makes an error roughly every 10 thousand nucleotides, which is the approximate length of the influenza vRNA. Hence, the majority of newly manufactured influenza viruses are mutants; this causes antigenic drift, which is a slow change in the antigens on the viral surface over time.[80] The separation of the genome into eight separate segments of vRNA allows mixing or reassortment of vRNAs if more than one type of influenza virus infects a single cell. The resulting rapid change in viral genetics produces antigenic shifts, which are sudden changes from one antigen to another. +Social distancing strategies used during past pandemics, such as closing schools, churches and theaters, slowed the spread of the virus but did not have a large effect on the overall death rate.[136][137] It is uncertain if reducing public gatherings, by for example closing schools and workplaces, will reduce transmission since people with influenza may just be moved from one area to another; such measures would also be difficult to enforce and might be unpopular.[3] When small numbers of people are infected, isolating the sick might reduce the risk of transmission.[127] +Diagnosis +29 yr old with H1N1 confirmed +There are a number of rapid tests for the flu. One is called a Rapid Molecular Assay, when an upper respiratory tract specimen (mucus) is taken using a nasal swab or a nasopharyngeal swab.[138] It should be done within 3–4 days of symptom onset, as upper respiratory viral shedding takes a downward spiral after that.[2] +People with the flu are advised to get plenty of rest, drink plenty of liquids, avoid using alcohol and tobacco and, if necessary, take medications such as acetaminophen (paracetamol) to relieve the fever and muscle aches associated with the flu. They are also advised to avoid close contact with others to prevent spread of infection.[139][140] Children and teenagers with flu symptoms (particularly fever) should avoid taking aspirin during an influenza infection (especially influenza type B), because doing so can lead to Reye's syndrome, a rare but potentially fatal disease of the liver.[141] Since influenza is caused by a virus, antibiotics have no effect on the infection; unless prescribed for secondary infections such as bacterial pneumonia. Antiviral medication may be effective, if given early (within 48 hours to first symptoms), but some strains of influenza can show resistance to the standard antiviral drugs and there is concern about the quality of the research.[142] High-risk individuals such as young children, pregnant women, the elderly, and those with compromised immune systems should visit the doctor for antiviral drugs. +Antivirals +The two classes of antiviral drugs used against influenza are neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir, zanamivir, laninamivir and peramivir) and M2 protein inhibitors (adamantane derivatives). +Neuraminidase inhibitors +Overall the benefits of neuraminidase inhibitors in those who are otherwise healthy do not appear to be greater than the risks.[1] There does not appear to be any benefit in those with other health problems.[9] In those believed to have the flu, they decreased the length of time symptoms were present by slightly less than a day but did not appear to affect the risk of complications such as needing hospitalization or pneumonia.[2] Increasingly prevalent resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors has led to researchers to seek alternative antiviral drugs with different mechanisms of action.[144] +M2 inhibitors +The antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine inhibit a viral ion channel (M2 protein), thus inhibiting replication of the influenza A virus.[1] These drugs are sometimes effective against influenza A if given early in the infection but are ineffective against influenza B viruses, which lack the M2 drug target.[145] Measured resistance to amantadine and rimantadine in American isolates of H3N2 has increased to 91% in 2005.[146] This high level of resistance may be due to the easy availability of amantadines as part of over-the-counter cold remedies in countries such as China and Russia,[147] and their use to prevent outbreaks of influenza in farmed poultry.[148][149] The CDC recommended against using M2 inhibitors during the 2005–06 influenza season due to high levels of drug resistance.[150] +Prognosis +Influenza's effects are much more severe and last longer than those of the common cold. Most people will recover completely in about one to two weeks, but others will develop life-threatening complications (such as pneumonia). Thus, influenza can be deadly, especially for the weak, young and old, those with compromised immune systems, or the chronically ill.[1] People with a weak immune system, such as people with advanced HIV infection or transplant people (whose immune systems are medically suppressed to prevent transplant organ rejection), suffer from particularly severe disease.[151] Pregnant women and young children are also at a high risk for complications.[152] +The flu can worsen chronic health problems. People with emphysema, chronic bronchitis or asthma may experience shortness of breath while they have the flu, and influenza may cause worsening of coronary heart disease or congestive heart failure.[153] Smoking is another risk factor associated with more serious disease and increased mortality from influenza.[154] +Most are only ill and out of work for a week, yet the elderly are at a higher risk of death from the illness. We know the worldwide death toll exceeds a few hundred thousand people a year, but even in developed countries the numbers are uncertain, because medical authorities don't usually verify who actually died of influenza and who died of a flu-like illness."[155] Even healthy people can be affected, and serious problems from influenza can happen at any age. People over 65 years old, pregnant women, very young children and people of any age with chronic medical conditions are more likely to get complications from influenza, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, sinus, and ear infections.[156] +In some cases, an autoimmune response to an influenza infection may contribute to the development of Guillain–Barré syndrome.[157] However, as many other infections can increase the risk of this disease, influenza may only be an important cause during epidemics.[157][158] This syndrome has been believed to also be a rare side effect of influenza vaccines. One review gives an incidence of about one case per million vaccinations.[159] Getting infected by influenza itself increases both the risk of death (up to 1 in 10,000) and increases the risk of developing GBS to a much higher level than the highest level of suspected vaccine involvement (approx. 10 times higher by recent estimates).[160][161] +According to cdc.gov, "Children of any age with neurologic conditions are more likely than other children to become very sick if they get the flu. Flu complications may vary and for some children, can include pneumonia and even death. +Influenza encephalitis MRI +Neurological conditions can include: +Disorders of the brain and spinal cord Cerebral palsy Epilepsy (seizure disorders) Stroke Intellectual disability Moderate to severe developmental delay Muscular dystrophy Spinal cord injury +Most sensitive symptoms for diagnosing influenza[1] Symptom: sensitivity specificity Fever 68–86% 25–73% Cough 84–98% 7–29% Nasal congestion 68–91% 19–41% All three findings, especially fever, were less sensitive in people over 60 years of age. +Symptoms of influenza,[16] with fever and cough the most common symptoms.[2] +Approximately 33% of people with influenza are asymptomatic.[17] +Symptoms of influenza can start quite suddenly one to two days after infection. Usually the first symptoms are chills and body aches, but fever is also common early in the infection, with body temperatures ranging from 38 to 39 °C (approximately 100 to 103 °F).[18] Many people are so ill that they are confined to bed for several days, with aches and pains throughout their bodies, which are worse in their backs and legs.[19] +Symptoms of influenza +Fever and chills Cough Nasal congestion Runny nose Sneezing Sore throat Hoarseness Earache Muscle pains Fatigue Headache Irritated, watering eyes Reddened eyes, skin (especially face), mouth, throat and nose Petechial rash[20] In children, gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain,[2][22] (may be severe in children with influenza B)[23] +It can be difficult to distinguish between the common cold and influenza in the early stages of these infections.[24] Influenza symptoms are a mixture of symptoms of common cold and pneumonia, body ache, headache, and fatigue. Diarrhea is not usually a symptom of influenza in adults,[15] although it has been seen in some human cases of the H5N1 "bird flu"[25] and can be a symptom in children.[21] The symptoms most reliably seen in influenza are shown in the adjacent table.[15] +The specific combination of fever and cough has been found to be the best predictor; diagnostic accuracy increases with a body temperature above 38°C (100.4°F).[26] Two decision analysis studies[27][28] suggest that during local outbreaks of influenza, the prevalence will be over 70%.[28] Even in the absence of a local outbreak, diagnosis may be justified in the elderly during the influenza season as long as the prevalence is over 15%.[28] +The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) maintains an up-to-date summary of available laboratory tests.[29] According to the CDC, rapid diagnostic tests have a sensitivity of 50–75% and specificity of 90–95% when compared with viral culture.[30] +Occasionally, influenza can cause severe illness including primary viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia.[31][32] The obvious symptom is trouble breathing. In addition, if a child (or presumably an adult) seems to be getting better and then relapses with a high fever, that is a danger sign since this relapse can be bacterial pneumonia.[33] +Sometimes, influenza may have abnormal presentations, like confusion in the elderly and a sepsis-like syndrome in the young.[34] Encephalitis due to the flu is rare but not unheard of. +Emergency warning signs +Shortness of breath Chest pain Dizziness Confusion Extreme vomiting Flu symptoms that improve but then relapse with a high fever and severe cough (can be bacterial pneumonia) Cyanosis High fever and a rash. Inability to drink fluids +Signs of dehydration +(in infants) Far fewer wet diapers than usual[35] Cannot keep down fluids (in infants) No tears when crying. +Virology +Types of virus +Structure of the influenza virion. The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins are shown on the surface of the particle. The viral RNAs that make up the genome are shown as red coils inside the particle and bound to ribonuclearproteins (RNP). +Three of the four types of influenza viruses affect humans: Type A, Type B, and Type C.[2][6] Type D has not been known to infect humans, but is believed to have the potential to do so.[6][7] Usually, the virus is spread through the air from coughs or sneezes.[4] This is believed to occur mostly over relatively short distances.[8] It can also be spread by touching surfaces contaminated by the virus and then touching the mouth or eyes.[6][8] A person may be infectious to others both before and during the time they are showing symptoms.[4] The infection may be confirmed by testing the throat, sputum, or nose for the virus.[2] A number of rapid tests are available; however, people may still have the infection even if the results are negative.[2] A type of polymerase chain reaction that detects the virus's RNA is more accurate.[2] +Frequent hand washing reduces the risk of viral spread.[3] Wearing a surgical mask is also useful.[3] Yearly vaccinations against influenza are recommended by the World Health Organization for those at high risk.[2] The vaccine is usually effective against three or four types of influenza.[1] It is usually well-tolerated.[1] A vaccine made for one year may not be useful in the following year, since the virus evolves rapidly.[1] Antiviral drugs such as the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir, among others, have been used to treat influenza.[1] The benefit of antiviral drugs in those who are otherwise healthy do not appear to be greater than their risks.[9] No benefit has been found in those with other health problems.[9][10] +Mechanism +Transmission +When an infected person sneezes or coughs more than half a million virus particles can be spread to those close by.[81] In otherwise healthy adults, influenza virus shedding (the time during which a person might be infectious to another person) increases sharply one-half to one day after infection, peaks on day 2 and persists for an average total duration of 5 days—but can persist as long as 9 days.[82] In those who develop symptoms from experimental infection (only 67% of healthy experimentally infected individuals), symptoms and viral shedding show a similar pattern, but with viral shedding preceding illness by one day.[82] Children are much more infectious than adults and shed virus from just before they develop symptoms until two weeks after infection.[83] In immunocompromised people, viral shedding can continue for longer than two weeks.[84] +Influenza can be spread in three main ways:[85][86] by direct transmission (when an infected person sneezes mucus directly into the eyes, nose or mouth of another person); the airborne route (when someone inhales the aerosols produced by an infected person coughing, sneezing or spitting) and through hand-to-eye, hand-to-nose, or hand-to-mouth transmission, either from contaminated surfaces or from direct personal contact such as a handshake. The relative importance of these three modes of transmission is unclear, and they may all contribute to the spread of the virus.[3] In the airborne route, the droplets that are small enough for people to inhale are 0.5 to 5 µm in diameter and inhaling just one droplet might be enough to cause an infection.[85] Although a single sneeze releases up to 40,000 droplets,[87] most of these droplets are quite large and will quickly settle out of the air.[85] How long influenza survives in airborne droplets seems to be influenced by the levels of humidity and UV radiation, with low humidity and a lack of sunlight in winter aiding its survival.[85] +As the influenza virus can persist outside of the body, it can also be transmitted by contaminated surfaces such as banknotes,[88] doorknobs, light switches and other household items.[2] The length of time the virus will persist on a surface varies, with the virus surviving for one to two days on hard, non-porous surfaces such as plastic or metal, for about fifteen minutes from dry paper tissues, and only five minutes on skin.[89] However, if the virus is present in mucus, this can protect it for longer periods (up to 17 days on banknotes).[4][88] Avian influenza viruses can survive indefinitely when frozen.[90] They are inactivated by heating to 56 °C (133 °F) for a minimum of 60 minutes, as well as by acids (at pH <2).[90] +Pathophysiology +Influenza spreads around the world in yearly outbreaks, resulting in about three to five million cases of severe illness and about 250,000 to 500,000 deaths.[1] About 20% of unvaccinated children and 10% of unvaccinated adults are infected each year.[11] In the northern and southern parts of the world, outbreaks occur mainly in the winter, while around the equator, outbreaks may occur at any time of the year.[1] Death occurs mostly in the young, the old, and those with other health problems.[1] Larger outbreaks known as pandemics are less frequent.[3] In the 20th century, three influenza pandemics occurred: Spanish influenza in 1918 (~50 million deaths), Asian influenza in 1957 (two million deaths), and Hong Kong influenza in 1968 (one million deaths).[12] The World Health Organization declared an outbreak of a new type of influenza A/H1N1 to be a pandemic in June 2009.[13] Influenza may also affect other animals, including pigs, horses, and birds.[14] +The different sites of infection (shown in red) of seasonal H1N1 versus avian H5N1. This influences their lethality and ability to spread. +The mechanisms by which influenza infection causes symptoms in humans have been studied intensively. One of the mechanisms is believed to be the inhibition of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) resulting in lowered cortisol levels.[91] Knowing which genes are carried by a particular strain can help predict how well it will infect humans and how severe this infection will be (that is, predict the strain's pathophysiology).[56][92] +For instance, part of the process that allows influenza viruses to invade cells is the cleavage of the viral hemagglutinin protein by any one of several human proteases.[1] In mild and avirulent viruses, the structure of the hemagglutinin means that it can only be cleaved by proteases found in the throat and lungs, so these viruses cannot infect other tissues. However, in highly virulent strains, such as H5N1, the hemagglutinin can be cleaved by a wide variety of proteases, allowing the virus to spread throughout the body.[2] +The viral hemagglutinin protein is responsible for determining both which species a strain can infect and where in the human respiratory tract a strain of influenza will bind.[93] Strains that are easily transmitted between people have hemagglutinin proteins that bind to receptors in the upper part of the respiratory tract, such as in the nose, throat and mouth. In contrast, the highly lethal H5N1 strain binds to receptors that are mostly found deep in the lungs.[94] This difference in the site of infection may be part of the reason why the H5N1 strain causes severe viral pneumonia in the lungs, but is not easily transmitted by people coughing and sneezing.[95][96] +Common symptoms of the flu such as fever, headaches, and fatigue are the result of the huge amounts of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (such as interferon or tumor necrosis factor) produced from influenza-infected cells.[1][97] In contrast to the rhinovirus that causes the common cold, influenza does cause tissue damage, so symptoms are not entirely due to the inflammatory response.[98] This massive immune response might produce a life-threatening cytokine storm. This effect has been proposed to be the cause of the unusual lethality of both the H5N1 avian influenza,[99] and the 1918 pandemic strain.[100][101] However, another possibility is that these large amounts of cytokines are just a result of the massive levels of viral replication produced by these strains, and the immune response does not itself contribute to the disease.[102] Influenza appear to trigger programmed cell death (apoptosis).[103] +Prevention +Vaccination +Giving an influenza vaccination +The influenza vaccine is recommended by the World Health Organization and United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for high-risk groups, such as children, the elderly, health care workers, and people who have chronic illnesses such as asthma, diabetes, heart disease, or are immuno-compromised among others.[104][105] In healthy adults it is modestly effective in decreasing the amount of influenza-like symptoms in a population.[106] In healthy children over the age of 2, the vaccine reduces the chances of getting influenza by around two-thirds, while it has not been well studied in children under 2.[107] In those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease vaccination reduces exacerbations,[108] it is not clear if it reduces asthma exacerbations.[109] Evidence supports a lower rate of influenza-like illness in many groups who are immunocompromised such as those with: HIV/AIDS, cancer, and post organ transplant.[110] In those at high risk immunization may reduce the risk of heart disease.[111] Whether immunizing health care workers affects patient outcomes is controversial with some reviews finding insufficient evidence[112][113] and others finding tentative evidence.[114][115] +Due to the high mutation rate of the virus, a particular influenza vaccine usually confers protection for no more than a few years. Every year, the World Health Organization predicts which strains of the virus are most likely to be circulating in the next year (see Historical annual reformulations of the influenza vaccine), allowing pharmaceutical companies to develop vaccines that will provide the best immunity against these strains.[1] The vaccine is reformulated each season for a few specific flu strains but does not include all the strains active in the world during that season. It takes about six months for the manufacturers to formulate and produce the millions of doses required to deal with the seasonal epidemics; occasionally, a new or overlooked strain becomes prominent during that time.[117] It is also possible to get infected just before vaccination and get sick with the strain that the vaccine is supposed to prevent, as the vaccine takes about two weeks to become effective.[118] +Vaccines can cause the immune system to react as if the body were actually being infected, and general infection symptoms (many cold and flu symptoms are just general infection symptoms) can appear, though these symptoms are usually not as severe or long-lasting as influenza. The most dangerous adverse effect is a severe allergic reaction to either the virus material itself or residues from the hen eggs used to grow the influenza; however, these reactions are extremely rare.[119] +A 2018 Cochrane review of children in good general health found that the live immunization seemed to lower the risk of getting influenza for the season from 18% to 4%. The inactivated vaccine seemed to lower the risk of getting flu for the season from 30% to 11%. Not enough data was available to draw definite conclusions about serious complications such as pneumonia or hospitalization.[1] +For healthy adults, a 2018 Cochrane review showed that vaccines reduced the incidence of lab-confirmed influenza from 2.3% to 0.9%, which constitutes a reduction of risk of approximately 60%. However, for influenza-like illness which is defined as the same symptoms of cough, fever, headache, runny nose, and bodily aches and pains, vaccine reduced the risk from 21.5% to 18.1%. This constitutes a much more modest reduction of risk of approximately 16%. +The cost-effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination has been widely evaluated for different groups and in different settings.[120] It has generally been found to be a cost-effective intervention, especially in children[121] and the elderly,[122] however the results of economic evaluations of influenza vaccination have often been found to be dependent on key assumptions.[123][124] +Infection control +Reasonably effective ways to reduce the transmission of influenza include good personal health and hygiene habits such as: not touching your eyes, nose or mouth;[125] frequent hand washing (with soap and water, or with alcohol-based hand rubs);[126] covering coughs and sneezes; avoiding close contact with sick people; and staying home yourself if you are sick. Avoiding spitting is also recommended.[127] Although face masks might help prevent transmission when caring for the sick,[128][129] there is mixed evidence on beneficial effects in the community.[127][130] Smoking raises the risk of contracting influenza, as well as producing more severe disease symptoms.[131][132] +Since influenza spreads through both aerosols and contact with contaminated surfaces, surface sanitizing may help prevent some infections.[133] Alcohol is an effective sanitizer against influenza viruses, while quaternary ammonium compounds can be used with alcohol so that the sanitizing effect lasts for longer.[134] In hospitals, quaternary ammonium compounds and bleach are used to sanitize rooms or equipment that have been occupied by people with influenza symptoms.[134] At home, this can be done effectively with a diluted chlorine bleach.[135] +Signs and symptoms +A hostal is a type of lodging found mostly in Spain and Hispanic America. Hostales tend to be cheaper than hotels. They normally have a bar, restaurant or cafeteria where drinks and food are sold to guests and locals alike. +Accommodations typically include private bedrooms, and sometimes apartments, available for either short or long term rent. Linens and towels are usually provided, unless it is a long term apartment rental in which case the guest is considered a resident and does not receive cleaning and other services. Guests sometimes share a common bathroom, but a number of rooms with en suite bathrooms may also be available. +Hostales are common in Spain and are also found in Mexico, Central and South America and California. They are often family-run, independent businesses, with a strong involvement with the local community. +Hostal-residencias are the same as hostales, but generally without a cafetería or other place where guests can eat[1]. +Though the word hostal is similar to hostel, the two words refer to different types of accommodation. Hostels refers to properties that offer shared accommodation, typically in dormitories, while hostal refers to a type of family-run pension typically common only in Spain and a few other Spanish-speaking countries. +In Mexico, hostal is just the Spanish word for hostel: A cheap hotel-like accommodation that will normally have one or two dormitory rooms with bunk beds and a few individual or shared with other rooms. They are ideal for backpackers, youth, and those with little funds for accommodations. Some regular hotels will however add the word hostal to their names to try to increase business. +Hostals are classified from one to three stars, contrary from hostels, which are not classified under the star rating, and from hotels which are classified from one to five stars. +Infantry tactics are the combination of military concepts and methods used by infantry to achieve tactical objectives during combat. The role of the infantry on the battlefield is, typically, to close with and engage the enemy, and hold territorial objectives; infantry tactics are the means by which this is achieved. Traditionally infantry have made up the largest proportion of an army's fighting strength, and consequently often suffer the heaviest casualties. +In the opposite direction, tactical methods can encourage the development of particular technologies. Similarly, as weapons and tactics evolve, so do the tactical formations employed, such as the Greek phalanx, the Spanish tercio, the Napoleonic column, or the British 'thin red line'. In different periods the numbers of troops deployed as a single unit can also vary widely, from thousands to a few dozen. +Middle Ages +British infantry in a trench during The Battle of the Somme. +During the First World War, the increasing lethality of more modern weapons, such as artillery and machine guns, forced a shift in infantry tactics to trench warfare. Massed infantry charges were now essentially suicidal, and the Western Front ground to a standstill. +The nature of no man's land (filled with barbed wire and other obstructions) was one factor. For a unit to get to an enemy trench line, it had to cross this area, secure the enemy position, then face counterattack by opposing reserves. It also depended on the ability of friendly artillery to suppress enemy infantry and artillery, which was frequently limited by "bombproofs" (bunkers), revetments, poor ammunition, or simply inaccurate fire. +The casualties caused by machine gun fire led to the widespread deployment of light machine guns such as the Lewis Gun within minor infantry units. Trench warfare also led to the rapid development of new designs of grenades, rifle grenades and light mortars—all of which represented a rapid increase in the firepower available to low-level commanders. There was a growing emphasis on field craft, especially in the British and Dominion Armies, where night-patrolling and raiding tactics soon also demanded an increase in map-reading and navigation skills. +The tactic required close coordination in an era before widespread use of radio, and when laying telephone wire under fire was extremely hazardous. In response, the Germans devised the elastic defence and used infiltration tactics in which shock troops quietly infiltrated the enemy's forward trenches, without the heavy bombardment that gave advance warning of an imminent attack. The French and British/Dominion Armies were also engaged in evolving similar infantry tactics.[20] The Allies introduced the tank to overcome the deadlock of static positions but mechanical unreliability prevented them from doing so. +Only timely and stiff resistance, the use of reserves, and German logistical and manpower problems prevented an Allied disaster. After this spring offensive, the Allies launched a series of counter-attacks with tanks and small units of assault infantry protected by air support and short intense artillery barrages while the main infantry force followed and seized strongpoints. This forced the Germans back and after less than three months the allies had made the largest territorial gains on the western front since the war began. +Urban warfare +Typically fought in towns and cities, Urban combatants would encounter problems such as bystanders, buildings, and restricted mobility. Unlike the battles of Napoleon, a modern military would be restricted by narrow alleys and roads. This allows an opponent to predict or limit the movement of one's motorized vehicles by using weapons such as IED's, RPG's, and artillery. +Tribes such as the Visigoths and Vandals preferred to simply rush their enemies in a massive horde. These tribes would often win battles against more advanced enemies by achieving surprise and outnumbering their foes. Born out of the partition of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire created an effective military. +Notes +In part because of their flat bottomed ships, which enabled them to sneak deep into Europe by river before carrying out an attack, the Vikings could frequently catch their enemies by surprise. Monasteries were common targets because they were seldom heavily defended and often contained substantial amounts of valuables. The Vikings were fearsome in battle, but they became even more so when they included Berserkers. +Leaders were often incompetent; their positions of authority often based on birth, not ability. Most soldiers were much more loyal to their feudal lord than their state, and insubordination within armies was common. However, the biggest difference between previous wars and those of the Middle Ages was the use of heavy cavalry, particularly knights. +Archers would be integrated into these forces of spearmen or pikemen to rain down arrows upon an enemy while the spears or pikes held the enemy at bay. Polearms were improved again with creation of the halberd. The halberd could be the length of a spear, but with an axe head which enabled the user to stab or chop the enemy cavalry with either the front of the axe or a thin point on the opposite side. +Infantry besieging Jerusalem during the First Crusade +The crossbow, which did not require trained archers, was frequently used in armies where the extensive training necessary for longbow was not practical. The biggest disadvantage of crossbows was the slow reloading time. With the advent of steel and mechanical drawing aids, crossbows became more powerful than ever. +Like the crossbow, the gonne did not require trained soldiers and could penetrate the armor worn by enemy soldiers. Missiliers (whatever their weapon) were protected by soldiers with melee weapons. Knights would be on either sides of this force and close in on the enemy to destroy them after they had been weakened by volleys. +Early modern period +Modern infantry tactics vary with the type of infantry deployed. Armoured and mechanised infantry are moved and supported in action by vehicles, while others may operate amphibiously from ships, or as airborne troops inserted by helicopter, parachute or glider, whereas light infantry may operate mainly on foot. In recent years, peacekeeping operations in support of humanitarian relief efforts have become particularly important. +A tercio in "bastioned square," in battle. +Although less accurate than the bow, an arquebus could penetrate most armours of the period and required little training. In response, armor thickened, making it very heavy and expensive. As a result, the cuirass replaced the mail hauberk and full suits of armour, and only the most valuable cavalry wore more than a padded shirt. +Soldiers armed with arquebuses were usually placed in three lines so one line would be able to fire, while the other two could reload. This tactic enabled an almost constant flow of gunfire to be maintained, and made up for the inaccuracy of the weapon. In order to hold back cavalry, wooden palisades or pikemen would be in front of arquebusiers. +Maurice of Nassau, leader of the 1580s Dutch Revolt, made a number of tactical innovations, one of which was to break his infantry into smaller and more mobile units, rather than the traditional clumsy and slow moving squares.[12] The introduction of volley fire helped compensate for the inaccuracy of musket fire by and was first used in European combat at Nieuwpoort in 1600. These changes required well-drilled troops who could maintain formation while repeatedly loading and reloading, combined with better control and thus leadership. The overall effect was to professionalise both officers and men; Maurice is sometimes claimed as the creator of the modern officer corps. +His innovations were further adapted by Gustavus Adolphus who increased the effectiveness and speed of volley fire by using the more reliable wheel-lock musket and paper cartridge, while improving mobility by removing heavy armour.[13] Perhaps the biggest change was to increase the numbers of musketeers and eliminating the need for pikemen by using the plug bayonet.[14] Its disadvantage was that the musket could not be fired once fixed; the socket bayonet overcame this issue but the technical problem of keeping it attached took time to perfect. +Prussian line infantry attack at the 1745 Battle of Hohenfriedberg. +Once this was resolved in the early 18th century, the accepted practice was for both sides to fire then charging with fixed bayonets; this required careful calculation since the closer the lines, the more effective the first volleys. One of the most famous example of this was at Fontenoy in 1745 when the British and French troops allegedly invited each other to fire first.[15] +The late 17th century emphasised the defence and assault of fortified places and avoiding battle unless on extremely favourable terms.[16] In the 18th century, changes in infantry tactics and weapons meant a greater willingness to accept battle and so drill, discipline and retaining formation became more important. There were many reasons for this, one being that until the invention of smokeless powder, retaining contact with the men on either side of you was sometimes the only way of knowing which way to advance. Infantry in line was extremely vulnerable to cavalry attack, leading to the development of the carré or square; while not unknown, it was rare for cavalry to break a well-held square. +Late modern period +Napoleonic +Napoleon Bonaparte did many things to change the nature of warfare. Napoleon's single greatest legacy in warfare was the extensive use and elaboration of the disseminated army; he separated groups of units in his army to spread them out over a wider area but kept them under his central command unlike in earlier times when each separate division would have fought independently. This allowed him to force battle by turning or encircling the enemy army where in previous eras armies only fought by mutual consent or because a surprise manoeuvre had them trapped against an obstacle such as a river. +He relied heavily on the column, a formation less than a hundred men wide and containing an entire brigade in tight formation and mostly advanced to contact with the bayonet. The constant movement and sheer mass of this formation could break through most enemy lines, but was susceptible to being broken by well drilled or large volumes of fire as it could not fire as it advanced. Its main advantage was its ability to march rapidly and then deploy into line comparatively easily, especially with well drilled and motivated troops such as those available to Napoleon after the French Revolution. +The column formation allowed the unit rapid movement, a very effective charge (due to weight of numbers) or it could quickly form square to resist cavalry attacks, but by its nature only a fraction of its muskets would be able to open fire. The line offered a substantially larger musket frontage allowing for greater shooting capability but required extensive training to allow the unit to move over ground as one while retaining the line. +The mixed order remained a part of French tactical doctrine as the French army grew in discipline, capitalising as it did on the strengths of both the line and column formations, while avoiding some of their inherent weaknesses. It was used extensively by Napoleon when commanding the Grande Armée. +This greatly surpassed other armies at the time which had to move slowly to keep their lines aligned and coherent and as such keep the cavalry from their interior; spaces could be guarded with musket fire, but the line had to be generally aligned and this could be lost over even apparently flat undulating ground as individuals slowed or sped up across uneven ground. The only antidote was slow movement and the column afforded tactical battlefield manoeuvrability and as such a chance to outflank or outmanoeuvre the enemy, or, more importantly, concentrate against weaknesses in the enemy lines. +Napoleon was also an avid user of artillery—he began his career as an artillery officer—and used the artillery to great effect due to his specialist knowledge. The French army after the French Revolution was greatly motivated and after the reforms of 1791, well trained in the newest doctrine. +Napoleon was eventually defeated, but his tactics were studied well into the 19th Century, even as improved weapons made massed infantry attacks increasingly hazardous. +Irregular tactics +It involved four groups - two in the front, one on the left, and one on the right. They would surround the enemy unit, close in, and destroy them with short assegai, or iklwas while fire-armed Zulus kept up a harassing fire. The Zulu warriors surprised and often overwhelmed their enemies, even much better armed and equipped enemies such as the British army. +In New Zealand the Māori hid in fortified bunkers or pā that could withstand strikes from even some of the most powerful weapons of the 19th century before luring opposing forces into an ambush. Sometimes the natives would arm themselves with weapons similar or superior to those of the imperialistic country they were fighting. During the Battle of Little Bighorn, Lt. Colonel George Custer and five out of twelve companies of the 7th Cavalry were destroyed by a force of Sioux and Cheyenne.[17] +Ancient history +These constant sniper attacks forced the British infantry to begin wearing khaki uniforms instead of their traditional red. The Boers were much more mobile than the British infantry and thus could usually choose where a battle would take place. These unconventional tactics forced the British to adopt some unorthodox tactics of their own. +Parachute drops, which tended to scatter a large number of men over the battlefield, were replaced by airmobile operations using helicopters to deliver men in a precise manner. Helicopters also provided fire support in many cases, and could be rushed to deliver precision strikes on the enemy. Thus, infantry were free to range far beyond the conventional fixed artillery positions. +A Romanian squad of a TAB-77 APC. This is a typical Soviet arrangement, with a PK general purpose machine gun and a RPK light machine gun in the center and two soldiers with AK-47 assault rifles and one RPG-7 grenade launcher on the flanks. Another soldier provides liaison or extra firepower where needed. +Mobile infantry tactics +Soviet infantry attack during WWII +More than ever, battles consisted of infantry working together with tanks, aircraft, artillery as part of combined arms. One example of this is how infantry would be sent ahead of tanks to search for anti-tank teams, while tanks would provide cover for the infantry. Portable radios allowed field commanders to communicate with their HQs, allowing new orders to be relayed instantly. +The prevalence of motor transport, however, has been overstated; Germany used more horses for transport in World War II than in World War I, and British troops as late as June 1944 were still not fully motorized. Although there were trucks in World War I, their mobility could never be fully exploited because of the trench warfare stalemate, as well as the terribly torn up terrain at the front and the ineffectiveness of vehicles at the time. During World War II, infantry could be moved from one location to another using half-tracks, trucks, and even aircraft, which left them better rested and able to fight once they reached their objective. +These lightly armed soldiers would parachute behind enemy lines, hoping to catch the enemy off-guard. First used by the Germans in 1940, they were to seize key objectives and hold long enough for additional forces to arrive. They required prompt support from regulars, however; First British Airborne was decimated at Arnhem after being left essentially cut off. +To counter the tank threat, World War II infantry initially had few options other than the so-called "Molotov cocktail" (first used by Chinese troops against Japanese tanks around Shanghai in 1937[18]) and anti-tank rifle. Neither was particularly effective, especially if armor was accompanied by supporting infantry. These, and later anti-tank mines, some of which could be magnetically attached to the tank, required the user to get closer than was prudent. +The infantry phalanx was a Sumerian tactical formation as far back as the third millennium BC.[1] It was a tightly knit group of hoplites, generally upper and middle class men, typically eight to twelve ranks deep, armored in helmet, breastplate, and greaves, armed with two- to three-meter (6–9 foot) pikes and overlapping round shields.[2] It was most effective in narrow areas, such as Thermopylae, or in large numbers. Although the early Greeks focused on the chariot, because of local geography, the phalanx was well developed in Greece and had superseded most cavalry tactics by the Greco-Persian Wars. In the fourth century BC Philip II of Macedon reorganized his army, with emphasis on phalanges,[3] and the first scientific military research.[4] Theban and Macedonian tactics were variations focused on a concentrated point to break through the enemy phalanx, following the shock of cavalry.[5] Carefully organized—into tetrarchia of 64 men, taxiarchiae of two tetrarchiae, syntagmatae of two taxiarchiae, chilliarchiae of four syntagmatae, and phalanges of four chilliarchiae, with two chilliarchiae of peltasts and one chilliarchia each of psiloi and epihipparchy (cavalry) attached[6]—and thoroughly trained,[7] these proved exceedingly effective in the hands of Alexander III of Macedon. +These soldiers were capable of amphibious warfare on a scale not previously known. As Naval Infantry, both Japanese and American Marines enjoyed the support of naval craft such as battleships, cruisers, and the newly developed aircraft carriers. As with conventional infantry, the Marines used radios to communicate with their supporting elements. +The widespread availability of helicopters following World War II allowed the emergence of an air mobility tactics such as aerial envelopment. +Squad tactics +Offensive tactics +Aggressive squad tactics were similar for both sides, though specifics in arms, numbers, and the subtleties of the doctrine differed. The main goal was to advance by means of fire and movement with minimal casualties while maintaining unit effectiveness and control. +The rifle and machine gun teams were not separate, but part of the Gruppe, though men were often firing at will. Victory went to the side able to concentrate the most fire on target most quickly. Generally, soldiers were ordered to hold fire until the enemy was 600 metres (660 yards) or closer, when troops opened fire on mainly large targets; individuals were fired upon only from 400 metres (440 yards) or below. +When advancing in the Reihe, or single file, formation, the commander took the lead, followed by the machine gunner and his assistants, then riflemen, with the assistant squad commander moving on the rear. The Reihe moved mostly on tracks and it presented a small target on the front. In some cases, the machine gun could be deployed while the rest of the squad held back. +This was used either with the entire squad, or the machine gun team down while riflemen advanced. Commanders were often cautioned not to fire the machine gun until forced to do so by enemy fire. The object of the firefight was to not necessarily to destroy the enemy, but Niederkämpfen - to beat down, silence, or neutralize them. +The final phases of an offensive squad action were the fire fight, advance, assault, and occupation of position: +The section commander usually only commanded the light machine gunner (LMG) to open fire upon the enemy. If much cover existed and good fire effect was possible, riflemen took part early. Most riflemen had to be on the front later to prepare for the assault. +Another major advantage was a new tactical formation, the manipular legion (adopted around 300BC[8]), which could operate independently to take advantage of gaps in an enemy line, as at the Battle of Pydna. Perhaps the most important innovation was improving the quality of training to a level not seen before. Although individual methods were used by earlier generations, the Romans were able to combine them into an overwhelmingly successful army, able to defeat any enemy for more than two centuries.[8] +The Advance was the section that worked its way forward in a loose formation. Usually, the LMG formed the front of the attack. The farther the riflemen followed behind the LMG, the more easily the rear machine guns could shoot past them. +The commander made an assault whenever he was given the opportunity rather than being ordered to do so. The whole section was rushed into the assault while the commander lead the way. Throughout the assault, the enemy had to be engaged with the maximum rate of fire. +When occupying a position (The Occupation of Position), the riflemen group up into twos or threes around the LMG so they could hear the section commander. +The American squad's basic formations were very similar to that of the Germans. The U.S. squad column had the men strung out with the squad leader and BAR man in front with riflemen in a line behind them roughly 60 paces long. This formation was easily controlled and maneuvered and it was suitable for crossing areas open to artillery fire, moving through narrow covered routes, and for fast movement in woods, fog, smoke, and darkness. +It was suitable for short rapid dashes but was not easy to control. The squad wedge was an alternative to the skirmish line and was suitable for ready movement in any direction or for emerging from cover. Wedges were often used away from the riflemen's range of fire as it was much more vulnerable than the skirmish line. +In some instances, especially when a squad was working independently to seize an enemy position, the commander ordered the squad to attack in sub-teams. "Team Able", made up of two riflemen scouts, would locate the enemy; "Team Baker", composed of a BAR man and three riflemen, would open fire. "Team Charlie", made up of the squad leader and the last five riflemen, would make the assault. +Five squad formations were primarily used: blobs, single file, loose file, irregular arrowhead, and the extended line. The blob formation, first used in 1917, referred to ad hoc gatherings of 2 to 4 men, hidden as well as possible. The regular single file formation was only used in certain circumstances, such as when the squad was advancing behind a hedgerow. +The Bren group consisted of the two-man Bren gun team and second in command that formed one element, while the main body of the riflemen with the squad commander formed another. The larger group that contained the commander was responsible for closing in on the enemy and advancing promptly when under fire. When under effective fire, riflemen went to fully fledged "fire and movement". +Defensive tactics +German defensive squad tactics stressed the importance of integration with larger plans and principles in posts scattered in depth. A Gruppe was expected to dig in at 30 to 40 metres (33 to 44 yd) (the maximum that a squad leader could effectively oversee). Other cover such as single trees and crests were said to attract too much enemy fire and were rarely used. +The small sub-sections would be slightly separated, thus decreasing the effect of enemy fire. If the enemy did not immediately mobilize, the second stage of defense, entrenching, was employed. These trenches were constructed behind the main line where soldiers could be kept back under cover until they were needed. +The defensive firefight was conducted by the machine gun at an effective range while riflemen were concealed in their foxholes until the enemy assault. Enemy grenades falling on the squad's position were avoided by diving away from the blast or by simply throwing or kicking the grenade back. This tactic was very dangerous and U.S. sources report American soldiers losing hands and feet this way. +In the latter part of the war, emphasis was put on defense against armored vehicles. Defensive positions were built on a "tank-proof obstacle" composed of at least one anti-tank weapon as well as artillery support directed by an observer. To intercept enemy tanks probing a defensive position, squads often patrolled with an anti-tank weapon. +Platoon tactics +This is a sub-unit of a company, comprising three sections with a platoon headquarters. The strength of standard infantry platoon varies between twenty five and thirty six. +Infantry warfare by type +Jungle warfare +It called for greater independence and leadership among junior leaders, and all the major powers increased the level of training and experience level required for junior officers and NCOs. But fights in which squad or platoon leaders found themselves fighting on their own also called for more firepower. All the combatants, therefore, found ways to increase both the firepower of individual squads and platoons. +On the infantry level, the Roman Army adapted new weapons: the pilum (a piercing javelin), the gladius (a short thrusting sword), and the scutum (a large convex shield) providing protection against most attacks without the inflexibility of the phalanx.[9] Generally, battle would open with a volley of light pila from up to 18 m (20 yd) (and frequently far less),[10] followed by a volley of heavy pila just before the clashing with scuta and gladii. Roman soldiers were trained to stab with these swords instead of slash, always keeping their shields in front of them, maintaining a tight shield-wall formation with their fellow soldiers. To motivate the Roman soldier to come within two meters (6 ft) of his enemy (as he was required to do with the gladius) he would be made a citizen after doing so, upon completion of his term of service.[10] Roman infantry discipline was strict, and training constant and repetitive. +The "strengthened" squad used from 1942 onwards was normally 15 men. The Japanese squad contained one squad automatic weapon (a machine gun fed from a magazine and light enough to be carried by one gunner and an assistant ammunition bearer). A designated sniper was also part of the team, as was a grenadier with a rifle-grenade launcher. +The squad's TO&E also included a grenade launcher team armed with what historians often mistakenly call a "knee mortar". This was in fact a light mortar of 50 mm that threw high explosive, illumination and smoke rounds out to as much as 400 meters. Set on the ground and fired with arm outstretched, the operator varied the range by adjusting the height of the firing pin within the barrel (allowing the mortar to be fired through small holes in the jungle canopy). +In a defensive role, the machine gun could be set to create a “beaten zone” of bullets through which no enemy could advance and survive. In an attack, it could throw out a hail of bullets to keep the opponent’s head down while friendly troops advanced. The light mortar gave the squad leader an indirect "hip-pocket artillery" capability. +Four squads composed a platoon. There was no headquarters section, only the platoon leader and the platoon sergeant. In effect, the platoon could fight as four independent, self-contained battle units (a concept very similar to the US Ranger "chalks.") +The British Army did extensive fighting in the jungles and rubber plantations of Malaya during the Emergency, and in Borneo against Indonesia during the Confrontation. As a result of these experiences, the British increased the close-range firepower of their individual riflemen by replacing the pre-World War II bolt-action Lee–Enfield with lighter, automatic weapons like the American M2 carbine and the Sterling submachine gun. +However, the British Army was already blessed in its possession of a good squad automatic weapon (the Bren) and these remained apportioned one per squad. They comprised the bulk of the squad’s firepower, even after the introduction of the self-loading rifle (a semi-automatic copy of the Belgian FN-FAL). The British did not deploy a mortar on the squad level. +The US Army took a slightly different approach. +They believed the experience in Vietnam showed the value of smaller squads carrying a higher proportion of heavier weapons. The traditional 12-man squad armed with semi-automatic rifles and an automatic rifle was knocked down to 9 men: The squad leader carried the M16 and AN/PRC-6 radio. He commanded two fire teams of four men apiece (each containing one team leader with M16, grenadier with M16/203, designated automatic rifleman with M16 and bipod, and an anti-tank gunner with LAW and M16). +Three squads composed a platoon along with two three-man machine gun teams (team leader with M16, gunner with M60 machine gun, and assistant gunner with M16). The addition of two M60 machine gun teams created more firepower on the platoon level. The platoon leader could arrange these to give covering fire, using his remaining three squads as his maneuver element. +The deficiency of the US formation remained the automatic rifleman, a tradition that had gone back to the Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR) gunner of World War II. The US Army discovered that an automatic rifle was a poor substitute for a real machine gun. A rifle fired in the sustained automatic role easily overheated, and its barrel could not be changed. +By increasing dispersal, triple that of a typical phalanx, the manipular legion had the unanticipated benefit of reducing the lethality of opposing weapons.[11] Coupled with superb training and effective leaders, the Roman army was the finest in the world for centuries. The army's power on the field was such that its leaders avoided most fortifications, preferring to meet the enemy on open ground. To take an enemy-held fortification, the Roman army would cut off any supply lines, build watchtowers around the perimeter, set up catapults, and force the enemy to attempt to stop them from reducing the fortification's walls to rubble. +The Republic of Singapore Army, whose experience is 100% in primary and secondary jungle as well as rubber plantation terrain, took the trend one step further. Their squad contained only seven men, but fielded two squad automatic gunners (with 5.56mm squad automatic weapons), two grenadiers with M16/203 underslung grenade launchers, and one anti-tank gunner with rocket launcher and assault rifle. +So in short, jungle warfare increased the number of short/sharp engagements on the platoon or even squad level. Platoon and squad leaders had to be more capable of independent action. To do this, each squad (or at least platoon) needed a balanced allocation of weapons that would allow it to complete its mission unaided. +Mountain warfare +During the Soviet–Afghan War, the Soviet Army and Air Force fought forces called the Mujahideen. Although the Soviet Army had greater firepower and modern equipment than the Mujahideen, they were not able to completely destroy them because of the difficulty of countering guerrilla tactics in the mountains. +When the Stinger missile was supplied to the Mujahideen, they began to ambush Soviet helicopters and fixed wing aircraft in proximity of the military airfields. This was because the Stinger was only effective at a range of 15,000 feet (4,600 m), requiring the Mujahideen to attack the aircraft as they were landing or taking off. The Stinger, however, was not the "weapon that won the war". +The Spetsnaz were used extensively in special operations by being deployed by helicopter into areas identified as areas often transited by the Mujahideen, or sites of ambushes. Spetsnaz tactics were effective against Mujahideen because they employed tactics similar to those used by the Mujahideen; tanks and aircraft were comparatively less effective due to terrain and enemy mobility in it. The only technology with a significant impact on Mujahideen were land mines and helicopters, although over time Mujahideen were able to find ways to avoid and evade both. +It was not uncommon for Soviet helicopters to raze an Afghan village in retaliation for an attack against Soviet soldiers. At other times they dropped mines from aircraft in the fields and pastures, or shooting the livestock with helicopter weapons. Without the support of the villagers, the Mujahideen were forced to carry their own food in addition to weapons and military supplies. +Conventional infantry tactics are generally modified before implementation in Mountain Warfare as the defending side generally has a decisive advantage over the attacking side by holding the heights and forcing the enemy to attack uphill against a fully prepared well entrenched position. So generally, frontal assault is avoided by implementation of blockade tactics and cutting off the supply lines, thereby creating a siege. This changed in the Kargil War of 1999 when Indian forces were faced with the huge task of flushing out intruders and disguised Pakistani soldiers who had captured high mountain posts. +American trained Iraqi troops about to board a UH-60. Through the use of helicopters, these troops are able catch insurgents off guard and raid their positions. +Trench warfare +Amadora (Portuguese pronunciation: [ɐmɐˈðoɾɐ]) is a municipality and urbanized city in the northwest of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and 10 km from central Lisbon. The population in 2011 was 175,136,[1] in an area of 23.78 km² (9.2 sq mi).[2] It is the most densely populated municipality in Portugal. +In November 2016, HTC announced a tether-less VR upgrade kit made by TPCAST. A public model was shown at CES 2017 and had a price of $249.[18][19] +At Google I/O in May 2017, Google announced a new, all in-built 'Standalone VR' system that would be made by the Vive team and also by Lenovo.[20] Whilst in June 2017 Valve revealed details of a second variation of Vive controller which utilizes finger tracking called the Knuckles Vive controller.[21] +The HTC Vive is a virtual reality headset developed by HTC and Valve Corporation. The headset uses "room scale" tracking technology, allowing the user to move in 3D space and use motion-tracked handheld controllers to interact with the environment.[6] +The HTC Vive was unveiled during HTC's Mobile World Congress keynote in March 2015. Development kits were sent out in August and September 2015[citation needed], and the first Consumer version of the device was released on June 7th, 2016[7]. +Development +Prototypes of a Valve-produced virtual reality system were demonstrated during 2014. On 23 February 2015, Valve announced SteamVR and that it would demonstrate a "SteamVR hardware system" at the 2015 Game Developers Conference.[8][9][10] HTC officially unveiled its device, Vive, during its Mobile World Congress keynote on 1 March 2015.[4] Preorders started on 29 February 2016 at 10:00 a.m. EST.[11] Valve and HTC have since announced that the headset will be free for selected developers.[12] +At Consumer Electronics Show 2016, HTC and Valve unveiled a near-final hardware revision of the device, known as HTC Vive Pre.[13] +History +During his Immersed 2015 keynote, Phil Chen, Chief Content Officer for HTC and founder of the HTC Vive, explained that he "stumbled upon VR" and later, HTC met Valve, which turned out to be "serendipity".[14] Chen also explained that HTC and Valve don't have a clear dividing line between each of their responsibilities, and HTC is very much a partner in the research and development process.[15] +In June 2016, HTC announced the release of their 'Business Edition' of the Vive for $1,200 USD which would include a Professional Use License, a 12-month Commercial Warranty, access to an exclusive support line, a 5-meter (16 ft) cable extension kit, and it included the Deluxe Audio Strap.[16][17] +Origin is an online gaming, digital distribution and digital rights management (DRM) platform developed by Electronic Arts that allows users to purchase games for PC and mobile platforms. A macOS client was released on February 8, 2013.[2] +Origin contains social features such as profile management, networking with friends with chat and direct game joining along with an in-game overlay, streaming via TwitchTV and sharing of game library and community integration with networking sites like Facebook, Xbox Live, PlayStation Network, and Nintendo Network.[3] In 2011, Electronic Arts stated that it wanted Origin to match Valve Corporation's Steam service, Origin's primary competitor, by adding cloud game saves, auto-patching, achievements, and cross-platform releases.[4] By 2013, Origin had over 50 million registered users.[5] +In vector calculus, the curl is a vector operator that describes the infinitesimal rotation of a vector field in three-dimensional Euclidean space. At every point in the field, the curl of that point is represented by a vector. The attributes of this vector (length and direction) characterize the rotation at that point. +The direction of the curl is the axis of rotation, as determined by the right-hand rule, and the magnitude of the curl is the magnitude of rotation. If the vector field represents the flow velocity of a moving fluid, then the curl is the circulation density of the fluid. A vector field whose curl is zero is called irrotational. +Implicitly, curl is defined by:[3][4] +where ∮C F ⋅ dr is a line integral along the boundary of the area in question, and |A| is the magnitude of the area. If n̂ is the unit vector perpendicular to the plane, whereas ν̂ is an outward-pointing in-plane normal (see caption at right), then the orientation of C is chosen so that a tangent vector ω̂ to C is positively oriented if and only if {n̂,ν̂,ω̂} forms a positively oriented basis for ℝ3 (right-hand rule). +The alternative terminology rotation or rotational and alternative notations rot F and ∇ × F are often used (the former especially in many European countries, the latter, using the del (or nabla) operator and the cross product, is more used in other countries) for curl F. +Usage +In practice, the above definition is rarely used because in virtually all cases, the curl operator can be applied using some set of curvilinear coordinates, for which simpler representations have been derived. +The notation ∇ × F has its origins in the similarities to the 3-dimensional cross product, and it is useful as a mnemonic in Cartesian coordinates if ∇ is taken as a vector differential operator del. Such notation involving operators is common in physics and algebra. +Expanded in 3-dimensional Cartesian coordinates (see Del in cylindrical and spherical coordinates for spherical and cylindrical coordinate representations), ∇ × F is, for F composed of [Fx, Fy, Fz]: +where i, j, and k are the unit vectors for the x-, y-, and z-axes, respectively. This expands as follows:[6] +Unlike the gradient and divergence, curl does not generalize as simply to other dimensions; some generalizations are possible, but only in three dimensions is the geometrically defined curl of a vector field again a vector field. This is a phenomenon similar to the 3-dimensional cross product, and the connection is reflected in the notation ∇ × for the curl. +Although expressed in terms of coordinates, the result is invariant under proper rotations of the coordinate axes but the result inverts under reflection. +The name "curl" was first suggested by James Clerk Maxwell in 1871[1] but the concept was apparently first used in the construction of an optical field theory by James MacCullagh in 1839.[2] +The components of F at position r, normal and tangent to a closed curve C in a plane, enclosing a planar vector area A = An̂. +The curl of a vector field F, denoted by curl F, or ∇ × F, or rot F, at a point is defined in terms of its projection onto various lines through the point. If n̂ is any unit vector, the projection of the curl of F onto n̂ is defined to be the limiting value of a closed line integral in a plane orthogonal to n̂ divided by the area enclosed, as the path of integration is contracted around the point. +The curl operator maps continuously differentiable functions f : ℝ3 → ℝ3 to continuous functions g : ℝ3 → ℝ3, and more generally, it maps Ck functions in ℝ3 to Ck−1 functions in ℝ3. +Convention for vector orientation of the line integral +Michael Anthony Palmer (born 14 July 1968) is a Singaporean lawyer and former politician. +He served as a Member of Parliament (MP) for Singapore's governing People's Action Party (PAP) from 2006 to 2012, and was the Speaker of the House in the Parliament of Singapore from October 2011 to December 2012.[3] +Palmer announced his resignation as Speaker of Parliament and MP for Punggol East (as well as from the PAP) on 12 December 2012 due to an extra-marital affair with Laura Ong Hui Hoon, constituency director of the People's Association (PA) office in Pasir Ris-Punggol GRC.[1][8] At a press conference, alongside Deputy Prime Minister Teo Chee Hean, Palmer admitted he had made "a grave mistake" and that it was "a serious error of judgment". He resigned "in order to avoid further embarrassment". +The PA staff member concerned also resigned.[3] The PAP subsequently lost the by-election in Palmer's Punggol East constituency in January 2013 when Lee Li Lian of the Workers' Party (who Palmer had defeated in the 2011 general election) won the seat, defeating the PAP's candidate Koh Poh Koon. +Other roles +Palmer was also the Chairman of the National Police Cadet Corps (NPCC) Council. He was replaced by Assistant Commissioner Zuraidah as Covering Chairperson after the scandal.[9] +Education +Palmer attended the St Andrew's family of schools – St Andrew's Junior School, St Andrew's Secondary School and St Andrew's Junior College – which is affiliated to the Anglican Church of Singapore. He later read law in University College London and graduated with a Bachelor of Laws (Honours) in 1992. +References +External links +Career +Palmer was called to the Singapore Bar in 1995 and joined the law firm Harry Elias Partnership as a legal consultant. +He became a partner at the firm in 1998.[4] +In April 2013, Palmer left Harry Elias Partnership and joined the law firm Lawrence Quahe & Woo.[5] The firm was renamed Quahe Woo & Palmer when he joined.[6] +Political career +Palmer was elected a Member of Parliament (MP) for the Pasir Ris-Punggol Group Representation Constituency (Pasir Ris-Punggol GRC) in the 2006 general election. +Palmer served as the Chairman of the Government Parliamentary Committee for Defence and Foreign Affairs from 2008 to 2011, and as the Chairman of the Home Affairs and Law committee in 2011. +At the 2011 general election, Palmer was elected as the MP for Punggol East Single Member Constituency after defeating Lee Li Lian of the Workers' Party and Desmond Lim of the Singapore Democratic Alliance.[1] Palmer was then nominated by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong for the post of Speaker of Parliament, and was elected to this role by the House on 10 October 2011.[7] +Resignation from Politics +Sieve of Eratosthenes: algorithm steps for primes below 121 (including optimization of starting from prime's square). +In mathematics, the Sieve of Eratosthenes is a simple, ancient algorithm for finding all prime numbers up to any given limit. +The main idea here is that every value given to p will be prime, because if it were composite it would be marked as a multiple of some other, smaller prime. Note that some of the numbers may be marked more than once (e.g., 15 will be marked both for 3 and 5). +As a refinement, it is sufficient to mark the numbers in step 3 starting from p2, as all the smaller multiples of p will have already been marked at that point. This means that the algorithm is allowed to terminate in step 4 when p2 is greater than n.[1] +Another refinement is to initially list odd numbers only, (3, 5, ..., n), and count in increments of 2p from p2 in step 3, thus marking only odd multiples of p. +The first number in the list is 2; cross out every 2nd number in the list after 2 by counting up from 2 in increments of 2 (these will be all the multiples of 2 in the list): +The next number in the list after 2 is 3; cross out every 3rd number in the list after 3 by counting up from 3 in increments of 3 (these will be all the multiples of 3 in the list): +It does so by iteratively marking as composite (i.e., not prime) the multiples of each prime, starting with the first prime number, 2. The multiples of a given prime are generated as a sequence of numbers starting from that prime, with constant difference between them that is equal to that prime.[1] This is the sieve's key distinction from using trial division to sequentially test each candidate number for divisibility by each prime.[2] +The next number not yet crossed out in the list after 3 is 5; cross out every 5th number in the list after 5 by counting up from 5 in increments of 5 (i.e. all the multiples of 5): +The next number not yet crossed out in the list after 5 is 7; the next step would be to cross out every 7th number in the list after 7, but they are all already crossed out at this point, as these numbers (14, 21, 28) are also multiples of smaller primes because 7 × 7 is greater than 30. The numbers not crossed out at this point in the list are all the prime numbers below 30: +The earliest known reference to the sieve (Ancient Greek: κόσκινον Ἐρατοσθένους, kóskinon Eratosthénous) is in Nicomachus of Gerasa's Introduction to Arithmetic,[3] which describes it and attributes it to Eratosthenes of Cyrene, a Greek mathematician. +A prime number is a natural number that has exactly two distinct natural number divisors: 1 and itself. +To find all the prime numbers less than or equal to a given integer n by Eratosthenes' method: +Create a list of consecutive integers from 2 through n: (2, 3, 4, ..., n). Initially, let p equal 2, the smallest prime number. Enumerate the multiples of p by counting in increments of p from 2p to n, and mark them in the list (these will be 2p, 3p, 4p, ...; the p itself should not be marked). +On 11 May, I-22, I-24, I-27, and I-28 were ordered to proceed to the Japanese naval base at Truk Lagoon, in the Caroline Islands, to each receive a Ko-hyoteki-class midget submarine.[6]: 61 I-28 failed to reach Truk; she was torpedoed on the surface by the US submarine USS Tautog on 17 May.[6]: 61–2 The three remaining submarines left Truk around 20 May for a point south of the Solomon Islands.[6]: 62 I-24 was forced to return a day later when an explosion in her midget submarine's battery compartment killed the midget's navigator and injured the commander.[2]: 164 The midget submarine intended for I-28 replaced the damaged midget.[2]: 164 +↑ Some sources give the date of the reconnaissance flight as 30 May ↑ As this midget submarine was the only one not recovered, its specific designation is unknown, and is referred to differently in the various sources. +Gill refers to it as Midget A, Jenkins identifies it as Ban's midget (after the midget's commander, Sub–Lieutenant Katsuhisa Ban), and Carruthers uses I-24, naming it after the mother submarine. +Numerous sources discussing the 2005 and 2006 findings (such as newspaper articles) refer to it as M-24 or M24. +This article uses the M-24 designation for consistency with the identified midget submarines and to avoid confusion with the mother submarine. +Notes +References +Australia's War 1939–1945: Australia Attacked – Sydney Harbour Overview of the events. Includes an animation showing the events immediately prior to and during the attack. Midget Submarines at Sydney, Australia 1942 at Combinedfleet.com. +Allies +USS Chicago in Sydney Harbour on 31 May 1942 +The naval officer-in-charge of Sydney Harbour at the time of the attack was Rear Admiral Gerard Muirhead-Gould of the Royal Navy.[5]: 30 On the night of the attack, three major vessels were present in Sydney Harbour; the heavy cruisers USS Chicago and HMAS Canberra, and the light cruiser HMAS Adelaide.[2]: 193–4 Other warships in the harbour included: destroyer tender USS Dobbin, auxiliary minelayer HMAS Bungaree, corvettes HMAS Whyalla, HMAS Geelong, and HMIS Bombay, armed merchant cruisers HMS Kanimbla and HMAS Westralia, and Dutch submarine K-IX.[2]: 193–4 A converted ferry—HMAS Kuttabul—was alongside at Garden Island where she served as a temporary barracks for sailors transferring between ships.[5]: 143 The hospital ship Oranje had also been in the harbour, but departed an hour before the attack.[2]: 190 +Harbour defences +At the time of the attack, the static Sydney Harbour defences consisted of eight anti-submarine indicator loops – six outside the harbour, one between North Head and South Head, and one between South Head and Middle Head, as well as the partially constructed Sydney Harbour anti-submarine boom net between George's Head on Middle Head and Green Point on Inner South Head.[6]: 65 [7]: 192–4 The central section of the net was complete and support piles were in place to the west, but 400 m (1,300 ft) wide gaps remained on either side.[6]: 65 [7]: 193 Material shortages prevented the completion of the boom net prior to the attack.[7]: 194 On the day of the attack, the six outer indicator loops were inactive; two were not functioning and there were not enough trained personnel to man both the inner and outer loop monitoring stations.[8]: 6 [5]: 177 The North Head – South Head indicator loop had been giving faulty signals since early 1940, and as civilian traffic regularly passed over the loop, readings were often ignored.[9]: 190 +Harbour defence craft included the anti-submarine vessels HMAS Yandra and Bingera; the auxiliary minesweepers HMAS Goonambee and Samuel Benbow; pleasure launches converted to channel patrol boats (and armed with depth charges), namely HMAS Yarroma, Lolita, Steady Hour, Sea Mist, Marlean, and Toomaree; and four unarmed auxiliary patrol boats.[6]: 66 [2]: 194 +Prelude +Nobuo Fujita with a plane of the type he flew over Sydney on 17 February 1942. +The seaplanes aboard I-29 and I-21 were of the same type. +The Japanese Navy used five Ko-hyoteki-class midget submarines in an unsuccessful operation against US battleships during the attack on Pearl Harbor. The navy hoped that upgrades to the submarines, intensified crew training, and the selection of a less well defended target would lead to better results and an increased chance of the crews of the midgets to return alive from their mission.[5]: 58 Therefore, on 16 December 1941, the navy initiated plans for a second midget submarine operation.[5]: 58 +In late May and early June 1942, during World War II, submarines belonging to the Imperial Japanese Navy made a series of attacks on the cities of Sydney and Newcastle in New South Wales, Australia. On the night of 31 May – 1 June, three Ko-hyoteki-class midget submarines, each with a two-member crew, entered Sydney Harbour, avoided the partially constructed Sydney Harbour anti-submarine boom net, and attempted to sink Allied warships. Two of the midget submarines were detected and attacked before they could successfully engage any Allied vessels, and the crews scuttled their submarines and killed themselves. +These submarines were later recovered by the Allies. The third submarine attempted to torpedo the heavy cruiser USS Chicago, but instead sank the converted ferry HMAS Kuttabul, killing 21 sailors. This midget submarine's fate was unknown until 2006, when amateur scuba divers discovered the wreck off Sydney's northern beaches. +The plans called for two simultaneous attacks against Allied naval vessels in the Indian and South Pacific oceans.[5]: 59 These attacks were intended as diversions ahead of the attack on Midway Island in the North Pacific, with the Japanese hoping to convince the Allies that they intended to attack to the south or west of their conquests.[10] Eleven submarines of the 8th Submarine Squadron were to carry out the two attacks, the five submarines of the Western Attack Group in the Indian Ocean, and the six submarines of the Eastern Attack Group in the Pacific Ocean.[2]: 194 The submarine groups were to select a suitable port of attack, based on their own reconnaissance. +The Western Attack Group selected the port of Diégo-Suarez in Madagascar.[2]: 162 This attack—which occurred at nightfall on 30 May and resulted in the damaging of the battleship HMS Ramillies and the sinking of the tanker British Loyalty—came 22 days after the British captured the port from Vichy France at the beginning of the Battle of Madagascar.[6]: 65 +The four potential targets for the Eastern Attack Group were Nouméa, Suva, Auckland, and Sydney.[2]: 163 Identified by reconnaissance flights conducted by Warrant Flying Officer Nobuo Fujita of the Imperial Japanese Navy flying from I-25; commencing 17 February over Sydney Harbour, and the eastern Australian harbours of Melbourne and Hobart (1 March), followed by the New Zealand harbours of Wellington (8 March) and Auckland (13 March).[2]: 130–48 I-21 and I-29 were sent to select the final target, with I-29 sailing to Sydney.[6]: 65 On the evening of 16 May, I-29 fired on the 5,135 long tons (5,217 t) Soviet merchant vessel Wellen, 30 mi (26 nmi; 48 km) from Newcastle, New South Wales.[6]: 65 Although Wellen escaped with minimal damage, shipping between Sydney and Newcastle was halted for 24 hours while aircraft and all available anti-submarine ships from Sydney, including Dutch light cruiser HNLMS Tromp, Australian destroyer HMAS Arunta and US destroyer USS Perkins, searched unsuccessfully for the submarine.[6]: 62 Muirhead-Gould concluded that the submarine had operated alone and had left the area immediately after the attack.[5]: 87 +I-29's floatplane made a reconnaissance flight over Sydney on 23 May.[8]: 62 A secret radar unit set up in Iron Cove detected the flight, but authorities dismissed its report as a glitch, as there were no Allied aircraft operating over Sydney.[8]: 63–4 The aircraft was damaged or destroyed on landing, although its two crew survived.[8]: 64 They reported the presence of several capital ships, including two battleships or large cruisers, five other large warships, several minor war vessels and patrol boats, and prolific merchant shipping.[2]: 170–1 The report, which the Allied FRUMEL signals intelligence network partially intercepted, resulted in the Japanese Navy selecting Sydney as the target.[2]: 170–1 [7]: 192 The three midget-carrying submarines rendezvoused with I-29 and I-21 approximately 35 mi (30 nmi; 56 km) north-east of Sydney Heads, with all five submarines in position by 29 May.[6]: 64 +Midget submarine operation +Final reconnaissance +Before dawn on 29 May,[upper-roman 1] I-21's floatplane, piloted by Ito Susumu,[11]: 340 performed a final reconnaissance flight over Sydney Harbour, with the mission of mapping the locations of the major vessels and of the anti-submarine net.[8]: 71 [5]: 87 Multiple observers spotted the floatplane but assumed it was a US Navy Curtiss Seagull.[6]: 64 [2]: 189–93 No alarm was raised until 05:07, when it was realised that the only ship in the area carrying Seagulls was the U.S. cruiser Chicago, and all four of her aircraft were on board.[6]: 64 [2]: 189–93 Richmond Air Force Base launched RAAF Wirraway fighters, which failed to locate I-21 or the floatplane.[7]: 193 Therefore, the reconnaissance flight did not result in the authorities in Sydney taking any special defence measures.[6]: 64 The floatplane was seriously damaged on landing and had to be scuttled, but both aircrew survived.[7]: 192 +Plan of attack +The Japanese planned to launch the midgets one after the other between 17:20 and 17:40, from points 5–7 nmi (5.8–8.1 mi; 9.3–13.0 km) outside Sydney Harbour.[2]: 205 The first midget was to pass through the Heads just after 18:30, but heavy seas delayed her by over an hour.[2]: 205 The other two midgets followed at twenty-minute intervals and were similarly delayed.[2]: 205 +The choice of targets was left up to the midget commanders, with advice that they should primarily target aircraft carriers or battleships, with cruisers as secondary targets.[12] The midgets were to operate to the east of the Harbour Bridge, although if no suitable targets were to be found in this area they were to move under the Bridge and attack a battleship and large cruiser believed to be in the inner harbour.[12] When the second reconnaissance flyover revealed that the expected British battleship—HMS Warspite—was nowhere to be found, USS Chicago became the priority target.[8]: 75, 79 +Immediately following the raid, the five Japanese fleet submarines that carried the midget submarines to Australia embarked on a campaign to disrupt merchant shipping in eastern Australian waters. Over the next month, the submarines attacked at least seven merchant vessels, sinking three ships and killing 50 sailors. During this period, between midnight and 02:30 on 8 June, two of the submarines bombarded the ports of Sydney and Newcastle. +After completing their mission, the midgets were to depart Sydney Harbour and head south for 20 nmi (23 mi; 37 km) to the recovery point off Port Hacking.[8]: 79 Four of the mother submarines would be waiting in an east–west line 16 km (8.6 nmi; 9.9 mi) long, with the fifth waiting 6 km (3.2 nmi; 3.7 mi) further south.[8]: 79 +Attack +Midget submarine M-14—launched from I-27–was the first to enter Sydney Harbour.[6]: 67 The Middle Head – South Head loop detected it at 20:01, but dismissed the reading due to heavy civilian traffic.[2]: 206 At 20:15, a Maritime Services Board watchman spotted the midget after it passed through the western gap, collided with the Pile Light, then reversed and trapped its stern in the net.[8]: 105 The submarine's bow broke the surface; the watchman rowed toward it to determine what it was and then rowed to the nearby patrol boat HMAS Yarroma to report his finding.[8]: 106 [2]: 208 Despite efforts by Yarroma to pass on this information, Sydney Naval Headquarters did not receive the report until 21:52.[2]: 208 [8]: 108 HMAS Yarroma and Lolita [pl] were dispatched to investigate.[2]: 208 Upon confirming that the object in the net was a "baby submarine", Lolita dropped two depth charges while Yarroma's commander requested permission from Sydney Naval Headquarters to open fire.[8]: 115 [2]: 209 The depth charges failed to detonate, as the water was too shallow for the hydrostatic fuse setting.[2]: 209 At 22:35, while Yarroma was waiting for permission to fire, and Lolita was setting up to deploy a third depth charge, the two crewmen on M-14 activated one of the submarine's scuttling charges, killing themselves and destroying the submarine's forward section.[2]: 209 [8]: 116–7 +Muirhead-Gould gave the general alarm, along with orders for ships to take anti-submarine measures, at 22:27; the alarm was repeated at 22:36 with advice for ships to take precautions against attack, as an enemy submarine might be in the harbour.[2]: 210 [8]: 119 At the time of the first alarm, Sydney Harbour was closed to external traffic, but Muirhead-Gould ordered ferries and other internal traffic to continue, as he believed that having multiple ships travelling around at speed would help force any submarines to remain submerged.[8]: 119 +Midget submarine M-24[upper-roman 2] was the second to enter the harbour. HMAS Falie grazed M-24's hull and reported the contact to command.[13] The report was not followed up. M-24 crossed the indicator loop undetected at 21:48, and at approximately 22:00 followed a Manly ferry through the anti-submarine net.[6]: 67 [2]: 210 At 22:52, M-24 was spotted by a Chicago searchlight operator less than 500 m (1,600 ft) to the moored cruiser's starboard, and on a course roughly parallel to the ship's facing.[2]: 210 [8]: 123 Chicago opened fire with a 5 in (130 mm) gun and a quadruple machinegun mount, but inflicted minimal damage as the weapons could not depress far enough.[2]: 211 Some of the 5 in (130 mm) shells skipped off the water and hit Fort Denison's Martello tower, while fragments were later found in the suburbs of Cremorne and Mosman.[8]: 125 The senior officer present aboard Chicago ordered the crew to begin preparing for departure, and for USS Perkins to begin an anti-submarine screening patrol around the cruiser, orders that were revoked by the sceptical Captain Howard Bode when he arrived on board at around 23:30.[8]: 127, 133 +HMAS Whyalla and Geelong also fired upon M-24 as it fled west toward the Sydney Harbour Bridge, before the midget was able to submerge and escape.[2]: 212 When it returned to periscope depth, the midget found itself west of Fort Denison.[2]: 212 It turned and sailed east for about 1 nmi (1.2 mi; 1.9 km), then took up a firing position south-west of Bradley's Head, from where its commander could see Chicago's stern silhouetted against the construction floodlights at Garden Island's new Captain Cook Graving Dock.[2]: 212–4 +Midget submarine M-21—from I-22—probably entered the harbour at the same time that USS Chicago opened fire on M-24.[6]: 68 The unarmed auxiliary patrol boat HMAS Lauriana spotted M-21 and illuminated the submarine's conning tower, while sending an alert signal to the Port War Signal Station at South Head, and the nearby anti-submarine vessel HMAS Yandra.[6]: 68 Yandra attempted to ram the submarine, lost contact, regained contact at 23:03, and dropped six depth charges.[2]: 213 At the time of the attack, it was assumed that the depth charges had destroyed or disabled the midget, but M-21 survived.[2]: 213 Historians believe that the midget took refuge on the harbour floor and waited until the Allied vessels had moved away before it resumed the attack.[2]: 213 +At 23:14, Muirhead-Gould ordered all ships to observe blackout conditions.[2]: 213–4 Just after 23:30, he set off on a barge towards the boom net, to make a personal inspection.[8]: 135 The Admiral reached Lolita at about midnight and indicated to her crew that he did not take the reports of enemy submarines seriously, reportedly saying: "What are you all playing at, running up and down the harbour dropping depth charges and talking about enemy subs in the harbour? There's not one to be seen."[8]: 135 The crew reiterated that a submarine had been seen, but Muirhead-Gould remained unconvinced and before he left, added sarcastically: "If you see another sub, see if the captain has a black beard. I'd like to meet him."[8]: 136 +HMAS Kuttabul following the Japanese attack +Despite the blackout order, the Garden Island floodlights remained on until 00:25.[2]: 213–4 About five minutes later, M-24 fired the first of its two torpedoes; it delayed firing the second torpedo for several minutes as the midget submarines would lose longitudinal stability immediately after firing a torpedo.[2]: 214 Historians are divided as to the exact paths of the torpedoes relative to Chicago, although all agree that the US cruiser was the intended target. Both torpedoes missed Chicago, while one torpedo may have also passed close to Perkins' starboard bow.[14][8]: 139 One of the torpedoes continued underneath the Dutch submarine K-IX and HMAS Kuttabul, then hit the breakwater Kuttabul was tied up against.[8]: 139 The explosion broke Kuttabul in two and sank her, and damaged K-IX.[5]: 143 [2]: 215 The attack killed 19 Royal Australian Navy and two Royal Navy sailors, and wounded another 10.[1] The explosion shook residences in the area and damaged Garden Island's lights and telecommunications.[2]: 215 The other torpedo ran aground on the eastern shore of Garden Island without exploding.[2]: 215 M-24 then dived and moved to leave the harbour.[2]: 216 +The midget submarine attacks and subsequent bombardments are among the best-known examples of Axis naval activity in Australian waters during World War II, and are the only occasion in history when either city has come under attack. The physical effects were slight: the Japanese had intended to destroy several major warships, but sank only an unarmed depot ship and failed to damage any significant targets during the bombardments. The main impact was psychological; creating popular fear of an impending Japanese invasion and forcing the Australian military to upgrade defences, including the commencement of convoy operations to protect merchant shipping. +The unexploded torpedo at Garden Island several days after the attack +A crossing over the indicator loop that was recorded at 01:58 was initially believed to be another midget submarine entering the harbour, although later analysis showed that the reading indicated an outbound vessel and was therefore most likely represented M-24's exit.[6]: 70 M-24 did not return to its mother submarine, and its fate remained unknown until 2006.[1][5]: 189 +Ships were ordered to make for the open ocean. Chicago left her anchorage at 02:14, leaving a sailor behind on the mooring buoy in her haste to depart.[2]: 216 Bombay, Whyalla, Canberra, and Perkins began their preparations to depart.[8]: 153–4 +Just before 03:00, as Chicago was leaving the harbour, the lookouts spotted a submarine periscope passing alongside the cruiser.[2]: 218 At 03:01, the indicator loop registered an inbound signal; M-21 was re-entering Sydney Harbour after recovering from the attack four hours previously.[2]: 218 HMS Kanimbla fired on M-21 in Neutral Bay at 03:50, and at 05:00, three auxiliary patrol boats—HMAS Steady Hour, Sea Mist, and Yarroma—spotted the submarine's conning tower in Taylors Bay.[2]: 218 The patrol boats had set their depth charge fuses to 15 m (49 ft), and when Sea Mist passed over where the submarine had just submerged and dropped a depth charge, she had only five seconds to clear the area.[2]: 218 The blast damaged M-21, which inverted and rose to the surface before sinking again.[2]: 219 Sea Mist dropped a second depth charge, which damaged one of her two engines in the process and prevented her from making further attacks.[2]: 219 Steady Hour and Yarroma continued the attack, dropping seventeen depth charges on believed visual sightings and instrument contacts of the midget over the next three and a half hours.[2]: 219 At some point during the night, the crew of M-21 killed themselves.[2]: 219 +At 04:40, HMAS Canberra recorded that the Japanese may have fired torpedoes at her.[8]: 160–2 This may have been one of many false alarms throughout the night. However, M-21 had attempted to fire its two torpedoes, but failed because of damage to the bow either from HMAS Yandra's ramming or depth charges, or a possible collision with USS Chicago, making it possible that M-21 attempted to attack the cruiser.[8]: 160–2 The observer aboard Canberra may have seen bubbles from the compressed air released to fire the torpedoes.[8]: 160–2 +Secondary missions +As per the operation plan, the five mother submarines waited off Port Hacking on the nights of 1 and 2 June for the midget submarines to return.[2]: 225 [5]: 188–9 FRUMEL picked up wireless traffic between the five submarines, leading the RAAF to task three Lockheed Hudsons and two Bristol Beauforts with finding the source of the communications.[2]: 225 They were unsuccessful.[2]: 225 On 3 June, Sasaki abandoned hope of recovering the midget submarines, and the submarines dispersed on their secondary missions.[5]: 189 +Attacks on Allied merchant shipping +Four of the submarines began operations against Allied merchant shipping. I-21 patrolled north of Sydney, while I-24 patrolled south of Sydney.[2]: 239 I-27 began searching off Gabo Island for ships departing Melbourne, and I-29 travelled to Brisbane.[2]: 239 I-22 left the group to conduct reconnaissance operations, first at Wellington and Auckland in New Zealand, and then at Suva in Fiji.[2]: 239 +Between 1 and 25 June, when the four submarines arrived at Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands to re-supply before proceeding to Japanese shipyards for maintenance, the four submarines attacked at least seven Allied merchant vessels.[2]: 254 Three of these were sunk: Iron Chieftain by I-24 on 3 June, Iron Crown by I-27 on 4 June, and Guatemala by I-21 on 12 June.[2]: 241, 244, 253 The first two attacks resulted in 12 and 37 fatalities respectively, though the third attack killed no one.[5]: 191, 193, 199 The attacks forced the authorities to institute changes in merchant traffic; travel north of Melbourne was restricted until a system of escorted convoys was established.[7]: 195 +Forces +I-21 was the only submarine to return to Australian waters, where she sank three ships and damaged two others during January and February 1943.[2]: 254, 260–1 During her two deployments, I-21 sank 44,000 long tons (45,000 t) of Allied shipping, which made her the most successful Japanese submarine to operate in Australian waters.[17] +Bombardment +A house in Sydney's Eastern Suburbs damaged by a Japanese shell +A house in Sydney's Eastern Suburbs damaged by a Japanese shell +On the morning of 8 June, I-24 and I-21 briefly bombarded Sydney and Newcastle.[7]: 194 Just after midnight, I-24 surfaced 9 mi (14 km) south-south-east of Macquarie Lighthouse.[2]: 247 The submarine's commander ordered the gun crew to target the Sydney Harbour Bridge.[2]: 247 They fired 10 shells over a four-minute period; nine landed in the Eastern Suburbs and one landed in water.[2]: 248 I-24 then crash dived to prevent successful retaliation by coastal artillery batteries.[2]: 248–9 Only one shell detonated, and the only injuries inflicted were cuts and fractures from falling bricks or broken glass when the unexploded shells hit buildings.[2]: 249 A United States Army Air Forces pilot, 1st Lieutenant George Cantello, based at Bankstown Airport disobeyed orders and took off to try and locate the source of the shelling, but was killed when engine failure caused his Airacobra to crash in a paddock at Hammondville.[18] In 1988, following efforts by residents and the US Consulate in Sydney, the City of Liverpool established a memorial park, the Lt. Cantello Reserve, with a monument in his honour.[18][19][20] +At 02:15, I-21 shelled Newcastle, from 9 km (4.9 nmi; 5.6 mi) north-east of Stockton Beach.[2]: 250 She fired 34 shells over a 16-minute period, including eight star shells.[2]: 250 The target of the attack was the BHP steelworks in the city.[5]: 197 However, the shells landed over a large area, causing minimal damage and no fatalities: the only shell to detonate damaged a house on Parnell Place, while an unexploded shell hit a tram terminus.[5]: 197 [2]: 251 Fort Scratchley returned fire, the only time an Australian land fortification has fired on an enemy warship during wartime, but the submarine escaped unscathed.[2]: 251 [21] +Analysis +The attack on Sydney Harbour ended in failure on both sides, and revealed flaws in both the Allied defences and the Japanese tactics. During the primary attack, the Japanese lost all three midget submarines in exchange for the sinking of a single barracks ship. The subsequent operations were no more successful as the five large Japanese submarines sank only three merchant ships and caused minimal property damage during the two bombardments. +The main impact of the midget submarine attack and subsequent operations was psychological; dispelling any belief that Sydney was immune to Japanese attack and highlighting Australia's proximity to the Pacific War.[2]: 225 [6]: 74 There was no official inquiry into the attacks, despite demand from some sections of the media, as there was concern that an inquiry would lead to defeatism and reduce faith in John Curtin's government, particularly after the damaging inquiry into Australian defences that had followed the Japanese aerial attack on Darwin three months earlier.[5]: 169, 176 +Failures in Allied defences +The crews of the Japanese midget submarines that attacked Sydney and Diego Suarez +The Allies failed to respond adequately to several warnings of Japanese activity off the east coast of Australia prior to the attack; they simply ignored the warnings or explained them away. They attributed the unsuccessful attack on the freighter Wellen on 16 May to a single submarine, and assumed it had departed Australian waters immediately after the attack.[5]: 174 The first reconnaissance flight went unnoticed, and although FRUMEL intercepted the report and distributed it to Allied commanders on 30 May, Muirhead-Gould apparently did not react.[2]: 170–1 New Zealand naval authorities detected radio chatter between the Japanese submarines on 26 and 29 May, and although they could not decrypt the transmissions, radio direction finding indicated that a submarine or submarines were approaching Sydney.[5]: 174 The Allies considered dispatching an anti-submarine patrol in response to the 29 May fix, but were unable to do so as all anti-submarine craft were already committed to protecting a northbound troop convoy.[7]: 192 The only response to the second reconnaissance flight on 29 May was the launching of search planes.[2]: 193 No other defence measures were put into place.[2]: 193 Although the midget attack on Diego Suarez in Madagascar occurred on the morning of 31 May (Sydney time), the Allies sent no alert to other command regions, as they believed that Vichy French forces had launched the attack.[2]: 198 +Muirhead-Gould in May 1941 +Historians have questioned the competence of the senior Allied officers. Muirhead-Gould had been hosting a dinner party on the night of the attack, and one of the main guests was the senior United States Navy officer in Sydney Harbour, Captain Howard Bode of USS Chicago.[8]: 87 Both officers were sceptical that any attack was taking place.[8]: 135 Muirhead-Gould arrived aboard HMAS Lolita at approximately midnight, an action he described as attempting to learn about the situation. But members of Lolita's crew later recounted that when Muirhead-Gould came aboard he immediately chastised the patrol boat's skipper and crew, and quickly dismissed their report.[8]: 135 [5]: 136 Junior officers on Chicago provided similar descriptions of Bode's return on board, and members of both crews later claimed that Muirhead-Gould and Bode were intoxicated.[8]: 133–5 It was only after the destruction of HMAS Kuttabul that both officers began to take the attack seriously.[8]: 142–3 +During the attack, there were several delays between events and responses to them. Over two hours passed between the observation of M-14 in the boom net and Muirhead-Gould's first order for ships to commence anti-submarine actions.[6]: 72 It took another two hours to mobilise the auxiliary patrol boats, which did not leave their anchorage for a further hour.[6]: 72 Part of these delays was due to a lack of effective communications.[6]: 73 None of the auxiliary patrol craft in the harbour had radio communications, so all instructions and reports came from signal lights via the Port War Signal Station or Garden Island, or by physical communication via launches.[6]: 73 [5]: 176 In Muirhead-Gould's preliminary report on the attack, he stated that the Port War Signal Station was not designed for the volume of communications traffic the attack caused.[22] Telephone communications with Garden Island were unreliable during the early part of the attack, and then the first torpedo explosion disabled them completely.[2]: 211 [6]: 73 +The need to keep information secret may also have contributed to the delays and the defenders' scepticism.[9]: 194–5 As the auxiliary patrol boat crews, the indicator loop staff, and other personnel manning defensive positions would have been outside 'need to know' and would not have been informed about any of the incidents prior to the attack, they would not have been alert, contributing to the disbelief demonstrated in the early hours of the attack.[9]: 194–5 +Flaws in Japanese tactics +M-21 being raised by a floating crane on 10 June 1942 +The wreckage of M-21 +The main flaw in the Japanese plans was the use of midget submarines for the primary attack. Midget submarines were originally intended to operate during fleet actions: they would be released from modified seaplane carriers to run amok through the enemy fleet.[2]: 68 This concept went out of favour as changing Japanese naval thinking and experience led to recognition that naval warfare would centre around carrier-supported aerial combat.[2]: 71 As a result, the midget program's focus changed to the infiltration of enemy harbours, where they would attack vessels at anchor.[2]: 71 This concept failed completely during the attack on Pearl Harbor, where the midgets had no effect, and tying up 11 large submarines for six weeks in support of further midget submarine attacks on Sydney and Diego Suarez proved a waste of resources.[5]: 58 [2]: 291 +Moreover, the failures at Sydney Harbour and Diego Suarez demonstrated that the improvements to the midget submarines made after Pearl Harbor had not increased the overall impact of the midget program.[5]: 58 [2]: 291 The modifications had various effects. The ability to man and deploy the midgets while the mother ships were submerged prevented the Army coastal radars from detecting the mother submarines.[9]: 188 However, the midgets were still difficult to control, unstable, and prone to surfacing or diving uncontrollably.[2]: 70 These manoeuvrability issues contributed to M-14's entanglement in the anti-submarine net, and the repeated detection of M-21 and M-24. +Japanese +Beyond the use of the unreliable midgets, historians have identified areas in the plan of attack where the Japanese could have done significantly more damage. If the Japanese midget submarines had conducted a simultaneous, co-ordinated attack, they would have overwhelmed the defences.[9]: 188 A chance for more damage came following the destruction of Kuttabul, when several naval vessels headed to sea, including USS Chicago, USS Perkins, Dutch submarine K-IX, HMAS Whyalla, and HMIS Bombay.[6]: 70 The five mother submarines were already en route to the Port Hacking recovery position, and although Sasaki's plan at Pearl Harbor had been to leave some submarines at the harbour mouth to pick off fleeing vessels, he did not repeat this tactic.[8]: 155 +USS Chicago's survival +Several factors beyond the control of any of the combatants contributed to the survival of USS Chicago. At the time of M-24's attack on Chicago, the latter had spent some time preparing to depart from Sydney Harbour, and although still moored and stationary, was producing large volumes of white smoke as the boilers warmed up.[5]: 137 This smoke, streaming aft under the influence of the wind, and contrasting against the dark, low-lying cloud, may have given the impression that Chicago was moving, causing M-24 to lead the target when firing its torpedoes, and consequently sending its torpedoes across the bow.[5]: 137–9 Another factor that may have influenced Chicago's survival was the extinguishing of Garden Island's floodlights minutes before M-24 fired its first torpedo, impeding targeting.[6]: 73 +Bombardment impact +A crowd looking at a shell hole at Woollahra on 8 June 1942 +The bombardments failed to cause significant physical damage, but had a major psychological impact on the residents of Sydney and Newcastle. Due to the inaccuracy of the submarines' range-finding equipment, coupled with the unstable firing platform of a submarine at sea, specific targeting was impossible.[2]: 250 The intention of the submarine bombardment was to frighten the population of the target area.[2]: 250 +The failure of the majority of the shells to detonate may have had various causes. As the submarines fired armour-piercing shells, intended for use against steel ship hulls, the relatively softer brick walls may have failed to trigger the impact fuses.[2]: 249 Sea water may have degraded the shells, which the Japanese had stored in deck lockers for several weeks.[2]: 249 The age of the shells may also have been a factor; some of the shells recovered from the Newcastle bombardment were found to be of English manufacture: surplus munitions from World War I.[5]: 197 +In Sydney, fear of an impending Japanese invasion caused people to move west; housing prices in the Eastern Suburbs dropped, while those beyond the Blue Mountains rose significantly.[2]: 258 The attack also led to a significant increase in the membership of volunteer defence organisations, and strengthening of defences in Sydney Harbour and Port Newcastle.[23] +Aftermath +The papers did not publish news of the submarine attack until 2 June, as most of the attack occurred after the newspapers went to press on the morning of 1 June.[2]: 225 Instead, on the morning after the attack, the front pages carried news of Operation Millennium, the Royal Air Force's first 1,000-bomber raid, although several newspapers included a small interior article mentioning the final reconnaissance flyover.[2]: 225 The Federal Censor ordered total censorship of the events, issuing an official statement on the afternoon of 1 June which reported that the Allies had destroyed three submarines in Sydney Harbour, and described the loss of Kuttabul and the 21 deaths as the loss of "one small harbour vessel of no military value".[8]: 156, 187 Smith's Weekly finally released the real story on 6 June, and follow-up material in the 13 June issue caused more political damage, prompting the Royal Australian Navy to attempt to charge the newspaper with releasing defence information.[8]: 212, 223–7 +The Imperial Japanese Navy originally intended to use six submarines in the attack on Sydney Harbour: B1-type submarines I-21, I-27, I-28, and I-29, and C1-type submarines I-22 and I-24.[2]: 161 [3][4] The six submarines made up the Eastern Attack Group of the 8th Submarine Squadron, under the command of Captain Hankyu Sasaki.[2]: 161 [5]: 59 +The burial service for the Australian sailors killed during the raid on Sydney. +It was several days before the 21 dead sailors aboard Kuttabul could all be recovered.[5]: 151 On 3 June, Muirhead-Gould and over 200 Navy personnel attended a burial ceremony for these sailors.[5]: 151 On 1 January 1943, the Navy base at Garden Island was commissioned as HMAS Kuttabul in commemoration of the ferry and the lives lost.[15] +The Australians recovered the bodies of the four Japanese crew of the two midget submarines sunk in Sydney Harbour and had them cremated at Rookwood Cemetery. For the cremation, the Allies draped the Japanese flag over each coffin and rendered full naval honours.[6]: 72 Muirhead-Gould was criticised for this, but defended his actions as respecting the courage of the four submariners, regardless of their origin.[2]: 230 Australian politicians also hoped that the Japanese Government would notice the respect paid to the sailors and improve the conditions Australian prisoners-of-war were experiencing in Japanese internment camps.[2]: 231 Japanese authorities noted the funeral service, but this did not lead to any major improvement in conditions for Australian POWs.[2]: 231 Following the use of the midget submariners' funeral by the Japanese for propaganda purposes, the Australian High Command forbade similar funerals for enemy personnel in the future.[14] +An exchange of Japanese and Allied diplomatic personnel stranded in the opposing nations occurred in August 1942, which allowed Tatsuo Kawai, the Japanese ambassador to Australia, to return home with the ashes of the four Japanese submariners.[2]: 232–3 When the exchange ship Kamakura Maru arrived in Yokohama, several thousand people were present to honour the four men.[2]: 232–3 +Relatives of four of the Japanese sailors killed in the midget submarines which raided Sydney Harbour greet Kamakura Maru as she arrives at Yokohama with the ashes of the four submariners in October 1942. +The two main targets of the attack, USS Chicago and HMAS Canberra, were both lost within the next year: Canberra sinking on 9 August 1942 during the Battle of Savo Island, and Chicago on 30 January 1943 following the Battle of Rennell Island.[6]: 61, 150–3, 273 None of the Japanese submarines involved in the attack survived the war. +USS Charrette and Fair sank I-21 on 5 February 1944 off the Marshall Islands.[5]: 216 An American torpedo boat sank I-22 on 25 December 1942 off New Guinea.[5]: 216 An American patrol craft sank I-24 on 10 June 1943 near the Aleutian Islands.[5]: 216 HMS Paladin and Petard sank I-27 on 12 February 1943 off the Maldives.[5]: 216 Lastly, USS Sawfish sank I-29 on 26 July 1944 in the Philippines.[5]: 216 +M-14 and M-21 +The composite midget submarine at the Australian War Memorial in 2007. +The Allies located and recovered M-21 on 3 June and M-14 on 8 June.[8]: 209, 219 Although both were damaged during the attack, it was possible to assemble a complete submarine from the two vessels.[6]: 72 The centre section of the rebuilt submarine was mounted on a trailer and taken on a 4,000 km (2,500 mi) tour throughout southern New South Wales, Victoria, and western South Australia.[6]: 72 [8]: 250 The purpose of the tour was twofold; it allowed Australians to see a Japanese midget submarine up close, and was used to raise A£28,000 for the Naval Relief Fund and other charities.[6]: 72 [24] The submarine arrived at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra on 28 April 1943, flying the White Ensign and a paying-off pennant.[6]: 72 The submarine was originally displayed outside the museum in three separate pieces,[8]: 251 but was moved inside in the 1980s due to heavy vandalism; on one occasion in 1966, a group of university students painted it bright yellow in response to The Beatles' song Yellow Submarine.[8]: 253–5 The composite submarine was restored and remains on display inside the Memorial as part of a permanent exhibition on the attack, next to the recovered wheelhouse of HMAS Kuttabul.'[8]: 253–5 The conning tower from M-21 is on display at the Royal Australian Navy Heritage Centre on Garden Island.[8]: 251 Leftover material from M-21 was melted down and made into souvenirs following the construction of the combined vessel.[8]: 253 +M-24 +On 8 June 1942, I-21 and I-29—each carrying a Yokosuka E14Y1 "Glen" floatplane for aerial reconnaissance—scouted various Australasian harbours to select the ones most vulnerable to attack by midget submarines.[6]: 61 [2]: 163 I-21 scouted Nouméa in New Caledonia, Suva in Fiji, then Auckland in New Zealand, while I-29 went to Sydney, Australia.[2]: 162 +Over the 64 years following the disappearance of M-24 after the attacks, more than 50 people approached the Royal Australian Navy claiming to have found the submarine.[1] All of these claims were found to be false.[25] One early theory about the midget's fate was that it was damaged or destroyed, along with M-21, in or around Taylors Bay, which would account for reports from Steady Hour and Yarroma of multiple submarines during their three-hour attack against M-21.[6]:71[2]:217 A second theory was that the midget attempted to return to the mother submarines but exhausted its battery power before reaching the Port Hacking recovery point and would therefore be outside and to the south of Sydney Heads.[2]:217 The third theory was that the midget's crew decided to avoid endangering the five larger submarines during the recovery process, and either ran straight out to sea or headed north.[2]:184 +Submarine M-22 Conning Tower on display at the RAN Heritage Centre, Sydney +Over the 64 years following the disappearance of M-24 after the attacks, more than 50 people approached the Royal Australian Navy claiming to have found the submarine.[1] All of these claims were found to be false.[25] One early theory about the midget's fate was that it was damaged or destroyed, along with M-21, in or around Taylors Bay, which would account for reports from Steady Hour and Yarroma of multiple submarines during their three-hour attack against M-21.[6]: 71 [2]: 217 A second theory was that the midget attempted to return to the mother submarines but exhausted its battery power before reaching the Port Hacking recovery point and would therefore be outside and to the south of Sydney Heads.[2]: 217 The third theory was that the midget's crew decided to avoid endangering the five larger submarines during the recovery process, and either ran straight out to sea or headed north.[2]: 184 +A group of seven amateur scuba divers solved the mystery in November 2006, when they found a small submarine sitting upright on the seabed, 55 metres (180 ft) below sea level and approximately 5 kilometres (2.7 nmi; 3.1 mi) from Bungan Head, off Sydney's Northern Beaches.[16][2] Commander Shane Moore, the officer responsible for the Royal Australian Navy's heritage collection, confirmed that the wreck was M-24 after viewing footage from multiple dives, along with measurements the group had taken.[16] The wreck had several bullet holes in it, most likely from Chicago's quadruple machine-gun mount.[16] The location of the wreck was kept secret by both the divers and the navy, with Defence Minister Brendan Nelson promising to have the wreck protected as a war grave.[16] The wreck was gazetted on 1 December 2006 as a heritage site.[27] A 500 m (1,600 ft) exclusion zone was established around the wreck site, and any vessel entering the zone is liable to a fine under New South Wales law of up to A$1.1 million, with additional fines and confiscation of equipment under Commonwealth law.[8]: 255 Shore- and buoy-mounted surveillance cameras and a sonar listening device further protect the site.[8]: 255 +On 7 February 2007, during JMSDF Admiral Eiji Yoshikawa's visit to Australia, Yoshikawa and RAN Vice Admiral Russ Shalders presided over a ceremony held aboard HMAS Newcastle to honour M-24's crew.[28] Relatives of the midget submarines' crews, one of the survivors from Kuttabul, and dignitaries and military personnel from Australia and Japan attended another ceremony on 6 August 2007 at HMAS Kuttabul.[25] HMAS Melbourne then carried relatives of M-24's crew to the wreck site, where they poured sake into the sea before being presented with sand taken from the seabed around the submarine.[25] +In May 2012, the NSW state government announced that, with the approval of the Japanese government and the submariners' families, divers would be allowed to observe the M-24 wreck for a short period of time.[26] Divers would enter a ballot for places on controlled dives run on several days.[26] If successful, opening the site would become an annual event to commemorate the attack.[26] +See also +Air raids on Australia, 1942–43 Military history of Australia during World War II +Footnotes +Yan Yikuan (simplified Chinese: 严屹宽; traditional Chinese: 嚴屹寬; pinyin: Yán Yìkuān, born 24 January 1979), also known as Yan Kuan, is a Chinese actor and singer. He is best known for his roles in the television series Taiji Prodigy (2002), The Prince of Qin, Li Shimin (2005), The Last Princess (2008), All Men Are Brothers & The Glamorous Imperial Concubine (2011), Mazu (2012), Heroes in Sui and Tang Dynasties (2013), The Three Heroes and Five Gallants (2015) and Treasure Raiders (2016). +Filmography +Film +Discography +Awards and nominations +Yan graduated from the acting department of Shanghai Theatre Academy in 2001 and joined National Theatre Company of China. He made his debut in the film First Opium War (1997), where he had a minor role. However due to his appearance not fitting the role, his scenes were later cut.[1] +Year English title Chinese title Role Notes 1999 Love Letter 情书 Jin Pengcheng 1999 The Blessed Family and The Sun, Moon and star 情牵日月星 Liu Dehua Cameo 2000 Love Web 心网 Bi Chenggong 2000 碧血情仇 Kuang Xianneng 2000 奇人奇案 Ye Yushu 2001 Two People Is Better Than Being Alone 一个人不如两个人 Wang Dong [23] 2002 Chasing Dream 追梦 Sun Benli 2002 Taiji Prodigy 少年张三丰 Yi Jifeng 2002 秋潮向晚天 Zhuang Zili 2003 梦里花开 Lin Hui [24] 2003 The Ming Dynasty 大明王朝惊变录 Zhengtong Emperor 2005 起跑天堂 Wen Cheng 2005 The Prince of Qin, Li Shimin 秦王李世民 Li Jiancheng 2005 Wu Dang 武当 Zhu Yuanzhang [25] [26] 2005 Young People of Border Town 飞天潜龙 Liu Yushu 2005 Wind Warrior 风中战士 Yan Kuan 2005 六女当铺 Qin Chi 2006 Golden Years 金色年华 Fang Guowei [27] 2006 The Life and Death Love 生死绝恋 Tao Jin [28] 2006 春天后母心 Huzi Cameo[29] 2007 The Legend of Lu Xiaofeng 陆小凤传奇之决战前后 Ye Gucheng [30] 2007 Justice Department 青天衙门 Yu Huanchun 2007 Loving Insurance 情爱保险 Huang Jianyuan [31] 2007 Liaozhai 2 聊斋志异2 E Zichuan [32] 2007 Good Morning Shanghai 纯白之恋 Wang Mingwei [33] 2007 Big Shot 大人物 Qin Ge [34] 2008 Bicheonmu 飞天舞 Liu Zhangyu Special appearance [35] 2008 The Last Princess 最后的格格 Fang Tianyu 2009 犯罪启示录 Lee Dalin [36] 2009 大案组 Sha Cheng [37] 2009 冷枪 Xiang Jianfeng [38] 2009 Love in Trouble Time 乱世艳阳天 Qiu Zheng 2010 烽火长城 Xiao Yunfei not broadcast [39] 2010 Indanthrene 阴丹士林 Li Zhaocun [40] 2010 Ghost Catcher - Legend of Beauty Zhongkui 天师钟馗之钟馗嫁妹 Du Ping [41] 2010 Beauty's Rival in Palace 美人心计 Liu Shaokang Special appearance [42] 2010 The Legend of Crazy Monk 活佛济公 Sheng De [43] 2010 生死迷局 Wu Fei [44] 2011 All Men Are Brothers 水浒传 Yan Qing 2011 Palace 宫 Lin Feifan Cameo 2011 大唐儒将开漳圣王 Chen Yuanguang [45] 2011 The Glamorous Imperial Concubine 倾世皇妃 Meng Qiyou 2012 媳妇是怎样炼成的 Tang Lei Cameo 2012 Happiness By Your Side 身边的幸福 Yang Qing [46] 2012 铁血男儿夏明翰 Xia Minghan [47] 2012 Lord of Legal Advisors 刑名师爷 Emperor Cameo 2012 Mystery of the Blue Butterfly 蓝蝶之谜 Zhuo Lixuan Cameo 2012 Mazu 妈祖 Wu Zonglun 2013 Heroes in Sui and Tang Dynasties 隋唐演义 Qin Shubao 2013 Love Love 恋了爱了 Jiang Haotian [48] 2013 Girlfriend's Lover 闺中密友 Li Qiuyang [49] 2013 Blood Oath 血誓 Ao Zi Cameo 2013 Longmen Express 龙门镖局 Shangguan Jingyu Cameo 2013 春天的绞刑架 Du Kurong [50] 2014 Modern Father 岳父太囧 Yuan Dong [51] 2014 Dating Hunter 约会专家 Gu Yi Cameo 2014 God of War 战神 Qin Jinwen [52] 2014 The Romance of the Condor Heroes 神雕侠侣 Wang Chongyang Special appearance [53] 2015 Legend of the Seaways 海上絲路 Emperor Xuanzong not broadcast [54] 2016 Sisters 姐妹姐妹 Cha Zhachai [55] 2016 Treasure Raider 新萧十一郎 Xiao Shi Yi Lang 2016 The Three Heroes and Five Gallants 五鼠闹东京 Zhan Zhao 2016 God of War, Zhao Yun 武神赵子龙 Liu Bei Special appearance[56] 2016 Ice Fantasy 幻城 Yuan Ji Special appearance [57] 2016 Ares Ensanguined Youth 战神之血染的青春 Zhuang Zian [58] 2016 The Legend of Flying Daggers 飞刀又见飞刀 Li Xunhuan Special appearance [59] 2016 Maritime Silk Road 海上丝路 A Man / Li Long Ji not broadcast[60] 2018 Love in Hanyuan 小楼又东风 Gao Chen [61] 2018 The Legend of Jasmine 苏茉儿传奇 Duo Ergun [62] TBA The Legend of Ba Qing 巴清传 Crown Prince Dan TBA Flying Youth 飞行少年 Kong Xin [63] TBA Love and Passion 万水千山总是情 Yuan Tingshen [64] TBA Kunpeng and Butterfly 鲲鹏与蝴蝶 Zhuang Zhou [65] +The backslash (\) is a typographical mark used mainly in computing and is the mirror image of the common slash (/). It is sometimes called a hack, whack, escape (from C/UNIX), reverse slash, slosh, downwhack, backslant, backwhack, bash, reverse slant, and reversed virgule.[1][2] In Unicode and ASCII it is encoded at U+005C \ REVERSE SOLIDUS (92decimal). +MS-DOS 2.0, released 1983, copied the hierarchical file system from Unix and thus used the (forward) slash[9] but (possibly on the insistence of IBM[10]) added the backslash to allow paths to be typed at the command line interpreter's prompt while retaining compatibility with MS-DOS 1.0 where the slash was the command-line option indicator (typing "DIR/W" gave the "wide" option to the "DIR" command, so some other method was needed if you actually wanted to run a program called W inside a directory called DIR). Except for COMMAND.COM, all other parts of the operating system accept both characters in a path, but the Microsoft convention remains to use a backslash, and APIs that return paths use backslashes.[11] In some versions, the option character can be changed from / to - via SWITCHAR, which allows COMMAND.COM to preserve / in the command name. +The Microsoft Windows family of operating systems inherited the MS-DOS behavior and so still support either character – but individual Windows programs and sub-systems may, wrongly, only accept the backslash as a path delimiter, or may misinterpret a forward slash if it is used as such. Some programs will only accept forward slashes if the path is placed in double-quotes.[12] The failure of Microsoft's security features to recognize unexpected-direction slashes in local and Internet paths, while other parts of the operating system still act upon them, has led to some serious lapses in security. Resources that should not be available have been accessed with paths using particular mixes, such as http://example.net/secure\private.aspx.[13][14] +In mathematics, a backslash-like symbol is used for the set difference.[15] The backslash is also sometimes used to denote the right coset space.[16] +In some dialects of the BASIC programming language, the backslash is used as an operator symbol to indicate integer division.[17] +In MATLAB and GNU Octave the backslash is used for left matrix divide, while the slash is for right matrix divide.[18] +In PHP version 5.3 and higher, the backslash is used to indicate a namespace.[19] +In USFM,[20] the backslash is used to mark format features for editing Bible translations. +Confusion in usage +References +History +Bob Bemer introduced the \ character into ASCII[3] on September 18, 1961,[4] as the result of character frequency studies. In particular, the \ was introduced so that the ALGOL boolean operators ∧ (and) and ∨ (or) could be composed in ASCII as /\ and \/ respectively.[4][5] Both these operators were included in early versions of the C programming language supplied with Unix V6, Unix V7 and more currently BSD 2.11. +Usage +In many programming languages such as C, Perl, PHP, Python and in Unix scripting languages, the backslash is used as an escape character, to indicate that the character following it should be treated specially (if it would otherwise be treated normally), or normally (if it would otherwise be treated specially). For instance inside a C quoted string the sequence \n produces a newline byte instead of an 'n', and the sequence \" produces an actual double quote rather than the special meaning of the double quote ending the string. In various regular expression languages it is used this way, changing subsequent literal characters into metacharacters and vice versa. +Outside strings, the only common use in languages is at the end of a line to indicate that the trailing newline character should be ignored, so that the following line is treated as if it were part of the current line. In this context it may be called a "continuation".[6] +The ALGOL 68 programming language uses the "\" as its Decimal Exponent Symbol. ALGOL 68 has the choice of 4 Decimal Exponent Symbols: e, E, \, or 10. Examples: 6.0221415e23, 6.0221415E23, 6.0221415\23 or 6.02214151023.[7] +In APL \ is called Expand when used to insert fill elements into arrays, and Scan when used to produce prefix reduction (cumulative fold). +The backslash is used in the TeX typesetting system and in RTF files to begin markup tags. In Haskell, the backslash is used both to introduce special characters and to introduce lambda functions (since it is a reasonable approximation in ASCII of the Greek letter lambda, λ).[8] +In mathematics, for a sequence of complex numbers a1, a2, a3, ... the infinite product +converges. This allows the translation of convergence criteria for infinite sums into convergence criteria for infinite products. The same criterion applies to products of arbitrary complex numbers (including negative reals) if the logarithm is understood as a fixed branch of logarithm which satisfies ln(1) = 0, with the proviso that the infinite product diverges when infinitely many an fall outside the domain of ln, whereas finitely many such an can be ignored in the sum. +show that the infinite product converges if the infinite sum of the pn converges. This relies on the Monotone convergence theorem. We can show the converse by observing that, if p n → 0 {\displaystyle p_{n}\to 0} , then +and by the limit comparison test it follows that the two series +are equivalent meaning that either they both converge or they both diverge. +If the series ∑ n = 1 ∞ log ⁡ ( a n ) {\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\log(a_{n})} diverges to − ∞ {\displaystyle -\infty } , then the sequence of partial products of the an converges to zero. The infinite product is said to diverge to zero.[1] +A limit of zero is treated specially in order to obtain results analogous to those for infinite sums. Some sources allow convergence to 0 if there are only a finite number of zero factors and the product of the non-zero factors is non-zero, but for simplicity we will not allow that here. If the product converges, then the limit of the sequence an as n increases without bound must be 1, while the converse is in general not true. +Product representations of functions +One important result concerning infinite products is that every entire function f(z) (that is, every function that is holomorphic over the entire complex plane) can be factored into an infinite product of entire functions, each with at most a single root. In general, if f has a root of order m at the origin and has other complex roots at u1, u2, u3, ... (listed with multiplicities equal to their orders), then +where λn are non-negative integers that can be chosen to make the product converge, and φ(z) is some entire function (which means the term before the product will have no roots in the complex plane). The above factorization is not unique, since it depends on the choice of values for λn. However, for most functions, there will be some minimum non-negative integer p such that λn = p gives a convergent product, called the canonical product representation. +This can be regarded as a generalization of the fundamental theorem of algebra, since for polynomials, the product becomes finite and φ(z) is constant. +In addition to these examples, the following representations are of special note: +The last of these is not a product representation of the same sort discussed above, as ζ is not entire. Rather, the above product representation of ζ(z) converges precisely for Re(z) > 1, where it is an analytic function. By techniques of analytic continuation, this function can be extended uniquely to an analytic function (still denoted ζ(z)) on the whole complex plane except at the point z = 1, where it has a simple pole. +The best known examples of infinite products are probably some of the formulae for π, such as the following two products, respectively by Viète (Viète's formula, the first published infinite product in mathematics) and John Wallis (Wallis product): +See also +Infinite products in trigonometry Infinite series Continued fraction Infinite expression Iterated binary operation +References +Convergence criteria +The product of positive real numbers +converges to a nonzero real number if and only if the sum +Simple pole c c − z = ∏ n = 1 ∞ e 1 n ( z c ) n {\displaystyle {\frac {c}{c-z}}=\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }e^{{\frac {1}{n}}\,\left({\frac {z}{c}}\right)^{n}}} 1 1 − z = ∏ n = 0 ∞ ( 1 + z 2 n ) {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{1-z}}=\prod _{n=0}^{\infty }\left(1+z^{2^{n}}\right)} Sinc function sinc ( π z ) = ∏ n = 1 ∞ ( 1 − z 2 n 2 ) {\displaystyle {\textrm {sinc}}(\pi z)=\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }\left(1-{\frac {z^{2}}{n^{2}}}\right)} This is due to Euler. +Wallis' formula for π is a special case of this. Reciprocal gamma function 1 Γ ( z ) = z e γ z ∏ n = 1 ∞ ( 1 + z n ) e − z n = z ∏ n = 1 ∞ 1 + z n ( 1 + 1 n ) z {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\Gamma (z)}}=ze^{\gamma z}\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }\left(1+{\frac {z}{n}}\right)e^{-{\frac {z}{n}}}=z\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1+{\frac {z}{n}}}{\left(1+{\frac {1}{n}}\right)^{z}}}} Schlömilch Weierstrass sigma function σ ( z ) = z ∏ ω ∈ Λ ∗ ( 1 − z ω ) e z 2 2 ω 2 + z ω {\displaystyle \sigma (z)=z\prod _{\omega \in \Lambda _{*}}\left(1-{\frac {z}{\omega }}\right)e^{{\frac {z^{2}}{2\omega ^{2}}}+{\frac {z}{\omega }}}} Here Λ ∗ {\displaystyle \Lambda _{*}} is the lattice without the origin. Q-Pochhammer symbol ( z ; q ) ∞ = ∏ n = 0 ∞ ( 1 − z q n ) {\displaystyle (z;q)_{\infty }=\prod _{n=0}^{\infty }(1-zq^{n})} Widely used in q-analog theory. +The Euler function is a special case. Ramanujan theta function f ( a , b ) = ∑ n = − ∞ ∞ a n ( n + 1 ) 2 b n ( n − 1 ) 2 = ∏ n = 0 ∞ ( 1 + a n + 1 b n ) ( 1 + a n b n + 1 ) ( 1 − a n + 1 b n + 1 ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}f(a,b)&=\sum _{n=-\infty }^{\infty }a^{\frac {n(n+1)}{2}}b^{\frac {n(n-1)}{2}}\\&=\prod _{n=0}^{\infty }(1+a^{n+1}b^{n})(1+a^{n}b^{n+1})(1-a^{n+1}b^{n+1})\end{aligned}}} An expression of the Jacobi triple product, also used in the expression of the Jacobi theta function Riemann zeta function ζ ( z ) = ∏ n = 1 ∞ 1 1 − p n − z {\displaystyle \zeta (z)=\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{1-p_{n}^{-z}}}} Here pn denotes the sequence of prime numbers. +Tambopata National Reserve (Spanish: Reserva Nacional Tambopata) is a Peruvian nature reserve located in the southeastern region of Madre de Dios. It was established on September 4, 2000, by decree of President Alberto Fujimori.[1] The reserve protects several ecosystems of the tropical rainforest for the preservation of such forest and the sustainable use of forest resources by the peoples around the reserve.[2] +External links +Isla de Janitzio is the main island of Lake Pátzcuaro in the state of Michoacán, Mexico.[1] +External links +Janitzio can only be reached by boats which run regularly back and forth from about 7:30 am to 6 pm, accessible from Pátzcuaro's pier (embarcadero). These boats can be hired to take visitors around other parts of the lake. The town is known for the butterfly fishermen who are skilled at lowering their butterfly-shaped nets to catch the local cuisine "pescado blanco". +The island is the subject of Silvestre Revueltas's 1933 composition Janitzio. +Gallery +Mulberry harbours were temporary portable harbours developed by the United Kingdom during the Second World War to facilitate the rapid offloading of cargo onto beaches during the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944. After the Allies successfully held beachheads following D-Day, two prefabricated harbours were taken in sections across the English Channel from Britain with the invading army and assembled off Omaha Beach (Mulberry "A") and Gold Beach (Mulberry "B").[1][2] +Although Antwerp in Belgium was captured on 4 September 1944, the Port of Antwerp was not opened until 28 November as the approaches to the port were held by the Germans until the (delayed) Battle of the Scheldt was won. Two French ports were eventually available; the port of Boulogne on 14 October after Operation Wellhit and the port of Calais in November after Operation Undergo. Montgomery insisted that the First Canadian Army clear the German garrisons in Boulogne, Calais and Dunkirk (which was held until 9 May 1945) first before the Scheldt although the French ports were "resolutely defended" and had all suffered demolitions so would not be navigable for some time.[3] The success of Operation Dragoon meant that the southern French ports of Marseille and Toulon were available in October. +The harbour at Gold Beach was used for 10 months after D-Day and over 2.5 million men, 500,000 vehicles, and 4 million tons of supplies were landed before it was fully decommissioned. The still only partially-completed Mulberry harbour at Omaha Beach was damaged on 19 June by a violent storm that suddenly arrived from the north-east. After three days the storm finally abated and damage was found to be so severe that the harbour had to be abandoned. +The International Designator, also known as COSPAR designation, and in the United States as NSSDC ID, is an international naming convention for satellites. It consists of the launch year, a 3-digit incrementing launch number of that year and up to a 3-letter code representing the sequential identifier of a piece in a launch. +A circle jerk is a sexual practice in which a group of men or boys form a circle and masturbate themselves or each other. In the metaphorical sense, the term is used to refer to self-congratulatory behavior or discussion among a group of people, usually in reference to a "boring or time-wasting meeting or other event".[1] +Circle jerks often feature a competitive element, with the "winner" being the participant able to ejaculate first, last, or farthest depending on the pre-established rules.[1][2] They can serve as an introduction to sexual relations with other males, or as a sexual outlet at an age or situation when regular sexual activity with another person is not possible.[1] +While circle jerks feature a homoerotic element, some analysts interpret adolescent boys' group activities such as circle jerks as an effort to establish heterosexual, masculine dominance within the group.[1][2][3] However, author Bernard Lefkowitz asserts that what actually motivates participation is the desire for friends to witness and acknowledge one's sexual prowess, helping to counter teenage feelings of inadequacy related to sexual activity.[3] +The highest manifestation of almighty who is blessing with Anugraha or grace, the fifth of Panchakritya - "Holy five acts" of Shiva. Sadasiva is usually depicted having five faces and ten hands, is also considered as one of the 25 Maheshwara murtams of Lord Shiva. Sivagamas conclude, Shiva Lingam, especially Mukhalingam, is another form of Sadasiva [2] +See more +Lingam Mukhalinga +Explanations +The five faces of Sadasiva are sometimes identified with Mahadeva, Parvati, Nandi, Bhairava and Sadasiva himself.[7] The ten arms of Sadasiva represent the ten directions.[1] Another variation of Sadasiva later evolved into another form of Shiva known as Mahasadasiva, in which Shiva is depicted with twenty-five heads with seventy-seven eyes and fifty arms. Given accounts relating to Sadasiva are collected from Kamika Agamam[3] and Vishnudharmottara Purana.[4] +Rie Takahashi (高橋 李依, Takahashi Rie, born February 27, 1994) is a Japanese voice actress and singer from Saitama Prefecture who is represented by the agency 81 Produce.[1] Having debuted as a voice actress in 2013, she played her first main role as Futaba Ichinose in the anime Seiyu's Life!, where she also became part of the musical unit Earphones. +Takahashi is known for her roles as Megumin in KonoSuba, Emilia in Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World, Takagi in Karakai Jozu no Takagi-san and Mash Kyrielight in Fate/Grand Order. She has also performed theme songs for anime such as Konosuba, Re:Zero, and Teasing Master Takagi-san. +In 2016, she won Best Female Newcomer at 10th Seiyu Awards. +Valery Legasov Born Valery Alekseyevich Legasov (1936-09-01)1 September 1936 Tula, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union Died 27 April 1988(1988-04-27) (aged 51) Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union Cause of death Suicide by hanging Resting place Novodevichy Cemetery, Moscow Alma mater D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia Known for Chief of the commission investigating the Chernobyl disaster Children Inga Legasov[1] Awards Hero of the Russian Federation Scientific career Fields Nuclear physics Institutions Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy +From 1978 to 1983, he was a professor at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.[12] +In 1981, he became a full member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in the Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Inorganic Materials.[citation needed] +From 1983 until his death, he worked as chair of the department of Radiochemistry and Chemical Technology at the Faculty of Chemistry at Moscow State University.[1] In 1983,[12] he became the first Deputy Director for scientific work of the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy.[13] +Legasov studied methods for the synthesis and the properties of new compounds with elements in high oxidation states; nuclear and plasma technology; energy-saving technology, and hydrogen energy.[citation needed] Under his leadership, a scientific school was created in the newest section of inorganic chemistry – chemistry of noble gases.[citation needed] +Even before the Chernobyl disaster Legasov was known to stress the need for new security and safety methods to prevent large catastrophes.[14][15] +Chernobyl disaster +The grave of Professor Valery Legasov at Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow. +By the time of the Chernobyl disaster on 26 April 1986, Legasov was the First Deputy Director of the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy.[16] He became a key member of the government commission formed to investigate the causes of the disaster and to plan the mitigation of its consequences. He took the most important decisions to avoid repeat accidents and informed the government of the situation in the disaster area. He did not hesitate to speak to his fellow scientists and to the press about the safety risks of the destroyed plant and insisted on the immediate evacuation of the entire population of the city of Pripyat nearby. +In August 1986, he presented the report of the Soviet delegation at the special meeting of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna. His report displayed a depth of analysis and honesty in discussing the extent and consequences of the tragedy.[17] Legasov recorded 5 audio tapes where he expressed his point of view on events that happened in Chernobyl. The 5th and last tape is recorded together with Ales Adamovich in form of an interview for an article. +Death +The grave of Professor Valery Legasov at Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow. +Valery Alekseyevich Legasov (Russian: Валерий Алексеевич Легасов; 1 September 1936 – 27 April 1988) was a Soviet inorganic chemist and a member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. +He is now mainly remembered for his work as the chief of the commission investigating the Chernobyl disaster.[2] +On 27 April 1988,[18] one day after the second anniversary of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident and one day before he was due to announce his results of the investigation into the causes of the disaster, Legasov committed suicide by hanging himself (some sources say in his apartment[2][19] or the stairwell of his apartment;[20] others in his office[21]). A personal pistol remained in a drawer, but the professor chose to hang himself. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow.[22][23] +This was not Legasov's first suicide attempt.[24] David R. Marples has suggested that the adversity of the Chernobyl disaster on Legasov's psychological state was the factor that led to his decision to commit suicide.[2] Before his suicide, Legasov wrote documents revealing previously undisclosed facts about the catastrophe.[3] According to an analysis of the recording for the BBC TV movie Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster,[25] Legasov claims political pressure censored the mention of Soviet nuclear secrecy in his report to the IAEA, a secrecy which forbade even plant operators having knowledge of previous accidents and known problems with reactor design.[26] The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists also stated that Legasov had become bitterly disillusioned with the failure of the authorities to confront the design flaws.[27] +Aftermath +Legasov's suicide caused shockwaves in the Soviet nuclear industry. In particular, the problem with the design of the control rods in Chernobyl-type RBMK reactors was rapidly admitted and addressed.[1][28] +On 20 September 1996, then-Russian president Boris Yeltsin posthumously conferred on Legasov the honorary title of Hero of the Russian Federation, the country's highest honorary title, for the "courage and heroism" shown in his investigation of the disaster.[29] +In media +Legasov is portrayed by Jared Harris in the Sky/HBO Mini-series Chernobyl (2019)[30] and by Ade Edmondson in the BBC docudrama Surviving Disaster (2006).[31] +See also +Biography +In 1961, he graduated from the Faculty of Physicochemical Engineering at the Mendeleev Moscow Institute of Chemistry and Technology.[9] +Legasov was born on September 1, 1936, in Tula, Russian SFSR, into a family of civil workers.[3][4][5] He attended secondary school in Kursk.[3] In 1949–1954, he attended School No. 56 in Moscow and graduated with a gold medal.[3] The school now bears his name, and his bronze bust stands at the entrance. He married Margarita Mikhailovna and had a daughter, Inga Legasova.[6][7][8] +In 1961, he graduated from the Faculty of Physicochemical Engineering at the Mendeleev Moscow Institute of Chemistry and Technology.[9] +He worked[when?] as secretary of the Komsomol Committee of the Moscow Institute of Chemical Technology.[citation needed] +In 1962, he joined the graduate school in the Department of Molecular Physics of the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy,[10]: 261 first as a junior then senior researcher, and finally as head of the laboratory.[citation needed] In 1967,[citation needed] he defended his thesis at the Kurchatov Institute, under the supervisor Isaac Kikoin, on the synthesis of compounds of noble gases and the study of their properties[citation needed].[10]: 261 He received the degree of candidate in 1967 and his doctorate in chemistry in 1972.[11] +In 1976, he was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.[citation needed] +The Satellite Catalog Number (also known as NORAD Catalog Number, NORAD ID, NASA catalog number, USSPACECOM object number or simply catalog number and similar variants) is a sequential 5-digit number assigned by USSPACECOM (United States Space Command) to all Earth orbiting satellites in order of identification. Before USSPACECOM, the catalog was maintained by NORAD. The first catalogued object, catalog number 00001, is the Sputnik 1 launch vehicle, with the Sputnik 1 satellite assigned catalog number 00002.[1] +The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is a federally funded research and development center and NASA field center in La Cañada Flintridge, California,[1] United States, though it is often referred to as residing in Pasadena, California, because it has a Pasadena ZIP Code. +Founded in the 1930s, the JPL is currently owned by NASA and managed by the nearby California Institute of Technology (Caltech) for NASA.[2] The laboratory's primary function is the construction and operation of planetary robotic spacecraft, though it also conducts Earth-orbit and astronomy missions. It is also responsible for operating NASA's Deep Space Network. +Among the laboratory's major active projects are the Mars Science Laboratory mission (which includes the Curiosity rover), the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, the Juno spacecraft orbiting Jupiter, the NuSTAR X-ray telescope, the SMAP satellite for earth surface soil moisture monitoring, and the Spitzer Space Telescope. It is also responsible for managing the JPL Small-Body Database, and provides physical data and lists of publications for all known small Solar System bodies. +The JPL's Space Flight Operations Facility and Twenty-Five-Foot Space Simulator are designated National Historic Landmarks. +Starlink is a satellite constellation development project underway by American company SpaceX,[1][2] to develop a low-cost, high-performance satellite bus and requisite customer ground transceivers to implement a new space-based Internet communication system.[3][4] SpaceX also plans to sell satellites that use a satellite bus that may be used for military,[5] scientific or exploratory purposes.[6] +References +The Shan Nationalities League for Democracy (Burmese: ရှမ်းတိုင်းရင်းသားများ ဒီမိုကရေစီ အဖွဲ့ချုပ်; [ʃáɴ táɪɴjɪ́ɴðámjá dìmòkəɹèsì ʔəpʰwḛdʑoʊʔ]; Shan: ငဝ်ႈငုၼ်းတီႇမူဝ်ႇၶရေႇၸီႇၸိူဝ်ႉၶိူဝ်းတႆး; abbreviated as SNLD,[1] also Tiger Head) is a political party in Myanmar (Burma). The party was established on 26 October 1988, and campaigns for the interests of the Shan people.[2] The SNLD became the largest Shan party in the Assembly of the Union following the 2015 general election.[3] The party is a federal party having local branches in most townships in Shan State and few in other states and regions such as Kayah, Kachin, and Mandalay. +David Lewis Marshall (January 14, 1943 – June 6, 2019) was an American professional baseball player, an outfielder who appeared in Major League Baseball for the San Francisco Giants, New York Mets and the San Diego Padres.[1] +Marshall died June 6, 2019.[2] +References +External links +Shih Chi-yang (Chinese: 施啟揚; pinyin: Shī Qǐyáng [ʂí tɕʰì.jǎŋ]; 5 May 1935 – 5 May 2019) was a politician of the Republic of China in Taiwan. +He was a member of Kuomintang in the past. +He is Taiwanese, lived in Taiwan. +He was Vice Premier of the Republic of China from 1988 to 1993 and convener of the Executive Yuan's Mainland Affairs Committee, which was established in 1988, and became the first Minister of the Mainland Affairs Council of the Executive Yuan when it was established in 1991.[1][2] He was President of the Judicial Yuan from 1994 to 1999. +Shih died at home in Sanxia District, New Taipei, of multiple organ failure on 5 May 2019.[3] +Family +He was married to Jeanne Li.[4] +References +San Naing (born March 5, 1991) is a Burmese long-distance runner. +He competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the men's 5000 metres race; his time of 15:51.05 in the heats did not qualify him for the final.[1][2] +References +Aung Kyi (Burmese: အောင်ကြည်; born 1 November 1946) is a Burmese politician and veteran serving as chairman of Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar.[3] He previously served as the Minister of Information, Minister of Labor, Minister of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement in the Cabinet of Burma. +He was appointed as the Minister of Labor on 24 October 2007 by the then ruling State Peace and Development Council.[4] In October 2007, he received an additional, concurrent appointment as minister for relations to detained National League for Democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi.[5] +Military career +He graduated from the 40th intake of the Officers Training School. He retired from his post as a major general of Myanmar Armed Forces.[6] +References +Curriculum vitae[dead link] +Soe Maung (Burmese: စိုးမောင်) concurrently serves as the Minister of the President’s Office, along with five other ministers.[2] He is a retired Major General in the Myanmar Army and a former Judge Advocate General.He is a graduate of Defence Services Academy.[3] +References +Emory Thomas (born November 3, 1939 in Richmond, Virginia) is a History Professor Emeritus at the University of Georgia[1] and noted scholar of the American Civil War.[2] He earned a Ph.D. from Rice University in 1966. +Selected works +References +External links +John R. Alford is a political science professor at Rice University, known for his research with John R. Hibbing in the field of genopolitics.[2][3][4] He has also testified as an expert witness in several court cases pertaining to Congressional redistricting in Texas.[5][6] +External links +Communal elections (Khmer: ការបោះឆ្នោតជ្រើសរើសក្រុមប្រឹក្សាឃុំសង្កាត់ អាណត្តិទី៤ ឆ្នាំ២០១៧) were held in Cambodia on Sunday, 4 June 2017.[1] The National Election Committee (NEC) announced that some 7.8 million of 9.6 million eligible Cambodians were registered to cast their ballots. 94,595 candidates from 12 political parties contested the 11,572 commune council seats in 1,646 communes of Cambodia.[2] Voter turnout was a record 90.37%.[3] There were concerns surrounding some irregularities in the polling.[4] +The result was a victory for the Cambodian People's Party, albeit with a smaller majority, and saw large gains by the Cambodia National Rescue Party.[5] +Results +References +Jamrieng Samai (ចម្រៀងសម័យ) is a genre of pop music from Cambodia.[1] The slower dance music, ramvong and ramkbach are the two separate types of Jamrieng samai.[2] +Footnotes +References +See also +Khmer classical dance Dance of Cambodia Culture of Cambodia +Roads in Prey Veng Province. +National Road No. 8 (10008) is one of the national highways of Cambodia. The 90 km (56 mi) road is located in Prey Veng Province of southeastern Cambodia. +It begins at the junction with National Highway 6A. Immediately after it crosses the Mekong River on the Prek Tamak Bridge, it turns east to the village of Amphil near the border with Vietnam. It ends at the junction with National Highway 7.[1] +References +The Prime Minister of Bhutan (Lyonchhen) is the head of government of Bhutan. The Prime Minister is nominated by the party that wins the most seats in the National Assembly and heads the executive cabinet, called the Lhengye Zhungtshog (Council of Ministers). +Prime Ministers of the Kingdom of Bhutan +Prime Ministers (Lyonchen) +See also +External links +Shyam Mitra (8 November 1936 – 27 June 2019) was an Indian cricketer.[1] He played 59 first-class matches for Bengal between 1958 and 1972.[2] +References +External links +Charles Greene Bittick, Jr. (November 2, 1939 – April 28, 2005) was an American water polo player and swimmer. He was a member of the American water polo team that finished seventh at the 1960 Olympics. +He played five matches and scored three goals. He won three silver medals, two in the 100 m backstroke and one in water polo, at the Pan American Games in 1959–63. In 1960, Bittick briefly held the world record in the 200 m backstroke, and in 1961 he won the 400 yd medley event at the AAU championships, setting a new national record.[1] After retiring from competitions he settled in Yorba Linda, California, where he worked as a broker for Farmer's Insurance. +He remained active in recreational sports, and in 1997 climbed Mount Rainier; he also crossed the Sea of Cortés in a kayak, together with his brother.[2] +References +Harold John Haering, Sr. +(December 27, 1930 – May 5, 2014) was an American politician from Louisville, Kentucky. +Haering received his degree in history from Xavier University. He then taught elementary school and was in the real estate and home building business. +He served in the Kentucky House of Representatives and then served in the Kentucky State Senate from 1983 to 1988 as a Republican.[1][2] +Notes +The President of the Republic of Botswana is the head of state and the head of government of Botswana, as well as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, according to the Constitution of Botswana. +Footnotes ↑ Chaudry, Serena (2009-10-18). +Mwegi, 2006-05-22. See also Botswana portal Politics portal Botswana Politics of Botswana First Lady of Botswana List of colonial governors of Bechuanaland List of heads of government of Botswana Vice-President of Botswana Lists of Incumbents References World Statesmen - Botswana +The president is elected to a five-year term that runs concurrently with the term of the National Assembly. Since 1997, it has been limited to a total of 10 years in office (equivalent to two full terms), even if they are nonconsecutive. +Candidates for the legislature declare whom they endorse for president when they lodge their nomination papers. The candidate who receives a majority of endorsements from the elected members of the National Assembly is automatically elected.[1][2][3] If no candidate receives a majority of endorsements, the National Assembly elects the president by simple majority, before it co-opts the specially elected members. If no president is elected after three ballots, or if the Speaker determines that no candidate has enough support to be elected, the legislature is automatically dissolved.[2] In practice, the president is the leader of the majority party in the Assembly. +Key +† Died in office +Joseba Zubeldia Agirre (born in Usurbil, Basque Country) is a Spanish professional road bicycle racer. +Between 2002 and 2007 he rode for UCI ProTeam Euskaltel-Euskadi. +He is the younger brother of fellow racing cyclist Haimar Zubeldia.[1] +References +External links +Brian Bagnall (born 1981) is an American author, speaker, and coach on the art of being happy.[1] He is the author of The Happiness Bible: Your Timeless Guide to Finding True & Lasting Happiness.[2] +He is known for his Craigslist giveaway of most of his possessions[3][4] in protest at 2013's Black Friday fights.[5][6] He has appeared in digital and print media including CBS, Fox News, Mother Nature Network, and Chicago Tribune.[7] +References +Alexander Hamilton Buell (July 14, 1801 – January 29, 1853) was a U.S. Representative from New York. +Born in Fairfield, New York, Buell attended the local district schools and Fairfield Academy. He engaged in mercantile pursuits in Fairfield, and maintained general stores in other cities. +He served as a member of the New York State Assembly in 1845. +Buell was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-second Congress and served from March 4, 1851, until his death in Washington, D.C., on January 29, 1853. +He was interred in the Episcopal Cemetery, Fairfield, New York. +References +Hon. Thomas Otto Bishop MLC (1877 – 1 May 1952) was a New Zealand politician of the National Party. +Biography +He was appointed to the New Zealand Legislative Council in 1943,[1] and was Speaker from 1950 until it was abolished in 1951 by the First National Government. +Bishop was married with three daughters, and died in Lower Hutt on 1 May 1952, aged 75 years.[2] He was cremated at Karori Crematorium the following day.[2] +References +Rosy Sofia Akbar is a Fijian politician and Member of the Parliament of Fiji. +She was the former Minister for Health.[1] She is originally from Ba and before entering politics she was Vice-Principal of A.D. Patel College.[2] +Akbar was elected to Parliament in the 2014 election, in which she won 990 votes.[3] She was re-elected at the 2018 election,[4] winning 705 votes. +References +Legh Hewitson Davis (born 19 September 1940) is a former Australian politician. +He was a Liberal member of the South Australian Legislative Council from 1979 to 2002, when he retired from politics.[1] +References +Monica Enlid (born 24 April 1973) is a Norwegian footballer who played as a midfielder for the Norway women's national football team. She was part of the team at the UEFA Women's Euro 1995. +On club level she played for Trondheims-Ørn in Norway.[1][2] +References +External links +Sir Henry Cecil Buckingham CBE (2 May 1867 – 1 August 1931)[1] was a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom. +He was elected at the 1922 general election as Member of Parliament (MP) for the Guildford constituency in Surrey, and held the seat in three further general elections until he died in office in 1931, aged 64.[2] +He was knighted in 1911,[3] and awarded a CBE in 1920 for his work as a member of the City of London Advisory Committee of the Ministry of National Service.[4] +References +External links +Zaini in 2017 +Helmy Faishal Zaini (born August 1, 1972 in Cirebon, West Java) is an Indonesian politician. He is the former Minister of Development in the Second United Indonesia Cabinet. +He resigned as Minister after being elected to the House of Representatives in 2014.[1][2][3] +In addition, he was a member of the House of Representatives in the period 2004–2009 from the National Awakening Party. +References +Julian Aldrin Pasha (born July 22, 1969 in Bandar Lampung, Lampung) is an Indonesian politician.[1] Julian Pasha was the Presidential Spokesman of Indonesia replacing Andi Mallarangeng during the reign of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in Second United Indonesia Cabinet.[2] He was previously a guest lecturer at several universities in Tokyo. He was also Head of Political Science Department Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Universitas Indonesia.[3][4] +References +Jo-Anna Downey (February 1, 1967—December 2016)[1] was a multiple Canadian Comedy Award-nominated stand-up comedian.[2][3] +She was the host of two popular weekly Toronto, Ontario comedy shows, Open Mike at Spirits (since 1996[4]) and Standing on the Danforth.[5][unreliable source?] +Downey suffered from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis since 2012[6] and ended her career by 2013.[7] Downey died on December 1, 2016.[citation needed] +References +External links +George Robert Conzemius (July 23, 1936 – October 26, 2017) was an American politician and educator. +Conzemius was born in Hastings, Minnesota and graduated from Hastings High School in 1954. +He served in the United States Army. Conzemius received his bachelor's degree from University of Minnesota in 1959. +He taught science at Cannon Falls High School in Cannon Falls, Minnesota. Conzemius served on the Cannon Falls City Council in 1965 and 1966 and was a Democrat. Conzemius served in the Minnesota Senate from 1967 to 1977. +Conzemius died in Cannon Falls, Minnesota.[1][2] +Notes +Arnett Elysus Girardeau Sr. +(July 15, 1929 – October 26, 2017) was an American dentist and former politician in the state of Florida. +Girardeau was born in 1929 in Jacksonville, Florida. He graduated from Howard University where he earned a D.D.S. degree; he also attended graduate school at Wayne State University and Fisk University.[1] The first African-American elected outside of Miami since Reconstruction, Girardueau served in the Florida House of Representatives from 1976 to 1983.[2] In 1982, he was elected to the State Senate and he served until 1992.[3] He was president pro tempore of the senate in the later years of his term. +Girardeau died on October 26, 2017 at the age of 88.[4] +References +Nelly Olin (23 March 1941 – 26 October 2017)[1] was a Minister of Environment in France under Dominique de Villepin's government.[2] From 2004 to 2005, Olin was the Minister-Delegate for Social Security. +She was a Senator for the Oise department. +She died on 26 October 2017, aged 76.[3] +References +Francisco Cabasés (24 June 1916 – 5 May 2019) was an Argentine professional footballer who played for Talleres.[1][2][3][4] +References +George Hanna (13 May 1928 – 3 May 2019), later known as John Hanna Hallaq, was an Iraqi basketball player. +He competed in the men's tournament at the 1948 Summer Olympics.[1] +Hanna later immigrated to the United States in 1958, and attended Weber State College, University of California, Los Angeles, and the University of Washington (PhD). +He was later a professor of International Business & Marketing at the University of Idaho and Washington State University until his retirement in 1996. Hanna died in St. George, Utah in 2019 at the age of 90.[2] +References +Mário Jorge da Fonseca Hermes, also commonly known as Mário Jorge (14 August 1926 – 28 June 2019), was a Brazilian basketball player who competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics.[1] He died in June 2019 at the age of 92.[2] +References +Bernthal began his career in minor roles on Broadway and theatre before guest starring on various television shows. In 2010, he gained critical acclaim and prominence for his portrayal of Shane Walsh on the AMC series The Walking Dead. He later starred in supporting and leading roles in various critically acclaimed films including The Wolf of Wall Street, Fury, Sicario, The Accountant, Baby Driver, Wind River, and Widows. +In 2015, he was cast as Frank Castle / Punisher as part of the Netflix MCU web series. He debuted on Daredevil before starring in his own titular series The Punisher (2017–2019). +Dee Hsu (Chinese: 徐熙娣; pinyin: Xú Xīdì; Wade–Giles: Hsü Hsi-ti; born 14 June 1978), more commonly known as Xiǎo S or Little S (小S), is a Taiwanese television host, actress, and singer, also formerly a ballroom dancer. Hsu is well known for her quick-witted caustic humor. From 2004 to 2015, she co-hosted Kangsi Coming with Kevin Tsai. +Jesper Langberg (20 October 1940 – 29 June 2019[1]) was a Danish film actor. +He appeared in more than 50 films. +He was born in Frederiksberg, Denmark. He was the son of actor Sigurd Langberg and younger brother of actor Ebbe Langberg. +Selected filmography +References +External links +Hartmut Nickel (16 November 1944 – 27 June 2019)[1] was a German ice hockey player, who competed for SC Dynamo Berlin. +He played for the East Germany national ice hockey team at the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble.[2] +References +Johnnie S. Aikens (September 11, 1914 – January 1986[1]) was a Democratic politician who served in the Missouri House of Representatives. +Born in Cotton Plant, Arkansas, he was first elected to the Missouri House of Representatives in 1966.[2] +References +William S. Allee (January 20, 1852 - October 9, 1916[1]) was an American politician from Olean, Missouri, who served in the Missouri Senate.[2] He was elected in the general elections of 1909 and 1915.[1] +References +Sue Allen (born April 17, 1947 in Oskaloosa, Iowa) is an American politician. She was a member of the Missouri House of Representatives from 2009 to 2017. +She is a member of the Republican Party.[1][2] +References +The Hosokawa Cabinet governed Japan from August 9, 1993, to April 28, 1994, under the leadership of Prime Minister Morihiro Hosokawa. +References +External links +Election of the Prime Minister +6 August 1993 Absolute majority (256/511) required House of Representatives Choice First Vote Votes YMorihiro Hosokawa 262 / 511 Yōhei Kōno 224 / 511 Others and Abstentions (Including Speaker and Deputy) 25 / 511 Source[7] +Lisa Martinek (11 February 1972 – 28 June 2019)[1][2] was a German actress.[3] She appeared in about 80 film and television productions since 1993, mostly in German television. +She died in a swimming accident in Italy. +References +External links +František Čuba +František Čuba (23 January 1936[1][2] – 28 June 2019) was a Czech politician who served as a Senator.[3] +References +Charalambos Cholidis (Greek: Χαράλαμπος Χολίδης; 1 October 1956 – 26 June 2019) was a Greek wrestler who competed, in the 1976 Summer Olympics, 1980 Summer Olympics, 1984 Summer Olympics and in the 1988 Summer Olympics.[1] He was born in the Kazakh SSR and died in Athens.[2] +References +External links +Donald A. Storm (June 27, 1932 – January 31, 2019) was an American politician. +Storm was born in Hosmer, South Dakota and grew up in Sheboygan, Wisconsin. He received his degree in divinity and served in several churches. Storm was the executor director of Mental Health Rehabilitation and lived in Edina, Minnesota. +Storm served in the Minnesota Senate from 1983 to 1991 and was a Republican. +Storm then served as chair of the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission. Storm died in Burnsville, Minnesota.[1][2] +Notes +Mark Arnold Urman[1] (November 24, 1952 – January 12, 2019) was an American film executive, producer and distributor.[2][3][4] +References +Tirong Aboh (died 21 May 2019) was an Indian politician from the state of Arunachal Pradesh.[1] +Aboh was elected from Khonsa West seat in the 2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, standing as a People's Party of Arunachal candidate.[1][2][3] He and his son were among 11 people shot dead by unknown militants, on 21 May 2019, in the Bogapani area of the Tirap district.[4] +References +External links +Thomas Alan Abercrombie (22 January 1951[1] – 11 April 2019)[2] was a writer and associate professor of anthropology at New York University. He is the author of Pathways of Memory and Power, a book which explores the ethnography and history of the Andeans. +Bibliography +ISBN 978-0-299-15310-6. Abercrombie, Thomas A. (2009). +References +External links +Roy Cruttenden (18 February 1925 – 3 June 2019)[1] was a British long jumper who competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics. +Born in Brighton, he represented England in the long jump at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games, where he finished in fifth place overall.[2] +References +Ian Craft (11 July 1937 – 3 June 2019) was a British physician and pioneer of fertility treatment. +He produced the first test-tube twins and the first triplets.[1] +Craft died on 3 June 2019, aged 81.[2] +References +External links +Guy François (18 September 1947 – 3 June 2019)[1] was a Haitian football midfielder who played for Haiti in the 1974 FIFA World Cup.[2] He also played for Violette A.C. +References +External links +García Prince in 2014 +Evangelina García Prince (30 September 1934 – 3 June 2019) was a Venezuelan women's rights activist, politician and academic. +She served as a Senator and was a member of the Comisión para la Reforma del Estado (COPRE), a presidential commission.[1] +References +This article lists the presidents of Myanmar (also known as Burma) since its independence in 1948. +Footnotes +External links +Presidents of Burma/Myanmar (1948–present) +Luiz Paulo Conde in 2004. +Luiz Paulo Fernández Conde (6 August 1934 – 21 July 2015) was a Brazilian politician and architect. +Conde served as the Vice Governor of Rio de Janeiro state from 2003 to 2007. +He previously served as the Mayor of Rio de Janeiro from 1997 to 2001. +Conde was born in Rio de Janeiro. +References +Mario Toros +Mario Toros (9 December 1922[1][2] – 3 June 2018) was an Italian politician who served as a Deputy from 1958 to 1972, and as a Senator from 1972 to 1987.[3][4] +References +Shivraj (Hindi: शिवराज; died 3 June 2017) was an Indian actor.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Nikola Dinev Nikolov (Bulgarian: Никола Динев Николов; 18 October 1953 – 1 June 2019)[1] was a Bulgarian heavyweight Greco-Roman wrestler who won two world and five European titles between 1977 and 1986. +He placed fifth at the 1976 Summer Olympics.[2][3] +References +Arthur A. McGiverin (November 10, 1928 – June 2, 2019)[1][2] was a Justice of the Iowa Supreme Court from August 15, 1978 to November 9, 2000, appointed from Wapello County, Iowa. +McGiverin was born in Ottumwa, Iowa. He served in the United States Army. +McGiverin received his bachelor's and law degrees from the University of Iowa. He practiced law in Ottumwa. He served as Ottumwa Municipal Court judge and as Iowa District Court judge.[3] +References +Mahmoud Yassen Soufi (20 October 1971 – 2 June 2019)[1] was a Qatari footballer. +He competed in the men's tournament at the 1992 Summer Olympics.[2] +References +Lee Siu-kei (Chinese: 李兆基; 4 December 1949 – 2 June 2019) was a Hong Kong actor, film director, scriptwriter and producer. +He was a triad member and served as consultant for many Hong Kong triad movies. +Lee suffered a stroke in early 2015 and affected his mobility. Since then, his involvement in the entertainment industry has declined. He admitted he had financial problems, as most of his life savings had been used for medical treatment.[1] +On 2 June 2019, Lee died of liver cancer in Queen Elizabeth Hospital at the age of 69.[2] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Josef Felder (24 August 1900 – 28 October 2000) was a German politician. +He was one of the 94 Social Democratic members of the Reichstag who voted against the Nazi Enabling Act of 1933. He was also the last to die of the 94 who voted against this act. +Mary K. Meany (October 6, 1897 – October 12, 2000) was an American politician and educator. +Born in Clayton, Illinois, Meany graduated from Northwestern University in 1919 and then married Robert E. Meany who was a vice-president for William Wrigley Jr. Company. +She taught English and music in the New York City, New York and Sheldon, Illinois public schools. Meany lived in Chicago, Illinois and was involved with the Women's Civic Club of Chicago and the Republican Party. Meany served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1965 to 1969. +She died from pneumonia at the Washington and Jane Smith Home in Chicago, Illinois.[1][2][3] +References +Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical swamps and heavily degraded former forest. It is the northernmost member of the genus Pipra. It forms a superspecies with both the Band-tailed Manakin (Pipra fasciicauda) and the Wire-tailed Manakin (Pipra filicauda).[2] +References +The 63U-11 virus (63UV) is a strain of Marituba virus in the genus Orthobunyavirus.[1] +References +The 3076 virus is a strain of Mobala virus in the genus Arenavirus.[1][2] It was isolated from a species of Praomys in the Central African Republic.[2] +References +Wang Jun with US President Bill Clinton at the White House in February 1996 +Wang Jun (Chinese: 王军; pinyin: Wáng Jūn; April 11, 1941[1] – June 10, 2019) was a Chinese business executive. +He served as Chairman of the Poly Group, a state-owned conglomerate with businesses ranging from arms trading to antiquities.[2] He also served as Chairman the state-owned China International Trust and Investment Corporation (CITIC)[3][4][5][6] and held the rank of a government minister.[2] He retired in 2006 after reaching the age of 65.[2] He was born in Hunan to the Communist revolutionary elder Wang Zhen.[7] +Wang died on June 10, 2019, at the age of 78.[1] +References +Clarence Charles Percy Abbott (9 November 1888 – 12 June 1963)[1] was an Australian rules football player who played three games in the Victorian Football League (VFL). +In 1907, he played two games for the Collingwood Football Club. +In 1912, he returned to the VFL and played one game for the Melbourne Football Club.[2] +References +External links +Gustav Abel (1902–1963) was an Austrian art director.[1] +Selected filmography +References +Bibliography +External links +Jim Baxter (8 October 1887 – 22 April 1952) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood in the Victorian Football League (VFL).[1] +Notes +External links +Léon Belières (1880–1952) was a French film actor.[1] +Selected filmography +References +Bibliography +External links +Herbert Andrew Baker (9 June 1879 – 5 July 1952) was an Australian rules footballer who played with St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL).[1] +Notes +External links +Frank Rinaldo Baker (November 11, 1861 – April 9, 1952) was an American politician in the state of Washington. +He served in the Washington House of Representatives.[1][2] +References +Wilfred Rowland Childe (1890–1952) was a British author and poet.[1] +He is chiefly remembered for Dream English. A Fantastical Romance (1917) which was and still is something of a minor cult book. He was admired by Arthur Machen and later by the poet Robin Skelton. +Works +Notes +External links +Geordie Campbell (August 13, 1884 – February 21, 1952) was a Scottish-Canadian soccer player. +He was inducted as a player into The Soccer Hall of Fame (Canada) in 2000.[1] +References +Romano Calò (6 May 1883 – 17 August 1952) was an Italian film actor.[1] He appeared in 30 films between 1913 and 1945. +Selected filmography +References +External links +Captain Robert Bingham Brassey (18 October 1875 – 14 November 1946) was a British Conservative Party politician. +He was the son of Albert Brassey, MP. +He was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Banbury in the general election of January 1910, winning it from the Liberals, but they took it back from him in the general election of December 1910. +References +Alexander James Anderson (July 1, 1863 – June 3, 1946) was a Canadian politician, barrister and lawyer. +He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada as a member of the historical Conservative Party in 1925 representing Toronto—High Park where he was re-elected in 1926 and in 1930. +He was also re-elected in the new riding of High Park in 1935 and 1940. +External links +Filippo Amedeo +Filippo Amedeo (2 February 1891 – 18 June 1946) was an Italian politician. +Amedeo was born in Turin. +He represented the Italian Socialist Party in the Chamber of Deputies from 1921 to 1926 and in the Constituent Assembly of Italy for a short time in 1946. +References +Gabriel Alw (25 December 1889 – 9 November 1946) was a Swedish film actor. +He appeared in 37 films between 1915 and 1946.[1] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Gabriel Alw on IMDb Gabriel Alw at the Swedish Film Database +BMW X may refer to the following BMW crossover and sports activity vehicle models: +BMW X1 (SUV based on 1 Series platform) BMW X2 (SUV based on 1 Series platform) BMW X3 (SUV based on 3 Series platform) BMW X4 (SUV with Coupé roofline, based on X3 platform) BMW X5 (SUV based on 5 Series platform) BMW X6 (SUV with Coupé roofline, based on X5 platform) BMW X7 (SUV based on 7 Series platform) +Gallery +Dimitobelus is a genus of belemnite, an extinct group of cephalopods.[1] +See also +Belemnite List of belemnites +References +Belemnellocamax is a genus of belemnite, an extinct group of cephalopods.[1] +See also +Belemnite List of belemnites +References +Acroteuthis is a genus of belemnite from the early Cretaceous of Asia, Europe, and North America. +Sources +External links +Allen Aber Adams (August 22, 1900 – June 5, 1985) was an American politician in the state of Washington. +He served in the Washington House of Representatives from 1969 to 1981.[1][2] +References +Alex A. Deccio (October 28, 1921 – October 25, 2011) was an American politician. +Born in Walla Walla, Washington, Deccio served in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. He owned an insurance business in Yakima, Washington. +Deccio served in the Washington House of Representatives 1975-1980 and then in the Washington State Senate. +He also served as Yakima County, Washington commissioner. +He died in Yakima, Washington.[1][2] +Notes +Delvin with Congresswoman Cathy McMorris Rodgers in 2006 +Jerome Delvin (born September 15, 1956, Richland, Washington) is an American politician of the Republican Party. +He was a member of the Washington State Senate, representing District 8 from his appointment in 2004, serving the 8th district[1][2] until February 4, 2013 when he left to become Benton County Commissioner in January 2013.[3] +References +Sudarshan Agarwal (19 June 1931 – 3 July 2019)[1][2] was an Indian politician who served as Governor of Uttarakhand (2003–2007) and Sikkim (2007–2008).[3] +Sudarshan Agarwal was born in Ludhiana, and was a first class Law Graduate. He served as a Member of the National Human Rights Commission for three years. +From 1981 to 1993, he was Secretary-General of the Rajya Sabha.[1] +References +Raymond Tarcy (18 November 1936, French Guiana – 3 July 2019) was a politician from French Guiana who was elected to the French Senate in 1980. +References +External links +Pol Cruchten (30 July 1963 – 3 July 2019) was a Luxembourgish film director and producer.[1] His film Hochzäitsnuecht was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival.[2] +Filmography +References +External links +Seroglazovo (Russian: Сероглазово) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Kharabalinsky District, Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. The population was 490 as of 2010.[2] There are 7 streets. +References +Levi Adams (December 30, 1762 – June 18, 1831) was a New York State Senator[1] from 1818 to 1821. +He served in the Eastern district. +References +John Waldemar Wydler (June 9, 1924 – August 4, 1987) was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from New York. +Wydler was born in Brooklyn. He served in the United States Army Air Corps from 1942 until 1945. +He graduated from Brown University in 1947 and Harvard University Law School in 1950. +He served in the United States attorney's office for the Eastern District of New York from 1953 until 1959.[1] He was elected to Congress in 1962 and served from January 3, 1963 until January 3, 1981. +He was a delegate to the 1968 Republican National Convention.[2] +References +Sources +Sen. Jeannie Darneille +Jeannie Darneille (born July 9, 1949) is an American politician of the Democratic Party. +She is a member of the Washington State Senate and former member of the Washington House of Representatives, representing the 27th district.[1] She is a native of Fairbanks, Alaska.[2] +References +Floyd B. Danskin (May 1, 1889 – March 31, 1971) was an American politician in the state of Washington. +He served in the Washington House of Representatives from 1921 to 1933.[1][2] He was Speaker of the House from 1925 to 1927.[3][4] +References +Thurston Edward Daniels (October 10, 1859 – December 8, 1926) was a Populist politician from the U.S. state of Washington.[1] He served as the third Lieutenant Governor of Washington.[2] +References +Alexander Allen (May 1842 – January 7, 1924) was an American politician in the state of Washington. +He served in the Washington House of Representatives from 1889 to 1891.[1][2] +References +John Ahern (born December 4, 1934) is an American politician of the Republican Party. +He is a member of the Washington House of Representatives, representing the 6th district.[1] +References +Robert Brooke Albertson (December 21, 1859 – October 3, 1917) was an American politician in the state of Washington. +He served in the Washington House of Representatives. +From 1901 to 1903, he was the Speaker of that body.[1][2] +References +Overlooking the Bay of Islands +Blow Me Down Provincial Park is a smaller Provincial Park on the west coast of the island of Newfoundland. The park is located on Route 450, about 60 km (37 mi) west of Corner Brook and the Trans-Canada Highway, on a small peninsula between Lark Harbour and York Harbour at the mouth of the Bay of Islands.[1] +References +Francesco Pontone (30 March 1927 – 2 July 2019) was an Italian politician who served as a Senator.[1][2] +References +Robert Bagguley (10 July 1873 – 8 October 1946) was an English first-class cricketer active 1891–1900 who played for Nottinghamshire. +He was born in Ruddington; died in Bradmore. +Bagguley was only 17 when he made his first-class debut for Nottinghamshire in 1891 and took six for 74 bowling against Sussex at Hove.[1] +References +Henry James Bond (27 May 1869 – 27 November 1946) was an Australian rules footballer who played with St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL).[1] +References +Robert Rufus Berryman (February 1902 - July 9, 1969)[2] was an American politician who served in the Alabama House of Representatives from January 1967 until his death in July 1969. +[3] +References +William M. Beasley (born March 19, 1940)[1] is an American politician from the state of Alabama. +He is a Democratic member of the Alabama Senate, representing the 28th district. +He was elected to the Alabama House of Representatives in 1998. After being consistently reelected, Beasley ran for the State Senate in 2010, and defeated fellow Democrat Johnny Ford. He succeeded Myron Penn, who did not seek reelection.[2] He considered running for Governor of Alabama in the 2014 election.[3] +References +External links +Alan Baker (born July 15, 1956) is a Republican member of the Alabama House of Representatives, representing the 66th district, Baldwin and Escambia counties. +References +George Bandy (February 7, 1945 – January 16, 2018) was an American Baptist minister and politician. +Bandy lived in Opelika, Alabama. He received his bachelor's degree from Morehouse College. Bandy served as the pastor of the Saint James Missionary Baptist Church in Opelika, Alabama. +He served on the Opelika City Council and was the president pro tempore. +Bandy also served on the Lee County Commission.Bandy served in the Alabama House of Representatives from the 83rd District, from 1994 until his death in 2018. Bandy was involved with the Democrat and served as chairman of the Alabama Democratic Conference.[1][2][3] Bandy died on January 16, 2018 in a hospital in Macon, Georgia.[4] +References +Carol Hittson Kent (born May 29, 1953) is a Democratic former member of the Texas House of Representatives, representing House District 102 in the Eighty-first Texas Legislature after her election in 2008.[1] District 102 encompassed the Western part of Garland and a portion of North Dallas. +In the 2008 general election, she narrowly unseated 20-year incumbent Republican Tony Goolsby. After one term, she lost her 2010 reelection bid to the Republican African-American Stefani Carter of Dallas.[2] +References +External links +Ray Keller is an American politician from the state of Texas. He served in the Texas House of Representatives from 1979 through 1987. +He is a candidate for Texas Railroad Commissioner in the 2014 elections.[1] +References +W. T. Simmons was a member of the Texas House from 1870-1873. +[2][3] +Member of the House Committee on Commerce and Manufactures[9][10] Member of the House Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds[11][12] Member of the House Committee on Regulate Pay of House Employees[13] Member of the House Committee on Penitentiary[14] +Life +Committees he served in +Member of the House Committee on Division of the State, Select[5] Member of the House Committee on Education[6] Member of the House Committee on House Officer and Employee Compensation, Select[7] Member of the House Committee on Penitentiary[8] +Alex Harris Short Jr. was a politician who served in the Texas House from 1983-1987. +References +George Ross Shannon (December 14, 1818 – 1891) was a member of the Texas Senate. +He was born in Lexington, Kentucky, the son of George Shannon of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Shannon along with his brother, William, and sister, Sophie, settled in Johnson County in the 1850s. +He became chief justice of the county and was elected to the Texas Senate in 1870.[1] Shannon later moved to Fowler, California where he died in 1891. +References +Arthur Olsen (February 13, 1914 – August 8, 2014)[1] was an American politician who was a Democratic member of the Nevada General Assembly. +An attorney, he is an alumnus of DePaul University.[2] He was admitted to the bar in 1952.[3] +References +Ann O'Connell (born August 3, 1934), was an American politician who was a Republican member of the Nevada State Senate. +She is the former owner and manager of Christian Supply Centers and Hotel.[1][2][3] +References +Virgil M. Getto (June 19, 1924 – November 6, 2014) was an American politician who was a Republican member of the Nevada General Assembly.[1] He served as Minority Leader of the Assembly in 1975.[2] Getto is a member of the Nevada State Assembly Wall of Distinction.[3] A son of Italian immigrants, Getto was a dairy farmer. +He was also a member of the National Future Farmers of America in his younger years.[4] +References +Joseph M. Stell, Jr. (born June 15, 1928) was an American politician who was a Democratic member of the New Mexico House of Representatives from 1984 to 2007.[1] Stell attended Eastern New Mexico University, New Mexico State University, Western New Mexico University and the University of New Mexico. +He is a former teacher and rancher.[2][3] +References +Jerry W. Sandel (born May 25, 1942) was an American politician who was a Democratic member of the New Mexico House of Representatives from 1971 to 2000.[1] Sandel attended Texas Tech University and is in the oil business, serving as president of the Aztec Well Servicing Company in Aztec, New Mexico.[2] +References +Eiichiro Washio (鷲尾 英一郎, Washio Eiichirō, born January 3, 1977) is a Japanese politician of the Democratic Party of Japan, a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature). A native of Niigata, Niigata and graduate of the University of Tokyo, he worked at Ernst & Young ShinNihon from 2001 to 2005. +He was elected to the House of Representatives for the first time in 2005. +References +External links +Eduardo Martínez Fajardo (14 August 1924 – 4 July 2019)[1] was a Spanish film actor born in Meis (Pontevedra), Spain.[2] He appeared in more than 160 films between 1947 and 2002. +He started the Almeria Walk of Fame,[3] where he received an star on 11 April 2012 due to his intervention in 7th Cavalry and Django.[4] +Selected filmography +References +External links +Eduardo Fajardo on IMDb Eduardo Fajardo at AllMovie Works by or about Eduardo Fajardo at Internet Archive +Claire M. +"Buzz" Ball Jr. +(October 4, 1941 – April 7, 2019) was a Republican member of the Ohio House of Representatives.[1][2] +References +Abdul-Latif Arabiyat (died 26 April 2019) was a Jordanian politician who served as Speaker of the House of Representatives.[1] +References +Gebran Araiji (in Arabic جبران عريجي , francisized transliteration Gébrane Oreiji) (1951 – 9 January 2019), was a Lebanese politician and president of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP).[1][2] +References +Anuar Abu Bakar (28 April 1971 – 6 May 2019) was a Malaysian footballer who was the head coach for UiTM FC (U-21).[1][2][3][4] +He died on 6 May 2019, aged 48, from liver cancer.[5] +References +Saleh Ahmed (1936/1937 – 24 April 2019) was a Bangladeshi television, film and stage actor.[1] +References +External links +Ahmed was born in Sariakandi, Bogra. He started acting at a young age with a Mymensingh-based troupe named Amraboti Natyamancho.[1] After his retirement from the Department of Public Health Engineering in 1991, he started acting on a regular basis.[2] +Works +TV dramas +Films +Francisca Aguirre Benito (27 October 1930 – 13 April 2019)[1] was a Spanish poet and author. +Her first poetry collection, Ithaca, published in 1972, won her the Leopoldo Panero Poetry Award.[2] In 2011, she won the National Poetry Prize [es] for her poetry piece Historia de una anatomía.[3] Aguirre also won the National Prize for Spanish Literature in November 2018.[4] +Aguirre was born in Alicante, the daughter of noted painter Lorenzo Aguirre.[1] She was married to fellow poet Félix Grande [es] from 1963 until his death in 2014. +Aguirre and Grande had a daughter, poet and essayist Guadalupe Grande [es] (born 1965).[5] +Aguirre died in Madrid on 13 April 2019, at the age of 88.[6] +References +Kurt Armbruster (16 September 1934 – 14 March 2019)[1] was a Swiss football midfielder who played for Switzerland in the 1966 FIFA World Cup.[2] He also played for FC Lausanne-Sport. +References +Reynaldo B. Aguinaldo (born September 28, 1946 – March 24, 2019) was a Filipino politician who served as mayor of Kawit, Cavite from 2007 to 2016. +He had previously served as vice mayor for three consecutive terms, from 1998 to 2007.[1] +He died from a cardiac arrest on March 24, 2019.[2] +References +Adam in 1968 +Matoug Adam (Arabic: معتوق آدم الرقعي‎‎; 1926[1] – 2 April 2019) was a Libyan politician, civil servant and poet. +He served as the Libyan Minister of Tourism from January 1968 to June 1969. +He then served as the last Interior Minister of the Kingdom of Libya from June 1969 to 31 August 1969, when the royal government was overthrown by Muammar Gaddafi.[1] +References +Robert J. Otterman is a former member of the Ohio House of Representatives, representing the 45th District from 2001–2008, when he was replaced by his son, John Otterman.[1] +References +Leonard Ostrovsky (April 28, 1922 – March 1973) was a member of the Ohio House of Representatives.[1] +References +Darrell William Opfer (born June 17, 1941) is a former member of the Ohio House of Representatives. +He was elected to the Ohio House of Representatives in 1992 and retired in 1999.[2] +References +Jack Phillip Oliver is a former Republican member of the Ohio House of Representatives, representing the 3rd District from 1969 to 1972.[1][2] +References +External links +William L. 'Bill' Ogg was a member of the Ohio House of Representatives from 1995 to 2002. +His district consisted of Scioto County, Ohio. +He was succeeded in 2003 by Todd Book. +References +Phale Dolphis Hale (July 16, 1914 – May 29, 2009) was a member of the Ohio House of Representatives.[2][3] +References +Fred B. Hadley (July 2, 1911 – August 2, 1988) was a member of the Ohio House of Representatives, serving from 1967 to 1978. +A longtime legislator, Hadley was often involved in legislation regarding education,[1] technology advancement, and labor issues. +His district consisted of the direct Northwestern Corner of Ohio.[2] +References +Joseph E. Haines (September 23, 1923 – January 5, 2015) was an American politician. +Haines served in the Ohio House of Representatives from 1981 to 1999 as a Republican. In 1999, Haines resigned from the Ohio General Assembly to take a job in the Ohio Department of Agriculture.[1][2] Born in Xenia, Ohio, Haines received his bachelor's degree in rural economy and farm management from Ohio State University and was a farmer. +He died in 2015 in Xenia, Ohio.[3][4] +References +Allen Bartunek (June 12, 1928 – February 1, 1997) was a member of the Ohio House of Representatives.[1] +References +Frank J. Gorman (June 13, 1917 – September 11, 1997) was a lawyer and member of the Ohio House of Representatives from Cuyahoga County. +In 1968 he became the Democratic whip.[1] After he left politics he became a judge in the Court of Common Pleas of Cuyahoga County.[2] +References +Francis Xavier "Frank" Gorman (born November 11, 1937 in New York, New York) is a former American diver. He represented the United States at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, where he received a silver medal in men's 3 metre springboard.[1] +He graduated from Harvard University.[2] +References +External links +Nam Viyaket +Nam Viyaket is a Laotian businessman and politician. +As of 2010, he was Minister of Industry and Commerce of Laos.[1] +References +Soukanh Mahalath (June 7, 1954 – May 17, 2014) was a Laotian politician and member of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party. +Mahalath was the Mayor of Vientiane, the country's capital city, until his death in May 2014.[1][2] He had previously held the positions of Minister of Finance from 2001 to 2006 and the Governor of the Bank of the Lao P.D.R., the country's central bank, from 1999 until 2001. +Soukanh Mahalath was killed in the Lao People's Liberation Army Air Force An-74 plane crash on May 17, 2014.[1][2] +References +Paolo Babbini +Paolo Babbini (19 August 1935 – 25 May 2019) was an Italian politician for the Socialist Party (PSI). +He was born in Bologna, where he served as a municipal councillor for over 25 years.[1] Babbini was elected to three terms in the Chamber of Deputies during Legislature VIII (1979–1983), and consecutive Legislature X (1987–1992) and XI (1992–1994).[2] +References +External links +Kjell Hilding "Tjalle" Bäckman (21 February 1934 – 9 January 2019) was a Swedish speed skater. +He competed at the 1960 Winter Olympics in the 5000 m and 10000 m events and won a bronze medal in the 10000 m; all three medalists of that event broke the previous world record. Nationally he won four long-distance titles: in the 5000 m (1959, 1961) and 10000 m (1959, 1960).[1][2] +References +External links +Bartlett "Bart" Adams (April 9, 1866 – August 9, 1944) was an American golfer. +He competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics.[1] +References +Paul D. Corderman (born September 1, 1971 in Hagerstown, Maryland) is a Republican member of the Maryland House of Delegates.[1] +References +Carol Fukunaga (born December 12, 1947) is an American lawyer and politician. +Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Fukunaga received her bachelor's degree from the University of Hawaii and her law degree from the William S. Richardson School of Law. She practiced law in Honolulu. Fukunaga served in the Hawaii Constitutional Convention of 1978. +She then served in the Hawaii House of Representatives from 1978 to 1982 and from 1986 to 1992 and was a Democrat. +From 1982 to 1986, Fukunaga served as the executive officer for the Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii. +Fukunaga served in the Hawaii Senate from 1992 to 2012. +Since 2012, Fukunaga has served on the Honolulu City Council.[1][2] +References +Judson Hill (born December 17, 1959) is an American politician. +He is a former member of the Georgia State Senate from the 32nd district, serving from 2005 until 2017. +He is a member of the Republican Party.[1] +On November 30, 2016, Hill announced that he would run for the United States House of Representatives in Georgia's 6th congressional district special election, 2017, to succeed Tom Price.[2] Hill resigned from the Georgia Senate upon qualifying on February 13, for the special election held on April 18, 2017.[3] Hill placed 5th in the election with a vote percentage count of 8.8% and was not able to proceed into the run-off election held on June 20, 2017.[4] +References +External links +Viola Davis is a Georgia state representative from DeKalb County, Georgia. +A member of the Democratic Party, she defeated Democratic Party incumbent Earnest "Coach" Williams in November 2018.[1] +References +Abacetus basilewskyi is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae.[1] It was described by Straneo in 1948.[1] +References +John Howard Allen was a U.S. politician, who was the second Mayor of Orlando from 1877 to 1878.[1] +Labdia chionopsamma is a moth in the family Cosmopterigidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1886. +It is found on New Guinea.[1] +References +Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog +Labdia charisia is a moth in the family Cosmopterigidae. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.[1] +References +Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog +Labdia chalcoplecta is a moth in the family Cosmopterigidae. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.[1] +References +Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog +William Spring Hubbell (January 17, 1801 – November 16, 1873) was an American politician, a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York.[1] +References +External links +Lewis Henry, Congressman from New York +Lewis Henry (June 8, 1885 – July 23, 1941) was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from New York. +Henry was born in Elmira, New York. He graduated from Cornell University in 1909, where he was a member of The Kappa Alpha Society and president of the Quill and Dagger society. He received a law degree from Columbia University in 1911. +He was supervisor of Elmira's first ward from 1914 until 1920. He was elected to Congress in 1922 to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Alanson B. Houghton and served from April 11, 1922 until March 4, 1923. +He died in Boston, Massachusetts. +Sources +Robert Dean Garton (born August 18, 1933) is an American former politician from the state of Indiana. +A Republican, he served in the Indiana Senate from 1970 to 2006.[4] Garton previously served in the United States Marine Corps from 1955 to 1957, reaching the rank of First lieutenant.[5] From 1969 to 1970, Garton served on the Indiana Civil Rights Commission.[6] Garton served as President pro tempore of the Indiana Senate from 1980 to 2006.[7] In 2006, Garton lost renomination to Greg Walker.[8] +References +External links +David C. Long is a Republican member of the Indiana State Senate representing the 16th district since 1996.[2] +References +External links +Daniel J. Leonard (born March 18, 1949) is an American politician. +He is a member of the Indiana House of Representatives from the 50th District, serving since 2002. +A businessman, he is a member of the Republican party.[2] +References +Jim Arnold is a former Democratic member of the Indiana Senate, representing the 8th District since his appointment in March 2007. +References +External links +Dennis Theodore Avery was a Democratic member of the Indiana House of Representatives, representing the 75th District from 1974 until 2010. +References +External links +Kurt Albert (January 28, 1954 – September 28, 2010) was a climber and photographer. +He started climbing at the age of 14. +Before he wholly committed his life to climbing in 1986 he was a mathematics and physics teacher. +Albert was severely injured in a climbing accident on September 26, 2010. +Albert fell 18 metres (59 ft) while taking pictures at via ferrata Höhenglücksteig close to Hirschbach, Bavaria. Albert died two days later while hospitalised in Erlangen.[1] +Books +Kn Tr Benoit (Herausgeber). Kurt Albert. +ISBN 3-930650-15-0. +Albert, Kurt (2005). Fight gravity. Klettern im Frankenjura. tmms-verlag. +References +External links +Albano Albanese (20 December 1921[1] – 5 December 2010[2]) was an Italian hurdler and high jumper. +References +Hanli Hoefer is a Singaporean of German and Peranakan descent, Singapore-based VJ for MTV Asia. +She started her career as a model at Ave Management and became the MTV VJ in 2013 to current.[1][2] +References +Ho Geok Choo (Chinese: 何玉珠; pinyin: Hé Yù Zhū; born 15 April 1956) is a Singaporean former Member of Parliament who had represented West Coast GRC from 2001 to 2011. +Ho graduated from National University of Singapore (NUS) with MSc in HR Management.[1] +References +External links +Phillip Edward Gutman (January 5, 1930 – December 22, 2017) was an American politician from the state of Indiana. +A Republican, he served in the Indiana Senate from 1968 to 1976.[5] Gutman served as President pro tempore of the Indiana Senate from 1970 to 1976.[6] He was married to M. Carolyn Prickett and they had three children.[7] He served in the United States Air Force from 1952 to 1954, reaching the rank of First Lieutenant.[8] He was a Partner in the Law Firm, Rothberg, Gallmeyer, Fruechtenicht, and Logan.[9] In 1982, he was sentenced to three years in jail because he took bribes to influence railroad legislation.[10] He died on December 22, 2017.[11] He was a Methodist.[12] +References +Phil GiaQuinta is a Democratic member of the Indiana House of Representatives, representing the 80th District since November 8, 2006. +He currently serves as House Minority Leader. +References +External links +Dorothy S. "Sue" Landske (September 3, 1937 – February 27, 2015) was a Republican member of the Indiana State Senate who represented the 6th district. +Landske was Center Township Assessor from 1978 to 1984. She joined the Indiana State Senate in 1984 and served until her retirement due to health reasons in 2014. +During her final term, Landske served as the Assistant President Pro Tempore.[2] +Landske died of cancer on February 27, 2015 at the age of 77.[3] +References +External links +Donald Lehe is a Republican member of the Indiana House of Representatives, representing the 25th District since 2012 and the 15th district from 2002 to 2012. +In 2006, Lehe retained his seat, garnering only 26 votes more than his challenger.[3] +References +External links +Jacob Haight (March 4, 1775 or 1776 – c. +1860 Catskill, Greene County, New York) was an American politician. +He was a member of the New York State Senate from 1824 to 1827. +In 1828, he was among the incorporators of the Catskill and Ithaca Railroad which was never built. +He was New York State Treasurer from 1839 to 1842. +Sources +Jacob A. Gross (born 1842 New York City) was an American lawyer and politician from New York. +He was the son of Martin Gross. He attended private schools in New York City. +Then he studied law at Columbia Law School, graduating LL.B. in 1864, and LL.M. in 1865, and practiced law in New York City. +He was a member of the New York State Senate (6th D.) in 1874 and 1875. +Sources +Charles Dennis Perry (March 12, 1907 – September 18, 1964) was an American politician from New York. +Charles D Perry was a member of the New York State Senate (19th D.) from 1939 to 1944, sitting in the 162nd, 163rd and 164th New York State Legislatures. +Sources +John F. Schlosser (born August 22, 1839)[1] was a Republican Member of the New York State Senate from the 26th district who was born in the city of Poughkeepsie, New York. After graduating from Union College, Schlosser went to Fishkill Landing in Duchess County, opened a law office, and actively practiced law.[2] +References +Tarky Lombardi Jr. (born September 2, 1929) is a former New York State Senator. +References +Jim T. Lindsey (February 1, 1926 – April 2, 2013) was an American politician. +Notes +Herman Edward Lauhoff (August 8, 1933 – January 20, 2015) was an American businessman and politician. +Notes +Frederick Garland "Fritz" Lanham (January 3, 1880 – July 31, 1965[1]) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from the state of Texas. +A Democrat, Lanham was the son of Samuel Willis Tucker Lanham, a governor of Texas and himself a member of Congress. After graduating from the University of Texas at Austin with a B.A. in 1900,[1] he was admitted to the bar in 1909. +He was elected to Congress in 1919 and served until 1947. +Representative Lanham was a proponent of strong trademark protection; the Lanham Act is named for him. +References +External links +Keith Bell (born June 22, 1962)[1] is an American businessman and politician. +A Republican, in 2018 he was elected to represent the 4th District in the Texas House of Representatives. Bell assumed office in January 2019. +He succeeded fellow Republican Lance Gooden, who was instead elected to the United States House of Representatives.[2][3] Prior to winning election to the Texas House, Bell was the president of the Forney, Texas, school board.[4] +References +External links +Allison Ahlfeldt (born circa 1978) is an American Paralympic volleyball player. She studied at University of California-Irvine. +Competition +In 2000, she played with the Men's team, but was excluded from international competition.[1] In 2004, she participated in 2004 Paralympic Games which were held in Athens, Greece and where she won a bronze medal.[2] +References +External links +Evans in 1949 +Kenneth A. Evans (November 9, 1898 – December 11, 1970) was an American Republican businessman and politician. +Born in Emerson, Iowa, Evans was a World War I veteran and a farm manager. He served on the Emerson City Council. +He served in the Iowa State Senate 1937-1945 and then Lieutenant Governor of Iowa 1945-1951 serving under Governors Robert D. Blue and William S. Beardsley. +He died in Red Oak, Iowa.[1] +Notes +External links +Jeffrey C. Elgin (born February 22, 1951) is an American politician in the state of Iowa. +References +George S. Eichhorn (born December 1, 1954) was a Republican member of the Iowa House of Representatives from 2001 until 2007.[1] He was defeated by Democrat McKinley Bailey in the 2006 election. +He ran for the United States Senate in 2008.[2] +In 2010 he ran for Iowa Secretary of State.[3] +Notes +References +Humberto Álvarez (13 June 1929 – 9 June 2019) was a Colombian footballer who played for Atlético Nacional, with whom he won the 1954 Campeonato Profesional.[1][2] +References +Bethel Nnaemeka Amadi (25 April 1964 – 10 February 2019) was a Nigerian politician. +He served as President of the Pan-African Parliament between 2012 and 2015. +References +References +External links +William G. Anagnos (August 19, 1958 – January 15, 2019) was an American stuntman and actor.[1] +Partial filmography +Mahesh Anand (13 August 1961 – 8 February 2019) was an Indian actor who worked in Hindi, Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam.[1] He is remembered for playing villainous roles in Bollywood.[2] He was a black belt in karate and was a model before he started acting. +His last on-screen appearance was in the 2019 comedy-drama Rangeela Raja starring Govinda.[3] +Filmography +References +Kenneth C. Kauth (August 18, 1924 – January 2, 2019) was an American politician in the state of South Dakota. +He was a member of the South Dakota House of Representatives from 1969 to 1978.[1] Kauth was a businessman, owning a tire business.[2][3] +References +William Charles "Bill" Cochran (August 25, 1934 – January 3, 2019)[3] was a Democratic member of the Indiana House of Representatives, he represented the 72nd District from 1982 to 2008 and the 68th District from 1974 to 1982. +References +External links +Michele Caccavale (13 July 1947 – 2 January 2019) was an Italian politician who served as a Deputy between 1994 and 1996.[1] +References +Alfredo Arpaia (14 August 1930 – 6 January 2019) was an Italian politician who served as a Member of Parliament between 1982 and 1983.[1] +References +Dennis Arakaki (born October 18, 1943) was an American politician and social worker. +Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Arakaki graduated from Farrington High School. He then went to University of Hawaii at Manoa. He worked in health care planning. +Arakaki served in the Hawaii House of Representatives from 1985 to 2006 as a Democrat.[1][2] +Notes +John Bernard Blamo (born 1935) is a former politician in Liberia. +He was foreign minister[1] under Samuel Doe in 1986 and 1987. He was preceded by Ernest Eastman and replaced by J. Rudolph Johnson. +References +Thongdy Amnouayphone (born 7 November 1976) is a Laotian runner who competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in the 4 × 100 metres relay, being placed 8th in his heat without advancing to the second round.[1] He was the flag bearer of Laos during the 1996 Summer Olympics opening ceremony.[2] +References +Kumiko Hayashi +Kumiko Hayashi (林 久美子, Hayashi Kumiko, born 1972) is a Japanese politician of the Democratic Party of Japan, a member of the House of Councillors in the Diet (national legislature). +References +External links +Jun Hayashi (林 潤, Hayashi Jun, born October 23, 1972) is a Japanese politician of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature). A native of Kamakura, Kanagawa and graduate of Keio University, he worked at the national newspaper Mainichi Shimbun from 1995 to 2001. +In 2005 he was elected to the House of Representatives for the first time, after running unsuccessfully in 2003. +References +External links +Takamaro Fukuoka (福岡 資麿, Fukuoka Takamaro, born May 9, 1973) is a Japanese politician of the Liberal Democratic Party, a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature). +A native of Saga, Saga and graduate of Keio University, he was elected to the House of Representatives for the first time in 2005 after an unsuccessful run in 2003. +References +External links +Michael H. Ranzenhofer (born August 15, 1954)[1][2] is a Republican member of the New York State Senate, representing the 61st district. +In addition to being a legislator, he is a partner with the law firm Friedman and Ranzenhofer. +References +External links +Duncan T. O'Brien (March 28, 1895 – September 14, 1938) was an American politician from New York. +He was born on March 28, 1895 in New York City. He was an insurance broker, and entered politics as a Democrat. +He was a member of the New York State Senate (19th D.) from 1923 until his death in 1938, sitting in the 146th, 147th, 148th, 149th, 150th, 151st, 152nd, 153rd, 154th, 155th, 156th, 157th, 158th, 159th, 160th and 161st New York State Legislatures; and was Chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs from 1923 to 1924. +References +John E. Flynn (April 10, 1912 – September 23, 2003) was an American politician from New York. +He was born on April 10, 1912, in Yonkers, Westchester County, New York to John and Mary Agnes Drohan Flynn. As a young man, he developed a hard work ethic while working at the Alexander Smith Carpet Mill in Yonkers. +He worked irregular hours, which included work on Saturday.[1] He attended New York University and Columbia University, and then became a business executive.[2] +References +Charles Damon Newton (May 25, 1861 Birdsall, Allegany County, New York – October 30, 1930 Geneseo, Livingston County, New York) was an American lawyer and politician. +He was the son of Daniel Newton and Polly A. Brundage Newton. +On August 10, 1887, he married Nellie E. Durfee. +He was a member of the New York State Senate (43rd D.) from 1915 to 1918, sitting in the 138th, 139th, 140th and 141st New York State Legislatures. +Sources +William H. Lamport +William Henry Lamport (May 27, 1811 – July 21, 1891) was a U.S. Representative from New York. +References +Gary A. Lee, Congressman from New York +Gary Alcide Lee (born August 18, 1933) was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from New York. +References +Source +Joshua Lee (1783 – December 29, 1842) was a United States Representative from New York. +References +John Lefferts (December 17, 1785 – September 18, 1829) was a member of the Thirteenth United States Congress as a Democratic-Republican Representative from New York. +He was also a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention of 1821 and a member of the New York State Senate from 1820 to 1825. +He died in Brooklyn, New York and was interred in Greenwood Cemetery. +External links +John Russell (September 7, 1772 – August 2, 1842) was a United States Representative from New York. +Born in Branford, Connecticut, he attended the public school, moved to New York State, studied medicine, and practiced a short time in Cooperstown, New York. +He was county clerk of Otsego County from 1801 to 1804, and was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Ninth and Tenth Congresses, holding office from March 4, 1805 to March 3, 1809. +He was a presidential elector on the DeWitt Clinton ticket in 1812. He engaged in mercantile pursuits and died in Cooperstown in 1842. +His interment was located at its Christ Episcopal Churchyard. +References +Hon. David Rumsey +David Rumsey (December 25, 1810 – March 12, 1883) was a United States Representative from New York. +Born in Salem, Washington County, he attended school at Auburn and Hobart College at Geneva, New York. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1831 and commenced practice in Bath. +He was surrogate of Steuben County from 1840 to 1844 and held many local offices. +References +Stephen A. Rudd, New York Congressman. +Stephen Andrew Rudd (December 11, 1874 – March 31, 1936) was an American politician from New York. +External links +Life +He was born on December 11, 1874, in Brooklyn, Kings County, New York, the son of Assemblyman Robert J. Rudd. +He was elected as a Democrat to the 71st United States Congress, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of David J. O'Connell, and was re-elected to the 72nd, 73rd and 74th United States Congresses, holding office from February 17, 1931 until his death on March 31, 1936. +References +Moshe Sharett (second from left), Israel's Foreign Minister, with Congress members: Ruth Thompson, Francis Walter, and John J. Rooney. +October, 1955 +Rooney's photo from 1959's Pocket Congressional Directory. +John James Rooney (November 29, 1903 – October 26, 1975) was a Democratic politician from New York. +References +External links +George F. Rogers, New York Congressman. +George Frederick Rogers (March 19, 1887 – November 20, 1948) was an American politician from New York. +Sources +External links +Congressman Howard W. Robison +Howard Winfield Robison (October 30, 1915 – September 26, 1987) was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from New York. +Jonathan Richmond (July 31, 1774 – July 28, 1853) was a U.S. Representative from New York. +Sources +External links +Robert S. +"Bob" Light (March 4, 1927 – October 26, 2015) was an American politician who was a Democratic member of the New Mexico House of Representatives from 1985 to 1996.[1][2] Prior to his house term, was also commissioner of Eddy County, New Mexico from 1979 to 1982. +Light also sat on the boards of Carlsbad National Bank and Carlsbad Bancorporation, Inc.[3][4] +References +Timothy 'Tim' Dwight Lewis[2] is an American politician and a Republican member of the New Mexico House of Representatives representing District 60 since January 18, 2011. +Education +Lewis earned his MBA from Grand Canyon University. +Elections +2012 Lewis was unopposed for both the June 5, 2012 Republican Primary, winning with 1,133 votes[3] and the November 6, 2012 General election, winning with 8,319 votes.[4] 2010 To challenge District 60 incumbent Democratic Representative Jack Thomas, Tonia Harris was unopposed for the June 1, 2010 Republican Primary;[5] after Harris withdrew, Lewis was placed on the November 2, 2010 General election ballot, and won with 6,980 votes (60.9%) against Representative Thomas.[6] +References +External links +Lorenzo Archibeque Larrañaga[1] (December 31, 1937 – October 9, 2018) was a Republican member of the New Mexico House of Representatives, representing the 27th District since 1995. +He served on the House Agriculture and Water Resources committee, Appropriations and Finance committee and Rules and Order of Business committee.[2] +He attended the University of New Mexico where he attained his masters and bachelor's degrees in engineering and civil engineering. He served in the United States Army.[3] Larrañaga was the retired owner of a ranching company.[2] He also worked as an engineer for the State of New Mexico in the highways department, also serving as Secretary of Highways in 1982. He was Deputy Chief Administrator for the City of Albuquerque from 1987 to 1988.[4] +References +External links +Raymond Lynn Kysar, Jr. (born February 15, 1931) was an American politician who was a Republican member of the New Mexico State Senate from 1989 to 2005.[1] He attended New Mexico State University and worked in the construction, insurance, ranching, and real estate industries. +He was inducted into the New Mexico State University College of Business Hall of Fame in 1999.[2] +References +Don Kidd (born October 10, 1937) was an American politician who was a Republican member of the New Mexico State Senate from 1993 to 2005.[1] Kidd attended Southern Methodist University and was a banker, eventually rising to the position of President and CEO of Western Commerce Bank.[2] +References +Emily A. Kane[2] (born May 14, 1956 in Eugene, Oregon) is an American politician and a Democratic former member of the New Mexico House of Representatives representing District 15 from January 15, 2013 through January 2015. +Elections +2012 With District 15 incumbent Democratic Representative Bill O'Neill running for New Mexico Senate, Kane ran in the three-way June 5, 2012 Democratic Primary, winning with 962 votes (44.5%)[3] and won the November 6, 2012 General election with 6,850 votes (51.2%) against Republican nominee Christopher Saucedo.[4] +References +External links +David Guttenberg (born May 26, 1951) is a Democratic member of the Alaska House of Representatives, representing the 4th District. He previously represented the 8th District since 2003, but the district changed due to redistricting. +He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Alaska Senate in 1996 before winning a seat in the House in 2002.[1] +References +External links +Leslie S. Gara (born February 6, 1963) is a Democratic member of the Alaska House of Representatives, representing the 23rd District since 2003. +Gara is a former assistant attorney general and part owner of a local restaurant, Snow City Cafe. +External links +Alaska State Legislature – Representative Les Gara official government website Project Vote Smart – Representative Les Gara (AK) profile Follow the Money – Les Gara 2006 2004 2002 campaign contributions Alaska's Democratic Caucus – Les Gara profile Les Gara at 100 Years of Alaska's Legislature +Alberta "Berta" Gardner (born April 12, 1954) is a former Democratic member of the Alaska State Senate. +External links +Media related to Berta Gardner at Wikimedia Commons +Alaska State Legislature – Senator Berta Gardner official government website Project Vote Smart – Senator Berta Gardner (AK) profile Follow the Money – Berta Gardner 2006 2004 campaign contributions Alaska Senate Democrats – Berta Gardner] profile Berta Gardner at 100 Years of Alaska's Legislature +Daniel H. "Dan" Ortiz[1] is an independent member of the Alaska House of Representatives, who has since 2015 represented the 36th District. He is one of two independents in the Alaska State Legislature. +However, he caucuses with the Democratic-led majority for purposes of committee assignments.[2] +Scott Ogan (born May 3, 1952) was an American politician and businessman. +Life and career +Born in Columbus, Ohio, Ogan graduated from Seacrest High School, Delray Beach, Florida in 1970. +In 1975, Ogan moved to Anchorage, Alaska and settled in Palmer, Alaska in 1982. He was the owner of Mountain Woodcrafters, an architectural millwork business. +References +Moses Patrick Paukan, Sr. +(September 29, 1933 – April 16, 2017) was an American businessman and politician. +Born in Fish Valley, Alaska Territory, Paukan went to school in Akulurak, Alaska and was a Yupik. He settled in Saint Mary's, Alaska and was a businessman and mechanic. Paukan served on the St. Mary's City Council and as mayor. +He also served on the school board. +From 1967 to 1970, Paukan served in the Alaska House of Representatives and was a Democrat.[1][2] +References +Cheryll Boren Heinze (October 30, 1946 – July 10, 2012) was a Republican member of the Alaska House of Representatives from 2003 to 2005. +She comes from the Boren family of Oklahoma and Texas; she was first cousin to both Hoyt Axton and David Boren. +She was an artist outside politics. +References +External links +Sara T. Hannan (born January 3, 1961) is a Democratic member-elect of the Alaska Legislature representing the State's 33rd House district. +References +Bill J. Dukes (February 26, 1927 – December 18, 2014) was an American politician. +Born in Tarma, Kentucky. Dukes served in the United States Army. He then went to University of Mississippi and received his bachelor's degree from Bowling Green College of Commerce. +He was an office manager, assistant to the Mayor of Decatur, Alabama. +Dukes served on the Decatur City Council in 1968 and then served as Mayor of Decatur from 1976 until 1994. +From 1994 until 2010, he served in the Alabama House of Representatives. +Dukes died in Decatur, Alabama of Parkinson disease.[1][2][3] +Notes +Owen Drake (1936 – June 27, 2011) was an American Republican politician. +A veteran of the United States Air Force, Drake served in the Alabama House of Representatives from 2006 until his death.[1] +Notes +Mulan is an upcoming American war action drama film directed by Niki Caro with the screenplay by Elizabeth Martin, Lauren Hynek, Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver, and produced by Walt Disney Pictures. It is a live-action adaptation of Disney's 1998 animated film of the same name, itself based on the Chinese legend of Hua Mulan. Filming for the project took place in New Zealand and China from August to November of 2018. +Mulan stars Yifei Liu as the eponymous character, alongside Donnie Yen, Jason Scott Lee, Yoson An, Gong Li, and Jet Li in supporting roles. +Premise +When the Emperor of China issues a decree that one man per family must serve in the Imperial Army to defend the country from Northern invaders attacking China, Hua Mulan, the eldest daughter of an honored warrior, steps in to take the place of her ailing father. She is spirited, determined and quick on her feet. Masquerading as a man, Hua Jun, she is tested every step of the way and must harness her inner-strength and embrace her true potential. +Cast +Jason Scott Lee as Bori Khan: a Hun warrior leader allied with Xian Lang, who is intent on avenging his father's death. Tzi Ma as Hua Zhou: Mulan’s father and a famed war veteran who is now recalled to the Imperial Army despite his frail health. Jet Li as The Emperor: a benevolent ruler of China who orders the mobilization of troops via the conscription of one male from each household to fight the Hun army. +Additionally, Mushu, the character from the original film, will reportedly also appear in the movie.[3][4][5] Jun Yu provided the vocalizations for Mulan's cricket.[6] +QAD Inc. is a software company that provides enterprise resource planning (ERP) software and related enterprise software to manufacturing companies. The company has customers in over 100 countries around the world.[1] +2006 - QAD acquired Bisgen Ltd., a UK-based company whose product is tailored to the unique sales force and marketing automation needs of manufacturers. +2006 - QAD acquired FBO Systems, Inc., a Georgia-based company and leading provider of enterprise asset management (EAM) products and professional services. +2008 - QAD acquired FullTilt Solutions’ product suite, including Perfect Product Suite, called master data management (MDM) for Internet-enabled commerce. +2012 - QAD acquired CEBOS, a provider of quality management and management system standard software and services. +(2019 - CEBOS renamed QAD CEBOS) +2012 - QAD acquired DynaSys, a European provider of collaborative demand and supply chain planning software. +(2019 - DynaSys renamed QAD DynaSys) +2018 - QAD acquired PT Iris Sistem Inforindo (PT Iris), a distributor and system integrator for QAD solutions[buzzword] operating across South Asia, primarily in Indonesia. +QAD was founded in 1979 by Pamela Lopker, who serves as president. QAD initially developed proprietary software applications for manufacturing companies in Southern California. +In 1984, QAD announced MFG/PRO, which was built using Progress Software Corporation's Fourth Generation Language (4GL) and relational database. MFG/PRO was one of the first software applications built for manufacturers following the APICS principles. +MFG/PRO was also one of the first applications to support closed-loop Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP II), as well as operation in open systems. QAD software supports lean manufacturing principles and interoperates with other systems via open standards. QAD stock began trading as of its initial public offering (IPO) on August 6, 1997.[2] +In 2003, a product called Supply Visualization (since rebranded to Supplier Portal) was first hosted in a multi-tenant configuration for QAD customers and those customers' suppliers, establishing QAD as a player in providing Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) software for manufacturers. QAD Supplier Portal continues to allow customers and their authorized suppliers to share information about inventory, scheduling, purchase orders, shipments, Kanbans and more. +In 2006, QAD announced a user interface called .NET UI, and in 2007 its core product suite name was changed from MFG/PRO to QAD Enterprise Applications. +QAD began their cloud apps in 2003, and in 2011 officially launched QAD On Demand, which was later named QAD Cloud ERP. +In 2015, the QAD Cloud ERP solution[buzzword] was enhanced further when the Channel Islands User Experience (UX) initiative was launched in phases, named after the Channel Islands off the coast of Santa Barbara, California. In 2017, the QAD Enterprise Platform was released as a way to deliver functionality to users utilizing the Channel Islands UX in QAD Cloud ERP. In 2019, QAD renamed its solution portfolio[buzzword] to QAD Adaptive Applications. +In addition, QAD's flagship ERP solution[buzzword] was renamed QAD Adaptive ERP, which features the Adaptive User Experience (UX) and is built on the QAD Enterprise Platform. +QAD sells its products and services to companies in six main manufacturing industries: automotive, consumer products, high technology, food and beverage, industrial equipment and life sciences. The company’s solution portfolio is called QAD Adaptive Applications, which is headlined by QAD Adaptive ERP. QAD Adaptive Applications is designed to streamline the management of manufacturing operations, supply chains, financials, customers, technology and business performance.[3] QAD Adaptive ERP is marketed as SaaS software using cloud computing. ☁ +2006 - QAD acquired Precision Software, a company delivering transportation, global trade and supply chain management software. +(2019 - Precision Software renamed QAD Precision) +Joseph James Thomas, Jr., more commonly known as Joe J. Thomas, is a former Democratic member of the Alaska Senate, representing the D District from 2006 through 2012. +He was previously an official with the Laborers' Union Local 942. +External links +Gene Therriault (born January 31, 1960) is a Republican former member of the Alaska Senate, representing the F district from 2001 to 2009. +He served as the Senate President from 2003–2006 and as Senate Minority Leader from 2007–2008.[2] Previously he was a member of the Alaska House of Representatives from 1992 through 2000.[1] +References +Russell O. Hickman (February 6, 1908 in Showell)[1] was an American politician and businessman. +Notes +Robert E. Hickey, Jr. is a former member of the Ohio House of Representatives.[1] +References +Charles P. Henderson (March 3, 1911 – September 15, 1990)[1] was a Republican Ohio politician who served as mayor of Youngstown, Ohio in 1948-54. +In 1953, he was appointed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower as a member of the Commission on Intergovernmental Relations.[2] +References +William James "Bill" Healy (March 4, 1939 – October 21, 2001) was a member of the Ohio House of Representatives[1] from 1975–2000. +His district consisted of a portion of Canton, Ohio. +He was succeeded by fellow Democrat Mary Cirelli. +References +Gertrude E. Polcar (October 10, 1916 – September 23, 1988) was a former member of the Ohio House of Representatives.[1] Polcar received her law degree from the University of Chicago. +After serving in the Ohio House of Representatives, she was elected to the Parma Municipal Court and served there until she became ill with cancer and resigned her seat a few months before her death. +References +External links +Weathering with You (天気の子, Tenki no Ko, literally "Child of Weather") is an upcoming Japanese animated film written and directed by Makoto Shinkai and produced by CoMix Wave Films, following the 2016 film Your Name. +It is scheduled for release in Japan on July 19, 2019, starring Kotaro Daigo and Nana Mori.[1] +Music +On August 26, 2017, Makoto Shinkai sent the script of the movie to Yojiro Noda for his opinions, before he received the song "Ai ni Dekiru Koto wa Mada Aru kai" (愛にできることはまだあるかい, "Is there still anything that love can do?") from Radwimps,[13] which is then used as a theme song in the film.[2][2][14] The theme song "Grand Escape" is to be performed by Toko Miura.[15][16] Soundtracks will ship on the same day when the movie will be released.[7] +Novelization +Plot +A novel of the same name written by Makoto Shinkai himself is set to be published on July 18, 2019, one day before the film's debut.[1] Shinkai on April 30 announced that he has finished writing the book.[2][3] +A manga adaptation drawn by Watari Kubota will begin serialization on July 25 in Kodansha's Afternoon. The manga will have a colored opening page.[1] +Then one day in a corner of the crowded and busy city, Hodaka meets a young girl named Hina Amano. Due to certain circumstances, Hina and her younger brother live together, but have a cheerful and sturdy life. This bright and strong­willed girl possesses a strange and wonderful ability: the power to stop the rain and clear the sky.[1][2] +Hodaka Morishima (森嶋帆高, Morishima Hodaka) Kotaro Daigo [1] A high school student who leaves his isolated island home for Tokyo, but he quickly becomes broke. He lives his days in isolation, but finally finds a job as a writer for a shady occult magazine.[2] Hina Amano (天野陽菜, Amano Hina) Nana Mori A cheerful and sturdy girl living with her brother. She has a certain power: the power to stop the rain and clear the sky.[6] Keisuke Suga (須賀圭介, Suga Keisuke) Shun Oguri [3] A writer who works at the same magazine company as Hodaka. +Aladdin stalls by taunting Jafar for being second only to Genie in terms of raw power, thereby tricking him into using his last wish to become the most powerful being in the universe. Due to the grey area in that wish, Genie is free to interpret it as he wishes and turns Jafar into a jinn himself. Being chained to the lamp without a master, Jafar gets trapped inside, dragging Iago inside with him. +Cast +So in this movie, you see her go on such a roller coaster, as opposed to her one goal being to fall in love or get married." She further stated that Jasmine will try to find "the courage to speak out for her people,"[12] and said that "Jasmine wants to know what goes on in her kingdom and reconcile the distance that has been created, and Aladdin gives her the courage to do just that."[1] Marwan Kenzari as Jafar: A nefarious and deceptive sorcerer, the Grand vizier of Agrabah, and the Sultan's chief advisor who, frustrated with the Sultan's ways of ruling, devises a plot to overthrow him as the ruler of Agrabah by acquiring the Genie's lamp. Jafar's backstory is explored in the film, which producer Jonathan Eirich felt would make the audience "understand why he's so bad," and "that's what makes him such a good villain."[1] Navid Negahban as The Sultan: The wise and noble ruler of Agrabah who is eager to find a capable husband for his daughter Jasmine. +Aladdin is a 2019 American musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Pictures. +Directed by Guy Ritchie, who co-wrote the screenplay with John August, it is a live action adaptation of Disney's 1992 animated film of the same name, which is based on the eponymous tale from One Thousand and One Nights.[1][lower-alpha 1] The film stars Will Smith, Mena Massoud, Naomi Scott, Marwan Kenzari, Navid Negahban, Nasim Pedrad, Billy Magnussen and Numan Acar, as well as the voices of Alan Tudyk and Frank Welker. The plot follows Aladdin, a street urchin, as he falls in love with Princess Jasmine, befriends a wish-granting Genie, and battles the wicked Jafar. +In October 2016, Disney announced Ritchie would direct a live-action Aladdin remake. Smith was the first member of the cast to join, signing on to portray Genie in July 2017, and Massoud and Scott were confirmed for the two lead roles later that month. +Principal photography began that September at Longcross Studios in Surrey, England, also filming in the Wadi Rum Desert in Jordan, and lasted until January 2018. +Aladdin was theatrically released in the United States on May 24, 2019 and has become commercially successful. +It has grossed over $923 million worldwide, becoming the third highest-grossing film of 2019 and Smith's highest grossing film. The film received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the performances of Smith, Massoud and Scott, costumes, and the musical score, but criticized Ritchie's direction and the CGI effects. Critics were also divided on the deviations from the original film, particularly Kenzari's portrayal of Jafar.[8] +Plot +Aladdin, a kind-hearted young street rat living in the Arabian city of Agrabah, along with his pet monkey Abu, rescues and befriends Princess Jasmine, who has snuck out of the palace to explore, tired of her sheltered life. Meanwhile, the Grand vizier Jafar schemes to overthrow Jasmine's father as the Sultan. He seeks a magic lamp hidden in the Cave of Wonders that will grant his wishes. +Genie explains that he has the power to grant Aladdin three wishes. Aladdin tricks Genie into freeing them from the cave without using a wish. After they get out of the cave, Aladdin uses his first official wish to become a prince to impress Jasmine, and promises to use his third wish to free the Genie from servitude. +Aladdin enters Agrabah as "Prince Ali of Ababwa", arriving in an extravagant spectacle (including Abu, who has been transformed into an elephant by Genie) but Jasmine is unimpressed by his first presentation, including an assortment of gifts and jams. The two later bond when he takes her on a ride on the magic carpet to show her the world she wants to see while Genie goes out with Jasmine's handmaiden Dalia. When Jasmine deduces Aladdin's true identity, he convinces her that he is actually a prince and only dressed like a peasant to meet the citizens of Agrabah beforehand. +Jafar is helped free by his pet parrot Iago and steals the lamp from Aladdin and becomes Genie's new master. He uses his first two wishes to become Sultan and then to become the world's most powerful sorcerer, trapping the guards and Jasmine's pet tiger Rajah. He then exposes Aladdin's truth to Jasmine, and exiles him and Abu to a frozen wasteland. +A world map highlighting the "Eastern world", defined as Asia or the "Far East", which consists of three overlapping cultural regions: East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia (in green, orange, and blue, respectively) +In sociology, the East–West dichotomy is the perceived difference between the Eastern and Western worlds. Cultural rather than geographical in division, the boundaries of East and West are not fixed, but vary according to the criteria adopted by individuals using the term. Historically, Asia (excluding Siberia) was regarded as the East, and Europe was regarded as the West. +Historical concepts +The concept has been used in both "Eastern" and "Western" nations. Japanese sinologist Tachibana Shiraki, in the 1920s, wrote of the need to unify Asia—East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia but excluding Central Asia and the Middle East—and form a "New East" that might combine culturally in balancing against the West.[15] Japan continued to make much of the concept, known as Pan-Asianism, throughout World War II, in propaganda.[16] In China, it was encapsulated during the Cold War in a 1957 speech by Mao Zedong,[17] who launched a slogan when he said, "This is a war between two worlds. The West Wind cannot prevail over the East Wind; the East Wind is bound to prevail over the West Wind."[18] +To Western writers, in the 1940s, it became bound up with an idea of aggressive, "frustrated nationalism", which was seen as "intrinsically anti- or non-Western"; sociologist Frank Furedi wrote, "The already existing intellectual assessment of European nationalism adapted to the growth of the Third World variety by developing the couplet of mature Western versus immature Eastern nationalism.... This East-West dichotomy became an accepted part of Western political theory."[19] +The 1978 book Orientalism, by Edward Said, was highly influential in further establishing concepts of the East–West dichotomy in the Western world, bringing into college lectures a notion of the East as "characterized by religious sensibilities, familial social orders, and ageless traditions" in contrast to Western "rationality, material and technical dynamism, and individualism."[20] +More recently, the divide has also been posited as an Islamic "East" and an American and European "West."[21][22] Critics note that an Islamic/non-Islamic East–West dichotomy is complicated by the global dissemination of Islamic fundamentalism and by cultural diversity within Islamic nations, moving the argument "beyond that of an East-West dichotomy and into a tripartite situation."[23] +Applications +The East–West dichotomy has been used in studying a range of topics, including management, economics and linguistics. +Knowledge Creation and Management (2007) examines it as the difference in organizational learning between Western cultures and the Eastern world.[24] It has been widely used in exploring the period of rapid economic growth that has been termed the "East-Asian miracle" in segments of East Asia, particularly the Asian Tigers, following World War II.[25] Some sociologists, in line with the West as a model of modernity posited by Arnold J. Toynbee, have perceived the economic expansion as a sign of the "Westernization" of the region, but others look for explanation in cultural/racial characteristics of the East, embracing concepts of fixed Eastern cultural identity in a phenomenon described as "New Orientalism".[3][26] Both approaches to the East-West dichotomy have been criticized for failing to take into account the historical hybridity of the regions.[27] +The concept has also been brought to bear on examinations of intercultural communication. Asians are widely described as embracing an "inductive speech pattern" in which a primary point is approached indirectly, but Western societies are said to use "deductive speech" in which speakers immediately establish their point.[28] That is attributed to a higher priority among Asians in harmonious interrelations, but Westerners are said to prioritize direct communication.[29] 2001's Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach described the East–West dichotomy linguistically as a "false dichotomy", noting that both Asian and Western speakers use both forms of communication.[30] +Divisions +Conceptually, the boundaries are cultural, rather than geographical, as a result of which Australia is typically grouped in the West (despite being geographically in the east), while Islamic nations are, regardless of location, grouped in the East.[1] However, there are a few Muslim-majority regions in Europe which do not fit this dichotomy.[citation needed] The culture line can be particularly difficult to place in regions of cultural diversity such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, whose citizens may themselves identify as East or West depending on ethnic or religious background.[1] Further, residents of different parts of the world perceive the boundaries differently; for example, some European scholars define Russia as East, but most agree that it is the West's second complementary part,[2] and Islamic nations regard it and other predominantly Christian nations as the West.[1] Another unanswered question is whether Siberia (North Asia) is "Eastern" or "Western." +Historical contrast between East and West +Differences in the social class system were one major issues that affected many areas of life when the two societies interacted. The divide between feudalism and the Eastern social system, competing methods of trade and agriculture, and varying stability of governments lead to an ever widening gap between the two ways of life. The West and the Eastern civilizations are not only different because of where they are, but also because of their social class system, their ways of making money, and leadership styles.[3] +The daily life of the common people in the West and the Eastern Civilizations differed greatly based on how their society was run, and what it was focused on. One of the major differences between the West and the Eastern Civilizations was feudalism and manorialism.[4] They both shaped the social hierarchy and the overall life of the common person in the East. The manorial system was set up with a lord at the top who owned a large amount of land. +Instead of the high-ranking positions being exclusively for the aristocrats, they were easier for the poor to gain access to. In the West, it was harder to move up or down in the social classes, but in Eastern Civilizations, mobility was possible. In China, it was possible to move up in social status through tests and, in Mongolia it was possible to gain rank in the army through military skill because the society was based on its military prowess.[8] +Throughout all of this, England was still able to fight the French and almost win in the Hundred Years War. In Eastern civilizations the government was not always stable.[9] In China, one of the deadliest events in human history occurred during the Tang dynasty. The An Lushan Rebellion was very bloody and shows the instability in the Chinese government.[10] +The Silk Road was not only used to trade goods, it was also a place for trading ways of thought or religion. The English employed a special type of feudalism called bastard feudalism.[11] This type of feudalism, prominent in the War of the Roses, was different from regular feudalism because it introduces money into the social hierarchy.[12][13] Nobles could now pay their knights for their service in money instead of giving them land. This strengthened the feudal system because if there was a weak ruler, the strong government of the new nobles would support the people. +It is neither improper nor uncommon to simultaneously have a category, a list, and a navigation template which all cover the same topic. These systems of organizing information are considered to be complementary, not inappropriately duplicative. Furthermore, arguing that a category duplicates a list (or vice versa) at a deletion discussion is not a valid reason for deletion and should be avoided. +Consider that lists may include features not available to categories, and building a rudimentary list of links is a useful step in improving a list. Deleting these rudimentary lists is a waste of these building blocks, and unnecessarily pressures list builders into providing a larger initial commitment of effort whenever they wish to create a new list, which may be felt as a disincentive. When deciding whether to create or avoid a list, the existence of a category on the same topic is irrelevant. +Compared with a list, a category may have both advantages and disadvantages. +Example of a category page. Every page in the article namespace should have at least one category. Categories should be on major topics that are likely to be useful to someone reading the article. +Article: Michael Jackson Useful category: Category:American pop singers Not useful: Category:Musicians whose first name starts with M +A category is probably inappropriate if the answer to the following questions is "no": +Is it possible to write a few paragraphs or more on the subject of a category, explaining it? If you go to the article from the category, will it be obvious why it's there? Is the category subject prominently discussed in the article? +An article will often be in several categories. Restraint should be used, however—categories become less effective the more there are on a given article. +An article should usually not be in both a category and its subcategory, e.g. Microsoft Office is in Category:Microsoft software, so should not also be in Category:Software—except when the article defines a category as well as being in a higher category, e.g. Ohio is in both Category:States of the United States and Category:Ohio (a good way to understand this exception is that if an article exists, and then a category is created on the same subject as the article, it should not cause the article to be removed from any of its categories). +Exceptions should also be considered when the article subject has a relevance to the parent category that is not expressed by the subcategory's definition. For instance, if Category:People executed by guillotine during the French Revolution was the only subcategory of Category:People of the French Revolution, it would not make sense to remove major figures of the French Revolution solely because of the means of their death. +Categories appear without annotations, so be careful of neutral point of view (NPOV) when creating or filling categories. Unless it is self-evident and uncontroversial that something belongs in a category, it should not be put into a category. Especially see Wikipedia:Categorization of people. +An exception to the above rules is Category:Wikipedia maintenance, which contains categories intended to be temporary. +Every category should be a subcategory of some other category. You can start from the top of the articles category hierarchy at Category:Main topic classifications. If you think a good parent probably exists but you just can't find it, add the {{Uncategorized}} tag. +Categories have sort keys like other pages, although they are used in a more flexible fashion. See WP:SORTKEY for technical considerations. +Less susceptible to external linkspam than other types of pages, because only Wikipedia articles can be members of categories. Relatively unobtrusive in that they generally don't distract from the flow of the article. Search can use the incategory parameter to exclude or include all pages in that category. +Wikipedia offers several ways to group articles: categories, list articles (including item lists, as well as topical glossary, index, outline, and timeline articles), other lists including embedded lists, and navigation templates (of which article series boxes are one type). The grouping of articles by one method neither requires nor forbids the use of the other methods for the same informational grouping. Instead, each method of organizing information has its own advantages and disadvantages, and is applied for the most part independently of the other methods following the guidelines and standards that have evolved on Wikipedia for each of these systems. +There is no provision for referencing, to verify a topic meets a category's criteria of inclusion Entries are arranged in alphabetical order only (though you can control the alphabetization). They cannot be organized into sections and subsections on a single page, each with its own descriptive introduction. Can be difficult to maintain: A category with hundreds of items cannot be moved except by editing hundreds of articles (though a bot can help) Tracking changes to a category is difficult because a category's edit history does not show when entries were added or removed from the category. +Compared with a category, a list may have both advantages and disadvantages. +Example of a list: List of dog breeds +Templates (such as navigation boxes) can be included as portions of a list. An embedded list, one incorporated into an article on a topic, can include entries which are not sufficiently notable to deserve their own articles, and yet may yet be sufficiently notable to incorporate into the list. Furthermore, since the notability threshold for a mention is less than that for a whole article, you can easily add a mention to a list within an article, without having to make the judgment call on notability which you would need to make if you were to add a whole article—if someone else feels that it is notable enough, they can always linkify the mention and create an article anyway. +See the navigation menu at the top of Wikipedia:Contents, and see Category:Wikipedia categories. Many users prefer to browse Wikipedia through its lists, while others prefer to navigate by category; and lists are more obvious to beginners, who may not discover the category system right away. Therefore, the "category camp" should not delete or dismantle Wikipedia's lists, and the "list camp" shouldn't tear down Wikipedia's category system—doing so wastes valuable resources. +Every article links to its categories in a consistent way, but lists may be more difficult to discover because not every article listed links to it, and each may choose to link to it in a different way. Attempting to enforce crosslinks from articles in the category is error-prone, makes editing the list taxing, and counteracts the ease-of-editing benefits lists otherwise enjoy. Less comprehensive hierarchy. +Navigation templates +Navigation templates are a grouping of links used in multiple related articles to facilitate navigation between those articles in Wikipedia. Navigation templates are generally presented in one of two formats: +Horizontal, placed at the bottom of articles and also called navboxes Vertical, often found at the top-right corner of articles and called sidebars +Wiki markup documentation for navigation templates at different levels of specificity includes Template:Navbox/doc, Template:Sidebar/doc, and, at the top or bottom of the template, Template:Navbar/doc. +Each link should clearly be identifiable as such to our readers. In general, text colors should be consistent with Wikipedia text color defaults, so links should be blue; dead links should be red; and red and blue should not be used for other (non-link) text. However, specific navbox guidelines for color of text and background other than the defaults are available. +Navigation templates are particularly useful for a small, well-defined group of articles; templates with a large number of links are not forbidden, but can appear overly busy and be hard to read and use. Good templates generally follow some of these guidelines: +The articles should refer to each other, to a reasonable extent. There should be a Wikipedia article on the subject of the template. If not for the navigation template, an editor would be inclined to link many of these articles in the See also sections of the articles. +At the same time, there may be circumstances where consensus determines that one or more methods of presenting information is inappropriate for Wikipedia. For instance, the guideline on overcategorization sets out a number of situations in which consensus has consistently determined that categories should not be used. A regularly occurring outcome at WP:CFD for some deleted categories is to listify, because there are cases where lists are appropriate while categories may not be (e.g. List of unusual units of measurement exists as a list, but not as a category Category:Unusual units of measurement). +If the collection of articles does not meet these tests, that indicates that the articles are loosely related, and a list or category may be more appropriate. +Do not rely solely on navboxes for links to articles highly relevant to a particular article. Navboxes are not displayed on the mobile website for Wikipedia which accounts for around half of readers. +Navigation templates located in the top-right corner of articles (sometimes called a "sidebar" or "part of a series" template) should be treated with special attention, because they are so prominently displayed to readers. The collection of articles in a sidebar template should be fairly tightly related, and the template should meet most or all of the preceding guidelines. If the articles are not tightly related, a footer template (located at the bottom of the article) may be more appropriate. +The article links in a navigation template should be grouped into clusters, by topic, or by era, etc. Alphabetical ordering does not provide any additional value to a category containing the same article links. For example, see Template:General physics which has articles grouped into related sub-topics. +Every article that transcludes a given navbox should normally also be included as a link in the navbox so that the navigation is bidirectional. +Whether to include navboxes, and which to include, is often suggested by WikiProjects, but is ultimately determined through discussion and consensus among the editors at each individual article. Per the bidirectionality principle above, this may also affect inclusion of a particular article in a navigation template. If a disagreement should arise, please centralize discussion at the article talk page, not that of the template (which may be watchlisted mostly only by template coders). +Avoid adding performances of entertainers into the navboxes for the productions that they appeared in, or crew members into navboxes for the productions they worked on. This includes, but is not limited to actors/actresses, comedians, television/radio presenters, writers, composers, etc. This avoids over-proliferation of navigation templates at the bottom of performers' articles, and avoids putting WP:UNDUE weight on certain performances of an entertainer over others. +Filmographies (and similar) of individuals should also not be included in navboxes, unless the individual concerned could be considered a primary creator of the material in question. This avoids over-proliferation of individuals' navboxes on each production's article, and avoids putting WP:UNDUE weight on the contributions of certain individuals over others. +Finally, external links should not be included in navigation templates. Sources may be included in the template documentation (a section that is visible only after viewing the template itself, but not upon its transclusion). +Advantages +Example: Template:Princess Royal (there are two Marys and two Annes in that list, which makes the chronological way of presenting these princesses an asset to a merely alphabetically ordered presentation of these same names). For very long chronological series, it is preferable to use succession boxes, which only show the elements of the series immediately preceding and succeeding the article. They provide an organized resource for readers who went through an article in some broad topic to find other articles on the same broad topic, rather than making those readers "go fish" for articles wiki-linked in the text or in the "See also" section. +Disadvantages +On the other hand, may not give the reader enough clues as to which links are most relevant or important when this would not be controversial Can alter the page lay-out without the reason thereof showing on the page itself (e.g. when the template contains a NOTOC instruction, an unclosed
, etc.) Can take up too much space for information that is only tangentially related Includes the full list of links in every article, even though often many of the links are not useful in some of the articles Due to size, the use of multiple nav templates may take up too much space on one article, which could lead to a POV-tainted choice as to which to include Templates are not included in search results by default, which makes it hard for readers and editors to find them. They implicitly assume that readers who went through an article in some broad topic will want to read other articles on the same broad topic, rather than articles wiki-linked in the text or in the "See also" section. +Navigation templates located in the top-right corner of articles (sometimes called a "sidebar" or "part of a series" template) have some specific issues and should be treated with special attention, because they are so prominently displayed to readers: +They might be perceived as fencing off a subject as the "territory" of a particular scholarly area. The collection of articles in a sidebar template should be fairly tightly related, and the template should meet most or all of the preceding guidelines. If the articles are not tightly related, a footer template (a navbox, located at the bottom of the article) may be more appropriate. +Overlapping categories, lists and navigation templates are not considered duplicative +Desakota is a term used in urban geography used to describe areas in the extended surroundings of large cities, in which urban and agricultural forms of land use and settlement coexist and are intensively intermingled. +The term was coined by the urban researcher Terry McGee of the University of British Columbia around 1990. +It comes from Indonesian desa "village" and kota "city".[1] Desakota areas typically occur in Asia, especially South East Asia. Examples can be found in the urbanised regions of Java,[2] the densely populated, delta-shaped areas on the peripheries of the Jakarta agglomeration ("Jabodetabek"), but also the extended metropolitan regions of Bangkok or Manila.[3] +Desakota areas are situated outside the periurban zones, from which daily commuting is easily possible, i.e. more than 30 or 50 km off the city centre. They often sprawl alongside arterial and communication roads, sometimes from one agglomeration to the next. They are characterised by high population density and intensive agricultural use (especially wet-rice cultivation), but differ from densely populated rural areas by more urban-like characteristics.[4] These criteria are: developed transport networks, high population mobility, increasing activity outside the agricultural sector, the coexistence of many different forms of land use, more female participation in paid labour, and unregulated land use.[5] +Given their rambling extent and indistinct boundaries, the emergence of Desakota regions brings difficulties for the administration, as uniform plans, regulations or designs are hardly viable. Desakota regions are characterised by high mobility of goods and services and rapid change in patterns of settlement. They usually elude the division in functionally specialised zones that is conventionally applied in urban geography. +Outside South East Asia, areas with comparable features have been described in China,[7][8][9] India, Japan, Taiwan,[10] and South Korea.[11] +See also +Urban sprawl +Literature +Specialized list articles +Outlines, from the general (Outline of mathematics) to the somewhat specific (Outline of algebraic structures), are part of Wikipedia's Contents navigation system, and are indexed at Portal:Contents/Outlines. A type of tree structure, they are hierarchies of subjects organized as a structured list including headings, subheadings, and list items (usually bulleted, and preferably annotated). For more information, see outline (list), and WikiProject Outlines. +The potential for creating lists is infinite. The number of possible lists is limited only by our collective imagination. To keep the system of lists useful, we must limit the size and topic of lists. +This is best done by sectioning the general page under categories. When entries in a category have grown enough to warrant a fresh list-article, they can be moved out to a new page, and be replaced by a See [[new list]] link. When all categories become links to lists, the page becomes a list repository or "List of lists" and the entries can be displayed as a bulleted list. +Lists that are too specific are also a problem. The "list of one-eyed horse thieves from Montana" will be of little interest to anyone other than the creator of the list. +Some Wikipedians feel that some topics are unsuitable by virtue of the nature of the topic. Following the policy spelled out in What Wikipedia is not, they feel that some topics are trivial, non-encyclopedic, or not related to human knowledge. If you create a list like the "list of shades of colors of apple sauce", be prepared to explain why you feel this list contributes to the state of human knowledge. +Lists of people +Stand-alone lists (also referred to as list articles) are articles composed of one or more embedded lists, or series of items formatted into a list. Many stand-alone lists identify their content's format in their titles, beginning with descriptors such as "list of", "timeline of", or similar. +A person is typically included in a list of people only if all the following requirements are met: +The person meets the Wikipedia notability requirement. The person's membership in the list's group is established by reliable sources. +There are some common exceptions to the typical notability requirement: +If the person is famous for a specific event, the notability requirement need not be met. If a person in a list does not have a Wikipedia article about them, a citation (or link to another article) must be provided to: a) establish their membership in the list's group; and b) establish their notability on either BLP1E or BIO1E. In a few cases, such as lists of board members or academics holding notable positions, the names of non-notable people may be included in a list that is largely made up of notable people, for the sake of completeness. +In other cases, editors choose even more stringent requirements, such as already having an article written (not just qualifying for one), or being notable specifically for reasons related to membership in this group. This is commonly used to control the size of lists that could otherwise run to hundreds or thousands of people, such as the List of American film actresses. +For instance, articles about schools often include (or link to) a list of notable alumni/alumnae, but such lists are not intended to contain everyone who attended the school. Editors who would like to be identified as an alumnus/alumna should instead use the categories intended for this purpose, e.g. Category:Wikipedians by alma mater. On the other hand, a list within an article of past school presidents, headmasters or headmistresses can contain the names of all the people who held this post, not just those who are independently notable. +Special care must be taken when adding living persons to lists based on religion or on sexual orientation. For further information, see Wikipedia's policy on biographical information about living people, in particular the category/list policy for living persons. There is an editnotice available for lists of people: {{Editnotice for lists of people}}. +Please document the list selection criteria on the talk page of the list. +Note that the guidance in this section is particularly applicable to people but applies to lists in general, not only lists of people. +In the interests of centralization of advice, this guideline page includes content guidelines, listed first; style guidelines particular to stand-alone lists, at § Style; and naming conventions, at § Titles. +Lists of companies and organizations +A company or organization may be included in a list of companies or organizations whether or not it meets the Wikipedia notability requirement, unless a given list specifically requires this. If the company or organization does not have an existing article in Wikipedia, a citation to an independent, reliable source should be provided to establish its membership in the list's group. +Lists of words +List contents +Stand-alone glossaries are categorized at Category:Wikipedia glossaries, as well as topically in article categories. Shorter ones are often better handled as embedded lists, though a redirect from a title like Glossary of X can be created to the section, and the redirect added to that category. Such embedded glossaries may split later into in stand-alone glossaries. +Because Wikipedia is not a dictionary, many ideas for glossaries, in which entries would be little more than dictionary definitions ("dicdefs"), may be better suited to Wiktionary. Glossaries that do not meet Wikipedia's notability criteria or not-a-dictionary policy should be migrated to Wiktionary at wikt:Category:English glossaries. Wiktionary also freely forks Wikipedia's encyclopedic glossaries for redevelopment to Wiktionary's purposes and standards, in its Appendix: namespace. +Some other, non-glossary lists of words can also yield an encyclopedic page, such as List of English words containing Q not followed by U, the condition being that reliable secondary sources for the topic can be cited. +Selection criteria (also known as inclusion criteria or membership criteria) should be unambiguous, objective, and supported by reliable sources. In cases where the membership criteria are subjective or likely to be disputed (for example, lists of unusual things or terrorist incidents), it is especially important that inclusion be based on reliable sources given with inline citations for each item. +When establishing membership criteria for a list, ask yourself if any the following are true: +If this person/thing/etc., wasn't X, would it reduce their fame or significance? Would I expect to see this person or thing on a list of X? Is this person or thing a canonical example of some facet of X? +Criteria for inclusion should factor in encyclopedic and topical relevance, not just verifiable existence. For example, all known species within a taxonomic family are relevant enough to include in a list of them; but List of Norwegian musicians would not be encyclopedically useful if it indiscriminately included every garage band mentioned in a local Norwegian newspaper. While notability is often a criterion for inclusion in overview lists of a broad subject, it may be too stringent for narrower lists; one of the functions of many lists on Wikipedia is providing an avenue for the retention of encyclopedic information that does not warrant separate articles, so common sense is required in establishing criteria for a list. +Lists are commonly written to satisfy one of the following sets of criteria: +These should only be created if a complete list is reasonably short (less than 32K) and could be useful (e.g., for navigation) or interesting to readers. The inclusion of items must be supported by reliable sources. For example, if reliable sources indicate that a complete list would include the names of ten notable businesses and two non-notable businesses, then you are not required to omit the two non-notable businesses. +"Creation guide" lists—lists devoted to a large number of redlinked (unwritten) articles, for the purpose of keeping track of which articles still need to be written—don't belong in the main namespace. Write these in your userspace, or in a Wikiproject's space, or list the missing articles at Wikipedia:Requested articles. +Citing sources +Stand-alone lists are subject to Wikipedia's content policies and guidelines for articles, including verifiability and citing sources. This means statements should be sourced where they appear, and they must provide inline citations if they contain any of the four kinds of material absolutely required to have citations. +When an inline citation is not required by a sourcing policy and editors choose to name more sources than strictly required, then either general references or inline citations may be used. It is generally presumed that obviously appropriate material, such as the inclusion of Apple in the List of fruits, does not require an inline citation. +Style +This section presents some particular style and layout considerations specifically for stand-alone lists, in addition to the general WP:Manual of Style/Lists, which pertains to all lists on Wikipedia. +Being articles, stand-alone lists are subject to Wikipedia's content policies, such as verifiability, no original research, neutral point of view, and what Wikipedia is not, as well as the notability guidelines. +Lead +A stand-alone list should begin with a lead section that summarizes its content, provides any necessary background information, gives encyclopedic context, links to other relevant articles, and makes direct statements about the criteria by which members of the list were selected, unless inclusion criteria are unambiguously clear from the article title. This introductory material is especially important for lists that feature little or no other non-list prose in their article body. Even when the selection criteria might seem obvious to some, an explicit standard is often helpful to both readers, to understand the scope, and other editors, to reduce the tendency to include trivial or off-topic entries. +Chronological ordering +Chronological lists, including all timelines and lists of works, should be in earliest-to-latest chronological order. Special cases which specifically require frequent daily additions, such as Deaths in 2019, may use reverse chronological order for temporary convenience, although these articles should revert to non-reverse order when the article has stabilized, as is the case with Deaths in 2003. +Categories, lists and navigation templates +As useful as lists are, certain lists may get out of date quickly; for these types of subjects, a category may be a more appropriate method of organization. See Wikipedia:Categorization and Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates for more information on the appropriate times to use lists versus categories. +Bulleted and numbered lists +Do not leave blank lines between items in a bulleted or numbered list unless there is a reason to do so, since this causes the Wiki software to interpret each item as beginning a new list. Use numbers rather than bullets only if: a need to refer to the elements by number may arise; the sequence of the items is critical; or the numbering has some independent meaning, for example in a listing of musical tracks. Use the same grammatical form for all elements in a list, and do not mix sentences and sentence fragments as elements. +A common practice is to entitle list articles as List of ___ (for example List of Xs). If (as is often the case), the list has multiple columns and so is in layout table form, the name or title List of Xs is still preferable to Table of Xs or Comparison of Xs (though the latter may be appropriate for articles that are actual tables of data comparing numerous features, e.g. Comparison of Linux distributions). For multi-page lists (a.k.a. "long lists"), see Wikipedia:Naming conventions (long lists). +A list of lists of X could be at either Lists of X or at List of X: e.g., Lists of books, List of sovereign states; the plural form is more prevalent. However, if the purpose of the list of lists is purely navigational in character (i.e., a list designed to aid readers in finding other lists), it is suggested that Index of X might be more appropriate. +Many lists are not intended to contain every possible member, but this does not need to be explained in the title itself. For example, the correct choice is List of people from the Isle of Wight, not List of people who were born on or strongly associated with the Isle of Wight and about whom Wikipedia has an article. Instead, the detailed criteria for inclusion should be described in the lead, and a reasonably concise title should be chosen for the list. +United States folk are a special case: List of United States people redirects to Lists of Americans which contains, amongst other things, lists by US state. (Special treatment is necessary because American is ambiguous.) Note, however, that lists of people organized by individual city should be at List of people from [city], rather than List of [city] people. +There are a number of formats, both generalized and specialized, that are currently used on Wikipedia, for list articles. +Lists and the "Related changes" link +A very useful Wikipedia feature is to use the "Related changes" link when on a list page. This will show you all the changes made to the links contained in the list. If the page has a link to itself, this feature will also show you the changes made to the list itself. +See also +Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates Wikipedia:Featured lists Wikipedia:Handling trivia Wikipedia:Listcruft Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Embedded lists Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Glossaries Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists of works Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Road junction lists Wikipedia:Set index articles Wikipedia:Timeline standards Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists Help:List Help:Table Portal:Contents/Outlines +Alphabetized lists, such as Wikipedia:WikiProject Mathematics/List of mathematics articles (0–9) and Index of economics articles, as well as simple alphabetized lists without letter subheadings. Annotated lists, such as List of business theorists, and List of bicycle manufacturing companies. Chronological lists, such as Deaths in 2007 and List of winners and shortlisted authors of the Booker Prize for Fiction. +Vautrin Lud +The Prix International de Géographie Vautrin Lud, known in English as the Vautrin Lud Prize, is the highest award in the field of geography.[1] Established in 1991, the award is modeled on the Nobel Prize, and colloquially called the "Nobel Prize for Geography".[1] The award is named after the 16th Century French scholar Vautrin Lud who is credited with naming the New World America after Amerigo Vespucci.[2] The award is given in the autumn of each year at the International Geography Festival in Saint-Dié-des-Vosges, France (the home town of Vautrin Lud) and decided upon by a five-person international jury.[1] +See also +List of science and technology awards International Geographical Union Victoria Medal Gold Medal Murchison Award Hubbard Medal +External links +Psychonauts is a platform game developed by Double Fine Productions that first released in 2005. The game was initially published by Majesco Entertainment for Microsoft Windows, Xbox and PlayStation 2; Budcat Creations helped with the PlayStation 2 port. In 2011, Double Fine acquired the rights for the title, allowing the company to republish the title with updates for modern gaming systems and ports for OS X and Linux. +Psychonauts follows the player-character Raz (voiced by Richard Horvitz), a young boy gifted with psychic abilities who runs away from the circus to try to sneak into a summer camp for those with similar powers to become a "Psychonaut", a spy with psychic abilities. He finds that there is a sinister plot occurring at the camp that only he can stop. The game is centered on exploring the strange and imaginative minds of various characters that Raz enters as a Psychonaut-in-training/"Psycadet" to help them overcome their fears or memories of their past, so as to gain their help and progress in the game. +Psychonauts was based on an abandoned concept that Schafer had during the development of Full Throttle, which he expanded out into a full game through his then new company Double Fine. The game was initially backed by Microsoft's Ed Fries as a premiere title for the original Xbox console, but several internal and external issues led to difficulties for Double Fine in meeting various milestones and responding to testing feedback. Following Fries' departure in 2004, Microsoft dropped the publishing rights, making the game's future unclear. +Despite being well received, Psychonauts did not sell well with only about 100,000 retail units sold at the time of release, leading to severe financial loss for Majesco and their departure from the video game market; the title was considered a commercial failure. Psychonauts since has earned a number of industry awards and gained a cult following. Following the acquisition of the game, Double Fine's republishing capabilities and support for modern platforms has allowed them to offer the game through digital distribution, and the company has reported that their own sales of the game have far exceeded what was initially sold on its original release, with cumulative sales of nearly 1.7 million as of December 2015[update]. +These abilities allow the player to explore more of the camp as well as fight off enemies. These powers can either be awarded by completing certain story missions, gaining psi ranks during the game, or by purchasing them with hidden arrowheads scattered around the camp. Powers can be improved — such as more damaging pyrokinesis or longer periods of invisibility — through gaining additional psi ranks.[1] The player can assign three of these powers to their controller or keyboard for quick use, but all earned powers are available at any time through a selection screen.[2] +The mental worlds have wildly differing art and level design aesthetics, but generally have a specific goal that Raz must complete to help resolve a psychological issue a character may have, allowing the game's plot to progress. Within the mental worlds are censors that react negatively to Raz's presence and will attack him. There are also various collectibles within the mental worlds, including "figments" of the character's imagination which help increase Raz's psi ranking, "emotional baggage" which can be sorted by finding tags and bringing them to the baggage, and "memory vaults" which can unlock a short series of slides providing extra information on that character's backstory.[1] Most of these worlds culminate in a boss battle that fully resolves the character's emotional distress and advance the story.[2] The player is able to revisit any of these worlds after completing them to locate any additional collectibles they may have missed. +Raz can take damage from psychically empowered creatures around the camp at night, or by censors in the mental worlds; due to a curse placed on his family, Raz is also vulnerable to water. If Raz's health is drained, he is respawned at the most-recent checkpoint. However, this can only be done so many times while Raz is within a mental world, indicated by the number of remaining astral projections; if these are expended through respawning, Raz is ejected from the character's mind and must re-enter to make another attempt. +A generation is "all of the people born and living at about the same time, regarded collectively." It can also be described as, "the average period, generally considered to be about thirty years, during which children are born and grow up, become adults, and begin to have children of their own".[1] In kinship terminology, it is a structural term designating the parent-child relationship. It is also known as biogenesis, reproduction, or procreation in the biological sciences. +Generational theory +Birth dates of generations of the western world +Generation is also often used synonymously with cohort in social science; under this formulation it means "people within a delineated population who experience the same significant events within a given period of time".[2] Generations in this sense of birth cohort, also known as "social generations", are widely used in popular culture, and have been the basis for sociological analysis. Serious analysis of generations began in the nineteenth century, emerging from an increasing awareness of the possibility of permanent social change and the idea of youthful rebellion against the established social order. Some analysts believe that a generation is one of the fundamental social categories in a society, while others view its importance as being overshadowed by other factors including class, gender, race, and education, among others. +While the concept of a generation has a long history and can be found in ancient literature,[18] there are also psychological and sociological dimensions in the sense of belonging and identity which may define a generation. The concept of a generation can be used to locate particular birth cohorts in specific historical and cultural circumstances, such as the "Baby boomers".[18] +Historian Hans Jaeger shows that, during this long history, two schools of thought coalesced regarding how generations form: the "pulse-rate hypothesis" and the "imprint hypothesis."[19] According to the pulse-rate hypothesis, a society's entire population can be divided into a series of non-overlapping cohorts, each of which develops a unique "peer personality" because of the time period in which each cohort came of age.[20] The movement of these cohorts from one life-stage to the next creates a repeating cycle that shapes the history of that society. Currently, the most prominent example of pulse-rate generational theory is the Strauss-Howe generational theory; however, Jose Ortega y Gasset and Julian Marias followed this approach before them. +Social scientists tend to reject the pulse-rate hypothesis because, as Jaeger explains, "the concrete results of the theory of the universal pulse rate of history are, of course, very modest. With a few exceptions, the same goes for the partial pulse-rate theories. Since they generally gather data without any knowledge of statistical principles, the authors are often least likely to notice to what extent the jungle of names and numbers which they present lacks any convincing organization according to generations."[21] +According to the imprint hypothesis, generations are only produced by specific historical events that cause young people to perceive the world differently than their elders. Thus, not everyone may be part of a generation; only those who share a unique social and biographical experience of an important historical moment will become part of a "generation as an actuality."[22] When following the imprint hypothesis, social scientists face a number of challenges. They cannot accept the labels and chronological boundaries of generations that come from the pulse-rate hypothesis (like Generation X or Millennial); instead, the chronological boundaries of generations must be determined inductively and who is part of the generation must be determined through historical, quantitative, and qualitative analysis.[23] +While all generations have similarities, there are differences among them as well. A 2007 Pew Research Center report called "Millennials: Confident. Connected. +Open to Change" noted the challenge of studying generations: "Generational analysis has a long and distinguished place in social science, and we cast our lot with those scholars who believe it is not only possible, but often highly illuminating, to search for the unique and distinctive characteristics of any given age group of Americans. But we also know this is not an exact science. We are mindful that there are as many differences in attitudes, values, behaviors, and lifestyles within a generation as there are between generations. +But we believe this reality does not diminish the value of generational analysis; it merely adds to its richness and complexity."[24] Another element of generational theory is recognizing how youth experience their generation, and how that changes based on where they reside in the world. "Analyzing young people's experiences in place contributes to a deeper understanding of the processes of individualization, inequality, and of generation."[25] Being able to take a closer looks at youth cultures and subcultures in different times and places adds an extra element to understanding the everyday lives of youth. This allows a better understanding of youth and the way generation and place play in their development.[26] +It is not where the birth cohort boundaries are drawn that is important, but how individuals and societies interpret the boundaries and how divisions may shape processes and outcomes. However, the practice of categorizing age cohorts is useful to researchers for the purpose of constructing boundaries in their work.[27] +Generational tension +Norman Ryder, writing in American Sociological Review in 1965, shed light on the sociology of the discord between generations by suggesting that society "persists despite the mortality of its individual members, through processes of demographic metabolism and particularly the annual infusion of birth cohorts". He argued that generations may sometimes be a "threat to stability" but at the same time they represent "the opportunity for social transformation".[28] Ryder attempted to understand the dynamics at play between generations. +Amanda Grenier, in a 2007 essay published in Journal of Social Issues, offered another source of explanation for why generational tensions exist. Grenier asserted that generations develop their own linguistic models that contribute to misunderstanding between age cohorts, "Different ways of speaking exercised by older and younger people exist, and may be partially explained by social historical reference points, culturally determined experiences, and individual interpretations".[29] +Karl Mannheim, in his 1952 book Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge asserted the belief that people are shaped through lived experiences as a result of social change. Howe and Strauss also have written on the similarities of people within a generation being attributed to social change. Based on the way these lived experiences shape a generation in regard to values, the result is that the new generation will challenge the older generation's values, resulting in tension. +This photograph depicts four generations of one family: a baby boy, his mother, his maternal grandmother, and his maternal great-grandmother. (2008) +"Western world" can be taken to include Europe, America, Australia and New Zealand. Many variations may exist within these regions, both geographically and culturally, which means that the list is broadly indicative, but very general. The contemporary characterization of these cohorts used in media and advertising borrows, in part, from the Strauss–Howe generational theory[citation needed] and generally follows the logic of the pulse-rate hypothesis.[31] +Journalist Tom Brokaw wrote about American members of this cohort in his book, The Greatest Generation, which popularized the term.[35] The Silent Generation, also known as the Lucky Few, were born from approximately 1925 to 1942.[36] It includes some who fought in World War II, most of those who fought the Korean War and many during the Vietnam War. Baby boomers, also known as Generation W[37] or the Me Generation, are the generation that were born mostly following World War II, typically born from 1946 to 1964. Increased birth rates were observed during the post–World War II baby boom making them a relatively large demographic cohort.[38][39] Generation X, commonly abbreviated to Gen X, is the generation following the baby boomers. +In the U.S., some called Xers the "baby bust" generation because of a drop in birth rates following the baby boom.[40] The drop in fertility rates in America began in the late 1950s. But according to authors William Strauss and Neil Howe (who use a twenty year span from 1961 to 1981 for their birth years), by 1991 there were approximately 88.5 million Xers in the U.S.[41] Millennials, also known as Generation Y,[42] are the cohort of people following Generation X. Demographers and researchers typically use the early 1980s as starting birth years and the mid 1990s to early 2000s as ending birth years. According to Pew Research, the Millennials will surpass the Baby Boomers in numbers in the U.S. in 2019, with an anticipated 72 million Boomers and 73 million Millennials.[43] Generation Z is the cohort of people born after the Millennials. +Other areas +External links +The lack of siblings has had profound psychological effects on this generation, such as egoism due to always being at the centre of parents' attention as well as the stress of having to be the sole provider once the parents retire. People born post-1980s in Hong Kong are for the most part different from the same generation in mainland China.[47] The term "Post-80s" (八十後) came into use in Hong Kong between 2009 and 2010, particularly during the opposition to the Guangzhou-Hong Kong Express Rail Link, during which a group of young activists came to the forefront of Hong Kong's political scene.[48] They are said to be "post-materialist" in outlook, and they are particularly vocal in issues such as urban development, culture and heritage, and political reform. Their campaigns include the fight for the preservation of Lee Tung Street, the Star Ferry Pier and the Queen's Pier, Choi Yuen Tsuen Village, real political reform (on 23 June), and a citizen-oriented Kowloon West Art district. +Daniel Ceballos Fernández (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈdani θeˈβaʎos]; born 7 August 1996) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for Arsenal, on loan from Real Madrid, and the Spain national team as a central midfielder. +File description +E.g.: "Image of a goldfish in a small tank". This should not be an alternative text (see alternative text for images), but rather a description. This is useful for users who do not have direct access to the image, and is a temporary substitute for a proper longdesc tag. +If you downloaded the file from somewhere else, you should give details of source, author, etc. See Wikipedia:Cite your sources. +File summary +This is where you write the additional information about the file and how it was created, where, when, how, and by whom, as well as what the image is and what it is about. Example: "A picture I took underwater with a ___ camera, of a ____ fish." or "An original illustration of cars from the future and their bent wheels." +Image summary +Most articles that use images will have a caption, but this will probably be shorter than the image's full description, and more closely related to the text of the article. +Keep in mind that everyone who sees this image in an article and clicks on it for more information (or to enlarge it) arrives at the file description page. +If you made the image yourself, there are certain questions which only you can answer. Because you may not be around to answer those questions later, you should include this information in the description page when you upload the image. This will help other editors to make better use of the image, and it will be more informative for readers. +For photographs: +When a file such as an image, video or sound clip is uploaded to Wikipedia or the Wikimedia Commons, an associated file description page is created (also known as an image description page or file page ). The purpose of these pages is to provide information about the file: for example the author, date of creation, who uploaded the file, any modifications that may have been made, an extended description of the file's subject or context, where the file is used, and license or copyright information. In the case of an image, the file description page shows a higher resolution version of the image, if available. +When was the photograph taken? What are the names of all the people and notable objects visible in the photograph? What is happening in the photograph? +For synthetic pictures: +Diagrams and markings should be explained as completely as possible. If necessary, a legend or key should be provided. +Technical information for photographs: +If a film camera was used, provide the model number, lens information and exposure settings. What post-production modifications were made? (adjustments to color, contrast etc.) +Technical information for synthetic images: +What software was used to create or edit the image? What pre-existing sources (free images, photos, etc.) were used as inputs? +Copyright information +Please be aware that the copyright holder (the original creator of the file, their employer, or an official designee), not the uploader, decides on the licensing for the image, and that "fair use" of non-free files has a specific definition. Please read Wikipedia:Copyrights, Wikipedia:Image use policy, Wikipedia:Fair use guideline, and Wikipedia:Non-free content for information about what images are acceptable to upload. If you have a question about a specific image, you can ask at Wikipedia:Media copyright questions. +Relevant links (internal) +To view the file description page for an image or video, click on the image itself. For a sound file, click on the information icon, , near the sound clip link. +See also: Flag of the United Kingdom +Other versions +If other versions (especially a larger version) of the same file exists, link to them. +[[Media:Goldfish-in-tank2.jpg|different camera angle]] ([[:Image:Goldfish-in-tank2.jpg|info]]) [[Media:Goldfish-in-tank-textfree.jpg|textfree version]] ([[:Image:Goldfish-in-tank-textfree.jpg|info]]) +Textfree versions are useful for using across language versions. +Other points +Wikimedia Commons +Files available on Wikipedia can be stored on Wikipedia or on Wikimedia Commons. If a file is stored on Commons the following message will be shown on the file's description page: +A file description page consists of five parts: +Any edits to the file's description page should be made on Commons, except in special circumstances, such as indicating the file has reached featured status on Wikipedia. To edit the Commons description page click on the "description page there" link. Like Wikipedia, anyone can edit the Commons. +Preview +When editing, the Show preview function only shows the editable part of a file page. The file itself, the file history and the file links are not displayed. +To edit a file it will need to be downloaded. Use a suitable software program (such as the GIMP or Photoshop for images) to perform the modifications. Once the changes are completed upload the file to Wikipedia or Commons. +On Wikipedia, please avoid adding a description in a language other than English. Instead, use interlanguage links to link to the image description page on the appropriate-language wiki, where you should upload a second copy of the image for local use. +On Commons, a translation may be added to the description page. +The editable section: This should include a description of the file, plus source and copyright information. When editing, this section allows Wikipedia:Wiki Markup Language (also known as Wikitext) and should include some or all the parameters of Template:Information. File history: If a new version of a file is uploaded with the same name, the existing file is replaced and becomes available via file history. +Uploading original images +If you have created an image yourself, and you have a higher-quality source file in a format such as .XCF, .PSD, or .AI, you may want to consider uploading that source file so that other users can more easily modify it if the need arises. Link the source file from the image description page. If the source file is too large to upload, try compressing it with a utility such as WinZip or gzip. +Wikipedia supports displaying SVG images, so it's generally best to upload SVG copies of images in place of raster renderings of them. +Files can be in the same category as other pages, but are treated separately: on the category page they are not included in the count of articles in the category, and they are displayed in a separate section, with for each a thumbnail and the name, see category page. A file category is typically a subcategory of the general category about the same subject, and a subcategory of a wider file category. On Wikimedia Commons there are essentially only files. +For categorizing a new file, the file page does not even have to be edited: the category tag can simply be put in the upload summary. Many images can be categorized in one of the subcategories of Category:Wikipedia images by subject. You might need to poke around the category hierarchy a bit to find the right place. +In English Wikipedia, the file page for a media file named F is at , and it can be accessed using the Wiki markup [[:File:F]]. A media file's name can be determined from its URL: it is always the URL's last or second-from-last component. For example, a flag image might have the following URL: +This URL's second-from-last component is "Flag_of_France.svg", so the corresponding file page is File:Flag_of_France.svg. +The URL of an image can often be determined by asking a browser to display the image's properties, and similarly for other media files. Sometimes, however, you may need to view the HTML of the page containing a media file to determine the file's URL. For example, in standard browsers the default English Wikipedia skin displays at upper left a puzzle-globe image, which takes you to the Main Page if you click on it; to find this image's file page, look in this page's HTML for the following: + +This HTML contains a URL whose last component is "Wiki.png", and the corresponding file page is therefore File:Wiki.png. +See also +Help:Files Help:Visual file markup - for placing a visual file in an article Help:Sound file markup - for placing a sound file in an article Wikipedia:Uploading images Template:Information - the template that is used in the file's description summary, including the template's documentation Wikipedia:Uploading images § File description page's Summary mark-up text - an example of the Information template with the parameters explained, designed to be copied and pasted for easier editing +Useful things to include in the editable section +The editable section of the page is used to describe the file and provide additional information. Initially this section automatically contains the upload summary supplied when the file was first uploaded. The following are useful things to put on a file page: +Wikipedia serves the widest of audiences and as such must be exemplary in its handling of sensitive things like imagery of living persons. In addition to relying upon competent authority regarding copyright status, we recommend relying upon good common sense when considering whether an image of a living person might be considered offensive by them or others. It may be advisable to side with caution, rather than with humor or whimsy (e.g., as a fan or detractor of a famous artist or as a political opponent of a public figure). +Most images you might find on the Internet are copyrighted and not appropriate for uploading to Wikipedia. If you did not create the image, or if you are unable or unwilling to verify its copyright status, do not upload the image. Also, in the cases of images where their owners have stipulated they be used for non-commercial purposes only, under new guidelines such images may no longer be uploaded into Wikipedia except by the express permission of those owners. +Steps in uploading a new image +Determine copyright status +For uploads to the English Wikipedia, you must first find out whether the image is legal in the United States (where the Wikipedia servers are located). Because of copyright treaties, this may additionally require you to verify the image's copyright in its source country. (A comprehensive explanation of this is at Wikipedia:Non-U.S. copyrights, and simple charts of copyright duration can be found at Wikipedia:Copyright situations by country and Commons:Licensing.) +Next, determine which Image copyright tag is applicable for your image file. +Copyrighted images with no license +If the image has not been released (to your knowledge) under a license, and is still under copyright you must gain permission to use the image from the copyright holder. +Alternatively, you can ask the copyright holder to post a notice on the website where the image originated[Note 1] stating that it is released under an appropriate free licence (such as these; CC BY-SA 3.0 is simplest, because Wikipedia's text already uses that license). +Free license and public domain images +If, after looking over the Wikipedia:Copyright and Image copyright tags pages, you determine that the image is public domain or other free license (e.g. Creative Commons), then you may upload it to Wikimedia Commons. This is a shared repository for images and other media files. Images uploaded to Wikimedia Commons can easily be used here on English Wikipedia as well as by other language Wikipedias and Sister projects (the [[File:]] tag will find Wikimedia Commons images as if they were stored on Wikipedia). +See First steps/Upload form for further instructions on uploading to Commons. More general help can be found at Wikimedia Commons Help. +Fair use images +If the image you wish to upload is not under a free license, but meets all of Wikipedia's fair use criteria, then you are permitted to upload it directly into the English Wikipedia with a fair use rationale. Keep in mind that it is not permitted to upload fair use images into Wikimedia Commons, but it is permitted to do so into English Wikipedia. In addition to fair use images, it is possible to upload any image directly to Wikipedia; though, doing so lacks some advantages of Commons. +Only logged in users with autoconfirmed accounts can upload images (meaning that the account must be at least four days old, and the user must have made at least ten edits). If you do not have an account, or you have not been autoconfirmed yet, please see Wikipedia:Files for upload. +You can upload an image by using the Upload file link on the left side of the main page under Tools (which is a link to Special:Upload). On most browsers, you will see a "Browse..." button, which will bring up your operating system's standard file open dialog. Choosing a file will fill the name of that file into the text field next to the button. +Note that some licenses, such as the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike License v. 2.5, require that licensees attribute the work as specified by the copyright holder. After uploading, you may need to manually edit the "Licensing" section. For this example, you would add the correct attribution as a parameter to the {{Cc-by-sa-2.5}} template, which would then appear as {{Cc-by-sa-2.5|Attribution}}. +Uploading images to Wikipedia is a matter of: +Some filenames (such as highly generic filenames produced automatically by digital cameras) are disallowed, and attempting to use them will generate an error message.[Note 2] +Find previously uploaded images +To view or search images previously uploaded directly to English Wikipedia, go to the list of uploaded images. Uploads and deletions are logged on the upload log. Many images can be categorized in one of the subcategories of Category:Wikipedia images by subject or its parent category Category:Wikipedia images. +Please note that as with wiki pages, others may edit or delete your uploads if they think it serves the encyclopedia, and you may be blocked from uploading if you abuse the system. +Updating existing image +clearly establishing that the copyright status of each intended upload is appropriate for a free-content encyclopedia; and then uploading the image with clear labeling as to its origin and copyright status. +After uploading a new version of an image to the same image name you often need to bypass your browser cache to see the new image. This also fixes the oddity that the new image might show on the image page, but with the old image size. Sometimes after uploading a new version of an image the thumbnails in articles still show the old image even if you have bypassed your browser cache (which is especially ugly if the new image is of a different size). +Adding images to articles +The procedure for adding images to articles is the same, regardless of whether the image was uploaded to Commons or directly to English Wikipedia. To make your uploaded file appear in an article, you need to insert it: edit the article and add the syntax +[[File:Image name|thumb|Caption]] +where you want the file to appear. +Important: Image names are case-sensitive. For example, if an image is called Picture.jpg then neither picture.jpg nor Picture.JPG will find it. +See Help:Visual file markup for further instructions. +Technical aspects +If you want to upload multiple images using the New wizard, click here. +The preferred formats are JPEG for photographic images, SVG for drawings and line-art illustration, PNG for non-vector graphic iconic images, Ogg Vorbis for sound and Ogg Theora for video. Please name your files descriptively to avoid confusion (see below). To include the image in an article, use a link in the form [[File:filename.jpg]] or [[File:filename.png|alt text]] or [[File:filename.ogg]] for sounds. +Mini how-to +The Upload File Screen, which you will find at Special:Upload, has three fields: +The Destination Filename field will contain the filename that links to your image from a Wikipedia article. If JavaScript is enabled, it will be set automatically to the filename that you entered in the Source Filename field, but it may be changed to any valid name you wish; see Wikipedia:Image file names for guidance on choosing a good name. For the convenience of non-JavaScript users, if the destination field is left blank, the Source Filename will be used. +File description page's Summary mark-up text +Here is an example Summary (including explanations of the Template:Information parameters) that you can copy and paste when you upload the file or refer to when you edit any file Summary that needs correction: +As for the description of the content, if it’s an artwork, please provide brief historical background; in case of scientific data, a brief scientific abstract of the file. If you have detailed information about the image, for example the name of the species or the size of the object, please add it. Especially with mineral images, including the size is helpful. +Reminder: If you create images to upload that need to show the size of a depicted object, images with a ruler are better than images with a coin or similar item, since not everyone has access to the same type of item. It will also help you enter the correct size in the description. +Submitting the information +Unfortunately, large numbers of images are removed from Wikipedia within hours or days of being uploaded due to inappropriate, insufficient or inaccurate copyright information. By diligently completing the above steps, you can save yourself and others a great deal of time and ensure that whatever you upload will remain a part of Wikipedia's knowledge base. +After entering the information, submitting it will upload the image and save the summary. There is no preview, as there is for editing articles. Nevertheless, the Sandbox or a user page can be used to view and edit summaries before the image is uploaded, and after uploading, you can still click the edit button and make changes to the summary and the license, if you have made a mistake. +If there is already a file that was uploaded with the Destination Filename you chose, then you are given the options to save anyway and overwrite the old file (although it will remain in the image history) or returning to the upload form and entering a different filename. +Multiproject upload +For this reason, all free images should be uploaded to Wikimedia Commons, where they will immediately be accessible from all Wikimedia projects. Note that Commons only accepts free images (public domain or licensed under a free license). If the image is fair use, you can't upload it to Commons, so it will have to be uploaded separately to every project that uses it.[Note 3] To upload the image existing on Wikipedia to another project you will need to download the image to your own computer (often right clicking on it will give you this option), and then re-upload that to the place you want the image to be copied to. +If this is too confusing, just tag it with {{Copy to Wikimedia Commons}}. This adds a notice saying "This is a candidate to be copied to the Wikimedia Commons" to the page; then someone will move it for you and remove the tag. This category has a significant backlog though, so it may be better just to move it yourself. +See also +Here is a brief synopsis of the image requirements: +Wikipedia:Images Wikipedia:Image use policy Wikipedia:Images and media for deletion Wikipedia:Featured pictures Wikipedia:Captions meta:Sharing images across projects Requesting a free photo – "How-To" guide for acquiring free images (5 steps). More useful for novice editors still gaining experience with copyright licenses and uploading free images. +Allowed copyright statuses include (in descending order of desirability): +Public Domain (expired copyright or public from inception) One of various licenses listed in this Wikipedia resource page Claimed as fair use under Wikipedia's non-free content guidelines +To update an existing image, for example an infographic based on older date, go to that image file description page and find the link that says "upload a new version of this file", which opens a wizard to upload the new version. Describe only the changes that you have made to the file, as the general description of the file (including licensing, etc.) will remain from before. The new version will now automatically be accessed by the pages that link to the file, but will keep the old version in the "File History" section of the file description page. +If you cannot find the link to "upload a new version of this file" it's possible that you are not looking at the original source page of the file. It is common for files to be hosted at the Wikimedia Commons, even though they have an English Wikipedia info page in which case you'll have to find the file there (a notice should be provided that the file is hosted on Wikimedia Commons and will link to the file's "description page there") where you can update the file. Changes to the Wikimedia Commons version of the file will be seen in all Wikipedia references as well. +The first step in using an image or other media file is to choose an upload server. Some files must use Wikipedia's upload server. Many files can use the Wikimedia Commons upload server which homes files at Wikimedia Commons. +for images: SVG, PNG, JPEG, and XCF. The GIF and TIFF formats are recognized, and other image formats may be too. for audio: MIDI, and also Ogg with FLAC, Speex, or Vorbis codecs. for video: WebM, and also Ogg with the Theora video codec. +You may have to rename your file for Wikipedia: see Naming files below. Also, please bear in mind that the Exif format of many digital cameras, smartphones, and scanners may embed personal metadata, and that if your media files are handled by unknown persons, "steno programs" can imbed hidden information in them. +High resolution images and animated .gif files may pose a problem for performance, but see the problem description in terms of bandwidth and reader's computing power at Consideration of image download size. For photographs in JPEG format, upload the best quality and highest resolution version available; these will be automatically scaled down to low-resolution thumbnails when needed. +Once the file is uploaded, please verify its file page image quality and description, considering how its key words help tag it for proper indexing in a search result. If a file of the same name exists on both Wikipedia and Commons, the Wikipedia file will be displayed. +Copyrighted materials cannot be uploaded to either location; see Wikipedia:Image use policy. Files subject to any restrictions whatsoever, even "for use on Wikipedia only", may not be free enough. In case an image is non-free content, use low-resolution, low-bandwidth files. +Search for and find one of many existing image files, or upload your own file. Knowing the file's page name you can then edit your page and refer to that file to insert it into your wikitext. You will wikilink the page name, which will in turn include its file (of that name) in the page you edit. +[[File:Wikipedesketch.png|thumb|alt=A cartoon centipede ... detailed description.|The Wikipede edits ''[[Myriapoda]]''.]] +The Wikipede edits Myriapoda. +The above link contains "fields": +the page name, "File:Wikipedesketch.png" "thumb", short for thumbnail and referring here to the reader's default size for images (See Help:User preferences to specify your own thumbnail sizes.) the alt text, such as might read "A cartoon centipede with seven hands reads a book, lifts another, types on a laptop, and holds a bottle". Alt text is intended for visually impaired readers or those with browsers or computers that do not display images. It should describe the gist of the picture's appearance in detail the caption, as "The Wikipede edits Myriapoda." +Text and captions need have little text in common. A reader of the article can click on the thumbnail, or on the small double-rectangle icon below it, to go to the corresponding file page. +You can avoid image "stackups" in several ways, for example, by alternating left and right images, by aligning images, and if all else fails by forcing a break. You can create a gallery of images arranged into an array by using table syntax, (see {{Gallery}}), and by using a gallery tag. (Gallery tags do not support alt text, so they generate galleries that will not be accessible to readers who cannot see the images) Also, you can create plain pictures that do not have captions and can be mingled with text and other images; these can use more fine-grained techniques, including borders, vertical alignment with text, and control over links. +For examples of all these techniques, see Picture tutorial. +While the image name doesn't matter much to the reader (they can reach the description page by simply clicking on the image), it matters for editors. It is helpful to other contributors and for maintenance of the encyclopedia if images have descriptive or at least readable file names. For example, File:Skyline Frankfurt am Main.jpg is more manageable than File:14004096 200703230833355477800.jpg. +For example, a picture of an album cover should not be given the name File:Cover.jpg. Sooner or later someone else will try to do the same thing, and that could overwrite the old image. Then the new image will appear wherever the old one was seen before—an album article would then show the wrong album cover. +The page name of a file page is renamed by a file mover. A file mover is a user granted special rights. Unless you have been granted file mover rights, you must make a request to rename the page. +The most common and accepted reasons a file mover will change a name are: +Uploader request Changing from a meaningless to a descriptive title Changing from a misleading name to an accurate name Correcting important errors denoting, for example the spelling of a proper noun, or a false historical date Harmonizing file names with a set of related names Disambiguating files with very similar names Remove pejorative, offensive or crude language +You can use the Special:Search box below to locate Files. See Help:Searching for more information. +The File namespace is a namespace consisting of administration pages in which all of Wikipedia's media content resides. On Wikipedia all media filenames begin with the prefix File:, including data files for images, video clips, or audio clips, including document length clips; or midi files (a small, computer-instructions file). +See also +Wikipedia:Creation and usage of media files Help:Viewing media Wikipedia:File names Wikipedia:Images - an overview Wikipedia:Image use policy Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images Wikipedia:Picture tutorial Wikipedia:Uploading images Wikipedia:Extended image syntax Wikipedia:File namespace noticeboard mw:Help:Images - on MediaWiki.org commons:Allowable file types (STL is only allowed at Commons) +For example, include the terms image, video, or midi in the query. Then, discovering the page name you can edit the wikitext of any page and insert that media. This is an easy way to significantly improve articles. +There are three semantic differences from the normal wikilink syntax when working with a file page: +[[File:pagename]] will transclude the file, inserting the image, video or audio into the rendered page in a file link; however for MIDI files, it works as usual and a link to the file page will be inserted. A file link is a transclusion from the File namespace, complete with transclusion parameters. [[:File:pagename]], with the initial colon, will link the image, video or audio file page; [[Media:pagename]] will render a link which can activate the image or audio or video of a data file directly, on its own page (separate from the rendered page or the file page). +For backward compatibility with older pages the alias Image: (now deprecated) is still available instead of File: in wikilinks or in the search box, but "image" will now refer to more types of data files than just images. +Uploading files +In rare cases an HTML file is uploaded, for example as a test or demonstration. +Occasionally a PDF file is uploaded. However, most PDFs should be converted into wikitext. Source documents should be uploaded to Wikisource instead. +Typically the first step in using an image or other media file is to upload it to Wikimedia Commons, but for legal reasons, some files must be uploaded to the English Wikipedia instead. Wikipedia:Upload helps you to choose between these options. +Images can be displayed directly on Wikipedia pages. +The preferred formats are JPEG for photographic images and Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) for drawings, though PNG can also be used. Vector graphics are preferred to raster graphics for drawings, because they can be scaled as needed without losing information, and can be edited more easily. +Type "[[Image:FILENAME|alt=ALT TEXT|TITLE TEXT]]" when you want to display an image file directly. In most cases, a thumbnail is more useful: "[[Image:FILENAME|thumb|alt=ALT TEXT|CAPTION]]". See Wikipedia:Picture tutorial for further information. +See also: +Files from Wikimedia Commons use the same syntax described below, there is no extra step needed. The maximum size of an uploaded file is 100 megabytes. As of March 2012[update], the following file types may be uploaded: png, gif, jpg/jpeg, xcf, pdf, mid, ogg/ogv/oga, svg, djvu. +Wikipedia:Extended image syntax Wikipedia:Image use policy +Wikipedia uses the Ogg Vorbis, FLAC and WAV format for audio, as they are not encumbered by patents (an issue that prompted the decision in 2004 that MP3 files would not be hosted at Wikipedia[1]). Since then, the MP3 patents have expired and Wikimedia legal has given permission to allow uploading as needed by Wikimedia or its communities[2]. +As for multimedia players, Winamp can be used to play Ogg Vorbis files. Although iTunes does not natively support Vorbis, Xiph.Org provides a QuickTime component which can be used in players that rely on QuickTime, such as iTunes, on both Microsoft Windows and Mac OS. DirectShow filters exist to decode Vorbis in multimedia players like Windows Media Player and others which support DirectShow. +Useful software for audio: +For encoding to Ogg Vorbis, it is recommended that you use Hydrogenaudio-recommended encoders for best results. oggenc (cross-platform) is the command-line encoder, while OggDropXPd (Windows-only) is an easy-to-use GUI for encoding to Ogg Vorbis. dBpowerAMP Music Converter (proprietary, Windows-only) offers a convenient GUI for transcoding between most audio codecs, including Ogg Vorbis. The Vorbis encoder must be downloaded separately from the software, but it is freely available from the same website. The easiest way to play Ogg Vorbis files on legacy Macintoshes (OS 9 and earlier) is to use JustOgg. +The Vorbis Software Players node at the xiph.org wiki has an up-to-date list of Vorbis-supporting software for all operating systems. Users can test these players using the list of Vorbis audio streams available at . +Most viable is to use Template:Listen, see its page for detailed description, common usage is listed here: +{{listen |filename=FILENAME.ogg |title=TITLE |description=DESCRIPTION }} +If you want to give a link to the file description page in an article, use an extra colon at the front, e.g., "[[:File:pagename". If you type "[[Media:pagename]]", a download link to the media file is created. The page name will contain the file type such as pagename.jpg. +Example: +{{listen |filename=Accordian chords-01.ogg |title=Accordion chords |description=Chords being played on an accordion }} +There are several other audio templates used primarily for demonstrating pronunciation of foreign languages or obscure terms, such as {{audio-IPA}}. When adding a sound file to an article, such as English language or Irish phonology avoid using a template that only links to the raw sound file, as this effectively hides important licensing information that allows readers to see who created and uploaded the file, its source and under what license it was published. +Lists of uploaded spoken articles +Wikipedia:Spoken articles +Further information on audio files +Wikipedia:Music samples Category:Song articles missing an audio sample Wikipedia:WikiProject Free music Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2005-02-14/Music recordings Wikipedia:Media help (MIDI) Wikipedia:Media help (Ogg) Wikipedia:WikiProject Composers/Guidelines for using sound excerpts +Special characters and math +Video +Wikipedia uses WebM and Ogg Theora for video because they are open source and royalty-free. Since most popular movie/audio formats are patented and require a royalty, there are no free all-purpose video converters. See also WikiCommons' Theora video conversion help page. +Limitations and implementation issues +Both the Wikipedia project and the Wikimedia Commons limit uploads to a maximum of 100 megabytes (though it is possible to upload larger files using chunked uploads). +For video, ffmpeg2theora is a command line encoder capable of converting numerous file formats (.mov, .mpg, .mpeg, .avi) into Ogg Theora. It works on Windows, Macintosh, and Linux/Unix. (how to use ffmpeg2theora.) You can also use the encoder_example application included with libtheora in combination with a program like MPlayer that is capable of dumping raw (yuv4mpeg) video and sound to encode in Ogg Theora http://programmer-art.org/projects/arista-transcoder and http://www.linuxrising.org/transmageddon/ are graphical transcoders for Unix / Linux Kdenlive, OpenShot and other video programs are available for Linux that can edit Theora and WebM videos The directshow filters can be used to encode Ogg Theora using GraphEdit.[dead link] The Xiph.org wiki has a list of Theora Software Encoders handbrake is a free (GPL'd) transcoder for Windows, Mac and Linux Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe Creative Suite can export videos directly in WebM format by using the free fnordware plugin (Win/Mac). +Video usage +Embedding video +It is not necessary to upload images to use special characters or even complex mathematical expressions. +The easiest way to embed video directly into an article is by using the same [[File:]] tag as for image files. The result is on the right. +Setting a video thumbnail image +By default, a frame from the midpoint of the video is used for the initial still image. To use a different frame, use the thumbtime parameter. For instance: +Specify the time in seconds, or use colons to separate hours, minutes and seconds. +Temporal media fragments +Wikipedia uses a UTF-8 encoding scheme, which means that any Unicode character can and should be entered directly. See m:Help:Special characters for details and help. (You can also use SGML entities for certain characters, such as & for & or é for é.) +Allows embed code to reference a segment of the video stream or set a start time. Hover over the player to see start time listed as 5s, press play and notice it stops playback at 7 seconds. +[[File:Weeding.ogv|thumb|300px|start=5|end=7|Starts at 5 seconds and ends playback at 7 seconds]] +One can also use MM:SS or HH:MM:SS format for start and end. +Note: This is not yet supported on Safari and Internet Explorer. +Linking to a video +There are two types of links to a video: +To make the text of a link to the video's File Description Page appear as some text other than the video's filename, use [[:File:Time Lapse of New York City.ogv|some text you prefer]]. Media – To create a link that downloads the video, use [[Media:Time Lapse of New York City.ogv]] or use [[:Media:Time Lapse of New York City.ogv]]. To make the text of a link that downloads the video appear as some text other than the video's filename, use [[Media:Time Lapse of New York City.ogv|some text you prefer]] or use [[:Media:Time Lapse of New York City.ogv|some text you prefer]]. +See also: +m:Video policy Wikipedia Media Help (Playback) commons:Category:Commons video resources +For mathematical formulae, we use TeX markup. For help and instructions, see m:Help:Formula. +Moving files to Commons +Many files have been uploaded to Wikipedia. A long-term project under way is to move free content files—including images and audio—to Wikimedia Commons. Commons provides a central location for files for use on all Wikimedia Foundation projects. +Commons employs more restrictive policies on copyright issues than the English Wikipedia does; for instance, fair-use images such as most images of album cover art cannot be hosted on Commons. +See also +Special:Filelist mw:Manual:MediaWiki file usage — Technical information about MediaWiki file storage methods. Commons:File types Category:Commons resources +Please do not upload plain text (.txt), Microsoft Word (.doc), or text files in other formats. Instead, please start a new page and input the text using standard wiki formatting. Please do not dump text into Wikipedia unless you wrote it yourself, or you know that it meets the project's stringent copyright licensing requirements. +A screencast that walks through how to upload files to Wikimedia Commons and add them to Wikipedia articles. +"Bombers of WW1" with a still from the midpoint "Bombers of WW1" with a still from 3 seconds +Starts at 5 seconds and ends playback at 7 seconds +Diagrams +The editability and scalability of SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) make the format the obvious choice for graphic representation of data and illustrations. However, it is not always easy to convert raster images like GIFs, PNGs, or JPEGs to SVG, and some images (especially photos) are not conducive to this treatment. If a diagram cannot be produced in SVG then a PNG image is preferred over a JPEG. +The PNG compression algorithm is designed to work with large areas of solid colour that have sharp boundaries. It is therefore a good format for diagrams and cartoons. But it does not automatically give you the smallest possible file size. +There is a delusion among many web designers that PNGs are larger than GIFs. This delusion originates from two facts: +The lower colour depth versions of PNG store colours in a palette. Paletted images can have a bit depth of 1, 2, 4, or 8 bit (2, 4, 16, or 256 colour). Use the lowest bit depth that can handle all colours in your image, although some image editing programs cannot create 2-bit colour images. +If you are converting an image with many colours (perhaps because somebody saved the original as a JPEG, avoid this) to a PNG, you may want to reduce the number of colours at the same time; see Wikipedia:How to reduce colors for saving a JPEG as PNG. +An anti-aliased image may use more colours than you notice, because anti-aliasing smooths jagged edges by adding shades of grey where once there was black or white. Anti-aliased black-and-white images usually need to be saved as 16-colour or 256-colour images instead. See the illustration at the right. +When uploading image files to Wikipedia or, preferably, to the Wikimedia Commons, it is important to use the right file format for the content. Don't try to save disk space on the images server by giving up useful information. +Do not save diagrams as JPEG +To the right is an example of a file saved as JPEG when it should have been saved as PNG. JPEG uses lossy data compression meant for photographs. Compressing drawings or diagrams with JPEG results in an image of poor quality, because the human eye can spot the compression artifacts around the edges. +JPEG compression has many options but most commonly only two colour spaces: 24-bit RGB (8 bits per sample) and 8-bit greyscale. Most importantly, JPEG by its nature cannot support indexed colour. In the example on the right, a 4-colour image is inflated by using an inappropriate colour schema, which results in the rather large file size. +If you do not have an original file but only a JPEG that really should be a PNG, do not simply save the JPEG as PNG because this will result in an even larger file. There is a nice tutorial at Wikipedia:How to reduce colors for saving a JPEG as PNG. +Use SVG over PNG +PNG is a raster graphics format, encoding the value of each individual pixel, while SVG is a vector graphics format that encodes an image as a series of geometric shapes. If this confuses you, don't worry; you don't need to understand the technical aspects to create or upload images. What this means in practice is that an SVG image scales to different sizes far better than an equivalent PNG. +SVGs can be easily created with many desktop publishing programs such as the free Scribus program. SVGs can also be altered simply with a text editor, because it is code-based, not numerical. This makes updating and translating illustrations much easier. +If the image was generated from data (e.g. a graph in Microsoft Excel), the data and file (e.g. spreadsheet) should be included so new data can be added to the graph, and/or the source of the data should be cited. If the image was generated from a script (e.g. in a computer algebra system), the code should be included so minor improvements like labels and color adjustments can be made. In any of the above cases, there should be a note saying what specific software is required to edit the image. +There are 4 basic choices for image file formats: +See also +Guidelines for drawing chemical structures Wikipedia:Image use policy Wikipedia:Graphics tutorials Commons:Preparing images for upload +SVG for simple diagrams (especially those that need to be scaled). JPEG for photographic images. GIF for animated images. +While some formats offer multiple compression systems, in general the format and the compression system are tied together. +Other image formats should be avoided in most cases: +BMP - Images are uncompressed, resulting in larger file sizes. Should usually be converted to PNG. TIFF - Should usually be converted to PNG or JPEG as discussed above. +Naruto video games have appeared for various consoles from Nintendo, Sony and Microsoft. Most of them are fighting games in which the player directly controls one of a select few characters based on their counterparts in the Naruto anime and manga. The player pits their character against another character controlled by the game's AI or by another player, depending on the mode the player is in. +The objective is to reduce the opponent's health to zero using basic attacks and special techniques unique to each character derived from techniques they use in the Naruto anime or manga.[1] The first Naruto video game was Naruto: Konoha Ninpōchō, which was released in Japan on March 27, 2003, for the WonderSwan Color.[2] Most Naruto video games have been released only in Japan. The first games released outside Japan were the Naruto: Gekitou Ninja Taisen series and the Naruto: Saikyou Ninja Daikesshu series, released in North America under the titles of Naruto: Clash of Ninja and Naruto: Ninja Council.[3][4] In January 2012, Namco Bandai announced that they have sold 10 million Naruto games worldwide.[5] +An internship is a period of work experience offered by an organization for a limited period of time.[1] Once confined to medical graduates, the term is now used for a wide range of placements in businesses, non-profit organizations and government agencies. They are typically undertaken by students and graduates looking to gain relevant skills and experience in a particular field. Employers benefit from these placements because they often recruit employees from their best interns, who have known capabilities, thus saving time and money in the long run. +Internships for professional careers are similar in some ways, but not as rigorous as apprenticeships for professions, trade, and vocational jobs.[2] The lack of standardization and oversight leaves the term "internship" open to broad interpretation. Interns may be high school students, college and university students, or post-graduate adults. These positions may be paid or unpaid and are temporary.[3] +In addition, an internship can be used to create a professional network that can assist with letters of recommendation or lead to future employment opportunities. The benefit of bringing an intern into full-time employment is that they are already familiar with the company, their position, and they typically need little to no training. Internships provide current college students the ability to participate in a field of their choice to receive hands on learning about a particular future career, preparing them for full-time work following graduation.[1][4] +Internships exist in a wide variety of industries and settings. An internship can be paid, unpaid, or partially paid (in the form of a stipend).[5][6] Internships may be part-time or full-time and are usually flexible with students' schedules. A typical internship lasts between one and four months,[7] but can be shorter or longer, depending on the organization involved. +The intern is expected to bring ideas and knowledge from school into the company.[10] Work research, virtual research (graduation) or dissertation: This is mostly done by students who are in their final year of school. With this kind of internship, a student does research for a particular company.[11] The company can have something that they feel they need to improve, or the student can choose a topic in the company themselves. The results of the research study will be put in a report and often will have to be presented.[11] Unpaid internships are typically through non-profit charities and think tanks which often have unpaid or volunteer positions.[4] State law and state enforcement agencies may impose requirements on unpaid internship programs under Minimum Wage Act. +Another type of internship growing in popularity is the virtual internship, in which the intern works remotely, and is not physically present at the job location. It provides the capacity to gain job experience without the conventional requirement of being physically present in an office. The internship is conducted via virtual means, such as phone, email, and web communication. +Internship for a fee +Companies in search of interns often find and place students in mostly unpaid internships, for a fee.[13] These companies charge students to assist with research, promising to refund the fee if no internship is found.[14] The programs vary and aim to provide internship placements at reputable companies. Some companies may also provide controlled housing in a new city, mentorship, support, networking, weekend activities or academic credit.[3] +Some companies specifically fund scholarships and grants for low-income applicants.[1] Critics of internships criticize the practice of requiring certain college credits to be obtained only through unpaid internships.[15] Depending on the cost of the school, this is often seen as an unethical practice, as it requires students to exchange paid-for and often limited tuition credits to work an uncompensated job.[16] Paying for academic credits is a way to ensure students complete the duration of the internship, since they can be held accountable by their academic institution. For example, a student may be awarded academic credit only after their university receives a positive review from the intern's supervisor at the sponsoring organization.[17] +Employment is a relationship between two parties, usually based on a contract where work is paid for, where one party, which may be a corporation, for profit, not-for-profit organization, co-operative or other entity is the employer and the other is the employee.[1] Employees work in return for payment, which may be in the form of an hourly wage, by piecework or an annual salary, depending on the type of work an employee does or which sector they are working in. Employees in some fields or sectors may receive gratuities, bonus payment or stock options. In some types of employment, employees may receive benefits in addition to payment. +Benefits can include health insurance, housing, disability insurance or use of a gym. +Employment is typically governed by employment laws, regulations or legal contracts. +Employees and employers An employee contributes labor and expertise to an endeavor of an employer or of a person conducting a business or undertaking (PCB)[2] and is usually hired to perform specific duties which are packaged into a job. In a corporate context, an employee is a person who is hired to provide services to a company on a regular basis in exchange for compensation and who does not provide these services as part of an independent business.[3] Employer–worker relationship Employer and managerial control within an organization rests at many levels and has important implications for staff and productivity alike, with control forming the fundamental link between desired outcomes and actual processes. Employers must balance interests such as decreasing wage constraints with a maximization of labor productivity in order to achieve a profitable and productive employment relationship. +Labor acquisition / hiring The main ways for employers to find workers and for people to find employers are via jobs listings in newspapers (via classified advertising) and online, also called job boards. +Employers and job seekers also often find each other via professional recruitment consultants which receive a commission from the employer to find, screen and select suitable candidates. However, a study has shown that such consultants may not be reliable when they fail to use established principles in selecting employees.[1] A more traditional approach is with a "Help Wanted" sign in the establishment (usually hung on a window or door[4] or placed on a store counter).[3] Evaluating different employees can be quite laborious but setting up different techniques to analyze their skill to measure their talents within the field can be best through assessments.[5] Employer and potential employee commonly take the additional step of getting to know each other through the process of job interview. Training and development Training and development refers to the employer's effort to equip a newly hired employee with necessary skills to perform at the job, and to help the employee grow within the organization. +An appropriate level of training and development helps to improve employee's job satisfaction.[6] Remuneration There are many ways that employees are paid, including by hourly wages, by piecework, by yearly salary, or by gratuities (with the latter often being combined with another form of payment). In sales jobs and real estate positions, the employee may be paid a commission, a percentage of the value of the goods or services that they have sold. In some fields and professions (e.g., executive jobs), employees may be eligible for a bonus if they meet certain targets. +Some executives and employees may be paid in stocks or stock options, a compensation approach that has the added benefit, from the company's point of view, of helping to align the interests of the compensated individual with the performance of the company. Employee benefits Employee benefits are various non-wage compensation provided to employee in addition to their wages or salaries. The benefits can include: housing (employer-provided or employer-paid), group insurance (health, dental, life etc.), disability income protection, retirement benefits, daycare, tuition reimbursement, sick leave, vacation (paid and non-paid), social security, profit sharing, funding of education, and other specialized benefits. +In some cases, such as with workers employed in remote or isolated regions, the benefits may include meals. Employee benefits can improve the relationship between employee and employer and lowers staff turnover.[7] Organizational justice Organizational justice is an employee's perception and judgement of employer's treatment in the context of fairness or justice. The resulting actions to influence the employee-employer relationship is also a part of organizational justice.[7] Workforce organizing Employees can organize into trade or labor unions, which represent the work force to collectively bargain with the management of organizations about working, and contractual conditions and services.[8] Ending employment Usually, either an employee or employer may end the relationship at any time, often subject to a certain notice period. +This is referred to as at-will employment. The contract between the two parties specifies the responsibilities of each when ending the relationship and may include requirements such as notice periods, severance pay, and security measures.[8] In some professions, notably teaching, civil servants, university professors, and some orchestra jobs, some employees may have tenure, which means that they cannot be dismissed at will. +Another type of termination is a layoff. +Wage labor Worker assembling rebar for a water treatment plant in Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico. +Wage labor is the socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer, where the worker sells their labor under a formal or informal employment contract. These transactions usually occur in a labor market where wages are market determined.[6][7] In exchange for the wages paid, the work product generally becomes the undifferentiated property of the employer, except for special cases such as the vesting of intellectual property patents in the United States where patent rights are usually vested in the original personal inventor. A wage laborer is a person whose primary means of income is from the selling of his or her labor in this way.[8] In modern mixed economies such as that of the OECD countries, it is currently the dominant form of work arrangement. +Although most work occurs following this structure, the wage work arrangements of CEOs, professional employees, and professional contract workers are sometimes conflated with class assignments, so that "wage labor" is considered to apply only to unskilled, semi-skilled or manual labor.[9] Wage slavery Wage labor, as institutionalized under today's market economic systems, has been criticized,[8] especially by both mainstream socialists and anarcho-syndicalists,[9][10][11][12] using the pejorative term wage slavery.[13][14] Socialists draw parallels between the trade of labor as a commodity and slavery. Cicero is also known to have suggested such parallels.[15] The American philosopher John Dewey posited that until "industrial feudalism" is replaced by "industrial democracy", politics will be "the shadow cast on society by big business".[16] Thomas Ferguson has postulated in his investment theory of party competition that the undemocratic nature of economic institutions under capitalism causes elections to become occasions when blocs of investors coalesce and compete to control the state plus cities.[17] Employment contract Australia Australian employment has been governed by the Fair Work Act since 2009.[18] Bangladesh Bangladesh Association of International Recruiting Agencies (BAIRA) is an association of national level with its international reputation of co-operation and welfare of the migrant workforce as well as its approximately 1200 members agencies in collaboration with and support from the Government of Bangladesh.[9] Canada In the Canadian province of Ontario, formal complaints can be brought to the Ministry of Labour. In the province of Quebec, grievances can be filed with the Commission des normes du travail.[12] Pakistan Pakistan has no contract Labor, Minimum Wage and Provident Funds Acts. +Contract labor in Pakistan must be paid minimum wage and certain facilities are to be provided to labor. However, the Acts are not yet fully implemented.[9] India India has Contract Labor, Minimum Wage, Provident Funds Act and various other acts to comply with. +Contract labor in India must be paid minimum wage and certain facilities are to be provided to labor. +However, there is still a large amount of work that remains to be done to fully implement the Act.[12] Philippines In the Philippines, employment is regulated by the Department of Labor and Employment.[19] United Kingdom A call centre worker confined to a small workstation/booth. In the United Kingdom, employment contracts are categorized by the government into the following types:[20] Fixed-term contract: last for a certain length of time, are set in advance, end when a specific task is completed, ends when a specific event takes place. Full-time or part-time contract: has no defined length of time, can be terminated by either party, is to accomplish a specific task, specified number of hours.[19] Agency staff Freelancers, Consultants and Contractors Zero-hour contracts United States All employees, private industries, by branches For purposes of U.S. federal income tax withholding, 26 U.S.C. § 3401(c) provides a definition for the term "employee" specific to chapter 24 of the Internal Revenue Code: "For purposes of this chapter, the term “employee” includes an officer, employee, or elected official of the United States, a State, or any political subdivision thereof, or the District of Columbia, or any agency or instrumentality of any one or more of the foregoing. +The term “employee” also includes an officer of a corporation."[21] This definition does not exclude all those who are commonly known as 'employees'. “Similarly, Latham’s instruction which indicated that under 26 U.S.C. § 3401(c) the category of ‘employee’ does not include privately employed wage earners is a preposterous reading of the statute. It is obvious that within the context of both statutes the word ‘includes’ is a term of enlargement not of limitation, and the reference to certain entities or categories is not intended to exclude all others.”[22] Employees are often contrasted with independent contractors, especially when there is dispute as to the worker's entitlement to have matching taxes paid, workers compensation, and unemployment insurance benefits. +However, in September 2009, the court case of Brown v. J. Kaz, Inc. ruled that independent contractors are regarded as employees for the purpose of discrimination laws if they work for the employer on a regular basis, and said employer directs the time, place, and manner of employment.[19] In non-union work environments, in the United States, unjust termination complaints can be brought to the United States Department of Labor.[23] Labor unions are legally recognized as representatives of workers in many industries in the United States. Their activity today centers on collective bargaining over wages, benefits, and working conditions for their membership, and on representing their members in disputes with management over violations of contract provisions. Larger unions also typically engage in lobbying activities and electioneering at the state and federal level.[19] Most unions in America are aligned with one of two larger umbrella organizations: the AFL-CIO created in 1955, and the Change to Win Federation which split from the AFL-CIO in 2005. +Both advocate policies and legislation on behalf of workers in the United States and Canada, and take an active role in politics. The AFL-CIO is especially concerned with global trade issues.[17] American business theorist Jeffrey Pfeffer posits that contemporary employment practices and employer commonalities in the United States, including toxic working environments, job insecurity, long hours and increased performance pressure from management, are responsible for 120,000 excess deaths annually, making the workplace the fifth leading cause of death in the United States.[24] Sweden According to Swedish law,[25] there are three types of employment. Test employment (swe: Provanställning), where the employer hires a person for a test period of 6 months maximum. +The employment can be ended at any time without giving any reason. This type of employment can be offered only once per employer and employee combination. +Usually a time limited or normal employment is offered after a test employment.[26] Time limited employment (swe: Tidsbegränsad anställning). +The employer hires a person for a specified time. Usually they are extended for a new period. +Total maximum two years per employer and employee combination, then it automatically counts as a normal employment. Normal employment (swe: Tillsvidareanställning / Fast anställning), which has no time limit (except for retirement etc.). It can still be ended for two reasons: personal reason, immediate end of employment only for strong reasons such as crime, or lack of work tasks (swe: Arbetsbrist), cancellation of employment, usually because of bad income for the company. +There is a cancellation period of 1–6 months, and rules for how to select employees, basically those with shortest employment time shall be cancelled first.[26] There are no laws about minimum salary in Sweden. Instead there are agreements between employer organizations and trade unions about minimum salaries, and other employment conditions. There is a type of employment contract which is common but not regulated in law, and that is Hour employment (swe: Timanställning), which can be Normal employment (unlimited), but the work time is unregulated and decided per immediate need basis. +The employee is expected to be answering the phone and come to work when needed, e.g. when someone is ill and absent from work. They will receive salary only for actual work time and can in reality be fired for no reason by not being called anymore. This type of contract is common in the public sector.[26] Age-related issues Younger age workers Youth employment rate in the US, i.e. the ratio of employed persons (15–24Y) in an economy to total labor force (15–24Y).[27] Young workers are at higher risk for occupational injury and face certain occupational hazards at a higher rate; this is generally due to their employment in high-risk industries. +For example, in the United States, young people are injured at work at twice the rate of their older counterparts.[28] These workers are also at higher risk for motor vehicle accidents at work, due to less work experience, a lower use of seat belts, and higher rates of distracted driving.[29][30] To mitigate this risk, those under the age of 17 are restricted from certain types of driving, including transporting people and goods under certain circumstances.[29] High-risk industries for young workers include agriculture, restaurants, waste management, and mining.[28][29] In the United States, those under the age of 18 are restricted from certain jobs that are deemed dangerous under the Fair Labor Standards Act.[29] Youth employment programs are most effective when they include both theoretical classroom training and hands-on training with work placements.[31] In the conversation of employment among younger aged workers, youth unemployment has also been monitored. Youth unemployment rates tend to be higher than the adult rates in every country in the world.[citation needed] Older age workers Those older than the statutory defined retirement age may continue to work, either out of enjoyment or necessity. However, depending on the nature of the job, older workers may need to transition into less-physical forms of work to avoid injury. +Working past retirement age also has positive effects, because it gives a sense of purpose and allows people to maintain social networks and activity levels.[32] Older workers are often found to be discriminated against by employers.[33] Working poor Worker, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Employment is no guarantee of escaping poverty, the International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that as many as 40% of workers are poor, not earning enough to keep their families above the $2 a day poverty line.[26] For instance, in India most of the chronically poor are wage earners in formal employment, because their jobs are insecure and low paid and offer no chance to accumulate wealth to avoid risks.[26] According to the UNRISD, increasing labor productivity appears to have a negative impact on job creation: in the 1960s, a 1% increase in output per worker was associated with a reduction in employment growth of 0.07%, by the first decade of this century the same productivity increase implies reduced employment growth by 0.54%.[26] Both increased employment opportunities and increased labor productivity (as long as it also translates into higher wages) are needed to tackle poverty. Increases in employment without increases in productivity leads to a rise in the number of "working poor", which is why some experts are now promoting the creation of "quality" and not "quantity" in labor market policies.[26] This approach does highlight how higher productivity has helped reduce poverty in East Asia, but the negative impact is beginning to show.[26] In Vietnam, for example, employment growth has slowed while productivity growth has continued.[26] Furthermore, productivity increases do not always lead to increased wages, as can be seen in the United States, where the gap between productivity and wages has been rising since the 1980s.[26] Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute argue that there are differences across economic sectors in creating employment that reduces poverty.[26] 24 instances of growth were examined, in which 18 reduced poverty. +This study showed that other sectors were just as important in reducing unemployment, such as manufacturing.[26] The services sector is most effective at translating productivity growth into employment growth. Agriculture provides a safety net for jobs and economic buffer when other sectors are struggling.[26] Growth, employment and poverty[26] Number of episodes Rising agricultural employment Rising industrial employment Rising services employment Growth episodes associated with falling poverty rates 18 6 10 15 Growth episodes associated with no fall in poverty rates 6 2 3 1 Models of the employment relationship Scholars conceptualize the employment relationship in various ways.[34] A key assumption is the extent to which the employment relationship necessarily includes conflicts of interests between employers and employees, and the form of such conflicts.[35] In economic theorizing, the labor market mediates all such conflicts such that employers and employees who enter into an employment relationship are assumed to find this arrangement in their own self-interest. In human resource management theorizing, employers and employees are assumed to have shared interests (or a unity of interests, hence the label “unitarism”). +Any conflicts that exist are seen as a manifestation of poor human resource management policies or interpersonal clashes such as personality conflicts, both of which can and should be managed away. From the perspective of pluralist industrial relations, the employment relationship is characterized by a plurality of stakeholders with legitimate interests (hence the label “pluralism), and some conflicts of interests are seen as inherent in the employment relationship (e.g., wages v. profits). Lastly, the critical paradigm emphasizes antagonistic conflicts of interests between various groups (e.g., the competing capitalist and working classes in a Marxist framework) that are part of a deeper social conflict of unequal power relations. +As a result, there are four common models of employment:[36] Mainstream economics: employment is seen as a mutually advantageous transaction in a free market between self-interested legal and economic equals Human resource management (unitarism): employment is a long-term partnership of employees and employers with common interests Pluralist industrial relations: employment is a bargained exchange between stakeholders with some common and some competing economic interests and unequal bargaining power due to imperfect labor markets[26] Critical industrial relations: employment is an unequal power relation between competing groups that is embedded in and inseparable from systemic inequalities throughout the socio-politico-economic system. These models are important because they help reveal why individuals hold differing perspectives on human resource management policies, labor unions, and employment regulation.[37] For example, human resource management policies are seen as dictated by the market in the first view, as essential mechanisms for aligning the interests of employees and employers and thereby creating profitable companies in the second view, as insufficient for looking out for workers’ interests in the third view, and as manipulative managerial tools for shaping the ideology and structure of the workplace in the fourth view.[38] Academic literature Literature on the employment impact of economic growth and on how growth is associated with employment at a macro, sector and industry level was aggregated in 2013.[39] Researchers found evidence to suggest growth in manufacturing and services have good impact on employment. They found GDP growth on employment in agriculture to be limited, but that value-added growth had a relatively larger impact.[26] The impact on job creation by industries/economic activities as well as the extent of the body of evidence and the key studies. +For extractives, they again found extensive evidence suggesting growth in the sector has limited impact on employment. In textiles however, although evidence was low, studies suggest growth there positively contributed to job creation. +In agri-business and food processing, they found impact growth to be positive.[39] They found that most available literature focuses on OECD and middle-income countries somewhat, where economic growth impact has been shown to be positive on employment. The researchers didn't find sufficient evidence to conclude any impact of growth on employment in LDCs despite some pointing to the positive impact, others point to limitations. They recommended that complementary policies are necessary to ensure economic growth's positive impact on LDC employment. +With trade, industry and investment, they only found limited evidence of positive impact on employment from industrial and investment policies and for others, while large bodies of evidence does exist, the exact impact remains contested.[39] Researchers have also explored the relationship between employment and illicit activities. Using evidence from Africa, a research team found that a program for Liberian ex-fighters reduced work hours on illicit activities. The employment program also reduced interest in mercenary work in nearby wars. +The study concludes that while the use of capital inputs or cash payments for peaceful work created a reduction in illicit activities, the impact of training alone is rather low.[40] Globalization and employment relations The balance of economic efficiency and social equity is the ultimate debate in the field of employment relations.[41] By meeting the needs of the employer; generating profits to establish and maintain economic efficiency; whilst maintaining a balance with the employee and creating social equity that benefits the worker so that he/she can fund and enjoy healthy living; proves to be a continuous revolving issue in westernized societies.[41] Globalization has effected these issues by creating certain economic factors that disallow or allow various employment issues. Economist Edward Lee (1996) studies the effects of globalization and summarizes the four major points of concern that affect employment relations: International competition, from the newly industrialized countries, will cause unemployment growth and increased wage disparity for unskilled workers in industrialized countries. Imports from low-wage countries exert pressure on the manufacturing sector in industrialized countries and foreign direct investment (FDI) is attracted away from the industrialized nations, towards low-waged countries.[41] Economic liberalization will result in unemployment and wage inequality in developing countries. +This happens as job losses in uncompetitive industries outstrip job opportunities in new industries. Workers will be forced to accept worsening wages and conditions, as a global labor market results in a “race to the bottom”. +Increased international competition creates a pressure to reduce the wages and conditions of workers.[41] Globalization reduces the autonomy of the nation state. +Capital is increasingly mobile and the ability of the state to regulate economic activity is reduced. +What also results from Lee’s (1996) findings is that in industrialized countries an average of almost 70 per cent of workers are employed in the service sector, most of which consists of non-tradable activities. +As a result, workers are forced to become more skilled and develop sought after trades, or find other means of survival. +Ultimately this is a result of changes and trends of employment, an evolving workforce, and globalization that is represented by a more skilled and increasing highly diverse labor force, that are growing in non standard forms of employment (Markey, R. et al. 2006).[41] Alternatives Subcultures Various youth subcultures have been associated with not working, such as the hippie subculture in the 1960s and 1970s (which endorsed the idea of "dropping out" of society) and the punk subculture, in which some members live in anarchist squats (illegal housing). Postsecondary education One of the alternatives to work is engaging in postsecondary education at a college, university or professional school. +One of the major costs of obtaining a postsecondary education is the opportunity cost of forgone wages due to not working. At times when jobs are hard to find, such as during recessions, unemployed individuals may decide to get postsecondary education, because there is less of an opportunity cost. Workplace democracy Workplace democracy is the application of democracy in all its forms (including voting systems, debates, democratic structuring, due process, adversarial process, systems of appeal) to the workplace.[42][43] Self-employment When an individual entirely owns the business for which they labor, this is known as self-employment. +Self-employment often leads to incorporation. +Incorporation offers certain protections of one's personal assets.[41] Individuals who are self-employed may own a small business. They may also be considered to be an entrepreneur. Social assistance In some countries, individuals who are not working can receive social assistance support (e.g., welfare or food stamps) to enable them to rent housing, buy food, repair or replace household goods, maintenance of children and observe social customs that require financial expenditure. +Volunteerism Workers who are not paid wages, such as volunteers who perform tasks for charities, hospitals or not-for-profit organizations, are generally not considered employed. One exception to this is an internship, an employment situation in which the worker receives training or experience (and possibly college credit) as the chief form of compensation.[42] Indentured servitude and slavery Those who work under obligation for the purpose of fulfilling a debt, such as indentured servants, or as property of the person or entity they work for, such as slaves, do not receive pay for their services and are not considered employed. Some historians[which?] suggest that slavery is older than employment, but both arrangements have existed for all recorded history.[citation needed] Indentured servitude and slavery are not considered[by whom?] compatible with human rights or with democracy.[42] See also Alternative employment arrangements Automation Basic income Domestic inquiry Employer branding Employment gap Employment rate Employment website Equal opportunity employment Equal pay for equal work Ethnic Penalty Job analysis Job description Jobless recovery Labor economics Labor power List of largest employers Lump of labor fallacy Onboarding Payroll Personnel selection Protestant work ethic Reserve army of labor (Marxism) Staffing models The End of Work Notes and references 1 2 Dakin, Stephen; Armstrong, J. Scott (1989). +"Predicting job performance: A comparison of expert opinion and research findings" (PDF). International Journal of Forecasting. 5 (2): 187–94. doi:10.1016/0169-2070(89)90086-1. ↑ Archer, Richard; Borthwick, Kerry; Travers, Michelle; Ruschena, Leo (2017). +WHS: A Management Guide (4 ed.). +Cengage Learning Australia. pp. 30–31. +ISBN 978-0-17-027079-3. Retrieved 2016-03-30. The most significant definitions are 'person conducting a business or undertaking' (PCBU). 'worker' and 'workplace'. [...] +'PCBU' is a wider ranging term than 'employer', though this will be what most people understand by it. 1 2 Robert A. Ristau (2010). Intro to Business. +Cengage Learning. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-538-74066-1. ↑ J. Mayhew Wainwright (1910). +Report to the Legislature of the State of New York by the Commission appointed under Chapter 518 of the laws of 1909 to inquire into the question of employers' liability and other matters (Report). J. B. Lyon Company. pp. 11, 50, 144. ↑ Industrial & Organizational Assessment 1 2 Deakin, Simon; Wilkinson, Frank (2005). The Law of the Labour Market (PDF). +Oxford University Press. 1 2 3 Marx 1847, Chapter 2. 1 2 3 4 Ellerman 1992. +1 2 3 4 Ostergaard 1997, p. 133. ↑ Thompson 1966, p. 599. ↑ Thompson 1966, p. 912. +1 2 3 Lazonick 1990, p. 37. ↑ "wage slave". merriam-webster.com. +Retrieved 4 March 2013. ↑ "wage slave". dictionary.com. Retrieved 4 March 2013. ↑ "...vulgar are the means of livelihood of all hired workmen whom we pay for mere manual labour, not for artistic skill; for in their case the very wage they receive is a pledge of their slavery." – De Officiis ↑ "As long as politics is the shadow cast on society by big business, the attenuation of the shadow will not change the substance", in "The Need for a New Party" (1931), Later Works 6, p163 1 2 Ferguson 1995. ↑ "House of Reps seals 'death' of WorkChoices". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. +2008-03-19. Retrieved 2014-02-15. 1 2 3 4 "Brown v. J. Kaz, Inc., No. 08-2713 (3d Cir. +11, 2009)". Retrieved 2010-01-23. ↑ "Contract types and employer responsibilities". gov.uk. Retrieved 21 May 2014. ↑ 26 U.S.C. § 3401(c) ↑ United States v. Latham, 754 F.2d 747, 750 (7th Cir. +1985). ↑ "Termination". United States Department of Labor. +Retrieved 27 September 2012. ↑ Pfeffer, Jeffrey (2018). +Dying for a Paycheck: How Modern Management Harms Employee Health and Company Performance—and What We Can Do About It. +HarperBusiness. p. 38. +ISBN 978-0062800923. ↑ Lag om anställningsskydd (1982:80) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Claire Melamed, Renate Hartwig and Ursula Grant 2011. Jobs, growth and poverty: what do we know, what don't we know, what should we know? +Archived May 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine London: Overseas Development Institute ↑ "Bluenomics". +1 2 "Young Worker Safety and Health". www.cdc.gov. CDC NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic. +Retrieved 2015-06-15. +1 2 3 4 "Work-Related Motor Vehicle Crashes" (PDF). NIOSH Publication 2013-153. NIOSH. +September 2013. ↑ "Work-Related Motor Vehicle Crashes: Preventing Injury to Young Drivers" (PDF). NIOSH Publication 2013-152. NIOSH. +September 2013. ↑ Joseph Holden, Youth employment programmes – What can be learnt from international experience with youth employment programmes? Economic and private sector professional evidence and applied knowledge services https://partnerplatform.org/?fza26891 ↑ Chosewood, L. Casey (May 3, 2011). "When It Comes to Work, How Old Is Too Old?". +NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health. Medscape and NIOSH. ↑ Baert, Stijn (February 20, 2016). +"Getting Grey Hairs in the Labour Market: An Alternative Experiment on Age Discrimination". +Journal of Economic Psychology. +57: 86–101. doi:10.1016/j.joep.2016.10.002. hdl:10419/114164. ↑ Kaufman, Bruce E. (2004) Theoretical Perspectives on Work and the Employment Relationship, Industrial Relations Research Association. ↑ Fox, Alan (1974) Beyond Contract: Work, Power and Trust Relations, Farber and Farber. ↑ Budd, John W. and Bhave, Devasheesh (2008) "Values, Ideologies, and Frames of Reference in Industrial Relations," in Sage Handbook of Industrial Relations, Sage. ↑ Befort, Stephen F. and Budd, John W. (2009) Invisible Hands, Invisible Objectives: Bringing Workplace Law and Public Policy Into Focus, Stanford University Press. ↑ Budd, John W. and Bhave, Devasheesh (2010) "The Employment Relationship," in Sage Handbook of Handbook of Human Resource Management, Sage. 1 2 3 Yurendra Basnett and Ritwika Sen, What do empirical studies say about economic growth and job creation in developing countries? Economic and private sector professional evidence and applied knowledge services https://partnerplatform.org/?7ljwndv4 ↑ Blattman, Christopher; Annan, Jeannie (2016-02-01). +"Can Employment Reduce Lawlessness and Rebellion? +A Field Experiment with High-Risk Men in a Fragile State". American Political Science Review. 110 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1017/S0003055415000520. +ISSN 0003-0554. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Budd, John W. (2004) Employment with a Human Face: Balancing Efficiency, Equity, and Voice, Cornell University Press. +1 2 3 Rayasam, Renuka (24 April 2008). +"Why Workplace Democracy Can Be Good Business". +U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 16 August 2010. ↑ Wolff, Richard D. (2012). +Democracy at Work: A Cure for Capitalism. Haymarket Books. ISBN 978-1-60846-247-6. +Bibliography Acocella, Nicola (2007). +Social pacts, employment and growth: a reappraisal of Ezio Tarantelli's thought. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. +ISBN 978-3-7908-1915-1. Anderson, Elizabeth (2017). Private Government: How Employers Rule Our Lives (and Why We Don't Talk about It). +Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. +ISBN 978-0-691-17651-2. +Dubin, Robert (1958). +The World of Work: Industrial Society and Human Relations. +Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall. p. 213. +OCLC 964691. +Freeman, Richard B.; Goroff, Daniel L. (2009). +Science and Engineering Careers in the United States: An Analysis of Markets and Employment. +Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-26189-8. +Lee, Eddy (January 1996). "Globalization and Employment: Is Anxiety Justified?". International Labour Review. +135 (5): 485–98. +Archived from the original on 2013-05-16. Retrieved 2017-08-27 – via Questia. +Markey, Raymond; Hodgkinson, Ann; Kowalczyk, Jo (2002). +"Gender, part-time employment and employee participation in Australian workplaces". +Employee Relations. 24 (2): 129–50. doi:10.1108/01425450210420884. +Stone, Raymond J. (2005). +Human Resource Management (5th ed.). +Milton, Qld: John Wiley. pp. 412–14. ISBN 978-0-470-80403-2. Wood, Jack M. (2004). +Organisational Behaviour: A Global Perspective (3rd ed.). +Milton, Qld: Wiley. pp. 355–57. ISBN 978-0-470-80262-5. External links The dictionary definition of employment at Wiktionary Media related to Employment at Wikimedia Commons "Business Link". +This is an example, displaying common usage: +{{listen |filename=Accordion chords-01.ogg |title=Accordion chords |description=Chords being played on an accordion }} +Inline +Template:Audio +This template links to an audio file for quick listening. 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You may need to look at the wikitext of the message (e.g. the {{fmbox}} template, used to build many template messages, has two possible parameters you might see used, id and class). If you don't see it, try asking at the Helpdesk. +See the below for a list of commonly hidden elements. +Infoboxes and user style Users can have user CSS that hides any infoboxes in their own browsers. To hide all infoboxes, add the following to Special:MyPage/common.css (for all skins, or Special:MyPage/skin.css for just the current skin), on a line by itself: .infobox { display: none; } Alternatively, you can add the following code to your common.js or into a browser user script that is executed by an extension like Greasemonkey: $('.infobox').hide(); Be aware that although, per WP:Manual of Style/Infoboxes, all information in an infobox ideally should also be found in the main body of an article, there isn't perfect compliance with this guideline. For example, the full taxonomic hierarchy in {{Taxobox}}, and the OMIM and other medical database codes of {{Infobox disease}} are often not found in the main article content. +Tidying up the user interface +The following css code can be used to hide numerous user interface elements which may be of no use to some users : +The following js code can be used to hide the languages toolbar : +In VisualEditor, to remove the edit summary help and license warning from VisualEditor's confirmation window, use this in css : +Your username is displayed in the edit histories of all the articles you contribute to and is linked to your user and talk pages. You choose your name when you first register on Wikipedia and it is usual to stay with the same name throughout your time on the project, though it is possible to request a change of username. +Replacing labels +To replace 'User page' with 'User', 'Talk' with 'Discussion', 'View history' with 'History' add in js : +When using VisualEditor, if you wish to replace the edit links labels, use the following js code, and change the labels to your preference : +See also +Wikipedia:Scripts Wikipedia:User scripts Wikipedia:Tools Wikipedia:Gadget Wikipedia:User page design center Wikipedia:Customizing watchlists Help:Preferences Wikipedia:Skin Help:User style Wikipedia:Visualizing redirects +You should always sign your posts on talk pages. Signatures are the text that appears before the timestamp when you put ~~~~ on a page. Signatures are customised using "my preferences" under "User profile"; consider these guidelines when customising your signature. +You can use any wikitext as your signature (simply check the "Treat the above as wiki markup" box). If "Treat the above as wiki markup" is unchecked, the software treats this as your nickname and makes your signature "[[User:Name|Nickname]] ([[User talk:Name|talk]])" which is rendered as: +Nickname (talk) +Operations Taxable, Glimmer and Big Drum were tactical military deceptions conducted on 6 June 1944 in support of the Allied landings in Normandy. The operations formed the naval component of Operation Bodyguard, a wider series of tactical and strategic deceptions surrounding the invasion. +A trade war is an economic conflict resulting from extreme protectionism in which states raise or create tariffs or other trade barriers against each other in response to trade barriers created by the other party.[1] Increased protection causes both nations' output compositions to move towards their autarky position.[2] +External links +Chronological +Orientation is a function of the mind involving awareness of three dimensions: time, place and person.[1] Problems with orientation lead to disorientation, and can be due to various conditions, from delirium to intoxication. Typically, disorientation is first in time, then in place and finally in person. +Assessment +In the context of an accident or major trauma, the Emergency Medical Responder performs spiraling (increasingly detailed) assessments which guide the critical first response. Assessment of mental orientation typically lands within the immediate top three priorities: +Safety - Assess the area safety (potential traffic, fire, overhead/underfoot objects and collapse risks, rushing water, gunfire, chemical/radiation threats, storm conditions, downed power lines, etc.), wait for the threat to subside, or move the person to safety if and when possible, all without endangering oneself. ABCs - Note conscious or unconscious then assess Airway, Breathing and Circulation factors (with priority to any potential gross or debilitating blood loss.) Orientation - Determine if the person is "awake, alert, and oriented, times three (to person, place, and time)." +Alternately, the letters in AAOx4 can be documented as COAX4. A person who is COAx4 is said to be "conscious, alert, & oriented to person, place, time and event". When a handoff report is made, anything less than 4 is specifically noted for clarity (e.g., patient is COAx2, oriented to place and self). +Mental orientation is closely related, and often intermixed with trauma shock, including physical shock (see: Shock (circulatory)) and mental shock (see: Acute stress reaction, a psychological condition in response to terrifying events.) +The exact cerebral region involved in orientation is uncertain, but lesions of the brain stem and the cerebral hemispheres have been reported to cause disorientation, suggesting that they act together in maintaining awareness and its subfunction of orientation. +Portrait Name Birth Succession Reign Time in office Death Valentinian I IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS VALENTINIANVS AVGVSTVS (EAST and WEST) then (WEST) 321, Cibalae, Pannonia Elected to replace Jovian by the army February 26, 364 – November 17, 375 11 years, 8 months and 22 days November 17, 375 (aged 54) Natural causes Valens IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS IVLIVS VALENS AVGVSTVS (EAST) 328, Cibalae, Pannonia Brother of Valentinian I, appointed co-augustus (for the east) by him March 28, 364 – August 9, 378 14 years, 4 months and 12 days August 9, 378 (aged 50) Killed in Battle of Adrianople against the Goths Gratian IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS GRATIANVS AVGVSTVS (WEST) April 18/May 23, 359, Sirmium, Pannonia Son of Valentinian I, appointed junior Augustus by him in 367, became senior Augustus (for the west) after Valentinian's death. August 4, 367 – August 25, 383 16 years and 21 days August 25, 383 (aged 24) Murdered by rebellious army faction Valentinian II IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS VALENTINIANVS AVGVSTVS (WEST) 371, Milan, Italia Son of Valentinian I, proclaimed emperor by Pannonian army after Valentinian's death; accepted as co-Augustus for the west by Gratian November 17, 375 – May 15, 392 16 years, 5 months and 28 days May 15, 392 (aged 21) Unclear; possibly murdered or committed suicide +Portrait Name Birth Succession Reign Time in office Death Magnus Maximus IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS MAGNVS MAXIMVS AVGVSTVS (WEST) with Victor IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS VICTOR AVGVSTVS c. 335, Hispania Usurper in the West; legitimized along with his son Victor by Theodosius I as emperors of Britannia and Gaul. 383/384 – August 28, 388 4/5 years August 28, 388 (aged 53) Executed by Theodosius I in Aquileia after the Battle of the Save; Victor killed by Arbogast +392–455: Theodosian dynasty +Portrait Name Birth Succession Reign Time in office Death Theodosius I IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS THEODOSIVS AVGVSTVS January 11, 347, Cauca or Italica, Hispania Son-in-law of Valentinian I, appointed as Augustus for the east by Gratian after the death of Valens; became sole senior Augustus after death of Valentinian II (Eastern Emperor since 379) May 15, 392 – January 17, 395 2 years, 8 months and 2 days January 17, 395 (aged 48) Natural causes Honorius IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS HONORIVS AVGVSTVS September 9, 384 Son of Theodosius I; appointed as junior Augustus for the west by Theodosius on January 23, 393 (after the death of Valentinian II); became senior Augustus for the west after his father's death January 17, 395 – August 15, 423 28 years, 6 months and 29 days August 15, 423 (aged 38) Natural causes Constantine III IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS CLAVDIVS CONSTANTINVS AVGVSTVS with Constans II IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS CONSTANS AVGVSTVS ? Usurper who declared himself emperor in the west in 407, recognized as co-emperor by Honorius in 409. Elevated his son Constans II to co-emperor in 409, who was not recognized by Honorius. +407/409 - August or September 411 2 years August or September 411 (aged ?) Executed by Constantius III Constantius III IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS CONSTANTIVS AVGVSTVS ?, Naissus, Moesia Superior Married to Theodosius I's daughter Galla Placidia, elevated to co-Augustus for the west by Honorius February 8, 421 – September 2, 421 6 months and 25 days September 2, 421 (aged ?) Natural causes Joannes IMPERATOR CAESAR IOHANNES AVGVSTVS ? +A senior civil servant under Honorius, proclaimed emperor by Castinus; not recognized by the Eastern Empire August 27, 423 – May 425 2 years June or July 425 (aged ?) Defeated in battle by Theodosius II and Valentinian III, captured and executed Valentinian III IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS PLACIDIVS VALENTINIANVS AVGVSTVS July 2, 419, Ravenna, Italia Son of Constantius III, appointed Caesar for the west by Theodosius II after the death of Honorius, in opposition to the regime of Joannes; became Augustus for the west after the defeat of Joannes October 23, 424 – March 16, 455 30 years, 4 months and 21 days March 16, 455 (aged 35) Assassinated, possibly at the behest of Petronius Maximus +455–476: Last emperors of the Western Empire +He appointed his son Palladius as caesar. March 17, 455 – May 31, 455 2 months and 14 days May 31, 455 (aged 58/59) Murdered, probably stoned to death by the Roman mob Avitus IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS MAECILIVS FLAVIVS EPARCHIVS AVITVS AVGVSTVS c. 385 Magister militum under Petronius Maximus, proclaimed emperor by the Visigoth king Theoderic II after Petronius's death. +379–457: Theodosian dynasty +Portrait Name Birth Succession Reign Time in office Death Theodosius I IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS THEODOSIVS AVGVSTVS January 11, 347, Cauca, Hispania Son-in-law of Valentinian I, appointed as Augustus for the east by Gratian after the death of Valens; became sole senior Augustus after death of Valentinian II January 19, 379 – January 17, 395 16 years and 16 days January 17, 395 (aged 48) Natural causes Arcadius IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS ARCADIVS AVGVSTVS c. 377, Hispania Son of Theodosius I; appointed as junior Augustus for the east by Theodosius in January 383; became senior Augustus for the east after his father's death January 17, 395 – May 1, 408 13 years May 1, 408 (aged 31) Natural causes Theodosius II IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS THEODOSIVS IVNIOR AVGVSTVS April 10, 401, Constantinople Son of Arcadius; appointed as junior Augustus for the east by Arcadius in 402; became senior Augustus for the east after his father's death January 402 – July 28, 450 48 years July 28, 450 (aged 49) Injuries suffered during a hunting accident Pulcheria IMPERATRIX AELIA PVLCHERIA AVGVSTA January 19, 398, Constantinople Daughter of Arcadius and sister of Theodosius II; reigned as co-empress with the younger Theodosius II through his reign from 414 onwards, sole ruler of the empire upon his death as Augusta and Imperatrix July 28, 450 – July, 453 3 years July, 453 (aged 55) Cause unknown Marcian IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS MARCIANVS AVGVSTVS 396, Thrace or Illyria Nominated as successor (and husband) by Pulcheria, ruled alongside her 450-453 and later alone November 25, 450 – January 25, 457 7 years January 457 (aged 65) Gout +457–518: Leonid dynasty +Portrait Name Birth Succession Reign Time in office Death Leo I the Thracian IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS VALERIVS LEO AVGVSTVS c. 400, Dacia Chosen by the army 7 February 457 – 18 January 474 17 years 18 January 474 (aged 73) Dysentery Leo II IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS LEO AVGVSTVS c. 467, Constantinople Grandson of Leo I 18 January – 17 November 474 9 months 17 November 474 (aged 7) Cause unknown, possibly poisoned Zeno IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS ZENO AVGVSTVS c. +17 November 474 – 9 April 491 17 years 9 April 491 (aged 66) Dysentery or epilepsy Basiliscus IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS BASILISCVS AVGVSTVS with Marcus IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS MARCVS AVGVSTVS ? Seized throne from Zeno, Basiliscus appointed his son Marcus co-emperor at some point in 475. 9 January 475 – August 476 1 year, 7 months 476/477 Starved to death in Limnae (in Cappadocia) by Zeno Anastasius I Dicorus IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS ANASTASIVS AVGVSTVS c. +518–602: Justinian dynasty +Theodora had her own court and imperial seal,[12] participated in state councils and Justinian described her as "partner in my deliberations".[13] 9 August 527 – 28 June 548 21 years 28 June 548 (aged 48) Cancer Justin II IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS IVSTINVS IVNIOR AVGVSTVS c. 520 Nephew of Justinian I 14 November 565 – 5 October 578 13 years 5 October 578 (aged 58) Natural causes, after insanity Tiberius II Constantine IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS TIBERIVS CONSTANTINVS AVGVSTVS c. 535 Adopted son of Justin II, regent from 574 5 October 578 – 14 August 582 3 years, 10 months 14 August 582 (aged 62) Natural causes Maurice IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS MAURICIVS TIBERIVS AVGVSTVS with Theodosius IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS THEODOSIVS AVGVSTVS 539 at Arabissus, Cappadocia Son-in-law of Tiberius II, appointed his son Theodosius (born in August 4 583/585) co-emperor in 590 14 August 582 – 22 November 602 20 years 27 November 602 (aged 63) Executed, Theodosius executed a few days later by supporters of Phocas +Portrait Name Birth Succession Reign Time in office Death Phocas IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS PHOCAS AVGVSTVS ? Seized throne 23 November 602 – 4 October 610 8 years 5 October 610 Executed +610–695: Heraclian dynasty +Portrait Name Birth Succession Reign Time in office Death Heraclius (Φλάβιος Ἡράκλειος Αὔγουστος) IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS HERACLIVS AVGVSTVS c. 575, Cappadocia Revolt 5 October 610 – 11 February 641 30 years 11 February, 641 (aged 65 or 66) Natural causes Constantine III (Ἡράκλειος νέος Κωνσταντῖνος Αὔγουστος) HERACLIVS NOVVS CONSTANTINVS AVGVSTVS 3 May 612, Constantinople Son of Heraclius 11 February – 24/26 May 641 3 months 24/26 May 641 (aged 28) Tuberculosis Heraklonas (Φλάβιος Κωνσταντῖνος Ἡράκλειος Αὔγουστος) IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS CONSTANTINVS HERACLIVS AVGVSTVS 3 May 626, Constantinople Son of Heraclius 11 February 641 – September 641 7 months unknown, but probably before 642 Constans II (Φλάβιος Κωνσταντῖνος Αὔγουστος) IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS CONSTANTINVS AVGVSTVS 7 November 630 Son of Constantine III. succeeded his uncle Heraklonas after he was deposed as emperor. September 641 – 15 September 668 27 years 15 September 668 (aged 37) Assassinated Constantine IV (Φλάβιος Κωνσταντῖνος Αὔγουστος) IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS CONSTANTINVS AVGVSTVS with Heraclius (Φλάβιος Ἡράκλειος Αὔγουστος) FLAVIVS HERACLIVS AVGVSTVS and Tiberius (Φλάβιος Τιβέριος Αὔγουστος) FLAVIVS TIBERIVS AVGVSTVS 652, Constantinople Oldest son of Constans II, co-emperor since 654. +His brothers Heraclius and Tiberius, co-emperors since 659, served as co-emperors until they were mutilated and deposed by Constantine in 681. +15 September 668 – 14 September 685 659 – 681 (Heraclius & Tiberius) 17 years 22 years (Heraclius & Tiberius) 14 September 685 (aged 33) Dysentery Justinian II (Φλάβιος Ἰουστινιανὸς Αὔγουστος) FLAVIVS IVSTINIANVS AVGVSTVS 668 or 669, Constantinople Son of Constantine IV, co-emperor since 681 14 September 685–695 10 years (1st reign) 11 December 711 (aged 42) Killed by the army +695–717: Twenty Years' Anarchy +Portrait Name Birth Succession Reign Time in office Death Leontios (Λεόντιος Αὔγουστος) LEONTIVS AVGVSTVS[14] Isauria Revolt 695–698 3 years Executed in February 706 Tiberios III Apsimaros (Τιβέριος Αὔγουστος) TIBERIVS AVGVSTVS Pamphylia Revolt 698–705 7 years Executed in February 706 Justinian II (Φλάβιος Ἰουστινιανὸς Αὔγουστος) FLAVIVS IVSTINIANVS AVGVSTVS (second reign) with Tiberius (Τιβέριος Αὔγουστος) TIBERIVS AVGVSTVS[15] 668 or 669, Constantinople Returned on the throne with Bulgar support. Named son Tiberius as co-emperor in 706. August 705 – December 711 6 years (2nd reign) 11 December 711 (aged 42) Both killed by the army Philippikos Bardanes (Φιλιππικὸς Αὔγουστος) FILEPICVS AVGVSTVS[16] Pergamon Revolt December 711 – 3 June 713 1 year, 6 months 713 Anastasios II (Αρτέμιος Ἀναστάσιος Αὔγουστος) ARTEMIVS ANASTASIVS AVGVSTVS[17] ? +Bureaucrat and secretary under Philippikos, he was raised to the purple by the soldiers June 713 – November 715 2 years, 5 months 718, during attempt to regain the throne Theodosius III (Θεοδόσιος Αὔγουστος) THEODOSIVS AVGVSTVS[18] ? Chosen by troops May 715 – 25 March 717 2 years Unknown. Became a monk +717–802: Isaurian dynasty +802–813: Nikephorian dynasty +1204–1261: Laskarid dynasty +Note: Between 1204 and 1261 there was an interregnum when Constantinople was occupied by the crusaders of the Fourth Crusade and the Empire was divided into the Empire of Nicaea, the Empire of Trebizond and the Despotate of Epirus, which were all contenders for rule of the Empire. The Laskarid dynasty of the Empire of Nicaea is considered the legitimate continuation of the Roman Empire because they had the support of the (Orthodox) Patriarch of Constantinople and managed to re-take Constantinople. +Portrait Name Birth Succession Reign Time in office Death Theodore I Laskaris (Θεόδωρος Λάσκαρις) c. 1174, Constantinople His brother Constantine Laskaris was elected emperor by the citizens of Constantinople on the day the city fell to the Crusaders; he later fled to Nicaea, where Theodore organized the Greek resistance to the Latins. +Proclaimed emperor after Constantine's death in 1205, Theodore was crowned only in 1208. +1205– November 1221 21 years November 1221 (age 48) John III Doukas Vatatzes (Ἰωάννης Δούκας Βατάτζης) c. +1192, Didymoteicho Son-in-law of Theodore I 15 December 1221 – 3 November 1254 33 years 3 November 1254 (age 62), Nymphaion Theodore II Laskaris (Θεόδωρος Λάσκαρις) c. 1222, Nicaea Son of John III 3 November 1254– 18 August 1258 4 years 18 August 1258 (age 36), Magnesia Epilepsy John IV Laskaris (Ἰωάννης Λάσκαρις) 25 December 1250 Son of Theodore II 18 August 1258– 25 December 1261 3 years c. +1305 (age 55), Constantinople Blinded and imprisoned by successor in 1261, died in captivity +Tacitus, The Annals of Imperial Rome, Penguin Classics, Michael Grant Publications Ltd, 1971, Reprinted 1985, ISBN 0-14-044060-7 +Modern sources +David J. Breeze, Brian Dobson Hadrian's Wall 4th Edition, Penguin, 2000, ISBN 0-14-027182-1 Clive Carpenter, The Guinness Book of Kings Rulers and Statesmen, Guinness Superlatives Ltd, 1978, ISBN 0-900424-46-X Adrian Goldsworthy, The Fall of the West, Phoenix, 2010, ISBN 978-0-7538-2692-8 Min Lee (editor), Larousse Pockect Guide Kings and Queens, Larousse, 1995 ISBN 0-7523-0032-6 Martha Ross, Rulers and Governments of the World, Vol.1 Earliest Times to 1491, Bowker, 1978, ISBN 0-85935-021-5 Chris Scarre, Brandon Shaw, Chronicle of the Roman Emperors, Thames & Hudson, 1995, Reprinted 2001, ISBN 0-500-05077-5 R. F. Tapsell, Monarchs Rulers Dynasties and Kingdoms of The World, Thames & Hudson, 1981, Reprinted 1987, ISBN 0-500-27337-5 +External links +Claudius Gothicus IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS VALERIVS CLAVDIVS AVGVSTVS May 10, 210, Sirmium Victorious general at Battle of Naissus, seized power after Gallienus's death September 268 – January 270 1 year, 4 months January 270 (aged 60) Natural causes (plague) Quintillus IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS AVRELIVS CLAVDIVS QVINTILLVS AVGVSTVS c.210, Sirmium Brother of Claudius II, seized power after his death January 270 – September(?) 270 Unknown 270 (aged around 60) Unclear; possibly suicide or murder Aurelian IMPERATOR CAESAR LVCIVS DOMITIVS AVRELIANVS AVGVSTVS September 9, 214/215, Sirmium Proclaimed emperor by Danubian legions after Claudius II's death, in opposition to Quintillus September(?) 270 – September 275 5 years September 275 (aged 60-61) Assassinated by Praetorian Guard Ulpia Severina VLPIA SEVERINA PIA AVGVSTA Unknown Wife of Aurelian, there is evidence that she ruled in her own right during the interregnum between Aurelian's death and the election of Tacitus.[10][11] September 275 Briefly Unknown Tacitus IMPERATOR CAESAR MARCVS CLAVDIVS TACITVS AVGVSTVS c. +Andrew Michael Lonergan (born 19 October 1983) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Premier League club Liverpool. +He is a former England U21 international and is also eligible to play for the Republic of Ireland.[4] After starting his career at Preston North End, Lonergan soon established himself as a first choice goalkeeper and won Preston's player of the year award in both the 2008–09 and 2009–10 seasons.[5][6] +In July 2019, Liverpool announced Lonergan would be joining the side on their pre-season tour of America to provide back-up due to a shortage of goalkeepers.[136] +After an injury to Liverpool's first choice goalkeeper Alisson, Liverpool announced on 12 August 2019 that Lonergan, who has continued training at Melwood after the pre-season, was set to sign a short-term contract with the club.[137] He was included on the bench in the 2019 UEFA Super Cup.[138] +For full details see Meta:Help:Preferences. This is Help:Preferences. The talk page for Special:Preferences is at Wikipedia talk:Special:Preferences. +You do not need to click Save on every tab on the Preferences page, as the Save button affects all changes on all Preferences tabs.[1] You can go from tab to tab setting all your preferences before saving, because Save remembers your changes on the other tabs. To forget unsaved changes, simply leave the page without saving. If you wish to undo your saved changes, you will need to reset them manually. +Clicking Restore all default settings will harmlessly load another page which will then offer the button to reset all preferences in every tab to their default values. This includes a few items that are stored as a preference but that aren't directly editable in Special:Preferences. If you do reset your preferences, you can restore your custom signature from the wikitext of a history page, update your custom CSS or JavaScript from Wikipedia:Tools § Browsing and editing, and then re-select and save your preferences. +The default settings are aimed at newcomers editing articles. Intermediate editors tend to activate more features, such as "warn me if I forgot an edit summary", and advanced editors and administrators use the special settings, gadgets and editors for their tasks. +If you have chosen to make your Wikipedia login a global account, you will have the same username and password on Sister projects such as Wiktionary, at MediaWiki.org itself, and on the Wikipedia of other languages. Each of your account's preferences are independent because each wiki is a website, with their own administration (namespaces, settings, accounts, etc.). Even the word "Preferences" on the top may be set differently! +User profile +Basic information +Lists your account details and some statistics.(e.g. number of edits) Allows you to view/manage your global account info. This is where you change your password. +Internationalisation +Note that many interface messages have been customized at the English Wikipedia but usually only for the default "en - English" which may for example add links to relevant help pages, processes and policies. It is therefore not recommended to select "en-GB - British English" or "en-CA - Canadian English" which make a few spelling changes but omit many useful customizations. Foreign languages also omit customizations but may still be preferred by users with poor English abilities. +Displays the signature that will appear when you sign talk pages. Allows you to edit the signature, either using wiki markup (the option must be checked), or just plain text. +Although this is optional, please read the warning about losing your password and not having an email address on file. Options about use of your email address: enabling email from other users, sending copies of emails you send to other users, and receiving email when a page or file on your watchlist is changed. Before using email you must confirm your email address. +Appearance +Skin +If the links are blue, you have created these special pages and this is a quick way to access and edit them. If the links are red, clicking the link will create the special page. You can also access your cross-wiki CSS and JavaScript pages from this section, but the color of the links will always be that of external links. +Preferences are the seventy or so user options for browsing, editing, searching, notifications, and more. A link to your Preferences page is available at the top of every Wikipedia page when you have an account, alongside links to your other account services such as your Contributions. Another way to get there is by navigating to the Special:Preferences page. +Option to set your date and time preferences; this is how dates will appear in article History pages, logs, etc. If set to "No preference", the format is HH:MM, DD MMMM YYYY (UTC), for example: 21:18, 16 August 2019 (UTC). +Time offset +Shows the server time (UTC) and the local time based on the optional Time zone setting. You may opt to use the server time (UTC), have the offset calculated by the clock in your computer, or specify an offset from UTC in hours or by location. This does not affect times saved in editable pages such as timestamps in signatures. +The images in an article are just a thumbnail (a preview). These will always be one of eight possible Thumbnail sizes. For the larger screen sizes choose the maximum, and for the smaller screen sizes choose the minimum thumbnail size. +It loads all the images in the article at high resolution, and this uses networking resources. This is the default. You can turn off Media Viewer to save resources: 1) to control all image sizing, 2) to navigate directly to a file page (instead) when you click on thumbnail. +On a faster network choose a larger size, and on a slower network choose a smaller Image size limit. The default 800×600px is a midrange Image size limit. File pages are on Commons wiki, and if logged in there, going there overrides your settings here. +Note that you can both turn off Media Viewer and set a small Image size limit, and yet you will not limit your ability to avail yourself of any high resolution images listed at the bottom of that file page, when wanted. Doing so you can get full manual control of any unwanted, automatic bogging-down of your surfing speed caused by automated choices concerning File namespace interactions initiated by clicking on an image. +Diffs +Option to not show page content below the diffs; checking this will suppress the page preview of the difference you're viewing. Option to omit a diff after performing a rollback +Once at your Preferences page, you can control much of the Wikipedia user interface through the many feature settings provided by MediaWiki (the software of Wikipedia): skins, plug-ins, date formats, a signature, and more. For example, you can select to be prompted to enter an edit summary if you forget to. The Preferences page also presents a link to customize your CSS to adjust your page style details. +This option can help you see links to small articles (more likely to be stubs) so that you might expand them. It is also useful for spotting links to disambiguation pages, which are also relatively small. They are usually linked to in error, but often contain on their list a link to the correct article, making this error easy to fix. +Choose PNG, TeX, or MathJax for displaying mathematical formulas. +Editing +Concerning the edit page, its initiation, look and feel, Wikipedia offers a remarkable number of options. Some of them are: +And there is no longer any need to create an entirely new page for each preview requested; live preview just reloads parts of its page, and so it offers no browser history backwards, but disturbs no history forward either. Saves some network bandwidth and lots of browser cache. Just save your edits before disabling JavaScript.[2] (First-time users should perform a simple compatibility test.[3]) +Plus, there are hundreds of user tools to explore, many listed at Wikipedia:Tools § Browsing and editing, that can override or tweak preferences provided by MediaWiki. Each account has its own Custom JavaScript page where the tools install themselves, and where you can help develop them. +The font size for edit box can be set in Wikipedia editing preferences or in the browser. In Firefox there are two font-size settings at Options → Content → "Default font" Advanced..., one for the edit box, and one for the rest of the page. If you just want uniformity, check to see if it allows Wikipedia to choose its own font; then you set Wikipedia's "Edit Area Font Style" to "Serif" or "Sans Serif", and the font size in the edit box will match the rest of the page. +Two editing toolbars are offered that will span the top of the edit box. (Wikipedia:Reftoolbar shows versions.) +"Enable enhanced editing toolbar" gives a frame with icons. It is a default feature that can be turned off. is a search and replace dialog that can accept regular expressions as a search target for replacement text. (See a list of regular expression symbols[4]) +To use more of your favorite text editor instead of just the edit box and toolbars, see Wikipedia:Text editor support. Also see the Gadgets tab. +Every time a wiki page is edited, and changes were actually made, a record is kept of the difference. For example, a page history shows the revisions for that particular page. But recent changes can report on more than just the revisions of a page, or an entire wiki, they can also report on the recent changes of an editor (their contributions). +The watchlist has even more finely tuned preferences, because like the edit window, it is often a core tool for editors. +More information about these various histories can be found at the following places. For global changes to Wikipedia pages, see Help:Recent changes. For user contributions, see Help:User contributions. +At their site, MediaWiki maintains a browser compatibility matrix. The time you spend in getting an account, setting your preferences, finding tools and testing your browser (before you ever lose an edit) will pay off. +Watchlist +The watchlist options include which pages, and what "recent" means to you. If your Preferences has "Email me when a page or file on my watchlist is changed" set (at the bottom of the "User profile" tab), then only by visiting a page will you actually set its email notification flag. +Once you miss the email for a particular page change or don't visit the page (or ignore the email), you will not receive any more emails for that page. You can still dutifully monitor that page by its watchlist edit-summaries, but its particular email notification flag will remain unset until you visit it. This facilitates monitoring a large watchlist while preventing potentially useless emails to you. +In case you want to set all email notifications anyway, you can at any time mark all pages "visited". If your Preferences → Gadgets has "Display pages on your watchlist that have changed since your last visit in bold", then your watchlist will have a button labeled "Mark all pages visited". That button will effectively set all of your email notification flags. +Feature requests can be made, and bugs reported, as described at Wikipedia:Phabricator. The current set of preferences are largely the result of issues raised by newcomers at places such as the Village pump, and driven by regulars who hold long discussions and collectively drive issues. +These settings alter the new-messages bar, Special:Notifications, and the "(thank)" buttons: +[x] Display a floating alert when I have new talk page messages (to show new-messages bar ) [x] Exclude me from feature experiments (to remove "thank" buttons) Section: Notify me about these events +The options for Notifications were first added in May 2013. See Wikipedia Signpost topic "English-language Wikipedia to be first to receive Echo deployment" for a brief overview. +There is also options to allow email notification, tick the appropriate boxes to enable this feature. +Gadgets +Gadgets are the software contributed by users, not the software that runs Wikipedia, and so you'll see the group names Editing and Appearance are the same as the tab names on the preferences page. If you see tabs on the preferences page your web-browsers already has JavaScript enabled. The gadgets go through an authoritative process before they appear on the list. +Browsing. +Language translating Media files, search results, and diffs Twinkle admin tools for the advancing editor Teahouse for the new editor question Mousing over or hovering over an inline citation to read it +Editing. +Citation modifying/expediting/proving Colorizing wikitext; Character toolsets Categorizing; Reviewing new articles; Filing disputes The Wiki Editor, WikEd, and WikEdDiff +Appearance. +Editing the introductory section. Admin tools; Changing and adding to page layouts and controls Displaying diffs, or animations, or your very own local time on all timestamps Enabling an external search engine for searching Wikipedia Show the assessed class of an article, Featured, A, B, C, etc. +Font and JavaScript support +The Preferences page is accessible when you are logged-in, but you must have JavaScript enabled in your browser, since the page and all its tabs are an extensive JavaScript application. +Regular expression tools Tracking software bugs Patrolling recent changes +Beta features +Beta Features is a way for to test new features on Wikipedia and other Wikimedia sites before they are released for everyone. +Other tools +Operating an account with a tool may carry side effects, such as popups, toolbars and frame objects on your browsing or editing page space that are sometimes burdensome, yet sometimes powerfully necessary. Rather than uninstalling, it is possible to just switch skins, because there are four skins, each with a pair of customizations. 1) Custom JavaScript has the tools. +See also +meta:Help:Preferences Wikipedia:Skin Wikipedia:Customisation Wikipedia:Scripts Wikipedia:Tools Wikipedia:Database reports/User preferences +To make changes that apply regardless of your current skin, change your common.css. To make changes that affect your current skin, change your skin.css. To make changes that affect all Wikimedia projects, you can login to Meta and change your global.css. +External links on CSS +JavaScript +JavaScript has many possibilities, for example adding text, including links, at the desired positions. This added content may depend on content on the HTML source page produced by the server; for example it may depend on HTML elements with an ID, by applying getElementById. The position of insertion may be specified by insertBefore. +As an example, to add a page link at the left of your preferences, add the following to Special:Mypage/common.js, replacing PageTitle with the title of the wiki page : +Moving categories to top +The following code moves the category box to the top of the article. Of course, you might want to apply some CSS to make it look prettier: +An alternative that, when coupled with an appropriate stylesheet, will put the text up at about the same line as the title: +Preview of CSS works in a special way: it allows viewing of the margins of the page (not the contents) on the basis of the style info in the page, provided that the skin used is the skin for which the page applies. This has limitations. E.g., one can preview how links in the margin will look, but these may not be of all the types one would want to check. +Some CSS to go with that... +Unfortunately, if the category box is large (such as on entries on U.S. presidents and other major figures), it can push an infobox off to the side. To correct this, the "clear: right" attribute can be added to an infobox. +Wikitext-controlled CSS +CSS can be controlled through JS by wikitext. For example, an HTML element "span" without content can, through its class and id, provide parameters for JS specifying CSS for any parts of the page. For example, if a page contains a "span" element with class FA and id lc, MediaWiki:Monobook.js specifies the style and title of elements "li" of class interwiki-lc, thus controlling the style and title of the interlanguage link of language code lc in the margin, provided that the skin specifies this class interwiki-lc (E.g., Cologne Blue specifies class='external' for each language, so it does not work for that skin.) +External links on JS +See also +Help:Cascading Style Sheets mw:Gallery of user styles Wikipedia:WikiProject User scripts mw:Skin projects mw:Help:Preferences, m:Help:Preferences Cascading Style Sheets (Wikipedia article) m:Customization:Explaining skins mw:Help:Configuration settings (especially mw:Manual:$wgAllowUserJs and mw:Manual:$wgAllowUserCss) Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation_popups (JavaScript navigation popups) Wikipedia:Catalogue of CSS classes +To import CSS from a user subpage, use the importStylesheet command in your common.js: +Rendering +The HTML source of a page contains lines like +for the project-wide CSS for the particular skin (in this case here on Wikipedia referring to //en.wikipedia.org/style/wikistandard.css ) and the personal JS and CSS for a particular skin. +Thus the server provides HTML referring to the CSS and JS files, but it does not do any interpretation of their content. The interpretation is done by the browser, depending on its capabilities and settings. +CSS +The user can customize fonts, colors, positions of links in the margins, and many other things! This is done through custom Cascading Style Sheets stored in subpages of the user's "User" page. +CSS in user subpages versus CSS in a local file +If one uses multiple browsers, each can be set to a different CSS. Each applies to the whole World Wide Web, not just a MediaWiki project (and does not depend on being logged in). However, a setting only affects other webpages if they use the same CSS selector; e.g. a setting for the selector a.extiw affects fewer pages on the web than one for h2 (but it affects at least all MediaWiki projects, not just one). +For lines of CSS which should be different on different MediaWiki projects, e.g. for a different background color for easy distinction, clearly the local CSS cannot be used; at least these lines should be put in the user subpages. +Some computers, e.g. in internet cafes, mobile devices/tablets, do not allow users to set preferences for the browser. In that case the user subpages allow the setting of a user style anyway. +When the browser has been set to the option to ignore the font size specified in the webpage or external CSS, CSS lines regarding font size have to be put in the local CSS. +CSS selectors +The CSS selectors, expressed in terms of elements, classes and id's, relevant for the style of the page body include the following. As far as possible, examples are given, which show the result for the current style settings: +a vs :link – It's a common mistake to use "a " instead of ":link " to style links. Whereas ":link " applies only to links, "a " applies to both links and named anchors (e.g. ). +Normal internal links are not in class internal (they used to be, and still are on sites that use an older version of the software, e.g. ); they can be styled referring to :link and :link:visited , in general, after which styling of :link.extiw etc. can provide for exceptions to this general style for links. +E.g. To create your own CSS modifications for the skin you are presently using, create a page at Special:Mypage/skin.css containing the CSS you want to use (to apply your changes regardless which skin you are using, put them in Special:Mypage/common.css instead). For how to hide particular messages, see WP:CSSHIDE. +For interlanguage links: +One may also have the style depend on the value of an attribute, e.g. with the selectors: +to color-code or highlight particular users (including oneself) and/or links to particular pages (like the bolding of watched pages on Recent Changes). This works in Opera, but not in IE. See also Help:Watching pages#CSS. +The watchlist and Recent Changes use two classes: +The page history has classes autocomment and: +Thus the font specified for user applies in the page history, but not in the watchlist or Recent Changes. +Edit summary box: input#wpSummary +Major style blocks +Non-display +One extreme "style" for a text is not displaying it, with +Non-displayed links do not work (as opposed to links in a very small font). +It cannot be used to remove text in expressions for template names, parameter names, parameter values, page names in links, etc. +On Meta m:MediaWiki:Common.css contains +Style depending on a parameter or variable +Variable class or id +A class or id can depend on the result produced by a template or on a template parameter, e.g. class="abcdef". For one or more of the possible class names the style of that class can be defined. If the class is undefined it is ignored, so the standard style is used. +In the simplest case we have e.g. class="abc{{{1}}}" and define class abcdef. If the parameter value is "def" it applies. +If a page for general use only makes sense when styles are defined for certain classes, then these have to be specified in the page MediaWiki:Common.css, which applies for all users and all skins, as far as not overridden. +For each skin, the user can make various choices regarding fonts, colors, positions of links in the margin, etc. CSS is specified with reference to selectors : HTML elements, classes and id's specified in the HTML code. Accordingly, what the possibilities are for each skin can be seen by looking at the HTML source code of a page, in particular looking at these classes and id's: the more there are, the more versatility there is. +Variable HTML attribute name +An HTML attribute name can be made variable. HTML Tidy – an outdated HTML4 library that is slated for removal – has historically removed attributes with invalid names at the server side, so the result does not depend on a browser capability to ignore invalid attribute names, and the amount of data sent is reduced. For a variable with possible value "class", see Wikipedia:HiddenStructure and en:Template:Infobox (backlinks edit). +Variable style parameter value +Wikitext like +displays "Wed" if parameter 3 is defined, but not "none", and displays nothing if parameter 3 is undefined or "none". If the value of parameter 3 is a display style other than "none", that style is applied. +Custom styles can be placed in each user's personal CSS files, such as Special:MyPage/common.css, which each user can edit to set personal styles. +Rounded corners +There is CSS in the MediaWiki software itself, and Wikipedia overrides this using the following pages: +Print view tweaks +Make the user toolbar a sidebox +Tested to work in Camino, Safari and Internet Explorer 7. +Cologne Blue – MediaWiki:Cologneblue.css Modern – MediaWiki:Modern.css Monobook – MediaWiki:Monobook.css Vector – MediaWiki:Vector.css +Fix the sidebar's position while you scroll +In the default Vector skin, the sidebar’s position can be fixed easily: +This may have undesirable side effects in Chrome; e.g., when viewing a page like the very common.css page you just edited to put this code in, the viewable content will become much shorter, and require vertical scrolling in a frame. +Moving category links +Site-wide CSS is in MediaWiki:Common.css +Diff view styling +Removing the "(thank)" buttons in History log +Hiding long instruction messages +As with other CSS styles above, edit Special:Mypage/skin.css or Special:Mypage/common.css to insert the customized CSS, and then refresh the browser's cache. +General elections were held in Burma on 9 April 1947 to form the basis of a constituent assembly that would design a constitution once independence from the United Kingdom had been achieved.[1] They were the first elections in Burma since its separation from India under the British Raj.[2] Voter turnout was 49.8%.[3] However, Aung San was assassinated three months later, resulting in U Nu becoming the first Prime Minister of Burma. +On 19 July 1947, Aung San was assassinated along with six other members of the party and the leadership of the AFPFL was taken over by U Nu.[8] A constitution was approved on 24 September 1947 and independence granted on 4 January 1948.[2] +See also +Results +Party Votes % Seats Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League 1,755,000 173 Communist Party of Burma 126,000 7 Karen Youth Organisation 109,000 19 Independent Karen 5 Anglo-Burmese 4 Independents 2 Invalid/blank votes – – Total 100 210 Registered voters/turnout 49.8 – Source: Nohlen et al. +Aftermath +The related changes feature (found in the Toolbox menu) lists all recent changes in each article linked to from the current page, but not more than the number specified in the preferences. Its header is "Related changes" with a subheader "(to pages linked from "xxx")". +Use the full pagename (including namespace). +Changes to the source page (page with links) itself is not listed. +For links to redirects, only a change in the redirect is given, not a change in the target article. In this regard a direct link to the target article is superior. +The "Related changes" feature does not list changes in images, sound files or image description pages (regardless of which of the three linking methods (image, :image or media) is used.) +When applying the feature to a subpage, the automatic link to the parent page is ignored, i.e., changes in the parent page are not listed unless there is also an explicit link to it. +As in Recent Changes and Enhanced Recent Changes, watched pages are bolded. +This feature can be used to set up custom watchlist-like functionality. It behaves like a watchlist, which would contain every page to which the current page linked. However, Related Changes do not automatically include talk pages; for the talk pages to be automatically included, the page to which Related Changes is applied has to link to these pages. +The option "Hide minor edits" that can be set in the preferences applies to Related Changes. +Sortable list +Currently, in the a–z range, only a and o remain unassigned. p, v, w are assigned to multiple functions, depending on the context. +Display access keys +By modifying your user CSS file, access key shortcuts can be displayed before internal links on any Wikipedia page. +This will not work in Internet Explorer versions lower than 8.0, since those browsers do not support the CSS selector used in these examples. +This also will not display the accesskeys provided by the VisualEditor (or the mw:2017 wikitext editor), such as 's' to publish the page, as those accesskeys are implemented differently. +Accessibility of access keys +Keyboard shortcuts, in the way they are implemented on Wikipedia, are useful for some users with disabilities and do not require JavaScript to work. At the same time, they are bothersome for some screen reader users because it interferes with the shortcuts of their screen reader. The best solution would be to have customizable keyboard shortcuts. +The accessibility of keyboard shortcuts (access keys) is a complicated matter. This feature, in its current implementation, was temporarily abandoned in WCAG 2.0, notably because it conflicts with the shortcuts of assistive technologies. Usage of access keys is currently discouraged in the online contents and applications. +Currently, their presence in Wikipedia's interface can be problematic for some users and can be useful for others. But more importantly, it misleads developers into thinking that the interface is keyboard accessible. Requirements that need to be fulfilled for a website to be keyboard accessible are not related to keyboard shortcuts (G90, F42, SCR35, F58, F61). +See also +Wikipedia:Using JAWS m:Help:Keyboard shortcuts mw:Manual:Interface/Access keys mw:VisualEditor/Portal/Keyboard shortcuts Wikipedia:List of shortcuts Table of keyboard shortcuts Hotkeys – typing shortcuts in text fields Firefox Help: Keyboard Shortcuts Keyboard shortcuts for Windows AutoHotkey, a Windows keyboard automation scripting language Autokey, a Linux keyboard scripting language in Python +The MediaWiki software contains many keyboard shortcuts. You can use them to access certain features of Wikipedia more quickly. +Using access keys +An Access Key allows a computer user to immediately jump to a specific part of a web page via the keyboard. In Wikipedia, Access Keys allow you to do a lot more—protect a page, show page history, publish your changes, show preview text, and so on. See the next section for the full list. +Most web browsers require holding down one or two "modifier" keys to use an access key. Different web browsers invoke access keys in different ways. Please use the list below to determine the appropriate key combination for your browser and system: +Browser Operating system Instructions Google Chrome Opera 15+ Windows Chrome OS hold Alt or Alt+⇧ Shift or Alt+Control+⇧ Shift, [1] press access key Linux hold Alt+⇧ Shift, press access key macOS hold Control+⌥ Option, press access key Firefox Windows, Linux hold Alt+⇧ Shift, press access key macOS hold Control+⌥ Option, press access key Internet Explorer MS Edge Windows hold Alt, press access key (in some versions you may then need to press ↵ Enter) Safari macOS hold Control+⌥ Option, press access key Windows hold Alt, press access key +List of access keys +Philosophy of music is the study of "fundamental questions about the nature of music and our experience of it".[1] The philosophical study of music has many connections with philosophical questions in metaphysics and aesthetics. Some basic questions in the philosophy of music are: +What is the relationship between music and language? What does musical history reveal to us about the world? What is the connection between music and emotions? (in the 19th century there was a debate over whether instrumental music could convey emotion) What is meaning in relation to music? +Aesthetics of music +The symphony orchestra is not only the main large ensemble used in classical music; one work for orchestra, Beethoven's Ninth Symphony has been called the supreme masterpiece of the Western canon.[9] +In the pre-modern tradition, the aesthetics of music or musical aesthetics explored the mathematical and cosmological dimensions of rhythmic and harmonic organization. In the eighteenth century, focus shifted to the experience of hearing music, and thus to questions about its beauty and human enjoyment (plaisir and jouissance) of music. The origin of this philosophic shift is sometimes attributed to Baumgarten in the 18th century, followed by Kant. +In the 19th century, a significant debate arose between Eduard Hanslick, a music critic and musicologist, and composer Richard Wagner. Harry Partch and some other musicologists, such as Kyle Gann, have studied and tried to popularize microtonal music and the usage of alternate musical scales. Also, many modern composers like La Monte Young, Rhys Chatham and Glenn Branca paid much attention to a system of tuning called just intonation. +There has been a strong tendency in the aesthetics of music to emphasize the paramount importance of compositional structure; however, other issues concerning the aesthetics of music include lyricism, harmony, hypnotism, emotiveness, temporal dynamics, resonance, playfulness, and color (see also musical development). +It is often thought that music has the ability to affect our emotions, intellect, and psychology; it can assuage our loneliness or incite our passions. The philosopher Plato suggests in the Republic that music has a direct effect on the soul. Therefore, he proposes that in the ideal regime music would be closely regulated by the state (Book VII). +See also +Music psychology Music and Theosophy +Notes +External links +Definition of music +They go on to note that this characterization is too broad, since there are many examples of organized sound that are not music, such as human speech, and the sounds non-human animals and machines make."[1] There are many different ways of denoting the fundamental aspects of music which are more specific than "sound": popular aspects include melody (pitches that occur consecutively), harmony (pitches regarded as groups—not necessarily sounding at the same time—to form chords), rhythm, meter and timbre (also known as a sound's "color"). However, noise music may consist mainly of noise. Musique concrète often consists only of sound samples of non-musical nature, sometimes in random juxtaposition. +Absolute music vs program music +They claimed that music is not explicitly "about" anything and that it is non-representational.[2] The idea of absolute music developed at the end of the 18th century in the writings of authors of early German Romanticism, such as Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder, Ludwig Tieck and E. T. A. Hoffmann.[2][3] Adherents of the "program music" perspective believed that music could convey emotions and images. One example of program music is Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique, in which the fourth movement is the composer's depiction of a story about an artist who poisons himself with opium and then is executed. The majority of opposition to absolute instrumental-based music came from composer Richard Wagner and the philosophers Friedrich Nietzsche and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. +In Part IV of his chief work, The World as Will and Representation (1819), Arthur Schopenhauer said that "music is the answer to the mystery of life. The most profound of all the arts, it expresses the deepest thoughts of life." In "The Immediate Stages of the Erotic, or Musical Erotic", a chapter of Either/Or (1843), Søren Kierkegaard examines the profundity of music of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and the sensual nature of Don Giovanni. +In his 1997 book How the Mind Works, Steven Pinker dubbed music "auditory cheesecake",[5] a phrase that in the years since has served as a challenge to the musicologists and psychologists who believe otherwise.[6] Among those to note this stir was Philip Ball in his book The Music Instinct [7] where he noted that music seems to reach to the very core of what it means to be human: "There are cultures in the world where to say 'I'm not musical' would be meaningless," Ball writes, "akin to saying 'I'm not alive'." In a filmed debate, Ball suggests that music might get its emotive power through its ability to mimic people and perhaps its ability to entice us lies in music's ability to set up an expectation and then violate it.[8] +Consumption, defined as spending for acquisition of utility, is a major concept in economics and is also studied in many other social sciences. It is seen in contrast to investing, which is spending for acquisition of future income.[1] +Aggregate consumption is a component of aggregate demand.[3] +Consumption is defined in part by comparison to production. In the tradition of the Columbia School of Household Economics, also known as the New Home Economics, commercial consumption has to be analyzed in the context of household production. The opportunity cost of time affects the cost of home-produced substitutes and therefore demand for commercial goods and services.[4][5] The elasticity of demand for consumption goods is also a function of who performs chores in households and how their spouses compensate them for opportunity costs of home production.[6] +See also +Aggregate demand Consumer debt Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose (COICOP) Consumer choice Consumerism Life cycle hypothesis Measures of national income and output Overconsumption Permanent income hypothesis List of largest consumer markets +Different schools of economists define consumption differently. According to mainstream economists, only the final purchase of newly produced goods and services by individuals for immediate use constitutes consumption, while other types of expenditure — in particular, fixed investment, intermediate consumption, and government spending — are placed in separate categories (see Consumer choice). Other economists define consumption much more broadly, as the aggregate of all economic activity that does not entail the design, production and marketing of goods and services (e.g. the selection, adoption, use, disposal and recycling of goods and services).[citation needed] +Economists are particularly interested in the relationship between consumption and income, as modeled with the consumption function. +Behavioural economics, keynesian consumption function +The Keynesian consumption function is also known as the absolute income hypothesis, as it only bases consumption on current income and ignores potential future income (or lack of). Criticism of this assumption led to the development of Milton Friedman's permanent income hypothesis and Franco Modigliani's life cycle hypothesis. +More recent theoretical approaches are based on behavioral economics and suggest that a number of behavioural principles can be taken as microeconomic foundations for a behaviourally-based aggregate consumption function.[2] +Consumption and household production +Graphical representation of the consumption function, where a is autonomous consumption (affected by interest rates, consumer expectations, etc.), b is the marginal propensity to consume and Yd is disposable income. +In economics, the consumption function describes a relationship between consumption and disposable income.[1][2] The concept is believed to have been introduced into macroeconomics by John Maynard Keynes in 1936, who used it to develop the notion of a government spending multiplier.[3] +Aggregate demand Absolute income hypothesis Life cycle hypothesis Measures of national income and output Permanent income hypothesis +Notes +Its simplest form is the linear consumption function used frequently in simple Keynesian models:[4] +where a {\displaystyle a} is the autonomous consumption that is independent of disposable income; in other words, consumption when income is zero. The term b × Y d {\displaystyle b\times Y_{d}} is the induced consumption that is influenced by the economy's income level. It assumes for hypothesis that there are no correlations and dependences between Y d {\displaystyle Y_{d}} and C, and thus that their relation can be represented by the rect's equation in a Cartesian plane. +The parameter b {\displaystyle b} is known as the marginal propensity to consume, i.e. the increase in consumption due to an incremental increase in disposable income, since ∂ C / ∂ Y d = b {\displaystyle \partial C/\partial Y_{d}=b} . Geometrically, b {\displaystyle b} is the slope of the consumption function. One of the key assumptions of Keynesian economics is that this parameter is positive but smaller than one, i.e. b ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) {\displaystyle b\in (0,1)} .[5] +Keynes also took note of the tendency for the marginal propensity to consume to decrease as income increases, i.e. ∂ 2 C / ∂ Y d 2 < 0 {\displaystyle \partial ^{2}C/\partial Y_{d}^{2}<0} .[6] If this assumption is to be used, it would result in a nonlinear consumption function with a diminishing slope. Further theories on the shape of the consumption function include James Duesenberry's (1949) relative consumption expenditure,[7] Franco Modigliani and Richard Brumberg's (1954) life-cycle hypothesis, and Milton Friedman's (1957) permanent income hypothesis.[8] +Some new theoretical works following Duesenberry's and based in behavioral economics suggest that a number of behavioural principles can be taken as microeconomic foundations for a behaviorally-based aggregate consumption function.[9] +See also +Kevin Oghenetega Tamaraebi Bakumo-Abraham (born 2 October 1997), known as Tammy Abraham, is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Premier League club Chelsea and the England national team. +An academy graduate of Chelsea, Abraham made his senior debut for the club in 2016 before spending a season on loan with Championship club Bristol City. There, he enjoyed a successful campaign which culminated in him winning the club's Player of the Season, Young Player of the Season and top goalscorer awards, becoming the first player ever to do so in a single season. A further loan spell at Swansea City followed for Abraham but the season ended with the club suffering relegation from the Premier League. +León (Spanish pronunciation: [leˈon]) is the most populous city and municipality in the Mexican state of Guanajuato. +In the 2015 Intercensal Survey INEGI reported 1,578,626 people living in the municipality of León,[1] making it the fourth most populous municipality in Mexico.[4] The metropolitan area of León recorded a population of 1,630,094 in the 2010 Census, making it the seventh most populous metropolitan area in Mexico.[2] León is part of the macroregion of Bajío within the Central Mexican Plateau.[5] +León has a strong leather industry, offering shoes, boots, belts, jackets, and other leather accessories to both national and international markets. The leather industry earned its inhabitants the nickname of "Green belly" (panzaverdes in Spanish), because of the green tainting in the workers' bodies resulting from treating leather. Its first-class services and hotel industry make it one of the most important centers in Mexico with numerous opportunities for entertainment, gastronomy, leisure activities, arts, and recreation.[6] It is also considered one of the most environmentally friendly cities in Mexico and has a high number of cyclists, in part because of integrating a network of bike lanes into the SIT system.[7] In March 2012 it received an award as "City Water Champion", mainly due to great progress in the areas of sanitation, wastewater reuse, and energy cogeneration from biogas.[8] +Yang Yunqing (杨芸晴) (born 28 September 1996), known by her stage name Sunnee, is a Thai singer based in China. She is a member of A'N'D under K-L Entertainment as a lead singer and lead dancer. She is part of Rocket Girls 101 after ranking 8th in the Produce 101 finals. +Sunnee participated in iQiyi's The Birth of a Star from 2016 to early 2017 and finished at 6th place.[7] +In January 2018, Sunnee played in "KO ONE: RE-CALL" as Lan Sichun, sister of Lan Siluo.[8] +In April, Sunnee, together with other trainees from her company, participated in the Chinese reality survival girl group show Produce 101 aired on Tencent Video. Sunnee was placed 8th overall and debuted with Rocket Girls 101 on June 23, 2018.[9] +At the age of 15, she went to Taiwan to pursue her dream of becoming a singer. She studied in Juang Jing Vocational High School in Taipei. During her stay, she was chosen by Comic Communication Co. to become an artist under them.[1] After graduating high school, she attended Jinwen University of Science and Technology and majored in tourism.[2] +In 2014, Sunnee acted in the television series "GTO Taiwan" and "The X-Domitory", both having only cameo appearances. On November 19, 2014, she debuted with her company's girl group, "A'N'D", also known as "Angel N Devil".[5] Their first single, titled "Angel and Devil," was the opening theme song for "Angel 'N' Devil," where Sunnee played in the lead as Ding Dang. In the same year, the group released a single named "I'm so Lonely."[6] +In 2015, Her second lead role came soon after, playing as Feng Xiaoxiao in "School Beauty's Personal Bodyguard". +When the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out, the students and staff of Beijing's Tsinghua and Peking Universities, together with Tianjin's Nankai University, fled their campuses. They went first to Hengshan, where they set up the Changsha Temporary University, and then to Kunming, where they set up Southwest Associated University. When, in 1946 the three Universities returned to Beijing, Feng instead went to the U.S. again, this time to take up a post as visiting professor at the University of Pennsylvania. +Feng Youlan (Chinese: 馮友蘭; Wade–Giles: Feng Yu-lan; 4 December 1895 – 26 November 1990) was a Chinese philosopher, historian, and writer who was instrumental for reintroducing the study of Chinese philosophy in the modern era. +Early life, education and career +His younger sister was Feng Yuanjun, who would become a famous Chinese writer. He studied philosophy in the China Public School in Shanghai, between 1912–1915, a preparatory school for college, then studied in Chunghua University, Wuhan (later merged into Central China Normal University) and Peking University between 1915 and 1918, where he was able to study Western philosophy and logic as well as Chinese philosophy. +Upon his graduation in 1918, he traveled to the United States in 1919, where he studied at Columbia University on the Boxer Indemnity Scholarship Program. There he met, among many philosophers who were to influence his thought and career, John Dewey, the pragmatist, who became his teacher. Feng gained his PhD from Columbia in 1923. +War and upheaval +Sepp van den Berg (born 20 December 2001) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as centre-back for English Premier League club Liverpool. +Rhian Joel Brewster (born 1 April 2000) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Premier League club Liverpool and the England U18 national team. In 2017, he was part of the England squad which won the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup in India and was awarded the Golden Boot award for ending as the competition's leading goalscorer. +Francisco Moreno Domagoso (born October 24, 1974) is a Filipino politician. +He is the 27th mayor and a former Vice Mayor of the City of Manila, the capital city of the Philippines; and a former three-term councilor of the city's first congressional district. He is also a former actor, using the screen name Isko Moreno, who started as a matinee idol and later became known for his mature roles during his short stint in the "Titillating Films" genre that was prevalent in the country during the 1990s.[1] +On May 13, 2019, Domagoso won the mayoralty of Manila, over incumbent Joseph Estrada via a landslide win of close to 150,000 votes more than Estrada. Domagoso was officially proclaimed winner by the City Board of Canvassers the following day, May 14, 2019.[13] Joseph Estrada conceded defeat also on the evening of 13 May.[14] +Domagoso is married to his non-celebrity girlfriend, Diana Lynn Ditan since 2000. +They have five children. +External links +Official website of the City of Manila, Vice Mayor section Isko Moreno on IMDb Isko Moreno on Twitter +Politics +Domagoso started his political career when he elected and sworn as councilor for Manila's first congressional district in 1998 and reelected in 2001 and 2004 respectively. +In 2007, he later became vice mayor of the city. +He took a crash course in Local Legislation and Local Finance at University of the Philippines.[1] He then studied public administration in Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (University of the City of Manila) while fulfilling his alderman duties.[2] Moreno also attended leadership and governance courses at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, and at the Said Business School, University of Oxford. [6] +The history of Thailand from 1973 to 2001 saw an unstable period of democracy, with military rule being reimposed after a bloody coup in 1976. (The previous military rulers had been removed, as a result of the revolution of 14 October 1973.) +In 1976, students protesters occupied the Thammasat University campus and held protests over the violent deaths of the workers and staged a mock hanging of the victims, one of whom allegedly bore a resemblance to the Crown Prince. Some newspapers the following day, including the Bangkok Post, published an altered version of a photo of the event, which suggested the protestors had committed lese majeste. Rightist and ultra-conservative icons such as Samak Sundaravej blasted the protestors, instigating violent means to suppress them, culminating in the 6 October 1976 Massacre. +The army installed Thanin Kraivichien, an ultra-conservative former judge, as prime minister, and carried out a sweeping purge of the universities, the media and the civil service. Thousands of students, intellectuals and other leftists fled Bangkok and took refuge with the Communist Party's insurgent forces in the north and north-east, operating from safe bases in Laos. Others left for exile, including Dr. Puey Ungphakorn, a respected economist and Rector of Thammasat University. +The economy was also in serious difficulties, in no small part due to Thanin's policies, which frightened foreign investors. +The new regime proved as unstable as the democratic experiment had been. In October 1977 a different section of the army staged another "coup" and replaced Thanin with General Kriangsak Chomanand. In 1978 the government offered an amnesty to Thai communists willing to "work with us to build a prosperous nation".[1] The offer included housing, family reunion and security.[1] +There was another flood of refugees, and both Vietnamese and Khmer Rouge forces periodically crossed into Thai territory, sparking clashes along the borders. A 1979 visit to Beijing earned Deng Xiaoping's agreement to end support for Thailand's communist movement; in return, the Thai authorities agreed to give safe haven to the Khmer Rouge forces fleeing west following the invasion of Cambodia. Revelations of the crimes of the defeated Khmer Rouge also sharply reduced the appeal of communism to the Thai public. +Between 1979 and 1988, Vietnamese occupation forces in Kampuchea made incursions into Thai territory, allegedly seeking rebel guerrillas they claimed were hiding in refugee camps (where many Laotians and Vietnamese refugees had also settled). Sporadic skirmishes continued along the border from 1985 to 1988, as Vietnamese troops periodically made cross border raids to wipe out Khmer Rouge border camps in Thailand, which along with China was a major supporter of the Khmer Rouge resistance. At times this led to direct combat with the Royal Thai Army, which drove back the intruders. +Coups and elections +Much of the 1980s saw a process of democratisation overseen by the King and Prem. The two preferred constitutional rule, and acted to put an end to violent military interventions. +For most of the 1980s, Thailand was ruled by prime minister Prem Tinsulanonda, a democratically-inclined[citation needed] strongman who restored parliamentary politics. Thereafter the country remained a democracy apart from a brief period of military rule from 1991 to 1992. +The Prem era +They dissolved the National Assembly and promised sweeping social changes. But their position quickly crumbled when Prem accompanied the royal family to Khorat. With the King's support for Prem made clear, loyalist units under the palace favourite General Arthit Kamlang-ek managed to recapture the capital in an almost bloodless counterattack.. +In December 1982, the Thai army Commander in Chief accepted flag of the Communist Party of Thailand at a widely publicized ceremony held in Banbak. Here, communist fighters and their supporters handed in their weapons and swore allegiance to the government.[1] Prem declared the armed struggle over.[1] The army returned to its barracks, and yet another constitution was promulgated, creating an appointed Senate to balance the popularly elected National Assembly. Elections were held in April 1983, giving Prem, now in the guise of a civilian politician, a large majority in the legislature (an arrangement which came to be known as "Premocracy"). +For the first time Thailand became a significant industrial power, and manufactured goods such as computer parts, textiles and footwear overtook rice, rubber and tin as Thailand’s leading exports. With the end of the Indochina wars and the insurgency, tourism developed rapidly and became a major earner. The urban population continued to grow rapidly, but overall population growth began to decline, leading to a rise in living standards even in rural areas, although the Isaan continued to lag behind. +Prem held office for eight years, surviving two more general elections in 1983 and 1986, and remained personally popular, but the revival of democratic politics led to a demand for a more adventurous leader. In 1988 fresh elections brought former General Chatichai Choonhavan to power. Prem rejected the invitation offered by major political parties for the third term of premiership. +The NPKC and Bloody May +By allowing one faction of the military to get rich on government contracts, Chatichai provoked a rival faction, led by Generals Sunthorn Kongsompong, Suchinda Kraprayoon, and other generals of Class 5 of the Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy to stage a coup in February 1991, charging Chatichai's government as a corrupt regime or 'Buffet Cabinet'. The junta called itself the National Peace Keeping Council. The NPKC brought in a civilian prime minister, Anand Panyarachun, who was still responsible to the military. +The winning coalition appointed coup leader Suchinda Kraprayoon to become Prime Minister, in effect breaking a promise he had made earlier to the King and confirming the widespread suspicion that the new government was going to be a military regime in disguise. However, the Thailand of 1992 was not the Siam of 1932. Suchinda’s action brought hundreds of thousands of people out in the largest demonstrations ever seen in Bangkok, led by the former governor of Bangkok, Major-General Chamlong Srimuang. +Suchinda brought military units personally loyal to him into the city and tried to suppress the demonstrations by force, leading to a massacre and riots in the heart of the capital, Bangkok, in which hundreds died. Rumours spread out as there was a rift in the armed forces. Amidst the fear of civil war, King Bhumibol intervened: he summoned Suchinda and Chamlong to a televised audience, and urged them to follow the peaceful solution. +Revolution (1973) +The King re-appointed royalist Anand as interim prime minister until elections could be held in September 1992, which brought the Democrat Party under Chuan Leekpai to power, mainly representing the voters of Bangkok and the south. Chuan was a competent administrator who held power until 1995, when he was defeated at elections by a coalition of conservative and provincial parties led by Banharn Silpa-Archa. Tainted by corruption charges from the very beginning, Banharn’s government was forced to call early elections in 1996, in which General Chavalit Yongchaiyudh's New Aspiration Party managed to gain a narrow victory. +The 1997 Constitution was the first constitution to be drafted by popularly elected Constitutional Drafting Assembly, and was popularly called the "people's constitution".[2] The 1997 Constitution created a bicameral legislature consisting of a 500-seat House of Representatives (สภาผู้แทนราษฎร, sapha phu thaen ratsadon) and a 200-seat Senate (วุฒิสภา, wutthisapha). For the first time in Thai history, both houses were directly elected. +Members of the House of Representatives served four-year terms, while senators served six-year terms. +The 1997 People's Constitution also promoted human rights more than any other constitution. The court system (ศาล, san) included a constitutional court with jurisdiction over the constitutionality of parliamentary acts, royal decrees, and political matters. +After coming under strong criticism for his handling of the crisis, Chavilit resigned in November 1997 and Chuan returned to power. Chuan came to an agreement with the International Monetary Fund which stabilised the currency and allowed IMF intervention on Thai economic recovery. In contrast to the country's previous history, the crisis was resolved by civilian rulers under democratic procedures. +During the 2001 election Chuan’s agreement with IMF and use of injection funds to boost the economy were a cause for great debate, whilst Thaksin’s policies appealed to the mass electorate. Thaksin campaigned effectively against the old politics, corruption, organized crime, and drugs. In January 2001 he had a sweeping victory at the polls, winning a larger popular mandate (40%) than any Thai prime minister has ever had in a freely elected National Assembly. +The events of October 1973 amounted to a revolution in Thai politics. For the first time the urban middle class, led by the students, had challenged the ruling junta, and had gained the apparent blessing of the king for a transition to democracy. The leaders of the junta were forced to step down; they took refuge in the United States or Taiwan. +Thailand, however, had not yet produced a political class able to make this bold new democracy function smoothly. The January 1975 elections failed to produce a stable party majority, and fresh elections in April 1976 produced the same result. The veteran politician Seni Pramoj and his brother Kukrit Pramoj alternated in power, but were unable to carry out a coherent reform program. +South Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia fell to communist forces in 1975. The threat of the communists in the neighboring countries soon led to panic among the people. The arrival of communist regimes on Thailand’s borders, the abolition of the 600-year-old Lao monarchy, and the arrival of a flood of refugees from Laos and Cambodia swung public opinion in Thailand to the right, and conservatives did much better in the 1976 elections than they had done in 1975. +By late 1976 moderate middle class opinion had turned away from the activism of the students, who had moved increasingly to the left. The army and the right-wing parties began a propaganda war against student liberalism by accusing student activists of being 'communists' and through formal paramilitary organizations such the Village Scouts and the Red Gaurs many of those students were killed. Matters came to a head in October when Thanom returned to Thailand to enter a royal monastery, Wat Bovorn. +Hello World (stylized as HELLO WORLD) is an upcoming Japanese animated film directed by Tomohiko Itō and produced by Graphinica. This will serve as Tomohiko's first animation work since his previous film Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale released in 2017. The film will be released in Japan on September 20, 2019, starring Takumi Kitamura, Tôri Matsuzaka, and Minami Hamabe.[1][2] A three-episode spinoff anime titled Another World will premiere in September 13, 2019.[3] +Plot +The film will be a time travel story set in the year 2027 in Kyoto, Japan. It is claimed to be a story that "no one has ever seen about someone finding themselves" although with "scenes, views, and lights that everyone knows."[4] +Voice cast +Character Japanese English [1] Naomi Katagaki (堅書直実, Katagaki Naomi) Takumi Kitamura TBA A 16 year old high school student living in Kyoto, a book committee member of his school. Naomi Katagaki (カタガキナオミ, Katagaki Naomi) Tôri Matsuzaka TBA Naomi Takagaki's future-self from 10 years later (2037). Comes to meet the current Naomi Katagaki. +Ruri Ichigyō (一行瑠璃, Ichigyō Ruri) Minami Hamabe TBA One of Naomi Takagaki's school friend, also a fellow school's book committee member. Tsunehisa Senko (千古恒久, Senko Tsunehisa) Takehito Koyasu TBA Ii Shizuka (徐依依, Shizuka Ii) Minako Kotobuki TBA Mirei Kadenokōji (勘解由小路三鈴, Kadenokōji Mirei) Haruka Fukuhara TBA Karasu (カラス, Karasu) Rie Kugimiya TBA +Marketing +On April 11, 2019, The first teaser trailer was released through Toho's YouTube channel. Famous Kyoto attractions such as Fushimi Inari Taisha and Kamo Shrine can be seen in the trailer.[1][5][6] +The history of Thailand since 2001 has been dominated by the politics surrounding the rise and fall from power of former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra and the subsequent conflicts between his supporters and opponents. Thaksin and his Thai Rak Thai Party came to power in 2001 and became very popular among the electorate, especially rural voters. Opponents, however, criticized his authoritarian style and accused him of corruption. +However, his supporters were brought back to power in a new election following the enactment of new constitution in 2007. The PAD protested against the government through most of 2008, and the ruling party was dissolved by the Constitutional Court. The opposition Democrat Party, led by Abhisit Vejjajiva, formed a government, but also faced protests by the opposing Red Shirt movement led by the United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship. +Public opposition to Thaksin's government gained much momentum in January 2006, sparked by the sale of Thaksin's family's holdings in Shin Corporation to Temasek Holdings. A group known as the People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD), led by media tycoon Sondhi Limthongkul, began holding regular mass rallies, accusing Thaksin of corruption. As the country slid into a state of political crisis, Thaksin dissolved the House of Representatives, and a general election was held in April. +2006 coup d'état +Supporters gathered to greet soldiers as tanks rolled into Bangkok. +The coup leaders established a military junta called the Council for Democratic Reform, later known as the Council for National Security. It annulled the 1997 constitution, promulgated an interim constitution and appointed an interim government with former army commander General Surayud Chulanont as prime minister. It also appointed a National Legislative Assembly to serve the functions of parliament and a Constitution Drafting Assembly to create a new constitution. +Thai Rak Thai and two coalition parties had earlier been dissolved as a result of a ruling in May by the junta-appointed Constitutional Tribunal, which found them guilty of election fraud, and their party executives were barred from politics for five years. Thai Rak Thai's former members regrouped and contested the election as the People's Power Party (PPP), with veteran politician Samak Sundaravej as party leader. The PPP courted the votes of Thaksin's supporters, won the election with a near-majority, and formed government with Samak as prime minister.[1] +PAD protesters occupied the Government House in August 2008. +This led to an inflammation of the border dispute with Cambodia, which later resulted in multiple casualties. In August, the PAD escalated its protest and invaded and occupied the Government House, forcing government officials to relocate to temporary offices and returning the country to a state of political crisis. Meanwhile, the Constitutional Court found Samak guilty of conflict of interest due to his working for a cooking TV programme, terminating his premiership in September. +The PAD further escalated its protest in November, forcing the closure of both of Bangkok's international airports. Shortly after, on 2 December, the Constitutional Court dissolved the PPP and two other coalition parties for electoral fraud, ending Somchai's premiership.[7] The opposition Democrat Party then formed a new coalition government, with Abhisit Vejjajiva as prime minister.[8] +On the other hand, Thaksin's opponents consist of much of Bangkok's urban middle class and the Southern population (a traditional Democrat stronghold), professionals and academics, as well as members of the "old elite" who wielded political influence before Thaksin came to power. They claim that Thaksin abused his power and undermined democratic processes and institutional checks and balances, monopolizing power and using populist policies to secure his political standing. While Thaksin's opponents claim that elections which resulted in victories for his allies were not truly democratic because of such interference, his supporters have also accused the courts, which brought down multiple Thaksin-aligned governments, of engaging in judicial activism. +Abhisit government and 2010 protests +Abhisit presided over a six-party coalition government, which was formed through the support of Newin Chidchob and his Friends of Newin Group, who had broken away from the previous PPP-led coalition. By then, Thailand's economy was feeling the effects of the financial crisis of 2007–2008 and the ensuing Great Recession. Abhisit responded to the crisis with various stimulus programmes, while also expanding on some of the populist policies initiated by Thaksin.[9] +Relatively early in Abhisit's premiership, the pro-Thaksin group the United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship (UDD) began staging anti-government protests. The UDD, also known as the "Red Shirts" in contrast with the PAD's yellow, was formed following the 2006 coup and had previously protested against the military government and staged counter-rallies against the PAD in 2008. In April 2009, the UDD staged protests in Pattaya, where they disrupted the fourth East Asia Summit, and also in Bangkok, leading to clashes with government forces.[10] +The protesters later occupied a large area of Bangkok's central shopping district, blocking off areas from Ratchaprasong Intersection to Lumphini Park. Violent attacks, both against protesters and government units, escalated as the situation dragged on, while negotiations between the government and the protest leaders repeatedly failed. Around mid-May, in an attempt to remove the protesters, military forces performed a crackdown on the protest, leading to violent confrontations and over ninety deaths. +Yingluck government and 2013–2014 crisis +Demonstrations at the Democracy Monument, during the early stages of the protest in November +Abhisit dissolved the House of Representatives the following year, and a general election was held on 3 July 2011. It was won by the Thaksin-aligned Pheu Thai Party (created to replace the PPP in 2008), and Yingluck Shinawatra, a younger sister of Thaksin's, became Prime Minister.[12] Although the government initially struggled in its response to the widespread flooding in 2011, the political scene remained mostly calm throughout 2012 and early 2013. +Continuing on the populist platform, Yingluck's government delivered on election promises, including a controversial rice-pledging scheme, which was later found to have lost the government hundreds of billions of baht. However, it was the government's push to pass an amnesty bill and amend the constitution in 2013 that sparked public outcry. Protesters, whose leadership would later call itself the People's Democratic Reform Committee, demonstrated against the bill, which they perceived as being created to grant amnesty to Thaksin. +Yingluck responded to the protests by dissolving the House of Representatives, and a general election was held on 2 February 2014. The protesters moved to obstruct the election, forcing voting to be postponed at some polling stations. This later became the basis of the Constitutional Court's annulment of the election, since according to the constitution, it had to take place in one day.[14] This left the country still without a working government, amid increasing violent attacks by unnamed factions. +The King, who had reigned for 70 years, died in October 2016 after several years of deteriorating health during which he appeared less and less frequently in public. Bhumibol had long been regarded as a uniting figure and guiding moral authority for the country, and commanded a great amount of respect, unlike his successor Maha Vajiralongkorn. The uncertainties surrounding the impending royal succession compounded the political instability. +As the political stalemate continued, the Constitutional Court on 7 May ruled on a case concerning the transfer of Thawil Pliensri from his post as Secretary-general of the National Security Council back in 2011. It found that this was done with conflict of interest, and ruled that Yingluck be removed from her role as caretaker prime minister, along with nine other cabinet members. Deputy Prime Minister Niwatthamrong Boonsongpaisan was chosen to replace Yingluck as caretaker prime minister.[15] +2014 coup d'état +Amid the ongoing political crisis, the Royal Thai Army under Commander General Prayut Chan-o-cha declared martial law on 20 May 2014, citing the need to suppress violence and maintain peace and order. Talks were held between leaders of various factions, but after these failed, Prayut took power in a coup d'état on 22 May. The National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO) was established as the ruling junta, and the constitution was again repealed.[16] +Politicians and activists, as well as academics and journalists, were summoned; some were detained for "attitude adjustment". An interim constitution was eventually promulgated on 22 July, followed by the creation of an appointed National Legislative Assembly, and the appointment of Prayut as prime minister on 25 August. Despite promising a road map for the return to democracy, the junta exercised considerable authoritarian power; political activities, especially criticism of the military, were banned, and the lèse-majesté law was even more heavily enforced than before.[17] After several drafts, a new constitution was passed in a referendum on 7 August 2016. +Death of King Bhumibol +The King died on 13 October 2016, prompting an outpouring of grief among the people and a year of national mourning. The King had reigned since 1946, and was regarded as a moral authority and a pillar of stability for the nation. He was succeeded by his son Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn, who, in a break with tradition, delayed his formal accession until 1 December 2016.[19] King Bhumibol's royal cremation ceremony was held on 26 October 2017, with over 19 million people attending sandalwood flower-laying ceremonies throughout the country.[20] +Conflicts +In the three southernmost Muslim-majority provinces, a long-standing separatist movement flared up in 2004, during Thaksin's premiership. Thaksin's heavy-handed responses escalated the violence, which entailed frequent bombings and attacks on security forces as well as civilians. Almost 7,000 people are estimated to have died. +Thailand has also seen several terrorist attacks outside of the South, the most significant being a bombing in Bangkok in 2015, which killed 20 and injured over 120. The bombing is suspected to be the work of Uyghur nationalists retaliating against Thailand's earlier repatriation of Uyghur asylum-seekers to China, though the case has not been conclusively settled.[22] Other (unrelated) attacks have also occurred in Bangkok in 2006 and 2012. +Thailand saw some of its worst natural disasters during this period. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami caused over 5,000 deaths,[23] while the 2011 floods resulted in economic losses estimated at 1.43 trillion baht (US$46 billion).[24] +Premiership of Thaksin Shinawatra +As prime minister, Thaksin launched a platform of policies, popularly dubbed "Thaksinomics", which focused on promoting domestic consumption and providing capital especially to the rural populace. By delivering on electoral promises, including populist policies such as the One Tambon One Product project and the 30-baht universal healthcare scheme, his government enjoyed high approval, especially as the economy recovered from the effects of the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Thaksin became the first democratically elected prime minister to complete a four-year term in office, and Thai Rak Thai won a landslide victory in the 2005 general election.[1] +He had adopted an authoritarian "CEO-style" approach in governing, centralising power and increasing intervention in the bureaucracy's operations. While the 1997 constitution had provided for greater government stability, Thaksin also used his influence to neutralise the independent bodies designed to serve as checks and balances against the government. He threatened critics and manipulated the media into carrying only positive commentary. +Queen Sirikit 60th Anniversary Stadium (Thai: สนามกีฬาเฉลิมพระเกียรติ สมเด็จพระนางเจ้าสิริกิติ์ พระบรมราชินีนาถ 60 พรรษา) is a multi-purpose stadium in Pathum Thani Province, Thailand. The stadium was built on occasion of celebration the 60th Birthday Anniversary of Queen Sirikit, hence the name of the venue. It is currently used mostly for football matches. +The National Hockey League (NHL; French: Ligue nationale de hockey—LNH) is a professional ice hockey league in North America, currently comprising 31 teams: 24 in the United States and 7 in Canada. The NHL is considered to be the premier professional ice hockey league in the world,[3] and one of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. The Stanley Cup, the oldest professional sports trophy in North America,[4] is awarded annually to the league playoff champion at the end of each season. +The National Hockey League was organized on November 26, 1917, at the Windsor Hotel in Montreal after the suspension of operations of its predecessor organization, the National Hockey Association (NHA), which had been founded in 1909 in Renfrew, Ontario.[5] The NHL immediately took the NHA's place as one of the leagues that contested for the Stanley Cup in an annual interleague competition before a series of league mergers and folds left the NHL as the only league left competing for the Stanley Cup in 1926. +At its inception, the NHL had four teams—all in Canada, thus the adjective "National" in the league's name. The league expanded to the United States in 1924, when the Boston Bruins joined, and has since consisted of American and Canadian teams. From 1942 to 1967, the league had only six teams, collectively (if not contemporaneously) nicknamed the "Original Six". +After a labour-management dispute that led to the cancellation of the entire 2004–05 season, the league resumed play in 2005–06 under a new collective agreement that included a salary cap. In 2009, the NHL enjoyed record highs in terms of sponsorships, attendance, and television audiences.[7] +The International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) considers the Stanley Cup to be one of the "most important championships available to the sport".[8] The NHL draws many highly skilled players from all over the world and currently has players from approximately 20 countries.[9] Canadians have historically constituted the majority of the players in the league, with an increasing percentage of American and European players in recent seasons. +The current NHL champions are the St. Louis Blues, who defeated the Boston Bruins four games to three in the 2019 Stanley Cup Finals. +Nguyễn Thị Kim Ngân (born 12 April 1954 in Bến Tre Province) is a Vietnamese politician who is presently Chairwoman of the National Assembly of Vietnam.[1] She is a member of the 12th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam, in which she is ranked second, after General Secretary of the Communist Party Nguyễn Phú Trọng. She previously served as Deputy Chairwoman of the National Assembly of Vietnam.[2] She became the Chairwoman of the National Assembly of Vietnam on 31 March 2016, replacing Nguyen Sinh Hung.[3][4] +Registered members submit content to the site such as links, text posts, and images, which are then voted up or down by other members. Posts are organized by subject into user-created boards called "subreddits", which cover a variety of topics including news, science, movies, video games, music, books, fitness, food, and image-sharing. Submissions with more up-votes appear towards the top of their subreddit and, if they receive enough up-votes, ultimately on the site's front page. +As of July 2019, Reddit ranks as the No. 5 most visited website in the U.S. and No. 13 in the world, according to Alexa Internet, with 55% of its user base coming from the United States, followed by the United Kingdom at 7.4% and Canada at 5.8%.[5] +Reddit was founded by University of Virginia roommates Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian in 2005. +Condé Nast Publications acquired the site in October 2006. +In 2011, Reddit became an independent subsidiary of Condé Nast's parent company, Advance Publications.[6] In October 2014, Reddit raised $50 million in a funding round led by Sam Altman and including investors Marc Andreessen, Peter Thiel, Ron Conway, Snoop Dogg, and Jared Leto.[7] Their investment valued the company at $500 million then.[8][9] In July 2017, Reddit raised $200 million for a $1.8 billion valuation, with Advance Publications remaining the majority stakeholder.[10] In February 2019, a $300 million funding round led by Tencent brought the company's valuation to $3 billion.[11] +Mnet (acronym of Music Network) is a South Korean pay television music channel owned by CJ E&M, a division of CJ ENM, part of CJ Group. +The CJ E&M Center Studio located in Sangam-dong, Mapo-gu, Seoul is the broadcast and recording centre of many Mnet programs with a studio audience, namely the live weekly music show M Countdown.[1] It is also the venue for live performances in survival shows such as Show Me The Money, Unpretty Rapstar, Produce 101 (seasons one and two), Idol School, Produce 48, and Produce X 101. The global website named for Mnet Global changed to MWave in April 2013. Other sites from Mnet are not affected with the change.[2] +External links +Year Slogan Hangul 1995–1999 South Korea music channel m.net 한국의 음악채널 m.net 2000–2001 Channel in my mind m.net 내 마음속의 채널 m.net 2001–2003 Korean music channel m.net 한국인의 음악채널 m.net 2003–2004, 2007–2008 Enjoy It! m.net 즐겨봐! m.net January 2005–July 2005 m.net 10th anniversary, full m.net! m.net 10년, 완전엠넷! July 2005–2007 Hello, my name is Mnet! 2008–2010 Beyond music[3] 2010–2011 All about 20's 2011–2013, 2013 – December 2016 (Still in use; main slogan) Music makes one[4] April 2013–October 7, 2013 Jump! +Mnet[5] juMp! 엠넷 January 2014 – December 2016 KPop makes one January 2017 – January 2019 Move me, move the world, moveMnet June 2018 – January 2019 Mnet makes new K-pop star & trends January 2019 – present We Are K-POP +Programming +The following is a list of the prime ministers of South Korea from the First Republic to the Sixth Republic. The first column consecutively numbers the individuals who have served as Prime Minister, while the second column consecutively numbers the Prime Ministerial terms or administrations. +List of prime ministers +External links +However, the term is also often used ironically or self-deprecatingly by leaders with much higher status as a form of respect, camaraderie, or propaganda. After the fall of the Republic, Roman emperors initially referred to themselves only as princeps despite having power of life and death over their "fellow citizens". Various modern figures such as the chair of the United States Federal Reserve System, the prime minister of parliamentary countries, the federal president of Switzerland, the chief justice of the United States, the chief justice of the Philippines, the archbishop of Canterbury of the Anglican Communion and the ecumenical patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church fall under both senses: bearing higher status and various additional powers while remaining still merely equal to their peers in important senses. +National use +In the People's Republic of China, during the collective leadership of the Politburo Standing Committee which Deng Xiaoping put into place following the death of Mao Zedong, the term "first among equals" was often used to describe China's paramount leader. This has fallen out of favour since the consolidation of power under the current core leader, Xi Jinping.[3][4] +Commonwealth usage +Prime minister or premier +In the federal Commonwealth realms, Canada and Australia, in which Queen Elizabeth II is head of state as constitutional monarch, a governor-general is appointed by the Queen-in-Council to represent the Queen during her absence. The governor-general typically appoints the leader of the political party holding at least a plurality of seats in the elected legislature to be prime minister, whose relationship with the other ministers of the Crown is primus inter pares, or "first among equals". This is also done at the provincial or state level, wherein the lieutenant governors of the Canadian provinces or governors of the Australian states as Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council appoints the leader of the provincial or state political party holding at least a plurality of seats in the elected provincial or state legislature to be provincial premier or state premier. +Viceroys in Canada and Australia +As federations, in Canada, lieutenant-governors represent the Canadian monarch in each of the provinces, thus acting as the "heads of state" in the provinces.[citation needed] And, unlike in Australia with the governors of the Australian states, the lieutenant-governors in Canada are not appointed by the Queen-in-Council, but by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister of Canada, known as the Governor-in-Council. Similarly, in Australia, there are governors to represent the Australian monarch in each of the states of Australia that comprise the federal Commonwealth of Australia, making them "head of state" in each of their own states.[citation needed] In each case, these several governors or lieutenant-governors are not envisaged as subordinate to the governor general – the governor-general of Australia and the governor general of Canada – as a federal viceroy – is "first among equals".[5] +Molossia's flag is a horizontal tricolor of blue, white, and green. The blue bar represents the nation's strength and the desert sky, the white bar represents purity and the surrounding mountains, and the green bar represents prosperity and the Molossian landscape.[16] +Other national symbols of Molossia include the mustang, the national animal; the desert quail, the national bird; and the common juniper and common sagebrush, Molossia's national tree and flower, respectively.[1] +The Republic of Molossia has claimed itself a nation, but it is not recognized as a country by the United Nations or any major government. On April 16, 2016, Baugh hosted a tour of Molossia, sponsored by the website Atlas Obscura.[4] Kevin Baugh continues to pay property taxes on the land to Storey County (the recognized local government), although he calls it "foreign aid." The land use of the property identified as being within the county is Manufactured Home Converted to Real Property.[5] Kevin Baugh has stated, "We all want to think we have our own country, but you know the U.S. is a lot bigger".[6] +References +The origins of Molossia come from a micronation childhood project, called The Grand Republic of Vuldstein, founded by Baugh and James Spielman on May 26, 1977.[7] Vuldstein was run and populated by King James I (Spielman) and Prime Minister Baugh, although James soon left Vuldstein. Baugh used this name for several nomadic kingdoms as he traveled to Europe. From 1998 to 1999, Molossia was a member of the United Provinces of Utopia 3. +On November 13, 2012, Kevin Baugh created a petition on the Whitehouse.gov We the People website to obtain official recognition of the micronation (Petition "We the People"). He declared at the last census (March 18, 2012) 27 inhabitants (Newsbites Molossia). +The word "domotics" (and "domotica" when used as a verb) is a contraction of the Latin word for a home (domus) and the word robotics.[1] +Pet and Baby Care, for example tracking the pets and babies' movements and controlling pet access rights.[21] Air quality control. For example, Air Quality Egg is used by people at home to monitor the air quality and pollution level in the city and create a pollution map.[22] Smart Kitchen and Connected Cooking. Using Voice control devices like Amazon Alexa or Google Home to kitchen appliances. +In a review of home automation devices, Consumer Reports found two main concerns for consumers:[23] +A Wi-Fi network connected to the internet can be vulnerable to hacking. Technology is still in its infancy, and consumers could invest in a system that becomes abandonware. In 2014, Google bought the company selling the Revolv Hub home automation system, integrated it with Nest and in 2016 shut down the servers Revolv Hub depended on, rendering the hardware useless.[24] +Home automation or domotics[1] is building automation for a home, called a smart home or smart house. A home automation system will control lighting, climate, entertainment systems, and appliances. It may also include home security such as access control and alarm systems.[2] When connected with the Internet, home devices are an important constituent of the Internet of Things. +A home automation system typically connects controlled devices to a central hub or "gateway". The user interface for control of the system uses either wall-mounted terminals, tablet or desktop computers, a mobile phone application, or a Web interface, that may also be accessible off-site through the Internet. +While there are many competing vendors, there are very few worldwide accepted industry standards and the smart home space is heavily fragmented.[3] Manufacturers often prevent independent implementations by withholding documentation and by litigation.[4] +New Confucianism (Chinese: 新儒家; pinyin: xīn rú jiā; literally: 'new Confucianism') is an intellectual movement of Confucianism that began in the early 20th century in Republican China, and further developed in post-Mao era contemporary China. It is deeply influenced by, but not identical with, the neo-Confucianism of the Song and Ming dynasties. It is a neo-conservative movement of various Chinese traditions and has been regarded as containing religious overtones; it advocates for certain Confucianist elements of society – such as social, ecological, and political harmony – to be applied in a contemporary context in synthesis with Western philosophies such as rationalism and humanism.[1] Its philosophies have emerged as a focal point of discussion between Confucian scholars in mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the United States. +Vietnamese philosophy includes both traditional Confucian philosophy, Vietnamese local religious traditions, and later philosophy introducing French, Marxist, Catholic and other influences. +Confucianism in Vietnam +Confucianism entered Vietnam and was later reinforced in the four Bắc thuộc periods of Chinese domination, beginning with the first Chinese domination of Vietnam from 111 BCE.[1] This was also the beginning of Taoism in Vietnam and Buddhism in Vietnam. Confucianism was reinforced in government by the Confucian court examination system in Vietnam, as well as the way family raised and taught children toward filial piety, through absolute obedience.[2] +Study of Vietnamese philosophy +Most research on Vietnamese philosophy is conducted by modern Vietnamese scholars.[3] The traditional Vietnamese philosophy has been described by one biographer of Ho Chi Minh (Brocheux, 2007) as a "perennial Sino-Vietnamese philosophy" blending different strands of Confucianism with Buddhism and Taoism.[4] Some researchers have found the empirical evidence of this "blending" and defined the socio-cultural phenomenon as "cultural additivity".[5] Another, Catholic, writer (Vu, 1966)[6] has analysed Vietnamese philosophy as constituted of tam tài ("three body" Heaven, Man, Earth) philosophy, yin-yang metaphysics, and agricultural philosophy.[7] Tran Van Doan, professor of philosophy at National Taiwan University (1996)[8] considers that Vietnamese philosophy is humanistic but not anthropocentric.[9] +The confucian poet-philosopher-scholar is typified by Lê Quý Đôn. Other confucianists include Chu Văn An (1292–1370) mandarin, Lê Quát a 14th Century anti-Buddhist Confucian writer, Mạc Đĩnh Chi (1280–1350), Nguyễn Trãi (1380–1442) a famous Đại Việt Confucian scholar, Nguyễn Khuyến (1835-1909). Notable modern Vietnamese philosophers include Cao Xuân Huy (vi, 1900-1983), Nguyễn Duy Quý (vi, 1932-), Nguyễn Đức Bình (vi, 1927-), Nguyễn Đăng Thục (vi, 1909-1999), Phạm Công Thiện (vi, 1941-2011), Trần Văn Giàu (vi, 1911–2010), modern marxist philosopher Trần Đức Thảo (noted in Paris in the 1960s) and Vietnamese Catholic philosopher Lương Kim Định. +Koo Jun-hoe, (Korean: 구준회, born March 31, 1997), also known by the stage name Ju-ne, is a South Korean singer and member of boy group iKon under YG Entertainment. He has made appearances on survival programs WIN: Who Is Next and Mix & Match in 2013 and 2014 respectively.[1] +Year Channel Title Notes Ref 2009 SBS Star King Participant [1] 2011 K-pop Star Contestant [2] 2013 Mnet WIN: Who Is Next [3] 2014 Mix & Match [6] 2018 MBC It's Dangerous Beyond the Blankets Cast (Ep 2-3) [11] +External links +Koo Jun-hoe was born on March 31, 1997 in Seoul, South Korea. In March 2009, he made his first television appearance on SBS' Star King as "13 year old Michael Jackson".[2] In 2011, Jun-hoe appeared on the first season of SBS' K-pop Star.[3] Following elimination from the show, in April 2012 he was scouted by YG Entertainment and joined the company as a trainee.[4] +Discography +Charted songs +Cannoli (Italian pronunciation: [kanˈnɔːli]; Sicilian: cannula) are Italian pastries that originated on the island of Sicily and are today a staple of Sicilian cuisine[1][2] as well as Italian-American cuisine. Cannoli consist of tube-shaped shells of fried pastry dough, filled with a sweet, creamy filling usually containing ricotta. They range in size from "cannulicchi", no bigger than a finger, to the fist-sized proportions typically found south of Palermo, Sicily, in Piana degli Albanesi.[2] In the mainland Italy they are commonly known as cannoli siciliani (Sicilian cannoli). +In Italian, cannoli is grammatically plural; the corresponding singular is cannolo ([kanˈnɔːlo], Sicilian cannolu), meaning "little tube". In English, cannoli is usually used as a singular, and cannolo is rare.[4] +Cannoli come from the Palermo and Messina[5] areas and were historically prepared as a treat during Carnevale season, possibly as a fertility symbol. The dessert eventually became a year-round staple in Sicily. +General elections were held in Singapore on 23 December 1976. +The result was a victory for the People's Action Party, which won all 69 seats, the third of four consecutive elections in which they repeated the feat. Voter turnout was 95.1%, out of 857,297 voters eligible (from the total electorate of 1,095,817) from the 53 contested constituencies.[1][2] +Results +Party Votes % Seats +/– People's Action Party 590,169 74.1 69 +4 Workers' Party 91,966 11.5 0 0 United Front 53,373 6.5 0 New Barisan Sosialis 25,411 3.2 0 0 United People's Front 14,233 1.8 0 New Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Singapura 9,230 1.2 0 0 Singapore Justice Party 5,199 0.7 0 New People's Front 2,818 0.3 0 0 Independents 4,173 0.5 0 0 Invalid/blank votes 18,558 – – – Total 815,130 100 69 +4 Registered voters/turnout 857,297 95.1 – – Source: Singapore Elections +Monday 6 December Dissolution of the 3rd Parliament Wednesday 13 December Nomination Day. 124 candidates were nominated, PAP won 16 uncontested seats. Saturday 23 December Polling day for 53 contested seats Monday 7 February 1977 First meeting of the 4th Parliament +Circumplanetary disk around exoplanet PDS 70c +A circumplanetary disk (or circumplanetary disc) is a torus, pancake or ring-shaped accumulation of matter composed of gas, dust, planetesimals, asteroids or collision fragments in orbit around a planet. Around the planets, they are the reservoirs of material out of which moons (or exomoons or subsatellites) may form. Such a disk can manifest itself in various ways. +In August 2018 astronomers reported the probable detection of a circumplanetary disk around CS Chab.[1] The authors state that “The CS Cha system is the only system in which a circumplanetary disc is likely present as well as a resolved circumstellar disc.”[2] +In June 2019 astronomers reported the detection of evidence of a circumplanetary disk around PDS 70b[3] using spectroscopy and accretion signatures. The latter were also detected for other planetary candidates before. In July 2019 astronomers reported the first-ever detection using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA)[4][5][6] of a circumplanetary disk.[4][5][7] ALMA studies, using millimetre and submillimetre wavelengths, are better at observing dust concentrated in interplanetary regions, since stars emit comparatively little light at these wavelengths, and since optical observations are often fraught with overwhelming glare from the bright host star. +The circumplanetary disk was detected around a young massive, Jupiter-like exoplanet, PDS 70c; another such disk may have been detected around the related massive, Jupiter-like exoplanet, PDS 70b, as well.[1][2][3] These exoplanets are part of the multiplanetary PDS 70 star system, about 370 light-years (110 parsecs) from Earth.[8] +According to Andrea Isella, lead researcher from the Rice University in Houston, Texas, “For the first time, we can conclusively see the tell-tale signs of a circumplanetary disk, which helps to support many of the current theories of planet formation ... By comparing our observations to the high-resolution infrared and optical images, we can clearly see that an otherwise enigmatic concentration of tiny dust particles is actually a planet-girding disk of dust, the first such feature ever conclusively observed.”[1] +See also +Some aspects of Shamanism, Buddhism, and Neo-Confucianism were integrated into Korean philosophy. Traditional Korean thought has been influenced by a number of religious and philosophical thought-systems over the years. As the main influences on life in Korea, often Korean Shamanism, Taoism, Buddhism, Confucianism and Silhak movements have shaped Korean life and thought. +Toegye also developed the neo-Confucianist concept of single-mindedness (kyung), which was a manifestation of his unequivocal humanism, as shown by his total rejection of the Mandate of Heaven (chunmyung), which still had a hold on the Chinese, including Chu Hsi. Toegye's kyung synthesized the primeval Korean sense of supreme-efforts-come-earnest-devotion (chisung) with the Confucianist notion of holding fast to mind (jik-yung); he advocated self-efforts for creating a meaningful life. In particular, his concept of single-mindedness had a lasting influence on the Japanese neo-Confucianists of the Tokugawa period. +Every major Korean neo-Confucianist shared Toegye's preoccupation with single-mindedness, which signalled new stress on praxis in the development of Korean neo-Confucianism: the fusion of the metaphysical and the physical is better brought about through action than speculation, important as theory might be. That was the point of Yulgok's integration of sincerity (sung) with single-mindedness. In this respect Korean neo-Confucianism made a break with the Cheng-Chu school of Chinese neo-Confucianism, which was overly speculative. +During the later Joseon period, Silhak, a form of Neo-Confucianism, emerged. One of the most prominent Silhak philosophers was Jeong Yakyong. +Western philosophy in Korea, 1890–1945 +Those who were sent to be educated in Japan, returned with limited knowledge of Western philosophy as a whole, although the German educational influence in Japan led to the beginning of interest in German idealists in Korea through indirect knowledge, with the exception of Marx, Hegel, and the dialecticians. +The strong influence of low church Christianity, through missionary schools, led to practical American YMCA-style philosophy entering into Korea from the 1890s onwards. The discussion of Korean Christianity and Korean Christian philosophy is complicated with many divisions, and discussed in articles elsewhere. +Philosophy in Korea was divided, by Western school, according to a kind of pragmatic mix of varied progressive libertarian beliefs in the south with highly variable changes from rigid authoritianism to softer and easier more pragmatic approaches from the 1990s onwards. +North Korean post-1945 philosophy +In the republican period, post-1945, Marxism–Leninism in the north was built on the Confucian yangban scholar-warriors of earlier times, if perhaps taken to absolutist extremes. +This system of belief encourages the North Korean people to build a "kangsong taeguk", a fortress state, based on self-reliance and absolute loyalty to the leader (suryong). This philosophy was created by the "three generals of Mt. Paektu," referring to former North Korean leader Kim Jong-il, his father Kim Il-sung and his natural mother Kim Jong-suk. +Haeinsa is a Buddhist temple in South Gyeongsang. +Buddhist philosophers +Seungnang (circa 6th century) Wonch'uk (613–696) Wonhyo (617–686) Uisang (625–702) Kyunyeo (923–973) Uicheon (1055–1101) Jinul (1158–1210) +Neo-Confucian philosophers +Jeong Mong-ju (1338–1392) Jeong Do-jeon (1342–1398) Seo Gyeong-deok (1489–1546) Yi Eon-jeok (1491–1553) Jo Sik (1501–1572) Yi Hwang (1501–1570) Yi I (1536–1584) Jeong Je-du (1649–1736) Jeong Yak-yong (1762–1836) Kim Jeong-hui (1786–1856) +Taoist philosophers +Seo Gyeong-deok (1489–1546) Heo Gyun (1569–1618) Kim Si-seup (1435–1493) Im Yunjidang (1721–1793) Jeon Byeong Hun (1857–1927) +These are listed by their most commonly used pen name, followed by their birth name. +Yeoheon Jang Hyeon-gwang (1554–1637) Hagok Jeong Je-du (1649–1736) Udam Jeong Si-han (1625–1707) Sambong Jeong Do-jeon (1337–1398) Dasan Jeong Yag-yong (1762–1836) Namdang Han Won-jin (1682–1750) Damheon Hong Tae-yong (1731–1783) Nosa Gi Jeong-jin (1798–1876) Gobong Gi Dae-seung (1527–1572) Haseo Kim In-hu (1511–1560) Maewoldang Kim Si-seup (1435–1493) Yangchon Gwon Geun (1352–1409) Yeonam Bak Ji-won (1737–1805) Seogye Bak Se-dang (1629–1703) Hwadam Seo Gyeong-deok (1489–1546) Ugye Seong Hon (1535–1598) Uam Song Si-yeol (1607–1689) Hanju Yi Jin-sang (1818–1885) Hwaseo Yi Hang-no (1792–1868) Toegye Yi Hwang (1501–1570) Yulgok Yi I (1536–1584) Seongho Yi Ik (1681–1763) Ban-gye Yu Hyeong-won (1622–1673) Baek-ho Yun Hyu (1617–1680) +Korean Buddhist thinkers refined ideas originally introduced from China into a distinct form. The Three Kingdoms of Korea introduced Buddhism to Japan, from where it was popularized in the West. Korean Buddhism consists mostly of the Seon lineage, which is derivative of the Chen (Zen) Buddhism of China and precursor to Zen Buddhism known in the West through Japan. +See also +Silhak Seohak Tonghak Minjok Juche Songun Essence-Function (體用) Korean Taoism Korean Buddhism Korean Confucianism List of Korean philosophers List of Korea-related topics Contemporary culture of South Korea Religion in Korea Seonbi +Choi, Min Hong (1978), A Modern History of Korean Philosophy, Seoul : Seong Moon Sa. +DeBary, Theodore (ed.), The Rise of Neo-Confucianism in Korea, New York: Columbia University Press, 1985. +Buddhist temples can be found in most parts of Korea and many are considered national treasures. +Confucianism +One of the most substantial influences in Korean intellectual history was the introduction of Confucian thought as part of the cultural exchange from China. Today the legacy of Confucianism remains a fundamental part of Korean society, shaping the moral system, the way of life, social relations between old and young, and high culture, and even survived the modernization of the legal system. +Schools of thought in the Joseon period +Much work was done, especially on commentaries, and the Chu Hsi school represented indeed the golden age of Korean religious philosophy. Metaphysical research at this time investigated the theological relations between principle (i) and material/vital force (ki), and between as well the four beginnings (sadan), and the seven feelings (ch'ilchong); with the division of the Joseon Confucianists into two leading schools: one on "force" and one on "principles". The philosopher Hwadam ( Suh Kyungduk, 1489–1546 ) moved to integrate i and ki and spoke of Great Harmony (taehwa). +In the Four–Seven Debate with Ki Daesung, Toegye ( Yi Hwang, 1501 – 70 ), while being still dualistic, broke away from Chu Hsi by espousing the reciprocal emanation (hobal) of i and ki: with the Four, ki follows i when i becomes emanant; with the Seven, when ki becomes emanant, i ‘rides’ ki. Though he was critical of Toegye's idea that ki follows i as being dualistic, Yulgok (Yi I, 1536 – 84 ) nevertheless embraced his notion that i ‘rides’ ki: only ki is emanant and i moves its emanation; i and ki are ‘neither two things nor one thing’, as evidenced by ‘wondrous fusion’ (myohap). For Yulgok, original nature (i) and physical nature (ki) coalesce into one human nature. +Onewheel is a self-balancing electric board-sport, recreational personal transporter, often described as an electric skateboard. +Onewheel was invented by Kyle Doerksen, the CEO and founder of Future Motion Inc. Future Motion Inc. is headquartered in Santa Cruz, CA with manufacturing of the Onewheel in San Jose, CA. The product has been featured in publications such as CNET, Sports Illustrated, Business Insider, Popular Mechanics.[1][2][3][4] +Four models have been released since 2014:[5] +Original Onewheel Onewheel+ Onewheel+ XR Onewheel Pint +History +The Onewheel was invented by Future Motion Inc. founder and CEO, Kyle Doerksen. Doerksen holds multiple engineering degrees from Stanford University. Doerksen spent 8 years creating Onewheel prototypes before starting Future Motion Inc. in 2013. +Doerksen founded Future Motion Inc. in 2013 and launched Onewheel on Kickstarter on January 6, 2014 . The Kickstarter exceeded its campaign goal of $100,000 and reached over $630,000 by January 27, 2014.[6] Future Motion Inc. was first headquartered in Mountain View, CA in 2013. In 2015 Future Motion Inc. moved its headquarters to Santa Cruz, CA and operated out of the Old Wrigley Building. +In 2018 it moved to a 60,000 sq ft. facility within Santa Cruz city limits.[7] +Model Original Onewheel V1[8] Onewheel+[9] Onewheel+ XR[10] Onewheel Pint Typical Range 4-6 Miles 5-7 Miles 12-18 Miles 6-8 Miles Top Speed 12 Mph 19 Mph 19 Mph 16 Mph Recharge Time 20 min 30 min 100 min (60 min with SUPERcharger) 120 min (50 min with SUPERcharger) Weight 25 lbs 25 lbs 27 lbs 23 lbs Motor 500W transverse flux hub V1 750W Motor HYPERCORE 750W Motor HYPERCORE 750W Motor HYPERCORE V2 Battery 130 Wh Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePo4) 48V 130 Wh Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePo4) 48V 324 Wh NMC battery 148 Wh NMC battery Tire 11.5 × 6.5-6 in Vega GO-KART 11.5 × 6.5-6 in Vega GO-KART 11.5 × 6.5-6 in Vega GO-KART 10.5 x 4.5-6 in Max Lean Angle >30 Degrees >30 Degrees >30 Degrees >30 Degrees Dimensions 9 × 11.5 × 30 (in) / 23 x 29.21 x 72.6 (cm) 9 × 11.5 × 30 (in) / 23 x 29.21 x 72.6 (cm) 9× 11.5 × 30 (in) / 23 x 29.21 x 72.6 (cm) 8.75 x 10.5 x 27 (in) / 22.2 x 26.6 x 68.9 (cm) Announcement Date January 2014, Kickstarter January 4, 2017 January 8, 2018 March 12, 2019 Availabilty Discontinued Discontinued Available Available +James Riddle Hoffa (born February 14, 1913; disappeared July 30, 1975, later declared dead July 30, 1982) was an American labor union leader who served as the President of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) union from 1957 until 1971. +From an early age, Hoffa was a union activist and became an important regional figure with the IBT by his mid-20s. +By 1952 he was national vice-president of the IBT, and was its general president between 1957 and 1971. +He secured the first national agreement for teamsters' rates in 1964 with the National Master Freight Agreement. +He played a major role in the growth and development of the union, which eventually became the largest (by membership) in the United States with over 2.3 million members at its peak, during his terms as its leader. +Hoffa became involved with organized crime from the early years of his Teamsters work, and this connection continued until his disappearance in 1975. +He was convicted of jury tampering, attempted bribery and fraud in 1964, in two separate trials. +He was imprisoned in 1967 and sentenced to 13 years. +In mid-1971, he resigned as president of the union as part of a pardon agreement with President Richard Nixon; and he was released later that year, although barred from union activities until 1980. +Hoffa, hoping to regain support and to return to IBT leadership, unsuccessfully attempted to overturn this order. +Hoffa was born in Brazil, Indiana, on February 14, 1913, to Indiana natives John and Viola (née Riddle) Hoffa. +His father, who was of German descent now referred to as Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry,[2] died in 1920 from lung disease when Hoffa was seven years old.[3] Hoffa's maternal side were Irish Americans. +The family moved to Detroit in 1924, where Hoffa was raised and lived the rest of his life. +Hoffa left school at age 14 and began working full-time manual labor jobs such as house painting to help support his family. +Portrayal in the media +In 1978 film F.I.S.T., Sylvester Stallone plays a character based on Hoffa.[60] +In the 1983 TV miniseries Blood Feud, Hoffa is portrayed by Robert Blake. +In the 1992 film Hoffa, Hoffa is portrayed by Jack Nicholson. +Author James Ellroy features a fictional historical version of Hoffa in the Underworld USA Trilogy novels as an important secondary character, most prominently in the novels American Tabloid (1995) and The Cold Six Thousand (2001). +In the 2003 comedy/drama film Bruce Almighty, the titular character uses powers endowed by God to manifest Hoffa's body in order to procure a story interesting enough to reclaim his career in the news industry. +In the 2019 Martin Scorsese film The Irishman, Hoffa is portrayed by Al Pacino. +Hoffa married Josephine Poszywak, an 18-year-old Detroit laundry worker of Polish heritage, in Bowling Green, Ohio, on September 24, 1936; the couple had met during a non-unionized laundry workers' strike action six months earlier.[4] The couple had two children: a daughter, Barbara Ann Crancer, and a son, James P. Hoffa. The Hoffas paid $6,800 in 1939 for a modest home in northwest Detroit.[5] The family later owned a simple summer lakefront cottage in Orion Township, Michigan, north of Detroit.[6] +Japanese philosophy has historically been a fusion of both indigenous Shinto and continental religions, such as Buddhism and Confucianism. Formerly heavily influenced by both Chinese philosophy and Indian philosophy, as with Mitogaku and Zen, much modern Japanese philosophy is now also influenced by Western philosophy. +Ancient and medieval thought +He gave pupils a difficult problem and he made them solve it, and so they would be enlightened by themselves. Rinzai Zen was supported widely by the upper samurai class in the Kamakura period. Dōgen learned the Sōtō sect in China.[2] Oppose to Eisai, he preached enlightenment by earnest sitting meditation (zazen). +He advocated the attainment of Buddhahood during one's lifetime and regarded his interpretation of the Buddhist teachings as the correct form of practice for the Latter Day of the Law mappō. One of his major treatises is the "Rissho Ankoku Ron" (On Establishing the Correct teaching for the Peace of the Land). The chanting of the Mantra "Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō" is to this day the central practice to almost all Nichiren Buddhist schools and organisations. +Early modern thought +Whereas the ancient and medieval thought of Japan was tied closely to Buddhism, the early modern thought of Japan was mainly Confucianism or Neo-Confucianism, which was designated for official study by the Tokugawa shogunate. In addition, rational Confucianism stimulated Kokugaku, Rangaku and the non-official popular thought after the middle Edo period. +Confucianism +In the Edo period, Confucianism was the authorised study. Various schools of neo-Confucianism were popular. +Through the principle of civilian government, Yushima Seidō dedicating to Confucius was established. By the Kansei Reforms, the Zhu Xi school of neo-Confucianism were still more strengthened and authorized by the Tokugawa shogunate. In addition, the thought of a school of the Zhu Xi school of neo-Confucianism gave big influence to the political movement advocating reverence for the Emperor and the expulsion of foreigners of the late Tokugawa era. +In contrast with the Zhu Xi school of neo-Confucianism, the Wang Yangming school of neo-Confucianism respecting practical ethics was consistently monitored and oppressed by the Tokugawa shogunate because of its criticisms against the socio-political conditions under the Tokugawa shogunate. +Yamaga Sokō established his philosophy on Confucian ethics, and assumed the samurai to be the highest class. Itō Jinsai paid attention to "ren" of Confucius and he respected "ren" as the love for another person and "truth" as pure consideration. In addition, deriving from his substantial studies of ancient Chinese classics, Ogyū Sorai insisted that the original Confucian spirit is to rule the world and to save a citizen. +Kokugaku and Rangaku +The Buddhist culture introduced politically by Prince Shōtoku was completed as the "making a country safe" thought in the Nara period. When the Heian period (794–1185) began, in substitution for the "making a country safe thought", a form of esoteric Buddhism collectively known as mikkyō became widespread. However, in the late noble era when pessimism was popular due to the "belief that Buddhism will decline during the latter days of this world", the Pure Land movements spread out encouraging anticipation of a "future life" as a means to cope with desperation over "life in this world". +During the Kamakura period (1185–1333) when government dominated by the samurai class began, a “new” Buddhism for the newly-risen class (samurai) appears. +In the middle of the Edo period, Kokugaku, the study of ancient Japanese thought and culture, became popular against foreign ideas such as Buddhism or Confucianism. By the Sakoku policy of the Tokugawa shogunate, Edo intellectuals could not have any positive contact with Western civilization, and so Rangaku, Dutch learning, was the only window to the West. +Kokugaku positively studied ancient Japanese thought and culture, including "Kojiki", "Nihon Shoki" and "Man'yōshū", and they aimed at excavating original moral culture of Japan which was different from Confucianism and Buddhism. Kamo no Mabuchi wrestled with the study of "Manyoshu" and called "masurao-buri" for masculine and tolerant style, and he evaluated the collection as pure and simple. Through his study of the Kojiki, Motoori Norinaga argued that the essence of the Japanese literature came from "mono no aware" which were natural feelings to occur when you contacted an object. +In the Sakoku period of the Edo period, there was no direct contact with the West, but Rangaku became popular by encouraging importation of Western books translated in Chinese from China during the Kyōhō Reforms. Maeno Ryotaku and Sugita Genpaku translated the Dutch "Tafel Anatomie" into Japanese. Dutch learning unfolded to other Western studies such as British, French and American studies by the late Tokugawa era. +Popular thought +In the Edo period, private schools were opened by samurais, merchants and scholars who played an active part. Their thoughts were criticisms for the dominant feudal order. +Ando Shoeki called nature's world the ideal society where all human beings engaged in farming and they lived self-sufficiently without artificiality. He criticized a lawful society where there was feudal class discrimination and the difference between the rich and poor. Ninomiya Sontoku insisted that people must repay the virtues, which supported their existence, with their own virtue. +Late Modern thought +While the early modern Japanese thought developed in Confucianism and Buddhism, English Enlightenment and French human rights were prevalent after the Meiji Restoration had become rapidly affected by Western thought. From the time of Sino- and Russo-Japanese Wars, Japanese capitalism highly developed. Christianity and socialism developed and became they tied to various social movements. +The Enlightenment and people's rights +In the Meiji Restoration, English and French civil society was introduced, in particular, utilitarianism and social Darwinism from England, and popular sovereignty of Jean-Jacques Rousseau from France. +Arrival of Buddhism and early influence in Japan +However they were finally in harmony with the government and accepted the modernization from the above without the radicalness. In 1873, Mori Arinori formed Meirokusha. The people who gathered in this cultural association had much in common with points such as regarding practical learning as important, catching human characteristics practically and assuming the form of government that accepted the conditions of a country an ideal. +Fukuzawa Yukichi, who introduced British utilitarianism to Japan and advocated natural rights, assumed that human rights were given by Heaven. He considered the development of the civilization to be the development of the human spirit, and it was assumed that one's independence led to independence of one country.[3] Fukuzawa thought that government is for the "sake of convenience", and its appearance should be suitable to the culture. He said that there is no single ideal form of government. +While members of Meirokusha finally advocated harmonization of the government and people, democratic thinkers absorbed radical people's rights from France and they supported national resistance and revolution verbally against the Meiji oligarchy after the Satsuma Rebellion. In 1874, Itagaki Taisuke introduced the establishment of the elected legislature. It spread nationwide as the Freedom and People's Rights Movement. +He did not deeply pursue who was the sovereign but he insisted the political goal aim for people's happiness and political decisions aim for people's intentions. Minobe Tatsukichi interpreted a sovereign as not an emperor but the state. According to him, an emperor only excises his power as the highest organ under the Meiji Constitution. +While Yosano Akiko denied gender differences, Raicho emphasised motherhood raising a child and she acknowledged the official aids for women to demonstrate their feminine ability. In 1920, Raicho formed a new association for women with Ichikawa Fusae and Oku Mumeo. Soon after their activities were successful in getting women's participating at political addresses, the association fell apart due an internal schism. +It was Christians and socialists who struggled with social contradictions derived from Japanese modernity. Christian social movements were active after the Sino- and Russo-Japanese Wars, which brought capitalism and its contradiction to Japanese society. Many Japanese socialists were influenced by Christian humanism, and in that point they were deeply associated with Christianity. +He challenged the Imperial Rescript on Education and spoke against the Russo-Japanese War.[5] Nitobe Inazō was a Quaker and attempted to unite Japanese culture and Christianity. He introduced Japanese culture abroad and he became secretary-general of the League of Nations. Joseph Hardy Neesima studied theology abroad in the United States. +About the time of Sino- and Russo-Japanese wars, Japan succeeded in capitalization through the industrial revolution as soon as socialism spread against capitalism. However, the social movements were suppressed by the security police law of 1900, and finally in the High Treason Incident of 1910 socialists were pressed by the military and the fascist government. Kawakami Hajime wrote articles about poverty in a newspaper. +The development of Japanism +In ancient Japan, the arrival of Buddhism closely relates to the national construction and the national centralization of power. Prince Shōtoku and the Soga family fought and overcame the Mononobe family, who had handled the ancient Japanese religion, and elaborated a plan for national governance based on the unification of the legal codes system and Buddhism. While cooperating with the Soga family, Prince Shōtoku, who was the regent of the Empress Suiko, showed a deep understanding in "foreign" Buddhism,[1] and planned to stabilize national politics through the use of Buddhism. +The Age of Enlightenment, Christianity and socialism have influenced Japanese thought since the Meiji Restoration. The emphasis on Japanese political culture and national tradition rose as a reaction against westernization. This trend has had an ideological side of legitimizing imperialism and militarism/fascism.[6] +Kuga Katsunan regarded Japanese political culture and national tradition very highly. He aimed for restoration and enhancement of national emotion; however, he was not a narrow-minded nationalist. He criticized the military and argued for a parliamentary system of government and expansion of suffrage. +Meiji statism attempted to restore national sovereignty and pursued imperialism and colonialism through the Sino- and Russo-Japanese Wars. However, its militaristic trend developed to ultra-nationalism. Kita Ikki advocated the exclusion of the zaibatsu, senior statesmen and political parties and the establishment of government for direct connection with the emperor and the people.[7] +Yanagita Kunio was at the forefront of study of Japanese folklore. He named members of the general public who are not political leaders and intellectuals as “jomin”. Other folklorists are Minakata Kumagusu, Yanagi Muneyoshi and Orikuchi Shinobu. +He insisted on pure experience in which there is no opposition between subjectivity and objectivity.[8] His ontology derived from absolute nothingness. Watsuji Tetsuro criticized Western selfish individualism.[9] His ethics says human beings are not in an isolated existence but related existence. He insisted that individual and social beings should be aware of their own individuality and social membership. +After World War II, many academic philosophers have published books on Continental philosophy and American philosophy. Among those, Shozo Omori, Wataru Hiromatsu, Yasuo Yuasa and Takaaki Yoshimoto created original works under the influence of Marxism, phenomenology and analytic philosophy. Shozo Omori created a unique monist epistemology based on his concepts of "representation monism", "double depiction", and "language animism". +Yasuo Yuasa advanced a new theory of the body influenced by Merleau-Ponty and the body image found in Chinese medicine. Takaaki Yoshimoto is famous for his "shared illusion theory" and various philosophical essays on Japanese culture. Today, such scholars as Kojin Karatani (literary theory), Hitoshi Nagai (solipsism), Shigeki Noya (analytic philosophy), Masahiro Morioka (philosophy of life), and Motoyoshi Irifuji (analytic philosophy) are considered to be characteristic philosophers in the Japanese academy.[10] +See also +Budō Giri (Japanese) Grace – "itsukushimi" Haibutsu kishaku Hakkō ichiu Hermit – e.g., Yoshida Kenkō, Kamono Chōmei Kami Kokutai Ma (negative space) Maruyama Masao – "Bamboo whisk" culture and "octopus pot" culture Nihonjinron Shame society Wabi-sabi Yamato-damashii Taoism in Japan William Vorilong, one of the first Europeans to get some knowledge about Japanese philosophy +Notes +Because practitioners of Heian Buddhism frequently performed severe ascetic practices, incantations and prayers in the mountains; this Buddhism came to be called mikkyō. Kūkai, a Buddhist monk, learned Chinese esoteric Buddhism while on a diplomatic mission to the Chinese court, and combined Japanese Buddhism with Chinese esoteric Buddhist practices to form Japanese Shingon Buddhism. Saichō, a Buddhist monk who also journeyed to China, learned the practices of the Chinese Tendai sect and argued that the teachings of the Lotus Sutra should be the core of Japanese Buddhism. +Texts +External links +By the late Heian era, the earthly focus of Heian Buddhism led Buddhist monks to declare a "sinful age" wherein the possibility of relief in this world was denied and therefore a trend of looking for reincarnation to the Buddhists' paradise after death arose. Additionally, the new thought that "Buddhism will decline during the latter days of this world" led to the rise of the Pure Land movement. This movement, spearheaded by Kūya, a follower of Pure Land Buddhism, preached faith to the Amitābha and taught that all people could reach the Buddhist paradise, not just Buddhist monks. +Dharmacakra (Buddhist Wheel) Category:Buddhist symbols +Kamakura Buddhism +He preached his pupils to believe in Amitabha and to earnestly pray "namu-amida-butsu", and so they would go to the paradise. His pupil, Shinran who initiated Pure Land Buddhism, thoroughly carried out Honen's teaching and preached the absolute dependence. In addition, Shinran advocated that an object of the relief of the Amitabha was a criminal who was aware of a worldly and desirous criminal oneself. +Film roles Year Title Role Notes 2015 The 33 Escarlette Sepulveda The Martian Ryoko Deleted scene; extended version only[32] 2017 Power Rangers Kimberly "Kim" Hart / Pink Ranger 2019 Aladdin Princess Jasmine Charlie's Angels Elena Houghlin Ru's Angels Elena Houghlin Short film[33] +Television roles Year Title Role Notes 2008–2009 Life Bites Megan Main role 2011 Lemonade Mouth Mohini "Mo" Banjaree Television film 2011 Terra Nova Maddy Shannon Main role 2013 By Any Means Vanessa Velasquez Episode: "3" 2015–2016 Lewis Sahira Desai Recurring role (season 9) +She is best known for her starring role as Princess Jasmine in Disney's live-action adaptation of the musical fantasy film Aladdin (2019). Scott rose to prominence after attaining roles in the science fiction drama series Terra Nova (2011) and the Disney Channel teen film Lemonade Mouth (2011). Her other film credits include the superhero film Power Rangers (2017) and the action film Charlie's Angels' +Year Title Album 2014 "Motions"[35] Invisible Division 2016 "Lover's Lies"[36] Promises 2017 "Vows"[37] Vows 2018 "Irrelevant" (featuring Nick Brewer) Vows "So Low" / "Undercover"[38] n/a +Scott was born on 6 May 1993 in Hounslow, London.[1][2] Her mother, Usha Joshi, was born in Uganda, of Indian Gujarati descent, and emigrated to the United Kingdom at a young age. Naomi's father, Christopher, is English.[2][3][4] Scott also has an older brother, Joshua Scott.[5] Both her parents are pastors at the Bridge Church, Woodford in Redbridge, North East London.[6] Scott has participated in missionary and outreach work.[3] She attended Davenant Foundation School in Loughton, Essex. +The 2019 Ballon d'Or was the 64th annual ceremony of the Ballon d'Or, presented by France Football, and recognising the best footballer in the world for 2019. The winner was announced in Paris on 2 December 2019.[1][2] +The nominees for the awards were announced on 6 November 2019.[3] Lionel Messi won the award for a record sixth time in his career.[4] +Ballon d'Or Féminin +Megan Rapinoe won the 2019 Ballon d'Or Féminin for best female player in the world.[5] +Rank Player Club(s) Points 1 Lionel Messi Barcelona 686 2 Virgil van Dijk Liverpool 679 3 Cristiano Ronaldo Juventus 476 4 Sadio Mané Liverpool 347 5 Mohamed Salah Liverpool 178 6 Kylian Mbappé Paris Saint-Germain 89 7 Alisson Liverpool 67 8 Robert Lewandowski Bayern Munich 44 9 Bernardo Silva Manchester City 41 10 Riyad Mahrez Manchester City 33 11 Frenkie de Jong Ajax Barcelona 31 12 Raheem Sterling Manchester City 30 13 Eden Hazard Chelsea Real Madrid 25 14 Kevin De Bruyne Manchester City 14 15 Matthijs de Ligt Ajax Juventus 13 16 Sergio Agüero Manchester City 12 17 Roberto Firmino Liverpool 11 18 Antoine Griezmann Atlético Madrid Barcelona 9 19 Trent Alexander-Arnold Liverpool 8 20 Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang Arsenal 5 Dušan Tadić Ajax 5 22 Son Heung-min Tottenham Hotspur 4 23 Hugo Lloris Tottenham Hotspur 3 24 Kalidou Koulibaly Napoli 2 Marc-André ter Stegen Barcelona 2 26 Karim Benzema Real Madrid 1 Georginio Wijnaldum Liverpool 1 28 João Félix Benfica Atlético Madrid 0 Marquinhos Paris Saint-Germain 0 Donny van de Beek Ajax 0 +Rank Player Club(s) Points 1 Megan Rapinoe Reign FC 230 2 Lucy Bronze Lyon 94 3 Alex Morgan Orlando Pride 68 4 Ada Hegerberg Lyon 67 5 Vivianne Miedema Arsenal 38 6 Wendie Renard Lyon 32 7 Sam Kerr Chicago Red Stars Perth Glory 27 8 Rose Lavelle Washington Spirit 19 9 Ellen White Manchester City 18 10 Dzsenifer Marozsán Lyon 16 11 Amandine Henry Lyon 13 12 Sari van Veenendaal Atlético Madrid 13 13 Tobin Heath Portland Thorns 11 14 Pernille Harder VfL Wolfsburg 10 Lieke Martens Barcelona 10 16 Kosovare Asllani Tacón 6 Nilla Fischer Linköping 6 Marta Orlando Pride 6 19 Sofia Jakobsson Tacón 4 20 Sarah Bouhaddi Lyon 0 +A standard cupcake uses the same basic ingredients as standard-sized cakes: butter, sugar, eggs, and flour. Nearly any recipe that is suitable for a layer cake can be used to bake cupcakes. The cake batter used for cupcakes may be flavored or have other ingredients stirred in, such as raisins, berries, nuts, or chocolate chips. +Because their small size is more efficient for heat conduction, cupcakes bake much faster than a normal layered cake.[7] During baking, the volume of the batter initially increases due to the production of carbon dioxide, then decreases upon cooling due to the release of leavening gases.[8] +For bakers making a small number of filled cupcakes, this is usually accomplished by using a spoon or knife to scoop a small hole in the top of the cupcake. Another method is to just insert the pastry bag in the middle of the cupcake. In commercial bakeries, the filling may be injected using a syringe. +A cupcake (also British English: fairy cake; Hiberno-English: bun; Australian English: fairy cake or patty cake) is a small cake designed to serve one person, which may be baked in a small thin paper or aluminum cup. As with larger cakes, icing and other cake decorations such as fruit and candy may be applied. +In the early 21st century, a trend for cupcake shops, which are specialized bakeries that sell little or nothing except cupcakes, developed in the United States, playing off of the sense of nostalgia evoked by the cakes. In New York City, cupcake shops like Magnolia Bakery gained publicity in their appearances on popular television shows like HBO's Sex and the City.[20] +Cupcakes are sometimes flavoured and coloured and usually iced with the appropriate atomic number and chemical symbol.[25] The first person to bake and ice a set of cupcakes organised and coloured to represent the elements of the periodic table was Ida Freund in 1907. Ida Freund was the first woman to hold a post as a university chemistry lecturer in the UK. She used the cupcakes as a pedagogical tool to engage and amuse her female students at Cambridge University.[26] Based on her original idea, periodic table cupcakes have become a popular way to celebrate chemistry at school bake sales and events aiming to promote public engagement with science. +The earliest extant description of what is now often called a cupcake was in 1796, when a recipe for "a light cake to bake in small cups" was written in American Cookery by Amelia Simmons.[1][2] The earliest extant documentation of the term cupcake itself was in "Seventy-five Receipts for Pastry, Cakes, and Sweetmeats" in 1828 in Eliza Leslie's Receipts cookbook.[3][4] +Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is intended to be the twenty-fourth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film is directed by Cate Shortland, written by Jac Schaeffer and Ned Benson, and stars Scarlett Johansson as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow, alongside David Harbour, Florence Pugh, O-T Fagbenle, and Rachel Weisz. Set after the events of Captain America: Civil War (2016), the film sees Romanoff on the run and forced to confront her past. +External links +The project did not move forward and the film rights to the character reverted to Marvel Studios by June 2006. Johansson was cast in the role for several MCU films beginning with Iron Man 2 (2010). Marvel and Johansson expressed interest in a solo film several times over the following years, before Schaeffer and Shortland were hired in 2018. +Black Widow is scheduled to be theatrically released in the United States on May 1, 2020. +Additionally, Haaz Sleiman has been cast in an undisclosed role.[1] +The Eternals is an upcoming American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics race of the same name. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is intended to be the twenty-fifth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film is directed by Chloé Zhao, written by Matthew and Ryan Firpo, and features an ensemble cast including Angelina Jolie, Richard Madden, Kumail Nanjiani, Lauren Ridloff, Brian Tyree Henry, Salma Hayek, Lia McHugh, Don Lee, Barry Keoghan, Gemma Chan and Kit Harington. +External links +In April 2018, Kevin Feige announced that a film based on the Eternals had begun development, with Matthew and Ryan Firpo hired to write the script for the project in May 2018. By late-September, Marvel had hired Zhao to direct the film. Principal photography began in July 2019, with locations including Pinewood Studios in England and the Canary Islands. +The Eternals is scheduled to be theatrically released in the United States on November 6, 2020. +Premise +In a story spanning thousands of years,[1] the Eternals, an immortal alien race created by the Celestials, protect humanity from their evil counterparts, the Deviants.[2] +Cast +Angelina Jolie as Thena[1] Richard Madden as Ikaris: An Eternal fueled by cosmic energy.[2][3] Kumail Nanjiani as Kingo[3][3] Lauren Ridloff as Makkari:[3] An Eternal. She is the first deaf superhero in the MCU.[4] Brian Tyree Henry as Phastos[3] Salma Hayek as Ajak: The leader of the Eternals.[3][5] Lia McHugh as Sprite[3] Don Lee as Gilgamesh[3] Barry Keoghan as Druig[6] Gemma Chan as Sersi:[8] Chan previously portrayed Minn-Erva in the MCU film Captain Marvel (2019).[7] Kit Harington as Dane Whitman: A superhero who wields a sword.[8][8] +Japan will be the host nation of the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Since the nation's official debut in 1912, Japanese athletes had appeared at every Summer Olympic Games in the modern era, except for two editions; they were not invited to the 1948 Summer Olympics in London because of the nation's role in World War II, and were also part of the United States-led boycott, when Moscow hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics. +Japanese athletes further achieved the entry standards, either by qualifying time or by world ranking, in the following track and field events (up to a maximum of 3 athletes in each event):[2][3] The team will be selected based on the results of the 2020 Japan Championships and once an athlete wins a medal in race walking and marathon, or attains the top eight position in track and field at the 2019 IAAF World Championships in Doha, Qatar. +Four marathon runners (two per gender) were the first set of Japanese track and field athletes being selected for the Games, with a top-two finish of their respective races at the Grand Championship in Tokyo on September 15, 2019.[4][5] By winning the gold medals at the World Championships, race walkers Toshikazu Yamanishi and London 2012 Olympian Yusuke Suzuki were officially added to the track and field roster.[6][7] +Archery +See also +Japan fielded six archers (three men and three women) at the Games, as the host nation is automatically entitled to use the men's and women's team quota places.[1] +Men +The swimming competitions at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo will take place from 25 July to 2 August at the Olympic Aquatics Centre. The women's 10 km open-water marathon will be held on August 5, with the men's race happening a day later (August 6) at the Odaiba Marine Park. +Swimming will feature a record total of 37 events (18 for each gender and 1 mixed), with the addition of the men's 800 m freestyle, women's 1500 m freestyle, and the mixed 4×100 m medley relay. +See also +Events +Swimming in 2020 will feature a total of 37 events (18 each for men and women and 1 mixed event), including two 10 km open-water marathons. This is slight increase from the 34 events contested in the previous Olympic Games. The following events will be contested (all pool events are long course, and distances are in metres unless stated): +Freestyle: 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1,500; Backstroke: 100 and 200; Breaststroke: 100 and 200; Butterfly: 100 and 200; Individual medley: 200 and 400; Relays: 4×100 free, 4×200 free; 4×100 medley (men's, women's, and mixed) Marathon: 10 kilometres +The Wilsons arrive and are forced to kill the Tylers' doubles. They turn on the news to see that millions of Tethered have been murdering their counterparts across the nation. The doppelgängers subsequently join hands to form a massive human chain.[4] The Wilsons drive away in the Tylers' car and are attacked by Umbrae, but Zora hits her with the car. +Adelaide drives the family away in the ambulance and recalls the night she met Red in the hall of mirrors. The doppelgänger choked Adelaide unconscious, dragged her underground, and took her place in the real world; "Adelaide" was the clone. In the distance, the dopplegängers' chain has grown to stretch across the entire landscape. +Us is a 2019 American horror film written and directed by Jordan Peele, starring Lupita Nyong'o, Winston Duke, Shahadi Wright Joseph, Evan Alex, Elisabeth Moss, and Tim Heidecker. The film follows Adelaide Wilson (Nyong’o) and her family, who are attacked by a group of menacing doppelgängers. +The project was announced in February 2018, and much of the cast joined in the following months. Peele produced the film alongside Jason Blum and Sean McKittrick (with the trio previously having collaborated on Get Out and BlacKkKlansman), as well as Ian Cooper. Filming took place from July to October 2018 in California, mostly in Los Angeles and Pasadena and also in Santa Cruz. +Us had its world premiere at South by Southwest on March 8, 2019, and was theatrically released in the United States on March 22, 2019, by Universal Pictures. It was a commercial success, grossing $255.1 million worldwide against a budget of $20 million, and received praise for Peele's screenplay and direction, as well as the musical score and Nyong'o's performance. +In 1986, young Adelaide goes on vacation with her parents to Santa Cruz. At the beach, she wanders off and enters a funhouse, where she encounters a doppelgänger of herself in the hall of mirrors. +She goes with her family - husband Gabe Wilson and their children, Zora and Jason - to their lake house in Santa Cruz. She is apprehensive about the trip, but Gabe, eager to impress their rich friends Josh and Kitty Tyler, brushes off her misgivings. At the beach, Jason sees a man standing with his arms outstretched, blood dripping from one hand. +The intruders are the Wilsons' doppelgängers, led by Adelaide's double, Red. The only one who can talk, Red explains that the doppelgängers are called the Tethered, that they share a soul with their counterparts, and that they have come to "untether" themselves. She tells them the story of a girl who is loved and happy while her "shadow" remains in the dark, suffering. +Chinese television dramas (simplified Chinese: 中国电视连续剧) or mainland Chinese television dramas (simplified Chinese: 中国大陆电视剧) are similar to television dramas in North America, but are often longer. China produces more television dramas than any other country. It made more than 15,000 episodes in 2014.[1] The most popular genre of dramas in China is fantasy romance, with 47 of the 50 most watched dramas in the country in 2016 being in this genre.[2] Chinese television dramas are popular and regularly broadcast on TV throughout Asia, particularly in Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Cambodia.[3][4][5][6][7] +Since the 1990s, historical serials have been the dominant genre on prime-time television. The trend peaked in the late 1990s and early 2000s, with many palace (also known as "Qing") dramas shown on television.[8] +Popular Chinese television dramas, such as Nirvana in Fire, The Journey of Flower, Eternal Love, The Princess Weiyoung, Just One Smile Is Very Alluring, The Legend of Zhen Huan, Scarlet Heart, The Mystic Nine and more often garner billions of views among China's most popular video websites, iQiyi, Youku and Tencent Video. Some dramas have been so popular and widely acclaimed that they were remade in other languages, or were spun off into a sequel. +CCTV-8 is a channel that airs TV series around the clock. Series are divided into several rough categories: historical (subdivided into historical fiction, nationalist-rallying, historical re-enactment and wuxia), police and politics, comedy, and the more modern family conflict drama genre. Episodes usually begin with opening theme music over credits and end with further theme music and more credits. +Long-form Chinese television series vary in quality, although in recent years,[when?] observers have noted a sharp increase in production values and script quality in some series. Also, a number of Chinese television series used music from Hollywood movies as incidental music. +Dramas are generated with a specific genre like romance, comedy, horror, family drama, sports, or a mixture of these in the form of ancient, historical, Republican era or modern to highlight the theme and suits the audience’s interest. Chinese-language dramas are often classified by where they were produced, such as mainland dramas, Taiwanese dramas, Hong Kong dramas, and Singaporean dramas. Each differs in the style of filming and editing format. +Railway Station Pier or Thonburi Railway Station Pier (Thai: ท่ารถไฟ), with designated pier code N11 is a pier for Chao Phraya Express Boat, that runs between Bangkok (Wat Rajsingkorn next to Asiatique; S3) and the north ends in Nonthaburi Province (Pakkret; N33). +Siriraj Piyamaharajkarun Hospital Bangkok Noi Railway Station +Thai style pavillion in the Chaloem Phrakiat 72 th year Park next to Siriraj Museum, also known as Siriraj Bimuksthan Museum Old steam locomotive and buildings of Siriraj Museum and Siriraj Piyamaharajkarun Hospital +This pier is in the middle between Wang Lang Pier (N10) and Phra Pin Klao Bridge Pier (N12) located in front of Siriraj Piyamaharajkarun Hospital by the Chao Phraya River near mouth of Bangkok Noi Canal. It is located in the same area that used to be Bangkok Noi Railway Station, so it was called "Railway Station Pier" or "Tha Rot Fai" in Thai.[1] +Railway Station Pier is considered to be a good atmosphere pier, suitable for being a tourist attraction and a promenade for walking along the river, there are also restaurant and cafés available. Because nearby which is the area of Siriraj Piyamaharajkarun Hospital, there is Chaloem Phrakiat 72 th year Park with a beautiful Thai-style pavilion located, and there are also old steam locomotive number 950 and the Siriraj Bimuksthan Museum.[2] +Innovia Monorail (stylized as INNOVIA Monorail) is the name given to fully automated and driverless monorail system manufactured by Bombardier Transportation. Its straddle-beam design is based on the ALWEG monorail, which was first developed in the 1950s and later popularized by Disney at their theme parks. +History +King Abdullah Financial District (KAFD) Monorail, Saudi Arabia Line 15 (Silver), São Paulo Metro, Brazil Bangkok MRT Pink Line and MRT Yellow Line, Thailand Monorail line 1&2, Wuhu, China National Authority for Tunnels in Cairo new monorail lines, Egypt +See also +In 1989, Walt Disney World got a new fleet of Mark VI monorail trains built by Bombardier Transportation.[1] Bombardier later supplied its first turnkey monorail system in 1991 to Tampa International Airport in Florida;[2] followed by a contract for JTA Skyway Monorail system in Jacksonville, Florida in 1994.[3] Shortly after, in 1996, Newark Liberty International Airport opened a Von Roll monorail system to connect all its terminals. Von Roll technology was sold to Adtranz and later acquired by Bombardier.[4] These early systems are now grouped under the name Innovia Monorail 100. +In July 2004, Las Vegas opened its 6-mile long Mark IV Las Vegas Monorail monorail system (technology now known Innovia Monorail 200 system).[5] The system suffered from repeated technical difficulties, including parts falling from a moving vehicle, in the first few months of service. The system was temporarily closed for 4 months and reopened in December 2004. Since then, the monorail carries 30,000 passengers daily, despite this it is still not meeting the original ridership estimates.[6] +Rabbit and the Moon is a 1998 book by Douglas Wood. It is an adaption of a Cree legend about how Rabbit reached the Moon, and how the Whooping crane got its long legs and red head marking. +Reception +Booklist, in a review of Rabbit and the Moon, wrote "The watercolor illustrations have a fuzzy, sleepy quality, yet are clear enough that the animals depict a range of emotions .. The story itself is told in fairly short, easy-to-understand sentences, making this a good a choice for a bedtime story or for older students studying folktales."[1] and School Library Journal called it a "satisfying story", but "An uneven offering."[1] +Kirkus Reviews was somewhat critical, writing, "Though Wood pays homage to Rabbit as a trickster in the source note, there's no mischief in the story and Rabbit is portrayed as polite and unassuming. Baker's watercolors are another disappointment; Rabbit's limbs change length and proportions unpredictably, so that sometimes his shape is that of a natural-looking rabbit, and other times that of a human child in a fur suit."[2] +A highlighter is a type of writing device used to draw attention to sections of text by marking them with a vivid, translucent colour.[1] A typical highlighter is fluorescent yellow, coloured with pyranine. Different compounds, such as rhodamines (Rhodamine 6GD, Rhodamine B) are used for other colours.[2] +"Gel highlighters" contain a gel stick rather than a felt tip. The gel does not bleed through paper or become dried out in the pen as other highlighters' inks may. +"Liquid Highlighters" in a range of colours are also available, and because they put more ink on a page when highlighting, make words stand out more than with non-liquid types. Also the fact that more highlighting ink is put on the page with liquid highlighters means that the highlighting ink is much more resistive to fading with age. +Some word processing software can simulate highlighting by using a technique similar to reverse video on some terminals. +A highlighter is a felt-tip marker filled with transparent fluorescent ink instead of black or opaque ink. The first highlighter was invented by Dr. Frank Honn in 1962 [3] and produced by Carter's Ink Company, using the trademarked name HI-LITER. Avery Dennison Corporation now owns the brand, having acquired Carter's Ink Company in 1975.[4] +Schwan-Stabilo has been producing felt-tip writing devices since 1971. It is hailed[by whom?] as the European product leader of manufacturing highlighters. In 2003, the company changed its name to Stabilo International.[5] +Being fluorescent, highlighter ink glows under black light.[6] The most common color for highlighters is yellow, but they are also found in orange, red, pink, purple, blue, and green varieties. Some yellow highlighters may look greenish in colour to the naked eye. Yellow is the preferred color to use when making a photocopy as it will not produce a shadow on the copy. +Highlighters are available in multiple forms, including some that have a retractable felt tip or an eraser on the end opposite the felt. Other types of highlighters include the trilighter, a triangularly-shaped pen with a different-coloured tip at each corner, and ones that are stackable. There are also some forms of highlighters that have a wax-like quality similar to an oil pastel. +"Dry highlighters" (occasionally called "dry line highlighters") have an applicator that applies a thin strip of highlighter tape (physically similar to audio tape) instead of a felt tip. Unlike standard highlighters, they are easily erasable. They are different from "dry mark highlighters", which are sometimes advertised as being useful for highlighting books with thin pages. +The third season of The Crown follows the life and reign of Queen Elizabeth II. It consists of ten episodes and was released on Netflix on November 17, 2019. +Olivia Colman stars as Elizabeth, along with main cast members Tobias Menzies, Helena Bonham Carter, Ben Daniels, Jason Watkins, Marion Bailey, Erin Doherty, Jane Lapotaire, Charles Dance, Josh O'Connor, Geraldine Chaplin, Michael Maloney, Emerald Fennell, and Andrew Buchan. John Lithgow and Pip Torrens return in cameo appearances.[3] +Season three covers the time period between 1964 and 1977, beginning with Harold Wilson's election as prime minister and ending with the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II.[1] Events depicted include the unmasking of the Queen's art adviser Sir Anthony Blunt as a Soviet spy,[6] Harold Wilson and Edward Heath's respective times as prime minister,[3][4] the Aberfan disaster,[8] the Apollo 11 moon landing,[9] the 1969 Investiture of Prince Charles,[10] the death of the Duke of Windsor,[11] the death and state funeral of Winston Churchill,[12] and Princess Margaret's eight-year affair with baronet and gardening expert Roddy Llewellyn and suicide attempt that leads to the Princess's divorce from Antony Armstrong-Jones in 1978.[13][11] US President Lyndon B. Johnson and Camilla Shand are also introduced.[15] +Actors representing La Llorona, 2003 +In Latin American folklore, La Llorona (pronounced [la ʝoˈɾona]; "The Weeping Woman" or "the Cryer") is one of the most famous oral legends. The lore states a woman was abandoned by her husband and was left alone to raise her two sons, whom she instead drowned in a river out of grief and anger. As a result of her actions the woman is condemned to wander for all eternity until she finds the bodies of her children, often causing misfortune to those who are near or hear her. +The legend described in this article is a generic version of the Mexican version of this folktale. Other regional variations of the story exist. +See also +La Llorona (song) La Llorona (1933 film) La Llorona (1960 film) The Curse of the Crying Woman The Cry (2017) Mama (2013 film) Ghosts in Mexican culture Chasing Papi The Silbón The Curse of La Llorona +Her husband was always traveling and he began to stop spending time with his family. When he came home, he only paid attention to the children and as time passed María could tell that her husband was falling out of love with her because she was getting old. One day he returned to the village with a younger woman, and bid his children farewell, ignoring María.[2] +External links +The New Mexican La Llorona Handbook of Texas Online A summary of the tale. Supernatural TV Series - Season 1 - Pilot Episode Woman in White Episode Grimm TV Series - Season 2 - Episode 9 - La Llorona Episode La Llorona in League of Legends Mama Watched Me Sink 2014 song by Kate Vargas La Llorona, 2015 short film Leyenda de la Llorona The complete story in Spanish https://www.amazon.com/gp/video/detail/B00HCVMJ8G +She realized what she had done and searched for them, but the river had already carried them away. Days later, her husband came back and asked about the children, but Maria started weeping and said that she had drowned them. Her husband was furious and said that she could not be with him unless she found their children. +She is always heard weeping for her children, earning her the name "La Llorona".[3] It is said that if you hear her crying, you are to run the opposite way. If you hear her cries, they could bring misfortune or even death. Many parents in Latin America use this story to scare their children from staying out too late.[2] +La Llorona kidnaps wandering children at night, mistaking them for her own. She begs the heavens for forgiveness, and drowns the children she kidnaps.[4] People who claim to have seen her say she appears at night or in the late evening by rivers or lakes, wearing a white gown with a veil.[5] Some believe those who hear the wails of La Llorona are marked for death or misfortune, similar to the Gaelic banshee legend.[6] Among her wails, she is noted as crying "¡Ay, mis hijos!" which translates to "Oh, my children!" or "Oh, my sons!" It is also said she cries out "¿Donde estan mis hijos?" which translates into "Where are my sons?" +External links +Anderson decided to pursue acting in the mid 2000s, after working for many years as a ticket scalper and aspiring musician and enrolled at the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art. He began his acting career by appearing in plays written by friend Gregory Burke, who made his screen debut with the critically acclaimed film '71, released in 2014.[2] He had his first leading role in the British movie of 2009, The Firm. +Philosophy of sex is an aspect of applied philosophy involved with the study of sex and love. It includes both ethics of phenomena such as prostitution, rape, sexual harassment, sexual identity, the age of consent, homosexuality, and conceptual analysis of concepts such as "what is sex?" It also includes questions of sexuality and sexual identity and the ontological status of gender. +Contemporary philosophy of sex is sometimes informed by Western feminism. Issues raised by feminists regarding gender differences, sexual politics, and the nature of sexual identity are important questions in the philosophy of sex. +Putative perversions +Thomas Nagel proposes that only sexual interactions with mutual sexual arousal are natural to human sexuality. Perverted sexual encounters or events would be those in which this reciprocal arousal is absent, and in which a person remains fully a subject of the sexual experience or fully an object.[4] +See also +Antisexualism Religion and sexuality Sex positivism Society and sexuality +External links +Alternatively, can consensual sexual acts be immoral, or are they outside the realm of ethics? What is the relationship between sex and biological reproduction? Can one exist without the other? +Internet encyclopedia of philosophy: philosophy of sex (also by Soble) Society for the Philosophy of Sex and Love Bibliography: Traditions in the Cultural Representation of Love, Sex, Gender, and the Body: c.100 BC - 1500 AD +History of the philosophy of sex +Throughout much of the history of Western philosophy, questions of sex and sexuality have been considered only within the general subject of ethics. There have, however, been deviations from this pattern out of which emerge a tradition of speaking of sexual issues in their own right. +The Society for the Philosophy of Sex and Love is a professional group within the membership of the American Philosophical Association. +Sexual desire +Moral evaluations of sexual activity are determined by judgments on the nature of the sexual impulse. In this light, philosophies fall into two camps:[1] +A negative understanding of sexuality, such as from Immanuel Kant, believes that sexuality undermines values, and challenges our moral treatment of other persons. Sex, says Kant, "makes of the loved person an Object of appetite".[2] In this understanding, sex is often advised only for the purpose of procreation. Sometimes sexual celibacy is considered to lead to the best, or most moral life.[3] +A positive understanding of sexuality – such as from Russell Vannoy, Irving Singer – sees sexual activity as pleasing the self and the other at the same time. +Philosophy and literature involves the literary treatment of philosophers and philosophical themes (the literature of philosophy), and the philosophical treatment of issues raised by literature (the philosophy of literature). +The Clouds by Aristophanes presented Socrates as a comic figure. +In educated opinion, at least, it is commonly reputed as true that Sherlock Holmes lived in London. (see David Lewis 'Truth in Fiction', American Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 15. No. 1, January 1978) It is also considered true that Samuel Pepys lived in London. +Contemporary interest in Holmes and in Pepys share strong similarities; the only reason why anyone knows either of their names is because of an abiding interest in reading about their alleged deeds and words. These two statements would appear to belong to two different orders of truth. Further problems arise concerning the truth value of statements about fictional worlds and characters that can be implied but are nowhere explicitly stated by the sources for our knowledge about them, such as Sherlock Holmes had only one head or Sherlock Holmes never travelled to the moon. +The literature of philosophy +A number of poets have written poems on philosophical themes, and some important philosophers have expressed their philosophy in verse. The cosmogony of Hesiod and the De Rerum Natura of Lucretius are important philosophical poems. The genre of epic poetry was also used to teach philosophy. +Many of the Eastern philosophers worked out their thought in poetical fashion. Some of the important names include: +Vyasa Laozi Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi Omar Khayyám Nizami Ganjavi Sheikh Saadi Hafiz Shirazi Muhammad Iqbal Matsuo Bashō Farid ud-Din Attar Salah Abd El-sabur Mahmoud Darwish Karim Elsaiad +Notable Western philosophical poets include: +Samuel Taylor Coleridge St. John of the Cross T. S. Eliot Hildegard von Bingen Homer G. K. Chesterton John Milton Percy Bysshe Shelley James Wright Marianne Moore Pablo Neruda William Carlos Williams Mary Oliver Rainer Maria Rilke Leslie Marmon Silko Robert Creeley Fernando Pessoa Søren Kierkegaard Friedrich Nietzsche Georges Bataille Lucretius +Philosophical fiction +Some philosophers have undertaken to write philosophy in the form of fiction, including novels and short stories (see separate article on philosophical fiction). This is apparent early on in the literature of philosophy, where philosophers such as Plato wrote dialogues in which fictional or fictionalized characters discuss philosophical subjects; Socrates frequently appears as a protagonist in Plato's dialogues, and the dialogues are one of the prime sources of knowledge about Socrates' teaching, though at this remove it is sometimes hard to distinguish Socrates' actual positions from Plato's own. Numerous early Christian writers, including Augustine, Boethius, and Peter Abelard produced dialogues; several early modern philosophers, such as George Berkeley and David Hume, wrote occasionally in this genre. +The philosophy of literature +Marquis de Sade and Ayn Rand wrote novels in which characters served as mouthpieces for philosophical positions, and act in accordance with them in the plot. George Santayana was also a philosopher who wrote novels and poetry; the relationship between Santayana's characters and his beliefs is more complex. The existentialists include among their numbers important French authors who used fiction to convey their philosophical views; these include Jean-Paul Sartre's novel Nausea and play No Exit, and Albert Camus's The Stranger. +Arthur Schopenhauer, largely as a result of his system of aesthetics, is perhaps the most influential recent philosopher in the history of literature; Thomas Hardy's later novels frequently allude to Schopenhauerian themes, particularly in Jude the Obscure. Schopenhauer also had an important influence on Joseph Conrad. Schopenhauer also had a less specific but more widely diffused influence on the Symbolist movement in European literature. +Abubacer, Philosophus Autodidactus Albert Camus, The Outsider Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness Fyodor Dostoevsky, Brothers Karamazov Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment Jostein Gaarder, Sophie's World Hermann Hesse, The Glass Bead Game James Joyce, Ulysses Franz Kafka, The Metamorphosis Milan Kundera, The Unbearable Lightness of Being Ibn al-Nafis, Theologus Autodidactus Thomas Mann, The Magic Mountain Iris Murdoch, The Sea, the Sea Robert M. Pirsig, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance Marcel Proust, In Search of Lost Time William Shakespeare, Hamlet Leo Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan Ilyich Leo Tolstoy, War and Peace Sergio Troncoso, The Nature of Truth Marguerite Yourcenar, Memoirs of Hadrian +Philosophical writing as literature +A number of philosophers are still read for the literary merits of their works apart from their philosophical content. The philosophy in the Meditations of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius is unoriginal Stoicism, but the Meditations are still read for their literary merit and for the insight they give into the workings of the emperor's mind. +Arthur Schopenhauer's philosophy is noted for the quality and readability of its prose, as are some of the works of the British Empiricists, such as Locke and Hume. Søren Kierkegaard's style is frequently regarded as poetic artistry as well as philosophical, especially in Fear and Trembling and Either/Or. Friedrich Nietzsche's works such as Thus Spoke Zarathustra frequently resemble prose poetry and contain imagery and allusion instead of argument. +Philosophy in literature +Philosophers in literature +Socrates appears in a highly fictionalized guise, as a comic figure and the object of mockery, in The Clouds by Aristophanes. In the play, Socrates appears hanging from a basket, where he delivers oracles such as: +Much of aesthetic philosophy has traditionally focused on the plastic arts or music, however, at the expense of the verbal arts. In fact, much traditional discussion of aesthetic philosophy seeks to establish criteria of artistic quality that are indifferent to the subject matter being depicted. Since all literary works, almost by definition, contain notional content, aesthetic theories that rely on purely formal qualities tend to overlook literature. +I'd never come up with a single thing about celestial phenomena, if I did not suspend my mind up high, to mix my subtle thoughts with what's like them— the air. If I turned my mind to lofty things, but stayed there on the ground, I'd never make the least discovery. For the earth, you see, draws moist thoughts down by force into itself— the same process takes place with water cress. +Early Taoist philosopher Zhuang Zhou expressed his ideas primarily through short literary anecdotes and fables. The other major philosophers of the time appear as characters within these stories, allowing Zhuangzi to playfully explore their ideas and contrast them with his own, as he does with Laozi, Liezi, Hui Shi, and many others. Most prominently in his work is the presence of Confucius and his prominent disciples, who are sometimes used to undermine popular understandings of Confucian philosophy or to reinforce Zhuangzi's own understanding of how one lives in accordance with the Dao. +Jorge Luis Borges is perhaps the twentieth century's preeminent author of philosophical fiction. He wrote a short story in which the philosopher Averroes is the chief protagonist, Averroes's Search. Many plot points in his stories accurately paraphrase and epitomize the thought of major philosophers, including George Berkeley, Arthur Schopenhauer, and Bertrand Russell; he also attributes various opinions to figures including George Dalgarno. +A key plot point in Umberto Eco's novel The Name of the Rose turns on the discovery of a mysterious book that turns out to contain a lost manuscript by Aristotle. Eco's later novel Foucault's Pendulum became the forerunner of a run of thrillers or detective fiction that toss around learned allusions and the names of historical thinkers; more recent examples include Dan Brown's The Da Vinci Code and The Rule of Four by Ian Caldwell and Dustin Thomason. +Also, Philip K. Dick, who has often been compared to Borges, raises a significant number of philosophical issues in his novels, everything from the problem of solipsism to many questions of perception and reality. +Fictional philosophers +Jorge Luis Borges introduces many philosophical themes, and a number of fictional philosophers, in his short stories. A fictional philosophical movement is a part of the premise of his story Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius, and the unnamed narrator of his story The Library of Babel could also be called a fictional philosopher. A fictional theologian is the subject of his story Three Versions of Judas. +Fictional philosophers occasionally occur throughout the works of Robert A. Heinlein and Ray Bradbury. Heinlein's Stranger in a Strange Land contains long passages that could be considered as successors to the fictionalized philosophical dialogues of the ancient world, set within the plot. +See also +In narrative, a creator can embody, and readers be led to imagine, fictional characters, and even fantastic creatures or technologies. The ability of the human mind to imagine, and even to experience empathy with, these fictional characters is itself revealing about the nature of the human mind. Some fiction can be thought of as a sort of a thought experiment in ethics: it describes fictional characters, their motives, their actions, and the consequences of their actions. +The arts and politics Literary translation Translation criticism Philosophy of language Science fiction as thought experiment +References +External links +Literature and language +Plato, for instance, believed that literary culture and even the lyrics of popular music had a strong impact on the ethical outlook of its consumers. In The Republic, Plato displays a strong hostility to the contents of the literary culture of his period, and proposes a strong censorship of popular literature in his utopia. +Since the work of the British Empiricists and Immanuel Kant in the late eighteenth century, Western philosophy has been preoccupied with a fundamental question of epistemology: the question of the relationship between ideas in the human mind and the world existing outside the mind, if in fact such a world exists. In more recent years, these epistemological issues have turned instead to an extended discussion of words and meaning: can language in fact bridge the barrier between minds? This cluster of issues concerning the meaning of language and of "writings" sometimes goes by the name of the linguistic turn. +Philosophers of various stripes paid more attention to literature than their predecessors did. Some sought to examine the question of whether it was in fact truly possible to communicate using words, whether it was possible for an author's intended meaning to be communicated to a reader. Others sought to use literary works as examples of contemporary culture, and sought to reveal unconscious attitudes they felt present in these works for the purpose of social criticism. +The Boston Confucians are a group of New Confucians from Boston, of whom the best known are Tu Wei-Ming of Harvard, and John Berthrong and Robert Neville of Boston University. Boston Confucianism belongs to the larger discussion of what it means to study and practice Confucianism in a context outside China and East Asia and the significance of Confucianism for modern-day American life. +Boston Confucianism +All people are my brothers and sisters and all things are my companions. Respect the aged...Show affection toward the orphaned and weak...The sage identifies his character with Heaven and earth, and the virtuous man is best. {among the children of Heaven and earth}. Even those who are tired and infirm, crippled and sick, those who have no brothers or children, wives or husbands, are all my brothers who are in distress and have no one to turn to.[3] +References +See also +Confucianism in America List of ethicists +Boston Confucianism also argues for the transportability of Confucianism to geographical locations beyond Asia proper. The internationalized character of Boston Confucianism is to a great extent a central feature in the second generation of the New Confucians. Both Platonism and Christianity began as such portable traditions, which could be practiced outside of the Greek and Jewish roots which originally generated them. +However, this is a view that is common to New Confucians in general, whether from Boston, Beijing, Taipei, Hong Kong or Singapore. Indeed, there are contemporary advocates of Confucianism who are not New Confucians, but who would agree that Confucianism is not geographically or culturally parochial, any more than Buddhism or Islam have been. Philip J. Ivanhoe, Joel J. Kupperman and David B. Wong would fall into this latter category. +The school of Boston Confucianism has become especially well known in academic circles in China. Chinese scholars see it as the first indication of Confucianism's ability to be enthusiastically endorsed by non-Asian North-American scholars and theologians for non-academic purposes. +A Facebook closed group named "Friends from Afar: A Confucianism Group" was established in 2015 Furthermore, a Facebook open group called "Ruism Discussion Group: Confucianism in America" was started in 2016. . Dr. Bin Song has published a range of articles in The Huffington Post about Boston Confucianism.[1] Dr. Song received a Ph.D. from Boston University and now teaches at Washington College . +In his 1988 essay "The Meaning of Life", Tu Wei-ming (1988) writes that: +Copernicus decentered the earth, Darwin relativized the god-like image of man, Marx exploded the ideology of social harmony, and Freud complicated our conscious life. They have redefined humanity for the modern age. Yet they have also empowered us, with a communal, critical self-awareness, to renew our faith in the ancient Confucian wisdom that the globe is the center of our universe and the only home for us, and that we are the guardians of the good earth, the trustees of the mandate of Heaven that enjoins us to make our bodies healthy, our hearts sensitive, our minds alert, our souls refined and our spirits brilliant [...] +"The Western Inscription" by the 11th century Confucian Chang Tsai is a favorite of the Boston Confucians, according to Dr. John Berthrong, {https://open.bu.edu/bitstream/handle/2144/49/20001022-exploring_the_dao_.htm?sequence=1&isAllowed=y} as it points toward ecological concerns: +The philosophy of film is a branch of aesthetics within the discipline of philosophy that seeks to understand the most basic questions regarding film. Philosophy of film has significant overlap with film theory, a branch of film studies. +Cinema 1: The Movement Image Linguistic film theory +25, 2008 - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. "Philosophy of Film: Continental Perspectives" - published May 13, 2011 - Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy by Thorsten Botz-Bornstein. +Enrico Terrone, Filosofia del film, Carocci, 2014. The Routledge Encyclopedia of Film Theory, edited by Edward Branigan, Warren Buckland, Routledge, 2015. +The earliest person to explore philosophical questions regarding film was Hugo Münsterberg. During the silent film era, he sought to understand what it was about film that made it conceptually distinct from theater. He concluded that the use of close-ups, flash-backs, and edits were unique to film and constituted its nature. +Rudolf Arnheim, with the beginning of the era of sound for film, argued that the silent film era was aesthetically superior to the "talkies". He held that by adding sound to previously silent moving images, the unique status of film had been removed. Instead of being a unique art form that could carefully study bodies in motion, film had become merely a combination of two other art forms. +He believed that film, due mainly to its foundation in and relationship with photography, had a realist aspect to it. He argued that film has the ability to capture the real world. The film Waking Life also features a discussion of the philosophy of film where the theories of Bazin are emphasized. +American philosopher Noël Carroll has argued that the earlier characterizations of film made by philosophers too narrowly defined the nature of film and that they incorrectly conflated aspects of genres of films with film in general. +Aspects of Bazin's realist theories have been accepted by philosophers in spite of Carroll's critique. The transparency thesis, which says that film is a medium transparent to true reality, has been accepted by Kendall Walton. +Xavier Dolan, Denis Côté, Stéphane Lafleur et autres cinéastes, Paris, Éditions Hermann, 2018, 274 p. +See also +Philosophy of love is the field of social philosophy and ethics that attempts to explain the nature of love.[1] +Current theories +Gallic scepticism +Alongside the passion for merging that marked Romantic love,[15] a more sceptical French tradition can be traced from Stendhal onwards. Stendhal's theory of crystallization implied an imaginative readiness for love, which only needed a single trigger for the object to be imbued with every phantasised perfection.[16] Proust went further, singling out absence, inaccessibility or jealousy as the necessary precipitants of love.[17] Lacan would almost parody the tradition with his saying that "love is giving something you haven't got to someone who doesn't exist".[18] A post-Lacanian like Luce Irigaray would then struggle to find room for love in a world that will "reduce the other to the same...emphasizing eroticism to the detriment of love, under the cover of sexual liberation".[19] +Western philosophers of love +Hesiod Empedocles Plato (Symposium, Neoplatonism) St Augustine Thomas Aquinas Leon Hebreo Baruch Spinoza Nicolas Malebranche Jean-Pierre Rousselot Antonio Caso Andrade Sigmund Freud Søren Kierkegaard - Works of Love Carl Jung Anders Nygren Martin D'Arcy Irving Singer - Philosophy of Love: A Partial Summing-Up Arthur Schopenhauer - Metaphysics of Love Thomas Jay Oord Friedrich Nietzsche Max Scheler "The Nature of Sympathy" Erich Fromm, author of The Art of Loving C.S. Lewis, "The Four Loves" Michel Onfray, author of Théorie du corps amoureux : pour une érotique solaire (2000) Karl Popper Jean-Luc Marion, "The Erotic Phenomenon" Luce Irigaray, "The Way of Love" Bell Hooks - "All About Love: New Visions" Rita Rosson, "The Kamasutra" Roger Scruton - Notes from Underground Skye Cleary, "Existentialism and Romantic Love" +Given what Max Weber called the intimate relationship between religion and sexuality,[20] the role of the lingam and yoni in India, or of yin and yang in China, as a structuring form of cosmic polarity based on the male and female principles,[21] is perhaps more comprehensible. By way of maithuna or sacred intercourse,[22] Tantra developed a whole tradition of sacred sexuality,[23] which led in its merger with Buddhism to a view of sexual love as a path to enlightenment: as Saraha put it, "That blissful delight that consists between lotus and vajra...removes all defilements".[24] More soberly, the Hindu tradition of friendship as the basis for love in marriage can be traced back to the early times of the Vedas.[25] Confucius is sometimes seen as articulating a philosophy (as opposed to religion) of love.[26] +See also +It would be very difficult to explain love to a hypothetical person who had not himself or herself experienced love or being loved. In fact, to such a person love would appear to be quite strange if not outright irrational behavior. Among the prevailing types of theories that attempt to account for the existence of love there are: psychological theories, the vast majority of which consider love to be very healthy behavior; there are evolutionary theories that hold that love is part of the process of natural selection; there are spiritual theories that may, for instance consider love to be a gift from God; there are also theories that consider love to be an unexplainable mystery, very much like a mystical experience. +Thomas Jay Oord, Defining Love (2010) C. S. Lewis, The Allegory of Love (1936) Theodor Reik, Psychology of Sex Relations (1961) Camille Paglia, Sexual Personae (1992) Glen Pettigrove, Forgiveness and Love (Oxford University Press, 2012). Thomas Jay Oord, The Nature of Love (2010) +External links +Love and Reasons (Special issue of Essays in Philosophy) "Philosophy of Love" article in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Singer & Santayana On Love Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on love +Classical roots +Setting aside Empedocles's view of Eros as the force binding the world together,[2] the roots of the classical philosophy of love go back to Plato's Symposium.[3] Plato's Symposium digs deeper into the idea of love and bringing different interpretations and points of view in order to define love.[4] From its riches, we may perhaps single out three main threads that would continue to reverberate through the centuries that followed. +The idea of two loves, one heavenly, one earthly. As Uncle Toby was informed, over two millennia later, "of these loves, according to Ficinus's comment on Valesius, the one is rational - the other is natural - the first...excites to the desire of philosophy and truth - the second, excites to desire, simply".[5] Aristophanes's conception of mankind as the product of the splitting in two of an original whole: Freud would later draw on this myth - "everything about these primaeval men was double: they had four hands and four feet, two faces"[6] - to support his theory of the repetition compulsion. Plato's sublimation theory of love - "mounting upwards...from one to two, and from two to all fair forms, and from fair forms to fair actions, and from fair actions to fair notions, until from fair notions he arrives at the notion of absolute beauty".[7] +Aristotle by contrast placed more emphasis on philia (friendship, affection) than on eros (love);[8] and the dialectic of friendship and love would continue to be played out into and through the Renaissance,[9] with Cicero for the Latins pointing out that "it is love (amor) from which the word 'friendship' (amicitia) is derived"[10] Meanwhile, Lucretius, building on the work of Epicurus, had both praised the role of Venus as "the guiding power of the universe", and criticised those who become "love-sick...life's best years squandered in sloth and debauchery".[11] +Petrarchism +Among his love-sick targets, Catullus, along with others like Héloïse, would find himself summoned in the 12C to a Love's Assize.[12] From the ranks of such figures, and perhaps also under Islamic influences, would emerge the concept of courtly love;[13] and from that Petrarchism would form the rhetorical/philosophical foundations of romantic love for the early modern world.[14] +Philosophy of geography is the subfield of philosophy which deals with epistemological, metaphysical, and axiological issues in geography, with geographic methodology in general, and with more broadly related issues such as the perception and representation of space and place. +Overview +External links +Though methodological issues concerning geographical knowledge have been debated for centuries, Richard Hartshorne (1899–1992) is often credited with its first major systematic treatment in English, The Nature of Geography: A Critical Survey of Current Thought in the Light of the Past, which appeared in 1939, and which prompted several volumes of critical essays in subsequent decades. John Kirtland Wright (1891–1969), an American geographer notable for his cartography and study of the history of geographical thought, coined the related term geosophy in 1947, for this kind of broad study of geographical knowledge. Other books oft-cited as key works in the field include David Harvey's 1969 Explanation in Geography and Henri Lefebvre's 1974 The Production of Space. +Three volumes of an annual peer-reviewed journal, Philosophy and Geography, were published by Rowman & Littlefield Press which later became a bi-annual journal published by Carfax publishers. This journal merged with another journal started by geographers, Ethics, Place, and Environment, in 2005 to become Ethics, Place, and Environment: A journal of philosophy and geography published by Routledge. The journal was edited by Light and Smith up to 2009, and has published work by philosophers, geographers, and others in allied fields, on questions of space, place, and the environment broadly construed. +In 2009 Smith retired from the journal and Benjamin Hale from the University of Colorado came on as the new co-editor. Hale and Light relaunched the journal in January 2011 as Ethics, Policy, and Environment.[1] While the journal has since focused more on the relationship between environmental ethics and policy, it still welcomes submissions on relevant work from geographers. +A book series, also initially published by Rowman & Littlefield, and later by Cambridge Scholars Press, began in 2002 to publish the transactions of the Society for Philosophy and Geography's annual meetings, organized by Gary Backhaus and John Murungi of Towson University.[2] In 2005 the society sponsoring these annual meetings became the International Association for the Study of Environment, Space, and Place, and in 2009 the book series gave way to a peer-reviewed journal, Environment, Space, Place, published semiannually and currently edited by C. Patrick Heidkamp, Troy Paddock, and Christine Petto of Southern Connecticut State University.[3] +See also +The Rabbi's Cat (French: Le Chat du Rabbin) is a 2011 French animated film directed by Joann Sfar and Antoine Delesvaux,[2] based on volumes one, two and five of Sfar's comics series with the same title. It tells the story of a cat, who obtains the ability to speak after swallowing a parrot, and its owner who is a rabbi in 1920s Algeria.[3] The voice cast includes François Morel, Hafsia Herzi, Maurice Bénichou, Fellag, François Damiens and Jean-Pierre Kalfon. +EVOS Esports, formerly known as Zero Latitude,[1] is a professional esports organisation based in Jakarta, Indonesia.[2] It has competitive teams in Arena of Valor, Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, Dota 2, FIFA, Fortnite Battle Royale, League of Legends, Mobile Legends: Bang Bang, PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds, and Point Blank.[3] +Arena of Valor +EVOS Esports entered the competitive Arena of Valor scene in 2017 with its acquisition of an all-Indonesian roster. In August 2018, Hartawan "WyvorZ" Muliadi, Sultandyo "MythR" Raihan, and Hartanto "POKKA" Lius joined the team. EVOS won AOV Star League Season 2 on 16 February 2019, qualifying for the 2019 Arena of Valor World Cup as Indonesia's representative.[5][6] +League of Legends +EVOS Esports' League of Legends team competes in the Vietnam Championship Series (VCS), the highest level of competitive League of Legends in Vietnam.[1] In the VCS 2018 Spring Split, EVOS finished first in the regular season, ending with a 12–2 record.[7] Their placement in the regular season secured EVOS a finals bye in playoffs, where they beat GIGABYTE Marines 3–2,[8] qualifying them for the 2018 Mid-Season Invitational (MSI). +Mnet vote manipulation investigation Native name 엠넷의 서바이벌 프로그램 투표 조작 사건 Date July 19, 2019 (2019-07-19) (ongoing) Location South Korea Arrests Ahn Joon-young Kim Yong-bum Producer Lee Starship Entertainment Executive Kim Shin Hyung-kwan 5 others Convicted Ahn Joon-young Kim Yong-bum Producer Lee Kim Shi-dae Starship Entertainment Executive Kim Lee Ryu Around Us Entertainment employee Kim +Investigation +During the live broadcast of the final episode of Produce X 101 on July 19, 2019, several viewers suspected that Mnet had tampered with the total votes after noticing some of the final rankings were multiples of 7,494. In response to the allegations, Mnet admitted that there were errors in calculation, but also maintained that the final rankings were correct and that there was no intention of changing X1's member line-up.[9] Fourteen representatives from the entertainment agencies of the 20 finalists held a meeting on July 29, 2019, and agreed to support Produce X 101's outcome and X1's debut.[10] On August 1, 2019, 272 viewers filed a lawsuit against Mnet for electoral fraud, as their on-site text voting service charged ₩100 per vote.[11][12] +First police raids and witness allegations +On August 20, 2019, a search warrant was issued on CJ E&M offices and a text voting company by the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency.[13] During their first search, the police uncovered voice recordings of the staff members discussing vote manipulation on the previous seasons of the show, resulting in them extending their investigation to all four seasons of the Produce 101 series,[13] Idol School,[13][14] Show Me the Money, and Superstar K.[15] +Produce X 101 +On October 1, 2019, the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency confirmed that votes from eliminated trainees were added to the total votes of the members who debuted in X1, a process that affected 2-3 trainees who were originally in the top 11.[16] The police issued a search and seizure warrant on the offices of Starship Entertainment, Woollim Entertainment, and MBK Entertainment.[17][18][19] The police also investigated several agencies involved in Produce 48.[20] Reportedly, per contract signed with CJ E&M, the entertainment agencies were paid ₩100,000 for every episode their talent appeared in. An anonymous trainee alleged only ₩1 million was given to their talent agencies for participating in a song, while each participant would only get a small percentage, and CJ E&M would keep additional profits if the song performed well. Some entertainment agencies who disagreed would request their talents to be eliminated at the last minute to withdraw them.[21] +On October 15, 2019, MBC broadcast a feature on the vote rigging controversy on PD Note.[22] Participants of Produce X 101 and Idol School and agency officials alleged anonymously that the production teams were biased towards trainees they preferred, such as forcing song producers to give certain trainees more lines and providing them with more screen time; one of them alleged that a contestant had his screen time completely removed after raising a complaint against a staff member, who had yelled at him to wake up.[22][23] An anonymous trainee alleged that one trainee, under pressure from Starship Entertainment,[24] was secretly informed about a mission in advance by one of the choreographers.[23] He also alleged that some trainees knew the final rankings before the results were announced, and that a trainee from Woollim Entertainment was told by a representative that only one person from their company would debut in X1.[25] +Two trainees alleged that the center position for the theme song, "X1-MA", was originally assigned to a different contestant chosen by trainee vote before the producers changed it to audience vote at the last minute.[1][26][27] A fourth trainee claimed that many participants felt the show was biased towards trainees from Starship Entertainment.[4][5] Staff members anonymously alleged that, for the final ranking results, only one off-site producer had counted the votes in a separate room and sent them the results via text message.[27] +Idol School +The Mnet vote manipulation investigation is a 2019 South Korean entertainment scandal involving electoral fraud in several reality competition series produced and broadcast by the television channel Mnet. The incident primarily involves the Produce 101 series and Idol School, which were intended to create K-pop groups with members selected by audience vote. +On October 3, 2019, a trainee of Idol School alleged anonymously that only three to four of the 4,000 applicants had auditioned to appear on the show, indicating that the majority of the contestants did not have to go through an audition process to compete.[28] In an interview with MBC, a trainee alleged that, throughout their six-month training period, the contestants were only given clothes appropriate for the summer and had to wear them in cold weather. In addition to that, they were cut off from outside communication, were only allowed to buy daily necessities once a month, and were not given enough food to eat.[29] +During the October 15 broadcast of PD Note, several trainees anonymously claimed that their living quarters had poor ventilation and some girls developed rashes from dust. The trainees also claimed that they were so malnourished that some of them did not menstruate or had periods lasting for two months.[1] +Bribery investigation, arrests, and indictments +On October 16, 2019, the police began investigating whether the producers had accepted money for manipulating the votes.[30] On November 5, 2019, after approval from the Seoul National District Court, the police issued arrest warrants and travel bans for director Ahn Joon-young, chief producer Kim Yong-bum, a producer with the surname Lee, and Starship Entertainment's vice president Kim Kang-hyo,[31] after they had attempted to destroy evidence.[32] By evening, Ahn and Kim Yong-bum were arrested.[33][34] During questioning, Ahn initially admitted to having manipulated the rankings for Produce 48 and Produce X 101 only,[35] but he later also admitted to partially manipulating the rankings for the first two seasons as well.[36] +On November 7, 2019, the police revealed that the final rankings of the top 20 trainees during Produce 48 and Produce X 101 had already been predetermined by the producers before the final performances were recorded and broadcast.[37] A total of 10 people, including the previously reported four individuals, were arrested on November 12, 2019.[38] One of the other six people arrested was Shin Hyung-kwan, the vice president of CJ ENM.[39] +On December 3, 2019, Ahn, Kim Yong-bum, and Lee were indicted for obstruction of business and fraud; executives Kim Shi-dae and Kim (first name not revealed) from Starship Entertainment,[40] former Woollim Entertainment employee Lee, former 8D Creative employee Ryu, and Around Us Entertainment employee Kim[41] were indicted for bribery and violating the Improper Solicitation and Graft Act.[42][43][5] The indictment revealed that Ahn and Kim Yong-bum had met with one other professional two days before the live finale of Produce X 101 to determine the final 11 members of X1 based on pre-finale online votes and had wanted to exclude contestants they did not prefer, particularly those who had already debuted in other groups.[45] Ahn and Kim Yong-bum held a similar meeting in August 2018 before the live finale of Produce 48 to choose Iz*One's final 12 members.[45] Ahn swapped rankings for one trainee who was supposed to debut in Wanna One.[45] A later report mentioned that the indictment also revealed rankings for one trainee who was supposed to debut in I.O.I were swapped.[46][47] +In addition to this, Ahn had also swapped rankings for other contestants in the earlier evaluations. One trainee from Produce X 101 had originally passed the first elimination had been swapped for another, while the same method was used for the third elimination.[1] He also swapped rankings for two trainees from Produce 101 and one trainee from Produce 101 Season 2, all of whom had originally passed the first elimination.[45] Ahn and Kim Yong-bum stated in the indictment that they had predetermined the line-up for Iz*One and X1 because they were pressured by Wanna One's success.[48][49] +CJ ENM had earned ₩124.65 million from the paid text messaging votes from Produce 48 and Produce X 101.[1] Police previously found that Ahn had used services from adult entertainment establishments in Gangnam. This was paid for 40 times by various talent agencies, beginning from the second half of 2018, the cost of which estimated to ₩100 million.[2] The indictment, however, clarified that, from January 2018 to July 2019, Ahn received services 47 times, estimating ₩46.83 million, that were paid for by the five talent agency representatives in exchange for giving their trainees favorable screentime.[45][44] In response to this report, 8D Creative stated that Ryu was no longer working for their agency and was being indicted for bribery on Produce X 101 through his own agency, Enfant Terrible.[50] Around Us Entertainment stated that their employee Kim purchased alcohol for Ahn but they were not involved in bribery.[5] +On February 14, 2020, the Seoul Metropolitan Police issued arrest warrants for two people who were on the production staff of Idol School.[51] +Trial +In July 2019, during the final episode of the Produce 101 series' fourth season, Produce X 101, several viewers suspected that the total votes were manipulated after noticing numerical patterns. On August 1, 2019, 272 viewers filed a lawsuit against Mnet, as their on-site text voting service charged ₩100 per vote, prompting an investigation led by the Seoul Metropolitan Police. +The first trial was held on December 20, 2019. During the trial, the defendants admitted to the charges while also requesting a closed trial to avoid disclosing the names of the trainees whose rankings were changed.[52][53][54] +Ahn and Kim, through their legal team, maintained that while they manipulated the rankings, their actions were not illegal. Han Dong-chul, the chief producer of the first season of Produce 101, and a staff member with the surname Park appeared at the hearing as witnesses; both had been suspected of manipulating the rankings for the first season of the show. The prosecution requested Lee Hae-in and another Produce 101 season 1 contestant as witnesses, but Lee's summoning was delayed and her lawyer stated that she would appear at the next hearing. +On February 7, 2020, all eight defendants were present. Ahn and Kim's lawyer stated that the votes were rigged in favor of the trainees from the first two seasons wanting to leave the program. In addition, Ahn claimed that while he violated the Improper Solicitation and Graft Act, he only drank with entertainment agency representatives without accepting bribes, a statement that was supported by the other defendants. +On November 18, 2020, the trial of appeals for the case of Produce 101 series was held, the court revealed the list of contestants who were eliminated due to manipulation.[59][60][61] +Sentencing +Final arguments were heard on 12 May 2020 with the prosecution requesting prison sentences of three years each for producing director (PD) Ahn Joon-young and chief producer (CP) Kim Yong-bum; two years for assistant PD Lee Mi-kyung; and one year for each of the five agency representatives charged with collusion.[62] +The sentencing hearing took place on 29 May at Seoul District Court; all eight defendants heard guilty verdicts. PD Ahn Joon-young was fined ₩37 million and sentenced to two years; CP Kim Yong-beom was sentenced to 20 months; and assistant PD Lee Mi-kyung was fined ₩10 million. Agency representatives identified only as "Kim", "Lee", and "Ryu" were fined ₩7 million apiece, while two additional representatives both identified as "Kim" were each fined ₩5 million.[63][64] +Reactions +Mnet's response +Mnet issued an apology after the vote investigation allegations first broke in July 2019.[1] Despite the backlash, in the midst of investigation, Mnet announced on October 21, 2019 that they were launching another reality competition series, Teen Singer, in 2020.[65] On November 5, 2019, Mnet issued a statement mentioning that they were cooperating with the police after arrest warrants were issued.[66] Following Ahn Joon-young and Kim Yong-bum's arrests, Mnet stated that their current and future reality programs, such as Queendom and Teen Singer, will be implementing an "observer system", where ordinary people and third parties will be overseeing the votes. In addition, their current program, World Klass, is implementing a system where winners will be selected through evaluations from industry experts and V Live votes, while removing paid text message voting.[67][68] On November 18, 2019, Mnet announced they were withdrawing all four seasons of the Produce 101 series from video on demand services.[69] +Ahn Joon-young and Kim Yong-bum, producers for the Produce 101 series, were arrested on November 5, 2019. Ahn later admitted to manipulating the rankings to all four seasons of the Produce 101 series. On December 3, 2019, Ahn, Kim, and six other entertainment agency representatives were indicted for charges including obstruction of business, fraud, and bribery. +On December 3, 2019, Mnet issued another apology regarding the results of the investigation and announced that they will soon disclose future plans for Iz*One and X1.[70] On December 18, 2019, Kang Ji-hoon, the contents operation manager at Mnet, announced that Mnet will no longer be producing audition programs and were discussing how to compensate trainees who were unfairly eliminated.[71][72] +Impact on music acts +After the lawsuit was filed in August 2019, several brands cancelled their endorsement deals with X1 or put them on hold.[73] The agencies of several of the members refused to sign contracts with CJ ENM until the allegations were cleared up.[74] In spite of this, X1's debut proceeded as planned.[75] After their appearance at the 2019 V Live Awards V Heartbeat was cancelled, Mnet announced that there were currently no plans for the group to promote.[76] +Iz*One's first studio album, Bloom*Iz, was originally scheduled for release on November 11, 2019 with the lead single "Fiesta". Both the album and song were postponed after Ahn Joon-young's questioning on November 6.[77] In addition, Iz*One's showcases, promotions, and several guest appearances were cancelled or put on hold,[77][78][79][80][81][82] as well as their concert film, Eyes on Me: The Movie.[83] On November 28, 2019, Iz*One's Japanese promotions were also suspended,[84] including Sakura Miyawaki and Hitomi Honda's individual radio shows.[85][86] On December 4, 2019, Iz*One's official Japanese fan club suspended activity, closing registrations for new members and refunding current members.[87] +On December 30, 2019, Mnet and CJ ENM announced that both Iz*One and X1 will begin discussing future plans for the groups, and that the eliminated trainees will be fairly compensated.[88] Both Iz*One and X1 were dropped from the nominations for the 34th Golden Disc Awards.[89] On January 6, 2020, X1 disbanded after the members' agencies failed to reach an agreement on the group's future,[90] while the agencies of Iz*One's members agreed to continue promoting.[91] +Public response +Following initial accusations in July 2019, politician Ha Tae-keung (Bareunmirae member at the time, now with People Power Party) condemned Mnet, stating that some of the numbers had a low probability of naturally occurring.[1][92] On October 17, 2019, Korea Communications Standards Commission revealed that they may fine Mnet up to ₩30 million for violating the Enforcement Decree of the Broadcasting Act.[93] +The production committee for Produce 101 Japan, the 2019 Japanese spin-off of the original Produce 101 franchise, stated on their official website that they are not affiliated with the Korean production team and have a separate voting system, with votes analyzed by a group of third-party lawyers.[94] +After Ahn Joon-young admitted the first two seasons of the show was rigged, an image that Mnet had posted on their official Facebook account coinciding with the finale of Produce 101 Season 2 went viral.[95] The image had originally included Kang Dong-ho, Samuel Kim, and Kim Jong-hyun as the winners of the show instead of Yoon Ji-sung, Kim Jae-hwan and Ha Sung-woon, but Mnet had stated it was a mistake and deleted it shortly after posting it.[95] +Responses from contestants +The investigation has affected promotions for the groups produced by Mnet's franchises, such as Iz*One and X1, as well as public perception of Mnet's ongoing competition reality series. +In October 2019, the father of Lee Hae-in, a contestant on the first season of Produce 101 and Idol School, alleged through her fan site that CJ ENM suggested during her audition that she sign with their subsidiary agency to ensure that she would be able to debut after elimination, and she had done so out of fear of not being accepted into Idol School . However, after being eliminated, CJ ENM did not follow up and she was unable to sign contracts with other agencies, before finally signing up with The Groove Company in 2020. In response, CJ ENM issued an apology.[96][97] Following the news, Lee revealed on Instagram and on the October 15 broadcast of PD Note the poor conditions she and other contestants worked under.[3] +After Ahn Joon-young and Kim Yong-bum's arrests, Shiori Niwa, another contestant of the first season, posted and later deleted tweets alleging that some of the trainees already knew the lyrics and choreography to "Pick Me" by the time she heard it.[98] Jung Dong-soo, a contestant of Produce 101 Season 2, called for the culprits to be punished and later stated that, while he had suspected the ranks were manipulated, he was "shocked" and "angry".[99] At the same time, both voiced support for all trainees in the show.[98][99] Lee Dae-hwi and Park Hee-seok, who were also contestants on Produce 101 Season 2, voiced their support for Iz*One and X1.[100][101] +References +November 7, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2019. ↑ Kim, So-yeon (October 19, 2017). +The Korea Herald. Retrieved November 8, 2019. ↑ Herman, Tamar (July 5, 2019). +Billboard. Retrieved November 8, 2019. ↑ "BoA to host 'Produce 101' season 2". +February 23, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2019. ↑ Woo, Jae-yeon (November 13, 2017). +Yonhap News. Retrieved November 8, 2019. ↑ St. Michel, Patrick (April 18, 2019). +The Japan Times. +Retrieved November 8, 2019. ↑ Herman, Tamar (August 27, 2019). +"'Produce X 101' K-Pop Group X1 Makes Their Debut With 'Flash': Watch". +Billboard. +Retrieved November 8, 2019. ↑ Lee, Gyu-lee (May 24, 2019). +"Fromis_9 unveils teaser photos for latest release". The Korea Times. +Retrieved November 8, 2019. +Online. Retrieved September 7, 2019. ↑ "'프듀X' 파이널 20人 기획사 긴급 회동…엑스원 데뷔 지지 "순리대로"". +Star Daily (in Korean). +July 29, 2019. Retrieved October 1, 2019. ↑ Haddad, Hanan (July 31, 2019). +Online. Retrieved September 7, 2019. +The Korea Herald. Retrieved September 7, 2019. +Online. Retrieved September 7, 2019. ↑ "Mnet「アイドル学校」も警察が本格的な捜査開始へ…相次ぐ疑惑". +TV Report (in Japanese). +September 6, 2019. Retrieved October 1, 2019. ↑ "[단독] '쇼미더머니'·'슈스케'도 수사 대상되나…경찰 자료 확보". +NewsOne (in Korean). +September 2, 2019. Retrieved November 6, 2019. ↑ "[단독] 경찰, '프듀X' 투표 조작 확인…합격자 바뀌었다". +Naver (in Korean). +October 1, 2019. Retrieved October 1, 2019. ↑ "스타쉽 측 "'프듀' 의혹 관련 협력사 일괄 경찰조사, 성실하게 임할 예정"(공식)". +Newsen (in Korean). +October 1, 2019. Retrieved October 1, 2019. ↑ "경찰, 1일 '스타쉽' 압수수색…"프듀X, 조작의혹 조사"". +Dispatch (in Korean). +October 1, 2019. Retrieved October 1, 2019. ↑ "[단독] 경찰, 엑스원 멤버 소속사 압수수색…'프듀X' 조작의혹 수사 가속도". +Sports Chosun (in Korean). +October 1, 2019. Retrieved October 1, 2019. ↑ "[단독]경찰, '프로듀스48' 소속사도 압수수색했다…조작 파문 일파만파". +SpoTV News (in Korean). +October 1, 2019. Retrieved October 1, 2019. ↑ "[단독] '거대 제작사' CJ 앞에서 '절절'…"사실상 노예계약"". +Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (in Korean). +October 4, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019. +MK Sports (in Korean). +October 15, 2019. Retrieved October 15, 2019. +Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (in Korean). +October 3, 2019. Retrieved October 3, 2019. +Busan Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved October 15, 2019. +Sports Chosun (in Korean). +October 15, 2019. Retrieved October 15, 2019. ↑ Park, Gwi-im (October 15, 2019). ""센터 급 변경, 이용당한 것" 'PD수첩'이 파헤친 Mnet 오디션 조작 논란 [콕TV]". +TV Report (in Korean). Retrieved October 15, 2019. +Hankook Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved October 15, 2019. ↑ "오디션 안 봐도 '본선 직행'…출연자 정해져 있었나". +Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (in Korean). +October 3, 2019. Retrieved October 3, 2019. ↑ "[단독] '거대 제작사' CJ 앞에서 '절절'…"사실상 노예계약"". +Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (in Korean). +October 4, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019. ↑ "경찰, '프듀X' PD 및 기획사 관계자 소환조사…"조작 대가성 여부 수사"[종합]". +SpoTV News (in Korean). +October 16, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2019. ↑ "'프듀X' 안준영PD ·김용범CP 구속..접대·증거인멸 의혹도 [종합]". +Star News (in Korean). +November 5, 2019. Retrieved November 5, 2019. ↑ "[종합] SBS 8뉴스 "'프로듀스X101' 안준영 PD 유흥업소 접대…증거 인멸 시도도"". +Donga (in Korean). +November 5, 2019. Retrieved November 6, 2019. ↑ "득표조작 의혹 '프듀X' 관계자들 오늘 영장심사". +NewsOne (in Korean). +November 5, 2019. Retrieved November 5, 2019. ↑ Ock, Hyung-ju (November 6, 2019). +The Korea Herald. Retrieved November 12, 2019. +SBS News (in Korean). +November 6, 2019. Retrieved November 6, 2019. ↑ "'I.O.I·워너원도..' 경찰 '프로듀스101' 전시즌 조작 정황 포착". eDaily (in Korean). +November 14, 2019. Retrieved November 14, 2019. ↑ "시청자 투표와 무관한 'PD 픽'… 노래 부르기전 1~20위 정해져". +Sports Donga (in Korean). +November 8, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2019. ↑ Ock, Hyung-ju (November 12, 2019). +The Korea Herald. Retrieved November 12, 2019. ↑ "[단독] 오디션의 '대부'…CJ ENM 신형관 부사장 압수수색". +MBC (in Korean). +November 12, 2019. Retrieved November 12, 2019. ↑ "스타쉽엔터테인먼트, 울림엔터테인먼트, 에잇디크리에이티브 "안준영PD에 향응 제공" 지목". +SE Daily (in Korean). +December 5, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2019. +Yonhap News (in Korean). +December 6, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019. ↑ "검찰, '프로듀스 101' 시즌 1→4 모두 순위 조작 결론…안준영 PD 등 8명 기소". +Sports MK (in Korean). +December 3, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019. ↑ Lee, Ha-kyung Kate (December 4, 2019). +ABC News. Retrieved December 4, 2019. +Yonhap News (in Korean). +December 5, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2019. +Hankook Ilbo (in Korean). +December 5, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2019. ↑ "[단독] 엠넷, '프로듀스101' 시즌1 'IOI' 데뷔조도 조작했다". +Media Today (in Korean). +December 13, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019. ↑ "檢, '프로듀스 101 시즌1' 조작? 엠넷 측 "한 모 CP 관련 입장 없어" [공식]". +Sports Donga (in Korean). +December 13, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019. ↑ "프로듀스 PD 45명 중 24명 '순위 조작'… "워너원 큰 성공에 부담 컸다"". +MoneyS (in Korean). +December 7, 2019. Retrieved December 7, 2019. ↑ ""워너원 큰 성공, 후속부담 컸다"…프로듀스 PD의 변명". +Nate (in Korean). +December 7, 2019. Retrieved December 7, 2019. ↑ "[공식입장] 에잇디 측 "프로듀스101 제작진 접대와 관련, 관계 없다"". +SE Daily (in Korean). +December 5, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2019. ↑ "[공식입장] 엠넷 "'아이돌학교' 제작진 구속영장신청…수사 적극 협조"". NewsOne (in Korean). +February 14, 2020. +Retrieved February 14, 2020. ↑ "안준영 측 변호인 "비공개 재판 원해, 2차 피해 막기 위해"[MK★현장]". +MK Sports (in Korean). +December 20, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019. ↑ ""혐의 인정, 연습생 피해최소화"…'프듀' 안준영·김용범, 공판 불출석(종합)[MK★현장]". +MK Sports (in Korean). +December 20, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019. ↑ "'프듀' 안준영-김용범 측 "공소 사실 대체로 인정"…재판 비공개 요청 [종합]". +TV Report (in Korean). +December 20, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019. ↑ "'프듀' 제작진 "투표 조작 고의 없었다" 주장…한동철 PD 증인 채택 [종합]". +Xport News (in Korean). +January 14, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2020. ↑ "[종합] 안준영PD '프듀' 조작 무죄 주장, 法 "납득NO, 한동철PD 증인채택"". +Sports Donga (in Korean). +January 14, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2020. ↑ "'프듀101' 안준영 ″하차 원해 순위 조작…사욕·부정청탁 아냐″". 매일방송 (in Korean). February 7, 2020. +Retrieved February 8, 2020. ↑ "'프듀' 안준영·김용범 1차 공판.."조작·청탁 NO..자진하차 순위 조정"[종합]". 스타뉴스 (in Korean). February 7, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2020. ↑ "Mnet 측 "조작 피해보상 일부 협의 완료, 일부 진행 중"(공식입장 전문)". entertain.naver.com (in Korean). +Retrieved November 18, 2020. ↑ "'프듀 순위 조작' 안준영 PD, 2심도 실형…"보상 위해 연습생 명단 공개"". news.naver.com (in Korean). Retrieved November 18, 2020. ↑ "'프듀 투표조작' 2심도 실형…"강동호·이가은 등 피해봐"(종합)". news.naver.com (in Korean). Retrieved November 18, 2020. ↑ "'프듀 순위조작' 안준영·김용범 3년 구형…"시청자 들러리로"(종합)". +May 12, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2020. ↑ "[HI★현장] '프듀 조작 혐의' 안준영 징역 2년·김용범 징역 1년 8개월 선고". +May 29, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2020. ↑ "Producers of Mnet's 'Produce' series sentenced to prison for vote-rigging". +May 29, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2020. ↑ "엠넷 측 "새 서바이벌 '십대 가수', 내년 상반기 방송 목표 기획 중" [공식]". +Hankook Ilbo (in Korean). +October 21, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2019. ↑ "엠넷 "'프로듀스X101' 물의 일으켜 사과…경찰 수사에 적극 협조" [전문]". +TV Report (in Korean). +November 5, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2019. ↑ "엠넷 "오디션 프로 '참관인 제도' 도입"…공정성↑". +MT (in Korean). +November 7, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2019. ↑ "엠넷 "'프듀' 물의 죄송..오디션 프로 이미 '참관인 제도' 도입"[★NEWSing]". +Star News (in Korean). +November 7, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2019. ↑ "Mnet "'프로듀스' 시리즈 전체 서비스 중단 진행" [공식입장]". +TV Report (in Korean). +November 18, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2019. ↑ "엠넷 측 "아이즈원x엑스원, 잘못 없는 멤버들..향후 계획 발표할 것" (전문)[공식]". +Osen (in Korean). +December 3, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019. ↑ "CJ ENM, `프듀` 사태 의견진술 1시간 내내 `모르쇠`…방심위, 끝내 제재수위 보류[MK현장]". +MK (in Korean). +December 18, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019. ↑ "[POP이슈]"오디션 프로 제작 지양"..Mnet, '프듀' 조작 논란에 방심위 의견 진술". +Pop Herald (in Korean). +December 18, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019. ↑ Haddad, Hanan (August 22, 2019). +Online. Retrieved September 7, 2019. ↑ "[단독]엑스원, 앨범 57만장 팔고도 아직 '정산금 0원' 속앓이". +Sport Seoul (in Korean). +November 11, 2019. Retrieved November 21, 2019. ↑ Haddad, Hanan (August 5, 2019). +Online. Retrieved September 7, 2019. ↑ "Mnet "엑스원 'V하트비트' 출연 취소, 추가 활동 일정 無" [전문]". +Xport News (in Korean). +November 15, 2019. Retrieved November 20, 2019. +November 7, 2019. Retrieved November 7, 2019. ↑ "tvN "'놀토' 9일 결방, 하이라이트 방송"..아이즈원 논란에 休(공식)". +Star News (in Korean). +November 7, 2019. Retrieved November 7, 2019. ↑ "[공식입장]MBC 측 "'마리텔2' 아이즈원, 안유진 포함 출연분 통편집 확정"(종합)". +Sports Chosun (in Korean). +November 7, 2019. Retrieved November 7, 2019. ↑ "아이즈원, 컴백쇼도 결국 취소…엠넷 재팬 발표 "대단히 죄송" 사과 [공식]". +My Daily (in Korean). +November 7, 2019. Retrieved November 7, 2019. ↑ "[공식입장]JTBC "아이즈원, '아이돌룸' 녹화 이미 완료…방송 여부 미정"". +Sports Chosun (in Korean). +November 7, 2019. Retrieved November 7, 2019. ↑ "아이즈원, 11일 컴백 쇼케이스 결국 취소(공식)". +Star News (in Korean). +November 7, 2019. Retrieved November 7, 2019. ↑ "ＩＺ＊ＯＮＥコンサートフィルム中止、関係者が逮捕". +Nikkan Sports (in Japanese). +November 8, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2019. ↑ "IZ*ONE、日本での各種イベントが延期に". +Oricon (in Japanese). +November 28, 2019. Retrieved November 28, 2019. ↑ "IZ*ONE、日本での各種イベントが延期に". +Oricon (in Japanese). +November 28, 2019. Retrieved November 28, 2019. ↑ "아이즈원 혼다 히토미, 사쿠라 이어 日 라디오 중단". +Xport News (in Korean). +November 29, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019. ↑ "IZ*ONE、ファンクラブサイト更新&新規受付を一時休止 投票不正操作疑惑の余波". Oricon (in Japanese). +December 4, 2019. +Retrieved December 5, 2019. ↑ {{Cite web|title=mneturl= https://metro.co.uk/2019/12/06/nuests-jr-dropped-wanna-one-line-x1-izone-members-pre-decided-produce-101-11280783/ ↑ "[34회 골든] 방탄소년단, 첫 디지털 음원 대상..심사위원 최다 득표". Is Plus (in Korean). January 4, 2020. +Retrieved January 6, 2020. ↑ "엑스원 해체 결정, 각 소속사 전원 합의 되지 않아[공식]". +Sports Seoul (in Korean). January 6, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2020. ↑ "[단독] 아이즈원, 이르면 1월 내 활동 재개…이미 합의 완료". +SpoTV News (in Korean). +January 6, 2020. Retrieved January 7, 2020. ↑ Lee, Han-na (July 29, 2019). "Police investigate Produce X 101 vote counting controversy". +The Korea Times. +Retrieved September 12, 2019. ↑ Kim, Joo-hyung (October 17, 2019). "방심위 "'프듀X' 조작, 엠넷에 최대 3천만원 과징금 가능"". +Yonhap News (in Korean). Retrieved October 17, 2019. ↑ "『PRODUCE 101』日本版に「不正はございません」 韓国での疑惑受け運営が声明". Oricon (in Japanese). +November 15, 2019. Retrieved November 15, 2019. 1 2 "「プロデュース101」シーズン2の操作疑惑うけ…NU'EST ベクホ＆JR＆Samuelに再び関心集まる". +Oricon (in Japanese). December 6, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019. ↑ "이해인 누구? #프듀 #아이비아이 #아이돌학교[스타이슈]". +Star Daily (in Korean). +October 4, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019. ↑ "'프듀' 이어 '아이돌학교' 조작시비 점입가경". Newsis (in Korean). +October 4, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019. 1 2 "니와 시오리 "'픽미', 이미 알고있던 연습생 있었다"…'프듀'시즌1 폭로". +SpoTV News (in Korean). +November 8, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2019. 1 2 "[단독 인터뷰] '프듀' 연습생 정동수 "순위 조작 심증 있었지만…"". +SBS Fun E (in Korean). +November 15, 2019. Retrieved November 15, 2019. ↑ "'몽글스' 이대휘 "'프듀' 조작 논란 마음 아파, 안타까울 따름"". Sports Donga (in Korean). +November 8, 2019. +Retrieved November 8, 2019. ↑ "'프듀2' 박희석, 조작 논란 심경 "제작진 나쁜 사람 소리 들을까 봐 걱정" [전문]". SpoTV News (in Korean). November 8, 2019. +Retrieved November 8, 2019. +Background +Iz*One (left) and Fromis 9 (right) +In 2009, South Korean cable television channel Mnet produced their first reality competition series, Superstar K, which immediately became popular, creating a boom of audition program franchises.[1][2][3] In 2016, they launched Produce 101, aiming to create a short-term K-pop project group of 101 contestants with all 11 members selected by audience vote. The group formed from that show, I.O.I, was successful throughout their one-year contract, and due to their popularity, Mnet subsequently continued the series, creating its own franchise.[4] The next two seasons, Produce 101 Season 2 and Produce 48 (a collaboration with the AKB48 Group), formed Wanna One and Iz*One respectively, with both groups finding individual success in the music market.[5][6] The fourth season, Produce X 101, which was broadcast in 2019, created the group X1.[7] In addition to the Produce 101 series, Mnet launched Idol School in 2017 with a similar premise, which created the girl group Fromis 9.[8] +Titus Lucretius Carus (/ˈtaɪtəs luːˈkriːʃəs/ TY-təs loo-KREE-shəs, Classical Latin: [ˈtɪtʊs lʊˈkreːtɪ.ʊs]; c. 99 BC – c. 55 BC) was a Roman poet and philosopher. +His only known work is the philosophical poem De rerum natura, a didactic work about the tenets and philosophy of Epicureanism, and which is usually translated into English as On the Nature of Things. Lucretius has been credited with originating the concept of the three-age system which was formalised in 1836 by C. J. Thomsen. +Parliamentary elections were held in Vietnam on 22 May 2016. +The members of the National Assembly, which would subsequently appoint the Prime Minister, and deputies of People's Councils at all levels were to be elected. [1] +Alliance Party Votes % Candidates Elected +/- Vietnamese Fatherland Front Communist Party 762 473 +19 Non-party members 97 19 -23 Independents 11 2 -2 Invalid/blank votes – – – – Total 67,049,091 100 870 494 -6 Registered voters/turnout 67,485,482 99.35 – – – Source: IPU +References +A total of 870 candidates were approved to run for election,[3] including 97 independents and 11 self-nominees.[4] +Results +Progress Singapore Party (Chinese: 新加坡前进党, Malay: Parti Kemajuan Singapura, Tamil: சிங்கப்பூர் முன்னேற்றக் கட்சி, abbreviation: PSP) is a political party in Singapore, founded by former Member of Parliament Tan Cheng Bock and 11 members in 2019.[1] +History & Political developments +References +External links +The party was officially registered on 28 March 2019 after receiving approval from Singapore's Registry of Societies. +The initial formation included 12 Singaporeans whom some of them are former People's Action Party's cadres. [2] Party's founder Tan Cheng Bock explained that the forming of his political party was a result of the erosion of good governance in terms of transparency, independence and accountability.[3][4] The party also cited job creation and ensuring accountability from the People's Action Party (a party which Tan was formerly affiliated to) as their main focus.[5] +The South Seas Communist Party (abbreviated SSCP), also called the Nanyang Communist Party (Chinese: 南洋共产党), was a communist party in Southeast Asia established in 1925 when the Communist Party of China separated its exile branches in the region to make way for local communist parties. +SSCP succeeded earlier efforts by the Indonesian communist Tan Malaka to build communist parties in the region. +The SSCP was headquartered in Singapore. +In 1930 SSCP was disbanded, and national communist parties were formed such as Communist Party of Indochina (led by Ho Chi Minh), Malayan Communist Party and Communist Party of Siam. +References +The Peoples Voice (PV) is a political party in Singapore and is led by former National Solidarity Party (NSP) secretary-general Lim Tean.[1] Lim was a Tampines Group Representation Constituency candidate in the 2015 general election under the NSP.[2] However, he resigned from NSP on 22 May 2017.[3] +Ideology and Objectives +The PV slogan is "Putting People First". It is committed to make Singapore a nation for the many, not just a few. The core principles of PV are equality, justice for all, direct democracy, fairness and expansion of opportunity. +References +Alan Peter Schramm Cayetano (born October 28, 1970) is a Filipino[2] politician and diplomat who currently serves as Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines. +He has also served as the Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines from 2017 to 2018. +From 2007 to 2017, he served as a Senator of the Philippines; his father, Rene Cayetano, and older sister, Pia Cayetano, were also former senators. +Cayetano was the chairman of the organizing committee for the 2019 Southeast Asian Games, set to take place in the Philippines and the chairman of the Larong Volleyball sa Pilipinas, Inc. +References +External links +"Song of General Kim Jong-un" (Korean: 김정은장군의노래) is a North Korean propaganda hymn released in 2015.[1] It is dedicated to the country's leader Kim Jong-un. +Like other North Korean leader songs, the lyrics are divided into three sections, but unlike Kim Jong-un's succession song "Footsteps", the song directly praises Kim Jong-un.[2] +References +Mozammel Hossain (1 August 1940 – 10 January 2020) was a Bangladesh Awami League politician and a member of Parliament from Bagerhat-1 and Bagerhat-4.[1] +Hossain was appointed as thr state minister of the Ministry of Social Welfare and Ministry of Women and Children Affairs in 1996.[8] He was the chairperson of the Parliamentary Standing Committee of Ministry of Social Welfare.[9] +On 10 January 2020, Hossain died from kidney disease at age 79.[1][10][11] +References +Fumio Abe (阿部 文男, Abe Fumio, 23 June 1922 – 6 December 2006) was a Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) politician who served as state minister for Hokkaido and Okinawa development agencies. +Career +Abe was first elected to the lower house in 1969.[1] He was state minister for Okinawa and Hokkaido development agencies in 1989 in the cabinet of Toshiki Kaifu.[1][2] Abe served as secretary general and treasurer of Kiichi Miyazawa's faction in the LDP until December 1991.[3] Abe resigned from his post after newspaper reports of the alleged bribes.[4] Abe retired from politics in 1993.[1] +Abe died of heart failure in Hakodate, Hokkaido, on 6 December 2006. +He was 84.[1] +References +External links +The Ui LRT, referred to as the Ui-Sinseol LRT in Korean, is a light metro which is part of Seoul Metropolitan Railway. It is a fully underground[1] 11.4 km (7.1 mi) Light Rapid Transit line from Ui-dong to Sinseol-dong in northern Seoul which opened on September 2, 2017.[3] The line, which is expected to carry 110,000 passengers a day, has 13 stations. +It connects to Line 4 at Sungshin Women's University, Line 6 at Bomun and Lines 1 & 2 at Sinseol-dong.[4] The last (northernmost) station is in Ui-dong, hence the name of the line. +The line uses a dedicated fleet of 18 trains built by Rotem, a member of Hyundai Motor Group. Each train consists of 2-car trains and runs unmanned, similar to the trains used on Vancouver's Canada Line.[1][2][5] +in train route map on all Ui LRT trains +References +References +Haitham bin Tariq Al Said (Arabic: هيثم بن طارق آل سعيد‎; born 13 October 1954)[3] is the Sultan of Oman, having succeeded his cousin Qaboos bin Said on 11 January 2020.[4] He previously served as Minister of Heritage and Culture in the Sultanate of Oman.[5][6] +Biography +Haitham bin Tariq is a member of the Al Said Omani royal family and a 1979 graduate of the Oxford University Foreign Service Programme (FSP).[7] Haitham's father was Tariq bin Taimur, son of Taimur bin Feisal (sultan 1913–1932). +His brother Asa'ad bin Tariq bin Taimur al Said is the Deputy Prime Minister. +Roles +He was the first head of the Oman Football Association in the early 1980s and is described as a sports enthusiast.[8] He served as the Undersecretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for Political Affairs from 1986 to 1994, and later appointed as the Secretary General for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1994–2002).[9][10] He was later appointed as the Minister of Heritage and Culture in the mid 1990s.[4] He usually represented Oman abroad.[11] +He is also Chairman of the committee for the future vision of "Oman 2040″ along with being honorary president of the Oman Association for the Disabled and honorary president of the "Omani-Japanese Friendship Association."[12] +Choe Yong-gon (Korean: 최영건; (11 December 1951 – May 2015) was one of the vice-premiers of North Korea and deputy minister of construction and building material industries. +He appears to have disappeared from public life after December 2014.[2] In August 2015, South Korea's Yonhap News Agency reported that, according to a "source who demanded anonymity",[3] he is believed to have been executed in May 2015[4] after opposing the policies of North Korea's leader Kim Jong-un on forestry.[5] He was 63.[5] +References +The Mansudae Assembly Hall is the seat of the Supreme People's Assembly, the unicameral legislature of North Korea.[2][3] It is located in the North Korean capital of Pyongyang and sits adjacent to the Korean Revolution Museum. +Facilities include a main meeting hall covering an area of 4,300 square metres (46,000 sq ft) with 2,000 seats for parliament members as well as a simultaneous interpretation system in the hall which has the capacity of translating ten foreign languages at a time.[1] +References +External links +Pak Ui-Chun (Korean pronunciation: [pa.ɡi.tsʰun] or [pak̚] [ɰi.tsʰun]; born 1932)[3] is a North Korean diplomat and politician. +He was the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and was replaced by Ri Su-yong following the 2014 North Korean parliamentary election.[4] +Pak began his diplomatic career in 1972, and went on to serve as ambassador of North Korea to Algeria, Syria and Lebanon. +From 1989 to 2007, he served as ambassador to Russia, before being appointed Foreign Affairs Minister upon the death in office of his predecessor Paek Nam-sun.[5] +See also +Mun Jong-nam +References +External links +Phimeanakas (Khmer: ប្រាសាទភិមានអាកាស, Prasat Phimean Akas, 'celestial temple') or Vimeanakas (Khmer: ប្រាសាទវិមានអាកាស, Prasat Vimean Akas) at Angkor, Cambodia, is a Hindu temple in the Khleang style, built at the end of the 10th century, during the reign of Rajendravarman (from 941-968), then completed by Suryavarman I[1]:115,135[2]:371 in the shape of a three tier pyramid as a Hindu temple. On top of the pyramid there was a tower, while on the edge of top platform there are galleries. +Phimeanakas is located inside the walled enclosure of the Royal Palace of Angkor Thom north of Baphuon.[3] +Gallery +References +Athletics is one of the sports at the biennial Southeast Asian Games (SEA) competition. It has been one of the sports held at the Games since the inaugural edition of the South East Asian Peninsular Games (SEAP) in 1959. +Editions +South East Asian Peninsular Games +Games Year Host city Host country I 1959 (details) Bangkok Thailand II 1961 (details) Rangoon Burma III 1963 (Cancelled) ? +Southeast Asian Games +See also +External links +Sudarat Chucheun (born 19 June 1997) is a Thai footballer who plays for Sisaket and the Thailand women's national team as a midfielder. +She was selected for the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup.[2] +References +External links +Jo Yon-jun (born September 28, 1937)[1] is first deputy in the Organization and Guidance Department (OGD) of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea. +References +Keiji Furuya (古屋 圭司, Furuya Keiji, born 1952) is a Japanese politician of the Liberal Democratic Party (Japan), a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature). +A native of Tokyo, who attended secondary schools in NY area, and graduate of Seikei University, he was elected to the House of Representatives for the first time in 1990. +References +External links +Adam Relson Limbago Jala (born 17 June 1979) is a Filipino politician. +A member of the Lakas-CMD Party, he is a Member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines, representing the 3rd District of Bohol for 2007–2010.[1] +References +Andika Perkasa (born 21 December 1964) is an Indonesian general who currently serves as the Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Army (Indonesian: Kepala Staf Angkatan Darat or KASAD). +He was appointed by President of Indonesia Joko Widodo in 2018, replacing the retiring Mulyono. +References +Background +Perkasa was born in Bandung, West Java on 21 December 1964.[1] +He is married to Diah Erwiany, who is the daughter of Indonesian State Intelligence Agency chief Hendropriyono.[2] +Military career +Perkasa graduated from the Indonesian Military Academy as part of the class of 1987, and joined Kopassus as a platoon commander. +He served in there for fifteen years, eventually becoming a lieutenant colonel and a battalion commander in the unit by 2002, before he was transferred to Kodam Jaya, where he became a section chief in a military district. +Less than a year later, he was transferred to the military's strategic intelligence division.[1][3] During his time at Kopasssus, Perkasa participated in a military operation in East Timor (1992), Aceh (1994) and Papua, and was involved in the 2002 capture of Al-Qaeda member Omar al-Faruq in Bogor.[4] +Raneo "Ranie" Abu is a Filipino politician. +A member of the Nacionalista Party, he has been elected as a Member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines, representing the 2nd District of Batangas. +He won election to Congress in 2013.[1] +References +References +Zhao Zhongxiang (赵忠祥; born January 16, 1942 in Hebei, China; died January 16, 2020 in Beijing[1]) was a well-known Chinese news anchor on the national news program Xinwen Lianbo and television host. +He joined China Central Television in 1959. +Biography +Zhao has been a host of the CCTV New Year's Gala. He has presented programs like Animal World (动物世界 Dongwu shijie) and has spoken out on environmental issues such as the protection of endangered tigers and the noise pollution caused by firecrackers.[2] +Dorji Tshering (c. 1979) is a Bhutanese politician who has been Minister for Works and Human Settlement since November 2018.[1][2] He has been a member of the National Assembly of Bhutan, since October 2018.[3] +References +Early life and education +He received a Bachelor degree in Civil engineering from Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur(Howrah) India. He completed his Masters in Civil engineering from the Edith Cowan University, Australia.[5] +Before joining politics, he served as the executive engineer and deputy executive engineer in the Ministry of Works and Human Settlement for seven years.[1] +Nasimshahr (Persian: نسيم شهر‎; formerly, Akbarabad (Persian: اکبر آباد), also romanized as Akbarābād)[2] is a city and capital of Baharestan County, Tehran Province, Iran. +At the 2006 census, its population was 135,824, in 31,620 families.[3] +Gallery +References +On Justice (Greek: Περὶ Δικαίου; Latin: De Justo)[1][2] is a Socratic dialogue that was once thought to be the work of Plato.[3] In the short dialogue, Socrates discusses with a friend questions about what is just and unjust.[4] +References +External links +Wiyogo Atmodarminto (22 November 1922 – 19 October 2012), popularly known as Bang Wi, was an Indonesian army general and diplomat. +He was Governor of Jakarta, the country's capital, from 1987 to 1992. +Before he was governor, he was Ambassador to Japan and occupied several important army posts. [1][2]. Wiyogo is one of the historical actors in General Offensive of 1 March 1949. +[3] +References +Maj. Gen. Bambang in 2005 +Major General Bambang Darmono was the commander of the Indonesian military presence in Aceh from 2002 to 2005. +Accusations of human rights violations have been leveled at his command during this time.[1] +References +External links +External links +Khagendra Thapa Magar (Nepali: खगेन्द्र थापामगर) (4 October 1992 — 17 January 2020)[2] was a Nepali once known as the shortest man in the world, measuring 0.67 m (2 ft 2 in).[1] Magar, who was a primordial dwarf, won the title of shortest man from Edward Niño Hernández when he turned 18 on 14 October 2010. +He lost the title in June 2011 to Junrey Balawing of the Philippines.[3] +Magar died in a Pokhara hospital on 17 January 2020 after complications from pneumonia. +He was 27 years old.[1] +References +References +Alana Filippi (1960 or 1961 – 11 January 2020) was a French singer and songwriter.[1] Her real name was Pascale Filippi, and she also sometimes used the pseudonym Jeanne Ermilova. +Biography +Born in Paris, Filippi moved to Nantes with her parents at a young age. She took drama lessons at the Couturier Jacques Organization. Couturier was also head of the Maison de la Culture Loire Atlantique. +Filippi began her career in theatre. She wrote songs for Calogero, Maurane, Jenifer, Pascal Obispo, Stanislas, Natasha St-Pier, and Grégory Lemarchal.[2][3] +Veronika Fitz (28 March 1936 – 2 January 2020) was a German television actress.[1] +She also had some solo-shows on the stage and produced a few singles. +Selected filmography +References +External links +Bengt Levin (1958 – January 1, 2020) was a Swedish orienteering competitor. +He won a silver medal in the relay event at the 1981 World Orienteering Championships in Thun, along with Lars-Henrik Undeland, Jörgen Mårtensson and Lars Lönnkvist.[1] At the 1983 World Championships in Zalaegerszeg he placed 14th in the classic distance, and won a bronze medal with the Swedish relay team.[2] +References +Mayakovo (Russian: Маяково) is a village in Strugo-Krasnensky District of Pskov Oblast, Russia, located on the bank of Sitnya River, northeast of the town Pskov. +Population: 72 (2010 Census);[1] +Samira Amirova (born 2 April 1998) is an Uzbekistani rhythmic gymnast. +She competed in the group rhythmic gymnastics competition at the 2016 Summer Olympics,[1] where the team was eliminated in the qualification round. +References +References +External links +"No Motherland Without You" (or "Ode to Kim Jong-il"), is a North Korean song about the country's former leader, Kim Jong-il. Composed by Hwang Jin-young and written by Lee Jong-oh [ko], it extols the proclaimed talent and virtues of Kim, and the attachment of the (North) Korean people for him as he led them out of the turmoils of the 1990s famine (referred to as the Arduous March). The repeated phrase in the song is "We cannot live without you! +Significance +"No Motherland Without You" was composed especially for Kim Jong-il, the former leader of North Korea.[3] It is considered his "signature song".[4] The song enjoys popularity in North Korea.[3] It is often sung at the end of public gatherings where as the "Song of General Kim Il-sung" is sung at the beginning of public gatherings.[5] +Patrick Howley in 2016 +Patrick Howley (born 1989) is an American journalist. +He is the editor-in-chief of Big League Politics, a far-right news site. +Career +Howley has been a reporter for the Breitbart News Network in Washington, D.C.,[1][2] The Washington Free Beacon and The Daily Caller.[3] Howley previously served as an assistant editor for The American Spectator.[4] His work has appeared in the Wall Street Journal,[5] National Review,[6] and Sean Hannity.[7] +In January 2017, Howley left Breitbart to start the far-right website Big League Politics.[1] He has been criticized for his style of journalism and satire.[8][9][10][11] +References +The Agrarian Party of Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan Agrarlyq Partııasy) was a political party in Kazakhstan. +At the last legislative elections, 19 September and 3 October 2004, the party was part of the Agrarian and Industrial Union of Workers Bloc, that won 7.1% of the popular vote and 11 out of 77 seats. +The party was dissolved in 2006 and incorporated into the new Nur Otan party. +References +Election results +Election Votes Vote % Seats Place August 1916 398 6.8 N/A 6th October 1916 903.5 6.8 1 6th 1919 949 6.8 0 4th 1922 2,033 17.2 N/A 4th 1923 4,912.5 16.2 1 3rd 1926 3,164 22.7 N/A 3rd 1927 6,097.5 19.0 5 3rd 1930 4,893 20.3 N/A 3rd 1931 6,197.5 16.1 4 3rd 1933 6,864.5 19.2 5 3rd 1934 11,269.5 21.7 10 3rd 1937 11,084.5 19.0 8 3rd July 1942 8,979 15.4 6 4th October 1942 8,455 14.2 7 4th 1946 11,914 17.8 9 4th 1949 11,937 16.5 7 4th 1953 12,093 15.6 6 4th 1956 15,153 18.3 8 3rd June 1959 10,632 12.5 6 4th October 1959 12,909 15.2 9 4th 1963 12,697 14.2 8 4th 1967 15,059 15.7 9 4th 1971 11,020 10.5 6 4th 1974 10,345 9.1 5 4th 1978 26,912 22.0 14 3rd 1979 21,580 17.4 10 4th 1983 15,214 11.7 6 4th 1987 23,265 15.2 10 3rd 1991 24,459 15.5 10 3rd 1995 18,846 11.4 7 4th +References +The Social Democratic Party (Icelandic: Alþýðuflokkurinn, lit. +People's Party) was a social-democratic[1] political party in Iceland. +It was founded in 1916 as the political representation of the trade unions of Iceland.[2] +Its first member of the Althing, the Icelandic parliament, was Jón Baldvinsson, who was elected in 1920. +The party would contest elections to the Althing with little success until 1934 when the party obtained 10 parliamentary seats. Iceland shifted towards a proportional representation system later that year, which political scientist Amel Ahmed attributes to the rising electoral threat that the Social Democratic Party posed to the Independence Party and Progressive Party.[3] +The Party of Proletarian Unity (French: Parti de l'Unité Prolétarienne, PUP) was a French socialist political party. +It was formed on December 21, 1930 by leftists expelled from the French Communist Party (PCF), together with some who had previously belonged to the left-wing of the Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière (SFIO). Its members were known in France as pupistes, and one of its notable leaders was Alexandre Bachelet. +Owing to proportional representation, it at one time had ten seats in the Chamber of Deputies of the Third Republic. +The PUP affiliated to the London Bureau of left-socialist parties. On January 31, 1937, it voted to rejoin the SFIO. +External links +The Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan (Russian: Коммунистическая Партия Киргизстана Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Kirgizstana) is a communist party in Kyrgyzstan. +KPK was founded on 21 August 1999, following a split in the Party of Communists of Kyrgyzstan. +KPK did not participate in the 2000 parliamentary elections. +It publishes Kommunisty Kyrgyzstana. +References +Anti-monarchism in Japan was a minor force during the twentieth century. +History +References +In 1908, a letter allegedly written by Japanese revolutionaries denied the Emperor's divinity, and threatened his life.[1] In 1910, Kōtoku Shūsui and 10 others plotted to assassinate the Emperor.[2] In 1923, 1925 and 1932 Emperor Hirohito survived assassination attempts.[3] +After World War II, the communists were antagonistic to the Emperor. The Japanese Communist Party demanded the abolition of the emperor system.[4] They boycotted the formal opening of the National Diet in 1949 because of the presence of Hirohito.[5] The Japanese Communist Party continued to be antagonistic after Hirohito's death.[6] +During the Imperial visits to Otsu, Japan in 1951, and Hokkaido in 1954, Communist posters and handbills antagonistic to the Imperial Family Members were plastered in the cities.[7][8] +In 1951, three thousand students in Kyoto University protested against the reign of Emperor Hirohito.[9] +External links +October 10, 1945. "REMOVE HIROHITO IS CRY OF FREED JAP COMMUNISTS". +The Draft Constitution of People's Republic of Japan (日本人民共和国憲法草案, Nihon Jinmin Kyōwakoku Kenpō Sōan) is a draft of an amendment to the constitution of Empire of Japan released by the Japanese Communist Party on June 29, 1946. +This draft was published during an animated discussion on the legislation of the Japanese Constitution after the Pacific War. +The characteristics of the draft are the abolition of the Japanese Imperial system, the adoption of republicanism and democratic centralism, and the introduction of socialist policies. +External links +Aki no Arashi (秋の嵐, meaning Autumn Storm) was a Japanese organization advocating the abolition of the Imperial system. The full name is 反天皇制全国個人共闘・秋の嵐 (Han Tennosei Zenkoku Kojin Kyōtō - Aki no Arashi) meaning Anti-Imperial System National Individuals' Joint Struggle Committee. +The group was started in 1987 by a radical group of students at Waseda University in Tokyo and street punk rockers. They often used street performances to spread their message.[1][2] +In 1996 members of Aki no Arashi won a lawsuit against the Tokyo Metropolitan Government for unlawful arrests and battery by Tokyo police. +The events took place during a series of rallies organized by the group in 1989, after the death of Emperor Showa.[3] +References +Akira Kasai (笠井 亮, Kasai Akira) is a Japanese politician and member of the House of Representatives for the Japanese Communist Party,[1] of which he is the policy chief of. He is critical of the United States' intervention in the Syrian Civil War in absence of resolutions by the UN Security Council, saying that the actions are aggravating the civil war.[2] He is supportive of normalizing Japan's relationship with North Korea, claiming that the issues with North Korea can only be solved by developing a dialogue and trust.[3] He similarly thinks that Japan should push the United States to hold talks with North Korea to avert a war caused by accident or misunderstanding.[4] Kasai is against the Trans-Pacific Partnership.[5] +References +Leonard Harry Cleaver (27 October 1909 – 7 July 1993) was a British Conservative politician. +He was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for the Birmingham Yardley constituency at the 1959 general election, winning the marginal seat from Labour. +Cleaver served until the 1964 general election, when the seat was won by Labour candidate Ioan Evans. +References +The Delaware United States House election for 1798 was held on October 2, 1798. +The incumbent Representative James A. Bayard Sr. won reelection. +Results +References +Nuth Rumdoul is a Cambodian politician. +He belongs to the Sam Rainsy Party and was elected to represent Kampong Speu Province in the National Assembly of Cambodia in 2003.[1] +References +United Nations Security Council Resolution 432, adopted unanimously on July 27, 1978, after reaffirming previous resolutions on the topic including 385 (1976), the Council urged for respect of Namibia's territorial integrity by South Africa and called for the full integration of Walvis Bay back into Namibia. +References +External links +United Nations Security Council Resolution 112, adopted on February 6, 1956, after examining the application of the Sudan for membership in the United Nations the Council recommended to the General Assembly that the Sudan be admitted. +The resolution was passed unanimously. +External links +Neo-Confucianism (Chinese: 宋明理學; pinyin: Sòng-Míng lǐxué, often shortened to lixue 理學) is a moral, ethical, and metaphysical Chinese philosophy influenced by Confucianism, and originated with Han Yu and Li Ao (772–841) in the Tang Dynasty, and became prominent during the Song and Ming dynasties. +Neo-Confucianism is a social and ethical philosophy using metaphysical ideas, some borrowed from Taoism, as its framework. The philosophy can be characterized as humanistic and rationalistic, with the belief that the universe could be understood through human reason, and that it was up to humanity to create a harmonious relationship between the universe and the individual.[6] +The rationalism of neo-Confucianism is in contrast to the mysticism of the previously dominant Chan Buddhism. Unlike the Buddhists, the neo-Confucians believed that reality existed, and could be understood by humankind, even if the interpretations of reality were slightly different depending on the school of neo-Confucianism.[1] +The importance of li in Neo-Confucianism gave the movement its Chinese name, literally "The study of Li." +Schools +Neo-Confucianism was a heterogeneous philosophical tradition, and is generally categorized into two different schools. +Two-school model vs. three-school model +In medieval China, the mainstream of neo-Confucian thought, dubbed the "Tao school", had long categorized a thinker named Lu Jiuyuan among the unorthodox, non-Confucian writers. However, in the 15th century, the esteemed philosopher Wang Yangming took sides with Lu and critiqued some of the foundations of the Tao school, albeit not rejecting the school entirely.[8] Objections arose to Yangming's philosophy within his lifetime, and shortly after his death, Chen Jian (1497–1567) grouped Wang together with Lu as unorthodox writers, dividing neo-Confucianism into two schools.[9] As a result, neo-Confucianism today is generally categorized into two different schools of thought. +The school that remained dominant throughout the medieval and early modern periods is called the Cheng-Zhu school for the esteem it places in Cheng Yi, Cheng Hao, and Zhu Xi. The less dominant, opposing school was the Lu–Wang school, based on its esteem for Lu Jiuyuan and Wang Yangming. +In contrast to this two-branch model, the New Confucian Mou Zongsan argues that there existed a third branch of learning, the Hu-Liu school, based on the teachings of Hu Hong (Hu Wufeng, 1106–1161) and Liu Zongzhou (Liu Jishan, 1578–1645). The significance of this third branch, according to Mou, was that they represented the direct lineage of the pioneers of neo-Confucianism, Zhou Dunyi, Zhang Zai and Cheng Hao. Moreover, this third Hu-Liu school and the second Lu–Wang school, combined, form the true mainstream of neo-Confucianism instead of the Cheng-Zhu school. +Neo-Confucianism could have been an attempt to create a more rationalist and secular form of Confucianism by rejecting superstitious and mystical elements of Taoism and Buddhism that had influenced Confucianism during and after the Han Dynasty.[1] Although the neo-Confucianists were critical of Taoism and Buddhism, the two did have an influence on the philosophy, and the neo-Confucianists borrowed terms and concepts. However, unlike the Buddhists and Taoists, who saw metaphysics as a catalyst for spiritual development, religious enlightenment, and immortality, the neo-Confucianists used metaphysics as a guide for developing a rationalist ethical philosophy.[2][3] +Cheng-Zhu school +He believed that the Tao (Chinese: 道; pinyin: dào; literally: 'way') of Tian (Chinese: 天; pinyin: tiān; literally: 'heaven') is expressed in principle or li (Chinese: 理; pinyin: lǐ), but that it is sheathed in matter or qi (Chinese: 氣; pinyin: qì). In this, his system is based on Buddhist systems of the time that divided things into principle (again, li), and function (Chinese: 事; pinyin: shì). In the neo-Confucian formulation, li in itself is pure and almost-perfect, but with the addition of qi, base emotions and conflicts arise. +Different neo-Confucians had differing ideas for how to do so. Zhu Xi believed in gewu (Chinese: 格物; pinyin: géwù), the Investigation of Things, essentially an academic form of observational science, based on the idea that li lies within the world. +Lu–Wang school +These revolutionizing ideas of Wang Yangming would later inspire prominent Japanese thinkers like Motoori Norinaga, who argued that because of the Shinto deities, Japanese people alone had the intuitive ability to distinguish good and evil without complex rationalization. Wang Yangming's school of thought (Ōyōmei-gaku in Japanese) also provided, in part, an ideological basis for some samurai who sought to pursue action based on intuition rather than scholasticism. As such, it also provided an intellectual foundation for the radical political actions of low ranking samurai in the decades prior to the Meiji Ishin (1868), in which the Tokugawa authority (1600–1868) was overthrown. +Neo-Confucianism in Korea +In Joseon Korea, neo-Confucianism was established as the state ideology. The Yuan occupation of the Korean Peninsula introduced Zhu Xi's school of neo-Confucianism to Korea.[11][12] Neo-Confucianism was introduced to Korea by An Hyang during the Goryeo dynasty.[citation needed] At the time that he introduced neo-Confucianism, the Goryeo Dynasty was in the last century of its existence and influenced by the Mongol Yuan dynasty.[citation needed] +In 1286, he read a book of Zhu Xi in Yanjing and was so moved by it that he transcribed the book in its entirety and came back to Korea with it. It greatly inspired Korean intellectuals at the time and many, predominantly from the middle class and disillusioned with the excesses of organized religion (namely Buddhism) and the old nobility, embraced neo-Confucianism. The newly rising neo-Confucian intellectuals were leading groups aimed at the overthrow of the old (and increasingly foreign-influenced) Goryeo Dynasty. +Portrait of Jo Gwang-jo +Buddhism, and organized religion in general, was considered poisonous to the neo-Confucian order. Buddhism was accordingly restricted and occasionally persecuted by Joseon. As neo-Confucianism encouraged education, a number of neo-Confucian schools (서원 seowon and 향교 hyanggyo) were founded throughout the country, producing many scholars including Jo Gwang-jo (조광조, 趙光祖; 1482–1520), Yi Hwang (이황, 李滉; pen name Toegye 퇴계, 退溪; 1501–1570) and Yi I (이이, 李珥; 1536–1584). +In the early 16th century, Jo attempted to transform Joseon into an ideal neo-Confucian society with a series of radical reforms until he was executed in 1520. Despite this, neo-Confucianism soon assumed an even greater role in the Joseon Dynasty. Soon neo-Confucian scholars, no longer content to only read and remember the Chinese original precepts, began to develop new neo-Confucian theories. +Yi Hwang's most prominent disciples were Kim Seong-il （金誠一, 1538–1593), Yu Seong-ryong (柳成龍 1542–1607）and Jeong Gu (한강 정구, 寒岡 鄭逑, 1543–1620), known as the "three heroes." They were followed by a second generation of scholars who included Jang Hyungwang (張顯光, 1554–1637) and Jang Heung-Hyo (敬堂 張興孝, 1564–1633), and by a third generation (including Heo Mok, Yun Hyu, Yun Seon-do and Song Si-yeol) who brought the school into the 18th century [13] +But neo-Confucianism became so dogmatic in a relatively rapid time that it prevented much needed socioeconomic development and change, and led to internal divisions and criticism of many new theories regardless of their popular appeal. For instance, Wang Yangming's theories, which were popular in the Chinese Ming Dynasty, were considered heresy and severely condemned by Korean neo-Confucianists. Furthermore, any annotations on Confucian canon different from Zhu Xi were excluded. +During the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598), many Korean neo-Confucian books and scholars were taken to Japan and influenced Japanese scholars such as Fujiwara Seika and affected the development of Japanese neo-Confucianism. +Neo-Confucianism in Japan +Neo-Confucianism in Vietnam +Portrait of Chu Văn An (1292-1370), prominently Vietnamese Confucianist teacher in 14th century. +In 1070, emperor Lý Thái Tông opened first Confucius university in Hanoi named Văn Miếu'. The Lý court expanded the Confucianism influences in its Mandarin through year examinations, continued the model of Tang dynasty until being annexed by the Ming invaders in 1407. +In 1460, emperor Lê Thánh Tông of Lê Dynasty forced Neo-Confucianism as Đại Việt's basic values. +Bureaucratic examinations +Neo-Confucianism became the interpretation of Confucianism whose mastery was necessary to pass the bureaucratic examinations by the Ming, and continued in this way through the Qing dynasty until the end of the Imperial examination system in 1905. However, many scholars such as Benjamin Elman have questioned the degree to which their role as the orthodox interpretation in state examinations reflects the degree to which both the bureaucrats and Chinese gentry actually believed those interpretations, and point out that there were very active schools such as Han learning which offered competing interpretations of Confucianism. +Bronze statue of Zhou Dunyi (周敦颐) in White Deer Grotto Academy (白鹿洞書院) +The competing school of Confucianism was called the Evidential School or Han Learning and argued that neo-Confucianism had caused the teachings of Confucianism to be hopelessly contaminated with Buddhist thinking. This school also criticized neo-Confucianism for being overly concerned with empty philosophical speculation that was unconnected with reality. +Confucian canon +The Confucian canon as it exists today was essentially compiled by Zhu Xi. Zhu codified the canon of Four Books (the Great Learning, the Doctrine of the Mean, the Analects of Confucius, and the Mencius) which in the subsequent Ming and Qing Dynasties were made the core of the official curriculum for the civil service examinations. +New Confucianism +In the 1920s, New Confucianism, also known as modern neo-Confucianism, started developing and absorbed the Western learning to seek a way to modernize Chinese culture based on the traditional Confucianism. It centers on four topics: The modern transformation of Chinese culture; Humanistic spirit of Chinese culture; Religious connotation in Chinese culture; Intuitive way of thinking, to go beyond the logic and to wipe out the concept of exclusion analysis. Adhering to the traditional Confucianism and the neo-confucianism, the modern neo-Confucianism contributes the nation's emerging from the predicament faced by the ancient Chinese traditional culture in the process of modernization; Furthermore, it also promotes the world culture of industrial civilization rather than the traditional personal senses.[14] +Prominent neo-Confucian scholars +Neo-Confucianism has its origins in the Tang Dynasty; the Confucianist scholars Han Yu and Li Ao are seen as forebears of the neo-Confucianists of the Song Dynasty.[2] The Song Dynasty philosopher Zhou Dunyi (1017–1073) is seen as the first true "pioneer" of neo-Confucianism, using Daoist metaphysics as a framework for his ethical philosophy.[2] Neo-Confucianism was both a revival of classical Confucianism updated to align with the social values of the Song dynasty and a reaction to the challenges of Buddhist and Daoist philosophy and religion which emerged during the Zhou and Han dynasties.[4] Although the neo-Confucianists denounced Buddhist metaphysics, neo-Confucianism did borrow Daoist and Buddhist terminology and concepts.[2] +Vietnam +References +External links +Sources +1 ISBN 978-0-231-14305-9) (Vol. +2 ISBN 978-0-231-14323-3) de Bary, William Theodore (1989). +One of the most important exponents of neo-Confucianism was Zhu Xi (1130–1200), his teachings were so influential that they were integrated into civil-service examination from approximately 1314 until 1905.[5] He was a rather prolific writer, maintaining and defending his Confucian beliefs of social harmony and proper personal conduct. One of his most remembered was the book Family Rituals, where he provided detailed advice on how to conduct weddings, funerals, family ceremonies, and the veneration of ancestors. Buddhist thought soon attracted him, and he began to argue in Confucian style for the Buddhist observance of high moral standards. +After the Xining era (1070), Wang Yangming (1472–1529) is commonly regarded as the most important neo-Confucian thinker. Wang's interpretation of Confucianism denied the rationalist dualism of Zhu's orthodox philosophy. +There were many competing views within the neo-Confucian community, but overall, a system emerged that resembled both Buddhist and Taoist (Daoist) thought of the time and some of the ideas expressed in the I Ching (Book of Changes) as well as other yin yang theories associated with the Taiji symbol (Taijitu). A well known neo-Confucian motif is paintings of Confucius, Buddha, and Lao Tzu all drinking out of the same vinegar jar, paintings associated with the slogan "The three teachings are one!" +One of Han Yu's most famous essays decries the worship of Buddhist relics. Nonetheless, neo-Confucian writings adapted Buddhist thoughts and beliefs to the Confucian interest. In China neo-Confucianism was an officially recognized creed from its development during the Song dynasty until the early twentieth century, and lands in the sphere of Song China (Vietnam and Japan) were all deeply influenced by neo-Confucianism for more than half a millennium. +Philosophy of psychology refers to the many issues at the theoretical foundations of modern psychology. +A 2016 empirical study showed that personal associations are mutually inter-related and that the concepts of self and world are internally connected via direct and mediated dependences, which reflects the structuring of perception and understanding of self and world in people's minds and discusses its implications for Philosophical Psychology.[6] +See also +Philosophy of psychiatry Philosophy of social science Moral psychology +Archived from the original on 2012-03-06. ↑ Kuška M, Trnka R, Kuběna AA, Růžička J (2016). "Free Associations Mirroring Self- and World-Related Concepts: Implications for Personal Construct Theory, Psycholinguistics and Philosophical Psychology". Frontiers in Psychology. +The London Philosophy Study Guide offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject: Philosophy of psychology. +External links +Some of the issues studied by the philosophy of psychology are epistemological concerns about the methodology of psychological investigation. For example: +Part 7 of MindPapers: Philosophy of Cognitive Science (contains over 1,500 articles, many with online copies) Philosophy of Psychology +What is the most appropriate methodology for psychology: mentalism, behaviorism, or a compromise? Are self-reports a reliable data-gathering[1] method? What conclusions can be drawn from null hypothesis tests? +Other issues in philosophy of psychology are philosophical questions about the nature of mind, brain, and cognition, and are perhaps more commonly thought of as part of cognitive science, or philosophy of mind, such as: +What is a cognitive module? Are humans rational creatures? What psychological phenomena come up to the standard required for calling it knowledge? +Philosophy of psychology also closely monitors contemporary work conducted in cognitive neuroscience, evolutionary psychology, and artificial intelligence, for example questioning whether psychological phenomena can be explained using the methods of neuroscience, evolutionary theory, and computational modeling, respectively.[2][3] Although these are all closely related fields, some concerns still arise about the appropriateness of importing their methods into psychology. Some such concerns are whether psychology, as the study of individuals as information processing systems (see Donald Broadbent), is autonomous from what happens in the brain (even if psychologists largely agree that the brain in some sense causes behavior (see supervenience)); whether the mind is "hard-wired" enough for evolutionary investigations to be fruitful; and whether computational models can do anything more than offer possible implementations of cognitive theories that tell us nothing about the mind (Fodor & Pylyshyn 1988). +Philosophy of psychology is a relatively young field because "scientific" psychology—that is, psychology that favors experimental methods over introspection—came to dominate psychological studies only in the late 19th century. One of philosophy of psychology's concerns is to evaluate the merits of the many different schools of psychology that have been and are practiced. For example, cognitive psychology's use of internal mental states might be compared with behaviorism, and the reasons for the widespread rejection of behaviorism in the mid-20th century examined. +Topics that fall within philosophy of mind go back much farther. For example, questions about the very nature of mind, the qualities of experience, and particular issues like the debate between dualism and monism have been discussed in philosophy for many centuries. +Related to philosophy of psychology are philosophical and epistemological inquiries about clinical psychiatry and psychopathology. Philosophy of psychiatry is mainly concerned with the role of values in psychiatry: derived from philosophical value theory and phenomenology, values-based practice is aimed at improving and humanizing clinical decision-making in the highly complex environment of mental health care.[4] Philosophy of psychopathology is mainly involved in the epistemological reflection about the implicit philosophical foundations of psychiatric classification and evidence-based psychiatry. Its aim is to unveil the constructive activity underlying the description of mental phenomena.[5] +It was not until the nineteenth century that the professionalization of the philosophy of medicine came to be.[2] In the late twentieth century debates among philosophers and physicians ensued of whether or not the philosophy of medicine should be considered a field of its own from either philosophy or medicine.[3] A consensus has since been reached that it is in fact a distinct discipline with its set of separate problems and questions. In recent years there have been a variety of university courses,[4][5] journals,[6][7][8][9] books,[10][11][12][13] textbooks[14] and conferences dedicated to the philosophy of medicine. There is also a new direction, or school, in the philosophy of medicine termed analytic philosophy of medicine. +René Descartes made ontological space for modern medicine by separating body from mind – while mind is superior to body as it constitutes the uniqueness of the human soul (the province of theology), body is inferior to mind as it is mere matter. Medicine simply investigated(s) the body as machine. While Cartesian dualism dominates clinical approaches to medical research and treatment, the legitimacy of the split between mind and body has been consistently challenged from a variety of perspectives.[23][24] +Nosology and the monogenic conception of disease +When the human body is exposed to the solid pathogen, it falls ill, giving rise to the notion of a disease entity. Later in the history of modern medicine, particularly by the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, in nosology (which is the classification of disease), the most powerful is the etiogically-defined approach as can be found in the monogenic conception of disease which covers not only infectious agents (bacteria, viruses. fungi, parasites, prions) but also genetics, poisons. While clinical medicine is concerned with the ill health of the individual patient when s/he has succumbed to disease, epidemiology is concerned with the pattern of diseases in populations in order to study their causes as well as how to manage, control, ameliorate the problems identified under study. +Clinical medicine, as presented above, is part of a reductionist approach to disease, based ultimately on Cartesian dualism which says that the proper study of medicine is an investigation of the body when the latter is viewed as machine. A machine can exhaustively be broken down into its component parts and their respective functions; in the same way, the dominant approach to clinical research and treatment assumes the human body can be broken down/analysed in terms of its component parts and their respective functions, such as its internal and external organs, the tissues and bones of which they are composed, the cells which make up the tissues, the molecules which constitute the cell, down to the atoms (the DNA sequences) which make up the cell in the body. +Placebo +Placebos and placebo effects have generated years of conceptual confusion about what kinds of thing they are.[25][26][27][28][29] Example definitions of a placebo may refer to their inertness or pharmacological inactivity in relation to the condition they are given for. Similarly, example definitions of placebo effects may refer to the subjectivity or the non-specificity of those effects.[30] These type of definition suggest the view that when given a placebo treatment, one may merely feel better while not being ‘really’ better. +The distinctions at work in these types of definition: between active and inactive/inert, specific and non-specific, and subjective and objective, have been problematized.[1][31][32] For instance, if placebos are inactive or inert, then how do they cause placebo effects? More generally, there is scientific evidence from research investigating placebo phenomena which demonstrates that, for certain conditions (such as pain), placebo effects can be both specific and objective in the conventional sense.[33] +Other attempts to define placebos and placebo effects therefore shift focus away from these distinctions and onto therapeutic effects that are caused or modulated by the context in which a treatment is delivered and the meaning that different aspects of treatments have for patients.[34][35] +The problems arising over the definition of placebos and their effects may be said to be the heritage of Cartesian dualism, under which mind and matter are understood as two different substances. Furthermore, Cartesian dualism endorses a form of materialism which permits matter to have an effect on matter, or even matter to work on mind (epiphenomenalism, which is the raison d’être of psycho-pharmacology), but does not permit mind to have any effect on matter. This then means that medical science has difficulty in entertaining even the possibility that placebo effects are real, exist and may be objectively determinable and finding such reports difficult if not impossible to comprehend and/or accept. +How Physicians Practice Medicine +Epistemology is a branch in the philosophy of medicine that is concerned with knowledge.[15] The common questions asked are "What is knowing or knowledge?", "How do we know what we know?", "What is it we know when we claim we know".[16] Philosophers differentiate theories of knowledge into three groups: knowledge of acquaintance, competence knowledge, and propositional knowledge. The knowledge of acquaintance is to be familiar with an object or event. To best explain this would be, a surgeon would need to know the human anatomy before operating on the body. +Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is underpinned by the study of the ways in which we can gain knowledge regarding key clinical questions such as the effects of medical interventions, the accuracy of diagnostic tests, and the predictive value of prognostic markers. EBM provides an account of how medical knowledge can be applied to clinical care. EBM not only provides clinicians with a strategy for best practice, but also, underlying that, a philosophy of evidence. +Interest in the EBM philosophy of evidence has led philosophers to consider the nature of EBM’s hierarchy of evidence, which rank different kinds of research methodology, ostensibly, by the relative evidential weight they provide. While Jeremy Howick provides a critical defense of EBM,[1] most philosophers have raised questions about its legitimacy. Key questions asked about hierarchies of evidence concern the legitimacy of ranking methodologies in terms of the strength of support that they supply;[36][37] how instances of particular methods may move up and down a hierarchy;[38] as well as how different types of evidence, from different levels in the hierarchies, should be combined. +Additionally the epistemological virtues of particular aspects of clinical trial methodology have been examined, mostly notably the special place that is given to randomisation,[40][41][42] the notion of a blind experiment and the use of a placebo control. +Major philosophers of medicine +External links +There is a growing interest in the metaphysics of medicine, particularly the idea of causality.[19] Philosophers of medicine might not only be interested in how medical knowledge is generated, but also in the nature of such phenomena. Causation is of interest because the purpose of much medical research is to establish causal relationships, e.g. what causes disease, or what causes people to get better.[20] The scientific processes used to generate causal knowledge give clues to the metaphysics of causation. For example, the defining feature of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is that they are thought to establish causal relationships, whereas observational studies do not.[21] In this instance, causation can be considered as something which is counterfactually dependent, i.e. the way RCTs differ from observational studies is that they have a comparison group in which the intervention of interest is not given. +Ontology of medicine +There is a large body of work on the ontology of biomedicine, including ontological studies of all aspects of medicine. Ontologies of specific interest to the philosophy of medicine include, for instance: (1) the ontological revolution which made modern science, in general, possible, (2) Cartesian dualism which makes modern medicine, in particular, possible, (3) the monogenenic conception of disease which has informed clinical medicine for a century or so[22] and also the chemical and biological pathways which underlie the phenomena of health and disease in all organisms, (4) the conceptualization of entities such as ‘placebos’ and ‘placebo effects’. +The ontology of general medical science +It includes a set of logical definitions of very general terms that are used across medical disciplines, including: 'disease', 'disorder', 'disease course', 'diagnosis', and 'patient'. The scope of OGMS is restricted to humans, but many terms can be applied also to other organisms. OGMS provides a formal theory of disease that is elaborated further by specific disease ontologies which extend it, including the Infectious Disease Ontology (IDO) and the Mental Disease Ontology.[citation needed] +Cartesian dualism +Evidence-based medicine +Joshua James Brolin[1] (/ˈbroʊlɪn/; born February 12, 1968)[2] is an American actor. Brolin has appeared in films such as The Goonies (1985), Mimic (1997), Hollow Man (2000), Grindhouse (2007), No Country for Old Men (2007), American Gangster (2007), W. (2008), Milk (2008), True Grit (2010), Men in Black 3 (2012), Inherent Vice (2014), Sicario (2015), Hail, Caesar! (2016), and Deadpool 2 (2018). +Brolin began portraying the role of Marvel Comics supervillain Thanos in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, making his first appearance in Guardians of the Galaxy (2014).[lower-alpha 1] He appeared in the mid-credits scene of Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), and reprised the role as the primary antagonist in both Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and Avengers: Endgame (2019). +Brolin has been nominated at the Academy Awards, Screen Actors Guild Awards, Critics' Choice Movie Awards and Independent Spirit Awards. +External links +He challenges the Kengan Association for the position of Chairman, resulting in the creation of the Annihilation Tournament with a stipulation that, if the Nogi Group fails to win, the company is dissolved and taken by the Kengan Association. He forms the shell company Yamashita Trading Co., with Kazuo Yamashita as its President and Ohma Tokita as its representative fighter. He also formed a 2nd shell company SF Cold Storage with Lihito as both its President and fighter. +Kaede Akiyama (秋山 楓, Akiyama Kaede) Voiced by: Yumi Uchiyama[3] (Japanese); Erika Harlacher[5] (English) +Hideki Nogi's personal secretary, later assigned to help Kazuo and Ohma as they proceed into the tournament. +Lihito (理人, Rihito) Voiced by: Hayato Kaneko[6] (Japanese); Jonah Scott[7] (English) +Ohma's 2nd opponent in the Kengan matches initially on behalf of Yoshitake Real Estate. He was later made the head of a shell company SF Cold Storage by Hideki Nogi, making him the first president/fighter in the tournament's history. His name comes from his technique where his fingers are sharp enough to cut through flesh. +Jun Sekibayashi (関林 ジュン, Sekibayashi Jun) Voiced by: Tetsu Inada (Japanese); Jake Green (English)[6] +A pro wrestler representing the company Gandai. Nicknamed "Hell's Angel". +Cosmo Imai (今井 コスモ, Imai Kosumo) Voiced by: Junya Enoki[6] (Japanese); Bryce Papenbrook[8] (English) +Specializing in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, he is the youngest fighter in the Kengan Annihilation tournament. He represents Nishihonji Security Services. Nicknamed "The King of Stranglers". +Setsuna Kiryū (桐生 刹那, Kiryū Setsuna) Voiced by: Daisuke Namikawa (Japanese); Todd Haberkorn (English)[6] +A fighter for the Koyo Academy Group. His insane attraction to Ohma has driven him to kill his own master, who murdered Ohma's master prior to the start of the series. He enters the tournament in the hopes of fighting Ohma and to be killed by him as his ultimate form of affection. +Kazuo Yamashita (山下 一夫, Yamashita Kazuo) Voiced by: Chō[3] (Japanese); Keith Silverstein (English) +After a fateful encounter with Ohma Tokita, he was reassigned to be Ohma's caretaker by order of the Nogi Group's CEO. Skittish and meek, something awakens inside of him as he ventures deeper into the Kengan matches, as well as his bond with Ohma. Later made President of the Yamashita Trading Co., a shell company of the Nogi Group. +Hideki Nogi (乃木 英樹, Nogi Hideki) Voiced by: Jouji Nakata[3] (Japanese); Michael C. Pizzuto (English) +Kengan Ashura The cover of the first volume. ケンガンアシュラ Genre Martial arts[1] Manga Written by Yabako Sandrovich Illustrated by Daromeon Published by Shogakukan Demographic Shōnen Imprint Ura Sunday Comics Magazine Ura Sunday MangaONE Original run April 18, 2012 – August 9, 2018 Volumes 27 + 1 extra (List of volumes) Manga Kengan Omega Written by Yabako Sandrovich Illustrated by Daromeon Published by Shogakukan Demographic Shōnen Imprint Ura Sunday Comics Magazine Ura Sunday MangaOne Original run January 17, 2019 – present Volumes 1 Original net animation Directed by Seiji Kishi Written by Makoto Uezu Music by Yasuharu Takanashi Studio Larx Entertainment Licensed by Netflix Released July 31, 2019 – October 31, 2019 Episodes 24 (List of episodes) Anime and manga portal +Kengan Ashura (Japanese: ケンガンアシュラ) is a Japanese manga series written by Yabako Sandrovich and illustrated by Daromeon. The first of a two-part anime adaptation premiered on July 31, 2019 through Netflix. +The second part began streaming on October 31, 2019.[2] +Summary +In these arenas, wealthy business owners and merchants hire gladiators to fight in unarmed combat where the winner takes all. Tokita "Ashura" Ohma joins these arenas and devastates his opponents. His spectacular ability to crush his enemies catches the attention of big business owners, including the Nogi Group CEO, Nogi Hideki. +Characters +Ohma Tokita (十鬼蛇 王馬, Tokita Ōma) Voiced by: Tatsuhisa Suzuki[3] (Japanese); Kaiji Tang[4] (English) +After defeating another fighter in a dark alley one night, a representative of the Nogi Group for the Kengan Association, he was picked by the Nogi group to be its new representative with Kazuo Yamashita as his caretaker. The bond between these two individuals begins as they participate in the Kengan matches, and later taking part in the Kengan Annihilation Tournament. Nicknamed "Ashura" in the Kengan matches. +Sealed food alongside a home vacuum sealer and plastic rolls used for sealing. +Vacuum packing is a method of packaging that removes air from the package prior to sealing. This method involves (manually or automatically) placing items in a plastic film package, removing air from inside, and sealing the package.[1] Shrink film is sometimes used to have a tight fit to the contents. The intent of vacuum packing is usually to remove oxygen from the container to extend the shelf life of foods and, with flexible package forms, to reduce the volume of the contents and package.[2] +Single vacuum chamber machines +Tabletop vacuum packaging machine +Like external sealers, a plastic bag is typically used for packaging. Once the product is placed in the machine, the lid is closed and air is removed. Then, there is a heat seal inside the chamber that will seal the bag, after sealing the bag the chamber is refilled with air by the automatic opening of a vent to the outside. +Double vacuum chamber machines +Double chamber vacuum packaging machine +Double chamber sealers require the entire product to be placed in a plastic bag within the machine. Once the product is placed in the machine on the seal bar, the lid is closed and air is removed. Then a seal bar inside the chamber seals the product in the bag, after sealing the bag the chamber is refilled with air by the automatic opening of a vent to the outside. +Vacuum packing reduces atmospheric oxygen, limiting the growth of aerobic bacteria or fungi, and preventing the evaporation of volatile components. It is also commonly used to store dry foods over a long period of time, such as cereals, nuts, cured meats, cheese, smoked fish, coffee, and potato chips (crisps). On a more short term basis, vacuum packing can also be used to store fresh foods, such as vegetables, meats, and liquids, because it inhibits bacterial growth. +Rotary belt type vacuum packaging machine or vacuum sealer features the same function as the double chamber vacuum packaging machine as a 'vacuum bag sealer'. But the rotary belt vacuum packaging machine is more convenient, as the belt rotates automatically while the bags are placed to the sealing bar and vacuum sealing process completed. The vacuumed and sealed bags are automatically unloaded, which obviously is more convenient. +Fresh meat Processed meat Seafood Pickles Cheese (hard and soft) Candy and chocolate Any other packs that needs vacuum sealing, and the size of the pack is not too big. +Automatic belt vacuum chamber machines +Automatic Belt Vacuum Chamber Machine. Automatic belt vacuum chamber machines offer vastly increased speed and automation and accommodate large products. +Automatic belt chamber sealers require the entire product to be placed in a plastic bag or flow wrapped pouch within the machine. The product travels on the conveyor belt, it is automatically positioned in the machine on the seal bar, the lid is closed and air is removed. Then a seal bar inside the chamber seals the product in the bag. +Automatic belt vacuum chamber packaging machines are commonly used for: +Vacuum packing greatly reduces the bulk of non-food items. For example, clothing and bedding can be stored in bags evacuated with a domestic vacuum cleaner or a dedicated vacuum sealer. This technique is sometimes used to compact household waste, for example where a charge is made for each full bag collected. +Thermoforming can greatly increase packaging production speed. Thermoformed plastics can be customized for size, color, clarity, and shape to fit products perfectly, creating a consistent appearance. One of the most commonly used thermoformed plastics is PET, known for a high-strength barrier resistant to outside tampering and an ease of molding into designated designs and shapes.[3] Some common uses for Thermoforming in vacuum packaging include: +Depending on the product, atmosphere, temperature, and the barrier properties of the package, vacuum packaging extends the shelf life of many foods.[4][5] The shelf life of meats can be extended by vacuum packaging, particularly when used with modified atmosphere packaging.[6][7] +High barrier shrink vacuum bags +A standard vacuum bag is composed of a PA/PE structure where PA is for puncture resistance and PE is for sealing. The high barrier category includes the usage of more layers focused on the prevention of oxygen permeability, and therefore shelf life protection. There are two materials used in high barrier structures, polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) and ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH). +Preventing freezer burn +It happens when the surface of the food is dehydrated, and this leads to a dried and leathery appearance. Freezer burn also ruins the flavor and texture of foods. Vacuum packing reduces freezer burn by preventing the food from exposure to the cold, dry air. +Vacuum packaging products, using plastic bags, canisters, bottles, or mason jars, are available for home use. +Vacuum packaging also allows for a special cooking method, sous-vide. Sous-vide, French for under vacuum, involves poaching food that is vacuum sealed in a plastic bag. +In an oxygen-depleted environment, anaerobic bacteria can proliferate, potentially causing food-safety issues. Some pathogens of concern in vacuum packed foods are spore-forming non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum, Yersenia enterocolitica, and Listeria monocytogenes.[8] Vacuum packing is often used in combination with other food processing techniques, such as retorting or refrigeration, to inhibit the growth of anaerobic organisms.[8] +For delicate food items which might be crushed by the vacuum packing process (such as potato chips), an alternative is to replace the interior gas with nitrogen. This has the same effect of inhibiting deterioration due to the removal of oxygen. +Vacuum packaged ready-to-sell Jamón products. +External sealers +External vacuum sealers involve a bag being attached to the vacuum-sealing machine externally. The machine will remove the air and seal the bag, which is all done outside the machine. A heat sealer is often used to seal the pack. +This video shows vacuum packaging of rice. +Minecraft +Persson's most popular creation is the survival sandbox game Minecraft, which was released on 18 November 2011.[23] Persson left his job as a game developer to work on Minecraft full-time until completion. In early 2011, Mojang AB sold the one millionth copy of the game, several months later their second, and several more their third. Mojang hired several new staff members for the Minecraft team, while Persson passed the lead developer role to Jens Bergensten. +Caller's Bane +Persson and Jakob Porsér came up with the idea for Scrolls including elements from board games and collectible card games. Persson noted that he will not be actively involved in development of the game and that Porsér will be developing it. Persson revealed on his tumblr blog on 5 August 2011 that he was being sued by a Swedish law firm representing Bethesda Softworks over the trademarked name of Scrolls, claiming that it conflicted with their The Elder Scrolls series of games.[26] On 17 August 2011, Persson challenged Bethesda to a Quake 3 tournament to decide the outcome of the naming dispute.[27] On 27 September 2011, Persson confirmed that the lawsuit was going to court.[28] ZeniMax Media, owner of Bethesda Softworks, announced the lawsuit's settlement in March 2012.[29][30] The settlement allowed Mojang to continue using the Scrolls trademark.[31] +Persson has also participated in several Ludum Dare 48-hour game making competitions.[35] +Controversies +Persson has received criticism for political and social opinions he expressed on Twitter, such as referring to feminism as a "social disease" and claiming that most feminists are "overtly sexist against men."[41][42] In June 2017, Persson faced criticism for referring to video game developer Zoë Quinn as a "cunt".[41] Later in June 2017, he tweeted in support of a heterosexual pride day, calling opponents to the idea "cunt"s and suggesting that they "deserve to be shot".[42] After facing community backlash, he deleted the tweets and walked back his statements, writing in one tweet, "So yeah, it's about pride of daring to express, not about pride of being who you are. I get it now."[43] In November 2017, Persson was criticized for posting a tweet that read, "It's ok to be white."[44] In follow-up tweets, he said he believed privilege is a "made up metric".[45] In March 2019, he was criticized for calling transgender women mentally ill.[46] +Ahead of Minecraft's tenth anniversary event, Persson was not invited to part of the event due to the views that he had expressed on social media, with Microsoft saying that his views "do not reflect those of Microsoft or Mojang".[1][47] +External links +Persson was born in Stockholm,[8] Sweden, to a Finnish mother and a Swedish father on 1 June 1979.[9] He lived in Edsbyn for the first seven years of his life[10] before his family moved back to Stockholm.[11] He began programming on his father's Commodore 128 home computer at the age of seven.[12] Having experimented with various type-in programs he produced his first game at the age of eight, a text-based adventure game.[10][12] Professionally he had worked as a game developer for King for over four years, until 2009.[10][12] Afterwards he worked as a programmer for Jalbum.[13] He is also one of the founders of Wurm Online,[14] though he no longer works on it.[13] Outside of work, he has made seven games for competitions.[13] He is the central figure of Minecraft: The Story of Mojang, a documentary by 2 Player Productions about the rise of Minecraft and Mojang. +Persson is a member of the Swedish chapter of Mensa.[15] On 13 August 2011, he married Elin Zetterstrand. On 15 August 2012, he announced that he was single again.[16] +Persson has criticized both piracy[17] and the stance of large game companies on piracy;[18] additionally, he is a member of the Pirate Party of Sweden.[19] He is an atheist and has donated to Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders).[20] Under his direction, Mojang contributed a week to developing Catacomb Snatch for the Humble Indie Bundle; the $458,248 raised was donated to charity.[21] +In December 2014, Persson purchased a home in Trousdale Estates, Beverly Hills, CA for $70 million, a record sales price for Beverly Hills at the time.[22] +Philosophy and economics, also philosophy of economics, studies topics such as rational choice, the appraisal of economic outcomes, institutions and processes, and the ontology of economic phenomena and the possibilities of acquiring knowledge of them. +It is useful to divide philosophy of economics in this way into three subject matters which can be regarded respectively as branches of action theory, ethics (or normative social and political philosophy), and philosophy of science. Economic theories of rationality, welfare, and social choice defend substantive philosophical theses often informed by relevant philosophical literature and of evident interest to those interested in action theory, philosophical psychology, and social and political philosophy. +Philosophical approaches in decision theory focus on foundational concepts in decision theory – for example, on the natures of choice or preference, rationality, risk and uncertainty, and economic agents.[5] Game theory is shared between a number of disciplines, but especially mathematics, economics and philosophy. Game theory is still extensively discussed within the field of the philosophy of economics. Game theory is closely related to and builds on decision theory and is likewise very strongly interdisciplinary.[6] +Ethics and justice +The ethics of economic systems deals with the issues such as how it is right (just, fair) to keep or distribute economic goods. Economic systems as a product of collective activity allow examination of their ethical consequences for all of their participants. Ethics and economics relates ethical studies to welfare economics.[7] It has been argued that a closer relation between welfare economics and modern ethical studies may enrich both areas, even including predictive and descriptive economics as to rationality of behavior, given social interdependence.[8] +Approaches are regarded as more philosophical when they study the fundamentals – for example, John Rawls' A Theory of Justice (1971)[9] and Robert Nozick's Anarchy, State and Utopia (1974). 'Justice' in economics is a subcategory of welfare economics[10] with models frequently representing the ethical-social requirements of a given theory. "Practical" matters include such subjects as law[11] and cost–benefit analysis[12] +Utilitarianism, one of the ethical methodologies, has its origins inextricably interwoven with the emergence of modern economic thought. Today utilitarianism has spread throughout applied ethics as one of a number of approaches. Non-utilitarian approaches in applied ethics are also now used when questioning the ethics of economic systems – e.g. rights-based (deontological) approaches.[13] +Many political ideologies have been an immediate outgrowth of reflection on the ethics of economic systems. Marx, for example, is generally regarded primarily as a philosopher, his most notable work being on the philosophy of economics. However, Marx's economic critique of capitalism did not depend on ethics, justice, or any form of morality, instead focusing on the inherent contradictions of capitalism through the lens of a process which is today called dialectical materialism. +The philosophy of economics defines itself as including the questioning of foundations or assumptions of economics. The foundations and assumption of economics have been questioned from the perspective of noteworthy but typically under-represented groups. These areas are therefore to be included within the philosophy of economics. +Praxeology: a deductive science of human action based on premises known with certainty to be philosophically true (following the analytic–synthetic distinction of Immanuel Kant). Developed by Ludwig von Mises within the Austrian School, is a self-conscious opposition to the mathematical modeling and hypothesis-testing to validate neoclassical economics.[14][15] See: praxeology. Cross-cultural perspectives on economics: an example is the Buddhist-inspired Bhutanese "Gross National Happiness" concept (suggested as a better development measure than GNI/GDP). +Amartya Sen is a renowned advocate for the integration of cross-cultural phenomena into economic thinking.[16] Related area: economic anthropology. Feminist perspectives on economics: e.g. Drucilla Barker & Edith Kuiper eds., Towards a feminist philosophy of economics. Routledge. +ISBN 0-415-28388-4.; see also feminist economics. +Economics is of special interest to those interested in epistemology and philosophy of science both because of its detailed peculiarities and because it has many of the overt features of the natural sciences, while its object consists of social phenomena.[1] +People who write on the ethics of economic systems are more likely to call themselves political philosophers than business ethicists or economic philosophers. There is significant overlap between theoretical issues in economics and the philosophy of economics. As economics is generally accepted to have its origins in philosophy, the history of economics overlaps with the philosophy of economics. +Degrees +Some universities offer joint degrees that combine philosophy, politics and economics. These degrees cover many of the problems that are discussed in Philosophy and Economics, but are more broadly construed. A small number of universities, notably the LSE, the Erasmus University Rotterdam, Copenhagen Business School and the University of Bayreuth offer master's degree programs specialized in philosophy and Economics. +Notes +References +External links +A philosophical approach to the question "what is economics?" is less likely to produce an answer than it is to produce a survey of the definitional and territorial difficulties and controversies. Similar considerations apply as a prologue to further discussion of methodology in a subject. Definitions of economics have varied over time from the modern origins of the subject, reflecting programmatic concerns and distinctions of expositors.[2] +Ontological questions continue with further "what is..." questions addressed at fundamental economic phenomena, such as "what is (economic) value?" or "what is a market?". While it is possible to respond to such questions with real verbal definitions, the philosophical value of posing such questions actually aims at shifting entire perspectives as to the nature of the foundations of economics. In the rare cases that attempts at ontological shifts gain wide acceptance, their ripple effects can spread throughout the entire field of economics.[3] +Methodology and epistemology of economics +In the philosophy of economics this means asking questions such as: what kind of a "truth claim" is made by economic theories – for example, are we claiming that the theories relate to reality or perceptions? How can or should we prove economic theories – for example, must every economic theory be empirically verifiable? How exact are economic theories and can they lay claim to the status of an exact science – for example, are economic predictions as reliable as predictions in the natural sciences, and why or why not? +Rational choice, decision theory and game theory +External links +Hurling 82,001 people at the 2009 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final between Kilkenny and Tipperary at Croke Park in Dublin Highest governing body Gaelic Athletic Association Nicknames Iománaíocht, iomáint, iomáin, small ball. First played Prehistoric origin Characteristics Contact Contact Team members 15 players per side substitutes are permitted Mixed gender Camogie is the female variant Equipment Sliotar, hurley, helmet, shinguard (optional) Presence Olympic Demonstration sport 1904 Paralympic No +Irish Lissarulla hurling sliotar +A club hurling match in play, before the helmet regulation +UNESCO lists Hurling as an element of Intangible Cultural Heritage.[5] +Indian philosophy refers to philosophical traditions of the Indian subcontinent. A traditional classification divides orthodox (āstika) and heterodox (nāstika) schools of philosophy, depending on one of three alternate criteria: whether it believes the Vedas as a valid source of knowledge; whether the school believes in the premises of Brahman and Atman; and whether the school believes in afterlife and Devas.[1][2][3] +Many Hindu intellectual traditions were classified during the medieval period of Brahmanic-Sanskritic scholasticism into a standard list of six orthodox (Astika) schools (darshanas), the "Six Philosophies" (ṣaḍ-darśana), all of which accept the testimony of the Vedas.[12][13][14] +Samkhya, the rationalism school with dualism and atheistic themes[15][16] Yoga, a school similar to Samkhya but accepts personally defined theistic themes[17] Nyaya, the realism school emphasizing analytics and logic[18][19] Vaisheshika, the naturalism school with atomistic themes and related to the Nyaya school[20][21] Purva Mimamsa (or simply Mimamsa), the ritualism school with Vedic exegesis and philology emphasis,[22][23] and Vedanta (also called Uttara Mimamsa), the Upanishadic tradition, with many sub-schools ranging from dualism to nondualism.[24][25] +These are often coupled into three groups for both historical and conceptual reasons: Nyaya-Vaishesika, Samkhya-Yoga, and Mimamsa-Vedanta. The Vedanta school is further divided into six sub-schools: Advaita (monism/nondualism), also includes the concept of Ajativada, Visishtadvaita (monism of the qualified whole), Dvaita (dualism), Dvaitadvaita (dualism-nondualism), Suddhadvaita, and Achintya Bheda Abheda schools. +Besides these schools Mādhava Vidyāraṇya also includes the following of the aforementioned theistic philosophies based on the Agamas and Tantras:[1] +Pasupata, school of Shaivism by Nakulisa Saiva, the theistic Sankhya school Pratyabhijña, the recognitive school Raseśvara, the mercurial school Pāṇini Darśana, the grammarian school (which clarifies the theory of Sphoṭa) +The systems mentioned here are not the only orthodox systems, they are the chief ones, and there are other orthodox schools. These systems, accept the authority of Vedas and are regarded as orthodox (astika) schools of Hindu philosophy; besides these, schools that do not accept the authority of the Vedas are heterodox (nastika) systems such as Buddhism, Jainism, Ajivika and Charvaka.[26][27][28] This orthodox-heterodox terminology is a construct of Western languages, and lacks scholarly roots in Sanskrit. According to Andrew Nicholson, there have been various heresiological translations of Āstika and Nāstika in 20th century literature on Indian philosophies, but quite many are unsophisticated and flawed.[3] +Charvaka is a materialistic and atheistic school of thought and, is noteworthy as evidence of a materialistic movement within Hinduism.[29] +Heterodox (Śramaṇic schools) +Several Śramaṇic movements have existed before the 6th century BCE, and these influenced both the āstika and nāstika traditions of Indian philosophy.[30] The Śramaṇa movement gave rise to diverse range of heterodox beliefs, ranging from accepting or denying the concept of soul, atomism, antinomian ethics, materialism, atheism, agnosticism, fatalism to free will, idealization of extreme asceticism to that of family life, strict ahimsa (non-violence) and vegetarianism to permissibility of violence and meat-eating.[31] Notable philosophies that arose from Śramaṇic movement were Jainism, early Buddhism, Charvaka, Ajñana and Ājīvika.[32] +Ajñana philosophy +There are six major schools of orthodox (astika) Indian Hindu philosophy—Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Mīmāṃsā and Vedanta, and five major heterodox (nastika) schools—Jain, Buddhist, Ajivika, Ajñana, and Charvaka. However, there are other methods of classification; Vidyaranya for instance identifies sixteen schools of Indian philosophy by including those that belong to the Śaiva and Raseśvara traditions.[4][5] +They have been recorded in Buddhist and Jain texts. They held that it was impossible to obtain knowledge of metaphysical nature or ascertain the truth value of philosophical propositions; and even if knowledge was possible, it was useless and disadvantageous for final salvation. They were sophists who specialised in refutation without propagating any positive doctrine of their own. +Rishabhanatha, believed to have lived over a million years ago, is considered the founder of Jain philosophy. +Jain philosophy is the oldest Indian philosophy that separates body (matter) from the soul (consciousness) completely.[33] Jainism was revived and re-established after Mahavira, the last and the 24th Tirthankara, synthesised and revived the philosophies and promulgations of the ancient Śramaṇic traditions laid down by the first Jain tirthankara Rishabhanatha millions of years ago.[34] According to Dundas, outside of the Jain tradition, historians date the Mahavira as about contemporaneous with the Buddha in the 5th-century BC, and accordingly the historical Parshvanatha, based on the c. 250-year gap, is placed in 8th or 7th century BC.[35] +Jainism places strong emphasis on asceticism, ahimsa (non-violence) and anekantavada (relativity of viewpoints) as a means of spiritual liberation, ideas that influenced other Indian traditions.[36] Jainism strongly upholds the individualistic nature of soul and personal responsibility for one's decisions; and that self-reliance and individual efforts alone are responsible for one's liberation. According to the Jain philosophy, the world (Saṃsāra) is full of hiṃsā (violence). Therefore, one should direct all his efforts in attainment of Ratnatraya, that are Samyak Darshan, Samyak Gnana, and Samyak Chàritra which are the key requisites to attain liberation.[37][self-published source?] +Buddhist philosophy +The Buddhist philosophy is based on the teachings of the Buddha. +Buddhist philosophy is a system of thought which started with the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, or "awakened one". Buddhism is founded on elements of the Śramaṇa movement, which flowered in the first half of the 1st millennium BCE, but its foundations contain novel ideas not found or accepted by other Sramana movements. Buddhism and Hinduism mutually influenced each other and shared many concepts, states Paul Williams, however it is now difficult to identify and describe these influences.[38] Buddhism rejected the Vedic concepts of Brahman (ultimate reality) and Atman (soul, self) at the foundation of Hindu philosophies.[39][40][41] +Buddhism shares many philosophical views with other Indian systems, such as belief in karma – a cause-and-effect relationship, samsara – ideas about cyclic afterlife and rebirth, dharma – ideas about ethics, duties and values, impermanence of all material things and of body, and possibility of spiritual liberation (nirvana or moksha).[42][43] A major departure from Hindu and Jain philosophy is the Buddhist rejection of an eternal soul (atman) in favour of anatta (non-Self).[44] +Monastic life has been a part of all Indian philosophy traditions. Mendicant caves of extinct Ājīvikas in Bihar.[45] +The main schools of Indian philosophy were formalised chiefly between 1000 BCE to the early centuries of the Common Era. Competition and integration between the various schools was intense during their formative years, especially between 800 BCE and 200 CE. Some schools like Jainism, Buddhism, Yoga, Śaiva and Vedanta survived, but others, like Ajñana, Charvaka and Ājīvika did not. +Ājīvika philosophy +The philosophy of Ājīvika was founded by Makkhali Gosala, it was a Śramaṇa movement and a major rival of early Buddhism and Jainism.[46] Ājīvikas were organised renunciates who formed discrete monastic communities prone to an ascetic and simple lifestyle.[47] +Original scriptures of the Ājīvika school of philosophy may once have existed, but these are currently unavailable and probably lost. Their theories are extracted from mentions of Ajivikas in the secondary sources of ancient Indian literature, particularly those of Jainism and Buddhism which polemically criticized the Ajivikas.[48] The Ājīvika school is known for its Niyati doctrine of absolute determinism (fate), the premise that there is no free will, that everything that has happened, is happening and will happen is entirely preordained and a function of cosmic principles.[48][1] Ājīvika considered the karma doctrine as a fallacy.[2] Ājīvikas were atheists[51] and rejected the authority of the Vedas, but they believed that in every living being is an ātman – a central premise of Hinduism and Jainism.[52][53] +Charvaka philosophy +Charvaka or Lokāyata was a philosophy of scepticism and materialism, founded in the Mauryan period. They were extremely critical of other schools of philosophy of the time. Charvaka deemed Vedas to be tainted by the three faults of untruth, self-contradiction, and tautology.[54] Likewise they faulted Buddhists and Jains, mocking the concept of liberation, reincarnation and accumulation of merit or demerit through karma.[55] They believed that, the viewpoint of relinquishing pleasure to avoid pain was the "reasoning of fools".[54] +Comparison of Indian philosophies +The Indian traditions subscribed to diverse philosophies, significantly disagreeing with each other as well as orthodox Hinduism and its six schools of Hindu philosophy. The differences ranged from a belief that every individual has a soul (self, atman) to asserting that there is no soul,[1] from axiological merit in a frugal ascetic life to that of a hedonistic life, from a belief in rebirth to asserting that there is no rebirth.[57] +The Arthashastra, attributed to the Mauryan minister Chanakya, is one of the early Indian texts devoted to political philosophy. It is dated to 4th century BCE and discusses ideas of statecraft and economic policy. +Ancient and medieval era texts of Indian philosophies include extensive discussions on ontology (metaphysics, Brahman-Atman, Sunyata-Anatta), reliable means of knowledge (epistemology, Pramanas), value system (axiology) and other topics.[6][7][8] +The political philosophy most closely associated with modern India is the one of ahimsa (non-violence) and Satyagraha, popularised by Mahatma Gandhi during the Indian struggle for independence. In turn it influenced the later movements for independence and civil rights, especially those led by Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nelson Mandela. Progressive Utilization Theory is also a socio-economic and political theory.[100] +Influence +In appreciation of complexity of the Indian philosophy, T S Eliot wrote that the great philosophers of India "make most of the great European philosophers look like schoolboys".[101][102] Arthur Schopenhauer used Indian philosophy to improve upon Kantian thought. In the preface to his book The World As Will And Representation, Schopenhauer writes that one who "has also received and assimilated the sacred primitive Indian wisdom, then he is the best of all prepared to hear what I have to say to him"[103] The 19th century American philosophical movement Transcendentalism was also influenced by Indian thought[104][105] +See also +Affectionism Ancient Indian philosophy Hindu philosophy M. Hiriyanna Indian art Indian logic Indian psychology Svayam bhagavan Trikaranasuddhi +Notes +Common themes +External links +Indian philosophies share many concepts such as dharma, karma, samsara, reincarnation, dukkha, renunciation, meditation, with almost all of them focussing on the ultimate goal of liberation of the individual through diverse range of spiritual practices (moksha, nirvana).[10] They differ in their assumptions about the nature of existence as well as the specifics of the path to the ultimate liberation, resulting in numerous schools that disagreed with each other. Their ancient doctrines span the diverse range of philosophies found in other ancient cultures.[11] +Orthodox schools +Hindu philosophy has a diversity of traditions and numerous saints and scholars, such as Adi Shankara of Advaita Vedanta school. +Comparison of ancient Indian philosophies Ājīvika Early Buddhism Charvaka Jainism Orthodox schools of Hinduism (Non-Śramaṇic) Karma Denies[50][58] Affirms[3] Denies[57] Affirms[57] Affirms Samsara, Rebirth Affirms Affirms[59] Denies[60] Affirms[57] Some school affirm, some not[61] Ascetic life Affirms Affirms Denies[57] Affirms Affirms as Sannyasa[62] Rituals, Bhakti Affirms Affirms, optional[63] (Pali: Bhatti) Denies Affirms, optional[9] Theistic school: Affirms, optional[65] Others: Deny[11][67] Ahimsa and Vegetarianism Affirms Affirms, Unclear on meat as food[68] Strongest proponent of non-violence; Vegetarianism to avoid violence against animals[69] Affirms as highest virtue, but Just War affirmed Vegetarianism encouraged, but choice left to the Hindu[70][71] Free will Denies[49] Affirms[72] Affirms Affirms Affirms[73] Maya Affirms[74] Affirms (prapañca)[75] Denies Affirms Affirms[76][77] Atman (Soul, Self) Affirms Denies[56] Denies[78] Affirms[79]:119 Affirms[80] Creator god Denies Denies Denies Denies Theistic schools: Affirm[81] Others: Deny[82][83] Epistemology (Pramana) Pratyakṣa, Anumāṇa, Śabda Pratyakṣa, Anumāṇa[84][85] Pratyakṣa[86] Pratyakṣa, Anumāṇa, Śabda[84] Various, Vaisheshika (two) to Vedanta (six):[84][34] Pratyakṣa (perception), Anumāṇa (inference), Upamāṇa (comparison and analogy), Arthāpatti (postulation, derivation), Anupalabdi (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof), Śabda (Reliable testimony) Epistemic authority Denies: Vedas Affirms: Buddha text[88] Denies: Vedas Denies: Vedas Affirms: Jain Agamas Denies: Vedas Affirm: Vedas and Upanishads,[note 1] Affirm: other texts[88][90] Salvation (Soteriology) Samsdrasuddhi[91] Nirvana (realize Śūnyatā)[92] Siddha,[93] Nirvana Moksha, Nirvana, Kaivalya Advaita, Yoga, others: Jivanmukti[94] Dvaita, theistic: Videhamukti Metaphysics (Ultimate Reality) Śūnyatā[95][96] Anekāntavāda[97] Brahman[98][99] +Chugyedaeje, a Confucian ritual ceremony in autumn in Jeju, South Korea. +Korean Confucianism is the form of Confucianism that emerged and developed in Korea. One of the most substantial influences in Korean intellectual history was the introduction of Confucian thought as part of the cultural influence from China. +It was into this period, then, that Confucius was born and spent his entire life seeming to strive for the construction of a governmental ideal in the nature of the Zhou centralized government. However, in 109 BC the Han Emperor, Wu-Ti overwhelmed Gojoseon by both land and sea and established four bases, or "commanderies", Four Commanderies of Han in the region as a way to stabilize the area for trade. The subsequent introduction of four separate administrations to oversee the region only served to prolong the divided nature of the Korean peninsula and hamper an adoption of the Confucian model. +As the Three Kingdoms Period emerged from the Four Commanderies, each Kingdom sought ideologies under which their populations could be consolidated and authority could be validated.[2] From its introduction to the kingdom of Baekje in 338 AD, Korean Buddhism spread rapidly to all of the states of the Three Kingdoms Period.[3] Though Korean Shamanism had been an integral part of Korean culture extending back to earliest time, Buddhism was able to strike a balance between the people and their administration by arbitrating the responsibilities of one to the other. +Goryeo period +Buddhist temples, originally established as acts of faith had grown into influential landholdings replete with extensive infra-structure, cadre, tenants, slaves and commercial ventures. The state observed a number of Buddhist holidays during the year where the prosperity and security of the nation were inextricably tied to practices and rites that often mixed Buddhist and indigenous Korean beliefs.[1] As in China, Buddhism divided into the more urban faith rooted religious texts and the more contemplative faith of the rural areas. This emphasis on texts and learning produced a "monk examination" wherein the Buddhist clergy could vie with Confucian scholars for positions in the local and national government. +With the fall of Goryeo, the position of the landed aristocracy crumbled to be replaced by the growing power of the Korean illiterati who advocated strenuously for land reform. Interest in Chinese literature during the Goryeo Dynasty had encouraged the spread of Neo-Confucianism, in which the older teachings of Confucius had been melded to Taoism and Buddhism. Neo-Confucian adherents could now offer the new Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910) an alternative to the influence of Buddhism. +In Goryeo, King Gwangjong (949–975) had created the national civil service examinations, and King Seongjong (1083–1094) was a key advocate for Confucianism by establishing the Gukjagam, the highest educational institution of the Goryeo dynasty. +This was enhanced, in 1398, by the Sunggyungwan – an academy with a Neo-Confucian curriculum – and the building of an altar at the palace, where the king would worship his ancestors. Neo-Confucian thought, with its emphasis on Ethics and the government's moral authority provided considerable rationale for land reform and redistribution of wealth. Rather than attack Buddhism outright, Neo-Confucian critics simply continued to criticize the system of Temples and the excesses of the clergy. +Neo-Confucianism in the Joseon dynasty +Portrait of Jo Gwang-jo +By the time of King Sejong (ruled 1418–1450), all branches of learning were rooted in Confucian thought. +Korean Confucian schools were firmly established, most with foreign educated scholars, large libraries, patronage of artisans and artists, and a curriculum of 13 to 15 major Confucian works. Branches of Buddhism in Korea were still tolerated outside of the major political centers. In Ming China (1368–1644), Neo-Confucianism had been adopted as the state ideology. +The new Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910)[1] followed suit and also adopted Neo-Confucianism as the primary belief system among scholars and administrators. Jo Gwangjo's efforts to promulgate Neo-Confucianism among the populace had been followed by appearance of Korea's two most prominent Confucian scholars, Yi Hwang (1501–1570) and Yi I (1536–1584), who are often referred to by their pen names Toe gye and Yul gok. Having supplanted all other models for the Korean nation-state, by the start of the 17th century, Neo-Confucian thought experienced first a split between Westerners and Easterners and again, between Southerners and Northerners. +Differences among various Confucian and Neo-Confucian schools of thought grew to conflicts as Western countries sought to force open Korean, Chinese and Japanese societies to Western trade, Western technologies and Western institutions. Of particular concern were the growing number of Catholic and Protestant missionary schools which not only taught a Western pedagogy but also Christian religious beliefs. In 1894, Korean Conservatives, nationalists and Neo-Confucians rebelled at what they viewed as the loss of Korean Society and Culture to alien influences by the abandonment of the Chinese classics and Confucian rites.[1] +Today the legacy of Confucianism remains a fundamental part of Korean society, shaping the moral system, the way of life, social relations between old and young, high culture, and is the basis for much of the legal system. Confucianism in Korea is sometimes considered a pragmatic way of holding a nation together without the civil wars and internal dissent that were inherited from the Goryeo dynasty. +Uniting into a single peasant guerrilla army (Donghak Peasant Army) the rebels armed themselves, raided government offices and killed rich landlords, traders and foreigners. The defeat of the Dong Hak rebels drove ardent Neo-Confucians out of the cities and into the rural and isolated areas of the country. However, the rebellion had pulled China into the conflict and in direct contention with Japan (First Sino-Japanese War). +As a result, Japan annexed Korea as a protectorate in 1910, ending the Joseon kingdom and producing a thirty-year occupation (Korea under Japanese rule) which sought to substitute Japanese culture for that of Korea. During this period, a Japanese administration imposed Japanese language, Japanese education, Japanese practices and even Japanese surnames on the Korean population predominantly in the large cities and surrounding suburban areas.[6] However, in the isolated areas of Korea, and well into Manchuria, Korean nationals continued to wage a guerrilla war against the Japanese and found sympathy for Neo-Confucian goals of reform and economic parity among the growing Communist movement. With the end of the Japanese occupation, Confucian and Neo-Confucian thought continued to experience neglect if not willful repression during the Korean War as well as the repressive dictatorships which followed.[2] +Contemporary society and Confucianism +With the fall of the Joseon Dynasty in 1910, Neo-Confucianism lost a lot of its influence.[4][8] In contemporary South Korea, very few people identify themselves as being Confucian when asked for their religious affiliation.[9][10] The statistical studies done on this subject can be misleading, however. Confucianism there is not an organized religion, making it hard to easily define a person as Confucian or not.[10][11] Though its prominence as the dominant ideology has faded, there are a lot of Confucian ideas and practices that still saturate South Korean culture and daily life.[12][13][14] +The content of what is studied has changed over the years. Confucian teachings were replaced by other topics, such as foreign languages, modern history, economics, science, and mathematics. Like Confucianism from the past, a lot of emphasis is placed on the ability to study and memorize.[16] Since exams are so important for gaining admission to better schools and jobs, a typical student’s entire life is oriented toward preparing to pass the necessary exams.[17] +It is seen not just in South Korea’s emphasis on family and group-oriented ways of living, but also in the Confucian rituals that are still commonly performed today, the ancestor memorial services. It is a way of showing respect for deceased parents, grandparents, and ancestors, and is a way of showing Confucian filial piety.[1][18] In some cases, the memorial services have been changed to fit with religious views. This is an example of how Confucianism has melded with religion in South Korea, rather than competing against it.[5] +In 1980, the “Guideline for Family Rituals” was made law. It declared that ancestral ceremonies can only be held for one’s parents and grandparents, simplified the funeral ceremonies, and reduced the allowed mourning period. The law is not strictly enforced, and no one has been charged for violating it.[1] +In more recent years, there has been a move away from the traditional Confucian idea of complete respect for and submission to parental authority. It can be seen in how marriage has become less of a family decision, and more of an individual’s choice.[19] +The Confucian emphasis on the importance of the family and the group over the individual has been extended to South Korean business, as well. Employees are expected to regard the workplace as a family, with the head of the company as the patriarch who enjoys exclusive privileges while the workers are expected to work harder. The businesses tend to operate on Confucian ethics, such as the importance of harmonious relations among the employees and loyalty to the company. +Confucian ethical rhetoric is still used in contemporary South Korea. Other religions will incorporate it into discussions on proper human behavior. It can be found in the government and in the business world being used to encourage people to put the needs of the group above their own individual needs.[1][2][22] +Neo-Confucian philosophy going back to the 15th Century had relegated Korean women to little more than extensions of male dominance and producers of requisite progeny.[citation needed] This traditional view of the social role of women is fading away.[1] There is an increasing number of women students holding good positions in universities and the work force, as well as in politics.[23] The former president of South Korea, Park Geun-hye, is female. +Origins of Confucian thought +The arts still maintain major traditions: Korean Pottery, the Korean Tea Ceremony, Korean Gardens, and Korean flower arrangement follow Confucian principles and a Confucian aesthetic. Scholarly calligraphy and poetry also continue, in much fewer numbers, this heritage. In films, school stories of manners and comic situations within educational frames fit well into the satires on Confucianism from earlier writings. +With Neo-Confucianism taken out of the school curricula and removed from its prominence in the daily life of Koreans, the sense that something essential to Korean history is missing led to a rebirth of Confucianism in South Korea in the late 1990s.[1][2] +It is difficult to find accurate information regarding Confucianism in North Korean religion or practices.[7] However, the Juche ideology does encourage the Confucian virtues of loyalty, reverence, and obedience.[24] +Contemporary Confucianism and Women's Rights +Meaning women were not allowed to work outside the house. This started to change and by 2001 the women's participation in the workforce was at 49.7 percent compared to only 34.4 percent in the 1960s.[25] In 1987 equal opportunity legislation was introduced and been improved by reforms since then to improve the rights of working women.[25] As Korean feminist organizations gained more influence the government listened, and in 2000 established the Department of Gender Equality to allow women to participate in making policy.[25] Even though women are gaining by working right, it has not fully changed the roles when at the house. Working women are still expected to be the primary domestic worker in the family.[25] However, these changes have given women in south Korea more of an option between being a housewife or working outside of the house. +Most of the jobs of the woman who worked at Samsung were low-level workers. When the company tried to offer higher positions to women, many of the top male executives took advantage of the women and gave them menial chores,[26] not unlike how some husbands may expect of their wives at home. However, this all began to change in 1994 when an open personnel reform from Samsung’s chairman, forced top executives to treat and pay men and women equally.[26] Samsung’s newest goal is increasing the percentage of female top executives from 2 percent to 10 percent by 2020.[26] Still today however in South Korea, women are being discriminated against especially in work environments. +Korean Confucian art +Article 809 of the Korean Civil Code Korean culture Korean philosophy Korean Taoism List of Korea-related topics Munmyo Religion in Korea Seonbi Silhak +Korean Confucian art and philosophy had great and deep effects on the Korean culture. +"Master Kong") is generally thought to have been born in 551 BCE and raised by his mother following the death of his father when Confucius was three years old. The Latinized name "Confucius" by which most Westerners recognize him is derived from "Kong Fuzi", probably first coined by 16th-century Jesuit missionaries to China. The Analects, or Lunyu (論語; lit."Selected Sayings"), a collection of sayings and ideas attributed to the Chinese philosopher and his contemporaries, is believed to have been written by Confucius' followers during the Warring States period (475 BC – 221 BC), achieving its final form during the Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD). +In his private life he studied and reflected on righteousness, proper conduct and the nature of government such that by the age of 50 he had established a reputation. This regard, however was insufficient for his success in advocating for a strong central government and the use of diplomacy over warfare as the ideal for international relationships. He is said to have spent his last years teaching an ardent group of followers of the values to be appreciated in a collection of ancient writings loosely identified as the Five Classics. +Article 809 of the Korean Civil Code Korean culture Korean philosophy Korean Taoism List of Korea-related topics Munmyo Religion in Korea Seonbi Silhak +References and further reading +"Master Kong") is generally thought to have been born in 551 BCE and raised by his mother following the death of his father when Confucius was three years old. The Latinized name "Confucius" by which most Westerners recognize him is derived from "Kong Fuzi", probably first coined by 16th-century Jesuit missionaries to China. The Analects, or Lunyu (論語; lit."Selected Sayings"), a collection of sayings and ideas attributed to the Chinese philosopher and his contemporaries, is believed to have been written by Confucius' followers during the Warring States period (475 BC – 221 BC), achieving its final form during the Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD). +In his private life he studied and reflected on righteousness, proper conduct and the nature of government such that by the age of 50 he had established a reputation. This regard, however was insufficient for his success in advocating for a strong central government and the use of diplomacy over warfare as the ideal for international relationships. He is said to have spent his last years teaching an ardent group of followers of the values to be appreciated in a collection of ancient writings loosely identified as the Five Classics. +Under the succeeding Han dynasty and Tang dynasty, Confucian ideas gained even more widespread prominence. +During the Song dynasty, the scholar Zhu Xi (AD 1130–1200) added ideas from Taoism and Buddhism into Confucianism. In his life, Zhu Xi was largely ignored, but not long after his death his ideas became the new orthodox view of what Confucian texts actually meant. Modern historians view Zhu Xi as having created something rather different, and call his way of thinking Neo-Confucianism.[1] Neo-Confucianism held sway in China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam until the 19th century. +Early developments towards Confucianism in Korea +Though the Shang dynasty (1600 BC – 1040 BC) is recognized chiefly for its metallurgical accomplishments, its organizational accomplishments included the invocation of authority through one's ancestors. When the Shang Dynasty was overtaken by the Western Zhou (1122 BC – 771 BC), the Zhou modified the Shang belief in ancestors belief to invoke the "Mandate of Heaven" as a way of identifying the divine right to rule. The Mandate of Heaven was based on rules of good governance and the emperor was granted the right to rule by heaven as long as those rules of good governance were obeyed. +Though the Shang dynasty (1600 BC – 1040 BC) is recognized chiefly for its metallurgical accomplishments, its organizational accomplishments included the invocation of authority through one's ancestors. When the Shang Dynasty was overtaken by the Western Zhou (1122 BC – 771 BC), the Zhou modified the Shang belief in ancestors belief to invoke the "Mandate of Heaven" as a way of identifying the divine right to rule. The Mandate of Heaven was based on rules of good governance and the emperor was granted the right to rule by heaven as long as those rules of good governance were obeyed. +Jurassic World: Dominion is an upcoming American science fiction adventure film and the sequel to the 2018 film, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, as well as the sixth film in the Jurassic Park franchise and the third film in the Jurassic World series. +The film stars Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard, who reprise their roles from the previous Jurassic World films. +Sam Neill, Laura Dern, Jeff Goldblum and BD Wong also reprise their roles from earlier films in the franchise. The film will be directed by Colin Trevorrow, who wrote the screenplay with Emily Carmichael, based on a story by Trevorrow and his writing partner, Derek Connolly. As with its predecessor, Frank Marshall and Patrick Crowley will produce the film, with Trevorrow and Jurassic Park director Steven Spielberg acting as executive producers. +External links +Filming began in Canada in February 2020. +The film is scheduled for release on June 11, 2021 by Universal Pictures. +Cast +Chris Pratt as Owen Grady[1] Bryce Dallas Howard as Claire Dearing[2] Sam Neill as Dr. Alan Grant[2] Laura Dern as Dr. Ellie Sattler[3] Jeff Goldblum as Dr. Ian Malcolm[3] BD Wong as Dr. Henry Wu[4] Justice Smith as Franklin Webb[4] Daniella Pineda as Zia Rodriguez[5] Jake Johnson as Lowery Cruthers[5] Omar Sy as Barry Sembène[6][7] Isabella Sermon as Maisie Lockwood[8] Mamoudou Athie[8] DeWanda Wise[10] Dichen Lachman[11] Scott Haze[11] +Edo Neo-Confucianism, known in Japanese as Shushi-Gaku (朱子学, shushigaku), refers to the schools of Neo-Confucian philosophy that developed in Japan during the Edo period. Neo-Confucianism reached Japan during the Kamakura period. The philosophy can be characterized as humanistic and rationalistic, with the belief that the universe could be understood through human reason, and that it was up to man to create a harmonious relationship between the universe and the individual.[1] The 17th-century Tokugawa shogunate adopted Neo-Confucianism as the principle of controlling people and Confucian philosophy took hold. +Whereas Buddhism insisted on the unreality of things, Neo-Confucianism stressed their reality. Buddhism and Taoism asserted that existence came out of, and returned to, non-existence; Neo-Confucianism regarded reality as a gradual realization of the Great Ultimate... Buddhists, and to some degree, Taoists as well, relied on meditation and insight to achieve supreme reason; the Neo-Confucianists chose to follow Reason.[8] +The social aspects of the philosophy are hierarchical with a focus on filial piety. This created a Confucian social stratification in Edo society that previously had not existed, dividing Japanese society into four main classes: the samurai, seen as the Japanese equivalent of the Chinese scholar-bureaucrats, at the top of the social hierarchy, then the farmers, artisans, and merchants.[9] The samurai were especially avid readers and teachers of Confucian thought in Japan, establishing many Confucian academies. +Neo-Confucianism also introduced elements of ethnocentrism into Japan. As the Chinese Neo-Confucians had regarded their own culture as the center of the world, the Japanese Neo-Confucians developed a similar national pride.[1] This national pride would later evolve into the philosophical school of Kokugaku, which would later challenge Neo-Confucianism, and its perceived foreign Chinese origins, as the dominant philosophy of Japan. +Neo-Confucianists +See also +Kokugaku Kyōhō Reforms +Notes +Fujiwara Seika from Japanese book 先哲像伝. Fujiwara was one of the major pioneers of Neo-Confucianism in Japan. +Neo-Confucianism has its origins in the Chinese Tang Dynasty; the Confucianist scholars Han Yu and Li Ao are seen as forebears of the Neo-Confucianists of the Song Dynasty.[2] The Song Dynasty philosopher Zhou Dunyi is seen as the first true "pioneer" of Neo-Confucianism, using Daoist metaphysics as a framework for his ethical philosophy.[3] Neo-Confucianism developed both as a renaissance of traditional Confucian ideas, and as a reaction to the ideas of Buddhism and religious Daoism. Although the Neo-Confucianists denounced Buddhist metaphysics, Neo-Confucianism did borrow Daoist and Buddhist terminology and concepts.[2] +Neo-Confucianism was brought to Japan during the late Kamakura period. It was spread as basic education for monks in training and others of the Five Mountain System (Gozan) network of Zen temples while its theory was completed by annotations brought by the monk Yishan Yining, who visited Japan in 1299 from the Yuan Dynasty,[1][4] in the form of the Cheng-Zhu school of Neo-Confucianism. Moreover, Neo-Confucianist thought derived from the works of Cheng Yi, Cheng Hao, and Zhu Xi, and the then-orthodox ideology of China and Korea.[5] The rise of Neo-Confucianism in Japan was aided by state support from the Tokugawa government, who encouraged the establishment of national secular ideology as a method of strengthening political rule over the country.[1] The philosophy had arrived earlier in the 14th century, but knowledge of it was limited to Zen monasteries, who saw Confucianism as intellectually interesting, but secondary to Zen,[5] and some schools like the Ashikaga Gakko. +The pioneering Japanese Neo-Confucian was Fujiwara Seika, a former Zen practitioner interested in Confucian thought, who eventually rejected Zen ideas to become one of Neo-Confucianism's foremost advocates in Japan.[1] Fujiwara's student, Hayashi Razan, served the Tokugawa shōguns, and through state patronage was able to establish the Shoheiko academy.[5] After the Kansei Edict established Neo-Confucianism as Japan's official ideology, the Shoheiko academy became the premier authority on Confucian orthodoxy. Although heterodox schools of Neo-Confucianism were officially banned, the schools still persisted in Japan. The Japanese philosopher Toju Nakae is one such case, who was more influenced by the heterodox Wang Yangming than he was by the orthodox Zhu Xi.[6] +The influence of Neo-Confucianism was challenged by the rise of the Kokugaku philosophical school in the 17th and 18th centuries. Kokugaku advocates argued that the ancient Japanese were better representatives of Confucian virtues than the ancient Chinese were, and that there should be more intellectual focus on ancient Japanese classics and the indigenous religion of Shinto.[7] Although philosophical competitors, Kokugaku and Neo-Confucianism would co-exist as the dominant philosophical thought of Japan until the arrival of Western philosophy during the Meiji period. +Like Chinese and Korean Confucianism, Edo Neo-Confucianism is a social and ethical philosophy based on metaphysical ideas. The philosophy can be characterized as humanistic and rationalistic, with the belief that the universe could be understood through human reason, and that it was up to man to create a harmonious relationship between the universe and the individual.[1] +The rationalism of Neo-Confucianism is in contrast to the mysticism of the previously dominant Zen Buddhism in Japan. Unlike the Buddhists, the Neo-Confucians believed that reality existed, and could be understood by mankind, even if the interpretations of reality were slightly different depending on the school of Neo-Confucianism.[1] +On Guam, over half of all crops were destroyed by heavy winds and rain. A total of $40,000 (1961 USD) worth of damage was done to roads on the island. Most of the damage was on the southern end of the island. +In Japan, according to Japan Fire and Disaster Management Agency official confirmed report, 194 people were killed, 8 were missing, and 4,972 people were injured. These totals made Nancy the sixth-deadliest typhoon to hit Japan at the time. Timely warnings and adequate preparations were probably responsible for the relatively low death toll. +Hundreds of thousands of people had their lives disrupted. Super Typhoon Nancy destroyed 11,539 houses, damaged 32,604 homes, and flooded 280,078 others. Although the exact number may never be known, the Stars and Stripes reported in late September 1961 that over 1,056 ships and fishing vessels were sunk or blown ashore, and that many more were damaged.[1] +Floodwaters washed away 566 bridges and caused 1146 landslides. Roads were destroyed at a total of 2,053 locations.[1] Damages in Osaka amounted to $500 million (1961 USD).[4] +Super Typhoon Nancy, also known as the 2nd Muroto Typhoon (第二室戸台風, Daini-muroto Taifū), was an extremely powerful tropical cyclone of the 1961 Pacific typhoon season and one of the most intense tropical cyclones on record. +The system possibly had the strongest winds ever measured in a tropical cyclone, tied with Hurricane Patricia of 2015. Nancy caused extensive damage, as well as at least 202 deaths and nearly five thousands of injuries in Japan and elsewhere, in September 1961. +Meteorological history +A tropical depression formed from a low-pressure area near Kwajalein Atoll on September 7. It strengthened rapidly; by the time position fixes could be taken, Nancy was nearly a super typhoon, on September 8. Moving gradually westward, Nancy explosively deepened and reached wind speeds equivalent to a Category 5 super typhoon (Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale) on September 9.[1] It would maintain that intensity for the next several days. +Nancy made landfall as a strong typhoon on September 16 as it passed directly over Muroto Zaki. Nancy made a second landfall on Honshū near Osaka. The typhoon rapidly traveled up the length of the island as it continued accelerating, eventually reaching a forward speed of 65 mph (100 km/h, 55 knots).[2] The typhoon quickly crossed over Hokkaidō before entering the Sea of Okhotsk as a tropical storm. +Impact +Although no monetary value of all damage is known, damage was "phenomenal"[1] in all areas where Nancy hit. There were at least 194 deaths and 8 people unaccounted for, according to Japanese government official confirmed. +The sequel to 2009's Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (which in turn was loosely based on Judi and Ron Barrett's book of the same name), the film was directed by Cody Cameron and Kris Pearn with Phil Lord and Christopher Miller returning as executive producers. Bill Hader, Anna Faris, James Caan, Andy Samberg, Neil Patrick Harris, and Benjamin Bratt reprise their roles from the first film, while Will Forte, who voiced Joseph Towne in the first film, voices Chester V. in this one. New cast members includes Kristen Schaal as orangutan Barb and Terry Crews as Officer Earl, replacing Mr. T in the role.[1] The film's plot involves Flint Lockwood and his friends returning to Chewandswallow to save the world after the presumably-destroyed FLDSMDFR reawakens, this time producing sentient food animals. +The Angry Birds Movie (also referred to as Angry Birds and released in the United Kingdom as such)[8] is a 2016 CGI computer-animated comedy film based on Rovio Entertainment's video game series of the same name,[9] produced by Columbia Pictures and Rovio Animation, and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing. It was directed by Clay Kaytis and Fergal Reilly in their directorial debuts[10] and written by Jon Vitti.[11] The film features the voices of Jason Sudeikis, Josh Gad, Danny McBride, Maya Rudolph, Kate McKinnon, Sean Penn, Tony Hale, Keegan-Michael Key, Bill Hader, and Peter Dinklage.[5] +The Angry Birds Movie 2 (also referred to as The Angry Birds 2 Movie or just simply Angry Birds 2) is a 2019 computer-animated comedy film based on Rovio Entertainment's Angry Birds video game series, produced by Columbia Pictures, Rovio Animation and Sony Pictures Animation,[N 1] and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing. The sequel to The Angry Birds Movie (2016), the film was directed by Thurop Van Orman and co-directed by John Rice (in their directorial debuts) from a screenplay by Peter Ackerman, Eyal Podell, and Jonathon E. Stewart. Jason Sudeikis, Josh Gad, Danny McBride, Maya Rudolph, Tony Hale, Bill Hader and Peter Dinklage reprise their roles from the first film, with newcomers Leslie Jones, Rachel Bloom, Awkwafina, Sterling K. Brown, Eugenio Derbez, JoJo Siwa and Brooklynn Prince joining the ensemble cast. +He developed a polystylistic technique in works such as the epic Symphony No. 1 (1969–1972) and his first concerto grosso (1977). In the 1980s, Schnittke's music began to become more widely known abroad with the publication of his second (1980) and third (1983) string quartets and the String Trio (1985); the ballet Peer Gynt (1985–1987); the third (1981), fourth (1984), and fifth (1988) symphonies; and the viola concerto (1985) and first cello concerto (1985–1986). As his health deteriorated, Schnittke's music started to abandon much of the extroversion of his polystylism and retreated into a more withdrawn, bleak style. +He experimented with techniques in his film work, as shown by much of the sonata appearing first in his score for the 1968 animation short The Glass Harmonica [ru]. He continued to develop the polystylistic technique in works such as the epic First Symphony (1969–1972) and First Concerto Grosso (1977). Other works were more stylistically unified, such as his piano quintet (1972–1976), written in memory of his recently deceased mother. +In the 1980s, Schnittke's music began to become more widely known abroad, thanks in part to the work of émigré Soviet artists such as the violinists Gidon Kremer and Mark Lubotsky. Despite constant illness, he produced a large amount of music, including important works such as the Second (1980) and Third (1983) String Quartets and the String Trio (1985); the Faust Cantata (1983), which he later incorporated in his opera Historia von D. Johann Fausten; the ballet Peer Gynt (1985–1987); the Third (1981), Fourth (1984) and Fifth (1988) Symphonies (the last of which is also known as the Fourth Concerto Grosso) and the Viola (1985) and First Cello (1985–1986) concertos. This period was also marked by a turn in Schnittke and his music to Christian themes, exemplified in his deeply spiritual unaccompanied choral works, the Concerto for Mixed Chorus (1984-1985) and the Penitential Psalms (1988), and alluded to in various others works, including the Fourth Symphony and the Faust Cantata.[8] +As his health deteriorated from the late 1980s, Schnittke started to abandon much of the extroversion of his earlier polystylism and retreated into a more withdrawn, bleak style, quite accessible to the lay listener. The Fourth Quartet (1989) and Sixth (1992), Seventh (1993) and Eighth (1994) symphonies are good examples of this. Some Schnittke scholars, such as Gerard McBurney, have argued that it is the late works that will ultimately be the most influential parts of Schnittke's output. +Nikolai Korndorf died before he could complete the task, which was continued and completed by Alexander Raskatov. In Raskatov's version, the three orchestral movements of Schnittke's symphony may be followed by a choral fourth, which is Raskatov's own Nunc Dimittis (in memoriam Alfred Schnittke). This version was premiered in Dresden, Germany, on June 16, 2007. +Schnittke's father, Harry Maximilian Schnittke [ru] (1914–1975), was Jewish and born in Frankfurt.[1] He moved to the Soviet Union in 1927 and worked as a journalist and translator from the Russian language into German. His mother, Maria Iosifovna Schnittke (née Vogel, 1910–1972), was a Volga German born in Russia. Schnittke's paternal grandmother, Tea Abramovna Katz (1889–1970), was a philologist, translator, and editor of German-language literature. +He began his musical education in 1946 in Vienna, where his father had been posted. It was in Vienna, Schnittke's biographer Alexander Ivashkin writes, where "he fell in love with music which is part of life, part of history and culture, part of the past which is still alive."[2] "I felt every moment there," the composer wrote, "to be a link of the historical chain: all was multi-dimensional; the past represented a world of ever-present ghosts, and I was not a barbarian without any connections, but the conscious bearer of the task in my life."[3] Schnittke's experience in Vienna "gave him a certain spiritual experience and discipline for his future professional activities. It was Mozart and Schubert, not Tchaikovsky and Rachmaninoff, whom he kept in mind as a reference point in terms of taste, manner and style. +Schnittke completed his graduate work in composition at the Moscow Conservatory in 1961 and taught there from 1962 to 1972. Evgeny Golubev was one of his composition teachers. Thereafter, he earned his living chiefly by composing film scores, producing nearly 70 scores in 30 years.[4] Schnittke converted to Christianity and possessed deeply held mystic beliefs, which influenced his music.[5] +His First Symphony was effectively banned by the Composers' Union.[6] After he abstained from a Composers' Union vote in 1980, he was banned from travelling outside the USSR. On 21 July 1985, Schnittke suffered a stroke[7] that left him in a coma. He was declared clinically dead on several occasions, but recovered and continued to compose. +Antz is a 1998 American computer animated adventure comedy film directed by Eric Darnell and Tim Johnson, and written by Paul Weitz, Chris Weitz and Todd Alcott. The film features the voices of Woody Allen, Sharon Stone, Jennifer Lopez, Sylvester Stallone, Christopher Walken, Dan Aykroyd, Anne Bancroft, Danny Glover and Gene Hackman. Some of the main characters share facial similarities with the actors who voice them.[10] Antz was the first film and project from DreamWorks Animation, and the second feature-length computer-animated film after Disney and Pixar's Toy Story. +Bee Movie is a 2007 American computer-animated comedy film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures.[lower-alpha 1] Directed by Simon J. Smith and Steve Hickner, the film stars Jerry Seinfeld and Renée Zellweger, with Matthew Broderick, Patrick Warburton, John Goodman and Chris Rock in supporting roles. Its story follows Barry B. Benson (Seinfeld), a honey bee who sues the human race for exploiting bees, after learning from his florist friend Vanessa (Zellweger) that humans sell and consume honey. +Onward is a 2020 American computer-animated urban fantasy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios for Walt Disney Pictures. The film is directed by Dan Scanlon, produced by Kori Rae from a screenplay written by Scanlon, Jason Headley, and Keith Bunin, and stars the voices of Tom Holland, Chris Pratt, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, and Octavia Spencer. Set in a suburban fantasy world, the film follows two elf brothers who set out on a quest to find an artifact that will bring back their deceased father.[6] +Fate/Grand Order[lower-alpha 1] is an online, free-to-play role-playing mobile game developed by Delightworks using Unity,[2][3] and published by Aniplex. The game is based on Type-Moon's Fate/stay night franchise, and was released in Japan on July 29, 2015 for Android,[4] and on August 12, 2015 for iOS. English iOS and Android versions followed on June 25, 2017 in the United States and Canada,[5][6] and a Korean version was released on November 21, 2017.[7] An arcade version titled Fate/Grand Order Arcade was released by Sega in Japan on July 26, 2018. +Just as hope was lost, Romani appeared and revealed that he himself is actually the real Solomon, the Grand Caster who wished to be human after the fifth holy grail war. Using his only Noble Phantasm to erase himself from existence and weaken Goetia, he then said his goodbyes to Ritsuka and in order for him to defeat Goetia once and for all. Upon the final Singularity being restored to order, Mash is revived via the power of Beast IV, who is revealed to be Fou, a dog-like creature that has journeyed alongside Fujimaru and their party through the entirety of the game. +Commercial reception +In 2018, Fate/Grand Order drew widespread media attention due to reports of a 31-year old Japanese man identified only as Daigo, claiming to have spent $70,000 to purchase the game's currency, called Saint Quartz, which is used to summon Servants. Daigo kept on spending cash in-game in his desire to get high-level characters and ended up spending more to strengthen them once they were acquired.[17] In an interview, the gamer said, “Some people spend $18 on a movie and feel moved. I’ve spent $70,000 on FGO. +Fate/Grand Order grossed approximately $370 million from in-app purchases between August 2015 and December 2016, including $175 million on the App Store (peaking at $5.6 million weekly revenue) and $195 million on Google Play (peaking at $3.3 million weekly).[28][29] In 2017, the game grossed ¥89.6 billion ($811 million) in Japan between January and October 3,[30] and ¥13.2 billion ($120 million) in China.[31] Worldwide, the game grossed $982 million in 2017, making it the year's sixth highest-grossing mobile game.[8] In 2018, it grossed at least ¥134.8 billion ($1,221 million), including ¥120.4 billion in Japan (where it was the year's second highest-grossing mobile game)[32] along with ¥14.4 billion overseas during the first half of the year.[33] It was the year's top mobile game in terms of worldwide consumer spending.[34] +Feito/Gurando Ōdā) was written and illustrated by Riyo and released online on April 13, 2015. The manga covers the basics of the game in a more comedic tone than the main series. It was followed by two sequels: Learn More with Manga! +Fate Grand/Order (もっとマンガで分かる！ Fate/Grand Order, Motto Manga de Wakaru! Feito/Gurando Ōdā) in December 17, 2015 and Learn Even More with Manga! Fate Grand/Order (ますますマンガで分かる！ Fate/Grand Order, Masumasu Manga de Wakaru! +Feito/Gurando Ōdā) on August 3, 2017. Kadokawa Shoten released a compilation of the chapters of the first two series on one tankobon volume on August 2, 2017. Aniplex of America officially translated all of the first manga's chapters into English. +Gameplay +A combat sequence in Fate/Grand Order: Here, Kid Gil (Archer), Ryougi Shiki (Assassin) and Gilgamesh (Archer) face off against Hand of Dawn enemies +If three similar cards are used in one turn, they create a "Chain" which gives a bonus based on the cards' properties. If three cards all corresponding to the same servant are selected, then a "Brave Chain" will ensue, resulting in an extra, more powerful, attack being added onto the end. Each Servant also has skills that can be used before drawing Command Cards; each skill gives effects in the battle, as well as a special command card called "Noble Phantasm" that appears when the gauge is full. +Saint Quartz, an in-game currency earned both by playing the game and via real money in-app purchases, is used to summon new Servants and acquire "Craft Essences" which give additional effects when equipped to a servant. This summoning is random, with some servants available commonly, and others rarely. Another currency is "Friend Points", which are more easily acquired, but only can acquire common Servants with them. +Plot +In 2015, the Chaldea Security Organization draws on experts of both the magical and mundane fields to observe the future of mankind for possible extinction events. Humanity's survival seems assured for the next century—until the verdict suddenly changes, and now eradication of the species awaits at the end of 2016. The cause is unknown, but appears to be linked with the Japanese town of Fuyuki and the events of 2004 during the Fifth Holy Grail War. +The Gazette (stylized as the GazettE), originally known as Gazette (ガゼット, Gazetto), is a Japanese visual kei rock band from Kanagawa formed in early 2002.[5] The band is currently signed to Sony Music Records. +On March 30, 2004, they released their fifth EP Madara, which reached No. 2 on the Oricon Indie Charts. Madara was followed on May 26 by a companion DVD that included six music videos and an in-the-studio documentary. In the same month, the Gazette was featured in Shoxx magazine's Expect Rush III, a catalogue of independent visual kei artists.[8] +A second concert DVD, Heisei Banka, was released on August 25, 2004. In September and October, they toured with fellow PS Company bands Kra and BIS. Their first studio album, Disorder, was released on October 13, 2004 and subsequently made it to the top 5 of the indies Oricon Daily Charts. +2005–2006: Nil and Nameless Liberty Six Guns tour +In early 2005, the Gazette embarked on their Japan-wide spring tour called Standing Tour 2005 Maximum Royal Disorder. The final performance of the tour was held at Shibuya Kokaido on April 17, 2005. On March 9, the Gazette released the new single "Reila". +After the DVD release of their concert on July 6, 2005, the band released their sixth EP, Gama, and embarked on the Standing Tour 2005 (Gama) the Underground Red Cockroach. On October 20, the Gazette released their first photobook, Verwelktes Gedicht, which included an exclusive CD containing the song "Kare Uta" (枯詩; Withered Poem). On December 7, 2005, the band released their first single under a major label, "Cassis". +Shortly after, they embarked on another Japanese tour called Standing Tour 2006 Nameless Liberty Six Guns. The final performance of the tour was held at Nippon Budokan.[9] In May 2006, they released their first compilation album, Dainihon Itangeishateki Noumiso Gyaku Kaiten Zekkyou Ongenshuu, which included songs that had been released from 2002 through 2004. In the next month, they released their second music video compilation DVD, Film Bug I. On July 29, 2006, the Gazette performed at the Beethovenhalle in Bonn, Germany, their first show outside of Asia. +On August 6, 2006, the Gazette held a festival called Gazerock Festival in Summer 06 (Burst into a Blaze) at Tokyo Big Sight West Hall. Later that month, the band released two new singles, "Regret" on October 25, and "Filth in the Beauty" on November 1. To promote the singles, they began another tour, Tour 2006-2007 Decomposition Beauty. +2007–2009: Stacked Rubbish and Dim +The album was followed by a long promotional tour called Tour 2007-2008 Stacked Rubbish (Pulse Wriggling to Black) that went from July 2007 until April 2008. In the midst of the tour in October, the Gazette embarked on their first European tour, performing in England, Finland, France, and Germany. The tour finale was held in Yoyogi National Gymnasium on April 19 and April 20, 2008. +The DVD for their Stacked Rubbish Grand Finale (Repeated Countless Error) at Yoyogi National Gymnasium was released on August 6, 2008. The single "Leech",released on November 12, 2008, landed a No. 2 spot on the Oricon charts. On July 14, 2008,[11] the band performed in the event Music Japan 2008 (a TV program on NHK) with other bands such as Alice Nine, Plastic Tree, LM.C and Mucc. +On August 23, 2008, the Gazette held a festival called Gazerock Festival in Summer 08 (Burst into a Blaze) at Fuji-Q Conifer Forest. The Gazette went on a fanclub tour throughout October called Standing Live Tour 08 (From the Distorted City), referencing the song "Distorted Daytime" from their "Leech" single, which portrayed Tokyo as a "distorted city," in terms of the societal and political crises sweeping over Japan. +On November 15, 2008, the Gazette hosted their first secret show in Shinjuku Station. +Around two-hundred fifty people were originally anticipated to attend, but instead over seven thousand attended, the most in the band's history. Owing to the number of people on the streets, the police were forced to shut it down after two songs.[1][12] +The Gazette in Tokyo, 2009. +On January 3, 2009, the Gazette performed alongside fellow PS Company bands in the Peace and Smile Carnival 2009 Tour to celebrate the record label's 10th Anniversary in Nippon Budokan, where they announced they would release a new single called Distress and Coma on March 25. The release was preceded by a 7th Anniversary performance called Live 09 (7-Seven-) at Makuhari Messe. +The band released their fourth studio album, Dim on July 15, 2009, followed by another Japan-wide summer tour starting in July, for which the tour's final performance was held at Saitama Super Arena on September 5, 2009. On October 7, 2009, the single "Before I Decay" was released. After that, the Gazette performed at V Rock Festival 2009 at Makuhari Messe on October 24. +In December, the Gazette held a Christmas Eve live performance to close out the year called Live 09 (A Hymn of the Crucifixion) at Tokyo Big Sight.[13] +2010–2011: Label change and Toxic +On March 17, 2010, the band began the Standing Live Tour 10 (The End of Stillness) at Zepp Tokyo.[1] After the fan club tour, the band then announced a new single and live tour, which was called Tour 10 Nameless Liberty Six Bullets starting in July with two consecutive nights at Nippon Budokan.[14] Among all of these events, the band has also announced that they would be transferring from King Records to Sony Music Records. "Shiver" was the first single released by the Gazette under new label Sony Music Records. The single was also selected as the opening theme song to the Sony anime series Kuroshitsuji II (Black Butler).[15] On August 4, 2010, they released their third music video on DVD titled Film Bug II, which included ten PV's from "Regret" to "Before I Decay". +Right after the release of "Shiver", the band announced the final stop of the Tour 10 Nameless Liberty Six Bullets would be held at Tokyo Dome, and that two new singles, "Red" and "Pledge", would be released.[16][17] +2002: Conception and early work +In March 2011, the band embarked on a fanclub-only tour called Live Tour 11 (Two Concept Eight Nights -Abyss/Lucy-) and 9th Birth (Day 9 -Nine-) at Zepp Tokyo on March 10, 2011. On March 23, 2011, the Gazette released a compilation album titled Traces Best of 2005-2009 and a live concert DVD called The Nameless Liberty at 10.12.26 Tokyo Dome. +The Gazette postponed the releases of their best-of album Traces Best of 2005-2009 and live DVD The Nameless Liberty at 10.12.26 Tokyo Dome which contains footage of their final concert at Tokyo Dome due to the catastrophic earthquake that occurred in Japan in March 2011. Both were later released on April 6, 2011.[18] +In July 2011, Ruki and Aoi joined in on PS Carnival Tour 2011 Summer 7 Days at Shibuya. Ruki was in a session band named "Lu/V" and Aoi was in a session band named "Aoi with Bon:cra-z". The Gazette also performed at the 2011 Summer Sonic festival that was held on August 13–14, 2011 in Tokyo and Osaka.[19] On September 18, 2011, the Gazette performed at the Inazuma Rock Festival 2011 with TM Revolution.[20] +The Gazette announced the release of their new single "Remember the Urge" on August 31, as well as the release of the album Toxic on October 5 and the Live Tour11 Venomous Cell. The tour started on October 10, 2011 in Tokyo at the International Forum Hall A and led the band through 27 cities with a total of 28 performances held through the end of 2011.[21] The tour finale was held in Yokohama Arena with the title named Tour11-12 Venomous Cell -the Finale- Omega on January 14, 2012. On October 3, the Gazette was rewarded "The Most Requested Artist 2010" from J-Melo Awards 2011.[22] +2012: Division and Groan of Diplosomia tour +In the final concert of the Venomous Cell tour, the Gazette announced that they will hold a 10th anniversary concert called Standing Live 2012 10th Anniversary -The Decade- at Makuhari Messe on March 10, 2012. They also announced the release of a new album called Division.[23] The album was released on August 29, 2012 in Japan and on October 1, 2012 in the UK and Europe, via JPU Records. Division was promoted during the nationwide tour Live Tour12 -Division- Groan of Diplosomia 01, which began on October 8, 2012 and came to a close on November 29, 2012. +Before the tour, the band also embarked on a fanclub-only tour, titled Standing Live Tour12 -Heresy Presents- Heterodoxy. The tour started on July 4, 2012 and ended on August 29, 2012.[24] +The Gazette performed at A-Nation Musicweek 2012 at Yoyogi National Stadium on August 4, 2012.[25] The Gazette also played at the Kishidan Banpaku 2012, on September 16 and 17 in Chiba.[26] On October 11, 2012, the Gazette joined in on a music festival event called Rising Sun Rock Festival 2012 in Ezo.[27] +The Gazette released a new live DVD,10th Anniversary: The Decade on January 9, 2013. The DVD contains the full footage from the band's 10th anniversary live show, the Decade, which took place on March 10, 2012 at Makuhari Messe. The band also announced their first tour for 2013, Live Tour13 Division Groan of Diplosomia 02, which started on February 2, 2013 at Sapporo Shimin Hall and ended March 10, 2013, with their anniversary concert the Gazette Live Tour12-13 Division Groan of Diplosomia Melt, which was held at Saitama Super Arena.[28] +The Gazette performed at the Russian rock festival Kubana, which was held for the fifth time in Anapa at the Black Sea. The event was held from August 1–7, 2013 and featured international stars like Die Ärzte, Scooter, the Guano Apes, Bullet For My Valentine, System of a Down and many more. For the Gazette, it will be their first time to ever perform in Russia and the first time they have gone overseas since their European Tour in 2007.[29] On February 24, 2013, the Gazette was rewarded as "The Most Requested Artist 2012" from J-Melo Awards 2012 for the second time. +The band began in 2002 with Ruki (vocals), Reita (bass) and Uruha (lead guitar) in Kanagawa Prefecture. After being involved with other bands in the visual kei movement, the trio decided that the Gazette would be their last band.[6] They recruited Aoi (second guitar) and Yune (drums) from disbanded visual band Artia and formally became the Gazette in January 2002.[6] +2013–2014: Beautiful Deformity and Magnificent Malformed Box tour +The band also released new single, titled "Fadeless", in August and new album, titled Beautiful Deformity, in October 23. The Gazette also announced a tour to promote these new releases. Titled The Gazette Live Tour13 Beautiful Deformity Magnificent Malformed Box, it started on November 2 and finished on December 28.[30] +As part of their world tour September 2013, the Gazette returned to Europe for concerts. In September, the band went to four Latin American countries: Mexico, Chile, Argentina and Brazil. They did two shows in France, two in Germany and one in Finland. +In March 2014, they held concerts showcasing Disorder and NIL ("Nameless Liberty Disorder Heaven"), July saw a second tour for Stacked Rubbish and DIM ("Pulse Wriggling to Dim Scene"), and a final tour in November entitled "Groan of Venomous Cell" hosting songs from Toxic and Division. This tour began on the day of the band's 12th anniversary, and was dedicated to the work they have achieved together over the last decade. During the first show of "Groan of Venomous Cell", Ruki announced that all 3 Redefinition tours are to be published in a DVD box entitled "STANDING LIVE TOUR14 HERESY LIMITED — 再 定 義 — COMPLETE BOX", which will be released on 2015.03.11.[31] +On December 24, 2014 Sony released Film Bug lll, featuring the Gazette's music video, "To Dazzling Darkness." +2015–2016: 13th Anniversary and Project: Dark Age +On March 10, 2015 the Gazette held their 13th anniversary at Nippon Budokan. They also opened a special exhibition divided on panels in which they displayed members' instrument models, showed the band's history and placed a message board where fans could write a message to the band. The exhibition was open for everyone even for fans who didn't attend the concert. +The Gazette performing at PlayStation Theater on April 29, 2016 +The 5th movement was revealed on last year's December to be the DOGMATIC tour final, which was held at Yoyogi National Gymnasium on February 28, 2016. The 6th movement was revealed on the same day to be another single release entitled Undying. It was released on April 27, 2016. +Following this in the "Dogmatic" tour the Gazette went to the U.S. and Canada for the first time in their careers for live performances as the 7th movement. After the U.S. and Canada, the band is touring in Taiwan and China (as the 8th Movement) and in France, Germany, Finland and Russia (as the 9th Movement). The 10th movement is announced to be the release of the DVD containing the "Dogmatic -Final-" live following the announcement of the 11th movement to be a standing live tour inside Japan. +The Gazette performed at Knotfest Japan in November 2016. +"Wakaremichi" was re-released in June. By September, they had released "Kichiku Kyoushi (32sai Dokushin) no Nousatsu Kouza" and their second PV. In October 2002, they played their first solo live show, and on Christmas 2002, the 5-song compilation Yougenkyou with the song "Okuribi" was released. +2018-2019: Ninth, Tours and Departure from PS Company +The Gazette released their ninth studio album, Ninth, on June 13, 2018. To complement the release, a music video for the prologue track, "Falling," debuted on their official site on March 10—also marking their 16th anniversary—and then on YouTube on March 16.[34] When the album was released as a download, Ninth topped the iTunes rock charts in Belarus, Finland, France, Hungary, Poland, Turkey and Sweden, and reached top ten in Bulgaria, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia and Spain.[35] +On June 29, 2018, The Gazette announced that they have established their own independent company "HERESY Inc.", and have departed from PS COMPANY Co. +Ltd.[36] +On July 19, 2018, the first phase of their Ninth Tours started (LIVE TOUR 18-19 PHASE #01: PHENOMENON) in Hall type of venues in Japan. The phase ended on September 4, 2018.[37] +On November 6, 2019, the second phase of the tours started (LIVE TOUR 18-19 THE NINTH PHASE #02: ENHANCEMENT) in medium sized venues in Japan. This phase ended on December 11, 2018, with the announcement about phase #04 following.[38][39] +In December 2018, The Gazette announced their WORLD TOUR 19 THE NINTH PHASE #04 -99.999- which will begin in April 2019, including performances in the USA, Canada, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Brazil, UK, France, Germany, and Russia.[40] +On February 1, 2019, the third phase began (LIVE TOUR 18-19 THE NINTH PHASE #03: 激情は獰猛～GEKIJOU WA DOUMOU～) and took place in smaller venues that offered a more intimate feeling between the fans and the band. It finished just as it started with special live performances limited to fanclub members, on March 20, 2019.[41][42] +After three years, on April 30, 2019, the first show of the World Tour was performed in Los Angeles. This world tour was held in 13 cities across 10 countries, In America, Europe and Asia. After 12 years they returned to the UK with a live performance in London where the tickets get sold-out. +On August 10, The GazettE performed in Rock In Japan Festival 2019 (Day 3)[48][49][50] for the third continuous year (Rock In Japan 2017, Rock In Japan 2018).[51][52][53][54][55] +On August 15, 2019, The GazettE continued with LIVE TOUR18-19 THE NINTH PHASE #05: 混血, a live at Yokosuka Arts Theatre to prepare for the Final in September. The venue was sold-out in minutes after the absence of the band overseas, and the setlist was a mix of older songs and the new album.[56] +2003–2004: New drummer, Cockayne Soup and Disorder +With the final approaching on September 23, 2019, the GazettE have changed their looks and outfits[57] and they have announced a collaboration (the GazettE × Yokohama Collaboration Project) which includes a special design day-pass for a line of the train in Yokohama, a themed restaurant in CHINATOWN and a Stamp Rally with rewards.[58][59] The collaboration will last from September 7 to the day of the Final, September 23rd.[60] +Members +Current +Ruki (ルキ) – lead vocals, occasional guitar (2002–present) Uruha (麗) – lead guitar (2002–present) Aoi (葵) – rhythm guitar, acoustic guitar, backing vocals (2002–present) Reita (れいた) – bass (2002–present) Kai (戒) – drums, percussion, backing vocals, bandleader (2003–present) +Yune (由寧) – drums, percussion (2002–2003) +Discography +Studio albums +Title Release Date Label Oricon Charts TWN Combo Disorder October 13, 2004 PS Company 19 – Nil February 8, 2006 King Records / JPU Records 4 17 Stacked Rubbish July 4, 2007 King Records / JPU Records 3 16 Dim July 15, 2009 King Records / JPU Records 5 11 Toxic October 5, 2011 Sony Music / JPU Records 6 – Division August 29, 2012 Sony Music / JPU Records 4 – Beautiful Deformity October 23, 2013 Sony Music / JPU Records 8 – Dogma August 26, 2015 Sony Music / JPU Records 3 – Ninth June 13, 2018 Sony Music / JPU Records 3 – +In early 2003, Yune left the band and was replaced by Kai (from visual band Mareydi†Creia) who volunteered to be the leader of the band. Shortly after this, the Gazette signed with the PS Company label and in May, released their first EP, Cockayne Soup. They started their first tour with the band Hanamuke, during which the two bands collaborated on two songs. +EPs +Title Release date Label Oricon Charts Cockayne Soup May 28, 2003 PS Company 99 Akuyuukai (悪友會 ～あくゆうかい～; Meeting Bad Company) June 25, 2003 PS Company 100 Spermargarita (スペルマルガリィタ) July 30, 2003 PS Company 78 Hankou Seimeibun (犯行声明文; Letter of Responsibility) October 1, 2003 PS Company 62 Madara (斑蠡 ～MADARA～) March 30, 2004 PS Company 38 Gama (蝦蟇 (がま); Toad) August 3, 2005 PS Company 24 +Singles +Title Release date Label Oricon Charts Wakaremichi (別れ道; Crossroads) April 30, 2002 Matina – Kichiku Kyoushi (32sai Dokushin) no Nousatsu Kouza August 30, 2002 Matina – Gozen 0-ji no Trauma Radio November 1, 2003 Matina 273 Zakurogata no Yuuutsu (ザクロ型の憂鬱; Pomegranate Shaped Melancholy) July 28, 2004 PS Company 23 Zetsu (舐～zetsu～; Lick) July 28, 2004 PS Company 24 Miseinen (未成年; Minor) July 28, 2004 PS Company 25 Dainippon Itangeishateki Noumiso Chuzuri Zecchou Zekkei Ongenshuu July 28, 2004 PS Company 102 reila March 9, 2005 PS Company / JPU Records 8 Cassis December 7, 2005 King Records / JPU Records 6 Regret October 25, 2006 King Records / JPU Records 9 Filth in the beauty November 1, 2006 King Records / JPU Records 5 Hyena February 7, 2007 King Records / JPU Records 4 Guren (紅蓮; Crimson Lotus) February 13, 2008 King Records / JPU Records 3 Leech November 12, 2008 King Records / JPU Records 2 Distress and Coma March 25, 2009 King Records / JPU Records 3 Before I Decay October 7, 2009 King Records / JPU Records 2 Shiver July 21, 2010 Sony Music 2 Red September 22, 2010 Sony Music 6 Pledge December 15, 2010 Sony Music 2 Vortex May 25, 2011 Sony Music 5 Remember the Urge August 31, 2011 Sony Music 6 Fadeless August 21, 2013 Sony Music / JPU Records 4 Ugly November 18, 2015 Sony Music / JPU Records 16 Undying April 27, 2016 Sony Music / JPU Records 10 +Compilation albums +Compilations +Yougenkyou (妖幻鏡, Moon) (December 25, 2002, Eternal) (With the song "Okuribi" (おくり火)) Kaleidoscope (May 1, 2003, PS Company) (With the songs "Back Drop Junkie [Nancy]" and "Akai One Piece" (赤いワンピース)) Hanamuke & Gazette Live (男尻ツアーファイナル) (May 6, 2003, PS Company) (With the song "Machibouke no Kouen de" (待ちぼうけの公園)) Japanesque Rock Collectionz (July 28, 2004) (With the song "Okuribi" (おくり火)) Rock Nippon Shouji Nori ko Selection (ロックNIPPON 東海林のり子セレクション) (January 24, 2007) (With the song "Cassis") Fuck the Border Line (Tribute for Kuroyume) (February 16, 2011, Avex Trax) (With the song "C.Y.Head") Under Cover II (Tribute to TM Revolution) (February 27, 2013) (With the song "Shakin' Love") +Books +"Verwelktes Gedicht" Photobook (October 20, 2005, PS Company) (With the song "Kare Uta"(枯詩; Withered Poem)) "Nil Band Score" Book (April 28, 2006, King Records) "Dainippon Itan Geisha-teki Noumiso Gyaku Kaiten Zekkyou Ongen Shuu Band Score" Book (March 13, 2007, King Records) "Stacked Rubbish Band Score" Book (March 1, 2008, King Records) "Dim Band Score" Book (September 14, 2009, King Records) "Traces Best of 2005-2009 Band Score" Book (October 1, 2012, King Records) "Toxic Band Score" Book (October 1, 2012, Sony Music Entertainment Japan) "Division Band Score" Book (February 3, 2013, Sony Music Entertainment Japan) "Beautiful Deformity Band Score" Book (December 28, 2013, Sony Music Entertainment Japan) "the GazettE World Tour 13 39395Mile" Photobook (March 10, 2014, PS Company) +A second tour followed with the band Vidoll. The bands were featured together on the November issue of Cure, a magazine focusing on visual kei bands.[7] +Other releases +Videography +Live DVD +PV Compilation +Title Release date Label Chart Positions Film Bug I June 7, 2006 King Records 10 Film Bug II August 4, 2010 King Records 7 Film Bug III December 24, 2014 Sony Music 25 +VHS +In early December 2003, they played a co-headlining show with Deadman. On December 28, they performed at Fool's Mate magazine's Beauti-fool's Fest. The performance was later released on DVD. +The Gazette's logo +Biography +Title Release date Label Oricon Charts TWN AST ASIA Dainihon Itangeishateki Noumiso Gyaku Kaiten Zekkyou Ongenshuu May 3, 2006 King Records 34 – Best Album Traces Best of 2005 - 2009 April 6, 2011 King Records / JPU Records 19 – Traces Vol.2 March 8, 2017 Sony Music / JPU Records 8 1 +Title Release date Label Chart Positions Matina Sai Shusho -Final Prelude- (Various artists) April 10, 2003 Matina Tokyo Saiban -Judgment Day- (東京裁判〜JUDGMENT DAY〜) April 28, 2004 PS Company 33 Madara (斑蠡〜MADARA〜) May 26, 2004 PS Company 54 Heisei Banka (平成挽歌) August 25, 2004 PS Company 45 Standing Tour 2005 Final [M.R.D] at 2005.4.17 Shibuya Kokaido Live (渋谷公会堂) July 6, 2005 PS Company 25 Standing Live Tour 2006 [Nameless Liberty.Six Guns...] +Arthur Morgan Red Dead character Arthur Morgan as he appears in Red Dead Redemption 2 First appearance Red Dead Redemption 2 (2018) Created by Rockstar Studios Portrayed by Roger Clark Information Affiliation Van der Linde gang Nationality American +Estimate of infection fatality rates and probability of severe disease course (%) by age based on cases from China[228] 0–9 10–19 20–29 30–39 40–49 50–59 60–69 70–79 80+ Severe disease 0.0 (0.0–0.0) 0.04 (0.02–0.08) 1.0 (0.62–2.1) 3.4 (2.0–7.0) 4.3 (2.5–8.7) 8.2 (4.9–17) 11 (7.0–24) 17 (9.9–34) 18 (11–38) Death 0.0016 (0.00016–0.025) 0.0070 (0.0015–0.050) 0.031 (0.014–0.092) 0.084 (0.041–0.19) 0.16 (0.076–0.32) 0.60 (0.34–1.3) 1.9 (1.1–3.9) 4.3 (2.5–8.4) 7.8 (3.8–13) Total infection fatality rate is estimated to be 0.66% (0.39–1.3). Infection fatality rate is fatality per all infected individuals, regardless of whether they were diagnosed or had any symptoms. Numbers in parentheses are 95% credible intervals for the estimates. +Reinfection +As of March 2020, it was unknown if past infection provides effective and long-term immunity in people who recover from the disease.[229] Immunity is seen as likely, based on the behaviour of other coronaviruses,[230] but cases in which recovery from COVID-19 have been followed by positive tests for coronavirus at a later date have been reported.[231][232][233][234] These cases are believed to be worsening of a lingering infection rather than re-infection.[234] +The virus is thought to be natural and have an animal origin,[70] through spillover infection.[235] The actual origin is unknown, but by December 2019 the spread of infection was almost entirely driven by human-to-human transmission.[197][236] A study of the first 41 cases of confirmed COVID-19, published in January 2020 in The Lancet, revealed the earliest date of onset of symptoms as 1 December 2019.[237][238][239] Official publications from the WHO reported the earliest onset of symptoms as 8 December 2019.[240] Human-to-human transmission was confirmed by the WHO and Chinese authorities by 20 January 2020.[241][242] +Epidemiology +Several measures are commonly used to quantify mortality.[243] These numbers vary by region and over time and are influenced by the volume of testing, healthcare system quality, treatment options, time since initial outbreak and population characteristics such as age, sex and overall health.[244] In late 2019, WHO assigned the emergency ICD-10 disease codes U07.1 for deaths from lab-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and U07.2 for deaths from clinically or epidemiologically diagnosed COVID-19 without lab-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection.[245] +The death-to-case ratio reflects the number of deaths divided by the number of diagnosed cases within a given time interval. Based on Johns Hopkins University statistics, the global death-to-case ratio is 6.4% (345,442/5,435,789) as of 25 May 2020.[12] The number varies by region.[246] +Other measures include the case fatality rate (CFR), which reflects the percent of diagnosed individuals who die from a disease, and the infection fatality rate (IFR), which reflects the percent of infected individuals (diagnosed and undiagnosed) who die from a disease. These statistics are not time bound and follow a specific population from infection through case resolution. A number of academics have attempted to calculate these numbers for specific populations.[247] However, in Castiglione d'Adda, a small village of 4600, 80 (1.7%) are already dead. +Total confirmed cases over time Total deaths over time Total confirmed cases of COVID-19 per million people, 10 April 2020[249] Total confirmed deaths due to COVID-19 per million people, 10 April 2020[250] +Percentage of symptoms in symptomatic cases[41] % Fever 88 Dry cough 68 Fatigue 38 Sputum production 33 Loss of smell 15[2] to 30[3][4] Shortness of breath 19 Muscle or joint pain 15 Sore throat 14 Headache 14 Chills 11 Nausea or vomiting 5 Nasal congestion 5 Diarrhoea 4 to 31[5] Haemoptysis 0.9 Pink eyes 0.8 +Antibody tests +While not all infected people develop antibodies, the presence of antibodies may provide information about how many people have been infected, i.e. the diseases' actual accumulated prevalence. Also, people with antibodies presumably have some level of immunity,[1] indicating how many more infections and vaccinations would need to take place to achieve herd immunity, and how much social distancing measures can be relaxed over time. Even if antibodies indicate long term immunity, as of April 2020 all countries appear to be far away from herd immunity, as at least 60% immunity is required,[252] although some particularly heavy hit regions may be. +People may be more interested in street tests if they may have been infected, or are more likely to get infected if they venture on the streets. Furthermore, the disease is rapidly evolving, out-dating many findings quickly. It typically takes some weeks do develop antibodies after infection. +In Castiglione d'Adda, a small village of 4600 in northern Italy, 80 people (1.7% of the population) are already dead. Out of 60 blood donors in the village who were tested 40 appear to have developed antibodies and possible immunity, most did so without being diagnosed, and many did not have symptoms.[248][253] Also in Lombardy, Italy, in Robbio, with a population of 5900, at least 4 (0.07%) have died.[254] A group of 2000 from Robbio has been screened and about 14% were found to have antibodies.[255] +In the strongest hit city in Massachusetts, Chelsea, a town of 40200, 39 (0.10%) have died[256]. Out of 200 tested in a street test, 64 (32%) were positive.[257][258] +In the German region of Gangelt, where 0.06% of the population has died, 14% have antibodies (15% have been infected and 2% were currently infectious).[259][251] In Gangelt, the disease was spread by Carnival festivals, and spread to younger people, causing a relatively lower mortality,[260] and not all COVID-19 deaths may have been formally classified as such. Furthermore, the German health system has not been overwhelmed. +In the Netherlands, about 3% may have antibodies, as assessed from blood donors.[261][262] There, the confirmed deaths from the disease is 0.018% of the population,[263] however the excess deaths with respect to normal circumstances is about twice as high as not all COVID-19 deaths are recorded as such.[264] +In Wuhan, a city of 11.08 million, where 3869 (0.03%) have died[265], 2 to 3% of Hospital employees and patients appear to have developed antibodies.[266] +They caution that due to insufficiently accuracy of the specificity of the used tests the infection rate could still be zero (i.e. all false positives).[267] No attempt was made to correct for undercounting of reported fatalities. The main issue is with the used test, which showed 2 out of 401 false positives (0.5%). If the real false positive test rate of the test was larger than 1.2%, there is a 2.5% chance this could have occurred, corresponding to a normally required 95% confidence interval[268], and an even higher false positive percentage of 1.79% appears possible by a Wolfram Alpha calculation.[269] +In Denmark blood donors, out of 1487, 22 (1.5%) were positive, suggesting an infection mortality of 0.16%[270] in a rapidly evolving situation, as the number of acknowledged deaths has since almost doubled.[271] +Those infected with the virus may be asymptomatic or develop flu-like symptoms such as fever, cough, fatigue, and shortness of breath.[9][45][46] Emergency symptoms include difficulty breathing, persistent chest pain or pressure, confusion, difficulty waking, and bluish face or lips; immediate medical attention is advised if these symptoms are present.[9] Less commonly, upper respiratory symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose or sore throat may be seen. Gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea have been observed in varying percentages.[44][47][48] +The impact of the pandemic and its mortality rate are different for men and women.[272] Mortality is higher in men in studies conducted in China and Italy.[273][274][275] The highest risk for men is in their 50s, with the gap between men and women closing only at 90.[275] In China, the death rate was 2.8 percent for men and 1.7 percent for women.[275] The exact reasons for this sex-difference is not known, but genetic and behavioural factors could be a reason.[272] Sex-based immunological differences, lesser prevalence of smoking in women and men developing co-morbid conditions such as hypertension at a younger age than women could have contributed to the higher mortality in men.[275] In Europe, 57% of the infected individuals were men and 72% of those died with COVID-19 were men.[276] As of April 2020, the U.S. government is not tracking sex-related data of COVID-19 infections.[277] Research has shown that viral illnesses like Ebola, HIV, influenza and SARS affect men and women differently.[277] A higher percentage of health workers, particularly nurses, are women, and they have a higher chance of being exposed to the virus.[278] School closures, lockdowns and reduced access to healthcare following the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic may deferentially affect the genders and possibly exaggerate existing gender disparity.[272][279] +Nomenclature +The World Health Organization announced on 11 February 2020 that the official name of the disease would be "COVID-19". WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus explained: CO for corona, VI for virus, D for disease and 19 for when the outbreak was first identified (31 December 2019).[280] The name had been chosen to avoid references to a specific geographical location (e.g. China), animal species or group of people, in line with international recommendations for naming aimed at preventing stigmatisation.[281][282] +The virus that causes COVID-19 is named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).[283] The WHO additionally uses "the COVID-19 virus" and "the virus responsible for COVID-19" in public communications.[283] Coronaviruses were named in 1968 for their appearance in electron micrographs which was reminiscent of the solar corona, corōna meaning crown in Latin.[284][285][286] Both the disease and virus are commonly referred to as "coronavirus". +During the initial outbreak in Wuhan, China, the virus and disease were commonly referred to as "coronavirus" and "Wuhan coronavirus".[287][288][289] In January 2020, WHO recommended 2019-nCov[290] and 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease[291] as interim names for the virus and disease in accordance with 2015 guidance against using locations in disease and virus names.[292] The official names COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 were issued on 11 February 2020.[293][294] +Due to capacity limitations in the standard supply chains, some digital manufacturers are printing healthcare material such as nasal swabs and ventilator parts.[295][296] In one example, when an Italian hospital urgently required a ventilator valve, and the supplier was unable to deliver in the timescale required, a local startup reverse-engineered and printed the required 100 valves overnight.[297][298] +Some cases in China initially presented only with chest tightness and palpitations.[49] In one study, only about half of patients had fever at the beginning of their hospitalization, but 89% developed fever at some point during their hospitalization. Fever and respiratory problems appeared later both for some older persons and for some persons with other medical conditions.[2] In some, the disease may progress to pneumonia, multi-organ failure, and death.[3][4] In those who develop severe symptoms, time from symptom onset to needing mechanical ventilation is typically eight days.[8] +After the initial outbreak of COVID-19, conspiracy theories, misinformation and disinformation emerged regarding the origin, scale, prevention, treatment and other aspects of the disease and rapidly spread online.[299][300][301][302] +Other animals +Humans appear to be capable of spreading the virus to some other animals. A domestic cat in Liège tested positive after it started showing symptoms (diarrhoea, vomiting, shortness of breath) a week later than its owner, who was also positive.[303] Tigers at the Bronx Zoo tested positive for the virus and showed symptoms of COVID-19, including a dry cough and loss of appetite.[304] +A study on domesticated animals inoculated with the virus found that cats and ferrets appear to be "highly susceptible" to the disease, while dogs appear to be less susceptible, with lower levels of viral replication. The study failed to find evidence of viral replication in pigs, ducks, and chickens.[305] +Research +No medications or vaccine is approved to treat the disease.[175] International research on vaccines and medicines in COVID-19 are underway by government organisations, academic groups and industry researchers.[306][307] In March, the World Health Organization initiated the "SOLIDARITY Trial" to assess treatment effects of four existing antiviral compounds with the most promise of efficacy.[308] +The use of such a virus, be it inactive or dead, aims to elicit a prompt immune response of the human body to a new infection with COVID-19. A second strategy, subunit vaccines, aims to create a vaccine that sensitises the immune system to certain subunits of the virus. In the case of SARS-CoV-2, such research focuses on the S-spike protein that helps the virus intrude the ACE2 enzyme receptor. +On 16 March 2020, the first clinical trial of a vaccine started with four volunteers in Seattle. The vaccine contains a harmless genetic code copied from the virus that causes the disease.[311] +Antibody dependent enhancement has been suggested as a potential challenge for vaccine development for SARS-COV-2, but this is controversial.[312] +Loss of smell was identified as a common symptom of COVID-19 in March 2020,[17][43] although perhaps not as common as initially reported.[42] +At least 29 phase II–IV efficacy trials in COVID-19 were concluded in March 2020 or scheduled to provide results in April from hospitals in China.[313][314] There are more than 300 active clinical trials underway as of April 2020.[3] Seven trials were evaluating already approved treatments for malaria, including four studies on hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine.[314] Repurposed antiviral drugs make up most of the Chinese research, with nine phase III trials on remdesivir across several countries due to report by the end of April.[313][314] Other potential candidates in trials include vasodilators, corticosteroids, immune therapies, lipoic acid, bevacizumab, and recombinant angiotensin-converting enzyme 2.[314] +The COVID-19 Clinical Research Coalition has goals to 1) facilitate rapid reviews of clinical trial proposals by ethics committees and national regulatory agencies, 2) fast-track approvals for the candidate therapeutic compounds, 3) ensure standardised and rapid analysis of emerging efficacy and safety data and 4) facilitate sharing of clinical trial outcomes before publication.[315][316] A dynamic review of clinical development for COVID-19 vaccine and drug candidates was in place, as of April 2020.[316] +Several existing antiviral medications are being evaluated for treatment of COVID-19,[1] including remdesivir, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir combined with interferon beta.[2][317] There is tentative evidence for efficacy by remdesivir, as of March 2020.[318][319] Clinical improvement was observed in patients treated with compassionate-use remdesivir.[320] Remdesivir inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in vitro.[321] Phase III clinical trials are being conducted in the U.S., China and Italy.[175][8][322] +Chloroquine, previously used to treat malaria, was studied in China in February 2020, with preliminary results.[323] However, there are calls for peer review of the research.[324] The Guangdong Provincial Department of Science and Technology and the Guangdong Provincial Health and Health Commission issued a report stating that chloroquine phosphate "improves the success rate of treatment and shortens the length of person's hospital stay" and recommended it for people diagnosed with mild, moderate and severe cases of novel coronavirus pneumonia.[325] +On 17 March, the Italian Pharmaceutical Agency included chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the list of drugs with positive preliminary results for treatment of COVID-19.[326] Korean and Chinese Health Authorities recommend the use of chloroquine.[327][328] However, the Wuhan Institute of Virology, while recommending a daily dose of one gram, notes that twice that dose is highly dangerous and could be lethal. On 28 March 2020, the FDA issued an emergency use authorisation for hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine at the discretion of physicians treating people with COVID-19.[329][330] +The Chinese 7th edition guidelines also include interferon, ribavirin or umifenovir for use against COVID-19.[1] Preliminary data indicate that high doses of ribavirin are necessary to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Since studies have been inconsistent with respect to ribavirin's efficacy against other novel coronaviruses (e.g., SARS, MERS) and its significant toxicity, this suggests its role in treating COVID-19 is limited and its best chance of being effective is being a part of combination therapy.[2] +In 2020, a trial found that lopinavir/ritonavir was ineffective in the treatment of severe illness.[331] Nitazoxanide has been recommended for further in vivo study after demonstrating low concentration inhibition of SARS-CoV-2.[2] +Studies have demonstrated that initial spike protein priming by transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) is essential for entry of SARS-CoV-2 via interaction with the ACE2 receptor.[332] These findings suggest the TMPRSS2 inhibitor camostat approved for use in Japan for inhibiting fibrosis in liver and kidney disease might constitute an effective off-label treatment.[citation needed] +In February 2020, favipiravir was being studied in China for experimental treatment of the emergent COVID-19 disease.[333][334] +As is common with infections, there is a delay between the moment when a person is infected with the virus and the time when they develop symptoms. This is called the incubation period. The incubation period for COVID-19 is typically five to six days but may range from two to 14 days.[50][51] 97.5% of people who develop symptoms will do so within 11.5 days of infection.[52] +In April 2020 ivermectin is being studied in Australia for a possible treatment for COVID-19 and has been shown to stop viral growth within 48 hours in vitro.[335][336] +There are mixed results as of 3 April 2020 as to the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for COVID-19, with some studies showing little or no improvement.[337][338] The studies of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin have major limitations that have prevented the medical community from embracing these therapies without further study.[3] +Oseltamivir does not inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and has no known role in COVID-19 treatment.[1] +Anti-cytokine storm +Cytokine storm can be a complication in the later stages of severe COVID-19. There is evidence that hydroxychloroquine may have anti-cytokine storm properties.[339] +Combined with a serum ferritin blood test to identify cytokine storms, it is meant to counter such developments, which are thought to be the cause of death in some affected people.[344][345][346] The interleukin-6 receptor antagonist was approved by the FDA based on retrospective case studies for treatment of steroid refractory cytokine release syndrome induced by a different cause, CAR T cell therapy, in 2017.[347][unreliable medical source?] To date, there is no randomised, controlled evidence that tocilizumab is an efficacious treatment for CRS. Prophylactic tocilizumab has been shown to increase serum IL-6 levels by saturating the IL-6R, driving IL-6 across the blood brain barrier and exacerbating neurotoxicity while having no impact on incidence of CRS.[348] +Lenzilumab, an anti-GM-CSF monoclonal antibody, has been shown to be protective in murine models for CAR T cell induced CRS and neurotoxicity and is a viable therapeutic option due to the observed increase of pathogenic GM-CSF secreting T-cells in hospitalised patients with COVID-19.[349] +The Feinstein Institute of Northwell Health announced in March a study on "a human antibody that may prevent the activity" of IL-6.[350] +Passive antibodies +Transferring purified and concentrated antibodies produced by the immune systems of those who have recovered from COVID-19 to people who need them is being investigated as a non-vaccine method of passive immunisation.[351] This strategy was tried for SARS with inconclusive results.[351] Viral neutralisation is the anticipated mechanism of action by which passive antibody therapy can mediate defence against SARS-CoV-2. Other mechanisms however, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and/or phagocytosis, may be possible.[351] Other forms of passive antibody therapy, for example, using manufactured monoclonal antibodies, are in development.[351] Production of convalescent serum, which consists of the liquid portion of the blood from recovered patients and contains antibodies specific to this virus, could be increased for quicker deployment.[352] +Reports indicate that not all who are infected develop symptoms. The role of these asymptomatic carriers in transmission is not yet fully known;[53] however, preliminary evidence suggests that they may contribute to the spread of the disease.[54][55] The proportion of infected people who do not display symptoms is currently unknown and being studied, with the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) reporting that 20% of all confirmed cases remained asymptomatic during their hospital stay.[55][56] China's National Health Commission began including asymptomatic cases in its daily cases on 1 April; of the 166 infections on that day, 130 (78%) were asymptomatic at the time of testing.[57] +Transmission +Respiratory droplets produced when a man is sneezing visualised using Tyndall scattering +Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).[13] The disease was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, the capital of China's Hubei province, and has since spread globally, resulting in the ongoing 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic.[14][15] Common symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.[4] Other symptoms may include fatigue, muscle pain, diarrhoea, sore throat, loss of smell, and abdominal pain.[9][16][6] The time from exposure to onset of symptoms is typically around five days but may range from two to fourteen days.[9][18] While the majority of cases result in mild symptoms, some progress to viral pneumonia and multi-organ failure.[14][19] As of 19 April 2020,[update] more than 2.34 million cases have been reported across 185 countries and territories,[20] resulting in more than 161,000 deaths. More than 602,000 people have recovered.[12] +Some details about how the disease is spread are still being determined.[21][23] The WHO and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) say it is primarily spread during close contact and by small droplets produced when people cough, sneeze or talk;[10][21] with close contact being within approximately 1–3 m (3–10 ft).[10] Both sputum and saliva can carry large viral loads.[4] Loud talking releases more droplets than normal talking.[59] A study in Singapore found that an uncovered cough can lead to droplets travelling up to 4.5 meters (15 feet).[60] An article published in March 2020 argued that advice on droplet distance might be based on 1930s research which ignored the effects of warm moist outbreath surrounding the droplets and that an uncovered cough or sneeze can travel up to 8.2 metres (27 feet).[22] +Respiratory droplets may also be produced while breathing out, including when talking. Though the virus is not generally airborne,[1][61] the National Academy of Science has suggested that bioaerosol transmission may be possible and air collectors positioned in the hallway outside of people's rooms yielded samples positive for viral RNA.[62] The droplets can land in the mouths or noses of people who are nearby or possibly be inhaled into the lungs.[4] Some medical procedures such as intubation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) may cause respiratory secretions to be aerosolised and thus result in airborne spread.[61] Initial studies suggested a doubling time of the number of infected persons of 6–7 days and a basic reproduction number (R0) of 2.2–2.7, but a study to be published on April 07, 2020 calculated a much higher median R0 value of 5.7.[63] +It may also spread when one touches a contaminated surface, known as fomite transmission, and then touches one's eyes, nose or mouth.[1] While there are concerns it may spread via feces, this risk is believed to be low.[10][2] +The virus is most contagious when people are symptomatic; while spread may be possible before symptoms emerge, the risk is low.[1][2] The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) says while it is not entirely clear how easily the disease spreads, one person generally infects two to three others.[3] +The virus survives for hours to days on surfaces.[1][2] Specifically, the virus was found to be detectable for one day on cardboard, for up to three days on plastic (polypropylene) and stainless steel (AISI 304), and for up to four hours on 99% copper.[26][64] This, however, varies depending on the humidity and temperature.[65][66] Surfaces may be decontaminated with a number of solutions (with one minute of exposure to the product achieving a 4 or more log reduction (99.99% reduction)), including 78–95% ethanol (alcohol used in spirits), 70–100% 2-propanol (isopropyl alcohol), the combination of 45% 2-propanol with 30% 1-propanol, 0.21% sodium hypochlorite (bleach), 0.5% hydrogen peroxide, or 0.23–7.5% povidone-iodine. Soap and detergent are also effective if correctly used; soap products degrade the virus' fatty protective layer, deactivating it, as well as freeing them from skin and other surfaces.[67] Other solutions, such as benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine gluconate (a surgical disinfectant), are less effective.[68] +In a Hong Kong study, saliva samples were taken a median of two days after the start of hospitalization. In five of six patients, the first sample showed the highest viral load, and the sixth patient showed the highest viral load on the second day tested.[58] +Virology +Illustration of SARSr-CoV virion +Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, first isolated from three people with pneumonia connected to the cluster of acute respiratory illness cases in Wuhan.[69] All features of the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus occur in related coronaviruses in nature.[2] Outside the human body, the virus is killed by household soap, which bursts its protective bubble.[3] +The virus is primarily spread between people during close contact,[lower-alpha 1] often via small droplets produced by coughing,[lower-alpha 2] sneezing, or talking.[1][2][3] While these droplets are produced when breathing out, they usually fall to the ground or onto surfaces rather than being infectious over long distances.[10][24][25] People may also become infected by touching a contaminated surface and then touching their eyes, nose, or mouth.[10][21] The virus can survive on surfaces for up to 72 hours.[6] It is most contagious during the first three days after the onset of symptoms, although spread may be possible before symptoms appear and in later stages of the disease.[27] +SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to the original SARS-CoV.[71] It is thought to have a zoonotic origin. Genetic analysis has revealed that the coronavirus genetically clusters with the genus Betacoronavirus, in subgenus Sarbecovirus (lineage B) together with two bat-derived strains. It is 96% identical at the whole genome level to other bat coronavirus samples (BatCov RaTG13).[2] In February 2020, Chinese researchers found that there is only one amino acid difference in certain parts of the genome sequences between the viruses from pangolins and those from humans; however, whole-genome comparison to date found that at most 92% of genetic material was shared between pangolin coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2, which is insufficient to prove pangolins to be the intermediate host.[72] +The lungs are the organs most affected by COVID-19 because the virus accesses host cells via the enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is most abundant in the type II alveolar cells of the lungs. The virus uses a special surface glycoprotein called a "spike" (peplomer) to connect to ACE2 and enter the host cell.[73] The density of ACE2 in each tissue correlates with the severity of the disease in that tissue and some have suggested that decreasing ACE2 activity might be protective,[74][75] though another view is that increasing ACE2 using angiotensin II receptor blocker medications could be protective and these hypotheses need to be tested.[76] As the alveolar disease progresses, respiratory failure might develop and death may follow.[75] +The virus can cause acute myocardial injury and chronic damage to the cardiovascular system.[80] Acute cardiac injury was found in 12% of infected people admitted in hospital in Wuhan, China,[81] and is more frequent in severe disease.[82] Rates of cardiovascular symptoms is high, owing to the systemic inflammatory response and immune system disorders during disease progression, but acute myocardial injury may also be related to ACE2 receptors in the heart.[80] ACE2 receptors are highly expressed in the heart and are involved in heart function.[83][80] A high incidence of thrombosis (31%) and venous thromboembolism (25%) have been found in ICU patients with COVID-19 infections and may be related to poor prognosis.[84][85] Blood vessel dysfunction and clot formation (as suggested by high D-dimer levels) is thought to play a significant role in mortality, incidences of clots leading to pulmonary embolisms and ischaemic events within the brain have been noted as complications leading to death in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Infection appears to set of a chain of vasoconstrictive responses within the body, constriction of blood vessels within the pulmonary circulation has also been posited as as mechanism in which oxygenation decreases alongside with the presentation of viral pneumonia. [86] +Immunopathology +Although SARS-COV-2 has a tropism for ACE2-expressing epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, patients with severe COVID-19 have symptoms of systemic hyperinflammation. Clinical laboratory findings of elevated IL-2, IL-7, IL-6, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon-γ inducible protein 10 (IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein 1-α (MIP-1α), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) indicative of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) suggest an underlying immunopathology.[88] +Additionally, people with COVID-19 and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have classical serum biomarkers of CRS including elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), D-dimer, and ferritin.[89] +The standard method of diagnosis is by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) from a nasopharyngeal swab.[28] Chest CT imaging may also be helpful for diagnosis in individuals where there is a high suspicion of infection based on symptoms and risk factors; however, it is not recommended for routine screening.[29][30] +Systemic inflammation results in vasodilation, allowing inflammatory lymphocytic and monocytic infiltration of the lung and the heart. In particular, pathogenic GM-CSF-secreting T-cells were shown to correlate with the recruitment of inflammatory IL-6-secreting monocytes and severe lung pathology in COVID-19 patients.[90] Lymphocytic infiltrates have also been reported at autopsy.[2] +Diagnosis +Demonstration of a nasopharyngeal swab for COVID-19 testing +CDC rRT-PCR test kit for COVID-19[91] +The WHO has published several testing protocols for the disease.[92] The standard method of testing is real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR).[93] The test is typically done on respiratory samples obtained by a nasopharyngeal swab; however, a nasal swab or sputum sample may also be used.[3][94] Results are generally available within a few hours to two days.[95][96] Blood tests can be used, but these require two blood samples taken two weeks apart and the results have little immediate value.[97] Chinese scientists were able to isolate a strain of the coronavirus and publish the genetic sequence so laboratories across the world could independently develop polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests to detect infection by the virus.[8][98][99] As of 4 April 2020[update], antibody tests (which may detect active infections and whether a person had been infected in the past) were in development, but not yet widely used.[100][101][102] The Chinese experience with testing has shown the accuracy is only 60 to 70%.[103] The FDA in the United States approved the first point-of-care test on 21 March 2020 for use at the end of that month.[104] +Diagnostic guidelines released by Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University suggested methods for detecting infections based upon clinical features and epidemiological risk. These involved identifying people who had at least two of the following symptoms in addition to a history of travel to Wuhan or contact with other infected people: fever, imaging features of pneumonia, normal or reduced white blood cell count or reduced lymphocyte count.[105] +A study asked hospitalized COVID-19 patients to cough into a sterile container, thus producing a saliva sample, and detected virus in eleven of twelve patients using RT-PCR. This technique has the potential of being quicker than a swab and involving less risk to health care workers (collection at home or in the car).[1] +Along with laboratory testing, chest CT scans may be helpful to diagnose COVID-19 in individuals with a high clinical suspicion of infection but is not recommended for routine screening.[1][2] Bilateral multilobar ground-glass opacities with a peripheral, asymmetric and posterior distribution are common in early infection.[29] Subpleural dominance, crazy paving (lobular septal thickening with variable alveolar filling), and consolidation may appear as the disease progresses.[29][106] +Typical CT imaging findings CT imaging of rapid progression stage +Recommended measures to prevent infection include frequent hand washing, maintaining physical distance from others (especially from those with symptoms), covering coughs and sneezes with a tissue or inner elbow, and keeping unwashed hands away from the face.[31][32] The use of masks is recommended for those who suspect they have the virus and their caregivers.[33] Recommendations for mask use by the general public vary, with some authorities recommending against their use, some recommending their use, and others requiring their use.[34][35][36] Currently, there is no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for COVID-19.[7] Management involves treatment of symptoms, supportive care, isolation, and experimental measures.[37] +Few data are available about microscopic lesions and the pathophysiology of COVID-19.[107][108] The main pathological findings at autopsy are: +Macroscopy: pleurisy, pericarditis, lung consolidation and pulmonary oedema Four types of severity of viral pneumonia can be observed: minor pneumonia: minor serous exudation, minor fibrin exudation mild pneumonia: pulmonary oedema, pneumocyte hyperplasia, large atypical pneumocytes, interstitial inflammation with lymphocytic infiltration and multinucleated giant cell formation severe pneumonia: diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) with diffuse alveolar exudates. DAD is the cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and severe hypoxemia. healing pneumonia: organisation of exudates in alveolar cavities and pulmonary interstitial fibrosis plasmocytosis in BAL[109] Blood: disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC);[110] leukoerythroblastic reaction[111] Liver: microvesicular steatosis +Inhibiting new infections to reduce the number of cases at any given time—known as "flattening the curve"—allows healthcare services to better manage the same volume of patients.[112][113][114] Conversely, increasing healthcare capacity—called raising the line—such as by increasing bed count, personnel, and equipment, can help to meet increased demand.[115] +Inadequate mitigation, such as premature relaxation of physical distancing rules or stay-at-home orders, can result in a resurgence of pandemics.[1][116] +Preventive measures to reduce the chances of infection include staying at home, avoiding crowded places, washing hands with soap and water often and for at least 20 seconds, practising good respiratory hygiene and avoiding touching the eyes, nose or mouth with unwashed hands.[117][118][119] The CDC recommends covering the mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing and recommends using the inside of the elbow if no tissue is available.[117] Proper hand hygiene after any cough or sneeze is encouraged.[117] The CDC has recommended the use of cloth face coverings in public settings, in part to limit transmission by asymptomatic individuals.[120] +Social distancing strategies aim to reduce contact of infected persons with large groups by closing schools and workplaces, restricting travel and cancelling large public gatherings.[121] Distancing guidelines also include that people stay at least 6 feet (1.8 m) apart.[122] There is no medication known to be effective at preventing COVID-19.[123] +As a vaccine is not expected until 2021 at the earliest,[124] a key part of managing COVID-19 is trying to decrease the epidemic peak, known as "flattening the curve".[2] This is done by slowing the infection rate to decrease the risk of health services being overwhelmed, allowing for better treatment of current cases and delaying additional cases until effective treatments or a vaccine become available.[113][3] +According to the WHO, the use of masks is recommended only if a person is coughing or sneezing or when one is taking care of someone with a suspected infection.[needs update][125] A number of countries have recommended that healthy individuals wear face masks or cloth face coverings like scarves or bandanas in public, including China,[126] Hong Kong,[127] and the United States.[128] +Those diagnosed with COVID-19 or who believe they may be infected are advised by the CDC to stay home except to get medical care, call ahead before visiting a healthcare provider, wear a face mask before entering the healthcare provider's office and when in any room or vehicle with another person, cover coughs and sneezes with a tissue, regularly wash hands with soap and water and avoid sharing personal household items.[1][129] The CDC also recommends that individuals wash hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after going to the toilet or when hands are visibly dirty, before eating and after blowing one's nose, coughing or sneezing. It further recommends using an alcohol-based hand sanitiser with at least 60% alcohol, but only when soap and water are not readily available.[3] +The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC)[38][39] on 30 January 2020 and a pandemic on 11 March 2020.[3] Local transmission of the disease has been recorded in most countries across all six WHO regions.[40] +Prevention efforts are multiplicative, with effects far beyond that of a single spread. Each avoided case leads to more avoided cases down the line, which in turn can stop the outbreak in its tracks. Handwashing instructions +Management +People are managed with supportive care, which may include fluid therapy, oxygen support, and supporting other affected vital organs.[131][132][133] The CDC recommends that those who suspect they carry the virus wear a simple face mask.[4] Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used to address the issue of respiratory failure, but its benefits are still under consideration.[5][135] Personal hygiene and a healthy lifestyle and diet have been recommended to improve immunity.[136] Supportive treatments may be useful in those with mild symptoms at the early stage of infection.[137] +The WHO and Chinese National Health Commission have published recommendations for taking care of people who are hospitalised with COVID-19.[138][139] Intensivists and pulmonologists in the U.S. have compiled treatment recommendations from various agencies into a free resource, the IBCC.[140][141] +As of April 2020, there is no specific treatment for COVID-19.[1][2] Research is, however, ongoing. For symptoms, some medical professionals recommend paracetamol (acetaminophen) over ibuprofen for first-line use.[142][143][144] The WHO does not oppose the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen for symptoms,[145] and the FDA says currently there is no evidence that NSAIDs worsen COVID-19 symptoms.[146] The anti-malarial drug chloroquine has been used in COVID-19 research with mixed results (see Research). Many in India and China have been promoting the use of traditional medicine and questionable alternative remedies without proof of efficacy.[147] +While theoretical concerns have been raised about ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, as of 19 March 2020, these are not sufficient to justify stopping these medications.[148][149][150] Steroids, such as methylprednisolone, are not recommended unless the disease is complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome.[151][152] +Medications to prevent blood clotting have been suggested for treatment,[1] and anticoagulant therapy with low molecular weight heparin appears to be associated with better outcomes in severe COVID‐19 showing signs of coagulopathy (elevated D-dimer).[153] +The CDC recommends four steps to putting on personal protective equipment (PPE).[154] +Precautions must be taken to minimise the risk of virus transmission, especially in healthcare settings when performing procedures that can generate aerosols, such as intubation or hand ventilation.[155] For healthcare professionals caring for people with COVID-19, the CDC recommends placing the person in an Airborne Infection Isolation Room (AIIR) in addition to using standard precautions, contact precautions and airborne precautions.[156] +The CDC outlines the guidelines for the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) during the pandemic. The recommended gear is: PPE gown, respirator or facemask, eye protection, and medical gloves.[157][158] +Most cases of COVID-19 are not severe enough to require mechanical ventilation or alternatives, but a percentage of cases are.[162][163] The type of respiratory support for individuals with COVID-19 related respiratory failure is being actively studied for people in hospital, with some evidence that intubation can be avoided with a high flow nasal cannula or bi-level positive airway pressure.[164] Whether either of these two leads to the same benefit for people who are critically ill is not known.[165] Some doctors prefer staying with invasive mechanical ventilation when available because this technique limits the spread of aerosol particles compared to a high flow nasal cannula.[162] +Severe cases are most common in older adults (those older than 60 years,[1] and especially those older than 80 years).[166] Many developed countries do not have enough hospital beds per capita, which limits a health system's capacity to handle a sudden spike in the number of COVID-19 cases severe enough to require hospitalisation.[167] This limited capacity is a significant driver behind calls to "flatten the curve"—to lower the speed at which new cases occur and thus keep the number of persons sick at any one time lower.[167] One study in China found 5% were admitted to intensive care units, 2.3% needed mechanical support of ventilation, and 1.4% died.[134] In China, approximately 30% of people in hospital with COVID-19 are eventually admitted to ICU.[8] +Mechanical ventilation becomes more complex as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) develops in COVID-19 and oxygenation becomes increasingly difficult.[1] Ventilators capable of pressure control modes and high PEEP[169] are needed to maximise oxygen delivery while minimising the risk of ventilator-associated lung injury and pneumothorax.[170] High PEEP may not be available on older ventilators. +Options for ARDS[168] Therapy Recommendations High-flow nasal oxygen For SpO2 <93%. May prevent the need for intubation and ventilation Tidal volume 6mL per kg and can be reduced to 4mL/kg Plateau airway pressure Keep below 30 cmH2O if possible (high respiratory rate (35 per minute) may be required) Positive end-expiratory pressure Moderate to high levels Prone positioning For worsening oxygenation Fluid management Goal is a negative balance of 0.5–1L per day Antibiotics For secondary bacterial infections Glucocorticoids Not recommended +Experimental treatment +Research into potential treatments started in January 2020,[171] and several antiviral drugs are in clinical trials.[172][173] Remdesivir appears to be the most promising.[4] Although new medications may take until 2021 to develop,[174] several of the medications being tested are already approved for other uses or are already in advanced testing.[6] Antiviral medication may be tried in people with severe disease.[7] The WHO recommended volunteers take part in trials of the effectiveness and safety of potential treatments.[176] +The FDA has granted temporary authorisation to convalescent plasma as an experimental treatment in cases where the person's life is seriously or immediately threatened. It has not undergone the clinical studies needed to show it is safe and effective for the disease.[177][178][179] +In February 2020, China launched a mobile app to deal with the disease outbreak.[180] Users are asked to enter their name and ID number. The app is able to detect 'close contact' using surveillance data and therefore a potential risk of infection. Every user can also check the status of three other users. +Big data analytics on cellphone data, facial recognition technology, mobile phone tracking and artificial intelligence are used to track infected people and people whom they contacted in South Korea, Taiwan and Singapore.[182][183] In March 2020, the Israeli government enabled security agencies to track mobile phone data of people supposed to have coronavirus. The measure was taken to enforce quarantine and protect those who may come into contact with infected citizens.[184] Also in March 2020, Deutsche Telekom shared aggregated phone location data with the German federal government agency, Robert Koch Institute, in order to research and prevent the spread of the virus.[185] Russia deployed facial recognition technology to detect quarantine breakers.[186] Italian regional health commissioner Giulio Gallera said he has been informed by mobile phone operators that "40% of people are continuing to move around anyway".[187] German government conducted a 48 hours weekend hackathon with more than 42.000 participants.[188][189] Also the president of Estonia, Kersti Kaljulaid, made a global call for creative solutions against the spread of coronavirus.[190] +Psychological support +Individuals may experience distress from quarantine, travel restrictions, side effects of treatment or fear of the infection itself. To address these concerns, the National Health Commission of China published a national guideline for psychological crisis intervention on 27 January 2020.[191][192] +The Lancet published a 14-page call for action focusing on the UK and stated conditions were such that a range of mental health issues was likely to become more common. BBC quoted Rory O'Connor in saying, "Increased social isolation, loneliness, health anxiety, stress and an economic downturn are a perfect storm to harm people's mental health and wellbeing."[193][194] +Prognosis +The disease may take a mild course with few or no symptoms, resembling other common upper respiratory diseases such as the common cold. Mild cases typically recover within two weeks, while those with severe or critical diseases may take three to six weeks to recover. Among those who have died, the time from symptom onset to death has ranged from two to eight weeks.[1] +Children are susceptible to the disease, but are likely to have milder symptoms and a lower chance of severe disease than adults; in those younger than 50 years, the risk of death is less than 0.5%, while in those older than 70 it is more than 8%.[199][200] Pregnant women may be at higher risk for severe infection with COVID-19 based on data from other similar viruses, like SARS and MERS, but data for COVID-19 is lacking.[201][202] +In some people, COVID-19 may affect the lungs causing pneumonia. In those most severely affected, COVID-19 may rapidly progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) causing respiratory failure, septic shock or multi-organ failure.[203][204] Complications associated with COVID-19 include sepsis, abnormal clotting and damage to the heart, kidneys and liver. Clotting abnormalities, specifically an increase in prothrombin time, have been described in 6% of those admitted to hospital with COVID-19, while abnormal kidney function is seen in 4% of this group.[205] Approximately 20-30% of people who present with COVID-19 demonstrate elevated liver enzymes (transaminases).[4] Liver injury as shown by blood markers of liver damage is frequently seen in severe cases.[206] +Some studies have found that the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) may be helpful in early screening for severe illness.[207] +Many of those who die of COVID-19 have pre-existing (underlying) conditions, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease.[208] The Istituto Superiore di Sanità reported that out of 8.8% of deaths where medical charts were available for review, 97.2% of sampled patients had at least one comorbidity with the average patient having 2.7 diseases.[209] According to the same report, the median time between onset of symptoms and death was ten days, with five being spent hospitalised. However, patients transferred to an ICU had a median time of seven days between hospitalisation and death.[209] In a study of early cases, the median time from exhibiting initial symptoms to death was 14 days, with a full range of six to 41 days.[210] In a study by the National Health Commission (NHC) of China, men had a death rate of 2.8% while women had a death rate of 1.7%.[211] Histopathological examinations of post-mortem lung samples show diffuse alveolar damage with cellular fibromyxoid exudates in both lungs. Viral cytopathic changes were observed in the pneumocytes. +Availability of medical resources and the socioeconomics of a region may also affect mortality.[213] Estimates of the mortality from the condition vary because of those regional differences,[214] but also because of methodological difficulties. The under-counting of mild cases can cause the mortality rate to be overestimated.[215] However, the fact that deaths are the result of cases contracted in the past can mean the current mortality rate is underestimated.[216][217] Smokers were 1.4 times more likely to have severe symptoms of COVID-19 and approximately 2.4 times more likely to require intensive care or die compared to non-smokers.[218] +Concerns have been raised about long-term sequelae of the disease. The Hong Kong Hospital Authority found a drop of 20% to 30% in lung capacity in some people who recovered from the disease, and lung scans suggested organ damage.[219] This may also lead to post-intensive care syndrome following recovery.[220] +Case fatality rates (%) by age and country Age 0–9 10–19 20–29 30–39 40–49 50–59 60–69 70–79 80-89 90+ China as of 11 February[1] 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 1.3 3.6 8.0 14.8 Denmark as of 16 April[221] 0.2 4.5 14.9 24.6 36.8 Italy as of 16 April[222] 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.9 2.5 9.5 24.1 30.2 25.0 Netherlands as of 17 April[223] 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.4 1.5 7.3 20.9 28.7 27.1 South Korea as of 15 April[224] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.7 2.5 9.7 22.2 Spain as of 16 April[225] 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 1.3 4.5 14.2 23.4 24.7 Switzerland as of 15 April[226] 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 2.1 8.1 19.9 +Case fatality rates (%) by age in the United States Age 0–19 20–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 75–84 85+ United States as of 16 March[227] 0.0 0.1–0.2 0.5��0.8 1.4–2.6 2.7–4.9 4.3–10.5 10.4–27.3 Note: The lower bound includes all cases. The upper bound excludes cases that were missing data. +Agapanthus flower and leaves +Agapanthus /ˌæɡəˈpænθəs/[2] is the only genus in the subfamily Agapanthoideae of the flowering plant family Amaryllidaceae.[3] The family is in the monocot order Asparagales. The name is derived from Greek: ἀγάπη (agapē – "love"), ἄνθος (anthos – "flower"). +Some species of Agapanthus are commonly known as lily of the Nile, or African lily in the UK. However, they are not lilies and all of the species are native to Southern Africa (South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Mozambique), though some have become naturalized in scattered places around the world (Australia, Great Britain, Mexico, Ethiopia, Jamaica, etc.).[1][4] +Species boundaries are not clear in the genus, and in spite of having been intensively studied, the number of species recognized by different authorities varies from 6 to 10. The type species for the genus is Agapanthus africanus.[5] A great many hybrids, and cultivars, have been produced. They are cultivated throughout warm areas of the world. +External links +References At: NMNH Department of Botany +Agapanthus At: Alphabetical Listing by Genera of Validly Published Suprageneric Names At: Home page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome Original diagnosis of the genus by L'Héritier online at Project Gutenberg Hoyland Plant Centre- UK National Collection Holders- Agapanthus PlantZAfrica: Agapanthus africanus https://web.archive.org/web/20131104085302/http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/publications/researchpubs/Fecundity_of_dwarf_Agapanthus.pdf +Commonly known as hellebores (/ˈhɛlɪbɔːrz/), the Eurasian[2] genus Helleborus consists of approximately 20 species of herbaceous or evergreen perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, within which it gave its name to the tribe of Helleboreae. Despite names such as "winter rose",[3] "Christmas rose" and "Lenten rose", hellebores are not closely related to the rose family (Rosaceae).[4] Many hellebore species are poisonous. +Various species of this genus originated in Europe and Asia.[8] The greatest concentration of species occurs in the Balkans. One atypical species (H. thibetanus) comes from western China; another atypical species (H. vesicarius) inhabits a small area on the border between Turkey and Syria. +The flowers have five petal-like sepals surrounding a ring of small, cup-like nectaries which are actually "petals" modified to hold nectar. The sepals do not fall as petals would, but remain on the plant, sometimes for many months. Recent research in Spain suggests that the persistence of the sepals contributes to the development of the seeds (Herrera 2005). +External links +A French hellebore enthusiast's non-commercial site A National Collection of Hellebores, Hazles Cross Farm Nursery (Staffordshire, UK) contains all known species plus hundreds of garden hybrids Flora Europaea: Helleborus Hellebores.org: A comprehensive online resource on the genus Helleborus National collection of Hellebores RHS plant pathology report on 'Hellebore Black Death' disease (pdf) +Hellebore species and hybrids: Helleborus viridis (top left); H. foetidus (top right) with cross-section; flowers of various specimens of H. × hybridus, including doubles +Phalaenopsis amabilis, commonly known as the moon orchid or moth orchid in India[2] and as anggrek bulan in Indonesia,[3] is a species of flowering plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae, native to the East Indies and Australia, and widely cultivated as a decorative houseplant. It is an epiphytic or lithophytic herb with long, thick roots, between two and eight thick, fleshy leaves with their bases hiding the stem and nearly flat, white, long-lasting flowers on a branching flowering stem with up to ten flowers on each branch. +Phalaenopsis amabilis (Indonesian: anggrek bulan meaning "moon orchid") is one of the three national flowers in Indonesia, the other two being the sambac jasmine and padma raksasa.[1] It was officially recognized as national "flower of charm" (Indonesian: puspa pesona) in Presidential Decree No. 4 in 1993.[24] +The orchid is also the official flower of Kota Kinabalu, the capital city of Sabah, Malaysia.[25] +External links +Cercis siliquastrum, commonly known as the Judas tree or Judas-tree,[1] is a small deciduous tree from Southern Europe and Western Asia which is noted for its prolific display of deep pink flowers in spring. +This species forms a small tree up to 12 m (39 ft) in height and 10 m (32 ft) in width.[2] +The deep pink flowers are produced on year-old or older growth, including the trunk, in spring. Also, the flowers display a blossom with five free petals and fused sepals. This flower shape is typical of the pea family (Fabaceae). +Wisteria floribunda (common name Japanese wisteria) is a species of flowering plant in the pea family Fabaceae, native to Japan. Growing to 9 m (30 ft), it is a woody, deciduous twining climber. It was brought from Japan to the United States in 1830's.[1][2] Since then, it has become one of the most highly romanticized flowering garden plants. +External links +Japanese Wisteria at MSU Japanese Wisteria as a pest University of Ohio fact sheet for Wisteria family +The flowers carry a distinctive fragrance similar to that of grapes. The early flowering time of Japanese wisteria can cause problems in temperate climates, where early frosts can destroy the coming years' flowers. It will also flower only after passing from juvenile to adult stage, a transition that may take many years just like its cousin Chinese wisteria. +The leaves bear 9-13 oblong leaflets that are each 2–6 cm long. It also bears numerous poisonous, brown, velvety, bean-like seed pods 5–10 cm long that mature in summer and persist until winter. Japanese wisteria prefers moist soils and full sun in USDA plant hardiness zones 5-9.[3] The plant often lives over fifty years. +It contains about 250 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas and Asia. Verbena officinalis, the common vervain or common verbena, is the type species and native to Europe. +External links +Gentiana /ˌdʒɛntʃiˈeɪnə/[1] is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With about 400 species it is considered a large genus. They are notable for their mostly large, trumpet-shaped flowers, which are often of an intense blue.[2] +Species +The genus name is a tribute to Gentius, an Illyrian king who may have been the discoverer of tonic properties in gentians.[3] +List of accepted species +[15] +Formerly placed here +Gentianopsis crinita (fringed gentian), as Gentiana crinita +External links +Hesperis matronalis is an herbaceous plant species in the family Brassicaceae. It has numerous common names, including dame's rocket, damask-violet, dame's-violet,[1] dames-wort, dame's gilliflower, night-scented gilliflower, queen's gilliflower, rogue's gilliflower, summer lilac, sweet rocket, mother-of-the-evening, and winter gilliflower. +External links +These plants are biennials or short-lived perennials, native to Eurasia and cultivated in many other areas of the world for their attractive, spring-blooming flowers. In some of those areas, it has escaped from cultivation and become a weed species. The genus name Hesperis was probably given because the scent of the flowers becomes more conspicuous towards evening.[2] +The vernacular name in China is 大花黄牡丹 (da hua huang mu dan) meaning "big yellow-flowered peony". In English it is sometimes called Tibetan tree peony or Ludlow's tree peony. It has pure yellow, slightly nodding, bowl-shaped flowers, and large, twice compounded, light green leaves.[2][3][4] +Use +The species is used as a traditional medicin, and local people dig it up for its root bark. Exploitation by people from other parts of China is a serious threat to the survival of this species.[1] It is sometimes used as an ornamental for its ferny foliage in botanical gardens and by plant collectors. +Dianthus is a genus of about 300 species of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae, native mainly to Europe and Asia, with a few species extending south to north Africa, and one species (D. repens) in arctic North America. Common names include carnation (D. caryophyllus), pink (D. plumarius and related species) and sweet william (D. barbatus). +Gallery +External links +The species are mostly herbaceous perennials, a few are annual or biennial, and some are low subshrubs with woody basal stems. The leaves are opposite, simple, mostly linear and often strongly glaucous grey green to blue green. The flowers have five petals, typically with a frilled or pinked margin, and are (in almost all species) pale to dark pink. +The Plant List Data related to Dianthus at Wikispecies The dictionary definition of 'Dianthus' at Wiktionary +Species +Erythronium grandiflorum is a North American species of plants in the lily family.[1] It is known by several common names, including yellow avalanche lily, glacier lily, and dogtooth fawn lily.[2][3] The Ktunaxa name for glacier lily is maxa.[4] +United States Department of Agriculture, National Forest Service, Index of Species Information Calphotos Photo gallery Northern Bushcraft +It is native to western North America from British Columbia and Alberta south to New Mexico and California, though it has not been reported from Arizona or Nevada.[5] It can be found in subalpine mountain meadows, slopes, and clearings.[1][6] +Its two green leaves are wavy-edged and up to 20 centimeters long. The stalk may reach 30 centimeters tall and bears one to three showy flowers. Each flower has bright lemon yellow petals, white stamens with large white to yellow to red anthers, and a white style. +Bud and flower Blooms in Missoula, Montana Young fruit +External links +Aster is a genus of perennial flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Its circumscription has been narrowed, and it now encompasses around 180 species, all but one of which are restricted to Eurasia; many species formerly in Aster are now in other genera of the tribe Astereae. Aster amellus is the type species of the genus and the family Asteraceae.[1] +Species +Aster alpinus is the only species of Aster (sensu stricto) that is native to North America; it is found in mountains across the Northern Hemisphere. +The species formerly known as Aster linosyris (Goldilocks) is now Galatella linosyris. Aster alpinus subsp. vierhapperi is the only species native to North America.[1] Many species and a variety of hybrids and varieties are popular as garden plants because of their attractive and colourful flowers. Aster species are used as food plants by the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species—see list of Lepidoptera that feed on Aster. +Some common species are: +Aster ageratoides – rough-surface aster Aster alpinus – alpine aster Aster amellus – European Michaelmas daisy, Italian aster Aster arenarius – beach-sand aster Aster fastigiatus – highly-branch aster Aster glehnii – Ulleungdo aster Aster hayatae – Korean montane aster Aster hispidus – bristle-hair aster Aster iinumae – perennial false aster Aster incisus – incised-leaf aster Aster lautureanus – connected aster, mountain aster Aster linosyris – goldilocks aster Aster maackii – Maack's aster Aster magnus – magnus aster Aster neoelegans Aster spathulifolius – seashore spatulate aster Aster tataricus – Tatarian aster, Tatarinow's aster Aster tonglingensis[4] Aster tongolensis Aster tripolium – sea aster, seashore aster +The name Aster comes from the Ancient Greek word ἀστήρ (astḗr), meaning "star", referring to the shape of the flower head. Many species and a variety of hybrids and varieties are popular as garden plants because of their attractive and colourful flowers. Aster species are used as food plants by the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species—see list of Lepidoptera that feed on Aster. +Changbai Korean Autonomous County +Changbai Korean Autonomous County, or simply Changbai County, is a county in southern Jilin province, China, facing Hyesan, North Korea. It is under the administration of the city of Baishan, 160 kilometres (99 mi) to the west-northwest, with a population of 85,000, 14,000 of which are ethnic Koreans, and an area of 2,497.6 km2 (964.3 sq mi). Apart from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture nearby, it is the only Korean autonomous area of the People's Republic of China. +Viola is a genus of flowering plants in the violet family Violaceae. It is the largest genus in the family, containing between 525 and 600 species. Most species are found in the temperate Northern Hemisphere; however, some are also found in widely divergent areas such as Hawaii, Australasia, and the Andes. +Many species, varieties and cultivars are grown in gardens for their ornamental flowers. In horticulture the term pansy is normally used for those multi-colored, large-flowered cultivars which are raised annually or biennially from seed and used extensively in bedding. The terms viola and violet are normally reserved for small-flowered annuals or perennials, including the wild species. +Agapanthus africanus (African lily) is a flowering plant from the genus Agapanthus native to the area of Cape of Good Hope in South Africa.[2] A. africanus is more difficult to grow in gardens than A. praecox, and almost all plants sold as A. africanus are actually A. praecox.[3] +It has a short stem bearing a tuft of long, narrow, arching leaves 10–35 cm long and 1–2 cm broad, and a central flower stalk 25–60 cm tall, ending in an umbel of 20-30 white, or bright blue, funnel-shaped flowers, each flower 2.5–5 cm diameter.[4][5] +It was introduced to Europe at the close of the 17th century.[1] Unlike the more common A. praecox, it is not generally suitable as a garden plant, and will not tolerate extended freezing temperatures.[3] +Agapanthus praecox (common agapanthus,[1] blue lily,[1] African lily,[2] or lily of the Nile[3]) is a popular garden plant around the world, especially in Mediterranean climates.[4] It is native of Natal and Cape of Good Hope in South Africa, local names include agapant, bloulelie, isicakathi and ubani.[1] Most of the cultivated plants of the genus Agapanthus are hybrids or cultivars of this species. It is divided into three subspecies: subsp.praecox, subsp. orientalis and subsp. minimus.[1] +External links +Alstroemeria (/ˌælstrɪˈmɪəriə/), commonly called the Peruvian lily or lily of the Incas, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Alstroemeriaceae. They are all native to South America although some have become naturalized in the United States, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, Madeira and the Canary Islands. Almost all of the species are restricted to one of two distinct centers of diversity, one in central Chile, the other in eastern Brazil. +A monetary system is the set of institutions by which a government provides money in a country's economy. Modern monetary systems usually consist of the national treasury, the mint, the central banks and commercial banks.[1] +Commodity money system +Central banks control the creation of money by commercial banks, by setting interest rates on reserves. This limits the amount of money the commercial banks are willing to lend, and thus create, as it affects the profitability of lending in a competitive market.[1] This is the opposite of what many people believe about the creation of fiat money. The most common misconception was that central banks print all the money, this is not reflective of what actually happens. +Today's global monetary system is essentially a fiat system because people can use paper bills or bank balances to buy goods.[7] +External links +A commodity money system is a monetary system in which a commodity such as gold or silver is made the unit of value and physically used as money. The money retains its value +because of its physical properties. In some cases, a government may stamp a metal coin with a face, value or mark that indicates its weight or asserts its purity, but the value remains the same even if the coin is melted down. +Commodity-backed money +Many currencies have consisted of bank-issued notes which have no inherent physical value, but which may be exchanged for a precious metal, such as gold. (This is known as the gold standard.) The silver standard was widespread after the fall of the Byzantine Empire, and lasted until 1935, when it was abandoned by China and Hong Kong. +Another alternative which was tried in the twentieth Century was bimetallism, also called the "double standard", under which both gold and silver were legal tender.[2] +Fiat money +The alternative to a commodity money system is fiat money which is defined by a central bank and government law as legal tender even if it has no intrinsic value. Originally fiat money was paper currency or base metal coinage, but in modern economies it mainly exists as data such as bank balances and records of credit or debit card purchases,[3] and the fraction that exists as notes and coins is relatively small.[4] Money is mostly created, contrary to what is written in most textbooks, by banks when they loan to customers. Put simply, banks lending currency to customers creates more deposits and deficit spending.[5] +Banks are limited in how much they can lend if they are to remain profitable in a competitive banking system. Prudential regulation also acts as a constraint on banks’ activities in order to maintain the resilience of the financial system. And the households and companies who receive the money created by new lending may take actions that affect the stock of money – they could quickly ‘destroy’ the money or currency by using it to repay their existing debt, for instance.[6] +A respiratory droplet is a particle consisting mostly of water that is large enough to fall to the ground rapidly after being produced, often defined as having a diameter greater than 5 μm. Respiratory droplets can be produced naturally as a result of breathing, talking, sneezing, coughing, or vomiting, or can be artificially generated through aerosol-generating medical procedures, flushing toilets, or other domestic activities. +Role in disease transmission +Some infectious diseases can be spread via respiratory droplets expelled from the mouth and nose +Transmission can occur when respiratory droplets reach susceptible mucosal surfaces, such as in the eyes, nose or mouth. This can also happen indirectly via contact with contaminated surfaces when hands then touch the face. Respiratory droplets are large and cannot remain suspended in the air for long, and are usually dispersed over short distances.[5] +Viruses spread by droplet transmission include influenza virus, rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, enterovirus, and norovirus;[6] measles morbillivirus;[7] and coronaviruses such as SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1)[6][7] and SARS-CoV-2 that causes COVID-19.[8][9] Bacterial and fungal infection agents may also be transmitted by respiratory droplets.[5] By contrast, a limited number of diseases can be spread through airborne transmission after the respiratory droplet dries out.[7] +Ambient temperature and humidity affect the survivability of bioaerosols because as the droplet evaporates and becomes smaller, it provides less protection for the infectious agents it may contain. In general, viruses with a lipid envelope are more stable in dry air, while those without an envelope are more stable in moist air. Viruses are also generally more stable at low air temperatures.[1] +In a healthcare setting, droplet precautions include housing a patient in an individual room, limiting their transport outside the room and using proper personal protective equipment.[1][10] Droplet precautions are one of three categories of transmission-based precautions that are used in addition to standard precautions based on the type of infection a patient has; the other two are contact precautions and airborne precautions.[1] However, aerosol-generating procedures may produce smaller droplets that travel farther, and so droplet precautions may be insufficient when such procedures are performed.[11] +In general, higher ventilation rates can be used as a hazard control to dilute and remove respiratory particles. However, if unfiltered or insufficiently filtered air is exhausted to another location, it can lead to spreading of an infection.[1] +Surgical masks can be used to prevent droplet transmission, both for infected patients[1][2] and healthcare personnel.[1][12] It has been noted that during the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak, use of surgical masks and N95 respirators tended to decrease infections of healthcare workers.[4] While surgical masks create a physical barrier between the mouth and nose of the wearer and potential contaminants such as splashes and respiratory droplets, they are not designed to filter or block very small particles such as those that transmit airborne diseases because of the loose fit between the face mask and the face.[13] +Definition +German bacteriologist Carl Flügge in 1899 was the first to show that microorganisms in droplets expelled from the respiratory tract are a means of disease transmission. In the early 20th century, the term Flügge droplet was sometimes used for particles that are large enough to not completely dry out, roughly those larger than 100 μm.[14] +Flügge's concept of droplets as primary source and vector for respiratory transmission of diseases prevailed into the 1930s until William F. Wells differentiated between large and small droplets.[15][16] +A respiratory droplet is a particle consisting mostly of water that is large enough to fall to the ground rapidly after being produced, often defined as having a diameter greater than 5 μm.[1] +Respiratory droplets are different from droplet nuclei, which are smaller than 5 μm, form the base of aerosols and can remain suspended in air for considerable periods of time. Thus droplet nuclei, but not respiratory droplets, can be a vector for airborne disease.[1] +Formation +Respiratory droplets can be produced in many ways. They can be produced naturally as a result of breathing, talking, sneezing, coughing, or singing. They can also be artificially generated in a healthcare setting through aerosol-generating procedures such as intubation, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), bronchoscopy, surgery, and autopsy.[2] Similar droplets may be formed through vomiting, flushing toilets, wet‐cleaning surfaces, showering or using tap water, or spraying graywater for agricultural purposes.[3] +Depending on the method of formation, respiratory droplets may also contain salts, cells, and virus particles.[1] In the case of naturally produced droplets, they can originate from different locations in the respiratory tract, which may affect their content.[2] There may also be differences between healthy and diseased individuals in their mucus content, quantity, and viscosity that affects droplet formation.[4] +Transport +Different methods of formation create droplets of different size and initial speed, which affect their transport and fate in the air. If inhaled, particles of greater than 10 μm tend to remain trapped in the nose and throat rather than penetrating the lower respiratory system.[1] If not immediately inhaled, droplets smaller than 100 μm tend to completely dry out, before settling on a surface.[2][3] Once dry, they become solid droplet nuclei consisting of the non-volatile matter initially in the droplet. Respiratory droplets can also interact with other particles of non-biological origin in the air, which are more numerous than them.[3] +A mosquito shortly after obtaining blood from a human (note the droplet of blood plasma being expelled as the mosquito squeezes out excess water). Mosquitos are a vector for several diseases, most notably malaria. +In epidemiology, a disease vector is any agent which carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism;[1][2] most agents regarded as vectors are organisms, such as intermediate parasites or microbes, but it could be an inanimate medium of infection such as dust particles.[3] +More directly, when they twine from one plant to another, parasitic plants such as Cuscuta and Cassytha have been shown to convey phytoplasmal and viral diseases between plants.[8] [2] +World Health Organization and vector-borne disease +The World Health Organization (WHO) states that control and prevention of vector-borne diseases are emphasizing "Integrated Vector Management (IVM)",[9] which is an approach that looks at the links between health and environment, optimizing benefits to both.[lower-alpha 1][10] +In April 2014, WHO launched a campaign called “Small bite, big threat” to educate people about vector-borne illnesses. WHO issued reports indicating that vector-borne illnesses affect poor people, especially people living in areas that do not have adequate levels of sanitation, drinking water and housing.[11] +Vector-borne zoonotic disease and human activity +Several articles, recent to early 2014, warn that human activities are spreading vector-borne zoonotic diseases.[lower-alpha 2] Several articles were published in the medical journal The Lancet, and discuss how rapid changes in land use, trade globalization, and "social upheaval" are causing a resurgence in zoonotic disease across the world.[12] +Examples of vector-borne zoonotic diseases include:[13] +Lyme disease Plague West Nile virus +Many factors affect the incidence of vector-borne diseases. These factors include animals hosting the disease, vectors, and people.[1] +Figure 1. This figure shows how the Flavivirus is carried by mosquitos in the West Nile Virus and Dengue fever. The mosquito would be considered a disease vector. +Arthropods +Notes +"Better environmental management for control of dengue". The Health and Environment Linkages Initiative (HELI). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. +"Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (DVBD)" (Multimedia). Fort Collins, Colorado: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Retrieved 7 April 2014. +"Issue Brief Series: Vector-borne Diseases" (PDF). Healthy Environments for Children Alliance. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. +"Malaria control: the power of integrated action". The Health and Environment Linkages Initiative (HELI). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. +Pawan, J.L. (1936). "Transmission of the Paralytic Rabies in Trinidad of the Vampire Bat: Desmodus rotundus murinus Wagner, 1840." Annual Tropical Medicine and Parasitol[clarification needed], 30, April 8, 1936:137–156. +Pawan, J.L. "Rabies in the Vampire Bat of Trinidad with Special Reference to the Clinical Course and the Latency of Infection." Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. +Vol. 30, No. 4. December 1936 Quammen, David (4 April 2013). +"Planet of the Ape; 'Between Man and Beast,' by Monte Reel". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 April 2014. +"Vector-borne diseases". Articles about vector-borne disease. Vaccine News Daily. +External links +The deer tick, a vector for Lyme disease pathogens. +Arthropods form a major group of pathogen vectors with mosquitoes, flies, sand flies, lice, fleas, ticks, and mites transmitting a huge number of pathogens. Many such vectors are haematophagous, which feed on blood at some or all stages of their lives. When the insects blood feed, the pathogen enters the blood stream of the host. +The parasites the mosquito carries are usually located in its salivary glands (used by mosquitoes to anaesthetise the host). Therefore, the parasites are transmitted directly into the host's blood stream. Pool feeders such as the sand fly and black fly, vectors for pathogens causing leishmaniasis and onchocerciasis respectively, will chew a well in the host's skin, forming a small pool of blood from which they feed. +Triatomine bugs are responsible for the transmission of a trypanosome, Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas Disease. The Triatomine bugs defecate during feeding and the excrement contains the parasites which are accidentally smeared into the open wound by the host responding to pain and irritation from the bite. +Plants and fungi +For example, the big-vein disease of lettuce was long thought to be caused by a member of the fungal division Chytridiomycota, namely Olpidium brassicae. Eventually however, the disease was shown to be viral. Later it transpired that the virus was transmitted by the zoospores of the fungus and also survived in the resting spores. +Many plant pests that seriously damage important crops depend on other plants, often weeds, to harbour or vector them; the distinction is not always clear. In the case of Puccinia graminis for example, Berberis and related genera act as alternate hosts in a cycle of infection of grain.[7] +The tornado outbreak sequence of May 21–26, 2011 was one of the largest tornado outbreaks on record which affected the Midwestern and Southern regions of the United States. +Most of the tornadoes developed in a corridor from Lake Superior southwest to central Texas; isolated tornadoes occurred in other areas. An especially destructive tornado destroyed one-third of Joplin, Missouri, resulting in 158 deaths and over 1,000 injuries.[4][5] The Joplin tornado is the deadliest in the U.S. since April 9, 1947, when an intense tornado killed 181 in the Woodward, Oklahoma area. Tornado-related deaths also occurred in Arkansas, Kansas, Minnesota, and Oklahoma. +Overall, the tornado outbreak resulted in 184 deaths, 6 of those non-tornadic, making it second only to the 2011 Super Outbreak as the deadliest since 1974, and the second costliest tornado outbreak in U.S. history behind that same April 2011 outbreak, with insured damage estimated at $4–7 billion.[1] +Outbreak death toll State/Province Total County County total Arkansas 5 Franklin 3 Johnson 2 Kansas 3 Lyon 1 Stafford 2 Minnesota 1 Hennepin 1 Missouri 161 Jasper 161 Oklahoma 11 Canadian 7 Grady 1 Logan 2 Major 1 Totals 181 Only tornado-related deaths are included +Music +On January 28, 2020, Tom Holkenborg signed on to compose the film's score.[23] +On May 5, 2020, it was announced Scoob! The Album would be released on May 15, 2020, featuring the song "On Me" by Thomas Rhett and Kane Brown, featuring Ava Max, and "Summer Feelings" by Lennon Stella, featuring Charlie Puth.[24] +External links +Synopsis +Cast +Frank Welker as Scooby-Doo Will Forte as Shaggy Rogers Iain Armitage as young Shaggy Rogers Mark Wahlberg as Brian / Blue Falcon Jason Isaacs as Dick Dastardly Gina Rodriguez as Velma Dinkley Ariana Greenblatt as young Velma Dinkley Zac Efron as Fred Jones Pierce Gagnon as young Fred Jones Amanda Seyfried as Daphne Blake Mckenna Grace as young Daphne Blake Kiersey Clemons as Dee Dee Sykes Ken Jeong as Dynomutt, Dog Wonder Tracy Morgan as Captain Caveman Billy West as Muttley[3] Simon Cowell as Himself Ira Glass as Himself[4] Don Messick as the Space Kook (from archival laugh recordings)[5] Eric Cowell as Ben[6] +Kodak Brownie advert +The Kodak Brownie Number 2 is a box camera that was manufactured by the Eastman Kodak Company from 1901 to 1935.[1] There were five models, A through F, and it was the first camera to use 120 film. It also came with a viewfinder and a handle.[7] The Brownie Number 2 was made of a choice of three materials: cardboard, costing US$2.00, aluminum, costing US$2.75, and a color model which cost US$2.50. It was a very popular and affordable camera, and many are still in use by film photographers.[citation needed] +Gallery +Brownie No. 2 (1901–35) No. 2 Folding Autographic Brownie 1915–26) Beau Brownie camera (1930–33) Hawkeye Brownie Flash Model (1950–61) Brownie Flash III (1957–60) Young photographer using a Brownie 127 +It was a basic cardboard box camera with a simple meniscus lens that took 2 1/4-inch square pictures on 117 roll film. It was conceived and marketed for sales of Kodak roll films. Because of its simple controls and initial price of $1 (equivalent to $31 in 2019) along with the low price of Kodak roll film and processing, the Brownie camera surpassed its marketing goal[2] +It was invented by Frank A. Brownell.[3] The name comes from the brownies (spirits in folklore) in Palmer Cox cartoons. Over 150,000 Brownie cameras were shipped in the first year of production.[4] An improved model, called No. 2 Brownie came in 1901, which produced larger 2-1/4 by 3-1/4 inch photos and cost $2 and was also a huge success.[3] +The cameras continued to be popular, and spawned many varieties, such as a Boy Scout edition in the 1930s. In 1940, Kodak released the Six-20 Flash Brownie,[1] Kodak's first internally synchronized flash camera, using General Electric bulbs. In 1957, Kodak produced the Brownie Starflash, Kodak's first camera with a built-in flash.[4] +The Brownie 127 was popular,[5] selling in the millions between 1952 and 1967. It was a bakelite camera with a simple meniscus lens and a curved film plane to compensate for the deficiencies of the lens.[citation needed] Another model was the Brownie Cresta sold between 1955 and 1958. It used 120 film and had a fixed-focus lens.[citation needed] +Having written an article in the 1940s for amateur photographers suggesting an expensive camera was unnecessary for quality photography, Picture Post photographer Bert Hardy used a Brownie camera to stage a carefully posed snapshot of two young women sitting on railings above a breezy Blackpool promenade.[6] +The last official Brownie camera made was the Brownie II Camera, a 110 cartridge film model produced in Brazil for one year, 1986.[citation needed] +The labour law of Thailand takes place under the framework of several acts of parliament and decrees, primarily the Labour Protection Act, B.E. 2541 (1998), and is mainly governed by the Ministry of Labour. +Most of the legal framework was developed during the mid-to-late twentieth century, as Thailand's economy saw rapid expansion beginning in the Cold War period. +While the law protects workers' rights of association and organization for collective bargaining, and allows workers to form unions, in practice the protections are inadequate, leading to a generally weak union system. The laws also only protect workers in the formal labour sector, and often don't reach Thailand's large migrant worker population, many of whom are employed illegally. The practice of modern slavery in some of the country's industries became a subject of international attention in the 2010s, with the government attempting to address the issues in response. +Jobs prohibited to foreigners +A law originating during the nationalist government of Plaek Phibunsongkhram in the 1940s limited certain occupations to Thai nationals. Prior to 1 July 2018, foreigners were not permitted to work in the following occupations.[1] The list is in the process of being rewritten as 12 professions previously limited to Thais will be opened to foreigners.[2] +Foreign labour cap +On 1 July 2018 a new labour law will go into effect, capping the number of foreign employees at businesses operating in Thailand. The move was taken to ensure Thais are not forced out of the labour market. Passed by the National Legislative Assembly in April 2018, the new law will restrict the number of foreign employees to a maximum of 20 percent of workforce in the industrial and services sectors.[3] The law is opposed by business operators, especially those from small and medium-sized enterprises. +Bug reports and feature requests (collectively called tasks) relating to the MediaWiki software that powers Wikipedia, should be filed on Wikimedia's Phabricator. Phabricator is a software suite that includes tools for bug reporting and project management. The bug report management tool of Phabricator is called Maniphest. +In order to relate a task with a project (tag) that uses Phabricator, you just need to start typing its name in the Tags field and select the project from the list of matching projects (the list will only show five matching projects). You can search for projects and read short project descriptions by clicking the magnifier icon in the Tags field. You can add one or more projects to the Tags field. +Setting task priority +Priority should normally only be set by product managers, maintainers, or developers who plan to work on the task, or by the staff bugwrangler, or by technically experienced community members, not by the reporter filing the bug report or by outside observers. See Phabricator project management for details. +Updates on your task +Sometimes developers may reject or misunderstand a bug report or feature request and close a report that you think is still valid. If you believe there's still an issue, you can add a comment and try to make a better explanation, or you can take it to the mailing list. If you do not want to get updates on your bug, you can state this in your email preferences. +Finding tasks you have joined the CC/Subscribers list for +Go to the list of open tasks that you have subscribed to. You can also edit the search query (e.g. to also include closed tasks) to alter the results. +Tokens +Bug reports and feature requests that are not directly related to the MediaWiki software should be discussed at Wikipedia:Village pump (technical). When in doubt, discuss issues at the Village pump before filing a task on Wikimedia's Phabricator. +Tokens in Phabricator allow you to show which bugs you care about. You can add a token to a report by clicking "Award Token" in the side bar at the top of a report. +Note that developers are not obligated to implement a request just because it has a large number of tokens. +Phabricator is a place to notify developers of bugs and contribute information that would be useful in the fixing of the bugs. It is not a place for advocacy viz. "I REALLY WANT THIS BUG FIXED!" +Contribute useful comments; useless comments (i.e. advocacy) decrease the signal-to-noise ratio The developers are under no obligation to fix your bug or add a feature you want. No personal abuse: do not make threats like "I will not edit Wikipedia until this bug is fixed" Don't mess around with fields unless you are the bug's assignee or you know what you are doing, instead, comment on the suggested change Don't whine about "declined" decisions Applicability varies, but when in doubt, follow the rules +Linking to bugs from Wikipedia +{{tracked|T1000}} creates the first right-floating box -->> +Reporting a bug or filing a feature request +If you would like to note the fact that the task has been resolved, you can note its status via {{tracked|T1234|resolved}}. See the second right-floating box --> +For example, type [[phab:T1000]] for phab:T1000. The phab: prefix can be used for linking to any static page in Wikimedia's Phabricator. For example, type [[phab:project/query/all/]] for phab:project/query/all/. +Note that [[bug:T1000]] links to the Buginese Wikipedia, not to Phabricator or its predecessor Bugzilla. +Links from within Phabricator +Standard bracketed MediaWiki-style internal links or section links are not supported. Interwiki links such as language prefixes, and other interwiki links, are not supported. +It is highly recommended to use full web addresses instead which can be copied and pasted from the web browser's location bar. Full URLs are automatically made into working links. Brackets are not needed. +Software deployment schedule +If you are experiencing a technical problem with editing or reading on Thursday or Friday which was not present earlier, it is highly likely that the cause of that technical problem is the recent deployment of software. You can report problems using the guidance on this page or on WP:VPT. If you decide to report the problem on VPT, consider looking for similar issues (usually separate sections toward the bottom of the table of contents/page); you may not be the first person to encounter the issue, and it is good to keep issue discussion in one place. +You've got a bug or feature request, and you're itching to report it. The first thing you should do is search for an existing report by using the search field in the upper corner. Someone may have already reported the bug or requested the feature. +Thanks to Wikimedia's Single User Login (SUL), you can use your account on mediawiki.org for login and don't have to remember another separate password. Please follow the instructions how to create an account on MediaWiki.org. In contrast to the previous bug tracking system (Bugzilla), your email address will not be displayed in Phabricator. +Create your bug or feature request! To understand what the fields mean and how to write a useful task, it is recommended to read "How to report a bug" on MediaWiki. A few details are highlighted below. +GeoGast (GeoGuest) +A new player, can sign up with /aanmelden (/sing up) and then become a Burger (Citizen). +GeoBurger (GeoCitizen) +An order holder in the server and gives a lot of information to (new) players. Previously this role was called "GeoLocoBurgemeester" ("GeoDeputyMayor"). +GeoBurgemeester (GeoMayor) +An order holder who gives plots to Burgers (Citizens). +GeoCommissaris van de Koning (CVDK) (GeoCommissioner of the King or CVDK) +Minister (Minister) +King Koen (Koen Lemmen) manages the server and is also the creator of GeoCraftNL. He has the same permissions and duties as the Ministers. +The GeoCraft Community now has 400 GeoBurgemeesters (GeoMayors) and Wethouders (Councillors), 19 GeoCommissarisen van de Koning (GeoCommissioners of the King), 3 Gedeputeerden (Commissioners) and 6 Ministers (Ministers). Together they make GeoCraft what it is. +This quickly went wrong. Several things were broken and then it was decided to secure the server. Since then, new players have to sign up first, and then they can request permissions with /hulp claim (/help claim) to build in one place. +Descendants 3 Promotional poster Genre Musical Fantasy Teen Written by Josann McGibbon Sara Parriott Directed by Kenny Ortega Starring Dove Cameron Cameron Boyce Sofia Carson Booboo Stewart Cheyenne Jackson China Anne McClain Composer(s) David Lawrence Country of origin United States Original language(s) English Production Executive producer(s) Kenny Ortega Josann McGibbon Sara Parriott Wendy Japhet Producer(s) Wendy Japhet Running time 108 minutes Production company(s) Disney Channel Original Productions Release Original network Disney Channel Original release August 2, 2019 (2019-08-02) Chronology Preceded by Descendants 2 +References +The black rat is a reservoir host for bubonic plague: the oriental rat fleas that infest these rats are vectors for the disease. +Types of hosts +Secondary or intermediate host - an organism that harbors the sexually immature parasite and is required by the parasite to undergo development and complete its life cycle. It often acts as a vector of the parasite to reach its definitive host. For example, Dirofilaria immitis, the heartworm of dogs, uses the mosquito as its intermediate host until it matures into the infective L3 larval stage. +It is not always easy or even possible to identify which host is definitive and which secondary. As the life cycles of many parasites are not well understood, sometimes the subjectively more important organism is arbitrarily labelled as definitive, and this designation may continue even after it is found to be incorrect. For example, sludge worms are sometimes considered "intermediate hosts" for salmonid whirling disease, even though the myxosporean parasite reproduces sexually inside them.[9] In trichinosis, a disease caused by roundworms, the host has reproductive adults in its digestive tract and immature juveniles in its muscles, and is therefore both an intermediate and a definitive host.[10] +However, the parasites may accumulate in the snake paratenic host and infect the definitive host once the snake is consumed by a canid.[11] The nematode Skrjabingylus nasicola is another example, with slugs as the intermediate hosts, shrews and rodents as the paratenic hosts, and mustelids as the definitive hosts.[12] Dead-end, incidental, or accidental host - an organism that generally does not allow transmission to the definitive host, thereby preventing the parasite from completing its development. For example, humans and horses are dead-end hosts for West Nile virus, whose life cycle is normally between culicine mosquitoes and birds.[13] People and horses can become infected, but the level of virus in their blood does not become high enough to pass on the infection to mosquitoes that bite them.[13] Reservoir host - an organism that harbors a pathogen but suffers no ill effects. However, it serves as a source of infection to other species that are susceptible, with important implications for disease control. +In biology and medicine, a host is an organism that harbours a parasitic, a mutualistic, or a commensalist guest (symbiont), the guest typically being provided with nourishment and shelter. Examples include animals playing host to parasitic worms (e.g. nematodes), cells harbouring pathogenic (disease-causing) viruses, a bean plant hosting mutualistic (helpful) nitrogen-fixing bacteria. More specifically in botany, a host plant supplies food resources to micropredators, which have an evolutionarily stable relationship with their hosts similar to ectoparasitism. +Symbiosis +Symbiosis spans a wide variety of possible relationships between organisms, differing in their permanence and their effects on the two parties. If one of the partners in an association is much larger than the other, it is generally known as the host.[1] In parasitism, the parasite benefits at the host's expense.[2] In commensalism, the two live together without harming each other,[3] while in mutualism, both parties benefit.[4] +Most parasites are only parasitic for part of their life cycle. By comparing parasites with their closest free-living relatives, parasitism has been shown to have evolved on at least 233 separate occasions. Some organisms live in close association with a host and only become parasitic when environmental conditions deteriorate.[5] +The guest seeks out the host and obtains food or another service from it, but does not usually kill it.[6] In contrast, a parasitoid spends a large part of its life within or on a single host, ultimately causing the host's death, with some of the strategies involved verging on predation. Generally, the host is kept alive until the parasitoid is fully grown and ready to pass on to its next life stage.[7] A guest's relationship with its host may be intermittent or temporary, perhaps associated with multiple hosts, making the relationship equivalent to the herbivory of a wild-living animal. Another possibility is that the host–guest relationship may have no permanent physical contact, as in the brood parasitism of the cuckoo.[6] +Hosts to parasites +Parasites follow a wide variety of evolutionary strategies, placing their hosts in an equally wide range of relationships.[1] Parasitism implies host–parasite coevolution, including the maintenance of gene polymorphisms in the host, where there is a trade-off between the advantage of resistance to a parasite and a cost such as disease caused by the gene.[8] +The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends using masks with at least three layers of different materials. Two spunbond polypropylene layers are also believed to offer adequate filtration and breathability.[1] +When producing cloth face masks, two parameters should be considered: filtration efficiency of the material and breathability. The filter quality factor known as "Q" is commonly used as an integrated filtration quality indicator. It is a function of filtration efficiency and breathability, with higher values indicating better performance. +A cloth face mask is a mask made of common textiles, usually cotton, worn over the mouth and nose. Although they are less effective than surgical masks or N95 masks, they are used by the general public in household and community settings as perceived protection against both infectious diseases and particulate air pollution. For these reasons, cloth face masks are generally recommended by public health agencies only for disease source control in epidemic situations, but are not considered to be personal protective equipment. +They were routinely used by healthcare workers starting from the late 19th century until the mid 20th century. In the 1960s they fell out of use in the developed world in favor of modern surgical masks, but their use has persisted in developing countries. During the COVID-19 pandemic, their use in developed countries was revived as a last resort due to shortages of surgical masks and respirators. +Recommendations +Normal ranges for both ALT and AST are 8-40 U/L with mild transaminesemia noted to the upward numerical limit of 250 U/L. Drug-induced increases such as that found with the use of anti-tuberculosis agents such as isoniazid are limited typically to below 100 U/L for either ALT or AST. Cirrhosis of the liver or fulminant liver failure secondary to hepatitis commonly reach values for both ALT and AST in the >1000 U/L range. Elevated transaminases that persist less than six months are termed "acute" in nature, and those values that persist for six months or more are termed "chronic" in nature. +The liver has transaminases to synthesize and break down amino acids and to convert energy storage molecules. The concentrations of these transaminases in the serum (the non-cellular portion of blood) are normally low. However, if the liver is damaged, the liver cell (hepatocyte) membrane becomes more permeable and some of the enzymes leak out into the blood circulation. +The two transaminases commonly measured are alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST).[1] These levels previously were called serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and serum glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT). Elevated levels are sensitive for liver injury, meaning that they are likely to be present if there is injury. However, they may also be elevated in other conditions such as thyroid disorders, celiac disease, and muscle disorders.[4] +ALT is usually found only in the liver. AST is most commonly found in the liver, but also in significant amounts in heart (cardiac) and skeletal muscle. +Measurement of ALT and AST were used in diagnosing heart attacks, although they have been replaced by newer enzyme and protein tests that are more specific for cardiac damage. +In general, any damage to the liver will cause medium elevations in these transaminases, but diagnosis requires synthesis of many pieces of information, including the patient's history, physical examination, and possibly imaging or other laboratory examinations. However, very high elevations of the transaminases suggests severe liver damage, such as viral hepatitis, liver injury from lack of blood flow, or injury from drugs or toxins. Most disease processes cause ALT to rise higher than AST; AST levels double or triple that of ALT are consistent with alcoholic liver disease. +Hanel did not stay long in the group, and by the time of their recording debut she had been replaced by Bob Pezzola.[6][7] This lineup of the group also featured saxophonist Daniel Galli-Duani, who had previously played with Kane as the avant-garde duo Transmission.[6] The debut EP, Swans, released on Labor, is markedly different from anything they would do later.[6] The plodding tempos and distorted, detuned guitar work is reminiscent of such post-punk outfits as Joy Division.[6] However, the minimal chord structures owe more to blues, while the jazz instrumentation and awkward time signatures are evidence of Swans' roots in the no wave scene of the late 1970s,[6] which had more or less collapsed by the release of 1984's Cop.[3] +Early style +Howlin' Wolf.[8] Some similarities worth noting—the music of early Swans was often based on a single riff, played repeatedly to hypnotic effect.[8] Some of Burnett's songs—especially the songs penned by Burnett himself—have a similar structure and quality. Their early music was typified by slow and grinding guitar noise, and pounding drums, punctuated by Gira's morbid and violent lyrics (inspired by Jean Genet and Marquis de Sade), usually barked or shouted. Critics have described Swans' early recordings as "aggressive beyond words".[8] +Their first full-length release, Filth (1983), featured driving, choppy rhythms and abrasive drums.[9] The whole is reminiscent of earlier no wave bands, such as Mars, and the work of Swans' contemporaries, like Sonic Youth's Confusion Is Sex and Kill Yr Idols; but critic Ned Raggett contends that "early Swans really is like little else on the planet before or since".[9] Filth was the first album to feature guitarist Norman Westberg, who would play a vital role in much of Swans' music and would feature on every subsequent studio album apart from Love of Life.[9] +Cop (1984) and the originally untitled Young God EP were both released in 1984 and re-released together on CD in 1992.[1][10] Young God has been known by several names, usually by one of its two A-sides, such as "I Crawled" or, notoriously, as "Raping a Slave".[10] This release is often confused with their self-titled debut.[4] The music continues in the same vein as Filth, and is again vaguely reminiscent of heavy metal music played in extreme slow motion.[11] Swans were, in this era, Gira on vocals, Westberg on guitar, Harry Crosby on bass guitar and Roli Mosimann on drums.[4] Gira's vocals had changed slightly, becoming slowly more melodic, although the snarl still remained.[4] Some of the songs on the EP, particularly "Young God" and "I Crawled", have an actual vocal melody, if rudimentary, hinting at the sounds of future releases.[4] +The first Swans record I owned was Slave EP [Young God], and it absolutely blew me away... it was a sound that I always wanted to hear, just the bleakest and blackest. The minimalist approach of the music, that was what really influenced me. It was non-genre-specific, with a total lack of baggage... purely abstract, surreal, and violent. +One of the trademarks of Swans' early period was playing at painfully loud volumes during concerts, often leading to police stopping shows. Gira was also notably confrontational with the audience, such as stepping on people's fingers resting on the stage, pulling people's hair and, notably, physically assaulting anyone caught in the crowd headbanging; something Gira detested.[13] This lent a reputation to the name Swans which was one of the contributing factors in Gira's retirement of the band in 1997.[14] +Since Swans' re-formation, Gira has made a point of maintaining the intensity of their live show, stating that it is at once "soul-uplifting and body-destroying". He has also sometimes turned off the air conditioning before Swans performed and compared the experience to a Native American sweat lodge.[15] +One of few acts to emerge from the New York City-based no wave scene and stay intact into the next decade, Swans have become recognized for an ever-changing sound, exploring genres such as noise rock, post-punk, industrial and post-rock. Initially, their music was known for its sonic brutality and misanthropic lyrics. Following the addition of singer, songwriter and keyboardist Jarboe in 1986, Swans began to incorporate melody and intricacy into their music. +Stylistic shift (1986–1988) +1986's Greed saw a new addition to the group with vocalist/keyboardist Jarboe joining the band.[lower-alpha 1] Her presence began a slow thawing in the overt brutality and energy of Swans' early work. +This was followed by its "twin" album, Holy Money, the first to feature Jarboe on lead vocals. Holy Money was also the first album by Swans to incorporate acoustic elements, in particular, the eight-minute dirge "Another You", which starts with a bluesy harmonica introduction. It also marks the introduction of religious themes in Swans records with the sacrificial ode "A Hanging", complete with gospel-like backing vocals from Jarboe. +Children of God (1987) further expanded Jarboe's role, acting as a foil to Michael Gira's tales of suffering, torture and humiliation. The stories portrayed here, however, are ever the more unusual, given their juxtaposition—and admixture—with religious imagery. The intention was neither to mock nor embrace religion, but experiment with the power inherent in its messages and the hypocrisy of many of its leaders.[16] +Some songs, such as "Beautiful Child", retain the vocal style of earlier days, but many are quite tame. The almost baroque "In My Garden", for example, added an extra dimension with piano (used before on "Fool" and "Sealed in Skin" to far grimmer effect) and acoustic guitar. In between the two poles, there are pieces like "Sex, God, Sex" (heavy metal-like bass riffs with blues and gospel-inspired singing), "Blood and Honey" (a murder ballad with early post-rock tendencies) and "Blind Love" (a lengthy song, alternating between intoned vocals and violent instrumental passages). +Later years (1988–1997) +After the Children of God album, Gira professed himself tired with the band's fearsome reputation for noise, feeling that their audience now had expectations that he had no intention of fulfilling. He made a conscious decision to tone down the band's sound, introducing more acoustic elements and increasingly emphasizing Jarboe as a singer. The first results of this shift in direction were the two records recorded by Gira and Jarboe under the names Skin (in Europe) and World of Skin (in the US). +The band continued this transformation with an unexpected cover of Joy Division's "Love Will Tear Us Apart", which was released as a single in 1988 on Product Inc. in a confusing array of 7" and 12" inch formats. Both Gira and Jarboe sang lead vocals on different versions of the song. In later years Gira dismissed this release as a mistake, and for a long time refused to reissue his own vocal version, although Jarboe's version was re-released much sooner. +For this album, the core line-up of Michael Gira, Jarboe and Westberg was augmented by session musicians, and the distinctive heavy guitar element of their earlier work was toned down significantly in favor of folk and world music elements. Though Swans would later explore more acoustic music with similar moods, Gira has stated that, while he admires much of Laswell's work, his efforts with Swans were simply a mismatch. The album reportedly sold 5000 copies in the UK, one of the lowest numbers in the history of MCA Records, and was soon deleted from MCA's catalogue.[1] +The Burning World was the first Swans album to feature more conventional pop melodies. Gira's lyrics still favored themes of depression, death, greed and despair, but were actually sung, rather than the chanting or shouting typical of earlier material. They even covered Steve Winwood's popular Blind Faith hit "Can't Find My Way Home", one of two singles from the LP. +Since 1990, all Swans records have been released through Gira's own label, Young God Records. In 2010, Gira re-formed the band without Jarboe, establishing a stable lineup of musicians which has toured worldwide and released four albums to critical acclaim.[1] This iteration of the group performed its last shows in November 2017, ending the tour in support of its final album The Glowing Man.[2] Since 2019, Gira is touring and recording with Swans as "a revolving cast of contributors".[2] A new album, Leaving Meaning, was released on October 25, 2019. +In 1990, Gira and Jarboe released the third and final World of Skin album, Ten Songs for Another World. It was less successful than the previous two Skin albums. +Gira's disillusionment with their Uni/MCA exploits led to White Light from the Mouth of Infinity (1991), a successful blending of earlier hard rock and later pop styles. Produced by Gira, the album blended acoustic rock, blues and hypnotic guitar noise successfully, resulting in an album more complex than anything they had released in the past. This album was followed by Love of Life (recorded by Martin Bisi in 1992), the EP single Love of Life/Amnesia, taking the group even farther into experimentation, and then The Great Annihilator (1995), considered to be one of the band's most accessible releases, possibly through being their most straightforward. +The re-formed Swans performing in Tallinn in May 2011. From left to right: Thor Harris, Christoph Hahn, Phil Puleo (behind drum set), Gira, Chris Pravdica and Norman Westberg. +Demise +With other projects occupying his time, Gira decided to end the group with one last studio album and a world tour. Soundtracks for the Blind (1996) was a two-disc album featuring Jarboe-supplied field recordings, experimental music, dark ambient soundscapes, post-industrial epics, post rock suites and acoustic guitar. In 1998, Swans Are Dead was released, consisting of live recordings from their 1995 and 1997 tours. +Post-breakup and re-formation (1997–present) +After dissolving Swans, Gira formed Angels of Light, continued his work with Young God Records and Jarboe continued her solo work. +In January 2010, Swans' re-formation was heralded with a new song posted on the Young God Records' MySpace, and officially confirmed by a post on the Young God Records Facebook and MySpace accounts.[19] Gira decided to bring back Swans during an Angels of Light show five years prior. In the middle of performing the song The Provider onstage utilizing "large chords that were very sustained and swaying, in this sort of slave-ship rhythm," he felt "a nascent urge right then to re-form or reinvigorate Swans because I remembered how elevating and intense that experience was".[20] To help raise money for the upcoming new Swans album, Gira released a new solo album, I Am Not Insane, via his Young God Records website.[21] LAS Magazine posted an article entitled "Kickstart My Art" on alternative financing in "a cash-strapped music industry, unable to rely on record label financing, [that] is positioning its own quid pro quo: fan dollars to fund projects in exchange for exclusive material and a sense of involvement" that cites Swans selling out of the 1,000 signed and numbered copies of I Am Not Insane as an example of reverse financing where proceeds from one project are rolled over to finance the next.[22] +Gira performing with Swans at OFF Festival 2012 +Swans then went on a series of U.S. and European tour dates,[23] and headlined the Supersonic Festival in Birmingham, England in October 2010. The first post-reformation Swans album, My Father Will Guide Me Up a Rope to the Sky, was released on September 23, 2010, and the band simultaneously embarked on an eighteen-month world tour.[2] The band were chosen by Portishead to perform at the All Tomorrow's Parties I'll Be Your Mirror festivals that Portishead curated in July 2011 at London's Alexandra Palace, and, in September 2011, in Asbury Park, New Jersey. +History +In 2012 Swans released the live album We Rose from Your Bed with the Sun in Our Head, featuring material culled from their 2010–2011 tour, in support of production and recording costs for their forthcoming record, The Seer.[24] Initially released as a limited handmade edition of 1000 copies, We Rose... was re-released in May 2012 as a deluxe digipak.[25] On July 15, 2013, Gira announced a new, handmade live album in the vein of I Am Not Insane and We Rose..., titled Not Here / Not Now. The album was announced for sale on October 14, with the proceeds helping to fund the recording of the new Swans studio album with John Congleton, announced in 2014 as To Be Kind.[26][27] +In 2014 both The Seer and To Be Kind were ranked on Pitchfork Media's "Top 100 Albums of the Decade So Far 2010–2014." The Seer was ranked 17 and To Be Kind was ranked 85.[29] +The band announced on July 22, 2015 that they would be recording their fourteenth studio album in September 2015, following a fundraiser album entitled The Gate,[30] as with the three previous post-reunion studio albums.[31] On April 5, 2016, the band announced The Glowing Man and shared a two-minute excerpt of the twenty-nine minute title track. The album was released on June 17, 2016 on Young God Records and Mute Records,[32] and is the final Swans album released under a mostly homogeneous lineup, although Gira continues to record Swans music with "a revolving cast" of musicians, as of 2019.[30][33] +This final incarnation of the band announced for immediate release a live album, Deliquescence, on May 17. The album, limited to 3,000 CD-only copies, contains three tracks that have previously only been played live.[34] +2018 hiatus and new, dynamic line-ups +Following a nearly year-long break from Swans, Gira announced a brief tour of new Swans material playing along the West Coast of the United States, which started in September 2018 accompanied by longtime Swans guitarist Norman Westberg with recording of a new album commencing in Berlin in February 2019.[35] The fifteenth Swans album was preceded (and financed) by another fundraiser album of demos, What Is This?, released in March 2019.[36] Updates between June and August 2019 confirmed that the upcoming album was fully recorded, mixed and mastered.[37][38] On September 5, the album was revealed to be called Leaving Meaning and a song titled "It's Coming It's Real" was released.[39] The album itself was released on October 25. It features guitarist Christoph Hahn, percussionist Larry Mullins and bassist Yoyo Röhm as main contributors.[40] +Musical style and legacy +Gira performing with Swans at Stylus, University of Leeds in April 2013 +Swans' music has transformed greatly over the decades, but is typically dark[41][2] and "apocalyptic",[43] often focusing on themes of power, religion, sex and death,[44] and has been most generally associated with experimental rock.[45][46] According to Spin, the band demonstrates "unparalleled ability to translate the absurd violence of the human condition into music that’s as intoxicating as it is intense."[47] +The band was formed and has been led by singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist Michael Gira, here shown performing in Kansas City, Missouri in September 2012. +Their early work, rooted in the New York City-based no wave movement which was fading out by the time of their formation in 1982,[48] is extremely aggressive, characterized by Michael Gira as "stripping down the essential elements of what we consider to be rock music".[49] The Guardian described it as "a cacophonous rhythmic throb which drew on post-punk, industrial, doom metal, NYC avant minimalism and the blues; a sound which was matched by Gira's often nihilistic, anti-natalist and existential lyrical concerns ... delivered in a stentorian and messianic manner."[50] It was a contribution to both industrial music[51] and noise rock[52] and influenced the emergence of grindcore[53] (inspiring also the use of "grind" in musical context)[54] and sludge metal.[55] Later in the 1980s, Swans' music began to incorporate more melodic and intricate elements, especially since Jarboe's debut as a songwriter on 1987's Children of God.[56] While generally maintaining much dissonance, the band's subsequent work further ventured into genres such as post-punk,[57] gothic rock,[11] neofolk,[58] psychedelic rock[13] and art rock.[14] Their final album before breaking up, 1996's Soundtracks for the Blind, is a double album which emphasizes atmosphere, branching into post-rock,[41][44] drone[59] and dark ambient.[59] Since re-forming in 2010, they have continued to be associated with post-rock[42][57] and drone music[17] as well as noise rock.[56] Their last three double albums, which have brought them widespread critical acclaim, often feature long songs that develop complex soundscapes.[60] +Swans have been cited as an influence by a variety of extreme metal and rock musicians, including members of Napalm Death,[61] Godflesh,[62] Melvins,[63] Neurosis,[64] Nirvana,[65] Tool,[66] My Dying Bride,[67] Leviathan,[68] Weakling,[69] Khanate,[70] Liturgy,[71] Treponem Pal[72] and Car Seat Headrest.[73] +Michael Gira – guitar, vocals (1982–1997, 2010–2017, 2019–present) Christoph Hahn – guitar, lap steel guitar (1988–1991, 2010–2017, 2019–present) Thor Harris – drums, percussion, vibraphone, hammered dulcimer, keyboards (2010–2016, 2017, 2019–present) Christopher Pravdica – bass guitar (2010–2017, 2019–present) Phil Puleo – drums, percussion, dulcimer (1995–1997, 2010–2017, 2019–present) Paul Wallfisch – keyboards (2016–2017, 2019–present) Norman Westberg – guitar, vocals (1983–1995, 2010–2017, 2019–present) Larry Mullins – drums, Mellotron, percussion, vibes, vocals (1995–1996, 2019–present) Yoyo Röhm – bass guitar, double bass, keyboards, vocals (2019–present) +Touring members +Ben Frost – synthesizer, mellotron, guitar (2020–present) Dana Schechter – bass guitar, lap steel guitar, keyboards (2020–present) +Former +Early years (1982–1985) +Discography +Filth (1983) Cop (1984) Greed (1986) Holy Money (1986) Children of God (1987) The Burning World (1989) White Light from the Mouth of Infinity (1991) Love of Life (1992) The Great Annihilator (1995) Soundtracks for the Blind (1996) My Father Will Guide Me up a Rope to the Sky (2010) The Seer (2012) To Be Kind (2014) The Glowing Man (2016) Leaving Meaning (2019) +External links +Michael Gira has repeatedly stated he took the moniker Swans as it described the sound he wanted best.[3] Gira's summation of the name follows along the lines of: "Swans are majestic, beautiful looking creatures. With really ugly temperaments."[3] +The earliest known lineup of Swans comprised Gira on bass guitar and vocals, Jonathan Kane on drums, Sue Hanel on guitar, Mojo on percussion and tape loops and either Thurston Moore, Dan Braun or Jon Tessler on the second bass guitar.[4][5] Jon Tessler also played percussion and tape loops. Hanel's only recordings with the group are on the compilation Body to Body, Job to Job, but the ambiguous personnel credits do not make it clear on which songs she performed. Kane stated that "Sue was the most fearsome guitarist we'd ever heard in New York. +In 2014 the band announced that it signed with Mute Records for the world outside North America and that the band would be touring. That same year, in November, the band curated a three-day program at Le Guess Who? in Utrecht, The Netherlands, including Wire, Silver Apples, Ben Frost, Prurient and Words To The Blind, a project by Savages together with Japanese band Bo Ningen.[28] +A managing editor (ME) is a senior member of a publication's management team. Typically, the managing editor reports directly to the editor in chief and oversees all aspects of the publication. +In the United States, a managing editor of a newspaper, magazine or other periodical publication oversees and coordinates the publication's editorial activities. The managing editor can hire, fire, or promote staff members. Other responsibilities include creating and enforcing deadlines. +In marketing departments, the managing editor is responsible for developing content marketing strategy and overseeing content production. [1] +United Kingdom +In the United Kingdom a managing editor tends to manage budget, staffing, and scheduling for a publication, and may have equivalent ranking to a deputy editor in the organization's structure. +The title also applies to the evening televised newscasts, such as those on ABC, CNN, CBS, NBC, PBS, and the FOX News Channel. The anchors of these newscasts also work as the managing editor of their newscasts.[citation needed] Responsibilities vary in different companies. The managing editor – if a station has this position – manages the more day-to-day operations of the newsroom.[2] +In trade book publishing, the managing editor is typically a senior executive in the production department, responsible for overall supervision of the copy-editing, typesetting, proofreading and other steps in initial production, as well as supervision of the production process for reprints of existing titles. +IUPAC definition Biobased polymer derived from the biomass or issued from monomers derived from the biomass and which, at some stage in its processing into finished products, can be shaped by flow. Note 1: Bioplastic is generally used as the opposite of polymer derived from fossil resources. Note 2: Bioplastic is misleading because it suggests that any polymer derived from the biomass is environmentally friendly. +Starch-based plastics +Plasticizer such as glycerol, glycol, and sorbitol and can also be added so that the starch can also be processed thermo-plastically.[12] The characteristics of the resulting bioplastic (also called "thermoplastic starch") can be tailored to specific needs by adjusting the amounts of these additives. Conventional polymer processing techniques can be used to process starch into bioplastic, such as extrusion, injection molding, compression molding and solution casting.[12] The properties of starch bioplastic is largely influenced by amylose/amylopectin ratio. Generally, high-amylose starch can result in better mechanical properties.[13] However, high-amylose starch has less processiblity because of its higher gelatinization temperature[14] and higher melt viscosity.[15] +Cellulose-based plastics +A packaging blister made from cellulose acetate, a bioplastic +Cellulose bioplastics are mainly the cellulose esters, (including cellulose acetate and nitrocellulose) and their derivatives, including celluloid. +Biodegradable plastic utensils +Protein-based plastics +Additionally, soy protein is being considered as another source of bioplastic. Soy proteins have been used in plastic production for over one hundred years. For example, body panels of an original Ford automobile were made of soy-based plastic.[28] +Packaging peanuts made from bioplastics (thermoplastic starch) +Plastics packaging made from bioplastics and other biodegradable plastics +Cellulose can become thermoplastic when extensively modified. An example of this is cellulose acetate, which is expensive and therefore rarely used for packaging. However, cellulosic fibers added to starches can improve mechanical properties, permeability to gas, and water resistance due to being less hydrophilic than starch.[1] +Bioplastics can be made from proteins from different sources. For example, wheat gluten and casein show promising properties as a raw material for different biodegradable polymers.[27] +He created his official channel in 2013,[7] and began creating videos at age nine.[8] Gray's vlog content centers heavily on his life in small-town Texas. He is often hailed for his appreciation of Americana-related nostalgia.[3] Gray has recorded music, showed his art, and created other videos for his vlog with more than 25 million views.[4][8] +2018–2019: Sunset Season +Gray self-released his debut single "Idle Town", in March 2017. The song gained over 14 million streams on Spotify and 12 million views on YouTube.[11][9] In October 2018, Gray released the single "Generation Why" on Republic Records,[11] which was described as "a rallying call to generation Z."[12] In November 2018, Gray released the five-track EP Sunset Season which includes the songs "Idle Town", "Generation Why", "Crush Culture", "Greek God", and "Lookalike". The EP peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart and at No. 116 on the Billboard 200.[13][14] Gray embarked on a North American tour in support of the EP with Girl in Red.[15] +In February 2019, Gray re-released the single "The Other Side",[20] after originally publishing it on YouTube in 2016 on the eve of the first day of his senior year at high school.[21][20] Between March and October 2019, Gray released a series of singles off of his debut album, Kid Krow, namely "Checkmate", "Comfort Crowd", and "Maniac",[22] and an independent single, “The King”. In October 2019, Gray embarked on his second headlining tour of North America with support from acclaimed New Zealand musician Benee as well as American recording artist UMI.[23] As of October 2019, Gray's catalog had gained over 250 million streams across all platforms collectively.[24] Gray was awarded the 2019 Shorty Award for Best YouTube Musician,[25] and was nominated for Breakthrough Artist at the 2019 Streamy Awards.[26] +2020–present: Kid Krow +Throughout the second week of 2020, Gray teased fans online by tweeting daily hints about the title of his debut album.[27] On January 9, 2020, Conan Gray revealed the title of his debut album, Kid Krow, and wrote, "I say more on this album than I've ever said in my life, and I can't wait to tell you all of my secrets. Love y'all."[28] Gray released "The Story" on the same day of the album's announcement,[29] as well as "Wish You Were Sober" as a surprise release two days before the album's release.[30] During early 2020, Gray's single "Maniac" became successful on international mainstream pop radio,[31][32][33][34][35] specifically in Australia,[36][37] where it was certified gold.[38][better source needed] The song was also certified Gold in both the US and Canada, making it his first certification in all three countries.[13][14] It became his first Billboard-charting single when it reached number 25 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart,[41] as well as the top 100 charts of Australia, Ireland and South Korea. +Gray released his debut full-length studio album Kid Krow on March 20, 2020 which debuted at number 5 on the Billboard 200 as well as number 1 on the US Pop Albums chart and number 2 on the Top Album Sales chart with over 37 thousand pure sales.[42][43][44] In the US, it was the biggest new artist debut of 2020 as of March and was the top pop solo debut album in over two years since Camila Cabello's 2018 self-titled album.[45] The album was praised by publications such as Paper, Billboard, NPR, Teen Vogue and Paste. +Discography +Title Album details Peak chart positions Sales US [1] AUS [2] AUT [67] BEL (FL) [68] CAN [69] IRE [6] NLD [71] NZ [72] SCO [73] UK [74] Kid Krow Released: March 20, 2020 Label: Republic, UMG Formats: CD, LP, DL, streaming, cassette 5 26 60 49 5 20 94 32 11 30 US: 37,000[75] UK: 2,393[76] +Extended plays +Title EP details Peak chart positions US [1] US Heat. [77] UK Down. [78] Sunset Season Released: November 16, 2018 Label: Republic, UMG Formats: CD, LP, DL, streaming 116 2 57 +After signing a record deal with Republic Records in 2018, he released his debut EP Sunset Season which gained over 300 million streams online. His debut studio album, Kid Krow, was released in March 2020 and reached number 5 on the Billboard 200, making him the biggest US new artist debut of 2020. His breakthrough single "Maniac" has accumulated over 100 million streams on Spotify alone and has been certified Gold in the US, Canada and Australia. +Title Year Peak chart positions Certifications Album US Bub. [79] AUS [66] BEL (FL) Tip [3] IRE [70] KOR [80] NZ Hot [81] "Idle Town" 2017 — — — — — — Sunset Season "Grow" — — — — — — Non-album single "Generation Why" 2018 — — — — — — Sunset Season "Crush Culture" — — — — — — "The Other Side" 2019 — — — — — — Non-album singles "The King" — — — — — — "Checkmate" — — — — — — Kid Krow "Comfort Crowd" — — — — — — "Maniac" 25 24 [82] 41 83 44 29 MC: Gold[40] RIAA: Gold[39] "The Story" 2020 — — 43 — — 34 "Wish You Were Sober" — — — — — 14 "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. +Other charted songs +Title Year Peak chart positions Album NZ Hot [1] "Affluenza" 2020 36 Kid Krow "Heather" 28 +Awards and nominations +Year Association Category Work Result Ref. 2019 Shorty Awards Best YouTube Musician Himself Won [1] Streamy Awards Breakthrough Artist Nominated [2] 2020 MTV Europe Music Awards Best Push Act Pending [83] +Headlining tours +Supporting tours +Pray for the Wicked Tour (Panic! at the Disco) +Conan Gray was born on December 5, 1998, in Lemon Grove, California, to an Irish father and a Japanese mother.[dubious ] As an infant, his family moved to Hiroshima, Japan, due to his grandfather requiring medical care. After living there for two years, the family moved back to California. Gray used to speak Japanese fluently, but has since lost his proficiency.[5] +In a "Draw My Life" video, he details his experiences with divorce as a young child.[6] As his father was in the military, Gray moved twelve times throughout his childhood, moving three times during sixth grade alone. Gray was frequently bullied throughout grade school. At one point, he was one of only five Asian children at his school. +He was accepted to UCLA, and moved to an apartment in Los Angeles, California in September 2017. As recalled in his "Draw My Life" video: "I like to think of my life in pieces. It's been picked up and moved and rearranged, so many times, that you can barely even tell it's been lived in the same lifetime."[1] +Sunset Season was primarily produced by Dan Nigro and co-produced by Conan Gray, who also wrote and composed the five-track EP. Gray released "Idle Town", "Generation Why", and "Crush Culture" as singles. The album peaked at No. 2 on the US Heatseeker Albums chart, No. 116 on the Billboard 200 chart. +Gray has cited Lorde's debut album, Pure Heroine, as a major inspiration for the EP because of its small-town nostalgia.[1] +The album was the biggest US new artist debut of 2020, debuting at No. 5 on the Billboard 200. The album includes the singles "Checkmate", "Comfort Crowd", "Maniac", "The Story" and "Wish You Were Sober", all of which have collectively accumulated over 150 million streams on Spotify alone. The album is a "coming of age"[1] record inspired by elements such as his rough childhood experiences of poverty, abuse and discrimination.[3][3][4] +Ahmadreza Djalali, also spelt Ahmad Reza Jalali, is a Swedish-Iranian academic and researcher who was sentenced to death for allegedly spying in Iran.[1] He is a medical doctor and lecturer at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm. +He was also a visiting professor at Belgium's Free University of Brussels. He was arrested while visiting Iran in April 2016 and convicted for spying for the Mossad. He had earlier confessed on Iranian State Television for spying on behalf of Israel.[2][3] Amnesty International stated however that the confession was taken under duress.[4] Iran confirmed the death penalty against Ahmadreza Djalali in early February 2018.[5] Djalali's lawyer Zouhaier Chihaoui told Le Soir in Belgium that the legal process in Iran is unjust.[6][citation needed] +Choi Hyun-suk (Korean: 최현석; born April 21, 1999) is a South Korean rapper and member of boy group Treasure under YG Entertainment.[1] He is well known for his appearances as a contestant on reality-survival programs Mix Nine and YG Treasure Box. +Discography +Year Artist Song Album Lyrics Music 2019 Lee Hi "1, 2 (한두번)" 24°C Yes No +Date Network Title Notes 2018 Netflix YG Future Strategy Office Cameo 2019 YouTube Kwon Hyun-bin Begins Episode 2–3 +Reality show +External links +Choi Hyun-suk was born on April 21, 1999 in South Korea.[2] He is the eldest among his family consisting of his younger brother, sister and parents. At the age of 8, while watching Big Bang's documentary The Beginning, Choi grew fascination towards rap and hip hop, thus wishing to join the South Korean music industry with eyes solely on hip hop label YG Entertainment.[2] After auditioning through V-Spec Academy, he successfully joined as a trainee in 2015. Before becoming a trainee, he attended Chungdam High School for education. +2017–present: Career beginnings and debut with Treasure +Biography +Bang Ye-dam was born on May 7, 2002 in Mapo District, Seoul, South Korea. Coming from a musically-oriented family, his father, Bang Dae-sik is well known for releasing over 40 songs for commercials and animated shows including the opening songs for the Korean-dub of Japanese anime Pokemon, Dragon Ball and many more.[3][4] His mother, Jung Mi-young is well known for singing soundtracks in Korean drama Friends and film After the Show Ends (연극이 끝난 뒤).[3] His uncle Bang Yong-seok is well known as a composer and director in the commercial film industry.[5] Within his family, he is an only child. At the age of 5, Ye-dam participated in the opening songs for EBS' television series Bboong bboong-E (방귀대장 뿡뿡이) and the Korean-dub version of the Japanese anime Onegai! +Samia-don (모래요정 바람돌이).[6] On March 5, 2007 he made his first television appearance on EBS' documentary 15 Second Fever, Hold the World alongside his parents.[7] During his adolescent days, he attended Sin-seok Elementary School and Kwang-sung Middle School for education.[8][9] +In August 2012, Ye-dam auditioned for SBS' K-pop Star Season 2. During the first round, BoA complimented his vocals by comparing to a young Michael Jackson.[10] Park Jin-young praised his rhythm while Yang Hyun-suk was intrigued, commending his voice could reach the soul of the audience.[11] He placed runner-up against sibling duo Akdong Musician.[12] In June 2013, Yang Hyun-suk confirmed Ye-dam had joined YGE. Thus, both first and second-place winners of K-Pop Star Season 2 were under YG Entertainment.[13] Ye-dam made an appearance on the finale of WIN: Who is Next with YG artists Lee Hi and Akdong Musician and sang Officially Missing You on October 27.[14] Due to past interactions with Kpop Star alumni Lee Seung-hoon, Ye-dam also appeared on an unreleased clip from the show with Winner, formerly Team A. In January 2014, he made an appearance on Winner TV. +It can also be translated as Nine Songs of the Sky. This series is the prequel to The Legend of Qin, which takes place before the time of the Qin Dynasty. Although the two animated series have intersections of characters and timelines, Nine Songs of the Moving Heavens is an independent story with the focus on the creation of the Quicksand group by the Ninth Prince of Han, Han Fei.[1] +Wei Zhuang (Chinese: 卫庄; pinyin: Wèi Zhuāng) +Voiced by: Wu Lei (Chinese: 吴磊; pinyin: Wú Lěi) Wei Zhuang is one of the only two students from the Ghost Valley and his Senior 'Brother' is Ge Nie, who is currently working for the Qin State protecting the young emperor, Ying Zheng. Wei Zhuang has kept a low profile for some time, but reappears and takes shelter in the Purple Orchid House and becomes a key player in Han Fei's Quicksand group. He maintains a detached appearance, appearing quite cold and unemotional. +Zinü (Chinese: 紫女; pinyin: Zǐ Nǚ) +Voiced by: Huang Ying (Chinese: 黄莺; pinyin: Huáng Yīng) Zinü is the owner of the Purple Orchid House, a brothel, and is the wielder of the snake sword, Chilian. Along with Wei Zhuang, she is a founding member of in Han Fei's Quicksand group. She is intelligent, mature and charming, as well as being quite beautiful. +Zhang Liang (Zifang) (Chinese: 张良; pinyin: Zhāng Liáng) +Tianxing Jiu Ge story introduction +External links +Voiced by: Di Wei (Chinese: 翟巍; pinyin: Dí Wēi) Zhang Liang is the grandson of the Prime Minister of the Han State, Zhang Kaidi, and his courtesy name Zifang. He has a good nature and is very intelligent, which Han Fei greatly appreciates. In return, he has great respect for Han Fei. +Honglian (Chinese: 红莲; pinyin: Hóng Lián) +Voiced by: Hong Haitian (Chinese: 洪海天; pinyin: Hóng Hǎi Tiān) Honglian is the precocious daughter of the Han Emperor and is affectionately cared for by her older brother, Han Fei. She is keen to make a contribution to Han Fei's plans, and joins his Quicksand group. She has a bright and cheerful nature, but can be quite astute when necessary. +Nong Yu (Chinese: 弄玉; pinyin: Nòng Yù) +Voiced by: Hong Haitian (Chinese: 洪海天; pinyin: Hóng Hǎi Tiān) Nong Yu plays the guqin in the Purple Orchid House and is highly valued by Zinü. Her music is favourably compared to the famous guqin composer from the Zhao State, Kuang Xiu. She learned to play music while quite young and when she plays, sometimes it triggers memories of her former rough life. +Han State +One of the Seven States, and is considered to be the weakest. +Han Emperor, Han An +Voiced by: Gu Qiu (Chinese: 贾邱; pinyin: Gǔ Qiū) The Han Emperor, Han An is ageing and has become distressed with the events within the imperial court and the state. His most trusted advisors are General Ji Wuye and Prime Minister Zhang Kaidi; however, they have very differing opinions and objectives. He is under pressure to choose a successor, especially after his eldest son, the crown prince, dies. +Ji Wuye (Chinese: 姬无夜; pinyin: Jī Wú Yè) +Voiced by: Meng Xianglong (Chinese: 孟祥龙; pinyin: Mèng Xiáng Lóng) Ji Wuye is the Great General of Qin. He has a ruthless and overbearing personality and dominates the imperial court as well as the population. He is ambitious for power and seeks to undermine the authority of the king. +Zhang Kaidi (Chinese: 张开地; pinyin: Zhāng Kāi Dì) +Voiced by: Cheng Yuzhu (Chinese: 程玉珠; pinyin: Chéng Yù Zhū) Zhang Kaidi is the Prime Minister of Han, grandfather of Zhang Liang (Zifang). For five generations, the Zhang family has served as pillars for the emperor. Zhang Kaidi mistrusts Han Fei and his methods, but has respect for Han Fei's intelligence and turned to him for help on a mystery case. +The Crown Prince of Han +Voiced by: Yu Xiaoxu (Chinese: 虞晓旭; pinyin: Yú Xiǎo Xù) He is first in line for the succession and appears tough, however he has the reputation of being weak in the face of enemies and is considered a poor candidate for king. He is killed in what appears to be an accident when his carriage falls off a bridge into the water. First appearance: Episode 28. +During the Warring States period in China, danger seems to lurk within the Han State which is seen to be the weakest of the Seven States. It is under threat from the more powerful Qin State while the ageing Han King is losing his grip on power due to internal power struggles. The greatest threat is the Great General of Han, Ji Wuye and the Four Fearful Warriors of Nightfall,[lower-alpha 1] each specializing in military, finance, politics, and espionage. +Han Yu (Chinese: 韩宇; pinyin: Hán Yǔ) +Voiced by: Fan Junhang (Chinese: 樊俊航; pinyin: Fán Jùn Háng) Han Yu is the Fourth Prince of Han. He is a traditionalist, is politically astute, and surrounds himself with powerful and talented people. He is generally on good terms with Han Fei, but they are rivals for the succession and Han Yu pursues his own agenda. +Han Qiancheng (Chinese: 千乘; pinyin: Qiān Chéng) +Voiced by: Dai Chaoxing (Chinese: 戴超行; pinyin: Dài Chāo Xíng) Han Qiancheng is Han Yu's adopted son and is highly skilled in archery. First appearance: Episode 23. +Lord Anping (Chinese: 安平君; pinyin: Ān Píng Jūn) +Lord Anping is one of the Han Emperor's brothers. First appearance: Episode 3. +Lord Longquan (Chinese: 龙泉君; pinyin: Lóng Quán Jūn) +Lord Longquan is one of the Han Emperor's brothers. First appearance: Episode 3. +Liu Yi (Chinese: 刘意; pinyin: Liú Yì) +Voiced by: Liu Yao (Chinese: 刘垚; pinyin: Liú Yáo) Liu Yi is the Left Minister of War, serving the Han State. He is also one of Ji Wuye's men. Zinü described Liu Yi as lustful and cruel. +The Ninth Prince of Han, Han Fei, hopes to create a new world with a stronger Han State which can overcome its internal problems and withstand the pressure from the Qin. He forms Quicksand[lower-alpha 2] with Wei Zhuang, Zhang Liang, Zinü, and Nong Yu, who support the Prince in realizing his goal while helping to combat the forces against him. +Lady Hu +Voiced by: Zhou Shuai (Chinese: 周帅; pinyin: Zhōu Shuài) As the wife of the Left Minister of War, Liu Yi. She is well-educated and respectful, but mainly stays indoors and does not speak with women of high class. First appearance: Episode 11. +Beauty Hu +Voiced by: Luo Yuting (Chinese: 罗玉婷; pinyin: Luō Yù Tíng) She is the beautiful and favorite concubine of the Han Emperor and is seemingly keeping a good relation with the Emperor's children. Her older sister is Lady Hu, wife of Liu Yi. However, Honglian calls her a vixen. +Li Kai (Chinese: 李开; pinyin: Lǐ Kāi) +Voiced by: Yinhai Fan (Chinese: 音海帆; pinyin: Yīn Hǎi Fān) Li Kai is an aged man who was apparently dead, but has reappeared. It is later revealed that he was the Right Minister of War and was in love with Lady Hu. He is considered a traitor in the Han State. +Nightfall +Nightfall is an organization under the Great General of Han, Ji Wuye, and consists of two groups. Firstly, the Four Fearful Warriors of Ji Wuye, Feicui Hu, Lady Mingzhu and Bai Yifei who work in the military, finance, politics, and espionage. Secondly, the Hundreds of Birds which is a group of trained assassins who are code-named after birds. +Moya (Chinese: 墨鸦; pinyin: Mò Yā) +Voiced by: Xia Lei (Chinese: 夏磊; pinyin: Xià Lěi) Moya is from Hundreds of Birds, Nightfall and wears black. He follows orders without question and is a most powerful fighter. He is quite ruthless, but can appear charming. +Baifeng (Chinese: 白凤; pinyin: Bái Fèng) +Voiced by: Xie tiantian (Chinese: 谢添天; pinyin: Xiè Tiān Tiān) Baifeng is from Hundreds of Birds, Nightfall and wears white. He's Moya's subordinate, so they are often seen together. Baifeng seems more considered that Moya and tends to be quiet and serious, although he can joke with Moya. +Bai Yifei (Chinese: 白亦非; pinyin: Bái Yì Fēi) +Voiced by: Liu Beichen (Chinese: 刘北辰; pinyin: Liú Běi Chén) Bai Yifei is one of the Four Fearful Warriors of Nightfall and is known as the Pure White, Blood Marquess. He is the master of Snow Fort outside the capital, with army of 100,000 soldiers. His family has contributed greatly to the Han State in the past. +Feicui Hu (Chinese: 翡翠虎; pinyin: Fěi Cuì Hǔ) +Voiced by: Peng Bo (Chinese: 苏鑫; pinyin: Sū Xīn) Feicui Hu is one of the Four Fearful Warriors of Nightfall, who is in charge of finance and possesses unimaginable wealth. Ji Wuye refers to him as "Old Hu". Feicui Hu is obsessed with wealth which becomes his downfall. +Lady Mingzhu (Chinese: 明珠夫人; pinyin: Míngzhū Fūrén) +Voiced by: Zhou Shuai (Chinese: 周帅; pinyin: Zhōu Shuài) Lady Mingzhu is the Tide Enchantress of the Four Fearful Warriors and is also known as a master of healing although she also utilizes poisons. She is currently the primary concubine of the Han Emperor and is older than Beauty Hu whom she "little sister". First appearance: Episode 38. +Wujiu (Chinese: 兀鹫; pinyin: Wù Jiù) +Voiced by: Peng Bo (Chinese: 彭博; pinyin: Péng Bó) He is one of the many assassins from Hundreds of Birds. He is an older man who is seemingly acting on his own accord. His motives are unclear. +Main protagonists +The Cloaked Man (Chinese: 蓑衣客; pinyin: Suō Yī kè) +Voiced by: Yu Xiaoxu (Chinese: 虞晓旭; pinyin: Yú Xiǎo Xù) The Cloaked Man is the leader of the intelligence network and is responsible for monitoring all levels of the court for Ji Wuye. His face is never shown and Ji Wuye often meets him while he is fishing on a small boat offshore. First appearance: Episode 38. +The Qin State is one of the Seven States, and is considered the strongest one. +Li Si (Chinese: 李斯; pinyin: Lǐ Sī) +Voiced by: Liu Yijia (Chinese: 刘以嘉; pinyin: Liú Yǐ Jiā) Li Si is Han Fei's Junior Brother, who studied under the same teacher at the Confucian School. He considered himself inferior to Han Fei and set off to work for the more powerful Qin State. First appearance: Episode 1, reappears in episode 47. +Lü Buwei (Chinese: 吕不韦; pinyin: Lǚ Bù Wéi) +Voiced by: Wang Xiaobing (Chinese: 王肖兵; pinyin: Wáng Xiào Bīng) He is the Prime Minister of Qin, also titled as the Marquis Wenxin. The Emperor of Qin addresses Lü Buwei as his uncle. First appearance: Episode 2. +Ge Nie (Chinese: 盖聂; pinyin: Gě Niè) +Voiced by: Liu Qin (Chinese: 刘钦; pinyin: Liú Qīn) He the chief swordsman teacher of Qin after obtained the Qin Emperor's respect for both his sword skills and intelligence. He is very calm and observant and is Wei Zhuang's Senior 'Brother', whom he has not seen for a long time. First appearance: Episode 50. +The main Protagonists are a group associated with Han Fei and form the core of the Quicksand Group based in the Han State. +Ying Zheng (Chinese: 嬴政; pinyin: Yíng Zhèng) +He fears death and searches for answers to whether the fate of mortals is controlled by some kind of greater power and travels under the pseudonym of Mister Shang. It is said that his rule over the state is weak because the Prime Minister wields more power. First appearance: Episode 51, but did appear briefly in episode 2. +General Wang Yi (Chinese: 王齮; pinyin: Wáng Yǐ) +The Left Chief of the Multitude in the state of Qin. General Wang Yi trains his troops very rigorously and is truly at military strategy. He has served three kings of Qin in his lifetime. +The Chiliarch +An very conscientious and unnamed commander under General Wang Yi stationed in Wusui, on the border between Qin and Han. He is later revealed to be Meng Tien, an eighth-tier noble of Qin. First appearance: Episode 87. +Slick Octahedron +The Slick Octahedron is Qin's top assassin organization comprising eight assassins whose martial arts, appearances, and personalities are totally different. +Li Wu (Chinese: 离舞; pinyin: Lí Wǔ) +She plays the flute and can dance. First appearance: Episode 52. But her shadow figure was actually seen in episode 50. +Han Fei (Chinese: 韩非; pinyin: Hán Fēi) +Qian Sha (Chinese: 乾杀; pinyin: Qián Shā) +A silent man who wields a sword. First appearance: Episode 50. +Zhen Hou (Chinese: 震侯; pinyin: Zhèn Hóu) +He seems to know Ying Zheng very well and is fond of drinking tea. First appearance: Episode 53. +Xun Feng (Chinese: 巽蜂; pinyin: Xùn Fēng) +He can control bees. First appearance: Episode 53. +Kan Shu (Chinese: 坎鼠; pinyin: Kǎn Shǔ) +The oldest man who loves real silver and gold. First appearance: Episode 55. +Dui Li (Chinese: 兑鲤; pinyin: Duì Lǐ) +The youngest out of the eight. He is scared of blood and doesn't want to kill anyone. First appearance: Episode 55. +He has no martial arts skills, however his intelligence is higher than most and he is a strategic thinker. As a young man he studied at the Junior Sage Village and was the best student under Xun Kuang. Over time, he became frustrated at the waste and corruption in Han State and formed the clandestine Quicksand group with Wei Zhuang and Zinü. +Kun Po (Chinese: 坤婆; pinyin: Kūn Pó) +The oldest woman, who is always seen making medicine. First appearance: Episode 55. +Gen Shi (Chinese: 艮师; pinyin: Gěn Shī) +A serious man with a heavily scarred face. Zhen Hou considers that his strength may rival that of the Ghost Valley disciples. First appearance: Episode 55. +Net Trap +Satoshi Ninoyu (二之湯 智, Ninoyu Satoshi, born September 13, 1944) is a Japanese politician of the Liberal Democratic Party, a member of the House of Councillors in the Diet (national legislature). +A native of Kyoto, Kyoto and graduate of Keio University, he was elected for the first time in 2004 after serving in the assembly of Kyoto Prefecture for five terms since 1987. +External links +References +United Nations Security Council Resolution 24, adopted on April 30, 1947, recommended Hungary's application for admission to the United Nations to the Committee on the Admission of New Members for "study and report to the Security Council at the appropriate time". +United Nations Security Council Resolution 45, adopted on 10 April 1948, after examining the application of the Union of Burma for membership in the United Nations, the Council recommended to the General Assembly that the Union of Burma be admitted. +Bin Chhin (Khmer: ប៊ិន ឈិន; born 17 August 1949) is a Cambodian politician who has served as Deputy Prime Minister of Cambodia since 2007.[1] In March 2017, he was appointed the acting Minister in Charge of the Council of Ministers following Sok An's death.[2] He is also the chairman of the National Authority for Land Dispute Resolution, in charge of solving the nation's land disputes.[3] He is a Member of Parliament for the constituency of Prey Veng. +Muneaki Murai (村井 宗明, Murai Muneaki, born May 30, 1973) is a Japanese politician of the Democratic Party of Japan, a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature). +External links +Daiki Michishita (道下 大樹, Michishita Daiki, born December 24, 1975) is a Japanese politician of the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan and a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature). +External links +Zororo Makamba (17 January 1990 – 23 March 2020) was a Zimbabwean journalist and the son of Irene and James Makamba.[1] +Biography +Makamba posted commentary on Zimbabwean politics and society online under the heading "State of the Nation",[2] and hosted current affairs programs on ZiFM Stereo and M-Net television affiliate Zambezi Magic. +See also +COVID-19 pandemic in Zimbabwe +Edward Drake Brockman (20 December 1793 – 5 November 1858)[1] was a British barrister and Whig politician.[2] +Brockman was a younger son of James Drake Brockman of Beachborough, near Hythe, Kent, High Sheriff of Kent for 1791.[3] He studied law at the Inner Temple and was called to the bar in 1819, becoming Recorder of Folkestone.[4] +External links +Austen Harry Albu (21 September 1903 – 23 November 1994)[1] was a British[2] Labour Member of Parliament for Edmonton. +Joseph Hale (28 October 1913 – 7 February 1985) was a British engineer and politician.[1] +Born in Waterloo, Lancashire, Hale became an engineer, serving with the Merchant Navy until 1939, when he joined a company making plastics. +He also joined the Labour Party, serving on Bolton Borough Council from 1946 until 1950, and was also active in the Amalgamated Engineering Union.[2] +Peter Barron (born 1962)[1] is a Northern Irish journalist and Google's head of communications for Europe, Middle East and Africa.[2] +Peter Barron was born in Belfast and educated at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution. +He spent most of his career at the BBC, and immediately prior to his Google appointment in 2008 had for four years been editor of the BBC programme Newsnight.[3] +Algeria competed at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 7 to 18 September 2016. +Competitors +Sport Men Women Total Athletics 13 6 19 Goalball 6 6 12 Judo 2 1 3 Powerlifting 1 1 2 Wheelchair basketball 12 12 24 Total 34 26 60 +See also +Algeria at the 2016 Summer Olympics +References +Angola competed at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 7 September to 18 September 2016. +See also +Angola at the 2016 Summer Olympics +References +The country sent a team of 4 athletes, 2 men and 2 women, along with 4 officials to the 2016 Summer Paralympics.[4] +Benin competed at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 7 September to 18 September 2016. The country was represented by one sportsperson, Cosme Akpovi, competing in the men's javelin F57 event where he finished thirteenth. +The Games were not broadcast in Benin. +There were no broadcast rights holders for the 2016 Games in Benin. People who wanted to watch them had to watch them via the live stream provided by the International Paralympic Committee.[7] +See also +Benin at the 2016 Summer Olympics +References +The country sent one male athlete, Cosme Akpovi, to the 2016 Summer Paralympics.[1][2][3] He competed in athletics and served as the country's flag bearer during the opening ceremony.[4][2] +The Fediverse (a portmanteau of "federation" and "universe") is the ensemble of federated (i.e. interconnected) servers that are used for web publishing (i.e. social networking, microblogging, blogging, or websites) and file hosting, but which, while independently hosted, can communicate with each other. On different servers (instances), users can create so-called identities. These identities are able to communicate over the boundaries of the instances because the software running on the servers supports one or more communication protocols which follow an open standard.[1] As an identity on the fediverse, users are able to post text and other media, or to follow posts by other identities.[2] In some cases, users can even show or share data (video, audio, text and other files) publicly or to a selected group of identities and allow other identities to edit other users' data (such as a calendar or an address book). +See also +History +Communication protocols used in the fediverse +Some federated social media platforms and how they interconnect +These communication protocols, which implement open standards, are used in the fediverse: +ActivityPub DFRN[5] Diaspora Network OStatus XMPP Zot & Zot/6[6][7] +The Rajkumar College (or RKC) in Rajkot, Gujarat is one of the oldest K-12 institutions in India. RKC has a 26-acre (105,000 m²) campus in Rajkot. +K S Ranjitsinhji played for the English cricket team[1] +Thomas Garfield Anderson (31 January 1942 – 1 April 2020[1]), known as Tony Anderson, was an Australian rules footballer who played for Melbourne in the VFL during the 1960s. +References +External links +Tony Anderson's playing statistics from AFL Tables Tony Anderson at AustralianFootball.com DemonWiki profile +Sara Jane "Sally" Rowley (October 20, 1931 – May 14, 2020) was an American jewelry-maker and civil rights activist.[1] +Life +She was born in Trenton, New Jersey. She graduated from Stephens College in Missouri. At Stephens, she learned to fly small planes and worked as a flight attendant for American Airlines after graduation.[1] +In May 2020, she died of coronavirus after it swept through her Tucson, Arizona nursing home.[1] +References +Sylvie Vincent (née du Crest;[1] 27 April 1941 – 30 April 2020) was a Canadian anthropologist and ethnologist.[2] +References +Vincent was editor-in-chief of the magazine Recherches amérindiennes au Québec, which she co-founded in the early 1970s.[3] +A diabetic, Vincent died of COVID-19 on 30 April 2020 at the age of 79.[7] +Death +Domingo "Menggie" Cobarrubias (August 10, 1953 – March 26, 2020) was a Filipino actor who appeared in approximately 200 television shows and films.[1] +References +External links +Cobarrubias received a Gawad Urian Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in the 1979 film Jaguar. +He also won the Best Actor award in the 2014 QCinema International Film Festival for his performance in Mauban: Ang Resiko.[2] +Cobarrubias died on March 26, 2020 from complications of pneumonia. +He was 66. Before his death, a coronavirus disease 2019 test was administered. On April 1, 2020, five days after his death, his test came back positive for the disease.[3] +Sayyid Mohammad Mirmohammadi (Persian: سید محمد میرمحمدی‎‎; 1948 – 2 March 2020) was an Iranian politician who served as the senior adviser to Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, and a member of Expediency Discernment Council. He was the member of the 6th and 7th Iranian parliaments for Qom. +Mohammad was a member of the central council of the Islamic Republic Party, presidential chief of staff during the presidencies of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei and Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, and secretary general of the Islamic Civilization Party.[4] +References +John Ramsbottom (1778-1845) was a British Whig politician and landowner, MP for New Windsor from 1810 until his death in 1845.[1] +References +References +Datuk Zahidi bin Zainul Abidin (Jawi: زاهدي بن زاينول عابدين; born 9 January 1961) is a Malaysian politician who has served as the Deputy Minister of Communications and Multimedia in the Perikatan Nasional (PN) administration under Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin and Minister Saifuddin Abdullah since March 2020. +He is the Member of Parliament (MP) for Padang Besar and the Head of the Padang Besar Division of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO). He is also the Chairman of the Malaysian International Institute of Islamic Cooperation (IKIAM).[1] +Dato' Johari bin Abdul (Jawi: جوهري بن عبدال; born 25 May 1955) is a Malaysian politician. +He is also currently the Member of the Parliament of Malaysia for the Sungai Petani and Kedah State Legislative Assemblyman for the Gurun constituency in Kedah, Malaysia. He is a member of the People's Justice Party (PKR) in the Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition.[1] +Johari was elected to the Sungai Petani seat in the 2008 election, defeating Information Minister Zainuddin Maidin of the ruling Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition.[2] He used to be a director of the National Civics Bureau (BTN).[3] He has a master's degree in Strategic Studies from the University of Lancaster.[4] +References +External links +He Ting Ru on Parliament of Singapore He Ting Ru on Facebook He Ting Ru on Twitter He Ting Ru on Instagram +He Ting Ru (born 1983) is a Singaporean lawyer and politician of the Workers' Party. +She was elected into the Parliament of Singapore as a representative for the Sengkang Group Representation Constituency following the 2020 Singaporean general election.[2] +References +She was educated at CHIJ Saint Nicholas Girls' School and Raffles Junior College. She graduated with an undergraduate degree in Natural Sciences from Cambridge University before reading law in London.[3] +Bruno Lima Basolu (born 4 February 1996) is an Argentine volleyball player, a member of the Argentina men's national volleyball team and Argentine club Gigantes del Sur. He competed for the Argentina men's national volleyball team at the 2016 Olympic Games. +Career +National championships 2014/2015 Argentine Cup, with Bolívar Vóley 2014/2015 Argentine Championship, with Bolívar Vóley 2017/2018 French SuperCup, with Chaumont VB 52 +National team 2012 CSV U19 South American Championship 2015 FIVB U21 World Championship[1] 2016 Pan-American Cup 2016 U23 Pan-American Cup 2017 Pan-American Cup 2019 CSV South American Championship[2] +Individually +2019: FIVB Nations League – Best Spiker 2019: CSV South American Championship – Best Opposite +References +Che Abdullah bin Mat Nawi (Jawi چيء عبدالله بن مت ناوي; is a Malaysian politician. He serves in the Cabinet of Malaysia as the Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Food Industries since 10 March 2020. +Politics +Che Abdullah contested Wakaf Bharu assembly state in Wakaf Bharu in 2008 and re-elected in 2013 general election. +He contested Tumpat parliamentary seat in 2018 and won that seat. +References +Blake Richards MP (born November 8, 1974) is a Canadian politician, who was re-elected for a third term in the riding of Banff—Airdrie on October 19, 2015. +He was previously elected in the electoral district of Wild Rose in the 2008 Canadian federal election and the 2011 election, and is a member of the Conservative Party in the House of Commons of Canada. +External links +Blake Richards Blake Richards – Parliament of Canada biography +Richards was born in Olds, Alberta. Prior to starting his real estate business, Richards worked in the oil field and agriculture-related industries, and attended Red Deer College and the University of Calgary, where he earned a degree in political science. +Richards is the Official Opposition Shadow Minister for Small Business, Export Promotion and Tourism. +He also serves on the House of Commons Standing Committee on Finance. In the 41st Parliament, Richards was Chair of the Parliamentary Tourism Caucus and served as Chair of the House of Commons' Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development and the Special Committee on Co-operatives. He has also been a member of the committees on International Trade; Public Safety and National Security; Procedure and House Affairs; Canadian Heritage; Agriculture; and Transport, Infrastructure and Communities. +Jun Tsushima (born 1966) is a Japanese politician. +He is affiliated with Liberal Democratic Party. He is member of House of Representatives of Japan from Aomori 1st district since December 16, 2012. +He previously served as Vice-Minister of Land, Transport, Infrastructure and Tourism and also served as Vice-Minister of Cabinet Office in Third Abe Cabinet. +Jun's grandfather Osamu Dazai was a novelist and his father Yuji Tsushima was the member of House of Representatives (Japan), Minister of Health and Welfare and member of Liberal Democratic Party.[1] His aunt Yūko Tsushima was a novelist like her father. His cousin Kyōichi Tsushima was a member of Democratic Party and member of House of Representatives of Japan from Tohoku Proportional District from 2009 to 2012[2] +References +Akinori Eto (江渡 聡徳, Eto Akinori, born 1955) is a Japanese politician and the former defense minister of Japan. +with Ashton Carter (March 17, 2013) +Eto is a politician of the Liberal Democratic Party, a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature). A native of Towada, Aomori, he attended Nihon University as both undergraduate and graduate. He was elected for the first time in 1996 but lost his seat in the re-election four years later. +He was re-elected in 2003. +Like Abe and most members of the Cabinet, he is affiliated to the openly revisionist organization Nippon Kaigi.[1] +Footnotes +External links +Ahn Gyu-baek (Korean: 안규백; Hanja: 安圭伯; born 29 April 1961) is a South Korean politician in the liberal Minjoo Party of Korea. +He has been a member of the National Assembly for Dongdaemun, Seoul, since 2012, and previously served as a party list member from 2008 to 2012. +Ahn was appointed deputy floor leader of the New Politics Alliance for Democracy, the Minjoo Party's predecessor, on 12 October 2014,[1] and remained in that position for seven months.[2] He was praised by his Saenuri Party counterpart, Cho Hae-jin, who described him as having an "honest and upright" character and "always thinking of his country first".[lower-alpha 1] He subsequently became head of strategy and public relations for the NPAD on 23 June 2015.[3] +A ranking member of the Assembly's National Defense Committee,[4] Ahn has been a critic of South Korea's defense policy. +In 2011 he stated that draft-dodging had doubled under the Lee Myung-bak administration,[5] and at the end of 2015 he attacked Park Geun-hye's government for signing an intelligence cooperation agreement with Japan and the United States, stating that "it is against all reason to give [Korea's] advanced information" to Japan given its colonial history in the peninsula and continuing territorial claims over the Liancourt Rocks.[6] In June 2015, he introduced a bill to honor the veterans of the Second Battle of Yeonpyeong, an armed confrontation with North Korea that had taken place in 2002.[7] +References +Official home page[permanent dead link] (in English) Official home page[permanent dead link] (in Korean) +Park Maeng-woo (Korean: 박맹우; RR: Bak Maeng-u; born December 6, 1951) is a South Korean politician who formerly served as Mayor of Ulsan from 2002 to 2014. +Education +1980: Graduated from Kookmin University with a degree in political science 2001: Graduated from the Political Science Graduate School at Kyungnam University, receiving a master's degree in political science 2006: Graduated from Dong-eui University, receiving a PhD in political science[1] +See also +References +External links +Han Duck-soo (한덕수; born 18 June 1949) is a South Korean politician who served as the 34th Prime Minister of South Korea, from 2007 until February 2008, and as the ambassador to the United States from 2009 to 2013. +He served as Chairman of the Korea International Trade Association from 2012 to 2015.[1][2] +Education +Han earned a Bachelor of Arts in Economics from Seoul National University in 1971 and a Ph.D. in economics from Harvard University in 1984. +References +Cesar P. Garcia, Jr. is the former Director-General of the National Intelligence Coordinating Agency of the Republic of the Philippines. He is a graduate of the Philippine Military Academy class of 1970. +On 20 August 2008, Garcia resigned due to arthritis, and was succeeded by Major General Pedro Cabuay.[1][2] +However, on 9 July 2010, President Benigno Aquino III appointed him as National Security Adviser.[3] +References +Albert S. Garcia (born February 1, 1970) is a Filipino politician and the current provincial Governor of Bataan under the National Unity Party, which also he is the president of the political party,[1] he has been elected to two terms as a Member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines, representing the 2nd District of Bataan. +He first won election to Congress in 2004, and was re-elected in 2007. +Prior to his election to Congress, Garcia served two terms as mayor of Balanga City from 1998 to 2004. +References +Adi Sasono (February 16, 1943 – August 13, 2016) was an Indonesian politician. +He served as the Minister of Cooperatives, Small and Medium Businesses from 1998 to 1999 within the Development Reform Cabinet of President B. J. Habibie.[1] +Adi Sasono was born on February 16, 1943, in Pekalongan, Central Java, in present-day Indonesia.[1] He died at Mayapada Hospital in Lebak Bulus, South Jakarta, at 5:20 p.m. on August 13, 2016, at the age of 73.[1] His death was confirmed by the Ministry of Cooperative and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises.[1] +References +Johannes Beck SJ (1 November 1922 – 9 May 2020[1]) was a German Jesuit and social ethicist. +Life +Beck joined the Jesuit order in 1948. +After the theological training he received, on July 31, 1956 he was ordained at the St. Michael's Church in Munich. +He was particularly involved in the worker and company pastoral care and campaigned for social justice and Catholic social teaching, in particular for the principle of solidarity in large industrial companies. Among other things, he served for many decades as a spiritual advisor to the Catholic Workers' Movement (KAB). As the successor to Franz Prinz SJ, he headed the Werkgemeinschaft christischer Arbeiter in Munich.[2] From 1979 to 1991, Beck was director of the "Social Seminar" at Münchner Bildungswerk and after his retirement from 1991 to 2012 he was involved in teaching.[3][4] +He lived in the Jesuit community Pedro Arrupe in the St. Katharina Labouré nursing home in Unterhaching near Munich. +He died in May 2020 at the age of 97 in Unterhaching as a result of COVID-19.[1][5] +References +Hasan Ahmad al-Lawzi (1952 – July 13, 2020) was a Yemeni politician and writer. +He was the Minister of Information. +Al-Lawzi was born in Sana'a and was educated at Cairo's Al-Azhar University.[1] He published several volumes of poetry and short stories that reflected his profound interest in the Yemeni revolution. His work has been translated into English and was included in anthologies of modern Arabian literature during the 1980s. +He later became involved in government and held a number of important positions. +Al-Lawzi died on July 13, 2020, at the age of 68, after contracting COVID-19 during the pandemic in Egypt.[2] +References +Lorenzo Acquarone (25 February 1931 – 24 March 2020) was an Italian lawyer and politician. +Born in Ventimiglia, Acquarone graduated in law and became a lawyer and university lecturer. As a member of the Italian People's Party, he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for three legislatures.[1] In 2002 he participated in the formation of the new political entity called the "Margherita" or Democracy is Freedom - The Daisy, but in September 2003 decided to leave the party to join the Popular-UDEUR.[citation needed] +Acquarone died at the age of 89 on 24 March 2020 due to COVID-19, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy.[3] +References +The Cambodian Youth Party (CYP)[2] is a pro-government party created by Pich Sros. It is known for being one of the parties that called for the Cambodia National Rescue Party (CNRP) to dissolve after allegedly conspiring to overthrow the current government.[3][4] The party is also one of the twenty parties involved in the Consultation Forum created by current Prime Minister Hun Sen.[5] During its time as part of the forum, the CYP has also managed to conserve the Boeung Prek Toap lake.[6] +References +Shin Hyunbeen Shin Hyunbeen in July 2014 Born 곽현빈 (Kwak Hyunbeen) (1986-04-10) April 10, 1986 (age 34) South Korea Education Korea National University of Arts - Art Theory Occupation Actress Years active 2011–present Agent Yooborn Company Korean name Hangul 신현빈 Revised Romanization Sin Hyeon-bin McCune–Reischauer Sin Hyŏn-p'in +Shin Hyunbeen (Korean: 신현빈; born April 10, 1986) is a South Korean actress. She is best known for her roles in He's on Duty (2010),Warrior Baek Dong-soo (2011)[1][2] and Hospital Playlist (2020). +Daizō Nozawa (野沢 太三, Nozawa Daizō, born May 6, 1933 in Tatsuno, Nagano) is a politician of Japan who served as the Justice Minister of Japan from 2003 to 2004.[1] +Nozawa graduated from University of Tokyo with the degree of bachelor of civil engineering and joined Japanese National Railways in 1956. +During his career at JNR, he obtained the degree of Ph. D. He was first elected as a member of the House of Councillors in 1986.[1] He served as a member of the house until 2004 when he did not run for reelection. +References +References +External links +Norman Fegidero coach profile at Soccerway Profile at Soccerpunter.com +Norman Salo Fegidero Jr. (born 28 January 1970) is a retired Filipino professional football player and manager. +Career +For twelve years, 1989 until 2001, Norman Fegidero played for the Philippines national team.[1] The highlight of his career is when he was instrumental to the 1-0 upset against Malaysia at the 1991 Southeast Asian Games.[2] He secured the winning goal at the 84th minute.[3] +Sukeshiro Terata (寺田 典城, Terata Sukeshiro, born June 19, 1940) was the governor of Akita Prefecture. +A native of Ōmagari, Akita and graduate of Waseda University, he was first elected to the post in 1997 after serving as mayor of Yokote, Akita since 1991. +He ran in House of Councillors election in 2010 as a proportional candidate of Your Party, received 45,846 votes nationwide and won a seat ranking 4th on his party list.[1][2] +References +External links +Official page (in Japanese) +Indonesia's third legislative election, and the second under the New Order regime, was held on 2 May 1977. +There were three participants; the two political parties and functional groups Golkar. +Sources +Liddle, R. William (1994) Pemilu-Pemilu Orde Baru (Elections of the New Order), LP3ES, Jakarta ISBN 979-8015-88-6 Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). +ISBN 0-8047-4480-7 Sudibjo, M (Ed) (1995) Pemilihan Umum 1992: Suatu Evaluasi (The 1992 General Election: An Evaluation) Center for Strategic and International Studies, Jakarta. +OCLC 32449151 +Results +Ballot number Election participant Votes % Seats 2 Golkar (Golongan Karya) 39,750,096 62.11 232 1 United Development Party (Partai Persatuan Pembangunan, PPP) 18,743,491 29.29 99 3 Indonesian Democratic Party (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia, PDI) 5,504,757 8.60 29 Total 63,998,344 100% 360 Source: Komisi Pemilihan Umum (General Election Commission), p37 +References +Naruphol Ar-romsawa(Thai: นฤพล อารมณ์สวะ, born September 16, 1988), simply known as Duong (Thai: ดวง) is a Thai professional footballer who plays as a Midfielder for Thai League 1 club Nakhon Ratchasima. +Thai League T1 Champions (1) : 2015 Thai FA Cup Winners (1) : 2015 Thai League Cup Winners (1) : 2015 Kor Royal Cup Winners (1): 2015 Mekong Club Championship Winner (1) : 2015 +References +External links +Profile at Goal Naruphol Ar-romsawa at Soccerway +Honours +Buriram United +The Party to Protect the People from NHK (Japanese: NHKから国民を守る党, NHK kara Kokumin o Mamoru Tō),[2] also known as N-Koku (N国)[3] is a Japanese political party founded on June 17, 2013 by activist Takashi Tachibana, a former employee of Japan's national broadcasting organization NHK and a member of the Funabashi city assembly in Chiba Prefecture. +He resigned NHK's accounting position in 2005 after exposing internal corruption. Before long continuing of intimidating behavior by NHK television license bill collectors,[4][5] the party issues special stickers to chase off broadcast-reception bill collectors from citizens' properties. +The party's slogan is "NHK o Bukkowasu!" (Japanese: NHKをぶっ壊す！, lit. "Crash NHK!").[3] +References +↑ Shiromoto, Koji (10 Aug 2019). "7 winners and losers from a deeply ambiguous Japanese election". McGill International Review. +Retrieved 8 December 2019. ↑ "Japan lawmaker who sparked scandal with Russia war remarks to join anti-NHK party". +The Japan Times Online. +2019-07-29. ISSN 0447-5763. +External links +Jaan Tallinn (born 14 February 1972) is an Estonian computer programmer and investor[2] known for his participation in the development of Skype[3] in 2002 and FastTrack/Kazaa, a file-sharing application, in 2000.[4] +References +↑ "Jaan Tallinn, Curriculum Vitae". Tartu Ülikool Sihtasutus. May 2012. +Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. +Retrieved 6 September 2013. ↑ "Jaan Tallinn at Ambient Sound Investments". University of Cambridge. Retrieved 30 October 2016. ↑ "Creating global business model for knowledge-intensive SMES the small transition country cases" (PDF). +Jaan Tallinn is partner and co-founder of the development company Bluemoon which created the game SkyRoads.[5] +Channel 7 is a Burmese free-to-air television channel jointly operated by MRTV-4. It was owned by Forever Group.[1]It launched in May 2012,[2] the channel broadcasts between 7 am and 11 pm.[1] Now, it is broadcasting in 24 hours.[1] +External links +The channel is run under the Ministry of Information, and international news broadcasts undergo censorship.[3] +See also +Media of Burma Communications in Burma MRTV-4 MITV +References +Fortune TV is a Burmese digital Free-to-Air TV channel that run under MRTV's Multiplex Playout System based in Yangon, Myanmar.[1] Fortune TV is operated by Fortune Group. +They have signed a cooperation agreement with state-run Myanmar Radio and Television (MRTV) to operate as content providers for digital free-to-air TV channels in a multi-playout system of MRTV on 17 February 2018.[2] The trial was broadcast on 12 February 2019 and 4 days later on 16 February, they launched the channel officially.[3][4] They broadcast entertainment as well as information and knowledge program from 6 a.m. to 12 midnight.[5] Fortune are also providing quality infotainment content on the FTA and OTT platforms. [4] +References +External links +Haji Hasbi bin Habibollah (Jawi: حسبي بن حبيب الله; born 2 January 1963) is a Malaysian politician, and currently serving as Deputy Minister of Transport since 10 March 2020. +He is the Member of Parliamen (MP) for the Limbang constituency in Sarawak, representing the Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB) in the Barisan Nasional coalition.[1] +Hasbi was previously an engineer before being elected to the Parliament by a narrow margin in the 2008 general election for the newly created seat of Limbang.[2] He managed to retain the seat in the 2013 and 2018 general elections. +References +References +Dato Henry Sum Agong (born 18 February 1946) is a Malaysian politician, and currently serving as Deputy Minister of Rural Development since 10 March 2020. +He is the Member of Parliament of Malaysia for the Lawas constituency in Sarawak, representing the Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB) in the state-governing but federal opposition Sarawak Parties Alliance (GPS) coalition.[1] +Having represented the Bukit Mas constituency,[2] Henry Sum moved to the seat of Lawas for the 2008 election, which he won with 92% of the vote.[3] +The cilium (from Latin, meaning 'eyelash';[1] the plural is cilia) is an organelle found on eukaryotic cells in the shape of a slender protuberance that projects from the much larger cell body.[2] +Illustration depicting motile cilia on respiratory epithelium. +Motile cilia +Larger eukaryotes, such as mammals, have motile cilia as well. Motile cilia are usually present on a cell's surface in large numbers and beat in coordinated waves.[14] +In humans, for example, motile cilia are found on the respiratory epithelium lining the respiratory tract where they function in the mucociliary clearance of sweeping mucus and dirt out of the lungs.[15] In female mammals, the beating of cilia in the Fallopian tubes moves the ovum from the ovary to the uterus.[15][16] +The functioning of motile cilia is strongly dependent on the maintenance of optimal levels of periciliary fluid bathing the cilia. Epithelial sodium channels ENaC that are specifically expressed along the entire length of cilia apparently serve as sensors that regulate fluid level surrounding the cilia.[1][17] +Ciliates are microscopic organisms that possess motile cilia exclusively and use them for either locomotion or to simply move liquid over their surface. +Nodal cilia +Nodal cilia are only present in the early developing embryo.[1] The nodal cilium is of similar structure to the primitive cilium in having no central apparatus but it does possess dynein arms that enable it to move or spin in a circular direction. The spin is clockwise and this causes a flow of extraembryonic fluid to move across the nodal surface directed to the left. Primary cilia around the nodal cilia sense the directional flow which activates nodal signaling, establishing left to right sidedness.[3] +The non-motile cilia are called primary cilia which typically serve as sensory organelles. There is a third type of cilium that is only transiently present in the early embryo. These are known as nodal cilia and are crucial in the establishment of the left to right body asymmetry.[3] +Eukaryotic motile cilium +Inside cilia and flagella is a microtubule-based cytoskeleton called the axoneme. The axoneme of a primary cilium typically has a ring of nine outer microtubule doublets (called a 9+0 axoneme), and the axoneme of a motile cilium has two central microtubule singlets in addition to the nine outer doublets (called a 9+2 axoneme). The axonemal cytoskeleton acts as a scaffolding for various protein complexes and provides binding sites for molecular motor proteins such as kinesin II, that help carry proteins up and down the microtubules.[1][18][19] On the outside of cilia is a membrane like the plasma membrane, but compositionally distinct due to a blocking ring ("necklace") around the base,[20] and distinct also in its population of receptors and other integral proteins. +Ciliary rootlet +It extends proximally toward the cell nucleus. Rootlets are typically 80-100 nm in diameter and contain cross striae distributed at regular intervals of approximately 55-70 nm. According to the Gene Ontology, the following proteins localize to the ciliary rootlet: amyloid precursor protein, rootletin, kinesins (KIF5B, KIF5C, KLC2, KLC3), and presenilins (PSEN1, PSEN2).[21] +Cilia versus flagella +The beating motion is created by dynein arm structures the sliding of outer doublets, and originates in the axoneme, not at the basal body. A key difference between the two structures is that in a eukaryotic organism such as humans, flagella are used to propel the cell, while cilia are used to move substances across a surface. An example of each would be the flagellum present on a sperm cell and the cilium on the epithelial tissue of the lungs that clears out foreign particles. +Development +The building blocks of the cilia such as tubulins and other partially assembled axonemal proteins are added to the ciliary tips which point away from the cell body.[23] In most species bi-directional motility called intraflagellar transport (IFT) plays an essential role in moving these building materials from the cell body to the assembly site.[24] IFT also carries the disassembled material to be recycled from the ciliary tip back to the cell body. By regulating the equilibrium between these two IFT processes, the length of cilia can be maintained dynamically. Disassembly of cilia requires the action of the Aurora A kinase .[25] +In eukaryotes, motile cilia and flagella together make up a group of organelles known as undulipodia.[4] Eukaryotic cilia are structurally identical to eukaryotic flagella, although distinctions are sometimes made according to function or length.[5] Biologists have various ideas about how the various flagella may have evolved. +Function +Clinical significance +Types +Cilia can be divided into non-motile (primary) forms and motile forms.[6] +Primary cilia +In comparison to motile cilia, non-motile cilia usually occur one per cell; nearly all mammalian cells have a single non-motile primary cilium. In addition, examples of specialized primary cilia can be found in human sensory organs such as the eye and the nose: +The outer segment of the rod photoreceptor cell in the human eye is connected to its cell body with a specialized non-motile cilium.[7] The dendritic knob of the olfactory sensory neurons, where the odorant receptors are located, also contain non-motile cilia (about ten cilia per dendritic knob). +Nikolay Timofeyevich Tanayev (Kyrgyz: Николай Тимофеевич Танаев; 5 November 1945 – 19 July 2020) was a Kyrgyz politician, who served as the Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan from 2002 to 2005, under President Askar Akayev. +He was an ethnic Russian. He served as Deputy Prime Minister under Kurmanbek Bakiyev and was made acting PM on 22 May 2002 after Akayev fired Bakiyev. +He officially became PM eight days later when the Supreme Council confirmed him. +He was the first ethnic Russian Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan since independence. +References +↑ https://www.rulers.org/indext1.html ↑ Bruce Pannier, "Kyrgyzstan: Prime Minister Narrowly Survives Confidence Vote", Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 9 April 2004. ↑ https://24.kg/archive/en/vlast/182404-news24.html/ +External links +Shukrullo (pen name of Shukrullo Yusupov; 2 September 1921 – 19 July 2020[2][3]) was an Uzbek poet. +His poetry has been translated into many languages, and has appeared in magazines[4] and anthologies.[5] He was honored with Uzbekistan's Hamza Award and the title of Uzbekistan People's Poet.[6] +References +↑ "Шукрулло Юсупов оламдан ўтди". Kun.uz. ↑ The Modern Uzbeks: From the Fourteenth Century to the Present: a Cultural History, Edward Allworth 1990; ISBN 0-8179-8732-0. p. +45 ↑ [dead link] +Jean Vallette d'Osia (16 August 1898 - 28 February 2000) was a French officer best known for his action in the French Resistance during World War II in Haute-Savoie, notably supervising the liberation of Lyon. +Vallette d'Osia was also a staunch anti-communist on and in later life linked to the far-right National Front.[1] +References +Ben Morton (born 29 June 1981) is an Australian politician. +Since 2 July 2016, he has represented the federal Division of Tangney in the Australian House of Representatives for the Liberal Party.[1] +He is the former state director of the Liberal Party in Western Australia. Prior to entering parliament, Morton worked as a bus driver, as an adviser to the Howard Government, and in the private sector for one of Australia's largest home builders, BGC.[1] +At the 2016 federal election, Morton successfully ran as the Liberal candidate against sitting member Dennis Jensen, who had been disendorsed by the Liberals and was running as an independent.[3] +References +Moen was originally part of Ravenna Metal Products of Seattle, Washington. In 1956, it became part of Stanadyne, which was in turn acquired by Forstmann-Little & Company in 1988 and then purchased by the consumer-products holding company Fortune Brands. Fortune Brands then spun off its related product lines to form the Fortune Brands Home & Security company on October 3, 2011. +Known as the Moen 1225, it is a plastic (older versions were brass) cylinder approximately 4 inches long by 3/4 inches in diameter. As the "engine" in most Moen single-handle faucets, it has undergone at least two revisions since its inception though newer versions remain compatible with older faucets. Pulling up the stem of the cartridge opens the water supply; rotating toward the left opens the hot water passages while rotating to the right opens the cold water passages (using the standard North American convention of the hot water control on the left). +Later Moen bathtub/shower controls with single handles use a larger cartridge with a pressure balancing mechanism which compensates for sudden pressure changes in either the hot or cold water supply (as caused by a toilet being flushed while someone is showering). The design goal is to maintain the temperature of the shower for safety and comfort reasons, even if the volume of water is reduced. The cartridge is known as the 1222. +Some Moen products are manufactured in China.[2] +Alfred M. Moen (27 December 1916 – 17 April 2001) was an American inventor and founder of Moen, Inc. He invented the single-handed mixing [faucet].[1] In 1959 Fortune Magazine listed the Moen "one-handle mixing faucet," along with inventions such as Henry Ford's Model T and Benjamin Franklin's Franklin stove, as one of the top 100 best-designed mass-produced products, the result of a survey among the world's leading designers, architects and design teachers conducted by industrial designer Jay Doblin.[2] +Background +Al Moen was born in Seattle, Washington. He graduated in 1934 from Franklin High School and was a mechanical engineering student at the University of Washington.[3] +Moen could not find a manufacturer free to start production until after the war. In 1947, he persuaded Kemp Hiatt at Ravenna Metal Products of Seattle to finance and produce his latest design for a single-handled mixing faucet. Moen faucets were soon included in many homes built in the United States during the post-World War II building boom.[4][5] +Moen's invention led to the creation of Moen Inc., one of the nation's major producers of plumbing products. Al Moen served as head of the company's research and development until his retirement in 1982. He personally held some 75 patents, many of which were in fields unrelated to plumbing. +The name organelle comes from the idea that these structures are parts of cells, as organs are to the body, hence organelle, the suffix -elle being a diminutive. Organelles are either separately enclosed within their own lipid bilayers (also called membrane-bound organelles) or are spatially distinct functional units without a surrounding lipid bilayer (non-membrane bound organelles). Although most organelles are functional units within cells, some functional units that extend outside of cells are often termed organelles, such as cilia, the flagellum and archaellum, and the trichocyst. +Under this definition, there would only be two broad classes of organelles (i.e. those that contain their own DNA, and have originated from endosymbiotic bacteria): +mitochondria (in almost all eukaryotes) plastids[13] (e.g. in plants, algae, and some protists). +Other organelles are also suggested to have endosymbiotic origins, but do not contain their own DNA (notably the flagellum – see evolution of flagella). +However, even by using this definition, some parts of the cell that have been shown to be distinct functional units do not qualify as organelles. Therefore, the use of organelle to also refer to non-membrane bound structures such as ribosomes is common and accepted.[14][15][16] This has led many texts to delineate between membrane-bound and non-membrane bound organelles.[17] The non-membrane bound organelles, also called large biomolecular complexes, are large assemblies of macromolecules that carry out particular and specialized functions, but they lack membrane boundaries. Many of these are referred to as "proteinaceous organelles" as there many structure is made of proteins. +large RNA and protein complexes: ribosome, spliceosome, vault large protein complexes: proteasome, DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, RNA polymerase II holoenzyme, symmetric viral capsids, complex of GroEL and GroES; membrane protein complexes: photosystem I, ATP synthase large DNA and protein complexes: nucleosome centriole and microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) cytoskeleton flagellum nucleolus stress granule germ cell granule neuronal transport granule +The mechanisms by which such non-membrane bound organelles form and retain their spatial integrity have been likened to liquid-liquid phase separation.[18] +Eukaryotic organelles +Eukaryotic cells are structurally complex, and by definition are organized, in part, by interior compartments that are themselves enclosed by lipid membranes that resemble the outermost cell membrane. The larger organelles, such as the nucleus and vacuoles, are easily visible with the light microscope. They were among the first biological discoveries made after the invention of the microscope. +Not all eukaryotic cells have each of the organelles listed below. Exceptional organisms have cells that do not include some organelles that might otherwise be considered universal to eukaryotes (such as mitochondria).[19] There are also occasional exceptions to the number of membranes surrounding organelles, listed in the tables below (e.g., some that are listed as double-membrane are sometimes found with single or triple membranes). In addition, the number of individual organelles of each type found in a given cell varies depending upon the function of that cell. +Major eukaryotic organelles Organelle Main function Structure Organisms Notes cell membrane separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space) which protects the cell from its environment. two-dimensional liquid all eukaryotes cell wall The cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan and is rigid, provides shape to the cell, helps to keeps the organelles inside the cell, and does not let the cell burst due to changes in osmotic pressure. cellulose plants, protists, rare kleptoplastic organisms chloroplast (plastid) photosynthesis, traps energy from sunlight double-membrane compartment plants, protists, rare kleptoplastic organisms has own DNA; theorized to be engulfed by the ancestral eukaryotic cell (endosymbiosis) endoplasmic reticulum translation and folding of new proteins (rough endoplasmic reticulum), expression of lipids (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) single-membrane compartment all eukaryotes rough endoplasmic reticulum is covered with ribosomes, has folds that are flat sacs; smooth endoplasmic reticulum has folds that are tubular flagellum locomotion, sensory protein some eukaryotes Golgi apparatus sorting, packaging, processing and modification of proteins single-membrane compartment all eukaryotes cis-face (convex) nearest to rough endoplasmic reticulum; trans-face (concave) farthest from rough endoplasmic reticulum mitochondrion energy production from the oxidation of glucose substances and the release of adenosine triphosphate double-membrane compartment most eukaryotes constituting element of the chondriome; has own DNA; theorized to have been engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell (endosymbiosis)[20] nucleus DNA maintenance, controls all activities of the cell, RNA transcription double-membrane compartment all eukaryotes contains bulk of genome vacuole storage, transportation, helps maintain homeostasis single-membrane compartment eukaryotes +Organelles are identified by microscopy, and can also be purified by cell fractionation. There are many types of organelles, particularly in eukaryotic cells. They include structures that make up the internal endomembrane system (such as the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus), and other structures such as mitochondria and plastids. +Mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, have double membranes and their own DNA. According to the endosymbiotic theory, they are believed to have originated from incompletely consumed or invading prokaryotic organisms. +Minor eukaryotic organelles and cell components Organelle/Macromolecule Main function Structure Organisms acrosome helps spermatozoa fuse with ovum single-membrane compartment most animals autophagosome vesicle that sequesters cytoplasmic material and organelles for degradation double-membrane compartment all eukaryotes centriole anchor for cytoskeleton, organizes cell division by forming spindle fibers Microtubule protein animals cilium movement in or of external medium; "critical developmental signaling pathway".[21] Microtubule protein animals, protists, few plants cnidocyst stinging coiled hollow tubule cnidarians eyespot apparatus detects light, allowing phototaxis to take place green algae and other unicellular photosynthetic organisms such as euglenids glycosome carries out glycolysis single-membrane compartment Some protozoa, such as Trypanosomes. glyoxysome conversion of fat into sugars single-membrane compartment plants hydrogenosome energy & hydrogen production double-membrane compartment a few unicellular eukaryotes lysosome breakdown of large molecules (e.g., proteins + polysaccharides) single-membrane compartment animals melanosome pigment storage single-membrane compartment animals mitosome probably plays a role in Iron-sulfur cluster (Fe-S) assembly double-membrane compartment a few unicellular eukaryotes that lack mitochondria myofibril myocyte contraction bundled filaments animals nucleolus pre-ribosome production protein-DNA-RNA most eukaryotes ocelloid detects light and possibly shapes, allowing phototaxis to take place double-membrane compartment members of the family Warnowiaceae parenthesome not characterized not characterized fungi peroxisome breakdown of metabolic hydrogen peroxide single-membrane compartment all eukaryotes proteasome degradation of unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis very large protein complex all eukaryotes, all archaea, and some bacteria ribosome (80S) translation of RNA into proteins RNA-protein all eukaryotes stress granule mRNA storage[22] membraneless (mRNP complexes) most eukaryotes TIGER domain mRNA encoding proteins membraneless most organisms vesicle material transport single-membrane compartment all eukaryotes +cytosol endomembrane system nucleosome microtubule cell membrane +Prokaryotic organelles +(A) Electron micrograph of Halothiobacillus neapolitanus cells, arrows highlight carboxysomes. (B) Image of intact carboxysomes isolated from H. neapolitanus. Scale bars are 100 nm.[23] +Structure of Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans, showing an anammoxosome and intracytoplasmic membrane +Prokaryotes are not as structurally complex as eukaryotes, and were once thought not to have any internal structures enclosed by lipid membranes. In the past, they were often viewed as having little internal organization, and lack cellular compartments; but slowly, details are emerging about prokaryotic internal structures. An early false turn was the idea developed in the 1970s that bacteria might contain cell membrane folds termed mesosomes, but these were later shown to be artifacts produced by the chemicals used to prepare the cells for electron microscopy.[24] +However, there is increasing evidence of compartmentalization in at least some prokaryotes.[2] Recent research has revealed that at least some prokaryotes have microcompartments, such as carboxysomes. These subcellular compartments are 100–200 nm in diameter and are enclosed by a shell of proteins.[2] Even more striking is the description of membrane-bound magnetosomes in bacteria, reported in 2006.[25][26] +History and terminology +The bacterial phylum Planctomycetes has revealed a number of compartmentalization features. Planctomycetes have an intracytoplasmic membranes that separates the cytoplasm into paryphoplasm (an outer ribosome-free space) and pirellulosome (or riboplasm, an inner ribosome-containing space).[27] Membrane-bound anammoxosomes have been discovered in five Planctomycetes anammox genera.[28] In the Planctomycetes Gemmata obscuriglobus, a nucleus-like structure surrounded by lipid membranes has been reported.[27][29] +Compartmentalization is a feature of prokaryotic photosynthetic structures.[1] Purple bacteria have "chromatophores", which are reaction centers found in invaginations of the cell membrane.[2] Green sulfur bacteria have chlorosomes, which are photosynthetic antenna complexes found bonded to cell membranes.[2] Cyanobacteria have internal thylakoid membranes for light-dependent photosynthesis; studies have revealed that the cell membrane and the thylakoid membranes are not continuous with each other.[2] +Prokaryotic organelles and cell components Organelle/macromolecule Main function Structure Organisms anammoxosome anaerobic ammonium oxidation ladderane lipid membrane "Candidatus" bacteria within Planctomycetes carboxysome carbon fixation protein-shell bacterial microcompartment some bacteria chlorosome photosynthesis light harvesting complex attached to cell membrane green sulfur bacteria flagellum movement in external medium protein filament some prokaryotes and eukaryotes magnetosome magnetic orientation inorganic crystal, lipid membrane magnetotactic bacteria nucleoid DNA maintenance, transcription to RNA DNA-protein prokaryotes pilus Adhesion to other cells for conjugation or to a solid substrate to create motile forces. a hair-like appendage sticking out (though partially embedded into) the plasma membrane prokaryotic cells plasmid DNA exchange circular DNA some bacteria ribosome (70S) translation of RNA into proteins RNA-protein bacteria and archaea thylakoid membranes photosynthesis photosystem proteins and pigments mostly cyanobacteria +See also +CoRR hypothesis Ejectosome Endosymbiotic theory Organelle biogenesis Membrane vesicle trafficking Host-pathogen interface +Media related to Organelles at Wikimedia Commons Tree of Life project: Eukaryotes Organelle Databases +In biology organs are defined as confined functional units within an organism.[3] The analogy of bodily organs to microscopic cellular substructures is obvious, as from even early works, authors of respective textbooks rarely elaborate on the distinction between the two. +In the 1830s, Félix Dujardin refuted Ehrenberg theory which said that microorganisms have the same organs of multicellular animals, only minor.[4] +Credited as the first[5][6][7] to use a diminutive of organ (i.e., little organ) for cellular structures was German zoologist Karl August Möbius (1884), who used the term organula (plural of organulum, the diminutive of Latin organum).[8] In a footnote, which was published as a correction in the next issue of the journal, he justified his suggestion to call organs of unicellular organisms "organella" since they are only differently formed parts of one cell, in contrast to multicellular organs of multicellular organisms.[8][9] +While most cell biologists consider the term organelle to be synonymous with cell compartment, a space often bound by one or two lipid bilayers, some cell biologists choose to limit the term to include only those cell compartments that contain deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), having originated from formerly autonomous microscopic organisms acquired via endosymbiosis.[10][11][12] +Figure showing the progression of the menstrual cycle and the different hormones contributing to it. +The average age of menarche is 12–15.[1][12] They may occasionally start as early as eight, and this onset may still be normal.[3] This first period often occurs later in the developing world than the developed world.[4] +Breastfeeding causes negative feedback to occur on pulse secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Depending on the strength of the negative feedback, breastfeeding women may experience complete suppression of follicular development, but no ovulation, or normal menstrual cycle may resume.[112] Suppression of ovulation is more likely when suckling occurs more frequently.[113] The production of prolactin in response to suckling is important to maintaining lactational amenorrhea.[114] On average, women who are fully breastfeeding whose infants suckle frequently experience a return of menstruation at fourteen and a half months postpartum. There is a wide range of response among individual breastfeeding women, however, with some experiencing return of menstruation at two months and others remaining amenorrheic for up to 42 months postpartum.[115] +Other interventions +Ovulation induction and controlled ovarian hyperstimulation are techniques used in assisted reproduction involving the use of fertility medications to treat anovulation and/or produce multiple ovarian follicles. +Menstruation can be delayed by the use of progesterone or progestins. For this purpose, oral administration of progesterone or progestin during cycle day 20 has been found to effectively delay menstruation for at least 20 days, with menstruation starting after 2–3 days have passed since discontinuing the regimen.[116] +Menstrual hygiene products +Various improvised products may also be used, especially in the developing world, such as cotton, cloth, toilet paper. In recent years, the problem of inaccessibility to these products has come to light and has become a center of debate in regards to abolishing the excess tax on them or making them completely free. In 2018, Scotland became the first country in the world to “provide free menstrual pads in schools and colleges in an effort to ban period poverty” and the UK followed a similar path in 2019, announcing a campaign to “end period poverty globally by 2030.“[118] +Seclusion during menstruation +Awareness raising through education is taking place among women and girls to modify or eliminate the practice of chhaupadi in Nepal. +The average age of menarche is approximately 12.5 years in the United States,[13] 12.7 in Canada,[14] 12.9 in the UK[15] and 13.1 years in Iceland.[16] Factors such as genetics, diet and overall health can affect timing.[17] +Chhaupadi is a social practice that occurs in the western part of Nepal for Hindu women, which prohibits a woman from participating in everyday activities during menstruation. Women are considered impure during this time, and are kept out of the house and have to live in a shed. Although chhaupadi was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Nepal in 2005, the tradition is slow to change.[119][120] Women and girls in cultures which practice such seclusion are often confined to menstruation huts, which are places of isolation used by cultures with strong menstrual taboos. +Etymological +The word "menstruation" is etymologically related to "moon". The terms "menstruation" and "menses" are derived from the Latin mensis (month), which in turn relates to the Greek mene (moon) and to the roots of the English words month and moon.[121] +Even though the average length of the human menstrual cycle is similar to that of the lunar cycle, in modern humans there is no relation between the two.[122] The relationship is believed to be a coincidence.[123][124] Light exposure does not appear to affect the menstrual cycle in humans.[4] A meta-analysis of studies from 1996 showed no correlation between the human menstrual cycle and the lunar cycle,[125] nor did data analysed by period-tracking app Clue, submitted by 1.5m women, of 7.5m menstrual cycles, however the lunar cycle and the average menstrual cycle were found to be basically equal in length.[126] +In a number of countries, mainly in Asia, legislation or corporate practice has introduced formal menstrual leave to provide women with either paid or unpaid leave of absence from their employment while they are menstruating.[128] Countries with policies include Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, and South Korea.[128] The practice is controversial in western cultures due to concerns that it bolsters the perception of women as weak, inefficient workers,[128] as well as concerns that it is unfair to men.[129][130] +The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman's reproductive period is termed menopause. The average age of menopause in women is 52 years, with anywhere between 45 and 55 being common. Menopause before age 45 is considered premature in industrialized countries.[18] Like the age of menarche, the age of menopause is largely a result of cultural and biological factors;[19] however, illnesses, certain surgeries, or medical treatments may cause menopause to occur earlier than it might have otherwise.[20] +The length of a woman's menstrual cycle typically varies somewhat, with some shorter cycles and some longer cycles. A woman who experiences variations of less than eight days between her longest cycles and shortest cycles is considered to have regular menstrual cycles. It is unusual for a woman to experience cycle length variations of more than four days. +The average menstrual cycle lasts 28 days. The variability of menstrual cycle lengths is highest for women under 25 years of age and is lowest, that is, most regular, for ages 25 to 39.[7] Subsequently, the variability increases slightly for women aged 40 to 44.[7] +The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle is about the same length in most individuals (mean 14.13 days, standard deviation 1.41 days)[22] whereas the follicular phase tends to show much more variability (log-normally distributed with 95% of individuals having follicular phases between 10.3 and 16.3 days).[23] The follicular phase also seems to get significantly shorter with age (geometric mean 14.2 days in women aged 18–24 vs. 10.4 days in women aged 40–44).[23] +For example, drops in estrogen levels have been known to trigger migraines,[24] especially when the woman who suffers migraines is also taking the birth control pill. Many women with epilepsy have more seizures in a pattern linked to the menstrual cycle; this is called "catamenial epilepsy".[25] Different patterns seem to exist (such as seizures coinciding with the time of menstruation, or coinciding with the time of ovulation), and the frequency with which they occur has not been firmly established. Using one particular definition, one group of scientists found that around one-third of women with intractable partial epilepsy has catamenial epilepsy.[25][26][27] An effect of hormones has been proposed, in which progesterone declines and estrogen increases would trigger seizures.[28] Recently, studies have shown that high doses of estrogen can cause or worsen seizures, whereas high doses of progesterone can act like an antiepileptic drug.[29] Studies by medical journals have found that women experiencing menses are 1.68 times more likely to attempt suicide.[30] +During the part of the mouse estrous cycle when progesterone is highest, the level of nerve-cell GABA receptor subtype delta was high. Since these GABA receptors are inhibitory, nerve cells with more delta receptors are less likely to fire than cells with lower numbers of delta receptors. During the part of the mouse estrous cycle when estrogen levels are higher than progesterone levels, the number of delta receptors decrease, increasing nerve cell activity, in turn increasing anxiety and seizure susceptibility.[31] +Estrogen levels may affect thyroid behavior.[32] For example, during the luteal phase (when estrogen levels are lower), the velocity of blood flow in the thyroid is lower than during the follicular phase (when estrogen levels are higher).[33] +The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occurs in the female reproductive system (specifically the uterus and ovaries) that makes pregnancy possible.[1][2] The cycle is required for the production of oocytes, and for the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy.[1] The menstrual cycle occurs due to the rise and fall of estrogen.[3] This cycle results in the thickening of the lining of the uterus, and the growth of an egg, (which is required for pregnancy).[3] The egg is released from an ovary around day fourteen in the cycle; the thickened lining of the uterus provides nutrients to an embryo after implantation.[3] If pregnancy does not occur, the lining is released in what is known as menstruation or a "period".[3] +Among women living closely together, it was once thought that the onsets of menstruation tend to synchronize. This effect was first described in 1971, and possibly explained by the action of pheromones in 1998.[34] Subsequent research has called this hypothesis into question.[35] +Research indicates that women have a significantly higher likelihood of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the pre-ovulatory stage, than post-ovulatory stage.[36] +Chance of fertilization by menstrual cycle day relative to ovulation.[37] +The most fertile period (the time with the highest likelihood of pregnancy resulting from sexual intercourse) covers the time from some 5 days before until 1 to 2 days after ovulation.[38] In a 28‑day cycle with a 14‑day luteal phase, this corresponds to the second and the beginning of the third week. A variety of methods have been developed to help individual women estimate the relatively fertile and the relatively infertile days in the cycle; these systems are called fertility awareness. +There are many fertility testing and fertility awareness methods, including urine test kits that detect hormones in urine, basal body temperature, cervical fluid consistency, or cervix position. Fertility awareness methods that rely on cycle length records alone are called calendar-based methods.[39][40] Methods that require observation of one or more of the three primary fertility signs (basal body temperature, cervical mucus, and cervical position)[41] are known as symptoms-based methods.[39][40] Methods that rely on the hormones are called hormonal methods. Changes in hormone levels along the cycle trigger other changes such as temperature or cervical fluid consistency. +A woman's fertility is also affected by her age.[43] As a woman's total egg supply is formed in fetal life,[44] to be ovulated decades later, it has been suggested that this long lifetime may make the chromatin of eggs more vulnerable to division problems, breakage, and mutation than the chromatin of sperm, which are produced continuously during a man's reproductive life. However, despite this hypothesis, a similar paternal age effect has also been observed. +As measured on women undergoing in vitro fertilization, a longer menstrual cycle length is associated with higher pregnancy and delivery rates, even after age adjustment.[45] Delivery rates after IVF have been estimated to be almost doubled for women with a menstrual cycle length of more than 34 days compared with women with a menstrual cycle length shorter than 26 days.[45] A longer menstrual cycle length is also significantly associated with better ovarian response to gonadotropin stimulation and embryo quality.[45] +Cramps +Many women experience painful cramps, also known as dysmenorrhea, during menstruation.[46] +Up to 80% of women report having some symptoms during the one to two weeks prior to menstruation.[4] Common symptoms include acne, tender breasts, bloating, feeling tired, irritability and mood changes.[5] These symptoms interfere with normal life and therefore qualify as premenstrual syndrome in 20 to 30% of women. In 3 to 8%, they are severe.[4] +Mood and behavior +In some cases, hormones released during the menstrual cycle can cause behavioral changes in females; mild to severe mood changes can occur.[47] The menstrual cycle phase and ovarian hormones may contribute to increased empathy in women. The natural shift of hormone levels during the different phases of the menstrual cycle has been studied in conjunction with test scores. When completing empathy exercises, women in the follicular stage of their menstrual cycle performed better than women in their midluteal phase. +When estrogen is highest in the preovulatory stage, women are significantly better at identifying expressions of fear than women who were menstruating, which is when estrogen levels are lowest. The women were equally able to identify happy faces, demonstrating that the fear response was a more powerful response. To summarize, menstrual cycle phase and the estrogen levels correlates with women's fear processing.[49] +However, the examination of daily moods in women with measuring ovarian hormones may indicate a less powerful connection. In comparison to levels of stress or physical health, the ovarian hormones had less of an impact on overall mood.[50] This indicates that while changes of ovarian hormones may influence mood, on a day-to-day level it does not influence mood more than other stressors do. +Sexual feelings and behaviors change during the menstrual cycle. Before and during ovulation, high levels of estrogen and androgens result in women having a relatively increased interest in sexual activity.[51] Unlike other mammals, women may show interest in sexual activity across all days of the menstrual cycle, regardless of fertility.[52] +Behavior towards potential mating partners changes during different phases of the menstrual cycle.[53][54][55] Near ovulation, women may have increased physical attraction and interest in attending social gatherings with men.[56] During the fertile phase of the cycle, women appear to prefer males who are more masculine.[57] The intensity of mate guarding differs across the phases of the cycle, with increased mate guarding occurring when women are fertile.[55][58][59] +During the fertile phase, some women may experience more attraction, fantasies and sexual interest for extra pair men and less for the primary partner.[1][2][60] Some women may also engage in extra-pair flirtations and demonstrate a preference for extra pair copulation.[56][60] +Voice +Preferences for voice pitch change across the cycle.[1] When seeking a short term mating partner, women may prefer a male with a low voice pitch, particularly during the fertile phase.[60] During the late follicular phase, it is common for women demonstrate a preference for mates with a masculine, deep voice.[61] Research has also been conducted on the attractiveness of the female voice throughout the cycle.[62] During their most fertile phase of the menstrual cycle, there is some evidence that female voices are rated as significantly more attractive.[62] This effect is not found with women on the birth control pill.[62] +The first period usually begins between twelve and fifteen years of age, a point in time known as menarche.[6] They may occasionally start as early as eight, and this onset may still be normal.[3] The average age of the first period is generally later in the developing world and earlier in developed world. The typical length of time between the first day of one period and the first day of the next is 21 to 45 days in young women and 21 to 35 days in adults (an average of 28 days[3][3][8]). Menstruation stops occurring after menopause which usually occurs between 45 and 55 years of age.[9] Bleeding usually lasts around 3 to 7 days.[3] +Women's preference for male's body odor is hypothesized to change across the menstrual cycle.[63] Males who score highly on dominance have been rated as sexier by females during the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle. Additionally, during their most fertile phase of the menstrual cycle, women may show preference for the odor of symmetrical men.[2] This effect is not found for women on the birth control pill.[64] Also, during the late follicular and ovulatory phases, women prefer the scent of masculine men.[4] The scent of androsterone (responsible for testosterone levels) is highly preferred by women during the peak of their fertility in the menstrual cycle.[60] Moreover, women may demonstrate preference for men with a scent that indicates developmental stability.[60] +With regard to women's smell across the cycle, some evidence indicates that men use olfactory cues in order to know if a woman is ovulating.[1] Using a rating of women's odors, women who are ovulating have been rated as more attractive by men.[63] Men demonstrate preferences for the scent of fertile women.[63] +Findings on the role of scent and chemical communication on human behavior are controversial. While many studies do report a role, the effects are often subtle and invariably rely on small sample sizes resulting in questionable reproducibility. [65] Skepticism is also attributable the lack bioassay-led evidence for the claims that four studied steroid molecules typically cited play roles and possible positive publication bias.[66] +Preferences for facial features in mates can also change across the cycle.[1] There has been no difference found in preference for long-term mating partners during the menstrual cycle; however, those seeking a short-term relationship were more likely to choose a partner with more masculine features than usual.[2][3] This was found to be the case especially during the woman's high conception risk stage and when salivary testosterone was high.[67] However, when women are in the luteal (non-fertile) phase, they tend to prefer men (and females) with more feminine faces.[61] A preference is also shown for self-resembling faces and apparent health in faces during the luteal phase of the cycle.[68] Apparent health preferences were found to be strongest when progesterone levels were high.[68] Additionally, during the fertile phase, many women show a preference for men with darker skin pigmentation.[60] Research on facial symmetry is mixed.[69] +Preferences for body features can change during the fertile phase of the cycle. Women seeking a short-term partner demonstrate a preference for taller and muscular males.[1] Women also show preferences of males with masculine bodies at peak fertility.[60][2] Mixed research has been found regarding body symmetry preferences throughout different phases of the cycle.[60] +In short term mates, during the fertile phase, women may show more attraction to dominant men who display social presence.[1] For long-term mates, shifts in desired trait preferences do not occur throughout the cycle.[60] +The menstrual cycle is governed by hormonal changes.[1] These changes can be altered by using hormonal birth control to prevent pregnancy.[10] Each cycle can be divided into three phases based on events in the ovary (ovarian cycle) or in the uterus (uterine cycle).[3] The ovarian cycle consists of the follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase whereas the uterine cycle is divided into menstruation, proliferative phase, and secretory phase. +Females have been found to experience different eating habits at different stages of their menstrual cycle, with food intake being higher during the luteal phase than the follicular phase.[70][71] Food intake increases by approximately 10% during the luteal phase compared to the follicular phase.[71] +Various studies have shown that during the luteal phase woman consume more carbohydrates, proteins and fats and that 24-hour energy expenditure shows increases between 2.5–11.5%.[72] The increasing intake during the luteal phase may be related to higher preferences for sweet and fatty foods, which occurs naturally and is enhanced during the luteal phases of the menstrual cycle.[72] This is due to the higher metabolic demand during this phase.[2] In particular, women tend to show a cravings for chocolate, with higher cravings during the luteal phase.[72] +Females with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) report changes in appetite across the menstrual cycle more than non-sufferers of PMS, possibly due to their oversensitivity to changes in hormone levels.[1] In women with PMS, food intake is higher in the luteal phase than follicular.[74] The remaining symptoms of PMS, including mood changes and physical symptoms, also occur during the luteal phase. No difference for preference of food types has been found between PMS sufferers and non-sufferers.[3] +The different levels of ovarian hormones at different stages of the cycle have been used to explain eating behaviour changes. Progesterone has been shown to promote fat storage, causing a higher intake of fatty foods during the luteal phase when progesterone levels are higher.[1] Additionally, with a high estrogen level dopamine is ineffective in converting to noradrenaline, a hormone which promotes eating, therefore decreasing appetite.[71] In humans, the level of these ovarian hormones during the menstrual cycle have been found to influence binge eating.[75] +It is theorized that the use of birth control pills should affect eating behaviour as they minimise or remove the fluctuations in hormone levels.[1] The neurotransmitter serotonin is also thought to play a role in food intake. Serotonin is responsible for inhibiting eating and controlling meal size,[76] among other things, and is modulated in part by ovarian hormones.[77] +First, younger women are likely to experience menstrual irregularities due to their diet. Second, menstrual abnormalities are more likely with more weight loss. For example, anovulatory cycles can occur as a result of adopting a restricted diet, as well as engaging in a high amount of exercise.[1] Finally, the cycle is affected more by a vegetarian diet compared to a non-vegetarian diet.[78] +Studies investigating effects of the menstrual cycle on alcohol consumption have found mixed evidence.[79] However, some evidence suggests that individuals consume more alcohol during the luteal stage, especially if these individuals are heavy drinkers or have a family history of alcohol abuse.[73] +The level of substance abuse increases with PMS, mostly with addictive substances such as nicotine, tobacco and cocaine.[1] One theory behind this suggests this higher level of substance abuse is due to decreased self-control as a result of the higher metabolic demands during the luteal phase.[73] +Follicles in the ovary begin developing under the influence of a complex interplay of hormones, and after several days one or occasionally two become dominant (non-dominant follicles shrink and die). Approximately mid-cycle, 24–36 hours after the luteinizing hormone (LH) surges, the dominant follicle releases an ovocyte, in an event called ovulation. After ovulation, the ovocyte only lives for 24 hours or less without fertilization while the remains of the dominant follicle in the ovary become a corpus luteum; this body has a primary function of producing large amounts of progesterone. +In some cycles, follicular development may start but not be completed; nevertheless, estrogens will be formed and stimulate the uterine lining. Anovulatory flow resulting from a very thick endometrium caused by prolonged, continued high estrogen levels is called estrogen breakthrough bleeding. Anovulatory bleeding triggered by a sudden drop in estrogen levels is called withdrawal bleeding.[81] Anovulatory cycles commonly occur before menopause (perimenopause) and in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.[82] +Regular cycles with intervals of 21 days or fewer are polymenorrhea; frequent but irregular menstruation is known as metrorrhagia. Sudden heavy flows or amounts greater than 80 ml are termed menorrhagia.[83] Heavy menstruation that occurs frequently and irregularly is menometrorrhagia. The term for cycles with intervals exceeding 35 days is oligomenorrhea.[84] Amenorrhea refers to more than three[83] to six[84] months without menses (while not being pregnant) during a woman's reproductive years. +Cycles and phases +Flowchart of the hormonal control of the menstrual cycle +The ovarian cycle describes changes that occur in the follicles of the ovary whereas the uterine cycle describes changes in the endometrial lining of the uterus. Both cycles can be divided into three phases. The ovarian cycle consists of the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase, whereas the uterine cycle consists of menstruation, proliferative phase, and secretory phase.[1] +Ovarian cycle +Follicular phase +The follicular phase is the first part of the ovarian cycle. During this phase, the ovarian follicles mature and get ready to release an egg.[1] The latter part of this phase overlaps with the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle. +Through the influence of a rise in follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) during the first days of the cycle, a few ovarian follicles are stimulated.[1] These follicles, which were present at birth[85] and have been developing for the better part of a year in a process known as folliculogenesis, compete with each other for dominance. Under the influence of several hormones, all but one of these follicles will stop growing, while one dominant follicle in the ovary will continue to maturity. The follicle that reaches maturity is called a tertiary or Graafian follicle, and it contains the ovum.[85] +An ovary about to release an egg +Ovulation is the second phase of the ovarian cycle in which a mature egg is released from the ovarian follicles into the oviduct.[86] During the follicular phase, estradiol suppresses release of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary gland. When the egg has nearly matured, levels of estradiol reach a threshold above which this effect is reversed and estrogen stimulates the production of a large amount of LH. This process, known as the LH surge, starts around day 12 of the average cycle and may last 48 hours.[87] +The exact mechanism of these opposite responses of LH levels to estradiol is not well understood.[88] In animals, a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) surge has been shown to precede the LH surge, suggesting that estrogen's main effect is on the hypothalamus, which controls GnRH secretion.[88] This may be enabled by the presence of two different estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus: estrogen receptor alpha, which is responsible for the negative feedback estradiol-LH loop, and estrogen receptor beta, which is responsible for the positive estradiol-LH relationship.[89] However, in humans it has been shown that high levels of estradiol can provoke 32 increases in LH, even when GnRH levels and pulse frequencies are held constant,[88] suggesting that estrogen acts directly on the pituitary to provoke the LH surge. +The release of LH matures the egg and weakens the wall of the follicle in the ovary, causing the fully developed follicle to release its secondary oocyte.[1] If it is fertilized by a sperm, the secondary oocyte promptly matures into an ootid and then becomes a mature ovum. If it is not fertilized by a sperm, the secondary oocyte will degenerate. The mature ovum has a diameter of about 0.2 mm.[90] +Which of the two ovaries—left or right—ovulates appears essentially random; no known left and right co-ordination exists.[91] Occasionally, both ovaries will release an egg;[91] if both eggs are fertilized, the result is fraternal twins.[92] +After being released from the ovary, the egg is swept into the fallopian tube by the fimbria, which is a fringe of tissue at the end of each fallopian tube. After about a day, an unfertilized egg will disintegrate or dissolve in the fallopian tube.[1] +Fertilization by a spermatozoon, when it occurs, usually takes place in the ampulla, the widest section of the fallopian tubes. A fertilized egg immediately begins the process of embryogenesis, or development. The developing embryo takes about three days to reach the uterus and another three days to implant into the endometrium.[1] It has usually reached the blastocyst stage at the time of implantation. +In some women, ovulation features a characteristic pain called mittelschmerz (German term meaning middle pain).[1] The sudden change in hormones at the time of ovulation sometimes also causes light mid-cycle blood flow.[94] +Luteal phase +Onset and frequency +Consequently, the level of FSH and LH fall quickly over time, and the corpus luteum subsequently atrophies.[1] Falling levels of progesterone trigger menstruation and the beginning of the next cycle. From the time of ovulation until progesterone withdrawal has caused menstruation to begin, the process typically takes about two weeks, with 14 days considered normal. For an individual woman, the follicular phase often varies in length from cycle to cycle; by contrast, the length of her luteal phase will be fairly consistent from cycle to cycle.[95] +The loss of the corpus luteum is prevented by fertilization of the egg. The syncytiotrophoblast, which is the outer layer of the resulting embryo-containing structure (the blastocyst) and later also becomes the outer layer of the placenta, produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which is very similar to LH and which preserves the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum can then continue to secrete progesterone to maintain the new pregnancy. +Uterine cycle +The uterine cycle has three phases: menses, proliferative, secretory.[96] +Menstruation (also called menstrual bleeding, menses, catamenia or a period) is the first phase of the uterine cycle. The flow of menses normally serves as a sign that a woman has not become pregnant. (However, this cannot be taken as certainty, as a number of factors can cause bleeding during pregnancy; some factors are specific to early pregnancy, and some can cause heavy flow.)[97][98][99] +Levels of estradiol (the main estrogen), progesterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle, taking inter-cycle and inter-woman variability into account. +Eumenorrhea denotes normal, regular menstruation that lasts for a few days (usually 3 to 5 days, but anywhere from 2 to 7 days is considered normal).[93][100] The average blood loss during menstruation is 35 milliliters with 10–80 ml considered normal.[101] Women who experience menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding) are more susceptible to iron deficiency than the average person.[102] An enzyme called plasmin inhibits clotting in the menstrual fluid.[103] +Painful cramping in the abdomen, back, or upper thighs is common during the first few days of menstruation. Severe uterine pain during menstruation is known as dysmenorrhea, and it is most common among adolescents and younger women (affecting about 67.2% of adolescent females).[104] When menstruation begins, symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) such as breast tenderness and irritability generally decrease.[2] Sanitary products include pads and tampons, and are essential items for use during menstruation. +Proliferative phase +Diagram illustrating how the uterus lining builds up and breaks down during the menstrual cycle. +The proliferative phase is the second phase of the uterine cycle when estrogen causes the lining of the uterus to grow, or proliferate, during this time.[85] As they mature, the ovarian follicles secrete increasing amounts of estradiol, and estrogen. The estrogens initiate the formation of a new layer of endometrium in the uterus, histologically identified as the proliferative endometrium. The estrogen also stimulates crypts in the cervix to produce cervical mucus, which causes vaginal discharge regardless of arousal, and can be tracked by women practicing fertility awareness.[105] +Secretory phase +The secretory phase is the final phase of the uterine cycle and it corresponds to the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle. During the secretory phase, the corpus luteum produces progesterone, which plays a vital role in making the endometrium receptive to implantation of the blastocyst and supportive of the early pregnancy, by increasing blood flow and uterine secretions and reducing the contractility of the smooth muscle in the uterus;[106] it also has the side effect of raising the woman's basal body temperature.[107] +Ovulation suppression +Half-used blister pack of a combined oral contraceptive. The white pills are placebos, mainly for the purpose of reminding the woman to continue taking the pills. +Progestogen negative feedback decreases the pulse frequency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release by the hypothalamus, which decreases the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) by the anterior pituitary. Decreased levels of FSH inhibit follicular development, preventing an increase in estradiol levels. Progestogen negative feedback and the lack of estrogen positive feedback on LH release prevent a mid-cycle LH surge. +Low dose progestogen-only contraceptives—traditional progestogen only pills, subdermal implants Norplant and Jadelle, and intrauterine system Mirena—inhibit ovulation in about 50% of cycles and rely mainly on other effects, such as thickening of cervical mucus, for their contraceptive effectiveness.[111] Intermediate dose progestogen-only contraceptives—the progestogen-only pill Cerazette and the subdermal implant Nexplanon—allow some follicular development but more consistently inhibit ovulation in 97–99% of cycles. The same cervical mucus changes occur as with very low-dose progestogens. High-dose, progestogen-only contraceptives—the injectables Depo-Provera and Noristerat—completely inhibit follicular development and ovulation.[111] +Estrogen negative feedback on the anterior pituitary greatly decreases the release of FSH, which makes combined hormonal contraceptives more effective at inhibiting follicular development and preventing ovulation. Estrogen also reduces the incidence of irregular breakthrough bleeding.[1][2][3] Several combined hormonal contraceptives—the pill, NuvaRing, and the contraceptive patch—are usually used in a way that causes regular withdrawal bleeding. In a normal cycle, menstruation occurs when estrogen and progesterone levels drop rapidly.[4] Temporarily discontinuing use of combined hormonal contraceptives (a placebo week, not using patch or ring for a week) has a similar effect of causing the uterine lining to shed. +Breastfeeding +Domestic passenger flights gate of the Terminal 1 +The check-in hall of the new Terminal 2 +In preparation for the Shanghai Expo, on 16 March 2010 Hongqiao Airport completed a five-year 15.3-billion-yuan expansion project, which included a 3,300-meter second runway and the new Terminal 2, boosting Hongqiao's capacity to 40 million passengers a year.[5] Terminal 2 is four times the size of Terminal 1 and houses 90 percent of all airlines at the airport (Terminal 1 is now used only for international flights and Spring Airlines and XiamenAir). With the new runway, Shanghai became the first city in China to have five (now seven) runways for civilian use (Pudong and Hongqiao combined). +Starting from the end of 2014, Hongqiao Airport Terminal 1 underwent its biggest renovation since 1921. The entire project was scheduled for completion in 2017.[6] On March 26, 2017, Building A of Terminal 1 was fully renovated and reopened to public.[7] The old Building B was closed for reconstruction, and it was expected to be revamped and open to public in mid-2018.[7] +Passenger +The airport has the head office of China Eastern Airlines, which is housed in the China Eastern Airlines Building,[11][12] and was the head office of China Cargo Airlines.[13] +Accidents and incidents +All three occupants on board and five people on the ground were killed.[14] On 13 August 2011, Qatar Airways Flight 888, a Boeing 777-300ER en route from Doha International Airport to Shanghai's other international airport, Shanghai Pudong International Airport declared a low-fuel emergency and elected to divert to Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport. Air traffic control at Hongqiao ordered Juneyao Airlines Flight 1112, en route from Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport to Hongqiao, to terminate its approach and allow the Qatar Airways Boeing 777-300ER to land. The pilot of Juneyao Airlines Flight 1112 ignored repeated orders to abort their landing and give Flight 888 priority, ultimately forcing the Qatar Airways flight to go-around. +Ground transportation +Terminal 2 of the Hongqiao Airport (31°11′46″N 121°19′18″E / 31.19611°N 121.32167°E / 31.19611; 121.32167) is immediately adjacent to Shanghai Hongqiao Railway Station (31°11′46″N 121°18′58″E / 31.19611°N 121.31611°E / 31.19611; 121.31611), a major train hub served by the Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway, the Shanghai–Hangzhou High-Speed Railway and the Shanghai–Nanjing Intercity High-Speed Railway. The airport's other terminal, Terminal 1 (31°11′50″N 121°20′32″E / 31.19722°N 121.34222°E / 31.19722; 121.34222), is across the airfield from Terminal 2. +The airport and the railway station are served by three stations of the metro network:[18] +Hongqiao Railway Station: Line 2, Line 10, Line 17 Hongqiao Airport Terminal 2 station: Line 2, Line 10 Hongqiao Airport Terminal 1 station: Line 10 +The proposed extension of the Shanghai Maglev Train from Longyang Road through Shanghai South Railway Station to Hongqiao would connect the two airports. At top speed, the maglev would take only 15 minutes to travel the 55 km route. Original plans called for completing the extension by 2010, in time for the Expo 2010; however, the Hongqiao extension has been indefinitely postponed due to protests. +Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport (IATA: SHA, ICAO: ZSSS) is one of two international airports of Shanghai and an important airline hub of China. Hongqiao Airport mainly serves domestic and regional flights, although the airport also serves international flights. The airport is located near the town of Hongqiao in Changning District and Minhang District, 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) west of downtown, and is closer to the city center than the area's primary international airport, Shanghai Pudong. +Hongqiao Airport is a hub for China Eastern Airlines, Shanghai Airlines, Juneyao Airlines and Spring Airlines. In 2016, Hongqiao Airport handled 40,460,135 passengers, making it the 7th busiest airport in China and the 45th busiest in the world.[2] By the end of 2011 Hongqiao Airport hosted 22 airlines serving 82 scheduled passenger destinations.[3] Shanghai Hongqiao Airport was also certified with the Skytrax 5-Star Airport Rating for facilities, terminal comfort and cleanliness, shopping, food & beverages and staff service in 2019.[4] +History +Jimmy Choo store in Terminal 2 +In 1937, Hongqiao was the site of the so-called 'Oyama Incident' in which a Japanese lieutenant was shot dead by Chinese Peace Preservation Corps soldiers in the lead-up to the Battle of Shanghai. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the airport was occupied by the Japanese and used as an air force base. Its military use continued after being handed over to the Republic of China government and, later, the People's Republic of China government. +Hongqiao Airport served as Shanghai's primary airport until the completion of Pudong International Airport in 1999, when almost all international flights were moved to Pudong. The airport presently offers mainly domestic flights, as well as five international routes to central Tokyo's Haneda Airport, central Seoul's Gimpo International Airport, central Taipei Songshan Airport, Hong Kong International Airport, and Macau's Macau International Airport. +Shanghai Hongqiao railway station, a major component of the hub +The Hongqiao comprehensive transportation hub (Chinese: 虹桥综合交通枢纽; pinyin: Hóngqiáo Zōnghé Jiāotōng Shūniǔ) is a major intermodal passenger transport hub situated in western suburb district of Changning and Minhang of Shanghai. The hub consists of Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport, the intercity high-speed Shanghai Hongqiao railway station, three metro lines, buses, taxicabs and an reserved maglev station for future uses. Hongqiao hub is the first of its kind in China and the model has been followed by various other Chinese cities, including Hangzhou,[1] Guangzhou[2] and Shenzhen.[3] +Line 2 (Shanghai Metro) is an east–west line, connecting the hub to old city center, Lujiazui financial district, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park and Shanghai Pudong International Airport. Line 10 (Shanghai Metro)is a southwest–northeast line, offering connections to the dense residential districts of Yangpu and Hongkou via downtown Shanghai. Line 17 (Shanghai Metro) runs further westward, serving the suburban Qingpu District. +Line Termini (Location) Service patterns Length km Stations 02 2 East Xujing (Qingpu) Pudong International Airport (Pudong) Rush Hour: East Xujing ↔ Tangzhen[7] Mainline: East Xujing ↔ Guanglan Road Partial: Songhong Road ↔ Guanglan Road Suburban segment: Guanglan Road ↔ Pudong International Airport[8] 63.8 30 10 10 Xinjiangwancheng (Yangpu) Hongqiao Railway Station (Minhang) Xinjiangwancheng ↔ Hongqiao Railway Station Xinjiangwancheng ↔ Hangzhong Road[9] 35.4 31 Hangzhong Road (Minhang) 17 17 Hongqiao Railway Station (Minhang) Oriental Land (Qingpu) Hongqiao Railway Station ↔ Oriental Land Partial: Hongqiao Railway Station ↔ Dianshanhu Avenue 35.3 13 +Other means +Bus services and taxicab services are available inside the terminal building of airport and the railway station. +Elevated roads are constructed and have been put into service, offering access to various destinations in Shanghai and neighboring cities. +Various other major Chinese cities are currently investing to build similar transportation hub in their cities, including Hangzhou, Guangzhou and Shenzhen. Shanghai government is committed to construct another such hub in eastern Shanghai. Based on Shanghai Pudong International Airport, the planned "Pudong transportation hub" consists of the existing airport and a maglev station, with an additional high-speed railway station and multiple metro lines.[10] +Prior to the intermodal transportation center, Hongqiao Airport was refurbished in 1964 as then Shanghai's new major airport. +In 2005, the idea of Hongqiao comprehensive transportation hub was officially put forward by Ministry of Railways of China and Shanghai municipal government. Shanghai Rainbow Investment Corp. was founded in 2006 by Shanghai government to be the sole authorized entity in charge of the construction and development project of the hub.[4] As part of the infrastructure plan of World Expo 2010, the hub was completed before the end of 2009 and was put into use before the expo in 2010. +Air +Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport mainly serves domestic flights and regional flights to Japan and South Korea. In 2016, Hongqiao Airport handled 40,460,135 passengers, making it the 7th busiest airport in China and the 45th busiest in the world.[5] +Shanghai Hongqiao railway station is one of the three major railway stations of Shanghai and the largest railway station in Asia.[6] It offers intercity high-speed railway services to all of the major Chinese cities. Most important and well-known rail lines includes the Shanghai–Nanjing intercity railway, the Shanghai–Hangzhou high-speed railway (the first section of the future Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway), and the Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway. +Shanghai metro +Wichian Klanprasert, a Thai police officer, allegedly was killed by Vorayuth Yoovidhya, grandson of billionaire Red Bull co-founder Chaleo Yoovidhya, in a hit-and-run incident in Bangkok, Thailand, on 3 September 2012. +Vorayuth was charged with speeding, fleeing the scene of an accident, and reckless driving causing death, but has never been arrested. The statute of limitations on the speeding charge expired in September 2013, and on the fleeing the scene of an accident charge in September 2017. +On 24 July 2020, Thai police confirmed that all charges against Vorayuth had been dropped on instructions from the Thai Attorney General, but indicated that case could be reopened if new evidence was discovered.[15] The Attorney General did not elaborate or provide any explanation for dropping the case.[16] Deputy police spokesman Kissana Phathanacharoen denied that the Yoovidhya family's wealth had played any part in the decision to drop the charges.[17] News of this development led to significant public outcry and criticism from Thai academics, and a movement to boycott Red Bull products, including trending Twitter hashtags like #BossYoovidhya.[18] On 27 July 2020, Thai police announced that Police General Jakthip Chaijinda had launched an internal investigation into irregularities with this case.[19] Klunprasert's surviving brother expressed his dismay at the outcome, indicating frustration with the sense of impunity in Thailand's criminal justice system for wealthy and well-connected Thais.[20] +The case is widely seen as an example of how the affluent in Thai society are able to escape the criminal justice system.[1][2][3][4] +2012 hit-and-run +Wichian, a Thai police senior sergeant-major, was riding a motorcycle when he was hit by a speeding Ferrari which dragged his body along the road for over 100 metres before it fled the scene. The Ferrari was later found to have been driven by Vorayuth, a grandson of billionaire Red Bull co-founder Chaleo Yoovidhya. Vorauth's lawyer later claimed that Vorayuth's high blood alcohol levels were due to his drinking at home due to stress following the accident and that he had left the scene to inform his family of what had happened.[5] Vorayuth initially claimed that Suwet Hom-ubol, Vorayuth's aide and chauffeur, had been behind the wheel during the incident, but later admitted to driving the car himself. +Despite assurances by then-Police Commissioner Comronwit Toopgrajank that the case would be taken seriously, as of April 2017 Vorayuth had yet to be indicted, as his lawyers had repeatedly postponed summons by the Attorney-General, claiming illness, overseas business and unfair treatment, and the statute of limitations expired for several charges. +On 28 April 2017 the criminal court approved an arrest warrant for Vorayuth, however he had already fled to Singapore, where he abandoned his private jet. Interpol confirmed that Vorayuth left Singapore on 27 April.[8] Thai police requested that his Thai passport be cancelled and this was done in early-May 2017.[9][10][11][12] +On 28 August 2017 Interpol, at the request of the Thai police, issued a Red Notice for the arrest of Vorayuth.[13][14] +The Port of Beirut (Arabic: مرفأ بيروت‎) is the main port in Lebanon located on the eastern part of the Saint George Bay on Beirut's northern Mediterranean coast, west of the Beirut River. It is one of the largest and busiest ports on the Eastern Mediterranean.[2] The Port of Beirut and Beirut Rafic Hariri International Airport are the main ports of entry into the country. +The Port of Beirut has been selected as a transshipment hub for the second and third largest container shipping companies in the world, Swiss-based Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC) and French-based Compagnie Maritime d’Affrètement - Compagnie Générale Maritime (CMA-CGM). The latter building a $12 million regional headquarters building near the port. +In 4 August 2020, a large explosion happened at the port of Beirut. +2020 explosion incident +On August 4 2020, a large explosion occurred in the port, causing damage and injuring more than 2,500 people and leaving at least 39 people dead.[4] +↑ "UNLOCODE (LB) - LEBANON". service.unece.org. +External links +The port is operated and managed by the Gestion et exploitation du port de Beyrouth (GEPB),[3] (French for "Port Authority of Beirut"). Container terminal operations are subcontracted to the private Beirut Container Terminal Consortium (BCTC). +Since the end of the Lebanese Civil War in 1990, the port has gone through a major updating and expansion program with the rehabilitation of existing port facilities, the construction of new administration buildings, and the construction of a new container terminal. +It is an important gateway for transporting freight to Syria, Jordan, Iraq, and the Persian Gulf States. +Map Name Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Population (2010 census) Area (km2) Density (/km2) Meijiang Meixian Xingning (city) Fengshun County Wuhua County Pingyuan County Jiaoling County Dabu County Meijiang District 梅江区 Méijiāng Qū 380,771 570.62 667 Meixian District 梅县区 Méixiàn Qū 554,745 2,476.87 224 Dabu County 大埔县 Dàbù Xiàn 374,666 2,461.82 152 Fengshun County 丰顺县 Fēngshùn Xiàn 478,974 2,706.34 177 Wuhua County 五华县 Wǔhuá Xiàn 1,050,528 3,237.83 324 Pingyuan County 平远县 Píngyuǎn Xiàn 230,045 1,373.98 167 Jiaoling County 蕉岭县 Jiāolǐng Xiàn 205,849 961.64 214 Xingning 兴宁市 Xīngníng Shì 962,883 2,075.39 464 +Of these reserves manganese is ranked first in Guangdong Province. Meizhou has plenty of water resources, hot springs and certified mineral waters. There are tourism resources such as cultural historic sites constructed during the Tang Dynasty, former residences of notable figures, natural scenery of all kinds, and unique Hakka cultural sights.[5] +Meizhou is a communication hub for the three provinces of Guangdong, Fujian, and Jiangxi and the bridge connecting the coastal and the inland areas. State Highways 205 and 206 run across the city. Expressways, state, provincial county and village highways extend to all parts. +In 2019 the city became the terminus for the Meizhou-Chaoshan passenger dedicated railway which opened a new station at Meizhou West providing high-speed rail links to Guangzhou, Zhuhai, Shenzen, Shantou, Chaoshan, Yichang and Xiamen.[6] The Guangzhou-Meizhou-Shantou Railway and Meizhou-Kanshi Railway use Meizhou railway station in the city providing regular rail connections to Guangzhou, Xiamen, Shantou, Shenzhen, Dapu, Wuchang and Kunming.[7] +The city is served by the regional Meixian Airport, with regular air routes to Guangzhou and Hong Kong. By water, the Mei River and Han River reach Chaozhou and Shantou.[8] +It has an area of 15,864.51 km2 (6,125.32 sq mi), and a population of 4.33 million at the 2010 census. It comprises Meijiang District, Meixian District, Xingning City and five counties. Its built-up or metro area made up of two districts was home to 935,516 inhabitants at the 2010 census.[1] +The name Meizhou comes from the Mei River and the Chinese name for the plum blossom (梅; méi).[2] Meizhou was established as the prefecture of Jingzhou during the Southern Han (917-971). +It became Meizhou at the time of Northern Song dynasty (960-1127) and Jiaying Prefecture during the Qing dynasty (1644–1911). +After several subsequent shifts of jurisdiction, it became Meizhou City in 1988. Meizhou is now a noted historical and cultural city.[3] +Tam Pa Ling (Cave of the Monkeys) is a cave in the Annamite Mountains in north-eastern Laos. It is situated at the top of Pa Hang Mountain, 1,170 m (3,840 ft) above sea level. +The TPL2 mandible was found lower down in the same stratigraphic unit as TPL1, and represents a mature adult that combines archaic human features such as a robust mandibular corpus and small overall size, with modern human traits like a developed chin.[8][9] +In 2013, researchers recovered the partial mandible of a third fossil find, TPL3, at a depth of 5.0 m (16.4 ft), from the same area as the previous finds. The bone fragment likely belonged to an adult. Like TPL2, TPL3 exhibits a mix of archaic and anatomically modern human traits, exhibiting modern human features such as having a developed chin but not having a robust mandibular corpus; however, TPL3 also retains archaic human features such as having a broad anterior mandibular arch. +The timing of modern human migration from Africa to East Asia is not known with certainty; because bone is poorly preserved in tropical climates, human fossils from the region are rare. Recent discoveries in China, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Australia had previously established that archaic human fossils were present between 125,000 and 100,000 BP, and those of modern humans from about 40,000 BP. The discovery of the fully modern TPL1 specimen was therefore considered a major discovery because it filled in a 60,000-year gap in the fossil record, demonstrating the presence of modern humans in Southeast Asia from at least 60,000 BP. +The fossils were temporarily removed to the United States for study by paleoanthropologist Laura Shackleford, Fabrice Demeter and the team. In April 2016 they were returned to Laos, and are now housed in a new building of the Lao National Museum in Vientiane.[11] +Three hominin fossils have been discovered in the cave: TPL1, a skull belonging to an anatomically modern human; TPL2, a mandible with both modern and archaic traits; and TPL3, a partial mandible with both modern and archaic traits. The three fossils represent three separate individuals and date from around 70,000 to 46,000 years old.[1] The discoveries indicate that modern humans may have migrated to Southeast Asia by 60,000 BP.[2][3][4] +Tam Pa Ling has a single, south-facing opening and descends 65 m (213 ft) to its main gallery. It is part of a network of karst caves, formed by the dissolution of limestone beds that were laid down between the Upper Carboniferous and Permian periods. The main gallery measures 30 m (98 ft) from north to south and 40 m (130 ft) from east to west.[5] +Fossils +Excavations at the eastern end of the cave's main gallery, at the base of the sloped entrance, were conducted by a team of American, French and Laotian researchers starting in 2009.[6][7] +The first fossil find, a hominin skull dubbed TPL1, was recovered at a depth of 2.35 m (7 ft 9 in) in December 2009. A mandible, TPL2, was found the following year at a depth of 2.65 m (8 ft 8 in). Radiocarbon and luminescence dating of the sediments established a minimum age of 51,000 to 46,000 years, and direct uranium-thorium dating of the fossils indicated a maximum age of 63,000 years.[1] +TPL1 includes the frontal, partial occipital, right parietal, and temporal bone, as well as the right and left maxillae and a largely complete dentition. It was identified as belonging to an anatomically modern human with distinct Sub-Saharan African features. As of 2017[update], it provides the earliest skeletal evidence for the presence of Homo sapiens in mainland Southeast Asia.[1] +A bottle of Beerlao Lager. +All machinery is imported from Europe. The company processes locally grown rice and imports malted barley from France and Belgium, and hops and yeast from Germany. +Tigerhead and Beerlao for sale in Vientiane +The company produces and markets 3 types of beer under the Beerlao brand (Beerlao Lager, Beerlao Gold, and Beerlao Dark), Lanexang lager and locally brewed Carlsberg lager. It also produces and markets bottled drinking water under the Tigerhead brand.[2][4] +LBC claims it has a 99% local beer market share.[5] Beerlao is exported to a dozen countries, but the export figures are still modest, though increasing.[citation needed] +Some Beerlao products (like Tigerhead water) are presented as they have been awarded several times with Gold Quality Awards at the World Quality Selections, organised yearly by Monde Selection but there is no mention of it on the official website .[6] +The Lao Brewery Company Ltd. (LBC) (ບໍລິສັັັດ ເບຍລາວ ຈໍາກັດ Bolisad Beerlao Chamkad) is a producer of beer, soft drinks, and bottled drinking water in Laos.[1] It is headquartered in Vientiane. +History +Founded in 1971, the Lao Brewery Company was at that time a joint-venture between French and Lao businessmen. +It took up production in 1973 with a capacity of 3 million litres per year.[1] The company, then called Brasseries et Glacières du Laos (BGL), marketed Bière Larue for the local market and "33" export for export (to countries in Indochina). +With the establishment of the Democratic People's Republic of Laos in 1975, the company was nationalised and obtained the status of a state-owned enterprise.[1] It marketed its beer first under the Bière Lao, brand then (early 1995) as Beerlao. Their brand "33" export was marketed till 1990, and Bière Larue until 1995. +In the wake of the 1986 economic reform program, which initiated a transition from central planning to a market economy and the launching of the New Economic Mechanism (NEM), the LBC in 1993 entered into a joint venture: 49% Lao government-owned with 51% foreign investment (Loxley: 25.5%[3] and Italian: 25.5%) with a production capacity of 20 million litres per year and employing 300 workers.[2] +In 2002, the foreign investors withdrew their shares from LBC, and the Lao government regained total control of the company. Subsequently, Carlsberg and TCC, a Thai company which is Carlsberg's partner in Thailand, each acquired a 25% share in LBC. The remaining shares are still held by the government of Laos. +In 2005, the company increased its annual production capacity to 85 million litres, and in 2007 to 160 million litres. It now has about 500 employees. Recently, a new factory was opened in Pakse with a capacity of 100 million litres per year. +In 2005, ownership changed once again with the Lao government still owning 50% and the remaining 50% owned by Carlsberg. In 2017, the Lao government own 29%. +This page is a guide for anyone, but particularly new volunteers, willing to help translate articles from the English Wikipedia into other languages. +Before you start +Before you start translating articles, please take time to familiarise yourself with the basics of how to edit Wikipedia. In particular, please note the five pillars, or principles, which guide how we work. +Every language's Wikipedia has its own guidelines concerning inclusion, content, sourcing, etc. Any article you create on another Wikipedia following the steps below is equally subject to those guidelines as any article created on that Wikipedia from scratch. Be sure, therefore, that you are familiar with the destination Wikipedia's guidelines and that your translated article conforms to them. +Here's how you can help +Save the page, including an edit summary providing mandatory copyright attribution stating what you're about to do and that the text was translated from the English Wikipedia. You must provide an interlanguage link to the source article by name, to give credit to the original writers. We suggest text for the edit summary like: Content in this edit is from the existing English Wikipedia article at [[:en:Exact name of English article]]; see its history for attribution. +Marino Mazzacuratti's Martyr's Monument and the Mohammad Al-Amin Mosque, Beirut +Martyrs' Square (Arabic: ساحة الشهداء‎ Sahat al Shouhada; French: Place des Martyrs), historically known as "Al Burj" or "Place des Cannons", is the historical central public square of Beirut, Lebanon.[1] +Like Martyr's Square in Damascus, it is named after the 6 May 1916 executions ordered by Djemal Pasha during World War I. +See also +Municipality of Beirut +References +ISBN 2-213-02980-6. +Sassine Farès et Tuéni, Ghassan (direction) (2003) El-Bourj. Place de la Liberté et Porte du Levant, Editions Dar an-Nahar, Beyrouth. Khalaf, Samir (2006). +Heart of Beirut: Reclaiming the Bourj. Saqi. ISBN 978-0-86356-542-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) +The "Old Opera House" on Martyrs' Square +In 1931, the historic square took its name to commemorate the martyrs executed there under Ottoman rule. In the 1950s the square became a popular venue for cinemas and coffee-houses. During the Lebanese Civil War, it was part of the demarcation line that divided the city in half. +This is a directory of Wikipedia's how-to and information pages, alongside other related administrative pages in the Wikipedia and Help namespaces. New to Wikipedia? See our introduction for aspiring contributors. +Contributor information +Potentially unreliable sources – essay that gives general advice on what is and isn't a reliable source. Verifiability and reliable sources essays – summarizes the gist of user written essays on good references. 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Donating published work – essay for editors who would like to grant permission to use their own previously published work. Spotting possible copyright violations – essay about spotting copyright violations that are copy-and-pastes. +A Wikipedia log is an automatically generated list of actions of a certain type, showing when they were performed, by what user, and with respect to what page or other user. Logged actions include page deletions and restorations, page moves (renames), user blocks and unblocks, page protections and unprotections, user account creations, abuse filter reports, and others. +Log files which are not automatically generated can be found in Category:Wikipedia logs. Old log files of actions which have now switched to automatic logging can be found in Category:Wikipedia obsolete log pages. Some of these old files are listed by type at WP:Block log, WP:Bureaucrat log, WP:Deletion log, WP:Protection log and WP:Upload log. +Several other pages in the "Special:" namespace (such as Special:RecentChanges) serve similar functions to those of logs. For these, see Help:Special pages. +See also +Help:Log on MediaWiki.org +Viewing logs +From there you can decide which actions you wish to see logged, and filter by certain other parameters, such as date and time, user and affected page. You can also provide a parameter straight away, as in Special:Log/block, which displays the block log. Other parameters that can be used in a similar way include "delete", "rights", "protect", "upload" and "patrol". +A link to the log of actions relating to a particular page can be found on the "View logs for this page" link on the "history" tab immediately under the title. A link to the log of actions by a particular user can be found on the left-hand side when the user's talk page or user page is opened. Remember, however, that these are actions performed by that user; for actions affecting a given user (such as blocks), the username (preceded by "User:") must be entered in the "Title" field of the log page, not the "User" field. +Using a log +Other sources of logged information +The President of India is the head of state of India and the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces. The president is referred to as the first citizen of India.[1][2] Although vested with these powers by the Constitution of India, the position is largely a ceremonial one and executive powers are de facto exercised by the prime minister.[3] +The president is elected by the Electoral College composed of elected members of the parliament houses, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, and also members of the Vidhan Sabha, the state legislative assemblies.[2] Presidents may remain in office for a tenure of five years, as stated by article 56, part V, of the Constitution of India. In the case where a president's term of office is terminated early or during the absence of the president, the vice president assumes office. By article 70 of part V, the parliament may decide how to discharge the functions of the president where this is not possible, or in any other unexpected contingency.[2] +On 25 July 2017, Ram Nath Kovind took office as the 14th president of India.[10][11] +No. Portrait Name (birth–death) Term of office Electoral mandates Time in office Previous post Vice president Party[12] Refs 1 Rajendra Prasad (1884–1963) 26 January 1950 13 May 1962 President of the Constituent Assembly Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Indian National Congress 1950, 1952, 1957 12 years, 107 days Prasad, from Bihar, was the first president of independent India and also the longest-serving president, as the only president to serve two or more terms in office.[2][13][14] He was also a freedom fighter during the Indian independence movement.[15] 2 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888–1975) 13 May 1962 13 May 1967 Vice President Zakir Husain Independent 1962 5 years, 0 days Radhakrishnan was a prominent philosopher and writer and also held the position of vice-chancellor of the Andhra University and Banaras Hindu University.[16] He received the Bharat Ratna award in 1954 before becoming the President.[17] He was the first president from South India.[18] 3 Zakir Husain (1897–1969) 13 May 1967 3 May 1969 Vice President Varahagiri Venkata Giri Independent 1967 1 year, 355 days Husain was vice-chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University and a recipient of Padma Vibhushan and Bharat Ratna.[19] He died in office, the first to do so. +He was also the first Muslim President.[20] – Varahagiri Venkata Giri* (1894–1980) 3 May 1969 20 July 1969 Vice President – – – 78 days He was elected Vice President of India in 1967. +Following the death of President Zakir Husain, Giri was appointed as Acting President.[21] He resigned after a few months to take part in the presidential elections.[12] – Mohammad Hidayatullah* (1905–1992) 20 July 1969 24 August 1969 Chief Justice – – – 35 days Hidayatullah served as the Chief Justice of India and was also a recipient of the Order of the British Empire.[22] He served as Acting President until the election of Giri as the President of India.[23] 4 Varahagiri Venkata Giri (1894–1980) 24 August 1969 24 August 1974 Acting President Gopal Swarup Pathak Independent 1969 5 years, 0 days Giri was the first person to have served as both an acting president and president of India. +He was a recipient of the Bharat Ratna, and served as Labour and Employment Minister and High Commissioner to Ceylon (Sri Lanka).[24] 5 Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1905–1977) 24 August 1974 11 February 1977 Food and Agriculture Minister Gopal Swarup Pathak (1974) Basappa Danappa Jatti (1974–1977) Indian National Congress 1974 2 years, 171 days Ahmed served as a Minister before being elected as president. +He died in 1977 before his term of office ended, and was the second Indian president to die in office.[25] He was also president during Emergency.[26] – Basappa Danappa Jatti* (1912–2002) 11 February 1977 25 July 1977 Vice President – – – 164 days Jatti was the vice president of India during Ahmed's term of office, and was sworn in as Acting President upon Ahmed's death. +He earlier served as the Chief Minister for the State of Mysore State.[25][27] 6 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1913–1996) 25 July 1977 25 July 1982 Speaker of the Lok Sabha Basappa Danappa Jatti (1977–1979) Mohammad Hidayatullah (1979–1982) Janata Party 1977 5 years, 0 days Reddy was the first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. +Reddy was the only Member of Parliament from the Janata Party to get elected from Andhra Pradesh.[28] He was unanimously elected Speaker of the Lok Sabha on 26 March 1977 and relinquished this office on 13 July 1977 to become the 6th President of India.[23] 7 Zail Singh (1916–1994) 25 July 1982 25 July 1987 Home Minister Mohammad Hidayatullah (1982–1984) Ramaswamy Venkataraman (1984–1987) Indian National Congress 1982 5 years, 0 days In March 1972, Singh assumed the position of Chief Minister of Punjab, and in 1980, he became Union Home Minister. +He was also secretary general to Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) from 1983 to 1986[29] 8 Ramaswamy Venkataraman (1910–2009) 25 July 1987 25 July 1992 Vice President Shankar Dayal Sharma Indian National Congress 1987 5 years, 0 days In 1942, Venkataraman was jailed by the British for his involvement in the Indian independence movement.[30] After his release, he was elected to independent India's Provisional Parliament as a member of the Congress Party in 1950 and eventually joined the central government, where he first served as Minister of Finance and Industry and later as Minister of Defence.[31] 9 Shankar Dayal Sharma (1918–1999) 25 July 1992 25 July 1997 Vice President Kocheril Raman Narayanan Indian National Congress 1992 5 years, 0 days Sharma was Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, and the Indian Minister for Communications. +He also served as the Governor of Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Maharashtra.[32] 10 Kocheril Raman Narayanan (1921–2005) 25 July 1997 25 July 2002 Vice President Krishan Kant Independent 1997 5 years, 0 days Narayanan served as India's ambassador to Thailand, Turkey, China and United States of America. +He received doctorates in Science and Law and was also a chancellor in several universities.[33] He was also the vice-chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University.[34] He was the first Dalit President.[35] 11 Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam (1931–2015) 25 July 2002 25 July 2007 Chief Scientific Advisor of Prime Minister Krishan Kant (2002) Bhairon Singh Shekhawat (2002–2007) Independent 2002 5 years, 0 days Kalam was an educator and engineer who played a leading role in the development of India's ballistic missile and nuclear weapons programs.[36] He also received the Bharat Ratna. +He was popularly known as "People's President".[37][38][39] 12 Pratibha Patil (1934–) 25 July 2007 25 July 2012 Governor of Rajasthan Mohammad Hamid Ansari Indian National Congress 2007 5 years, 0 days Patil was the first woman to become the President of India. +She was also the first female governor of Rajasthan.[40][41] 13 Pranab Mukherjee (1935–) 25 July 2012 25 July 2017 Finance Minister Mohammad Hamid Ansari Indian National Congress 2012 5 years, 0 days Mukherjee held various posts in the cabinet ministry for the Government of India such as Finance Minister, Foreign Minister, Defence Minister and Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission.[42] 14 Ram Nath Kovind (1945–) 25 July 2017 Incumbent (Term ends on 25 July 2022) Governor of Bihar Venkaiah Naidu Bharatiya Janata Party 2017 3 years, 15 days Kovind was governor of Bihar from 2015 to 2017 and a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2006. +He is the second Dalit president (after K. R. Narayanan) and is the first president from the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and is an active member of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) since his youth.[43] +Xinye (simplified Chinese: 新叶; traditional Chinese: 新葉) is a historic village in Daciyan Town (大慈岩镇), Jiande City, Hangzhou, in the west of Zhejiang Province.[1][2] Founded in the Southern Song dynasty, Xinye is noted for its well-preserved Ming and Qing era architecture and ancient residential buildings.[3] Xinye is also known for holding ancestor worship ceremonies on the annual Shangsi Festival, an ancient tradition that is only practiced by a few communities in China today, including Xinye.[4] In 2010 it was designated as a National Historic and Cultural Village of China.[5] +Location +Culture +The main religious practice of the village is traditional ancestor worship; most temples in Xinye are dedicated to ancestors of the village or the subclans. To that end, the village has maintained a detailed genealogy book through the centuries, which is officially updated once every sexagenary cycle (60 years), accompanied by a major ceremony.[1] +While most regions of China celebrates the Chinese New Year as the main annual festival, in Xinye the most important festival is the Shangsi or Double Third, which falls on the third day of the third month of the Chinese calendar. Shangsi Festival is an ancient tradition that is only practiced by a few local communities in China today.[1] The celebration includes a 3-kilometer ritual procession to Yuquan Temple (玉泉寺) and back, and ancestor worship ceremonies and performances are held in many temples.[2] +In 2010 Xinye was designated as a National Historic and Cultural Village of China, and it plans to eventually apply for World Heritage Site status together with nearby Zhuge and Yuyuan villages.[1] +Gallery +Xinye is located in western Zhejiang Province, in the southern part of Jiande bordering Lanxi. The village is governed by Daciyan town of Jiande city, which is in turn within the administrative boundary of the provincial capital Hangzhou. Xinye is overlooked on the northwest by Mount Yuhua (玉华山) and Mount Daofeng (道峰山). +History +Xinye was founded in 1219 during the reign of Emperor Ningzong of the Southern Song Dynasty, when founder Ye Kun (叶坤) moved to the area. Ye Kun's grandson Ye Kecheng (叶克诚, 1250-1323) expanded the village, building Xishan Ancestral Hall (西山祠堂) on the western hills, and Youxu Ancestral Hall (有序堂) at the center of the village.[1] +They are collectively called the Yuhua Ye Clan (玉华叶氏) after the mountain overlooking the village. During the eighth generation the village was further divided into subclans (派), each building its own ancestral hall. There are now five subclans: Chongren (崇仁), Chongzhi (崇智), Chongde (崇德), Chongyi (崇义), and Yuqing (余庆), with the Chongren subclan being the most prosperous.[1] +Architecture +With 16 ancestral halls and 230 white-washed ancient residences that are well preserved, Xinye is acclaimed as the largest open-air museum of ancient residences in China.[1][7][8] Its architectural style is similar to that of the nearby historical Huizhou region which includes World Heritage Sites Hongcun and Xidi.[4] +Xishan is the oldest among Xinye's ancestral halls, and is now part of the Xinye Elementary School. Youxu remains the village's main ancestral hall where the most important ceremonies are held,[1] though it is exceeded in size by Chongren Ancestral Hall of the eponymous subclan.[2] Other major landmarks include the Ming dynasty Tuanyun Pagoda (抟云塔) and Wenchang Pavilion (文昌阁).[3] Also near the village is Daci Rock (大慈岩), a Buddhist temple built on a sheer mountain cliff dating from the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.[4] +The village's remote mountainous location and strong sense of clanship are the major reasons for its excellent state of preservation. Even during the Cultural Revolution when much of China's cultural heritage was systematically destroyed, the villagers protected the ancient buildings by plastering lime and posting papers with quotes of Mao Zedong on their sculptures and carvings.[1] +Hongcun (Chinese: 宏村; pinyin: Hóngcūn; lit.: 'Hong village') is a village in Hongcun Town, Yi County, Huangshan City[1][2] in the historical Huizhou region of southern Anhui Province, China, near the southwest slope of Mount Huangshan. +The village is arranged in the shape of an ox with the nearby hill (Leigang Hill) interpreted as the head, and two trees standing on it as the horns. Four bridges across the Jiyin stream can be seen as the legs whilst the houses of the village form the body. Inside the “body”, the Jiyin stream represents the intestines and various lakes such as the “South Lake” (Nanhu) form the other internal organs. +The architecture and carvings of the approximately 150 residences dating back to the Ming and Qing Dynasties are said to be among the best of their kind in China.[citation needed] One of the biggest of the residences open to visitors, Chenzhi Hall, also contains a small museum. +Together with Xidi, the village became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000.[3][4] Scenes from the film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon were filmed on location in Hongcun. +"Yuezhao" (Moon Pond) "Yuezhao" (Moon Pond) Nanhu Academy +Transportation +Ancient Villages in Southern Anhui – Xidi and Hongcun. +Buses are available from Huangshan Bus Station. There are also buses from Tangkou Bus Station to Hongcun. Tangkou Bus Station is at the foot of Huangshan Scenic Area.[5] +Fenghuang County (simplified Chinese: 凤凰县; traditional Chinese: 鳳凰縣; pinyin: Fènghuáng Xiàn; lit.: 'phoenix county') is a county of Hunan Province, China, under the administration of Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture. +The ancient town of Fenghuang was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on March 28, 2008 in the Cultural category. This ancient town was regarded as the most beautiful town in China by New Zealand writer Rewi Alley. It was built in 1704, and has 300 years of history. +The town was damaged by flooding in July 2014.[10] +Transportation +The nearest airport Fenghuang Airport in Tongren City is only 34 km (21 mi) away from Fenghuang County and the nearest train station in Jishou City is only 50 km (31 mi) away. After arriving at Fenghuang Airport or Jishou Train Station, tourists may take a bus or taxi to Fenghuang County. Zhangjiajie Airport and Huaihua Train Station are also often used as transfer stops for Fenghuang County.[11][12] +Located on the western margin of the province and the southern Xiangxi, it is immediately adjacent to the eastern edge of Guizhou Province. The county is bordered to the north by Huayuan County and Jishou City, to the east by Luxi County, to the southeast by Mayang County, to the southwest and the west by Bijiang District of Tongren City and Songtao County of Guizhou. Fenghuang County covers 1,745 km2 (674 sq mi), as of 2015, It had a registered population of 428,294 and a resident population of 363,700.[4] The county has 13 towns and four townships under its jurisdiction, the county seat is Tuojiang (沱江镇).[5] +River crossing in Fenghuang Ancient Town +Fenghuang County has an exceptionally well-preserved ancient town that harbours unique ethnic languages, customs, arts as well as many distinctive architectural remains of Ming and Qing styles. The town is placed in a mountain setting, incorporating the natural flow of water into city layout.[6] Over half of the city's population belong to the Miao or Tujia minorities.[7] It was the centre of the unsuccessful Miao Rebellion (1854–73), which created a Miao diaspora in Southeast Asia during the last two centuries. +The city is revered in Miao traditions and funeral rites and is the location of the Southern China Great Wall (中国南方长城; 中國南方長城; Zhōngguó Nánfāng Chángchéng; Miao: "Suav Tuam Choj"),[8] a fortification built by the Ming dynasty to protect the local Han Chinese from Miao attacks. +After 1913, the name of the town changed from Zhen'gan (鎮筸) to Fenghuang.[9] +The gate to the government offices built in the 1920s. +The writing on top of the gate reads "Fenghuang County" +Requested lists – a page that explains how to request a list style article. Requested templates – a page that explains how to request the creation of templates. Requested redirects – a page that explains how to request page redirects. +Administrators – for posting information and issues that affect administrators. Edit warring – for reporting active edit warriors and recent violations of the three-revert rule. Incidents – for reporting and discussing incidents that require the intervention of administrators and experienced editors. +For bug reports and feature requests of MediaWiki, please use phabricator.wikimedia.org Idea lab – to discuss ideas before proposing them to the community and attempt to find solutions to common issues. Miscellaneous – to post messages that do not fit into any other categories listed above. Lua requests – a page to request help from Lua developers in writing a Lua module. +Administration related +Administrator attention – a listing of all the pages where administrators can be made aware of ongoing problems. Administrator improvement review – a place where administrators may submit themselves to an informal review. Active sanctions – a page lists the currently active sanctions imposed through the arbitration process. +The following is a list of interactive forums and inquiry pages for English Wikipedia. Please select the noticeboard or request page most closely connected to the query you have as described below. +In addition to the pages listed above alternative interactive help services are available as described below. +Or place {{Help me}} then your question on a talk page, preferably your talk page, a volunteer will assist you there! (Helpers can find you at Category:Wikipedians looking for help.) If your help request specifically requires administrator assistance, use the {{Admin help}} template on a talk page. +For a listing of ongoing discussions and current requests, see the dashboard. For other useful directories and indexes, see the directory page. +Copyright assistance – a page that serves as a directory of copyright resources on Wikipedia. Requesting copyright permission – a guide for asking permission to use other people's work in Wikipedia. Media copyright questions – the places for help with image copyrights, tagging, non-free content, and related questions Scalable vector graphics help – a page to ask questions about SVG formatting. +This is a descriptive directory of the pages which make up the Wikipedia Manual of Style. It includes only current guidelines, not proposals or historical pages, nor pages that now redirect outside the Manual of Style (e.g. WikiProjects' style-advice essays). +See also +Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks (MOS:TM) Dealing with the idiosyncratic formatting of many trademarks. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections (WP:TRIVIA) How to avoid accumulation of poorly formatted miscellaneous information. Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch (MOS:WTW) Techniques for recognizing and dealing with puffery (MOS:PUFF), charged words (MOS:LABEL and MOS:CLAIM), weasel and doubtful words (MOS:WEASEL and MOS:ALLEGED), editorializing (MOS:EDITORIAL), euphemisms (MOS:EUPHEMISM), clichés (MOS:CLICHE) and rapidly dated expressions (MOS:RELTIME) are all to be found here. +Topic- and culture-specific guidelines +The Yangshao culture was a Neolithic culture that existed extensively along the Yellow River in China. It is dated from around 5000 BC to 3000 BC. +The culture is named after Yangshao, the first excavated site of this culture, which was discovered in 1921 in Mianchi County, Henan Province by the Swedish geologist Johan Gunnar Andersson (1874–1960).[1] The culture flourished mainly in the provinces of Henan, Shaanxi and Shanxi. +Houses +Houses were built by digging a rounded rectangular pit a few feet deep. Then they were rammed, and a lattice of wattle was woven over it. Then it was plastered with mud. +Next, a few short wattle poles would be placed around the top of the pit, and more wattle would be woven to it. It was plastered with mud, and a framework of poles would be placed to make a cone shape for the roof. Poles would be added to support the roof. +Yangshao villages typically covered ten to fourteen acres and were composed of houses around a central square.[1] +Although early reports suggested a matriarchal culture,[9] others argue that it was a society in transition from matriarchy to patriarchy, while still others believe it to have been patriarchal. The debate hinges on differing interpretations of burial practices.[10][11] +The discovery of a dragon statue dating back to the fifth millennium BC in the Yangshao culture makes it the world's oldest known dragon depiction,[12] and the Han Chinese continue to worship dragons to this day. +Recent research indicates a common origin of the Sino-Tibetan languages with the Cishan, Yangshao and/or the Majiayao cultures.[2][3][4][5] +Yangshao, in Mianchi County, Sanmenxia, Henan, the place which gave the culture its name, has museum next to the archaeological site.[13] The archaeological site of the village of Banpo near Xi'an is one of the best-known ditch-enclosed settlements of the Yangshao. +Phases +The main food of the Yangshao people was millet, with some sites using foxtail millet and others proso millet, though some evidence of rice has been found. The exact nature of Yangshao agriculture, small-scale slash-and-burn cultivation versus intensive agriculture in permanent fields, is currently a matter of debate. Once the soil was exhausted, residents picked up their belongings, moved to new lands, and constructed new villages.[6] However, Middle Yangshao settlements such as Jiangzhi contain raised-floor buildings that may have been used for the storage of surplus grains. +The Yangshao people kept pigs and dogs. Sheep, goats, and cattle are found much more rarely.[8] Much of their meat came from hunting and fishing with stone tools.[7] Their stone tools were polished and highly specialized. They may also have practiced an early form of sericulture.[8] +Yangshao artisans created fine white, red, and black painted pottery with human facial, animal, and geometric designs. Unlike the later Longshan culture, the Yangshao culture did not use pottery wheels in pottery-making. Excavations found that children were buried in painted pottery jars. +Map of the middle Neolithic cultures in China. Hongshan culture is #1 on the map +Nelson et al. 2020 attempts to link the Hongshan culture to a “Transeurasian” linguistic context (see Altaic).[4] +Artifacts +Hongshan burial artifacts include some of the earliest known examples of jade working. The Hongshan culture is known for its jade pig dragons and embryo dragons. Clay figurines, including figurines of pregnant women, are also found throughout Hongshan sites. +The archaeological site at Niuheliang is a unique ritual complex associated with the Hongshan culture. +Excavators have discovered an underground temple complex—which included an altar—and also cairns in Niuheliang. The temple was constructed of stone platforms, with painted walls. Archaeologists have given it the name Goddess Temple due to the discovery of a clay female head with jade inlaid eyes.[6] It was an underground structure, 1m deep.[7] Included on its walls are mural paintings. +Housed inside the Goddess Temple are clay figurines as large as three times the size of real-life humans.[1] The exceedingly large figurines are possibly deities, but for a religion not reflective in any other Chinese culture.[8] +The existence of complex trading networks and monumental architecture (such as pyramids[example needed][citation needed] and the Goddess Temple) point to the existence of a "chiefdom"[9] in these prehistoric communities. +Painted pottery was also discovered within the temple.[1] Over 60 nearby tombs have been unearthed, all constructed of stone and covered by stone mounds, frequently including jade artifacts.[10] +The Hongshan culture (simplified Chinese: 红山文化; traditional Chinese: 紅山文化; pinyin: Hóngshān wénhuà) was a Neolithic culture in the Liao river basin in northeast China. Hongshan sites have been found in an area stretching from Inner Mongolia to Liaoning, and dated from about 4700 to 2900 BC.[1] +Cairns were discovered atop two nearby two hills, with either round or square stepped tombs, made of piled limestone. Entombed inside were sculptures of dragons and tortoises.[1] +It has been suggested that religious sacrifice might have been performed within the Hongshan culture.[1] +Just as suggested by evidence found at early Yangshao culture sites, Hongshan culture sites also provide the earliest evidence for feng shui. The presence of both round and square shapes at Hongshan culture ceremonial centers suggests an early presence of the gaitian cosmography ("round heaven, square earth").[11] +Some Chinese archaeologists such as Guo Da-shun see the Hongshan culture as an important stage of early Chinese civilization.[13][14] Whatever the linguistic affinity of the ancient denizens, Hongshan culture is believed to have exerted an influence on the development of early Chinese civilization.[15] The culture also have contributed to the development of settlements in ancient Korea.[16] +The culture is named after Hongshanhou (simplified Chinese: 红山后; traditional Chinese: 紅山後; pinyin: Hóngshān hòu), a site in Hongshan District, Chifeng. The Hongshanhou site was discovered by the Japanese archaeologist Torii Ryūzō in 1908 and extensively excavated in 1935 by Kōsaku Hamada and Mizuno Seiichi.[2] +Allan, Sarah (ed), The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective, ISBN 0-300-09382-9 Chang, Kwang-chih. The Archaeology of Ancient China, ISBN 0-300-03784-8 Nelson, Sarah Milledge (ed), The Archaeology of Northeast China: Beyond the Great Wall, ISBN 0-415-11755-0 +In northeast China, Hongshan culture was preceded by Xinglongwa culture (6200–5400 BC), Xinle culture (5300–4800 BC), and Zhaobaogou culture, which may be contemporary with Xinle and a little later. +Yangshao culture was in the larger area and contemporary with Hongshan culture (see map). These two cultures interacted with each other. +Genetics and ethnic identity +A study by Yinqiu Cui et al. from 2013 found that 63% of the combined samples from various Hongshan archeological sites belonged to the subclade N1 (xN1a, N1c) of the paternal haplogroup N-M231 and calculated N to have been the predominant haplogroup in the region in the Neolithic period at 89%, its share gradually declining over time.[3] Today this haplogroup is most common in Finland, the Baltic states and among northern Siberian ethnicities, such as the Yakuts. +Other paternal haplogroups identified in the study were C and O2a (O2a2), both of which predominate among the present-day inhabitants. +Tad Fane waterfall, situated in the Bolaven Plateau. The water drops about 120 m. +The second period that helps define the history of the Plateau is the Phu Mi Bun Revolt. The revolt erupted in 1901 and was not suppressed until 1907. It was a “major rebellion by local Lao Theung tribes (the Alak, Nyaheun and Laven) against French domination".[1] Though there is not extensive literature on these particular revolutionary revolts in the Bolaven Plateau, one can see that the native communities desired to rid the region of the extensive and overpowering influence of their colonizers.[3] +According to many accounts, the devastation caused by these bombings can still be seen in some areas, though most edifices have been rebuilt. In addition, the mere fact that the Plateau is one of the areas passed through on the Ho Chi Minh Trail (The trail does not pass through the plateau but, rather, just off the east edge of the plateau. During the war the plateau was accessible by vehicle via Paksong and Thateng and those roads were the only roads that led off the plateau.) still attracts tourists and brings further attention to the region.[5] Thus, the three aforementioned events are unique historical incidents which have directly affected the Bolaven Plateau. +The predominant ethnic group in the Bolaven Plateau is the Laven, though other Mon-Khmer ethnic groups reside in the area including the Alak, Katu, Taoy, and Suay.[1] According to CPA Media, "all of these people follow animist belief systems" with some groups practicing animal sacrifices. However, more recently, some of these minority communities have begun to adopt Buddhist beliefs because of their contact with Lao Loum.[6] +Literature on the Bolaven Plateau often focuses on two primary economic contributors to the region: agricultural production and tourism. Both contribute greatly to the Plateau’s revenue. +The French first began farming and other agricultural techniques in the Bolaven Plateau including the production of coffee, rubber, and bananas in the early 20th century. Since the French's initial influence, "the plateau remained an important agricultural area growing a wide variety of fruit and vegetables, as well as cash crops such as cardamom".[1] However, it was the French introduction of the production of coffee that has proved most useful to the region. +Production declined during the war years, but is now experiencing a renaissance”.[7] The climate of the Plateau with its cooler temperatures and abundant rainfall makes it the perfect place for coffee production. Most farming families that make up a variety of the aforementioned minority groups are highly dependent on the coffee industry as their source of income. Coffee in Laos is "cultivated almost exclusively on the Bolaven Plateau in Champasak Province in the southern part of the country... +Tad Lo, Bolaven Plateau, Laos +Tourism has taken a hold in the Bolaven Plateau because of the unique aspects of the region that have triggered great intrigue. The most popular places visited by tourists are the waterfalls in the region, the villages of the ethnic minorities, and other geopolitical areas of interest. +The Bolaven Province has a number of waterfalls. The Tad Lo Waterfalls that are approximately 58 miles from northeast Pakse are a common destination.[citation needed] The "lush vegetation" that surrounds the waterfall makes it a desired destination though the fall itself "drops only a few meters".[1] In addition, one can go "beyond Paksong on the way to Pakse [where] another spectacular waterfall, Taat Fang (also known as Dong Hua Sao), tumbles 120 metres, making it the tallest waterfall in Laos. Well-marked trails lead the physically fit 6 kilometres to the base of the falls":.[7] +The Bolaven Plateau is filled with cultural and geographical areas of interest.[citation needed] Whether it is a boat trip to one of the waterfalls that occupy the region, a tour of the area's coffee plantations, an elephant day trek, or visiting one of the villages of the ethnic minorities, a journey to the Plateau has many opportunities for tourists.[citation needed][8] +Researchers believe that a meteorite, about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) wide, struck Earth approximately 790,000 years ago, with its impact crater perhaps buried under Bolaven Plateau volcanic field, as its strewn tektites were found across Asia, Australia, and Antarctica.[9] +Logging truck on the Bolaven Plateau, southern Laos. June 2009 +Most of the plateau is located within Champasak Province of Laos, though the edges of the plateau are also located in Salavan, Sekong and Attapeu Provinces. It is located between the Annamite Mountain Range, along which runs Laos' eastern border with Vietnam, and the Mekong River to the west, at about 15°N 106°E / 15°N 106°E / 15; 106. The plateau's elevation ranges approximately from 1,000 to 1,350 metres (3,280 to 4,430 ft) above sea level. +The Bolaven Plateau has had an important role in the greater history of Laos. The three most significant historical periods which have greatly affected the area are the French colonization of the region, the Phu Mi Bun Revolt, and the Vietnam War. Each event has had a significant effect upon the Plateau and given the area its own unique character and importance. +In 1893, the French first annexed territories east of the Mekong River and later annexed minor extensions of land to the west of the Mekong in 1904 and 1907.[1] For the Bolaven Plateau, the period of French colonization in Laos is most significant because of the agricultural techniques acquired from the French by the inhabitants. +According to the Historical Dictionary, "the French planted coffee and experimented with rubber, and the plateau has remained an important agricultural area growing a wide variety of fruit and vegetables, as well as cash crops".[2] It was not until the French introduced farming to the region in the early 20th century that the residents of the Bolaven Plateau made the area an agricultural sector. +"Indonesia Pusaka" (English: Indonesia, the Heritage) is a patriotic song composed by Ismail Marzuki. It is normally played on Indonesian Independence Day celebration. +In mainland China, ancestral temples along with other temples have often been "secularized" to serve as village schools or granaries during the land reform of the 1950s and the Cultural Revolution. They have experienced a revival since the economic liberalization of the 1980s.[1] The revival of the ancestral temples has been particularly strong in southern China where lineage organization had stronger roots in the local culture and local communities are more likely to have members living overseas who can support rebuilding of the shrines through donations.[1] +Gallery +Yu shrine in Zhejiang Ye shrine in Anhui Liang shrine in Jiangxi Chen shrine in Guangdong Huang shrine in Guangdong Lai shrine in Taiwan Xiao shrine in Tianzhong Township of Changhua County, Taiwan +Notable ancestral temples in Hong Kong include: +Ancestral temple is called nhà thờ họ or nhà thờ tộc in Vietnam. An ancestral death anniversary will be held yearly at nhà thờ họ and this anniversary is usually used as an occasion to renew the relationship between clan members. +Ancestral shrines or similar concepts are also common in other religions and cultures. Especially other East and Southeast Asian but also traditional African religions have ancestral shrines and or tombs. Ancestor worship is an important and common element in native African religions and is still common and practiced by followers of folk religions but also Christian and Muslim Africans.[3] +Altar with ancestral tablets in King Law Ka Shuk, Hong Kong. +An ancestral shrine, hall or temple (Chinese: 祠堂; pinyin: Cítáng or Chinese: 宗祠; pinyin: Zōng Cí, Vietnamese: Nhà thờ họ), also called lineage temple, is a temple dedicated to deified ancestors and progenitors of surname lineages or families in the Chinese tradition. Ancestral temples are closely linked to Confucian philosophy and culture and the emphasis that it places on filial piety. +A common central feature of the ancestral temples are the ancestral tablets that embody the ancestral spirits.[1] The ancestral tablets are typically arranged by seniority of the ancestors.[1] Altars and other ritual objects such as incense burners are also common fixtures. Ancestors and gods can also be represented by statues. +The temples are used for collective rituals and festivals in honor of the ancestors[1] but also for other family- and community-related functions such as weddings and funerals.[1] Sometimes, they serve wider community functions such as meetings and local elections. +In traditional weddings, the ancestral temple serves a major symbolic function, completing the transfer of a woman to her husband's family.[2] During the wedding rites, the bride and groom worship at the groom's ancestral shrine, bowing as follows:[2] +first bow - Heaven and Earth second bow - ancestors third bow - parents fourth bow - spouse +Three months after the marriage, the wife undertakes worship at the husband's ancestral shrine, in a rite known as miaojian (廟見).[1] +See also +The culture may be divided into early and late phases, before and after 4000 BC respectively.[2] The site at Hemudu, 22 km northwest of Ningbo, was discovered in 1973. Hemudu sites were also discovered at Tianluoshan in Yuyao city,[3] and on the islands of Zhoushan. Hemudu are said to have differed physically from inhabitants of the Yellow River sites to the north.[4] Some authors propose that the Hemudu Culture was a source of the pre-Austronesian cultures.[5][6][7][8] +Some scholars assert that the Hemudu culture co-existed with the Majiabang culture as two separate and distinct cultures, with cultural transmissions between the two.[citation needed] Other scholars group Hemudu in with Majiabang subtraditions.[2] Two major floods caused the nearby Yaojiang River to change its course and inundated the soil with salt, forcing the people of Hemudu to abandon its settlements. The Hemudu people lived in long, stilt houses. Communal longhouses were also common in Hemudu sites, much like the ones found in modern-day Borneo.[9] +The Hemudu culture was one of the earliest cultures to cultivate rice. Recent excavations at the Hemudu period site of Tianluoshan has demonstrated rice was undergoing evolutionary changes recognized as domestication.[10] Most of the artifacts discovered at Hemudu consist of animal bones, exemplified by hoes made of shoulder bones used for cultivating rice. +The culture also produced lacquer wood. A red lacquer wood bowl at the Zhejiang Museum is dated to 4000-5000 BC. It is believed to be the earliest such object in the world.[11] +The remains of various plants, including water caltrop, Nelumbo nucifera, acorns, melon, wild kiwifruit, blackberries, peach, the foxnut or Gorgon euryale and bottle gourd, were found at Hemudu and Tianluoshan.[12] The Hemudu people likely domesticated pigs but practiced extensive hunting of deer and some wild water buffalo. Fishing was also carried out on a large scale, with a particular focus on crucian carp.[13] The practices of fishing and hunting are evidenced by the remains of bone harpoons and bows and arrowheads. Music instruments, such as bone whistles and wooden drums, were also found at Hemudu. +This distinctive pottery was typically black and made with charcoal powder. Plant and geometric designs were commonly painted onto the pottery; the pottery was sometimes also cord-marked. The culture also produced carved jade ornaments, carved ivory artifacts and small clay figurines. +A pig dragon or zhūlóng (simplified Chinese: 玉猪龙; traditional Chinese: 玉豬龍)[1] is a type of jade artifact from the Hongshan culture of neolithic China. Pig dragons are zoomorphic forms with a pig-like head and elongated limbless body coiled around to the head and described as "suggestively fetal".[2] Early pig dragons are thick and stubby, and later examples have more graceful, snakelike bodies. +Pig dragons were produced by the Hongshan culture. Along with the same culture's jade eagles (玉鷹),[1] they often featured as grave goods.[3] Pig bones have been found interred alongside humans at Hongshan burial sites, suggesting that the animal had some ritual significance. +There is some speculation that the pig dragon is the first representation of the Chinese dragon. The character for "dragon" in the earliest Chinese writing has a similar coiled form, as do later jade dragon amulets from the Shang period.[4] +Chinese jade Bi (jade) Magatama Lingling-o Gogok Cong (jade) +Traditional ploughing: a farmer works the land with horses and plough +Parts +Steel plough +13th century depiction of a ploughing peasant, Royal Library of Spain +Ploughing in Mysore, India +Modern tractor ploughing in South Africa. This plough has five non-reversible mouldboards. The fifth, empty furrow on the left may be filled by the first furrow of the next pass. +A plough or plow (US; both /plaʊ/) is a farm tool for loosening or turning the soil before sowing seed or planting.[1] Ploughs were traditionally drawn by oxen and horses, but in modern farms are drawn by tractors. A plough may have a wooden, iron or steel frame, with a blade attached to cut and loosen the soil. It has been fundamental to farming for most of history.[2] The earliest ploughs had no wheels, such a plough being known to the Romans as an aratrum. +The prime purpose of ploughing is to turn over the uppermost soil,[4] so bringing fresh nutrients to the surface,[5] while burying weeds and crop remains to decay. Trenches cut by the plough are called furrows. In modern use, a ploughed field is normally left to dry and then harrowed before planting. +Plasma Mobile on the Nexus 5 Hildon on the Nexus 7 (2013) XFCE on the Nokia N9 Weston (Wayland compositor demo) on the Moto G LuneOS UI running on a generic x86 tablet +PostmarketOS (stylized as postmarketOS and abbreviated as pmOS) is a free and open-source operating system under development primarily for smartphones, based on the Alpine Linux distribution.[1][2][3][4] +Official website Source code on GitLab +Mohar of Gorkha king Prithvi Narayan Shah dated Saka era 1685 (AD 1763). +The Indian national calendar, sometimes called the Shalivahana Shaka calendar. It is used, alongside the Gregorian calendar, by The Gazette of India, in news broadcasts by All India Radio and in calendars and communications issued by the Government of India.[1] +The names of the months are derived from older, Hindu lunisolar calendars, so variations in spelling exist, and there is a possible source of confusion as to what calendar a date belongs to. +The first day of the week is Ravivara (Sunday).[3] The official calendar reckoned by Govt. Of India has Sunday to Saturday as the week.[2] +Days of the Saka calendar[1] Weekday Saka Gregorian 0 Ravivara Sunday 1 Somvara Monday 2 Mangalavara Tuesday 3 Budhavara Wednesday 4 Brahaspativara Thursday 5 Sukravara Friday 6 Sanivara Saturday +Years are counted in the Saka era, which starts its year 0 in the year 78 of the Common Era. To determine leap years, add 78 to the Saka year – if the result is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar, then the Saka year is a leap year as well. Its structure is just like the Persian calendar. +Adoption +The task was further complicated by the integration of those calendars with religion and local sentiments. India's first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, in his preface to the Report of the Committee, published in 1955, wrote: “They (different calendars) represent past political divisions in the country ... . Now that we have attained Independence, it is obviously desirable that there should be a certain uniformity in the calendar for our civic, social, and other purposes, and this should be done on a scientific approach to this problem.” Meghnad Saha Archived 2015-02-23 at the Wayback Machine +Usage started officially at 1 Chaitra 1879, Saka Era, or 22 March 1957. +Nyepi, the "Day of Silence", is a celebration of the Saka new year in Bali. Nepal's Nepal Sambat evolved from the Saka calendar. The Saka calendar was also used in several areas in the modern-day Philippines prior to colonisation as suggested by the Laguna Copperplate Inscription. +The term may also refer to the Hindu calendar; the Shalivahana era is also commonly used by other calendars. +The calendar months follow the signs of the tropical zodiac rather than the sidereal zodiac normally used with the Hindu calendar. +# Name (Sanskrit) Length Start date (Gregorian) Tropical zodiac Tropical zodiac (Sanskrit) 1 Chaitra 30/31 March 22/21 Aries Meṣa 2 Vaishākha 31 April 21 Taurus Vṛṣabha 3 Jyēshtha 31 May 22 Gemini Mithuna 4 Āshādha 31 June 22 Cancer Karkata/Karka 5 Shrāvana 31 July 23 Leo Simha 6 Bhaadra 31 August 23 Virgo Kanyā 7 Āshwin 30 September 23 Libra Tulā 8 Kārtika 30 October 23 Scorpio Vṛścik‌‌‌a 9 Agrahayana 30 November 22 Sagitarius Dhanur 10 Pausha 30 December 22 Capricorn Makara 11 Māgha 30 January 21 Aquarius Kumbha 12 Phalguna 30 February 20 Pisces Mīna +Chaitra[2] is the first month of the calendar. Chaitra has 30 days and starts on March 22, except in leap years, when it has 31 days and starts on March 21. The months in the first half of the year all have 31 days, to take into account the slower movement of the sun across the ecliptic at this time. +Po Nagar is a Cham temple tower founded sometime before 781 C.E. and located in the medieval principality of Kauthara, near modern Nha Trang in Vietnam. It is dedicated to Yan Po Nagar, the goddess of the country, who came to be identified with the Hindu goddesses Bhagavati and Mahishasuramardini, and who in Vietnamese is called Thiên Y Thánh Mẫu. +See also +From this inscription can be deduced that the area previously had come under temporary foreign dominion, and that foreign vandals had damaged the already existing temple. Other steles indicate that the temple had contained a mukhalinga decorated with jewelry and resembling an angel's head. Foreign robbers, perhaps from Java, "men living on food more horrible than cadavers, frightful, completely black and gaunt, dreadful and evil as death" had arrived in ships, had stolen the jewelry and had broken the linga.[1]:91 Though the king had chased the robbers out to sea, the treasure had been lost forever. +The Cham military leader Senapati Par, under the reign of Harivarman I, made endowments in 817. +Senapati made attacks on the Khmers under Jayavarman II. Harivarman I was succeeded by his son, Vikrantavarman III, who also made endowments.[2]:104 +A stele dated 918 by the Cham King Indravarman III states an order to build a golden statue to the goddess Bhagavati. Later steles report that the original gold statue was stolen by the Khmer's Rajendravarman II in 950,[1]:124 and that in 965, the king Jaya Indravarman I replaced the lost statue with a new stone one.[2]:124[2]:56 A stele dated 1050 says that offerings of land, slaves, jewelry, and precious metals were made to the statue by Jaya Parameshvaravarman I.[4]:61 Paramabhodisattva made "rich offerings" in 1084 after reuniting the country.[4]:73 Jaya Indravarman III gave the temple a Shivalinga and a Shrishana Vishnu in 1141 and another donation in 1143.[4]:75 In 1160, Jaya Harivarman I "offered rich gifts".[4]:77 An inscription states Jayavarman VII of the Khmer Empire, "took the capital of Champa and carried of all the lingas."[2]:170 Later steles indicate the celebration of a cult in honor of the goddess Yan Po Nagar, as well as the presence of statues dedicated to the principal deities of Hinduism and Buddhism.[5] +Perma.cc is a web archiving service for legal and academic citations founded by the Harvard Library Innovation Lab in 2013.[3] +Archive.is Digital preservation Link rot Wayback Machine WebCite +External links +Perma.cc was created in response to studies showing high incidences of link rot in both academic publications and judicial opinions. By archiving copies of linked resources, and providing them with a permanent URL, perma.cc is intended to provide longer-term verifiability and context for academic literature and caselaw. Perma.cc is administered by a network of academic and government libraries. +In 2016, Harvard received a $700,000 grant from the Institute for Museum and Library Services to expand development of perma.cc.[4] +Perma.cc has an API for functions such as adding or deleting pages.[9] Perma.cc is part of the Memento network; thus, all public pages can be searched for (by URL) using the Memento API.[10] +See also +North Olmsted is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 32,718. North Olmsted is a west side suburb of Cleveland, Ohio, and is the 8th most populated city within Cuyahoga County. +2010 census +The population density was 2,803.6 inhabitants per square mile (1,082.5/km2). There were 14,500 housing units at an average density of 1,242.5 per square mile (479.7/km2). The racial makup of the city was 92.6% White, 2.0% African American, 0.1% Native American, 2.7% Asian, 0.9% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. +History +At the 2000 census there were 34,113 people in 13,517 households, including 9,367 families, in the city. The population density was 2,932.9 people per square mile (1,132.5/km2). +There were 14,059 housing units at an average density of 1,208.7 per square mile (466.7/km2). +The racial makup of the city was 93.97% White, 1.01% African American, 0.13% Native American, 2.74% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.45% from other races, and 1.68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 1.69%.[6] +Of the 13,517 households 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.4% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.7% were non-families. 26.5% of households were one person and 9.9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.07. +The age distribution was 23.7% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 26.5% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% 65 or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.3 males. +Males had a median income of $45,908 versus $30,600 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,329. About 2.8% of families and 4.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.3% of those under age 18 and 6.5% of those age 65 or over. +Moen Incorporated, a fixture and faucet company, is headquartered in North Olmsted.[16] +CommutAir, a regional airline flying on behalf of United Express, is also headquartered in North Olmsted.[17] +Great Northern Mall, a 1.2 million ft² shopping mall, is in North Olmsted. The mall has over 130 stores and is anchored by Macy's, Dillard's, Sears and J. C. Penney. North Olmsted Towne Centre is located on Brookpark Road near Great Northern Blvd. +Traveling +After the discovery of the New World, the land that became North Olmsted was originally part of the French colony of Canada (New France), which was ceded in 1763 to Great Britain and renamed Province of Quebec. +In the late 18th century the land became part of the Connecticut Western Reserve in the Northwest Territory, then was purchased by the Connecticut Land Company in 1795. +North Olmsted has three exits on I-480 within its city limits. These include the Clague Rd., Great Northern Blvd./Columbia Rd. (state route 252), and the Stearns Rd. exits. +Lorain Road also contains Ohio Route 252 for a short stretch. It enters the city from North Ridgeville to the west and from Fairview Park to the east. It then continues through Cleveland, where it is designated "Lorain Avenue" It is probably North Olmsted's busiest street. +It runs east–west through the city with many businesses on the road. West of North Olmsted, Lorain Road connects via connector road with the Ohio Turnpike at Exit 152. At one time, a section of Lorain Road in North Olmsted was once listed in the Guinness Book of World Records for having the most restaurants within a mile radius.[18] Brookpark Road. +It forks off of Lorain near the west end of Great Northern Mall, connecting to Great Northern Boulevard and providing a high-speed route to the I-480 ramps on Clague. Continues into Fairview Park towards Cleveland Hopkins International Airport Clague Road. Begins at Mastick Road near Brookpark Road and continues north into Westlake. +Mastick Road connects Columbia Road to Clague Road before continuing East into Fairview Park. It then reconnects to Brookpark Road, West 220th, and West 210th streets before extending down into the Cleveland Metroparks. Butternut Ridge Road. +Butternut Ridge is home to most of North Olmsted's oldest homes, the newly built combination High School and Middle School, and the recently closed Butternut Elementary School (closed at the end of the 2015\2016 school year). It connects Lorain Road to Columbia/Great Northern Boulevard. One of the first roads in the region, it was originally paved with timber and tolled. +Earliest records show the area was called Kingston. +In 1823 the people organized into a township called Lenox.[8] In 1826, Aaron Olmsted's son, Charles Hyde Olmsted, offered to donate books from his father's personal collection in Connecticut, if the residents of Lenox agreed to change the name of the area to Olmstead to honor his father. These books became known as the Ox Cart Library.[9] +On March 1, 1931, the village of North Olmsted started the historical North Olmsted Municipal Bus Line, one of the first, as well as one of the oldest, municipal transit systems in the United States, which was in operation for over 74 years until March 20, 2005, when it was absorbed into the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority. +On March 24, 1966, the Great Northern Theatre opened at Great Northern Shopping Center in North Olmsted. This was one of the first and few Cinerama theatres in Ohio and had a gold-colored curtain in front of the long 90-foot screen in a large auditorium with 1,346 seats. +It was closed in 2000 due to new cinemas that were added in nearby Westlake by Regal Cinemas. +According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 11.67 square miles (30.23 km2), all land.[11] +In 1806, the vast tract of land comprising present-day North Olmsted, Olmsted Falls and Olmsted Township was purchased for $30,000 by Aaron Olmsted, a wealthy sea captain. +In 1815, David Johnson Stearns of Vermont was followed by other pioneers from New England who established a settlement in the wilderness.[7] +Olmsted Falls is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States, and a southwestern suburb of Cleveland. The population was 9,024 at the 2010 census. The city's main business district is located at the corners of Bagley and Columbia Roads, and contains the Grand Pacific Junction, an historic district. +In 1970 a group of residents sought to merge Olmsted Falls and Westview Village. The suggested contract was approved by over 90% of voters in each community. The name Westview, while not on any historic maps, exists through the comic strip Funky Winkerbean drawn by West View native Tom Batiuk. +Olmsted Falls is located at 41°22′3″N 81°54′17″W / 41.36750°N 81.90472°W / 41.36750; -81.90472 (41.367626, -81.904818).[7] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.12 square miles (10.67 km2), all land.[8] +History +After the discovery of the New World, the land that became Olmsted Falls was originally part of the French colony of Canada (New France), which was ceded in 1763 to Great Britain and renamed Province of Quebec. +In the late 18th century the land became part of the Connecticut Western Reserve in the Northwest Territory, then was purchased by the Connecticut Land Company in 1795. +In 1806, the vast tract of land comprising present-day Olmsted Falls, North Olmsted, and Olmsted Township was purchased for $30,000 by Aaron Olmsted, a wealthy sea captain. While he sold off portions of the land which eventually became known as Kingston, Aaron Olmsted named the new town as Olmsted in honor of his brother Charles, one of the original lands purchasers. The land was part of a vast trek ceded to the State of Connecticut after the Revolutionary War in payment for residents whose properties had been burned during the Revolutionary War. +Chagrin Falls waterfall on the Chagrin River near the center of Chagrin Falls, Ohio. +The population density was 1,977.4 inhabitants per square mile (763.5/km2). The 2,042 housing units averaged 981.7 per square mile (379.0/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98.0% White, 0.4% African American 0.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.1% from other races, and 0.5% from two or more races. +Of the 1,872 households, 28.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.2% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44.0% were not families. About 39.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.94. +The median age in the village was 46.1 years; 23.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.3% were between 18 and 24; 20.3% were from 25 to 44; 29% were from 45 to 64; and 22.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 46.2% male and 53.8% female. +The population density was 1,943.2 people per square mile (750.6/km2). The 2,041 housing units averaged 985.6 per square mile (380.7/km2). In the village, the population was distributed as 22.2% under age 18, 3.5% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 26.9% from 45 to 64, and 19.7% who were 65 years of age or older. +Males had a median income of $69,609 versus $36,319 for females. The per capita income for the village was $42,885. About 2.4% of families and 3.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.3% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. +Chagrin Falls is in the Chagrin Falls Exempted Village School District, which serves the villages of Chagrin Falls, South Russell, and Bentleyville, and a portion of the village of Moreland Hills. +Chagrin Falls High School was rated 97th in Newsweek's "Complete List of the 1,200 Top U.S. Schools" in 2006. This study was based largely on the ratio of Advanced Placement or International Baccalaureate tests taken to the number of graduating high school seniors. Also in 2006, the Chagrin Falls district was given an "Excellent" rating for the sixth year in a row by Newsweek.[9] On December 4, 2008, Chagrin Falls High School was once again ranked in the top 100 public high schools in the country. +Chagrin Falls is a village in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States and is a suburb of Cleveland in Northeast Ohio's Cleveland-Akron-Canton metropolitan area, the 15th-largest Combined Statistical Area nationwide. The village was established and has grown around Chagrin Falls waterfall on the Chagrin River. As of the 2010 census, the village population was 4,104. +The village was incorporated in 1844 from parts of three townships in two counties. Neighboring Chagrin Falls Township was established in 1845. +It provides fire and EMS services to the villages of Chagrin Falls, Bentleyville, Hunting Valley, Moreland Hills, and South Russell. Apparatus consists of two fire attack pumpers, a 75-foot ladder truck, a heavy rescue truck, 3 ALS-equipped EMS squads, a Command/Fire Marshal vehicle, a rescue boat, and two multipurpose utility vehicles. The department also has two mountain bikes for a bike patrol unit and a specially equipped ATV to provide EMS, technical rescue, and brush fire capabilities. +The Chagrin Valley Little Theatre is one of the oldest community theaters in the country, having been in existence since 1930, with the oldest such theater only eight years older. +Leader Tractors were produced in Chagrin Falls. The Chagrin Valley Recreation Center hosts one of Northeast Ohio's longest-running annual swim meets each summer. +The Chagrin Valley Invitation Relays have been held each summer since 1968.[11] The town is referenced in the song Chagrin Falls by the Canadian rock band The Tragically Hip on their 1998 studio album Phantom Power. The non-existent Chagrin Falls Country Club was referenced by character Ted Mosby, a Cleveland native, who claimed to have lifeguarded there in "How I Met your Mother" (S5-E11).[12] Fictional hometown of Ensign Charles Parker of McHales Navy "Chagrin Falls" is the name of a recurring subseries in the comic Tom the Dancing Bug, probably in honor of Bill Watterson. "Chagrin Falls" downtown is featured on the cover of the album 'The Essential Calvin and Hobbes' drawn by Bill Watterson +Notable people +Village of Chagrin Falls official website Newsweek's list of the Top 1,000 U.S. Schools-2006 +History +Chagrin Falls was laid out in 1837.[6] The community takes its name from a series of waterfalls along the Chagrin River, that run through the middle of town. +According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.14 square miles (5.54 km2), of which 2.08 square miles (5.39 km2) is land and 0.06 square miles (0.16 km2) is covered by water.[7] One notable landmark is the Chagrin Falls waterfall. +"Valerie" is a song by English indie rock band The Zutons from their second studio album, Tired of Hanging Around (2006). The song was later covered by Mark Ronson, with lead vocals provided by Amy Winehouse, reaching number two on the UK Singles Chart in 2007. +Mark Ronson and Amy Winehouse version +English musicians Mark Ronson and Amy Winehouse covered "Valerie" for Ronson's second studio album Version (2007). Released as the album's third single on 15 October 2007, the track was first performed by Winehouse on Jo Whiley's Live Lounge show on BBC Radio 1. +Singer and director Jordan Galland plays the electric piano on this single. Rolling Stone called the cover Winehouse's only "notable recording" after Back to Black.[10] Winehouse had previously recorded a slower-tempo version of the song, which appeared as a bonus track on the deluxe edition of Back to Black. The song has been featured in 27 Dresses and Amy (2015), a documentary film biography of Winehouse, as well as in a U.S. advertisement for Amazon Echo.[11] +After "Valerie" became a success in the summer of 2006, it found an unlikely fan in Amy Winehouse, who was invited to contribute to a new project with Mark Ronson. He claimed Winehouse did not listen to anything written after 1967 and that she was struggling to come up with something that would fit the sessions for Ronson's upcoming album Version. After Ronson explained that the album would consist of soul covers of guitar records, Winehouse told him that she might try "Valerie", but Ronson strained to hear her voice singing that song in his head. +The song has become something of a mixed blessing for McCabe. He said, "I certainly have to try hard sometimes to not think about 'Valerie'. The days it's in my head are when I have to put down the guitar and just forget about writing."[1] +The single's music video, directed by Robert Hales, was filmed in London on 28 August 2007.[14] It shows Ronson and a group of jazz musicians inviting a woman from the audience onto their stage to "sing" the song (after they notice that Winehouse is not present), followed by (presumably) the woman's friends, in the style of group karaoke—although the women essentially mime to Winehouse's voice. The women doing the lip sync performance have Amy's famous beehive hairstyle, possibly to come across as impersonators.[original research?] +Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Valerie Star +The university is scattered all over the city of Zurich. Members of the university can use several libraries, including the ETH-library, and the Zurich Central Library, with over 5 million volumes.[15] In 1962, the faculty of science proposed to establish the Irchelpark campus on the Strickhofareal. +The first stage the construction of the university buildings was begun in 1973, and the campus was inaugurated in 1979.[16][17] The construction of the second stage lasted from 1978 to 1983.[17] The campus also houses the anthropological museum Anthropologisches Museum,[18] and the cantonal Staatsarchiv Zürich.[19] +Academics +Main building by Karl Moser as seen from the south +In the fields of bioscience and finance, there is a close-knit collaboration between the University of Zurich and the ETH (Federal Institute for Technology, just across the road).[21] +Rankings +Currently, the university has seven faculties: Philosophy, Human Medicine, Economic Sciences, Law, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Engineering, Computer Sciences and Robotics, Theology and Veterinary Medicine. The university offers the widest range of subjects and courses of any Swiss higher education institution.[8] As of October 2018, 23 Nobel laureates and 1 Turing Award winner have been affiliated with University of Zurich as alumni, faculty or researchers. +Bachelor courses are taught in Swiss Standard German ("Hochdeutsch"), but use of English is increasing in many faculties. The only bachelors program taught entirely in English is the "English Language and Literature" program.[37] All Master courses at the Faculty of Science are held in English. Master courses in Economics and Finance are mainly held in English, while the Master of Science in Quantitative Finance is held completely in English.[citation needed] +History +The University of Zurich was founded on April 29, 1833,[9] when the existing colleges of theology, the Carolinum founded by Huldrych Zwingli in 1525, law and medicine were merged with a new faculty of Philosophy. It was the first university in Europe to be founded by the state rather than a monarch or church. +Corpus Córporum, digital library created and maintained by the University's Institute for Greek and Latin Philology. Swiss National Supercomputing Centre +List of largest universities by enrollment in Switzerland List of modern universities in Europe (1801–1945) +It contains the advice or opinions of one or more Wikipedia contributors. This page is not one of Wikipedia's policies or guidelines, as it has not been thoroughly vetted by the community. Some essays represent widespread norms; others only represent minority viewpoints. +Just the fact that you can push the button doesn't mean you should. +One admin was discussing the deletion of the main page in IRC and asked if the technical ability to delete pages with over 5,000 revisions, like the main page, had ever been re-enabled. Another admin (jokingly) commented that he had tested it and found that the main page still couldn't be deleted. The first admin thought he would test it for himself. +You might think you are having a laugh, but sometimes, the joke is missed. If you find yourself having to say "jokes do not come across well here", you are best off having avoided the joke in the first place. +In other words, do not even joke about causing disruption – someone may miss that it was meant in humor or sarcasm and act on it. +As honored in the village stocks, this succeeds the admin who locked the servers for half an hour by deleting the Sandbox, necessitating the restriction of deletions for articles with over 5,000 edits. It is followed by the editor who used a bot to add 1,200 useless edits to the Main Page, hoping to bring it up to the 5000-edit level where it would not be deletable. Fortunately, the English Wikipedia Main Page now enjoys a sui generis immunity to deletion in the software.[2][3] +In archaeology and anthropology, a digging stick, or sometimes yam stick, is a wooden implement used primarily by subsistence-based cultures to dig out underground food such as roots and tubers or burrowing animals and anthills.[1] The stick may also have other uses in hunting or general domestic tasks. +Two other digging sticks are unique to the Harar region located in East-Central Ethiopia, which are considered to be unusual due to their function beyond the basic use of other digging sticks, and the use of one as a plow. +The deungora is a particularly long digging stick is about 110 centimeters, or approximately 3.6 feet, in length with a socket-hafted pointed iron blade as the tip. What's unique about this digging stick is that a bored stone, about 15 centimeters in diameter, is attached at the opposing end. This stone shares the same form as other bored stones that have been discovered in archaeological sites in Africa.[1] +This tool is used as a plow to turn over the soil of an entire field before planting. It is used to break clods of soil in areas where the soil is hard or in areas that may be too steep for plowing, and to dig holes for construction or to transplant domestic plants. When compared to the ankassay, this digging stick can perform the same duties and in addition can be used as a hoe.[1] +The Kuman people of this region were horticulturists who used basic tools such as the digging stick, wooden hoe, and wooden spade in their daily lives. Eventually they started to use more sophisticated tools such as iron spades and pick-axes.[6] +Two main types of digging sticks both shared a similar shape but differed in size: +A larger and heavier digging stick with a diameter of about 4 centimeters and 2 meters in length, used for the purpose of turning over the soil surface for new gardens A smaller and lighter digging stick with a diameter of about 2 centimeters and 1 meter (or less) in length, mainly used for basic horticulture tasks[1] +They are common to the Indigenous Australians but also other peoples worldwide. The tool normally consists of little more than a sturdy stick which has been shaped or sharpened and sometimes hardened by being placed temporarily in a fire. Fashioned with handles for pulling or pushing, it forms a prehistoric plow, and is also a precursor of most modern agricultural handtools.[2] +By region +In Mexico and the Mesoamerican region, the digging stick was the most important agricultural tool throughout the region.[3][4] +The coa stick normally flares out into a triangle at the end and is used for cultivating maize. It is still used for agriculture in some indigenous communities, with some newer 20th-century versions having the addition of a little metal tip. +Other digging sticks, according to Native Americans of the Columbia Plateau, have been used since time immemorial to gather edible roots like balsamroot, bitterroot, camas, and varieties of biscuitroot. Typical digging sticks were and are still about 2 to 3 feet in length, usually slightly arched, with the bottom tip shaved off at an angle. A 5 to 8 inch cross-piece made of antler, bone, or wood was fitted perpendicularly over the top of the stick, allowing the use of two hands to drive the tool into the ground. +The most common digging stick found in Ethiopia is the ankassay in Amharic, a Semitic language spoken in Ethiopia and the second-most spoken Semitic language in the world. The ankassay is a single shaft that is about 4–5 feet in length with a socket-hafted pointed iron blade as the tip.[5] +A thermoacidophile is an extremophilic microorganism that is both thermophilic and acidophilic; i.e., it can grow under conditions of high temperature and low pH.[1] The large majority of thermoacidophiles are archaea (particularly the crenarchaeota and euryarchaeota) or bacteria, though occasional eukaryotic examples have been reported.[2][3] Thermoacidophiles can be found in hot springs and solfataric environments, within deep sea vents, or in other environments of geothermal activity.[1]:602 They also occur in polluted environments, such as in acid mine drainage.[4] +An apparent tradeoff has been described between adaptation to high temperature and low pH; relatively few examples are known that are tolerant of the extremes of both environments (pH < 2, growth temperature > 80°C).[1]:602 Many thermoacidophilic archaea have aerobic or microaerophilic metabolism,[1]:602 although obligately anaerobic examples (e.g. the Acidilobales) have also been identified.[5] +Sequencing the genome of a thermoacidophilic eukaryote, the red algae Galdieria sulphuraria, revealed that its environmental adaptations likely originated from horizontal gene transfer from thermoacidophilic archaea and bacteria.[1] +Qiao Zhenyu (simplified Chinese: 乔振宇; traditional Chinese: 喬振宇; pinyin: Qiáo Zhènyǔ, born 1 November 1978) is a Chinese actor who is a graduate of the Beijing Dance Academy. +Film +Year English title Chinese title Role Notes 2000 Soaring Dragon Leaping Tiger 龙腾虎跃 Qiao Zhenyu 2005 In Love with Trouble 爱上麻烦 Cheng Mingzhi 2006 Stand in Love 不完全恋人 Li Xiang Cameo 2007 Forever Fireworks 烟花恋人 Yongjian [16] 2009 The King of Waist Drum 鼓王 Tan Gaohu [17] 2010 Confucius 孔子 Kong Li [18] 山生 Zhao Yahui Cameo Love In Disguise 恋爱通告 Mu Fan [19] 2012 Desperate Speech 亡命演说 Su Shaoyang/Zhang Shuhen television film[20] Back to 1942 一九四二 Secretary Han [21] 2014 To Love Somebody 求爱嫁期 Huang Zihong [22] 2015 The Spirit of the Swords 情劍 Fang Baoyu cut version of the series The Spirit of the Sword (2007) Bad Guys Always Die 坏蛋必须死 San'er [23] 2019 The Big Shot 大人物 [24] +External links +The monk, a native of Thaton Kingdom, was the religious adviser to four Pagan kings from Anawrahta to Alaungsithu. He is credited with converting Anawrahta to Theravada Buddhism, and overseeing the subsequent reformation of the Buddhist school throughout the kingdom.[2]:149,156,166 However, evidence strongly suggests that the Theravada Buddhism of Shin Arahan and early Pagan was one strongly influenced by Hinduism as compared to later more orthodox standards. Within 75 years of Shin Arahan's death, the Buddhism of Pagan would be realigned with the Mahavihara school of Ceylon although his Conjeveram-Thaton school lasted 200 more years before finally dying out. +Nonetheless, his conversion of Anawrahta is viewed as a key turning point in the history of Theravada Buddhism. The powerful king's embrace greatly helped stabilize the Buddhist school, which had hitherto been in retreat elsewhere in South and Southeast Asia. The success of Pagan Empire made the Buddhist school's later spread in mainland Southeast Asia in the 13th and 14th centuries possible. +Historians contend that even the reformed religion of Shin Arahan, Anawrahta and other Pagan kings was one still strongly influenced by Hinduism when compared to later more orthodox (18th and 19th century) standards. Tantric, Saivite, and Vaishnava elements enjoyed greater elite influence than they would later do, reflecting both the relative immaturity of early Burmese literacy culture and its indiscriminate receptivity to non-Burman traditions. Indeed, even today's Burmese Buddhism contains many animist, Mahayana Buddhist and Hindu elements.[1] They also question Shin Arahan's contribution to the reformation (purification) of the religion, raising doubt that the Buddhism of Thaton was more rigid than that in Pagan.[2] +References +The story of Shin Arahan first appeared in the chronicle Maha Yazawin of 1724, and was repeated in the chronicle Hmannan Yazawin of 1832. Although some modern historians have vigorously questioned the accuracy of the story,[3][4] most historians continue to accept the story as a genuine artifact of Burmese tradition.[5] +Ground transportation +In 2015, the government of Zambia began a three-year, US$360 million expansion and improvement of the airport, with funds borrowed from the Exim Bank of China.[13] The work, contracted to China Jiangxi International, involves construction of a new "two-storey terminal building, 22 check-in counters, 12 border channels and six security check counters; a presidential terminal, a new air traffic control building and tower and a new hotel".[13] The new terminal was expected to open in 2019.[14] Construction was substantially complete by late January 2020.[15] +Kenneth Kaunda International Airport (IATA: LUN, ICAO: FLKK) is an international airport in Lusaka, Zambia. It was officially known as the Lusaka International Airport before being renamed in 2011 in honour of Kenneth Kaunda, the nation's first president. The airport has a capacity of two million passengers per year. +Location +The airport is located in Chongwe District, off the Great East Road, approximately 26 kilometres (16 mi) northeast of the city centre of Lusaka, the capital and largest city of Zambia.[4] +Passenger +Cargo +Hygge (/ˈh(j)uːɡə/; Danish: [ˈhykə]; Norwegian: [ˈhŷɡːə]) is a Danish and Norwegian word for a mood of coziness and comfortable conviviality with feelings of wellness and contentment. As a cultural category with its sets of associated practices hygge has more or less the same meanings in Danish and Norwegian, but the notion is more central in Denmark than in Norway.[1] The emphasis on hygge as a core part of Danish culture is a recent phenomenon, dating to the late 20th century. +Collins English Dictionary named hygge the runner-up (after "Brexit") as word of the year in the UK in 2016.[1] This followed a period during which several books focusing on hygge had been marketed in the UK,[10] such as The Little Book of Hygge by Meik Wiking,[11] Hygge: The Danish Art of Happiness by Marie Tourell Søderberg,[12] and The Book of Hygge: The Danish Art of Living Well by Louisa Thomsen Brits.[13] +The concept of Hygge gained popularity with an international audience in late 2017, resulting in an increase of online searches and the rise of the hashtag Hygge on Instagram. [14] +See also +The word hygge comes from a Danish word meaning "to give courage, comfort, joy".[2] Hygge stems from hyggja which means to think in Old Norse.[2] Hygge is built from the Old Norse word hugr which later became the hug which means the soul, mind, consciousness.[3] +Hug comes from the 1560s word hugge, which means "to embrace". The word hugge is of unknown origin but is highly associated with an Old Norse term, hygga, which means "to comfort", which comes from the word hugr, meaning "mood". In turn, the word comes from the Germanic word hugyan, which is a cognate of the Old English hycgan, meaning "to think, consider".[4] +It first appeared in Danish writing in the 19th century and has since evolved into the cultural idea known in Denmark and Norway today.[5] While hygge has exactly the same meaning in Norwegian as in Danish and is a widely used word in both Norway and Denmark (including in its derived forms, such as hyggelig), the emphasis specifically on "hygge" as an important part of their cultural identity is mostly a recent Danish phenomenon; in Norway "hygge" is just a word, similar in status to "cozy" in English-speaking countries. +Use +In both Danish and Norwegian, hygge refers to "a form of everyday togetherness", "a pleasant and highly valued everyday experience of safety, equality, personal wholeness and a spontaneous social flow".[6] +The noun hygge includes something nice, cozy, safe and known, referring to a psychological state.[7] The Happiness Research Institute in Copenhagen has studied the positive effect of “hygge” on Danish society.[8] +Collins English Dictionary defines the word as "a concept, originating in Denmark, of creating cosy and convivial atmospheres that promote wellbeing."[9] +Khanom thuai, or khanom thuai talai (Thai: ขนมถ้วย, ขนมถ้วยตะไล, Thai pronunciation: [kʰā.nǒm tʰûaj tā.lāj]), is a Thai dessert made from rice flour, coconut milk and sugar.[1] Its name is derived from the small ceramic cups in which the dessert is cooked and distinctively served, which are called thuai talai ("talai" bowls). Ingredients may also include salt, eggs and pandan essence. +Coconut pudding List of Thai desserts Serabi +The atmospheric conditions have been significantly altered from the original conditions by the presence of life-forms,[8] which create an ecological balance that stabilizes the surface conditions. Despite the wide regional variations in climate by latitude and other geographic factors, the long-term average global climate is quite stable during interglacial periods,[9] and variations of a degree or two of average global temperature have historically had major effects on the ecological balance, and on the actual geography of the Earth.[10][11] +That nature has been depicted and celebrated by so much art, photography, poetry, and other literature shows the strength with which many people associate nature and beauty. Reasons why this association exists, and what the association consists of, are studied by the branch of philosophy called aesthetics. Beyond certain basic characteristics that many philosophers agree about to explain what is seen as beautiful, the opinions are virtually endless.[78] Nature and wildness have been important subjects in various eras of world history. +An early tradition of landscape art began in China during the Tang Dynasty (618–907). The tradition of representing nature as it is became one of the aims of Chinese painting and was a significant influence in Asian art. +Increasingly the valuing of nature became an aspect of Western culture.[79] This artistic movement also coincided with the Transcendentalist movement in the Western world. A common classical idea of beautiful art involves the word mimesis, the imitation of nature. Also in the realm of ideas about beauty in nature is that the perfect is implied through perfect mathematical forms and more generally by patterns in nature. +Some fields of science see nature as matter in motion, obeying certain laws of nature which science seeks to understand. For this reason the most fundamental science is generally understood to be "physics"—the name for which is still recognizable as meaning that it is the "study of nature". +It constitutes the observable universe. The visible components of the universe are now believed to compose only 4.9 percent of the total mass. The remainder is believed to consist of 26.8 percent cold dark matter and 68.3 percent dark energy.[81] The exact arrangement of these components is still unknown and is under intensive investigation by physicists. +The behaviour of matter and energy throughout the observable universe appears to follow well-defined physical laws. These laws have been employed to produce cosmological models that successfully explain the structure and the evolution of the universe we can observe. The mathematical expressions of the laws of physics employ a set of twenty physical constants[82] that appear to be static across the observable universe.[83] The values of these constants have been carefully measured, but the reason for their specific values remains a mystery. +Beyond Earth +Geology +Planets of the Solar System (Sizes to scale, distances and illumination not to scale) +NGC 4414 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices about 56,000 light-years in diameter and approximately 60 million light-years from Earth +Outer space is used to distinguish it from airspace (and terrestrial locations). There is no discrete boundary between Earth's atmosphere and space, as the atmosphere gradually attenuates with increasing altitude. Outer space within the Solar System is called interplanetary space, which passes over into interstellar space at what is known as the heliopause. +Outer space is sparsely filled with several dozen types of organic molecules discovered to date by microwave spectroscopy, blackbody radiation left over from the Big Bang and the origin of the universe, and cosmic rays, which include ionized atomic nuclei and various subatomic particles. There is also some gas, plasma and dust, and small meteors. Additionally, there are signs of human life in outer space today, such as material left over from previous manned and unmanned launches which are a potential hazard to spacecraft. +Although Earth is the only body within the solar system known to support life, evidence suggests that in the distant past the planet Mars possessed bodies of liquid water on the surface.[84] For a brief period in Mars' history, it may have also been capable of forming life. At present though, most of the water remaining on Mars is frozen. If life exists at all on Mars, it is most likely to be located underground where liquid water can still exist.[85] +Conditions on the other terrestrial planets, Mercury and Venus, appear to be too harsh to support life as we know it. But it has been conjectured that Europa, the fourth-largest moon of Jupiter, may possess a sub-surface ocean of liquid water and could potentially host life.[86] +Astronomers have started to discover extrasolar Earth analogs – planets that lie in the habitable zone of space surrounding a star, and therefore could possibly host life as we know it.[87] +See also +Geology is the science and study of the solid and liquid matter that constitutes the earth. The field of geology encompasses the study of the composition, structure, physical properties, dynamics, and history of Earth materials, and the processes by which they are formed, moved, and changed. The field is a major academic discipline, and is also important for mineral and hydrocarbon extraction, knowledge about and mitigation of natural hazards, some Geotechnical engineering fields, and understanding past climates and environments. +Notes and references +Further reading +Geological evolution +Three types of geological plate tectonic boundaries +The geology of an area evolves through time as rock units are deposited and inserted and deformational processes change their shapes and locations. +Rock units are first emplaced either by deposition onto the surface or intrude into the overlying rock. Deposition can occur when sediments settle onto the surface of the Earth and later lithify into sedimentary rock, or when as volcanic material such as volcanic ash or lava flows, blanket the surface. Igneous intrusions such as batholiths, laccoliths, dikes, and sills, push upwards into the overlying rock, and crystallize as they intrude. +After the initial sequence of rocks has been deposited, the rock units can be deformed and/or metamorphosed. Deformation typically occurs as a result of horizontal shortening, horizontal extension, or side-to-side (strike-slip) motion. These structural regimes broadly relate to convergent boundaries, divergent boundaries, and transform boundaries, respectively, between tectonic plates. +Historical perspective +An animation showing the movement of the continents from the separation of Pangaea until the present day +"Nature" can refer to the phenomena of the physical world, and also to life in general. The study of nature is a large, if not the only, part of science. Although humans are part of nature, human activity is often understood as a separate category from other natural phenomena.[1] +Initially molten, the outer layer of the Earth cooled, resulting in the solid crust. Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere. Condensing water vapor, most or all of which came from ice delivered by comets, produced the oceans and other water sources.[13] The highly energetic chemistry is believed to have produced a self-replicating molecule around 4 billion years ago.[14] +Plankton inhabit oceans, seas and lakes, and have existed in various forms for at least 2 billion years[15] +Continents formed, then broke up and reformed as the surface of Earth reshaped over hundreds of millions of years, occasionally combining to make a supercontinent. Roughly 750 million years ago, the earliest known supercontinent Rodinia, began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form Pannotia which broke apart about 540 million years ago, then finally Pangaea, which broke apart about 180 million years ago.[16] +During the Neoproterozoic era, freezing temperatures covered much of the Earth in glaciers and ice sheets. This hypothesis has been termed the "Snowball Earth", and it is of particular interest as it precedes the Cambrian explosion in which multicellular life forms began to proliferate about 530–540 million years ago.[17] +Since the Cambrian explosion there have been five distinctly identifiable mass extinctions.[18] The last mass extinction occurred some 66 million years ago, when a meteorite collision probably triggered the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs and other large reptiles, but spared small animals such as mammals. Over the past 66 million years, mammalian life diversified.[19] +Several million years ago, a species of small African ape gained the ability to stand upright.[1] The subsequent advent of human life, and the development of agriculture and further civilization allowed humans to affect the Earth more rapidly than any previous life form, affecting both the nature and quantity of other organisms as well as global climate. By comparison, the Great Oxygenation Event, produced by the proliferation of algae during the Siderian period, required about 300 million years to culminate. +The present era is classified as part of a mass extinction event, the Holocene extinction event, the fastest ever to have occurred.[20][21] Some, such as E. O. Wilson of Harvard University, predict that human destruction of the biosphere could cause the extinction of one-half of all species in the next 100 years.[22] The extent of the current extinction event is still being researched, debated and calculated by biologists.[23][24][25] +Atmosphere, climate, and weather +Blue light is scattered more than other wavelengths by the gases in the atmosphere, giving the Earth a blue halo when seen from space +The word nature is derived from the Latin word natura, or "essential qualities, innate disposition", and in ancient times, literally meant "birth".[2] In ancient philosophy, Natura is mostly used as the Latin translation of the Greek word physis (φύσις), which originally related to the intrinsic characteristics that plants, animals, and other features of the world develop of their own accord.[3][4] The concept of nature as a whole, the physical universe, is one of several expansions of the original notion;[1] it began with certain core applications of the word φύσις by pre-Socratic philosophers (though this word had a dynamic dimension then, especially for Heraclitus), and has steadily gained currency ever since. During the advent of modern scientific method in the last several centuries, nature became the passive reality, organized and moved by divine laws.[5][6] With the Industrial revolution, nature increasingly became seen as the part of reality deprived from intentional intervention : it was hence considered as sacred by some traditions (Rousseau, American transcendentalism) or a mere decorum for divine providence or human history (Hegel, Marx). However, a vitalist vision of nature, closer to the presocratic one, got reborn at the same time, especially after Charles Darwin.[1] +The ozone layer plays an important role in depleting the amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation that reaches the surface. As DNA is readily damaged by UV light, this serves to protect life at the surface. The atmosphere also retains heat during the night, thereby reducing the daily temperature extremes. +Terrestrial weather occurs almost exclusively in the lower part of the atmosphere, and serves as a convective system for redistributing heat.[26] Ocean currents are another important factor in determining climate, particularly the major underwater thermohaline circulation which distributes heat energy from the equatorial oceans to the polar regions. These currents help to moderate the differences in temperature between winter and summer in the temperate zones. Also, without the redistributions of heat energy by the ocean currents and atmosphere, the tropics would be much hotter, and the polar regions much colder. +Lightning +Weather can have both beneficial and harmful effects. Extremes in weather, such as tornadoes or hurricanes and cyclones, can expend large amounts of energy along their paths, and produce devastation. Surface vegetation has evolved a dependence on the seasonal variation of the weather, and sudden changes lasting only a few years can have a dramatic effect, both on the vegetation and on the animals which depend on its growth for their food. +Climate is a measure of the long-term trends in the weather. Various factors are known to influence the climate, including ocean currents, surface albedo, greenhouse gases, variations in the solar luminosity, and changes to the Earth's orbit. Based on historical records, the Earth is known to have undergone drastic climate changes in the past, including ice ages. +A tornado in central Oklahoma +There are a number of such regions, ranging from the tropical climate at the equator to the polar climate in the northern and southern extremes. Weather is also influenced by the seasons, which result from the Earth's axis being tilted relative to its orbital plane. Thus, at any given time during the summer or winter, one part of the Earth is more directly exposed to the rays of the sun. +Weather is a chaotic system that is readily modified by small changes to the environment, so accurate weather forecasting is limited to only a few days.[27] Overall, two things are happening worldwide: (1) temperature is increasing on the average; and (2) regional climates have been undergoing noticeable changes.[28] +Water on the Earth +The Iguazu Falls on the border between Brazil and Argentina +It is often taken to mean the "natural environment" or wilderness—wild animals, rocks, forest, and in general those things that have not been substantially altered by human intervention, or which persist despite human intervention. For example, manufactured objects and human interaction generally are not considered part of nature, unless qualified as, for example, "human nature" or "the whole of nature". This more traditional concept of natural things that can still be found today implies a distinction between the natural and the artificial, with the artificial being understood as that which has been brought into being by a human consciousness or a human mind. +Water is a chemical substance that is composed of hydrogen and oxygen (H2O) and is vital for all known forms of life.[29] In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or state, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor, or steam. Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface.[30] On Earth, it is found mostly in oceans and other large bodies of water, with 1.6% of water below ground in aquifers and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds, and precipitation.[31][32] Oceans hold 97% of surface water, glaciers, and polar ice caps 2.4%, and other land surface water such as rivers, lakes, and ponds 0.6%. Additionally, a minute amount of the Earth's water is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products. +A view of the Atlantic Ocean from Leblon, Rio de Janeiro +More than half of this area is over 3,000 meters (9,800 feet) deep. Average oceanic salinity is around 35 parts per thousand (ppt) (3.5%), and nearly all seawater has a salinity in the range of 30 to 38 ppt. Though generally recognized as several 'separate' oceans, these waters comprise one global, interconnected body of salt water often referred to as the World Ocean or global ocean.[33][34] This concept of a global ocean as a continuous body of water with relatively free interchange among its parts is of fundamental importance to oceanography.[35] +The major oceanic divisions are defined in part by the continents, various archipelagos, and other criteria: these divisions are (in descending order of size) the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean. Smaller regions of the oceans are called seas, gulfs, bays and other names. There are also salt lakes, which are smaller bodies of landlocked saltwater that are not interconnected with the World Ocean. +A lake (from Latin word lacus) is a terrain feature (or physical feature), a body of liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the bottom of basin (another type of landform or terrain feature; that is, it is not global) and moves slowly if it moves at all. On Earth, a body of water is considered a lake when it is inland, not part of the ocean, is larger and deeper than a pond, and is fed by a river.[36][37] The only world other than Earth known to harbor lakes is Titan, Saturn's largest moon, which has lakes of ethane, most likely mixed with methane. It is not known if Titan's lakes are fed by rivers, though Titan's surface is carved by numerous river beds. +Ponds +A wide variety of man-made bodies of water are classified as ponds, including water gardens designed for aesthetic ornamentation, fish ponds designed for commercial fish breeding, and solar ponds designed to store thermal energy. Ponds and lakes are distinguished from streams via current speed. While currents in streams are easily observed, ponds and lakes possess thermally driven micro-currents and moderate wind driven currents. +The Nile river in Cairo, Egypt's capital city +Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location; one example is Burn in Scotland and North-east England. Sometimes a river is said to be larger than a creek, but this is not always the case, due to vagueness in the language.[39] A river is part of the hydrological cycle. Water within a river is generally collected from precipitation through surface runoff, groundwater recharge, springs, and the release of stored water in natural ice and snowpacks (i.e., from glaciers). +Streams +A rocky stream in Hawaii +The biological habitat in the immediate vicinity of a stream is called a riparian zone. Given the status of the ongoing Holocene extinction, streams play an important corridor role in connecting fragmented habitats and thus in conserving biodiversity. The study of streams and waterways in general involves many branches of inter-disciplinary natural science and engineering, including hydrology, fluvial geomorphology, aquatic ecology, fish biology, riparian ecology, and others. +Loch Lomond in Scotland forms a relatively isolated ecosystem. The fish community of this lake has remained unchanged over a very long period of time.[40] +Lush green Aravalli Mountain Range in the Desert country – Rajasthan, India. A wonder how such greenery can exist in hot Rajasthan, a place well known for its Thar Desert +An aerial view of a human ecosystem. Pictured is the city of Chicago +Ecosystems are composed of a variety of biotic and abiotic components that function in an interrelated way.[41] The structure and composition is determined by various environmental factors that are interrelated. Variations of these factors will initiate dynamic modifications to the ecosystem. Some of the more important components are soil, atmosphere, radiation from the sun, water, and living organisms. +Peñas Blancas, part of the Bosawás Biosphere Reserve. Located northeast of the city of Jinotega in Northeastern Nicaragua +Central to the ecosystem concept is the idea that living organisms interact with every other element in their local environment. Eugene Odum, a founder of ecology, stated: "Any unit that includes all of the organisms (ie: the "community") in a given area interacting with the physical environment so that a flow of energy leads to clearly defined trophic structure, biotic diversity, and material cycles (i.e.: exchange of materials between living and nonliving parts) within the system is an ecosystem."[42] Within the ecosystem, species are connected and dependent upon one another in the food chain, and exchange energy and matter between themselves as well as with their environment.[43] The human ecosystem concept is based on the human/nature dichotomy and the idea that all species are ecologically dependent on each other, as well as with the abiotic constituents of their biotope.[44] +A smaller unit of size is called a microecosystem. For example, a microsystem can be a stone and all the life under it. A macroecosystem might involve a whole ecoregion, with its drainage basin.[45] +Wilderness +Old growth European Beech forest in Biogradska Gora National Park, Montenegro +Wilderness areas can be found in preserves, estates, farms, conservation preserves, ranches, national forests, national parks, and even in urban areas along rivers, gulches, or otherwise undeveloped areas. Wilderness areas and protected parks are considered important for the survival of certain species, ecological studies, conservation, and solitude. Some nature writers believe wilderness areas are vital for the human spirit and creativity,[46] and some ecologists consider wilderness areas to be an integral part of the Earth's self-sustaining natural ecosystem (the biosphere). +Life +View of the Earth, taken in 1972 by the crew of Apollo 17 +Although there is no universal agreement on the definition of life, scientists generally accept that the biological manifestation of life is characterized by organization, metabolism, growth, adaptation, response to stimuli, and reproduction.[47] Life may also be said to be simply the characteristic state of organisms. +Properties common to terrestrial organisms (plants, animals, fungi, protists, archaea, and bacteria) are that they are cellular, carbon-and-water-based with complex organization, having a metabolism, a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli, and reproduce. An entity with these properties is generally considered life. However, not every definition of life considers all of these properties to be essential. +The biosphere is the part of Earth's outer shell—including land, surface rocks, water, air and the atmosphere—within which life occurs, and which biotic processes in turn alter or transform. From the broadest geophysiological point of view, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere (rocks), hydrosphere (water), and atmosphere (air). The entire Earth contains over 75 billion tons (150 trillion pounds or about 6.8×1013 kilograms) of biomass (life), which lives within various environments within the biosphere.[48] +Over nine-tenths of the total biomass on Earth is plant life, on which animal life depends very heavily for its existence.[49] More than 2 million species of plant and animal life have been identified to date,[50] and estimates of the actual number of existing species range from several million to well over 50 million.[51][52][53] The number of individual species of life is constantly in some degree of flux, with new species appearing and others ceasing to exist on a continual basis.[54][55] The total number of species is in rapid decline.[56][57][58] +Evolution +An area of the Amazon Rainforest shared between Colombia and Brazil. The tropical rainforests of South America contain the largest diversity of species on Earth[59][60] +The origin of life on Earth is not well understood, but it is known to have occurred at least 3.5 billion years ago,[61][62][63] during the hadean or archean eons on a primordial Earth that had a substantially different environment than is found at present.[64] These life forms possessed the basic traits of self-replication and inheritable traits. Once life had appeared, the process of evolution by natural selection resulted in the development of ever-more diverse life forms. +Species that were unable to adapt to the changing environment and competition from other life forms became extinct. However, the fossil record retains evidence of many of these older species. Current fossil and DNA evidence shows that all existing species can trace a continual ancestry back to the first primitive life forms.[1] +When basic forms of plant life developed the process of photosynthesis the sun's energy could be harvested to create conditions which allowed for more complex life forms.[65] The resultant oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere and gave rise to the ozone layer. The incorporation of smaller cells within larger ones resulted in the development of yet more complex cells called eukaryotes.[66] Cells within colonies became increasingly specialized, resulting in true multicellular organisms. With the ozone layer absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation, life colonized the surface of Earth. +Earth is the only planet known to support life, and its natural features are the subject of many fields of scientific research. Within the solar system, it is third closest to the sun; it is the largest terrestrial planet and the fifth largest overall. Its most prominent climatic features are its two large polar regions, two relatively narrow temperate zones, and a wide equatorial tropical to subtropical region.[7] Precipitation varies widely with location, from several metres of water per year to less than a millimetre. +Microbes +A microscopic mite Lorryia formosa +The first form of life to develop on the Earth were microbes, and they remained the only form of life until about a billion years ago when multi-cellular organisms began to appear.[67] Microorganisms are single-celled organisms that are generally microscopic, and smaller than the human eye can see. They include Bacteria, Fungi, Archaea, and Protista. +These life forms are found in almost every location on the Earth where there is liquid water, including in the Earth's interior.[68] Their reproduction is both rapid and profuse. The combination of a high mutation rate and a horizontal gene transfer[69] ability makes them highly adaptable, and able to survive in new environments, including outer space.[70] They form an essential part of the planetary ecosystem. However, some microorganisms are pathogenic and can post health risk to other organisms. +A selection of diverse plant species +A selection of diverse animal species +Originally Aristotle divided all living things between plants, which generally do not move fast enough for humans to notice, and animals. In Linnaeus' system, these became the kingdoms Vegetabilia (later Plantae) and Animalia. Since then, it has become clear that the Plantae as originally defined included several unrelated groups, and the fungi and several groups of algae were removed to new kingdoms. +Regional floras commonly are divided into categories such as native flora and agricultural and garden flora, the lastly mentioned of which are intentionally grown and cultivated. Some types of "native flora" actually have been introduced centuries ago by people migrating from one region or continent to another, and become an integral part of the native, or natural flora of the place to which they were introduced. This is an example of how human interaction with nature can blur the boundary of what is considered nature. +The interior remains active, with a thick layer of plastic mantle and an iron-filled core that generates a magnetic field. This iron core is composed of a solid inner phase, and a fluid outer phase. Convective motion in the core generates electric currents through dynamo action, and these, in turn, generate the geomagnetic field. +Another category of plant has historically been carved out for weeds. Though the term has fallen into disfavor among botanists as a formal way to categorize "useless" plants, the informal use of the word "weeds" to describe those plants that are deemed worthy of elimination is illustrative of the general tendency of people and societies to seek to alter or shape the course of nature. Similarly, animals are often categorized in ways such as domestic, farm animals, wild animals, pests, etc. according to their relationship to human life. +Animals as a category have several characteristics that generally set them apart from other living things. Animals are eukaryotic and usually multicellular (although see Myxozoa), which separates them from bacteria, archaea, and most protists. They are heterotrophic, generally digesting food in an internal chamber, which separates them from plants and algae. +There is also typically an internal digestive chamber. The eukaryotic cells possessed by all animals are surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins. This may be calcified to form structures like shells, bones, and spicules, a framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganized during development and maturation, and which supports the complex anatomy required for mobility. +Human interrelationship +Although humans comprise only a minuscule proportion of the total living biomass on Earth, the human effect on nature is disproportionately large. Because of the extent of human influence, the boundaries between what humans regard as nature and "made environments" is not clear cut except at the extremes. Even at the extremes, the amount of natural environment that is free of discernible human influence is diminishing at an increasingly rapid pace. +The development of technology by the human race has allowed the greater exploitation of natural resources and has helped to alleviate some of the risk from natural hazards. In spite of this progress, however, the fate of human civilization remains closely linked to changes in the environment. There exists a highly complex feedback loop between the use of advanced technology and changes to the environment that are only slowly becoming understood.[73] Man-made threats to the Earth's natural environment include pollution, deforestation, and disasters such as oil spills. +The acquisition of natural resources for industrial use remains a sizable component of the world's economic system.[74][75] Some activities, such as hunting and fishing, are used for both sustenance and leisure, often by different people. Agriculture was first adopted around the 9th millennium BCE. Ranging from food production to energy, nature influences economic wealth. +Although early humans gathered uncultivated plant materials for food and employed the medicinal properties of vegetation for healing,[76] most modern human use of plants is through agriculture. The clearance of large tracts of land for crop growth has led to a significant reduction in the amount available of forestation and wetlands, resulting in the loss of habitat for many plant and animal species as well as increased erosion.[77] +The tögrög or tugrik (Mongolian Cyrillic: төгрөг, Mongolian script: ᠲᠥᠭᠥᠷᠢᠭ, transcription: tögrög; sign: ₮; code: MNT) is the official currency of Mongolia. It was historically subdivided into 100 möngö (мөнгө). Currently, the lowest denomination in regular use is the 10-tögrög note and the highest is the 20,000-tögrög note. +In 2010, the tögrög rose 15% against the dollar, due to the growth of the mining industry in Mongolia.[1] However, its exchange rate eroded by 24% from early 2013 to June 2014 due to falling foreign investment and mining revenue.[2] +The tenge (/tɛŋˈɡeɪ/; Kazakh: теңге, teńge, Kazakh pronunciation: [tʲɘŋˈgʲɘ]; Russian: тенге́, Russian pronunciation: [tʲɪn⁽ʲ⁾ˈɡʲe]; sign: ₸ ; code: KZT) is the currency of Kazakhstan. It is divided into 100 tıyn (тиын, also transliterated as tiyin or tijin). The ISO-4217 code is KZT. +The new symbol for the Kazakhstani tenge. +On March 20, 2007, two days before the Nauryz holiday, the National Bank of Kazakhstan approved a graphical symbol for the Tenge: ₸. On March 29, 2007, the Bank announced two designers from Almaty, Vadim Davydenko and Sanzhar Amirkhanov, as winners for the creation of the symbol of the Kazakhstan Tenge. They shared a prize of 1,000,000 tenge and the title of "parents" of the Kazakhstan Tenge symbol.[5] The character was proposed for encoding in Unicode in 2008, and was included in Unicode 5.2.0 (August 2009) at code point U+20B8.[6] +After the collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991, attempts were made by most republics to maintain a common currency. +Some politicians were hoping to at least maintain "special relations" among former Soviet republics, or the "near abroad". Other reasons were the economic considerations for maintaining the ruble zone. The wish to preserve strong trade relations between former Soviet republics was considered the most important goal.[2] +The break-up of the Soviet Union was not accompanied by any formal changes in monetary arrangements. The Central Bank of Russia was authorised to take over the State Bank of the USSR (Gosbank) on 1 January 1992. +It continued to ship USSR ruble notes and coins to the central banks of the eleven newly independent countries, which had formerly been the main branches of Gosbank in the republics. +The political situation, however, was not favorable for maintaining a common currency.[1] Maintaining a common currency requires a strong political consensus in respect to monetary and fiscal targets, a common institution in charge of implementing these targets, and some minimum of common legislation (concerning the banking and foreign exchange regulations). These conditions were far from being met amidst the turbulent economic and political situation. +During the first half of 1992, a monetary union with 15 independent states all using the ruble existed. +Since it was clear that the situation would not last, each of them was using its position as "free-riders" to issue huge amounts of money in the form of credit.[3] As a result, some countries were issuing coupons in order to "protect" their markets from buyers from other states. The Russian central bank responded in July 1992 by setting up restrictions to the flow of credit between Russia and other states. The final collapse of the ruble zone began when Russia pulled out with the exchange of banknotes by the Central bank of Russia on Russian territory at the end of July 1993. +As a result, Kazakhstan and other countries still in the ruble zone were "pushed out".[1] On November 12, 1993, a decree of the President of Kazakhstan, "About introducing national currency of Republic of Kazakhstan", was issued. +The tenge was introduced on 15 November 1993 to replace the Soviet ruble at a rate of 1 tenge = 500 rubles. In 1991 a "special group" of designers was created: Mendybay Alin, Timur Suleymenov, Asimsaly Duzelkhanov and Khayrulla Gabzhalilov. +As such, November 15 is celebrated as the "Day of National Currency of Republic of Kazakhstan". In 1995, a tenge printing factory was opened in Kazakhstan. +The first consignment of tenge was printed overseas, in the United Kingdom. The first coins were minted in Germany. In February 2019, Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev signed a bill into law that will remove all Russian captions from future tenge banknotes and coins, as it is not an official language of Kazakhstan.[4] +See also +Economy of Kazakhstan +The word tenge in the Kazakh and most other Turkic languages means a set of scales (cf the old Uzbek tenga or the Tajik borrowed term tanga). The origin of the word is the Turkic teŋ- which means being equal, balance. The name of this currency is thus similar to the pound, lira, peso, taka, and shekel. +The Soviet atomic bomb project[1] (Russian: Советский проект атомной бомбы, Sovetskiy proyekt atomnoy bomby) was the classified research and development program that was authorized by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union to develop nuclear weapons during World War II.[2][3] +Although the Soviet scientific community discussed the possibility of an atomic bomb throughout the 1930s,[4][5] going as far as making a concrete proposal to develop such a weapon in 1940,[6][7][8] the full-scale program wasn't initiated until World War II. +Because of the conspicuous silence of the scientific publications on the subject of nuclear fission by German, American, and British scientists, Russian physicist Georgy Flyorov suspected that the Allied powers had secretly been developing a "superweapon"[1] since 1939. +Flyorov wrote a letter to Stalin urging him to start this program in 1942.[9]:78–79 Initial efforts were slowed due to the German invasion of the Soviet Union and remained largely composed of the intelligence knowledge gained from the Soviet spy rings working in the U.S. Manhattan Project.[3] +After Stalin learned of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the program was pursued aggressively and accelerated through effective intelligence gathering about the German nuclear weapon project and the American Manhattan Project.[10] The Soviet efforts also rounded up captured German scientists to join their program, and relied on knowledge passed by spies to Soviet intelligence agencies.[11]:242–243 +On 29 August 1949, the Soviet Union secretly conducted its first successful weapon test (First Lightning, based on the American "Fat Man" design) at the Semipalatinsk Test Site in Kazakhstan.[1] +The Acropolis of Athens is an ancient citadel located on a rocky outcrop above the city of Athens and contains the remains of several ancient buildings of great architectural and historic significance, the most famous being the Parthenon. The word acropolis is from the Greek words ἄκρον (akron, "highest point, extremity") and πόλις (polis, "city").[1] Although the term acropolis is generic and there are many other acropoleis in Greece, the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it is commonly known as "The Acropolis" without qualification. During ancient times it was known also more properly as Cecropia, after the legendary serpent-man, Cecrops, the supposed first Athenian king. +While there is evidence that the hill was inhabited as far back as the fourth millennium BC, it was Pericles (c. 495–429 BC) in the fifth century BC who coordinated the construction of the site's most important present remains including the Parthenon, the Propylaea, the Erechtheion and the Temple of Athena Nike.[2][3] The Parthenon and the other buildings were seriously damaged during the 1687 siege by the Venetians during the Morean War when gunpowder being stored in the Parthenon was hit by a cannonball and exploded.[4] +Noto is a font family comprising over 100 individual fonts, which are together designed to cover all the scripts encoded in the Unicode standard. As of October 2016[update], Noto fonts cover all 93 scripts defined in Unicode version 6.0 (released 2010), although fewer than 30,000 of the nearly 75,000 CJK unified ideographs in version 6.0 are covered. In total Noto fonts cover nearly 64,000 characters, which is under half of the 137,439 characters defined in Unicode 11.0 (released in June 2018). +The Noto family is designed with the goal of achieving visual harmony (e.g., compatible heights and stroke thicknesses) across multiple languages/scripts. Commissioned by Google, the font is licensed under the SIL Open Font License.[1] Until September 2015, the fonts were under the Apache License 2.0.[2] +External links +Official website noto-fonts, noto-fonts-alpha, noto-cjk, noto-emoji, noto-source – GitHub repositories +When text is rendered by a computer, sometimes there will be characters in the text that cannot be displayed, because no font that supports them is available to the computer. When this occurs, small boxes are shown to represent the characters. In slang those small boxes have sometimes been called "tofu". +Monte Titano ("Mount Titan")[2] is a mountain of the Apennines and the highest peak in San Marino. It stands 739 m (2,425 ft) above sea level[3] and is located immediately to the east of the capital, San Marino. It was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008 under the combined title "San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano". +Inscribed under reference no. 1245 criteria iii, the two together encompass an area of 55 ha with a buffer zone of 167 ha. It encompasses Mount Titano and the other structures such as the fortification towers, walls, gates and bastions, as well as a neo-classical basilica located on it and its slopes forming a small but unique urban conglomerate.[4][5] +Straddled on the ridge of Mount Titano is the city of San Marino of the Republic of San Marino, the history of which dates from the early 4th century. According to the legend related to the Mount and its precincts, a small monastery existed on top of the Mount during the 8th century. The mountainous landscape provides excellent views of its surroundings, and its isolated location ensured the needed seclusion for San Marino to survive as a Republic over the past several centuries.[1][6] +The Rainforests of the Atsinanana is a World Heritage Site that was inscribed in 2007 and consists of 13 specific areas in six national parks in the eastern part of Madagascar: +UNESCO description of the parks. Rainforests of the Atsinanana – World Heritage Site "Africa, Rainforests of the Atsinanana, Madagascar" . UNESCO Organization. +Marojejy National Park Masoala National Park Zahamena National Park Ranomafana National Park Andringitra National Park Andohahela National Park +These relict forests are critically important for maintaining ongoing ecological processes necessary for the survival of Madagascar’s unique biodiversity, which reflects the island’s geological history. Having completed its separation from all other land masses more than 60 million years ago, Madagascar’s plant and animal life evolved in isolation. The rainforests are inscribed for their importance to both ecological and biological processes as well as their biodiversity and the threatened species they support. +External links +The acrosome is an organelle that develops over the anterior half of the head in the spermatozoa (sperm cells) of many animals including humans. It is a cap-like structure derived from the Golgi apparatus. In Eutherian mammals the acrosome contains digestive enzymes (including hyaluronidase and acrosin).[1] These enzymes break down the outer membrane of the ovum,[2] called the zona pellucida, allowing the haploid nucleus in the sperm cell to join with the haploid nucleus in the ovum. +This shedding of the acrosome, or acrosome reaction, can be stimulated in vitro by substances a sperm cell may encounter naturally such as progesterone or follicular fluid, as well as the more commonly used calcium ionophore A23187. This can be done to serve as a positive control when assessing the acrosome reaction of a sperm sample by flow cytometry[3] or fluorescence microscopy. This is usually done after staining with a fluoresceinated lectin such as FITC-PNA, FITC-PSA, FITC-ConA, or fluoresceinated antibody such as FITC-CD46.[4] +In the case of globozoospermia (sperm with round heads), the Golgi apparatus is not transformed into the acrosome, causing male infertility.[5] +It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid. It provides the cell with both structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mechanism.[1] Cell walls are present in most prokaryotes (except mollicute bacteria), in algae, fungi and eukaryotes including plants but are absent in animals. A major function is to act as pressure vessels, preventing over-expansion of the cell when water enters. +A plant cell wall was first observed and named (simply as a "wall") by Robert Hooke in 1665.[3] However, "the dead excrusion product of the living protoplast" was forgotten, for almost three centuries, being the subject of scientific interest mainly as a resource for industrial processing or in relation to animal or human health.[4] +A microbody (or cytosome) is a type of organelle that is found in the cells of plants, protozoa, and animals. Organelles in the microbody family include peroxisomes, glyoxysomes, glycosomes and hydrogenosomes. In vertebrates, microbodies are especially prevalent in the liver and kidney. +Microbodies were first discovered and named in 1954 by Rhodin.[2] Two years later in 1956, Rouiller and Bernhard presented the first worldwide accepted images of microbodies in liver cells.[2] Then in 1965, Christian de Duve and coworkers isolated microbodies from the liver of a rat. De Duve also believed that the name Microbody was too general and chose the name of Peroxisome because of its relationship with hydrogen peroxide.[3] In 1967, Breidenbach and Beevers were the first to isolate microbodies from plants, which they named Glyoxysomes because they were found to contain enzymes of the Glyoxylate cycle. +Notes +Microbodies are different type of bodies present in the cytosol, also known as cytosomes. A microbody is usually a vesicle with a spherical shape, ranging from 0.2-1.5 micrometers in diameter.[1] Microbodies are found in the cytoplasm of a cell, but they are only visible with the use of an electron microscope. They are surrounded by a single phospholipid bilayer membrane and they contain a matrix of intracellular material including enzymes and other proteins, but they do not seem to contain any genetic material to allow them to self-replicate.[1] +Function +Microbodies contain enzymes that participate in the preparatory or intermediate stages of biochemical reactions within the cell. This facilitates the breakdown of fats, alcohols and amino acids. Generally microbodies are involved in detoxification of peroxides and in photo respiration in plants. +A peroxisome is a type of microbody that functions to help the body break down large molecules and detoxify hazardous substances. It contains enzymes like oxidase, react hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct of its enzymatic reactions. Within the peroxisome, hydrogen peroxide can then be converted to water by enzymes like catalase and peroxidase. +Glyoxysomes +Glyoxysomes are specialized peroxisomes found in plants and mold, which help to convert stored lipids into carbohydrates so they can be used for plant growth. In glyoxysomes the fatty acids are hydrolyzed to acetyl-CoA by peroxisomal β-oxidation enzymes. Besides peroxisomal functions, glyoxysomes also possess the key enzymes of the Glyoxylate cycle. +Goryōkaku (五稜郭) is a star fort in the Japanese city of Hakodate on the island of Hokkaido.[1][2] It was the main fortress of the short-lived Republic of Ezo. +Goryōkaku was designed in 1855 by Takeda Ayasaburō. His plan was based on the work of the French architect Vauban.[1] It is shaped like a five-pointed star. This allowed for greater numbers of gun emplacements on its walls than a traditional Japanese fortress, and reduced the number of blind spots where a cannon could not fire. +The fort was built by the Tokugawa shogunate to protect the Tsugaru Strait against a possible invasion by the Russian fleet.[1] +Goryōkaku is famous as the site of the last battle of the Boshin War. The fighting lasted for a week (June 20–27, 1869).[1] +The coloration of the petals and sepals on the Bee orchid is controlled by a specialized organelle in plant cells called a chromoplast. +Chromoplasts are plastids, heterogeneous organelles responsible for pigment synthesis and storage in specific photosynthetic eukaryotes.[1] It is thought that like all other plastids including chloroplasts and leucoplasts they are descended from symbiotic prokaryotes.[2] +The fourth type is a chromoplast which only contains crystals. An electron microscope reveals even more, allowing for the identification of substructures such as globules, crystals, membranes, fibrils and tubules. The substructures found in chromoplasts are not found in the mature plastid that it divided from.[2] +The presence, frequency and identification of substructures using an electron microscope has led to further classification, dividing chromoplasts into five main categories: Globular chromoplasts, crystalline chromoplasts, fibrillar chromoplasts, tubular chromoplasts and membranous chromoplasts.[1] It has also been found that different types of chromoplasts can coexist in the same organ.[2] Some examples of plants in the various categories include mangoes, which have globular chromoplasts, and carrots which have crystalline chromoplasts.[4] +Although some chromoplasts are easily categorized, others have characteristics from multiple categories that make them hard to place. Tomatoes accumulate carotenoids, mainly lycopene crystalloids in membrane-shaped structures, which could place them in either the crystalline or membranous category.[1] +Evolution +Plastids are descendants of cyanobacteria, photosynthetic prokaryotes, which integrated themselves into the eukaryotic ancestor of algae and plants, forming an endosymbiotic relationship. The ancestors of plastids diversified into a variety of plastid types, including chromoplasts.[3] Plastids also possess their own small genome and some have the ability to produce a percentage of their own proteins. +Many plants have evolved symbiotic relationships with a single pollinator. Color can be a very important factor in determining which pollinators visit a flower, as specific colors attract specific pollinators. White flowers tend to attract beetles, bees are most often attracted to violet and blue flowers, and butterflies are often attracted to warmer colors like yellows and oranges.[5] +Research +Chromoplasts are not widely studied and are rarely the main focus of scientific research. They often play a role in research on the tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum). Lycopene is responsible for the red color of a ripe fruit in the cultivated tomato, while the yellow color of the flowers is due to xanthophylls violaxanthin and neoxanthin.[6] +In the chromoplasts of tomato flowers, carotenoid synthesis is regulated by the genes Psyl, Pds, Lcy-b, and Cyc-b. These genes, in addition to others, are responsible for the formation of carotenoids in organs and structures. For example, the Lcy-e gene is highly expressed in leaves, which results in the production of the carotenoid lutein.[1] +They are less desirable in cultivated crops because they have a lower pollination rate. In one study, it was found that chromoplasts are still present in white flowers. The lack of yellow pigment in their petals and anthers is due to a mutation in the CrtR-b2 gene which disrupts the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway.[1] +Function +The new membranes are the site of the formation of carotenoid crystals. These newly synthesized membranes do not come from the thylakoids, but rather from vesicles generated from the inner membrane of the plastid. The most obvious biochemical change would be the downregulation of photosynthetic gene expression which results in the loss of chlorophyll and stops photosynthetic activity.[1] +In oranges, the synthesis of carotenoids and the disappearance of chlorophyll causes the color of the fruit to change from green to yellow. The orange color is often added artificially—light yellow-orange is the natural color created by the actual chromoplasts.[7] +Valencia oranges Citris sinensis L are a cultivated orange grown extensively in the state of Florida. In the winter, Valencia oranges reach their optimum orange-rind color while reverting to a green color in the spring and summer. +While it was originally thought that chromoplasts were the final stage of plastid development, in 1966 it was proved that chromoplasts can revert to chloroplasts, which causes the oranges to turn back to green.[1] +Plastid Chloroplast and etioplast Chromoplast Leucoplast Amyloplast Elaioplast Proteinoplast +Chromoplasts are found in fruits, flowers, roots, and stressed and aging leaves, and are responsible for their distinctive colors. This is always associated with a massive increase in the accumulation of carotenoid pigments. The conversion of chloroplasts to chromoplasts in ripening is a classic example. +They are generally found in mature tissues and are derived from preexisting mature plastids. Fruits and flowers are the most common structures for the biosynthesis of carotenoids, although other reactions occur there as well including the synthesis of sugars, starches, lipids, aromatic compounds, vitamins, and hormones.[1] The DNA in chloroplasts and chromoplasts is identical.[2] One subtle difference in DNA was found after a liquid chromatography analysis of tomato chromoplasts was conducted, revealing increased cytosine methylation.[3] +Chromoplasts synthesize and store pigments such as orange carotene, yellow xanthophylls, and various other red pigments. As such, their color varies depending on what pigment they contain. The main evolutionary purpose of chromoplasts is probably to attract pollinators or eaters of colored fruits, which help disperse seeds. +When leaves change color in the autumn, it is due to the loss of green chlorophyll, which unmasks preexisting carotenoids. In this case, relatively little new carotenoid is produced—the change in plastid pigments associated with leaf senescence is somewhat different from the active conversion to chromoplasts observed in fruit and flowers. +There are some species of flowering plants that contain little to no carotenoids. In such cases, there are plastids present within the petals that closely resemble chromoplasts and are sometimes visually indistinguishable. Anthocyanins and flavonoids located in the cell vacuoles are responsible for other colors of pigment.[1] +The term "chromoplast" is occasionally used to include any plastid that has pigment, mostly to emphasize the difference between them and the various types of leucoplasts, plastids that have no pigments. In this sense, chloroplasts are a specific type of chromoplast. Still, "chromoplast" is more often used to denote plastids with pigments other than chlorophyll. +Structure and classification +The Skopje Fortress (Macedonian: Скопско Кале, romanized: Skopsko Kale; Albanian: Kalaja e Shkupit; Turkish: Üsküp Kalesi), commonly referred to as Kale (from kale, the Turkish word for 'fortress'), is a historic fortress located in the old town of Skopje, the capital of North Macedonia. It is located in Centar municipality[1] and situated on the highest point in the city overlooking the Vardar River. The fortress is depicted on the coat of arms of Skopje, which in turn is incorporated in the city's flag.[2] +The first fortress was built in 6th century AD on a land that was inhabited during the Neolithic and Bronze Ages (roughly 4000 BC onwards). It was constructed with yellow limestone and travertine, along with fragments of Latin inscriptions. Material for the fortress originated from the Roman city of Skupi, which was completely destroyed by an earthquake in 518. +The fortress is thought to have been built during the rule of emperor Justinian I and constructed further during the 10th and 11th centuries over the remains of emperor Justinian's Byzantine fortress which may have been destroyed due to a number of wars and battles in the region. The city was capital of the First Bulgarian Empire between 992 and 1015, and was center of the uprising of the Bulgarian Empire against the Byzantine Empire under the rule of Peter Delyan. Not much is known about the Medieval fortress apart from a few documents which outline minor characteristics in the fortress' appearance. +In 1346 at the Skopje Fortress, Stefan Dušan adopted the title of Emperor at his coronation and he had transferred the capital of Serbian Empire to Skopje.[3][4][5] +In 1660, Evliya Çelebi, a chronicler of the Ottoman Empire, wrote an in-depth account on the appearance of the fortress while traveling through the territories of the Empire: +The fortress was partially destroyed yet again by an earthquake in 1963 but was not reconstructed until recently.[6][when?] +Ancylostoma caninum hookworms in a dog +Hookworms are intestinal, blood-feeding, parasitic roundworms that cause types of infection known as helminthiases. It is a common infection in countries with poor access to adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene. In humans, hookworm infections are caused by two main species of roundworm belonging to the genera Ancylostoma and Necator. +N. americanus is generally smaller than A. duodenale with males usually 5 to 9 mm long and females about 1 cm long. Instead of the two pairs of teeth in A. duodenale, N. americanus has a pair of cutting plates in the buccal capsule. Also the hook is much more defined in Necator americanus.[1] +Hookworm life cycle +The host is infected by the larvae, not by the eggs and the usual route is through the skin. Hookworm larvae need warm, moist soil, above 18 °C in order to hatch. They will die if exposed to direct sunlight or if they become dried out. +Filariform larvae can survive for up to two weeks, they are extremely motile and will move onto higher ground to improve their chances of finding a host. N. americanus larvae can only infect through penetrating skin, but A. duodenale can also infect orally. A common route of passage for the larvae is the skin of barefoot walkers. +Necator americanus can cause a prolonged infection lasting from one to five years with many worms dying in the first year or two. Some worms though have been recorded as living for fifteen years or more. In comparison, Ancyclostoma duodenale worms are short-lived lasting for around six months. +The worms mate inside the host, and the females lay their eggs, to be passed out in the host's feces into the environment to start the cycle again. N. americanus can lay between nine and ten thousand eggs per day, and A. duodenale between twenty-five and thirty thousand per day. Their eggs are indistinguishable. +Worms need five to seven weeks to reach maturity and symptoms of infection can therefore appear before eggs are to be found in the feces, making a diagnosis of hookworm infection difficult. +Species +Infective N. americanus larva +The two most common types of hookworm that infect humans are Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. +Hookworm species that are known to infect domestic cats are Ancylostoma braziliense and Ancylostoma tubaeforme. Wild cats are infected by Ancylostoma pluridentatum. +Dogs are commonly infected by Ancylostoma caninum. +The two common species that infect humans share a similar morphology. A. duodenale worms are pale grey or slightly pink. The head is bent a little in relation to the rest of the body, forming a hook shape – hence the name. +The national anthem of Bolivia (Spanish: Himno Nacional de Bolivia), also known as Bolivianos, el Hado Propicio (transl. +'Bolivians, a most Favorable Destiny') was adopted in 1851. José Ignacio de Sanjinés, a signer of both the Bolivian Declaration of Independence and the first Bolivian Constitution, wrote the lyrics. The music was composed by an Italian, Leopoldo Benedetto Vincenti. +The words of the Bolivian National Anthem are as follows (with parallel translation into English): +Himno Nacional de Bolivia (Spanish lyrics) National Anthem of Bolivia First verse Bolivianos: el hado propicio coronó nuestros votos y anhelos. Es ya libre, ya libre este suelo, ya cesó su servil condición. +Al estruendo marcial que ayer fuera y al clamor de la guerra horroroso, siguen hoy, en contraste armonioso, dulces himnos de paz y de unión. +Siguen hoy, en contraste armonioso, dulces himnos de paz y de unión. Bolivians, a propitious fate has at long last crowned our vows and longings; This land is free, free at last. Its servile state has now finally ceased. +The martial turmoil of yesterday, and the horrible clamor of war, are followed today, in harmonious contrast, by sweet hymns of peace and unity. Are followed today, in harmonious contrast, by sweet hymns of peace and unity. Chorus De la Patria, el alto nombre, en glorioso esplendor conservemos. +Y en sus aras de nuevo juremos: ¡Morir antes que esclavos vivir! ¡Morir antes que esclavos vivir! ¡Morir antes que esclavos vivir! +Let us keep the lofty name of our Fatherland in glorious splendor. And, on its altars, once more we must swear: to die before we would live as slaves! To die before we would live as slaves! +To die before we would live as slaves! Second verse Loor eterno a los bravos guerreros, cuyo heroico valor y firmeza, conquistaron las glorias que empieza hoy Bolivia feliz a gozar. Que sus nombres, en mármol y en bronce, a remotas edades transmitan, y en sonoros cantares repitan: ¡Libertad, Libertad, Libertad! +Y en sonoros cantares repitan: ¡Libertad, Libertad, Libertad! +Eternal praise to the brave warriors whose heroic valor and firmness conquered the freedom and glories that now a happy Bolivia justly begins to enjoy! Let their names, preserved forever in marble and bronze, transmit their glory to remote future ages. And in resounding song let them repeat their simple call: Freedom! +Freedom! Freedom! And in resounding song let them repeat their simple call: Freedom! +Chorus De la Patria, el alto nombre, en glorioso esplendor conservemos. Y en sus aras de nuevo juremos: ¡Morir antes que esclavos vivir! ¡Morir antes que esclavos vivir! +¡Morir antes que esclavos vivir! Let us keep the lofty name of our Fatherland in glorious splendor. And, on its altars, once more we must swear: to die before we would live as slaves! +To die before we would live as slaves! To die before we would live as slaves! Third verse Aquí alzó la justicia su trono que la vil opresión desconoce, y en su timbre glorioso legose libertad, libertad, libertad. +Esta tierra innocente y hermosa que ha debido a Bolívar su nombre es la patria feliz donde el hombre goza el bien de la dicha y la paz. Es la patria feliz donde el hombre goza el bien de la dicha y la paz. Here has Justice erected its Throne which vile oppression ignores and, on its glorious stamp let us rejoice Freedom, freedom, freedom This innocent and beautiful land, which owes its name to Bolívar, is the happy homeland where mankind enjoys the benefits of bliss and peace. +Is the happy homeland where mankind enjoys the benefits of bliss and peace. Chorus De la Patria, el alto nombre, en glorioso esplendor conservemos. Y en sus aras de nuevo juremos: ¡Morir antes que esclavos vivir! +¡Morir antes que esclavos vivir! ¡Morir antes que esclavos vivir! +Let us keep the lofty name of our Fatherland in glorious splendor. And, on its altars, once more we must swear: to die before we would live as slaves! To die before we would live as slaves! +To die before we would live as slaves! Fourth verse Si extranjero poder algún día sojuzgar a Bolivia intentare, al destino fatal se prepare que amenaza a soberbio agresor. Que los hijos del grande Bolívar hayan mil y mil veces jurado: morir antes que ver humillado de la Patria el augusto pendón. +Morir antes que ver humillado de la Patria el augusto pendón. If a foreigner may, any given day even attempt to subjugate Bolivia, let him prepare for a fatal destiny, which menaces such brave aggressor. For the sons of the mighty Bolívar have sworn, thousands upon thousands of times: to die rather than see the country's majestic banner humiliated. +To die rather than see the country's majestic banner humiliated. Chorus De la Patria, el alto nombre, en glorioso esplendor conservemos. Y en sus aras de nuevo juremos: ¡Morir antes que esclavos vivir! +¡Morir antes que esclavos vivir! ¡Morir antes que esclavos vivir! Let us keep the lofty name of our Fatherland in glorious splendor. +And, on its altars, once more we must swear: to die before we would live as slaves! To die before we would live as slaves! To die before we would live as slaves! +"South Sudan Oyee!" is the national anthem of South Sudan; it was selected as such by the South Sudan National Anthem Committee[2] of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement[3] following the launch of a competition to find a national anthem in August 2010. +This preceded the independence referendum in January 2011 that led to South Sudan becoming a sovereign state on 9 July 2011.[4] "Oyee!" is an equivalent of "Hurrah!"[1] +See also +References +External links +South Sudan Oyee![5] Oh God We praise and glorify You For Your grace on South Sudan, Land of great abundance Uphold us united in peace and harmony. +Modern day +The anthem is normally sung in four part vocal harmony.[1] It is performed at events, both at tribal and at national level. For instance, it is sung before traditional village meetings (kgotla).[13] +Lyrics +The lyrics of "Fatshe leno la rona" alludes to God and his standing as the bestower of the nation's land.[1] It also promotes values such as love of the country, and accord among the different ethnic groups residing in the state.[13] +From the late 19th-century until the height of decolonisation during the 1960s, Bechuanaland (as it was then known) was a protectorate of the United Kingdom within its colonial empire.[4] In the run up to independence, proposals for the national symbols for the future country were made. Although the flag and the coat of arms were straightforward choices, the selection of the national anthem became a source of contention.[5] Despite its popularity, "Fatshe leno la rona" was reportedly not the frontrunner because its composer – Kgalemang Tumediso Motsete,[6][7] who possessed "a music degree from London"[5] – was the co-founder and leader of the opposition Botswana People's Party (BPP),[5][8][9] which at the time was a radical faction.[7] Instead, the government wanted to maintain "Morena boloka Sechaba sa Etsho" ("Lord protect the nation of the world") as the anthem after independence. Although the latter song was considered by some government officials to be a "colonial song",[5] it was in fact embraced by nationalists in the south of the continent in their struggle against colonialism, as well as in South Africa during the apartheid era.[5] +In an interview with the national newspaper Mmegi, fellow BPP co-founder Motsamai Mpho stated that "Fatshe leno la rona" was written in 1962. He stated that Motsete had penned the anthem in Ghana, where he was inspired by the songs of liberation from that country. Indeed, Mpho asserts that himself, Motsete, and three others affiliated with the BPP were the first people to sing the anthem while returning home on a flight from a Pan-Africanist conference held in Accra that same year.[1] +According to the biographer of Gobe Matenge, a former Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Home Affairs, he was one of several civil servants – including the future vice president Peter Mmusi – that compelled the Motswana government to adopt "Fatshe leno la rona" as the anthem of the independent nation.[1] In order to ascertain the opinion of the general public on the matter, the government transmitted all of the contending hymns over Radio Botswana.[5] However, Matenge's group was able to obtain recordings of these songs for themselves and air them in front of quasi-town hall gatherings held in major settlements like Lobatse, Molepolole, and Mafikeng, in addition to the capital Gaborone.[10] They strategically played "Fatshe leno la rona" as the last song – which in theory would increase the likelihood that the audience would remember the tune[5] – while having their organisers add words of praise for it in an attempt to sway the crowd's opinion in favour of that hymn.[5][10] At the end of the exercise, they would circulate a boilerplate form letter articulating the author's viewpoint of "Fatshe leno la rona" being their favourite candidate for national anthem.[10] This was done because of the low levels of literacy in Botswana at the time.[5] Of the multitude of letters sent to the Department of Information and Broadcasting, the vast majority of them expressed an inclination towards the aforementioned song.[5][10] +However, this account has been disputed by George Winstanley, the first clerk to the Cabinet after independence. He insists that stories about how the government was pressured into ratifying "Fatshe leno la rona" are simply inaccurate, especially in light of the fact that the civil servants who supposedly did this were merely "junior executive officers" at the time.[11] Rather, Winstanley remembers how Seretse Khama initially leaned towards selecting "Morena" ("Lord keep the nation of the world"), before he convinced Khama to select a hymn that was "unique to Botswana".[11] Khama's deputy Quett Masire recalled how the future president wanted an anthem that was enduring and would transcend the political spectrum, so that it would not be changed when another political party assumed power in the future.[2] +A total of seven hymns were shortlisted as finalists for the new national anthem.[1][2] Motsete actually made another submission – "Botswana Fatshe le Lentle" (meaning "Botswana, a Beautiful Country") – in addition to "Fatshe leno la rona"; the two compositions finished runner-up and winner, respectively.[5] The latter was officially adopted in 1966, the year the country gained independence.[3][4] One of the first public occasions where the anthem was played was at the flag hoisting ceremony at midnight on 30 September 1966,[5] marking the end of British rule over Botswana.[12] +Notes +References +External links +Urnes Stave Church (Norwegian: Urnes stavkyrkje) is a 12th-century stave church at Ornes, along the Lustrafjorden in the municipality of Luster in Vestland county, Norway. It sits on the eastern side of the fjord, directly across the fjord from the village of Solvorn and about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) east of the village of Hafslo. It is among the oldest stave churches in Norway, with parts of the lumber construction dating from the latter half of the 11th century.[1] The church was built on basilica plan inspired by medieval Christian churches, with cylindrical columns and semi-circular arches inside.The decoration on capitals of the columns and outside of the church embodies the visual evidence of the Viking culture’s transformation, assimilation, and adoption of Christianity. +It has been owned by Fortidsminneforeningen (Society for the Preservation of Norwegian Ancient Monuments) since 1881. In 1979, the Urnes Stave Church was listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. +Mohan (simplified Chinese: 磨憨; Tai Lue: ᨷᩳ᩵ᩉᩣ᩠ᩁ Bo Han) is a border town in the south of Mengla County, Yunnan, China, directly on the border of Laos and China.[1] +Transport +Mohan lies at the southern end (2,827 km) of China National Highway 213.[2] It will be the interchange of two railway lines, the Yuxi–Mohan railway to China, and the Vientiane–Boten Railway to Laos, when both open in 2021. +The Kunming–Mohan Expressway (Chinese: 昆明—磨憨高速公路), commonly referred to as the Kunmo Expressway (Chinese: 昆磨高速公路) is an expressway that connects Kunming, Yunnan, China, and Mohan, a town on the border with Laos, in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan. The expressway is a spur of G85 Chongqing–Kunming Expressway and is entirely in Yunnan Province.[1] +China National Highway 213 parallels much of this route but is not an expressway. +Menglian Dai, Lahu and Va Autonomous County (simplified Chinese: 孟连傣族拉祜族佤族自治县; traditional Chinese: 孟連傣族拉祜族佤族自治縣; pinyin: Mènglián Dǎizú Lāhùzú Wǎzú Zìzhìxiàn) is an autonomous county in the southwest of Yunnan Province, China, bordering Burma's Shan State to the south and west. It is the westernmost county-level division of Pu'er City +See also +Mong Lem Dai people Lahu people Va people +A gerontoplast is a plastid that develops from a chloroplast during the senescing of plant foliage.[1] Gerontoplast development is generally seen to be the process of grana being unstacked, loss of thylakoid membranes, and large accumulation of plastoglobuli. +Transformation of chloroplasts to gerontoplasts +The term gerontoplast was first introduced in 1977 to define the unique features of the plastid formed during leaf senescence.[2] The process of senescence brings about regulated dismantling of cellular organelles involved in photosynthesis. Chloroplasts responsible for gas exchange in stomata are the last organelles to degrade during senescence, and give plants the green color.[2] The formation of gerontoplasts from chloroplasts during senescence involves extensive structural modifications of the thylakoid membrane with the concomitant formation of a large number of plastoglobuli with lipophilic materials. +External links +Leucoplasts, specifically, amyloplasts +Leucoplasts (λευκός leukós "white", πλαστός plastós "formed, molded") are a category of plastid and as such are organelles found in plant cells. They are non-pigmented, in contrast to other plastids such as the chloroplast. +Lacking photosynthetic pigments, leucoplasts are not green and are located in non-photosynthetic tissues of plants, such as roots, bulbs and seeds. They may be specialized for bulk storage of starch, lipid or protein and are then known as amyloplasts, elaioplasts, or proteinoplasts (also called aleuroplasts) respectively. However, in many cell types, leucoplasts do not have a major storage function and are present to provide a wide range of essential biosynthetic functions, including the synthesis of fatty acids such as palmitic acid, many amino acids, and tetrapyrrole compounds such as heme. +Etioplasts, which are pre-granal, immature chloroplasts but can also be chloroplasts that have been deprived of light, lack active pigment and can be considered leucoplasts. After several minutes exposure to light, etioplasts begin to transform into functioning chloroplasts and cease being leucoplasts. Amyloplasts are of large size and store starch. +Compare +Plastid Chloroplast and etioplast Chromoplast Tannosome Leucoplast Amyloplast Elaioplast Proteinoplast +External links +References +The White House COVID-19 outbreak is a cluster of SARS-CoV-2 infections in September and October 2020 among people, including many US government officials, who were in close contact during the COVID-19 pandemic in Washington, D.C. Numerous high-profile individuals were infected, including President Donald Trump, who was hospitalized for three days.[3] +Many of the infections appeared to be related to a ceremony held on September 26 in the White House Rose Garden for the nomination of Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court, where seating was not socially distanced and participants were mostly unmasked. Trump himself may have been infectious at that point, but he and his entourage attended several subsequent events unmasked, including the first presidential debate against Joe Biden in Cleveland, Ohio on September 29.[4] The next day, press advisor Hope Hicks was placed in quarantine aboard Air Force One while returning with Trump from a campaign event in Minnesota. Following that, the president proceeded on schedule to an October 1 New Jersey fundraiser where he mingled, unmasked, with donors.[5] +Other infections included First Lady Melania Trump; Republican Senators Thom Tillis, Mike Lee, and Ron Johnson; Trump's 2020 campaign manager Bill Stepien; Republican Party Chairwoman Ronna McDaniel; former White House counselor Kellyanne Conway; former New Jersey Governor Chris Christie; University of Notre Dame president John I. Jenkins; White House press secretary Kayleigh McEnany; and Senior Advisor to the President Stephen Miller. As of October 6, at least 35 people had tested positive.[1] At least one person, White House security office head Crede Bailey, was reported as "gravely ill,"[6] having fallen sick in September prior to the Rose Garden event. +The cluster emerged in the final weeks of Trump's campaign for the 2020 presidential election, a little more than a month before the last day of voting, November 3. Commentators were critical of the White House for providing conflicting information about Trump's condition and the timeline of his infection, as well as delaying the disclosure of the initial diagnoses of White House staffers.[7] +The outbreak at the White House could have been prevented, according to public health experts such as Anthony Fauci, the Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases who is a member of the White House Coronavirus Task Force.[undue weight? ][8][9][10] +The Antarctic (US English /æntˈɑːrktɪk/, UK English /ænˈtɑːrktɪk/ or /æntˈɑːrtɪk/ and /ænˈtɑːrtɪk/ or /ænˈɑːrtɪk/)[Note 1] is a polar region around the Earth's South Pole, opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole. The Antarctic comprises the continent of Antarctica, the Kerguelen Plateau and other island territories located on the Antarctic Plate or south of the Antarctic Convergence. The Antarctic region includes the ice shelves, waters, and all the island territories in the Southern Ocean situated south of the Antarctic Convergence, a zone approximately 32 to 48 km (20 to 30 mi) wide varying in latitude seasonally.[4] The region covers some 20 percent of the Southern Hemisphere, of which 5.5 percent (14 million km2) is the surface area of the Antarctic continent itself. +Retrieved 15 March 2015. ↑ "The Antarctic Treaty | NSF - National Science Foundation". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 7 October 2020. ↑ "Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources - Department of Agriculture". www.agriculture.gov.au. Retrieved 7 October 2020. ↑ Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources Archived 2010-05-05 at the Wayback Machine ↑ "Antarctic Wildlife". +Антарктика: Природа, История, Усвояване, Географски Имена, Българско Участие [Antarctic: Nature, History, Utilization, Geographic Names, and Bulgarian Participation] (in Bulgarian) (first ed.). Sofia, Bulgaria: Manfred Wörner Foundation. ISBN 978-619-90008-1-6 – via ResearchGate.net. —— see also:. biblio.bg (in Bulgarian) (Second revised and updated ed.). +Archived from the original on 10 February 2016. ↑ IAATO tourist statistics 2007/08 ↑ Antarctic Nations Considering New Controls On Ships Amid Tourism Explosion. Archived 2012-01-18 at the Wayback Machine Ray Lilley, The Associated Press, 8 December 2009. ↑ SGSSI Marine Protection Area (Management Plan). ↑ Greenland in figures 2009. Statistics Greenland, 2009. ↑ CCAMLR to create world's largest Marine Protected Area. +The Antarctic region with the Antarctic Convergence and the 60th parallel south +The realms delineate the large areas of the Earth's surface within which organisms have been evolving in relative isolation over long periods of time, separated from one another by geographic features, such as oceans, broad deserts, or high mountain ranges, that constitute barriers to migration. As such, biogeographic realm designations are used to indicate general groupings of organisms based on their shared biogeography. Biogeographic realms correspond to the floristic kingdoms of botany or zoogeographic regions of zoology. +Biogeographic realms are characterized by the evolutionary history of the organisms they contain. They are distinct from biomes, also known as major habitat types, which are divisions of the Earth's surface based on life form, or the adaptation of animals, fungi, micro-organisms and plants to climatic, soil, and other conditions. Biomes are characterized by similar climax vegetation. +The patterns of distribution of living organisms in the world's biogeographic realms were shaped by the process of plate tectonics, which has redistributed the world's land masses over geological history. +6 of the 8 biogeographic realms[citation needed] Nearctic Palearctic Afrotropic Indomalaya Australasia Neotropic Oceania and Antarctic realms not shown +A biogeographic realm or ecozone is the broadest biogeographic division of Earth's land surface, based on distributional patterns of terrestrial organisms. They are subdivided into ecoregions, which are classified based on their biomes or habitat types. +References +Wallacea /wɒˈleɪsiə/ is a biogeographical designation for a group of mainly Indonesian islands separated by deep-water straits from the Asian and Australian continental shelves. Wallacea includes Sulawesi, the largest island in the group, as well as Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba, Timor, Halmahera, Buru, Seram, and many smaller islands. +The islands of Wallacea lie between Sundaland (the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and Bali) to the west, and Near Oceania including Australia and New Guinea to the south and east. The total land area of Wallacea is 347,000 km2 (134,000 sq mi).[1] +Wallacea is the group of islands within the red area. The Weber Line is in blue. +The Sahul and Sunda shelves. Wallacea is the area in between. +Kampong Lorong Buangkok English: Kampong Lorong Buangkok Chinese: 罗弄万国村 Pinyin: Luónòng Wàn Guó Cūn Malay: Kampong Selak Kain Tamil: கம்போங் லோரொங் புவாங்காக் Demographics Region: North-East Region Total area: Residential area: 12,281.1 m2 Dwelling units: 28 Projected ultimate: Population: +When heavy rains coincided with high tides, flash floods resulted in low-lying areas. The water level in drains and canals became so high that the water could not be drained off quickly enough, causing floods to occur. In 1970, a canal was built at Gerald Dr in an attempt to minimise or absolve the floods. +However, it proved to be insufficient in the face of mighty floods. Currently, the area is still affected by floods, the most recent being in 2006. A $10 million plan to improve the drainage system and to raise the ground level was aborted as it was said to be a cost ineffective project for just 28 families. +The documentary focused on the residents' struggles to maintain their way of life in the kampong in the 21st century. The documentary juxtaposes modernities and nostalgic kampong life to bring out the dualities of living in a kampong in a cosmopolitan city like Singapore and how both young and old residents adapt to the changes both within, and without. The film was Ngee Ann Polytechnic's entry in the 2006 Project Pilot Showcase and also was Singapore's entry in India's Consortium for Educational Communication's Student Documentary Category. +The area was recently featured in a January 2009 New York Times article headlined "Singapore prepares to gobble up its last village" which had known that the kampong was due to be demolished and redeveloped into two schools (primary and secondary), and also a road linking Buangkok Drive and Yio Chu Kang Road. +Even their housing developments where HDB built Blocks 990 - 999 are not spared and were planned according to the 2008 URA Masterplan. Plans for building of two schools and the road were however dropped with the proposed conservation of the kampong since December 2015, along with the car-lite society and merging of schools taking place since 2015.[2] +In 2013, in the drama Beyond, some scenes in the "Kampong Minpi" world in episodes 10 and 11 was filmed here. +2004-03-11. p. H1. +2004-03-11. p. H2. +2004-03-17. p. H2. +2004-03-23. p. H1, H6, H10. +Kampong Lorong Buangkok (alternatively Kampung Lorong Buangkok; Jawi: كامڤوڠ لوروڠ بواڠكوق; Chinese: 罗弄万国村; pinyin: Luónòng Wàn Guó Cūn) is a village located in Buangkok in Hougang, Singapore. +Built in 1956, it is the last surviving kampong located on Singapore Island in the 21st century. A wide canal ran alongside the kampong, which links to Sungei Punggol that drains into the eastern Straits of Johor. +Etymology +The kampong was also known as Selak Kain in Malay, which meant 'hitching up one's sarong (skirt)' as people hitch up their sarongs to wade through floods whenever the village experienced flash floods in the 20th century Singapore. The land which the kampong rests on, was acquired in 1956 from Mr Huang Yu Tu by Sng Teow Koon, a traditional Chinese medicine seller.[1] At the point of purchase, there were already 4 to 6 houses built on the land. He set up home in the village with his family. +The land was handed down to his children, one of whom is Ms Sng Mui Hong. She continues to live in the village with her nieces. Her 3 other siblings, who are the co-owners, have all married and moved out of the village. +The land area has shrunken in size to 12248.1 m2. Electricity, running water and garbage collection are provided by the government. Post is provided by a postman on a motorcycle once a day. +A Typical Kampong House +The children attended nearby schools such as Yio Chu Kang Primary School. Residents used to pay rental of $2–$3 then. They tended to rear their own chickens for food and generally led a carefree and slower pace of life as compared to their urban contemporaries. +Present day residents consist of make-up artists, workers and mostly elderly residents. Currently it houses 28 families (18 Chinese and 10 Malay). They pay about $13 in rent. +Amyloplasts are a type of plastid, double-enveloped organelles in plant cells that are involved in various biological pathways. Amyloplasts are specifically a type of leucoplast, a subcategory for colorless, non-pigment-containing plastids.[1][2] Amyloplasts are found in roots and storage tissues and store and synthesize starch for the plant through the polymerization of glucose.[1] Starch synthesis relies on the transportation of carbon from the cytosol, the mechanism by which is currently under debate.[2][3] +Starch synthesis and storage also takes place in chloroplasts, a type of pigmented plastid involved in photosynthesis.[1] Amyloplasts and chloroplasts are closely related, and amyloplasts can turn into chloroplasts; this is for instance observed when potato tubers are exposed to light and turn green.[4] +Amyloplasts are thought to play a vital role in gravitropism. Statoliths, a specialized starch-accumulating amyloplast, are denser than cytoplasm, and are able to settle to the bottom of the gravity-sensing cell, called a statocyte.[5] This settling is a vital mechanism in plant's perception of gravity, triggering the asymmetrical distribution of auxin that causes the curvature and growth of stems against the gravity vector, as well as growth of roots along the gravity vector.[6][7] A plant lacking in phosphoglucomutase (pgm), for example, is a starchless mutant plant, thus preventing the settling of the statoliths.[8] This mutant shows a significantly weaker gravitropic response as compared to a non-mutant plant.[8][9] A normal gravitropic response can be rescued with hypergravity.[9] In roots, gravity is sensed in the root cap, a section of tissue at the very tip of the root. Upon removal of the root cap, the root loses its ability to sense gravity.[5] However, if the root cap is regrown, the root's gravitropic response will recover.[10] In stems, gravity is sensed in the endodermal cells of the shoots.[5] +The differentiation of Elaioplasts +Illustration from Collegiate Dictionary, FA Brockhaus and IA Efron, circa 1905. Cell of very young leaf of Vanilla planifolia; E - elaioplasts; Л - the nucleus; Я - leucoplasts; B - vacuoles +As a result of the ability to inter-convert between other types of the plastid family, elaioplasts share the same plastome (plastid genome) with all other plastids and are predominately inherited maternally in angiosperms.[1][2] As its name implies, maternal inheritance excludes the plastome of the father through one of two ways: during pollen development or in pollen tube formation.[7] During pollen development, paternal plastids are halted by microfilaments in the cytoskeleton just prior to microspore division or degeneration just after.[7] Paternal plastome contribution can also be prevented during pollen tube formation, where the plastids are separated from sperm cells as they fuse with the egg.[7] +See also +Elaioplasts are one of the three possible forms of leucoplasts, sometimes broadly referred to as such.[1] The main function of elaioplasts are synthesis and storage of fatty acids, terpenes, and other lipids, and they can be found in the embryonic leaves of oilseeds, citrus fruits, as well as the anthers of many flowering plants.[1][2][3][4] +Description +Like most leucoplasts, elaioplasts are non-pigmented organelles capable of alternating between the different forms of plastids. The elaioplast specifically is primarily responsible for the storage and metabolism of lipids,[5] among these roles, recent studies have shown that these organelles participate in the formation of terpenes and fatty acids.[2][3] Typically, they appear as small, rounded organelles filled by oil droplets.[4] Lipids found inside elaioplasts mirror those synthesized by prokaryotes, chiefly triacylglycerol and sterol esters, which cluster into the droplets visible by microscope.[1] As for their other components, elaioplasts also contain plastoglobuli associated proteins such as fibrillins, a protein family believed to be retained from the cyanobacterial ancestors of plastids.[5] Alongside the tapetosomes (clusters of oil and proteins produced by the endoplasmic reticulum), elaioplasts are frequently found in the tapetum of angiosperm anthers, where their products, oil from the plastid and protein from the tapetosome, are used to form the pollen coat of developing grains.[1] Following the maturation of pollen grains, these organelles are degraded and released into the anther loculus.[1] Found also in oilseeds, elaioplasts in this group provide lipids to be converted into carbohydrates which will serve as fuel in the embryo's germination.[4] Citrus specimens have been shown to have especially high amounts of elaioplasts in their fruit peels, where they are essential to the production of terpenes.[5] +Within the plant, elaioplasts, as well as all other plastids, arise from proplastids in the dividing portion of the stem (meristem). These proplastids have not yet differentiated and, as such, can develop into any variety of known plastids, determined by the tissues they are present in.[6] In vegetative cells, proplastids usually follow a unidirectional pathway of development with no reversals between one form and the next. Reproductive cells, however, may have plastids that inter-convert frequently.[7] In the anthers of flowering plants, elaioplasts represent the final stage of plastid development within the tapetum, either emerging directly from proplastids or the conversion of other plastids, depending on the species and pollination strategy.[7] +Origin and inheritance +Plastids are hypothesized to have originated with an endosymbiotic event between an ancient eukaryote and cyanobacterial ancestor more than 1 billion years ago, where the bacteria was engulfed by the other and retained where it served as the metabolic center for photosynthesis.[8] Evidence of this can be observed today in the independent genomes characteristic of plastids, found to be closely related to modern cyanobacteria.[9] Since their ancient symbiotic event, the plastid genome has been reduced significantly, with the organelles themselves coding for around 100 of the 2500 associated proteins, everything else being transferred to the nuclear genome.[3] +Like most plastids, elaioplasts reproduce through binary fission independent from the division of the parent cell, a feature indicative of their bacterial ancestry.[1] This fission occurs just before cytokinesis, with the products then being transported to the daughter cells as a component of the cytoplasm.[1] +The second half of the nineteenth century saw the rapid growth of immigrant communities in Kampong Glam, initially from Sumatra, and later from other parts of Indonesia and Malaya. This resulted in the setting up of different kampongs, like Kampong Malacca, Kampong Java and Kampong Bugis. There were also a small but successful Arab community of traders in the area. +In the early twentieth century, commercial activities in Kampong Glam expanded as new shop houses and residential buildings were built. A multi-ethnic community soon developed there, comprising not only Malays and Arabs but also the Chinese and Indians. +Later, due to an expansion of commercial activities and an increase in immigrant settlers in Kampong Glam, the Arabs moved to areas like Joo Chiat, Tanglin and Bukit Tunggal (the stretch of Dunearn Road near the junction of Balmoral Road and Chancery Lane, near Anglo-Chinese School (Barker Road) today, was called Tunggal Road). +By the early 1920s, many Malays also moved out to designated resettlement areas in Geylang Serai and Kampong Eunos. +Aerial perspective of Kampong Glam. October 2018. +Restored shophouses on Kandahar Street. +Today, Kampong Glam still retains strong ties to the Native-Malay and Muslim community and has sometimes been termed the "Muslim Quarter" due to its history. The Muslim population still remains a significant presence in Kampong Glam, especially in Bussorah Street. The area remains a centre for Muslim activities and the Sultan Mosque remains a major landmark and congregation point for the Singapore Muslims. +Like Little India and Chinatown, Kampong Glam has been restored, refurbished and new life breathed into it, bringing back the former colour and vibrancy of the area. Rows of conserved shophouses can be found in Haji Lane, Arab Street, Baghdad Street and Bussorah Street. Many of these shophouses have new tenants such as design and IT firms, art galleries, crafts and curiosity shops, food caterers, cafes, bars and restaurants. +On 16 December 2006, a fire broke out at four shophouses at Sultan Gate at 2145 (SST) with the four shophouses destroyed by the fire. It nearly spread to nearby food and beverage outlets in the vicinity. Of the four shophouses destroyed, two were vacant, one was a blacksmith shop and the other a shoe shop. +Firefighters controlled the fire by surrounding it as it spread through the roof. According to eyewitnesses, the fire started from the second floor of the blacksmith shop. The blacksmith shop is one of the oldest types of shophouses in Singapore which was used for educational tours. +Masjid Sultan (Sultan Mosque) and Bussorah Pedestrian Mall at Kampong Glam. +Beginning from the 1959 general elections, Kampong Glam was a division of its own called Kampong Glam Single Member Constituency where the Member of Parliament (MP) seat was held by Former Deputy Prime Minister S. Rajaratnam until 1988 when Loh Meng See took over and served until 2006. +However, after the 1991 general elections, Kampong Glam SMC along with several neighbouring wards were absorbed into the bigger Kampong Glam Group Representation Constituency which existed for only one term and the ruling party People's Action Party had won the seats on the nomination day itself. +Istana Kampong Glam at the Malay Heritage Centre in Kampong Glam +Kampong Glam (Malay: Kampung Gelam; Jawi: کامڤوڠ ڬلم ; Chinese: 甘榜格南; pinyin: Gānbǎnggénán; Tamil: கம்ப்பொங் கிலாம்) is a neighbourhood and ethnic enclave in Singapore. It is located north of the Singapore River, in the planning area of Rochor, known as the Malay-Muslim quarter. +History +The name of the area is thought to be derived from the cajeput tree, called "gelam" in Malay.[1] "Kampong" (modern spelling "kampung") simply means "village". +Prior to colonisation by the British in 1819, the area was home to the Malay aristocracy of Singapore. It became prominent and more populous after the signing of a treaty between the British East India Company, Sultan Hussein Shah of Johor and Temenggong Abdul Rahman in 1819. +The company was given the right to set up a trading post in Singapore under this treaty. +During the colony's early history, under the Raffles Plan of 1822, the settlement was divided according to different ethnic groups which included European Town, Chinese, Chulia, Arab and Bugis kampongs. Kampong Glam was designated for the Sultan and his household, as well as the Malay and Arab communities, many of whom were merchants. It was situated east of what was then the European Town. +While the Temenggong and his followers settled in Telok Blangah, Sultan Hussein, his family and followers settled in Kampong Glam. In return, the Sultan was given large areas of land for residential use in Kampong Glam under the treaty. The land was allocated to the Malays and other Muslim immigrants to Singapore, including the Malays from Malacca, the Riau Islands and Sumatra in Indonesia. +Melaleuca leucadendra, commonly known as weeping paperbark, long-leaved paperbark or white paperbark is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is widespread in northern Australia, Southeast Asia, New Guinea and the Torres Strait Islands. It is a tree, sometimes growing to more than 20 m (70 ft) with a trunk covered with thick, white, papery bark and weeping thinner branches. +It has a long flowering season, can flower at almost any time of the year and is often grown as a tree in parks and on roadsides. It was the first melaleuca to be described and was described from a specimen growing in Indonesia. +Melaleuca leucadendra is a large tree, usually less than, but sometimes more than 20 m (70 ft) tall. Its thick bark is papery, usually white but also pinkish or cream and it has weeping branches. Its leaves and young branches are covered with fine, short, white hairs when young but become glabrous as they mature. +The leaves are arranged alternately, 75–270 mm (3–10 in) long, 6.5–40 mm (0.3–2 in) wide, flat, narrow egg-shaped or lance-shaped and tapering to a point. +The leaves have 5 (sometimes as many as 9) longitudinal veins and are often curved or sickle-shaped.[2][3][4] +Melaleuca quinquenervia, commonly known as the broad-leaved paperbark, paper bark tea tree, punk tree or niaouli, is a small- to medium-sized tree of the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. +It grows as a spreading tree up to 20 m (70 ft) tall, with its trunk covered by a white, beige and grey thick papery bark. The grey-green leaves are egg-shaped, and cream or white bottlebrush-like flowers appear from late spring to autumn. +It was first formally described in 1797 by the Spanish naturalist Antonio José Cavanilles. +Native to New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea and coastal eastern Australia, from Botany Bay in New South Wales northwards into Queensland, M. quinquenervia grows in swamps, on floodplains and near rivers and estuaries, often on silty soil. It has become naturalised in the Everglades in Florida, where it is considered a serious weed by the USDA. +Melaleuca quinquenervia is a small to medium sized, spreading tree which usually grows to a height of 8–15 m (30–50 ft) high and a spread of 5–10 m (20–30 ft) but is sometimes as tall 25 m (80 ft). +Young growth is hairy with long and short, soft hairs. +The leaves are arranged alternately and are flat, leathery, lance-shaped to egg-shaped, dull or grey-green, 55–120 mm (2–5 inches) long and 10–31 mm (0.4–1 inch) wide, three to eight times as long as wide.[1][2][3][4] +Modern biology began in the nineteenth century with Charles Darwin's work on evolution by natural selection. +Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations. Charles Darwin popularised the term "natural selection", contrasting it with artificial selection, which in his view is intentional, whereas natural selection is not. +The environment of a genome includes the molecular biology in the cell, other cells, other individuals, populations, species, as well as the abiotic environment. Because individuals with certain variants of the trait tend to survive and reproduce more than individuals with other less successful variants, the population evolves. Other factors affecting reproductive success include sexual selection (now often included in natural selection) and fecundity selection. +Heritable variation, differential reproduction +If the traits that give these individuals a reproductive advantage are also heritable, that is, passed from parent to offspring, then there will be differential reproduction, that is, a slightly higher proportion of fast rabbits or efficient algae in the next generation. Even if the reproductive advantage is very slight, over many generations any advantageous heritable trait becomes dominant in the population. In this way the natural environment of an organism "selects for" traits that confer a reproductive advantage, causing evolutionary change, as Darwin described.[57] This gives the appearance of purpose, but in natural selection there is no intentional choice.[lower-alpha 1] Artificial selection is purposive where natural selection is not, though biologists often use teleological language to describe it.[58] +Fitness +Natural selection acts on the phenotype, the characteristics of the organism which actually interact with the environment, but the genetic (heritable) basis of any phenotype that gives that phenotype a reproductive advantage may become more common in a population. Over time, this process can result in populations that specialise for particular ecological niches (microevolution) and may eventually result in speciation (the emergence of new species, macroevolution). In other words, natural selection is a key process in the evolution of a population. +The fitness of a particular genotype corresponds to the average effect on all individuals with that genotype.[61] A distinction must be made between the concept of "survival of the fittest" and "improvement in fitness". "Survival of the fittest" does not give an "improvement in fitness", it only represents the removal of the less fit variants from a population. A mathematical example of "survival of the fittest" is given by Haldane in his paper "The Cost of Natural Selection".[62] Haldane called this process "substitution" or more commonly in biology, this is called "fixation". +In biology, competition is an interaction between organisms in which the fitness of one is lowered by the presence of another. This may be because both rely on a limited supply of a resource such as food, water, or territory.[67] Competition may be within or between species, and may be direct or indirect.[68] Species less suited to compete should in theory either adapt or die out, since competition plays a powerful role in natural selection, but according to the "room to roam" theory it may be less important than expansion among larger clades.[68][69] +where r is the growth rate of the population (N), and K is the carrying capacity of its local environmental setting. Typically, r-selected species exploit empty niches, and produce many offspring, each with a relatively low probability of surviving to adulthood. In contrast, K-selected species are strong competitors in crowded niches, and invest more heavily in much fewer offspring, each with a relatively high probability of surviving to adulthood.[1] +Classification +He described natural selection as analogous to artificial selection, a process by which animals and plants with traits considered desirable by human breeders are systematically favoured for reproduction. The concept of natural selection originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of heredity; at the time of Darwin's writing, science had yet to develop modern theories of genetics. The union of traditional Darwinian evolution with subsequent discoveries in classical genetics formed the modern synthesis of the mid-20th century. +By effect on a trait +Stabilizing selection acts to hold a trait at a stable optimum, and in the simplest case all deviations from this optimum are selectively disadvantageous. Directional selection favours extreme values of a trait. The uncommon disruptive selection also acts during transition periods when the current mode is sub-optimal, but alters the trait in more than one direction. +Purifying or negative selection acts to remove genetic variation from the population (and is opposed by de novo mutation, which introduces new variation.[76][77] In contrast, balancing selection acts to maintain genetic variation in a population, even in the absence of de novo mutation, by negative frequency-dependent selection. One mechanism for this is heterozygote advantage, where individuals with two different alleles have a selective advantage over individuals with just one allele. The polymorphism at the human ABO blood group locus has been explained in this way.[78] +By life cycle stage +Some biologists recognise just two types: viability (or survival) selection, which acts to increase an organism's probability of survival, and fecundity (or fertility or reproductive) selection, which acts to increase the rate of reproduction, given survival. Others split the life cycle into further components of selection. Thus viability and survival selection may be defined separately and respectively as acting to improve the probability of survival before and after reproductive age is reached, while fecundity selection may be split into additional sub-components including sexual selection, gametic selection, acting on gamete survival, and compatibility selection, acting on zygote formation.[79] +By unit of selection +In kin selection and intragenomic conflict, gene-level selection provides a more apt explanation of the underlying process. Group selection, if it occurs, acts on groups of organisms, on the assumption that groups replicate and mutate in an analogous way to genes and individuals. There is an ongoing debate over the degree to which group selection occurs in nature.[80] +The peacock's elaborate plumage is mentioned by Darwin as an example of sexual selection,[81] and is a classic example of Fisherian runaway,[2] driven to its conspicuous size and coloration through mate choice by females over many generations. +Sexual selection typically proceeds via fecundity selection, sometimes at the expense of viability. Ecological selection is natural selection via any means other than sexual selection, such as kin selection, competition, and infanticide. Following Darwin, natural selection is sometimes defined as ecological selection, in which case sexual selection is considered a separate mechanism.[83] +Speciation +Genetic basis +Natural selection acts on an organism's phenotype, or physical characteristics. Phenotype is determined by an organism's genetic make-up (genotype) and the environment in which the organism lives. When different organisms in a population possess different versions of a gene for a certain trait, each of these versions is known as an allele. +In the words of the philosopher Daniel Dennett, "Darwin's dangerous idea" of evolution by natural selection is a "universal acid," which cannot be kept restricted to any vessel or container, as it soon leaks out, working its way into ever-wider surroundings.[116] Thus, in the last decades, the concept of natural selection has spread from evolutionary biology to other disciplines, including evolutionary computation, quantum Darwinism, evolutionary economics, evolutionary epistemology, evolutionary psychology, and cosmological natural selection. This unlimited applicability has been called universal Darwinism.[117] +Origin of life +One prominent hypothesis is that life first appeared in the form of short self-replicating RNA polymers.[118] On this view, life may have come into existence when RNA chains first experienced the basic conditions, as conceived by Charles Darwin, for natural selection to operate. These conditions are: heritability, variation of type, and competition for limited resources. The fitness of an early RNA replicator would likely have been a function of adaptive capacities that were intrinsic (i.e., determined by the nucleotide sequence) and the availability of resources.[119][120] The three primary adaptive capacities could logically have been: (1) the capacity to replicate with moderate fidelity (giving rise to both heritability and variation of type), (2) the capacity to avoid decay, and (3) the capacity to acquire and process resources.[119][120] These capacities would have been determined initially by the folded configurations (including those configurations with ribozyme activity) of the RNA replicators that, in turn, would have been encoded in their individual nucleotide sequences.[121] +Minor genetic and epigenetic changes with little or no effect on morphology or anatomy may produce large changes in the chemical phenotype. Chemotypes are often defined by the most abundant chemical produced by that individual and the concept has been useful in work done by chemical ecologists and natural product chemists. With respect to plant biology, the term "chemotype" was first coined by Rolf Santesson and his son Johan in 1968, defined as, "...chemically characterized parts of a population of morphologically indistinguishable individuals."[1] +In microbiology, the term "chemoform" or "chemovar" is preferred in the 1990 edition of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB), the former referring to the chemical constitution of an organism and the latter meaning "production or amount of production of a particular chemical." Terms with the suffix -type are discouraged so as to avoid confusion with type specimens.[2] The terms chemotype and chemovar were originally introduced to the ICNB in a proposed revision to one of the nomenclatural rules dealing with infrasubspecific taxonomic subdivisions at the 1962 meeting of the International Microbiological Congress in Montreal. The proposed change argued that nomenclatural regulation of these ranks, such as serotype and morphotype, is necessary to avoid confusion. +In proposed recommendation 8a(7), it was asked that "authorization be given for the use of the terms chemovar and chemotype," defining the terms as being "used to designate an infrasubspecific subdivision to include infrasubspecific forms or strains characterized by the production of some chemical not normally produced by the type strain of the species." The change to the Code was approved in August 1962 by the Judicial Commission of the International Committee of Bacteriological Nomenclature at the VIII International Microbiological Congress in Montreal.[3] +A good example of a plant with many polymorphic chemotypes is Thymus vulgaris. While largely indistinguishable in appearance, specimens of T. vulgaris may be assigned to one of seven different chemotypes, depending on whether the dominant component of the essential oil is thymol, carvacrol, linalool, geraniol, sabinene hydrate (thuyanol), α-terpineol, or eucalyptol. Such chemotypes may be indicated as Thymus vulgaris ct. thymol (red thyme), or Thymus vulgaris ct. geraniol (sweet thyme), etc. +Individuals of one chemotype may have vastly different chemical profiles, varying in the abundance of kind of the next most abundant chemical. This means two individuals of the same chemotype could have different impacts on herbivores, pollinators, or resistance to pests. A study by Ken Keefover-Ring and colleagues in 2008 cautioned that, "...this can be a very qualitative assessment of an individual's chemical profile, under which may be hiding significant chemical diversity."[1] +Different plastids +They contain crystalline bodies of protein and can be the sites of enzyme activity involving those proteins. Proteinoplasts are found in many seeds, such as brazil nuts, peanuts and pulses. Although all plastids contain high concentrations of protein, proteinoplasts were identified in the 1960s and 1970s as having large protein inclusions that are visible with both light microscopes and electron microscopes. +A book written in 2007 noted that no scientific research had been published in the previous 25 years on proteinoplasts.[1] +See also +Chloroplast and etioplast Chromoplast Leucoplast Amyloplast Elaioplast +Plant cells with visible chloroplasts. +Depending on their morphology and function, plastids have the ability to differentiate, or redifferentiate, between these and other forms. Additionally, apicoplasts are non-photosynthetic plastids of Apicomplexa derived from secondary endosymbiosis. +The plastome contains about 100 genes encoding ribosomal and transfer ribonucleic acids (rRNAs and tRNAs) as well as proteins involved in photosynthesis and plastid gene transcription and translation. However, these proteins only represent a small fraction of the total protein set-up necessary to build and maintain the structure and function of a particular type of plastid. Plant nuclear genes encode the vast majority of plastid proteins, and the expression of plastid genes and nuclear genes is tightly co-regulated to coordinate proper development of plastids in relation to cell differentiation. +The developing plastid has many nucleoids, localized at the periphery of the plastid, bound to the inner envelope membrane. During the development of proplastids to chloroplasts, and when plastids convert from one type to another, nucleoids change in morphology, size and location within the organelle. The remodelling of nucleoids is believed to occur by modifications to the composition and abundance of nucleoid proteins. +The plastid (Greek: πλαστός; plastós: formed, molded – plural plastids) is a membrane-bound organelle[1] found in the cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms. They are considered endosymbiotic Cyanobacteria, related to the Gloeomargarita.[2] The event to permanent endosymbiosis probably occurred with a cyanobiont.[3] Plastids were discovered and named by Ernst Haeckel, but A. F. W. Schimper was the first to provide a clear definition. Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cells of autotrophic eukaryotes. +Origin +Algae with complex plastids derived by secondary endosymbiosis of a red alga include the heterokonts, haptophytes, cryptomonads, and most dinoflagellates (= rhodoplasts). Those that endosymbiosed a green alga include the euglenids and chlorarachniophytes (= chloroplasts). The Apicomplexa, a phylum of obligate parasitic protozoa including the causative agents of malaria (Plasmodium spp.), toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii), and many other human or animal diseases also harbor a complex plastid (although this organelle has been lost in some apicomplexans, such as Cryptosporidium parvum, which causes cryptosporidiosis). +Some dinoflagellates and sea slugs, in particular of the genus Elysia, take up algae as food and keep the plastid of the digested alga to profit from the photosynthesis; after a while, the plastids are also digested. This process is known as kleptoplasty, from the Greek, kleptes, thief. +Plastid Development Cycle +In plants +In 1977 J.M Whatley proposed a Plastid development cycle which said that plastid development is not always unidirectional but is a cyclic process several times. The proplatids are precursor of the more differentiated forms of plastids as shown in the diagram depicted.[16] +See also +Mitochondrion +Leucoplasts in plant cells. +External links +Plastids can also store products like starch and can synthesize fatty acids and terpenes, which can be used for producing energy and as raw material for the synthesis of other molecules. For example, the components of the plant cuticle and its epicuticular wax are synthesized by the epidermal cells from palmitic acid, which is synthesized in the chloroplasts of the mesophyll tissue.[4] All plastids are derived from proplastids, which are present in the meristematic regions of the plant. Proplastids and young chloroplasts commonly divide by binary fission, but more mature chloroplasts also have this capacity. +In plants, proplastids (undifferentiated plastids) may differentiate into several forms, depending upon which function they perform in the cell. They may develop into any of the following variants:[5] +Chloroplasts: green plastids for photosynthesis. Etioplasts are the precursors of chloroplasts. Rhodoplasts: the red chloroplasts found in red algae Muroplasts (also known as cyanoplasts or cyanelles): the chloroplasts of glaucophytes Secondary and tertiary chloroplasts: from endosymbiosis of green algae and red algae Chromoplasts: coloured plastids for pigment synthesis and storage Gerontoplasts: control the dismantling of the photosynthetic apparatus during plant senescence Leucoplasts: colourless plastids for monoterpene synthesis; leucoplasts sometimes differentiate into more specialized plastids: Amyloplasts: for starch storage and detecting gravity (for geotropism) Elaioplasts: for storing fat Proteinoplasts: for storing and modifying protein Tannosomes: for synthesizing and producing tannins and polyphenols +Pemphis acidula, commonly known as bantigue (pron. bahn-TEE-geh) or mentigi,[2][3] is a species of flowering plant in the family Lythraceae. It is a mangrove found throughout most of the tropical Indo-Pacific growing on rocky shores. +The genus Pemphis, to which it belongs, was until recently thought to have only this single species, first described in 1775 and long considered the type species,[4] but is now believed to have at least one other.[5] +Pemphis acidula is a halophyte bush found in coastal locations in the tropical areas of the Indo-Pacific. It is one of the types of shrubs growing in sandy and calcareous soils of the littoral zones of the Indian Ocean and the western and central Pacific Ocean. It is also found in mangroves.[6] +Uses +The wood of this species has been traditionally valued in many cultures for it is hard and heavy, as well as resistant to rot and warping. It also has naturally a fine finish and may be fashioned into walking canes, fence posts, tool handles, and even anchors.[7] In Réunion and Mauritius it is known as bois matelot[8] In the Maldives this hardy wood was used in traditional shipbuilding to hold the planks of the hull together, as well as to fashion "nails" in local sorcery.[9] +Leaves, flowers and fruits +Tannosomes are organelles found in plant cells of vascular plants. +Tannosomes are formed when the chloroplast membrane forms pockets filled with tannin. Slowly, the pockets break off as tiny vacuoles that carry tannins to the large vacuole filled with acidic fluid.[1] Tannins are then released into the vacuole and stored inside as tannin accretions. +They are responsible for synthesizing and producing condensed tannins and polyphenols. Tannosomes condense tannins in chlorophyllous organs, providing defenses against herbivores and pathogens, and protection against UV radiation.[2] +Tannosomes were discovered in September 2013 by French and Hungarian researchers.[1][3] +The discovery of tannosomes showed how to get enough tannins to change the flavour of wine, tea, chocolate, and other food or snacks.[1] +See also +Chloroplast Leucoplast Plastid +The Pekingese (also spelled Pekinese) is a breed of toy dog, originating in China. Another breed, the Shih Tzu, has its English name derive from the same source as this breed's Chinese name which translates to "lion dog". +Coat +Cream, black, white, tan, black and tan and occasionally 'blue' or slate grey have appeared in the breed. The latter often has poor pigment and light eyes. Albino Pekingese (white with pink eyes) should be bred cautiously due to health problems that have been associated with albinism. +A black mask or a self-colored face is equally acceptable in show dogs. Regardless of coat color, the exposed skin of the muzzle, nose, lips and eye rims is black. They require a lot of grooming. +The Pekingese weigh from 7 to 14 lb (3.2 to 6.4 kg) and stand about 6–9 inches (15–23 cm) at the withers, however they can sometimes be smaller. These smaller Pekingese are commonly referred to as "Sleeve" Pekingese or just "Sleeves". The name is taken from ancient times, when emperors would carry the smallest of the breed in their sleeves. +The Pekingese is slightly longer than tall when measured from the forechest to the buttocks. The overall outline is an approximate ratio of 3 high to 5 long. +The breed was favored by royalty of the Chinese Imperial court as both a lap dog and companion dog, and its name refers to the city of Peking (Beijing) where the Forbidden City is located. The breed has several characteristics and health issues related to its unique appearance. Because of its desirable characteristics, the Pekingese has been part of the development of designer crossbreeds, such as the Peekapoo (crossed with a poodle) and Peke-a-tese (crossed with a Maltese). +The breed originated in Western China. +References +Dark coated Pekingese +Aiteng is a genus of two species of sea slugs, marine gastropod molluscs[1] and one terrestrial species. Aiteng is the only genus in the family Aitengidae.[1] The generic name Aiteng is derived from the name of a black puppet Ai Theng, which is one of the shadow play (Nang yai) puppets in southern Thailand.[1] +Aiteng ater lives "amphibiously" in mangrove forests in the intertidal zone, on the mud.[1] +Swennen & Buatip (2009)[1] tentatively classified Aitengidae within the Sacoglossa,[1] but they noted that some characteristics of the nervous system are similar to those of the Cephalaspidea and Acochlidioidea (mentioned as Acochlidea).[1] +Aitengidae clusters within the Hedylopsacea as sister group to Pseudunelidae and Acochlidiidae or basal within Hedylopsacea.[1] Philippe Bouchet (2010)[3] classified Aitengidae within the superfamily Hedylopsoidea.[3] +Aiteng ater Swennen & Buatip, 2009[1] Aiteng mysticus Neusser, Fukuda, Jörger, Kano & Schrödl, 2011[4][5] – This species was found in Hisamatsu, Miyako Island, Okinawa, Japan.[4] Morphologically it clearly belongs to the Aitengidae, but shows differences to Aiteng ater at genus or species level.[2] Its affinity to Aiteng ater is confirmed by comparison of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA sequences.[2] Aiteng marefugitus Kano, Neusser, Fukumori, Jörger & Schrödl, 2015 - species of sea slug that, remarkably, became terrestrial during the Cenozoic.[6] +Distribution +The distribution of Aiteng ater includes Thailand.[1] The distribution of Aiteng mysticus includes Japan.[2] The distribution of Aiteng marefugitus includes Palau. +Aiteng ater is a species of sea slug, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Aitengidae.[1] The specific name ater is from the Latin language and means black, in reference to the appearance of the slug on the mud.[2] +It has no shell[1] No tentacles[2] No gills[2] No cerata[2] It lacks the division of the body into head-foot complex and visceral hump[2] It lacks presence of 1–2 head appendages (with characteristic innervation of the rhinophores)[4] Tt lacks the ability to retract the head-foot complex into the visceral hump.[4] +Aiteng ater has a notum with a free margin.[1] However, in the absence of a separated visceral hump, Aiteng ater is able to retract its head under the frontal part of the notum.[2] +Aiteng ater is an amphibious species which lives in mangrove forests in the intertidal zone, on the mud.[1] It lives "amphibiously", and tolerates marine to brackish waters, but there are no observations of these animals truly leaving the water.[2][2] +Aiteng ater feeds on insects, (is insectivorous).[1] In the laboratory it has been observed to eat pupae of beetles (Coleoptera), pupae of Lepidoptera, imagos of mosquitos and larvae of ants.[2] +Inside the bodies of individuals of Aiteng ater, there were found to be white elongated endoparasites; these are as yet unstudied.[1] However the "parasites" described for Aiteng ater might represent spicules instead,[2] because the presence of spicules is confirmed for the undescribed species Aitengidae sp. from Japan.[4] +Aiteng ater was chosen by the International Institute for Species Exploration of Arizona State University to be one of the "Top 10 New Species described in 2009".[3] +Distribution +The distribution of Aiteng ater includes Thailand. The type locality is 8°29'18" N, 100°10'55" E, Amphoe Pak Phanang, Pak Phanang Bay, in the Gulf of Thailand.[1] +The size of the body is 8–12 mm.[1] The shape of the body is elongate, but broad.[2] The color of the slug is from grey to black.[2] The eyes are the only externally clearly visible feature on its head. +Aiteng ater has an unusual combination of morphological characters: +Reduction of mantle cavity[1] Prepharyngeal (circumpharyngeal) nerve ring[4] The presence of ascus[4] However, re-examination of the supposed "ascus" in Aiteng ater is necessary, because an examination of an undescribed species Aitengidae sp. from Japan showed no true (i.e. sacoglossan-like) ascus containing old teeth, just a radula slightly bent at the end.[4] Uniseriate radula (radula with a descending and ascending limb)[4] The radula has a strong rhachidian tooth[4] The large, internal lateral eyes closely associated with the cerebral ganglia[4] The presence of a foot groove[4] A branched digestive gland.[4] +This species lacks several acochlidian characteristics: +Culture Day (文化の日, Bunka no Hi) is a national holiday held annually in Japan on November 3 for the purpose of promoting culture, the arts, and academic endeavor. Festivities typically include art exhibitions, parades, and award ceremonies for distinguished artists and scholars. +Culture Day was first held in 1948, to commemorate the announcement of the post-war Japanese constitution on November 3, 1946.[1] +November 3 was first celebrated as a national holiday in 1868, when it was called Tenchō-setsu (天長節), a holiday held in honor of the birthday of the reigning Emperor—at that time, Emperor Meiji (see also The Emperor's Birthday). +Following Meiji's death in 1912, November 3 ceased to be a holiday until 1927, when his birthday was given its own specific holiday, known as Meiji-setsu (明治節). This was subsequently discontinued with the announcement of Culture Day in 1948.[1] +As Culture Day exists to promote the arts and various fields of academic endeavor, local and prefectural governments typically choose this day to hold art exhibits, culture festivals, and parades. For example, Hakone in Kanagawa Prefecture holds the annual Feudal Lord's Parade (箱根大名行列, Hakone Daimyō Gyōretsu) to exhibit Edo period clothing and costumes.[2] Primary and secondary schools often have a "culture festival" on or near this day.[3] +Since 1936, the award ceremony for the prestigious Order of Culture has been held on this day.[4] Given by the Emperor himself to those who have significantly advanced science, the arts or culture, it is one of the highest honours bestowed by the Imperial Family. The prize is not restricted to Japanese citizens, and for instance was awarded to the Apollo 11 astronauts upon their successful return from the moon, as well as literary scholar Donald Keene.[5] +Culture Day is statistically one of the clearest days of the year. +Between 1965 and 1996, there were only three years with rain occurring in Tokyo on Culture Day.[6] +Sputnik 2 (Russian pronunciation: [ˈsputʲnʲɪk], Russian: Спутник-2, Satellite 2), or Prosteyshiy Sputnik 2 (PS-2, Russian: Простейший Спутник 2, Simplest Satellite 2) was the second spacecraft launched into Earth orbit, on 3 November 1957, and the first to carry a living animal, a Soviet space dog named Laika. Laika died on the fourth orbit due to overheating caused by an air conditioning malfunction. +Launched by the U.S.S.R., Sputnik 2 was a 4 meters (13 feet) high cone-shaped capsule with a base diameter of 2 meters (6.6 feet) that weighed around 500 kg, though it was not designed to separate from the rocket core that brought it to orbit, bringing the total mass in orbit to 7.79 tonnes.[3] It contained several compartments for radio transmitters, a telemetry system, a programming unit, a regeneration and temperature-control system for the cabin, and scientific instruments. A separate sealed cabin contained the dog Laika. +Two photometers were on board for measuring solar radiation (ultraviolet and x-ray emissions) and cosmic rays. A 100 line television camera provided images of Laika.[4] Sputnik 2 was launched into space only 32 days after its predecessor Sputnik 1. Due to the huge success of Sputnik 1, Nikita Khrushchev ordered Sergei Korolev back to work creating a Sputnik 2 that needed to be ready for space for the 40th anniversary of the Bolshevik revolution.[5] +The plan for Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2 was initiated and presented by Korolev, and was approved in January 1957. At that time, it was not clear that the Soviets' main satellite plan (which would eventually become Sputnik 3) would be able to get to space because of the ongoing issues with the R-7 ICBM, which would be needed to launch a satellite of that size. "Korolev proposed substituting two 'simple satellites' for the IGY satellite".[1] The choice to launch these two instead of waiting for the more advanced Sputnik 3 to be finished was largely motivated by the desire to launch a satellite to orbit before the US. +Myrica rubra, also called yangmei (Chinese: 杨梅; pinyin: yángméi; Cantonese: yeung4 mui4; Shanghainese: [jɑ̃.mɛ][tones?]), yamamomo (Japanese: ヤマモモ, "mountain peach"), Chinese bayberry, Japanese bayberry, red bayberry, yumberry, waxberry, or Chinese strawberry (and often mistranslated from Chinese as arbutus) is a subtropical tree grown for its fruit. +The plant was first described by João de Loureiro in Flora Cochinchinensis, 2, page 548 in 1790 under the name (basionym) Morella rubra [2] The species was moved to the genus Myrica as Myrica rubra (Lour.) +Siebold & Zucc. by Philipp Franz von Siebold and Joseph Gerhard von Zuccarini in treatises of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. Mathematical and natural science class, volume 4, number 3, page 230 published. +In studies of germplasm, it was clearly distinguished from wax myrtle, and could be subdivided into two groups unrelated to the sex of the plant, but more so by the geographic region in China where the accession originated.[3][4] Among regions in China, accessions varied within regions, indicating extensive gene mixing.[3] Nearly 100 cultivars of M. rubra exist in China alone.[3] Zhejiang Province is a possible center of diversity for the plant in China.[4] +It is native to eastern Asia, mainly in south-central China in province of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan , Yunnan, and Zhejiang; Japan, Korea, and the Philippines in forests on mountain slopes and valleys at elevations of 100–1,500 metres (330–4,920 ft).[1] Seeds are dispersed by Japanese macaques.[6] and Yakushima macaque[7] +Chinese cultivation is concentrated south of the Yangtze River, where it has considerable economic importance and has been grown for at least 2000 years.[8]. +Description +It tolerates poor acidic soils. +The root system is 5–60 cm (2.0–23.6 in) deep, with no obvious taproot. +Myrica rubra was first introduced into the United States by Frank Nicholas Meyer from seed purchased from the Yokohama Nursery Co. in Japan and published in the Bulletin of Foreign Plant Introductions in 1918.[9] Plants from the collection were grown and fruited in Chico, California and in Brooksville, Florida by David Fairchild.[10] M. rubra is being commercialized in California by Calmei, a California corporation.[11][12] Trees are prolific producers, with a single tree yielding some 100 kilograms (220 lb) of fruit.[13] As of 2007, 865,000 acres were devoted to yangmei production in China – double the amount of acres utilized in apple production in the United States.[14] +The tree is used as ornaments for parks and streets. It is also a traditional tree used in composing classical East Asian gardens. +Research and phytochemicals +Myrica rubra is an evergreen tree that grows to a height of up to 10–20 m (33–66 ft) meters high, with smooth gray bark and a uniform spherical to hemispherical crown. +Leaves are leathery, bare, elliptic-obovate to oval lanceolate in shape, wedge-shaped at the base and a rounded to pointed or tapered at the apex, margin is serrated or serrated in the upper half, with a length of 5–14 cm (2.0–5.5 in) and a width of 1–4 cm (0.39–1.57 in). +Leaves are alternately arranged on the branches are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The petiole is 2–10 mm (0.079–0.394 in) long. +The leaf underside is pale green and sparsely to moderately golden glandular, the top surface is dark green.[1] +Flowers are dioecious. Male inflorescences are simple or unobtrusively branched bracts, which stand individually or occasionally in groups of a few inflorescences in the leaf axils and female. +Inflorescence are 1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in) long, the inflorescence stems are bare, the bracts are almost circular with a diameter of about 1 millimeter and have golden glands on the underside. The male flowers are accompanied by two to four egg-shaped, sparse lanceolate leaves. Each male flower contains four to six stamens with dark red, elliptical anthers. +Female inflorescences are single with multi-flowered spikes of 0.5–1.5 cm (0.20–0.59 in)in length standing in the leaf axils. The rhachis is hairy and glandular. The cover sheets overlap, are hairless and only unobtrusively glandular. +Female flowers are accompanied by four leaves. The upper ovary is velvety hairy, with a stylus with a two-lobed scar. There are two slender scar lobes are colored bright red. +The flowering period extends from March to April in China, with fruits developing from May to June. +The fruit is spherical, typically 1.5–2.5 cm (0.6–1 in) in diameter, with diameters up to 3 centimeters, a knobby surface. The surface is a thick-skinned, typically a crimson red, but may vary from white to purple, with similar or somewhat lighter flesh color. At the center is a single seed, with a diameter about half that of the whole fruit.The flesh is sweet and very tart. +The "Bamboo network" (simplified Chinese: 竹网; traditional Chinese: 竹網; pinyin: zhú wǎng) is a term used to conceptualize connections between businesses operated by the Overseas Chinese community in Southeast Asia.[1][2] The Overseas Chinese business networks constitute the single most dominant private business groups outside of East Asia.[3] It links the Overseas Chinese business community of Southeast Asia, namely Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Singapore with the economies of Greater China (Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan).[4] Ethnic Chinese play a leading role in Southeast Asia's business sector as they dominate Southeast Asia's economy today and form the economic elite across all the major Southeast Asian countries.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11] The Chinese have been an economically powerful and prosperous minority for hundreds of years and today exert a powerful economic influence throughout the region.[12][13][14][15] Overseas Chinese wield tremendous economic clout over their indigenous Southeast Asian majority counterparts and play a critical role in maintaining the regions aggregate economic vitality and prosperity.[16][17][18][19] Since the turn of the 21st century, postcolonial Southeast Asia has now become an important pillar of the Overseas Chinese economy as the bamboo network represents an important symbol manifesting itself as an extended international economic outpost of Mainland China.[20][15] +Since 1500, Southeast Asia has been a magnet for Chinese emigrants where they have strategically developed a bamboo network that has transcended national boundaries.[1] The Chinese were one commercial minority among many including Indian Gujaratis, Chettiars, Portuguese and Japanese until the middle of the seventeenth century. +Subsequently, damage to the rival trade networks the English and Dutch in the Indian Ocean allowed the enterprising Chinese to take over the roles once held by the Japanese in the 1630s. The Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia would soon become the sole indispensable buyers and sellers to the large European companies.[59] By the 1700s, Overseas Chinese were the sole unrivaled commercial minority everywhere in Southeast Asia, having contributed significantly to the economic dynamism and prosperity of the region and have served as a catalyst for regional economic growth.[60][4][61] Colonization of Southeast Asia by the European powers from the 16th to the 20th centuries opened up the region to large numbers of Chinese immigrants, most of whom originated from southeastern China. The largest of those were Hakka from the Fujian and Guangdong provinces.[62][7] Substantial increases in the Overseas Chinese population of Southeast Asia began in the mid-eighteenth century.[63] Chinese emigrants from southern China settled in Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, and Vietnam to seek their financial destiny through entrepreneurship and business success.[35] They established at least one well-documented republic as a tributary state during the Qing dynasty, the Lanfang Republic that lasted from 1777 to 1884. +Overseas Chinese populations in Southeast Asia saw a rapid increase following the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War in 1949 which forced many refugees to emigrate outside of China causing a rapid expansion of the Overseas Chinese bamboo network.[10][11][64] +Sign of a goldsmith in Yaowarat, Bangkok's biggest Chinatown +Throughout Southeast Asia, Overseas Chinese are an economically powerful dominant market minority that exercise a disproportionate amount of influence across the region relative to their small population.[65][66][67][4][68][69][70] Overseas Chinese entrepreneurs and investors play a leading role and dominate commerce and industry throughout the economies of Southeast Asia at every level of society.[71] Comprising less than ten percent of the population in Southeast Asia, Overseas Chinese are estimated to control two-thirds of the retail trade in the region and own eighty percent of all publicly listed companies by stock market capitalization.[9] Eighty-six percent of Southeast Asia's billionaire's are of Chinese descent.[72][73] Their middlemen minority status, shrewd business and investment acumen and economic prowess of the Overseas Chinese have led them to being heralded as the "Jews of Southeast Asia".[74][75][76][77] In 1991, the World Bank estimated that the total economic output of the Southeast Asia's Overseas Chinese was about US$400 million and rose to US$600 million in 1996.[78] Ethnic Chinese control 500 of the largest corporations in Southeast Asia with assets amounting to US$500 billion and additional liquid assets of US$2 trillion.[79] The Overseas Chinese community collectively control virtually all of the regions most advanced and lucrative industries as well as its economic crown jewels.[69] Overseas Chinese gained even greater economic power in Southeast Asia during the second half of the twentieth century in the midst of capitalist laissez faire policies enshrined by the European colonialists that were conducive to Chinese middlemen.[80] Economic power held by the ethnic Chinese across the Southeast Asian economies exert a tremendous impact on the regions per capita income, vitality of economic output, and aggregate prosperity. +The powerful economic clout and influence held by the Chinese have entirely displaced their rival indigenous Southeast Asian majority counterparts into economic submission.[81] The disproportionate amount of economic might held by the Overseas Chinese has led to resentment and bitterness among their indigenous Southeast Asian majority counterparts who feel that they cannot compete against ethnic Chinese businesses in free market capitalist societies. The immense wealth disparity and abject poverty among the indigenous Southeast Asian majorities has resulted hostility, resentment, distrust, and anti-Chinese sentiment blaming their extreme socioeconomic failures on the Chinese.[82] Many of their indigenous Southeast Asian majority counterparts have dealt with this wealth disparity by establishing socialist and communist dictatorships or authoritarian regimes to redistribute economic power more equitably at the expense of the more economically powerful and prosperous Chinese as well as giving affirmative action privileges to the indigenous Southeast Asian aborigine majorities first while imposing reverse discrimination against the Chinese minority to gain a more equitable balance of economic power.[83][84][85] +1997 Asian financial crisis +Governments affected by the 1997 Asian financial crisis introduced laws regulating insider trading led to the loss of many monopolistic positions long held by the ethnic Chinese business elite and weakening the influence of the bamboo network.[86] After the crisis, business relationships were more frequently based on contracts, rather than the trust and family ties of the traditional bamboo network.[87] +21st century +A major component of China's relationship with the Overseas Chinese is economic, as Overseas Chinese are an important of source of investment and financial capital for the Chinese economy.[1] Overseas Chinese control up to $2 trillion in cash or liquid assets in the region and have considerable amounts of wealth to stimulate China's growing economic strength.[2] Overseas Chinese also represent the biggest direct investors in Mainland China.[73][88] Bamboo network businesses have established over 100,000 joint ventures and invested more than $50 billion in China, influenced by shared and existing ethnic, cultural and language affinities.[89][90] Overseas Chinese also play a major role in the economic advancement of Mainland China where the relations between Mainland China and the Chinese diaspora in Southeast Asia are excellent and close ties are encouraged due to common ancestral origins as well as adhering to traditional Chinese ethics and values.[91] The Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia collectively control an economic spread worth US$700 billion with a combined wealth US$3.5 billion while financing 80 percent of Mainland China's foreign investment projects.[7][8] Since the turn of the 21st century, postcolonial Southeast Asia has now become an important pillar of the international Overseas Chinese economy.[9] In addition, Mainland China's transformation into a global economic power in the 21st century has led to a reversal in this relationship. Seeking to reduce its reliance on United States Treasury securities, the Chinese government through its state-owned enterprises shifted its focus to foreign investments. Protectionism in the United States has made it difficult for Chinese companies to acquire American assets, strengthening the role of the bamboo network as one of the major recipients of Chinese investments.[89] +These elaborate business networks provide the resources for capital accumulation, marketing information, and distribution of goods and services between the Chinese business communities across Southeast Asia.[21] Overseas Chinese businesses in Southeast Asia are usually family owned and managed through a centralized bureaucracy.[2][22][23] The family becomes the centerpiece focus of the firm's business activities and provides the capital, labor, and management. The strength of the family firm lies in its flexibility of decision making and the dedication and loyalty of its labor force.[23] The businesses are usually managed as family businesses to lower front office transaction costs as they are passed down from one generation to the next.[23][24][4][22][25][26] Many firms generally exhibit a strong entrepreneurial spirit, family kinship, autocratic leadership, intuitive, parsimonious, and fast decision making style, as well as paternalistic management and a continuous chain of hierarchical orders.[27][9][28] These bulk of these firms typically operate as small and medium-sized businesses rather than large corporate conglomerate entities typically dominant in other East Asian countries such as Japan and South Korea.[23][29] Trade and financing is guided on extensions of traditional family clans and personal relationships are prioritized over formal relationships. This promotes commercial communication and more fluid transfer of capital in a region where financial regulation and rule of law remain largely undeveloped in Southeast Asia.[30] Bamboo networks are also transnational, which means channeling the movement of capital, information, and goods and services can promote the relative flexibility and efficiency between the formal agreements and transactions made by family-run firms.[31] Business relationships are based on the Confucian paradigm of guanxi, the Chinese term for the cultivation of personal relationships as an ingredient for business success.[32][33][34] The bamboo network has been heavily influenced by Confucianism, an ancient Chinese philosophy developed by philosopher Confucius in the 5th century BC that promotes filial piety and pragmatism with respect to the context of business.[17][36][37] Confucianism remains a legitimizing philosophical force for the maintenance of a company's corporate identity and social welfare.[27] Nurturing guanxi has also been attributed to as a significant mechanism for the implementation of cooperative business strategies in the bamboo network.[38][39] For the Chinese, a strong network has always been an important pillar of Chinese business culture, following Confucianism's belief in the individual's inability to survive alone.[22] +The bamboo network has served as a distinctive form of economic organization through which groups of ethnic Chinese entrepreneurs, traders, investors, financiers, and their family businesses, as well as closely knitted business networks have gradually expanded and have come to dominate the economy of Southeast Asia.[40] The bamboo network also entails the structural substrate of companies, clans, and villages linked by ethnic ties of blood, family, and native place as part of a larger global bamboo network.[41] Having a common ethnic heritage, shared language, family ties, and ancestral roots have driven Overseas Chinese entrepreneurs to do business with one another rather than with their indigenous Southeast Asian counterparts in their host countries.[42] Companies owned by the Overseas Chinese are a major economic force and dominate the private business sectors in every Southeast Asian country today.[4][43][44] +Large numbers of Chinese male immigrants labored in rubber plantations and tin mines of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand while others set up small provision shops to eke out a living for themselves.[1] +Many entrepreneurial Chinese immigrants have been attracted by the promise of great wealth and fortune while others driven by famine and war. Chinese merchants, craftsmen, and landless impoverished labors crossed the South China Sea to seek new lands to achieve their financial destinies.[1] They formed Chinatowns for self-support, economic development, and promotion and protection of their business interests. Though there were immense hardships, many budding Chinese emigrant entrepreneurs and investors through thrift, shrewd business savvy and investment acumen, discipline, conscientiousness, and perseverance worked their way out of poverty to build a better life for themselves and their families.[24] Wherever the Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia have settled down, they have exhibited a strong sense of entrepreneurship and hard work starting with small businesses such as laundries, restaurants, grocery stores, gas stations, and gradually built themselves into full-fledged entrepreneurs, financiers, and brokers eventually cornering gambling dens, casinos, and real estate.[45] Overseas Chinese businessmen that have shaped Southeast Asian business sphere in the twentieth century have spawned famous rags to riches success stories such as the Malaysian Chinese dealmaker Robert Kuok, Chinese Indonesian billionaire Liem Sioe Liong, and Hong Kong business tycoon Li Ka-shing.[24] Robert Kuok's successful business record is similar to many other prominent overseas Chinese businessmen who have paved the way for the Southeast Asian business scene during the twentieth century. +The Overseas Chinese bamboo network has played a major role in invigorating the commercial life of Southeast Asia as postcolonial Southeast Asia has become an important pillar of the Overseas Chinese economy since the turn of the 20th century. Historically, the Chinese dominated trade and commercial life of Southeast Asia and have been an economically powerful and prosperous minority than their indigenous Southeast Asian majorities around them for hundreds of years long before the European colonial era.[52][53] +Many of those who left China were Southern Han Chinese comprising the Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese, Hakka and Hainanese who trace their ancestry from the southern Chinese coastal provinces, principally known as Guangdong, Fujian and Hainan.[55] The Chinese established small trading posts, which in time grew and prospered along with their presence had come to control much of the economy in Southeast Asia. Periods of heavy emigration would send waves of Chinese into Southeast Asia as it was usually coincided with particularly poor conditions such as huge episodes of dynastic conflict, political uprisings, famine, and foreign invasions at home. Unrest and periodic upheaval throughout succeeding Chinese dynasties encouraged further emigration throughout the centuries.[56] In the early 1400s, the Ming Dynasty Chinese Admiral Zheng He under the Yongle Emperor led a fleet of three hundred vessels around Southeast Asia during the Ming treasure voyages.[4] During his maritime expedition across Southeast Asia, Zheng discovered an enclave of Overseas Chinese already prospering on the island of Java, Indonesia. +Geography and climate +Shanwei has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), with short, mild to warm winters, and long, hot, humid summers. Winter begins sunny and dry but becomes progressively wetter and cloudier. +Spring is generally overcast, while summer brings the heaviest rains of the year though is much sunnier; there are 10.3 days with 50 mm (1.97 in) or more rainfall. Autumn is sunny and dry. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from 15.2 °C (59.4 °F) in January to 28.3 °C (82.9 °F) in July, and the annual mean is 22.60 °C (72.7 °F). +The annual rainfall is around 1,891 mm (74 in), about two-thirds of which occurs from May to August. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 26% in March to 57% in October, the city receives 1,925 hours of bright sunshine annually. +Transportation +According to a December 2011 report, officials from Shenzhen considered Shanwei as one of the major destinations to which air-polluting industries should be relocated from Shenzhen. According to the mayor of Shenzhen, some 4000 Shenzhen factories should be moved to an industrial park in Shanwei.[3] +Shanwei (Chinese: 汕尾), or Swabue is a prefecture-level city in eastern Guangdong province, People's Republic of China. It borders Jieyang to the east, Meizhou and Heyuan to the north, Huizhou to the west, and looks out to the South China Sea to the south. It lies approximately 120 kilometres (75 mi) east of Shenzhen and the locals speak the Haifeng dialect. +Haifeng, Lufeng and the urban area have basically the same accent. Most parts of the rural Luhe county formerly part of Lufeng use the peasant Hakka Chinese language belonging to the Xinhui subdialect of the Yuetai dialect. As Shanwei is adjacent to the Pearl River Delta and Hong Kong, together with the impact of television programs from Hong Kong and population movements within Guangdong province, many local residents, especially the younger generation, have communication skills in Cantonese. +History +Shanwei City was renamed established in 1988. +It was politically administered as part of Huizhoufu by the Ming and Qing empires, Shanwei it gained its prefectural and administrative independence from Huizhou during the Nationalist period. +The dominant ethnic population is Hoklo who came as a result of the large decrease in population caused by warfare in the early Qing dynasty in what is now Shanwei. +Administration +These are further divided into 53 township-level divisions, including 40 towns, 10 townships and 3 subdistricts. +Goguryeo +Emperor Gaozu, the founder of China's Tang Dynasty, sent a Taoist preacher and literature, Laozi and Zhuangzi, to the Goguryeo kingdom. These were eagerly welcomed by the Goguryeo's king and his minister Yeon Gaesomun. Buddhist temples were eventually transformed to Taoist temples. +Baekje +In Baekje, Taoism was mentioned in some treatises in passing, and did not take hold as in the other Korean kingdoms. +Silla +Silla, having received Lao-tzu's Tao Te Ching in 738 from the Tang emperor, left the most substantial legacy of Taoism. Silla scholars went to China to study Taoism, and Lao-tzu was tested in civil service examinations. Sinseon Sasang, which was relatively widespread in Silla, had its roots in animistic folk beliefs and practices, but it was also influenced by Korean Taoism. +Silla Taoism concentrated on the practice and training of one's mind or self-discipline. Its most distinctive mark can be found in the Hwarang, an elite armed force noted for its disciplined composure, simplicity, relaxation and harmony, every one a component of philosophical Taoism. +Goryeo +Taoist court rituals were introduced into Korea from Song dynasty China, especially under King Yejong (r. 1105–1122). The object of worship in these rituals included most of the major and minor deities of the Taoist pantheon, but certain deities such as Samgye and T'aeil seem to have been the most popular.[1] +By the mid period of the Goryeo Dynasty, Buddhism dominated Korea, subsuming other religions and philosophies, including Taoism. +One of Korea's well-known founding myths in which a tiger and a bear seek to become human during an encounter with Hwanung may be viewed as a Taoist parable. The exact origin, despite various theories by historians, is in question because the royal records maintained by the early Korean kingdoms were destroyed during the two occasions in which the royal libraries were burned by invading Chinese armies. Later attempts to study the history and philosophy of Korean Taoism were suppressed during the Joseon kingdom which embraced only Confucianism as the proper field of study. +These writings on Taoism were predominantly from a Confucian perspective. However, there was a growing opposition from the main Confucian faction against Taoism, and Taoism began to be perceived as "heretical". Subsequently, the presence of Taoism shrank noticeably, and during the 1592 Japanese invasion, Taoism was systematically abolished. +In the 16th to 18th centuries, Taoism flourished, as literati, monks, private scholars (sarim), and even women, studied and practiced Taoist meditation and inner alchemy (naedan/Danhak) and produced hagiographic and anecdotal accounts of their Taoist contemporaries and forebears. The most important of these accounts known to date are four anecdotal biographies of immortals (Sason chon) in the collected writings of Heo Gyun (1569–1618), the Ch'onghakjip (Collected Discourses of Master Blue Crane) by Cho Yojok (early 17th century).[1] +While these were written to encourage Koreans to practice inner alchemy for the sake of immortality (i.e., deliverance from the corpse), they also re-envision and broaden the meaning of Korean religious history by reiterating nativist and folk traditions about the role of Korean mountain recluses and earthbound immortals in the maintenance and protection of Korean society.[1] +Modern presence +Since the late Joseon Dynasty, Taoism has been marginalized not only by the Korean Royal Court, Confucians, and Buddhists but also by society as a whole. Due to such a history, only a handful of Taoists exist throughout Korea today. +Taoism has been absorbed into the traditional Korean vision of the world, a world view in which shamanistic, Confucian, Buddhist, and Taoist elements are so intimately intertwined that often only a scholar can distinguish which is which.[1] +Evidence of Taoist revival can be seen in Tanjeon Hoheup, Tonghak and Kouk Sun Do. Even if the term "Taoism" is not used, the terms, techniques, and goals are clearly Taoist.[1] The Taoist mark of Chinese characters su (longevity) and bok (bliss) decorate many everyday articles, from spoons to pillow cases, even today. Many place names, especially related to mountains, bear strong Taoist influence. +The Taoist symbol Taegeuk is featured in the flag of South Korea.[2], and Chondoism is the Korean religion with more presence in North Korea, when Chondoist people are represented in politics by Chondoist Chongu Party. +References +However, its influence waned with the introduction of Buddhism during the Goryeo kingdom as the national religion and the dominance of neo-Confucianism during the Joseon dynasty. Despite its diminished influence during those periods, it permeated all strata of the Korean populace, integrating with its native animism as well as Buddhist and Confucian institutions, temples, and ceremonies. The Taoist practice in Korea developed, somewhat in contrast to China, as an esoteric meditative practice in the mountains taught by the "mountain masters" or "mountain sages". +Noted scholars +Yi Gyu-gyeong (1788–?) was a Silhak scholar wrote many articles on Taoism. Hwadam Seo Gyeong-deok Maewoldang Kim Si-seup +See also +Taoism Korean Buddhism Korean Confucianism Korean Shamanism Tonghak +External links +Broadly speaking, Taoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism infused native Totemism and Shamanism from the earliest centuries of the Common Era, but Buddhism dominated official thought during Silla and Goryeo dynasties, replaced by Confucianism during the Joseon Dynasty. +Background +Broadly speaking, Taoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism infused native Totemism and Shamanism from the earliest centuries of the Common Era, but Buddhism dominated official thought during Silla and Goryeo dynasties, replaced by Confucianism during the Joseon Dynasty. +Three Kingdoms period +Taoism's effects have been limited because of a lack of an institutional or political base, rejected by Confucian and Buddhist elites. Some modern scholars, however, are calling for a more critical reading of Confucianized histories, study of alternative sources, and a broader definition of Taoism, to find more extensive presence of Korean Taoist ritual practices and positive valuations.[1] +Emperor Gaozu, the founder of China's Tang Dynasty, sent a Taoist preacher and literature, Laozi and Zhuangzi, to the Goguryeo kingdom. These were eagerly welcomed by the Goguryeo's king and his minister Yeon Gaesomun. Buddhist temples were eventually transformed to Taoist temples. +In cell biology, a granule is a small particle.[1] It can be any structure barely visible by light microscopy. The term is most often used to describe a secretory vesicle. +In 1957, André and Rouiller first coined the term "nuage".[5] (French for "cloud"). +Its amorphous and fibrous structure occurred in drawings as early as in 1933 (Risley). Today, the nuage is accepted to represent a characteristic, electrondense germ plasm organelle encapsulating the cytoplasmic face of the nuclear envelope of the cells destined to the germline fate. +The same granular material is also known under various synonyms: dense bodies, mitochondrial clouds, yolk nuclei, Balbiani bodies, perinuclear P granules in Caenorhabditis elegans, germinal granules in Xenopus laevis, chromatoid bodies in mice, and polar granules in Drosophila. Molecularly, the nuage is a tightly interwoven network of differentially localized RNA-binding proteins, which in turn localize specific mRNA species for differential storage, asymmetric segregation (as needed for asymmetric cell division), differential splicing and/or translational control. The germline granules appear to be ancestral and universally conserved in the germlines of all metazoan phyla. +Many germline granule components are part of the piRNA pathway and function to repress transposable elements. +Granules are one of the non-living[dubious ] cell organelle of plant cell (the others-vacuole and nucleoplasm). It serves as small container of starch in plant cell. +The glucose is stored mainly in the form of starch granules, in plastids such as chloroplasts and especially amyloplasts. Toward the end of the growing season, starch accumulates in twigs of trees near the buds. Fruit, seeds, rhizomes, and tubers store starch to prepare for the next growing season. +See also +The granules of platelets are classified as dense granules and alpha granules. +Insulin granules in beta cells +Beta cell with insulin granules, which are the dark black spots surrounded by a white area called a halo. +Rook Temporal range: Late Pleistocene–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Rook in England Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae Genus: Corvus Species: C. frugilegus Binomial name Corvus frugilegus Linnaeus, 1758 Rook range +It is found in the Palearctic, its range extending from Scandinavia and western Europe to eastern Siberia. It is a large, gregarious, black-feathered bird, distinguished from similar species by the whitish featherless area on the face. Rooks nest collectively in the tops of tall trees, often close to farms or villages, the groups of nests being known as rookeries. +Rooks are resident in the British Isles and much of north and central Europe but vagrant to Iceland and parts of Scandinavia, where they typically live south of the 60th latitude. They are found in habitats that ravens dislike, choosing open agricultural areas with pasture or arable land, as long as there are suitable tall trees for breeding. They generally avoid forests, swamps, marshes, heaths and moorland. +They are in general lowland birds, with most rookeries found below 120 m (400 ft), but where suitable feeding habitat exists, they may breed at 300 m (1,000 ft) or even higher. +Rooks are often associated with human settlements, nesting near farms, villages and open towns, but not in large, heavily built-up areas.[8] +The rook also occurs as an eastern species in Asia where it differs in being slightly smaller on average, and having a somewhat more fully feathered face. In the north of its range the species has a tendency to move south during autumn, and more southern populations are apt to range sporadically. The species has been introduced into New Zealand, with several hundred birds being released there from 1862 to 1874. +Although their range is very localized, the species is now regarded as an invasive pest and is the subject of active control by many local councils.[10] This has wiped out the larger breeding colonies in New Zealand, and the remaining small groups have become more wary.[11] +Behaviour and ecology +A rook skull +The rook is a very social bird; in the evenings they gather in large flocks, often in thousands; this is felt by some, especially in cities, to be disturbing. +Rooks are highly gregarious birds and are generally seen in flocks of various sizes. Males and females pair-bond for life and pairs stay together within flocks. In the evening, the birds often congregate at their rookery before moving off to their chosen communal roosting site. +Flocks increase in size in autumn with different groups amalgamating and birds congregating at dusk before roosting, often in very large numbers and in the company of jackdaws. Roosting usually takes place in woodland or plantations, but a small minority of birds may continue to roost at their rookery all winter, and adult males may roost collectively somewhere nearby. The birds move off promptly in the morning, dispersing for distances of up to 10 km (6 mi).[1] +Foraging mostly takes place on the ground, with the birds striding about, or occasionally hopping, and probing the soil with their powerful beaks. Flight is direct, with regular wingbeats and little gliding while in purposeful flight; in contrast, the birds may glide more extensively when wheeling about in leisure flight near the rookery. In the autumn, flocks sometimes perform spectacular aerial group flights, including synchronised movements and individual antics such as dives, tumbles and rolls.[1] +Examination of stomach contents show that about 60% of the diet is vegetable matter and the rest is of animal origin. Vegetable foods include cereals, potatoes, roots, fruit, acorns, berries and seeds while the animal part is predominantly earthworms and insect larvae, which the bird finds by probing the ground with its strong bill. It also eats beetles, spiders, millipedes, slugs, snails, small mammals, small birds, their eggs and young, and occasionally carrion.[1] +In urban sites, human food scraps are taken from rubbish dumps and streets, usually in the early hours or at dusk when it is relatively quiet. Like other corvids, rooks will sometimes favour sites with a high level of human interaction, and can often be found scavenging for food in tourist areas or pecking open garbage sacks.[1] Rooks have even been trained to pick up litter in a theme park in France.[13] +They forage on arable land and pasture, probing the ground with their strong bills and feeding largely on grubs and soil-based invertebrates, but also consuming cereals and other plant material. Historically, farmers have accused the birds of damaging their crops, and have made efforts to drive them away or kill them. Like other corvids, they are intelligent birds with complex behavioural traits and an ability to solve simple problems. +Courtship +The female may respond by crouching down, arching her back and quivering her wings slightly, or she may take the initiative by lowering her head and wings and erecting her partially spread tail over her back.[1] Further similar displays are often followed by begging behaviour by the female and by the male presenting her with food, before coition takes place on the nest. At this stage, nearby male rooks often mob or attack the mating pair, and in the ensuing struggle, any male that finds himself on top of the female will attempt to copulate with her. She terminates these unwanted advances by exiting the nest and perching nearby.[14] A mated pair of rooks will often fondle each other's bills, and this behaviour is also sometimes seen in autumn.[8] +In hilly regions, rooks may nest in smaller trees or bushes, and exceptionally on chimneys or church spires. Both sexes participate in nest-building, with the male finding most of the materials and the female putting them in place. The nest is cup-shaped and composed of sticks, consolidated with earth and lined with grasses, moss, roots, dead leaves and straw.[1] Small branches and twigs are broken off trees, though as many are likely to be stolen from nearby nests as are collected direct, and the lining material is also often taken from other nests.[2] +Eggs are usually three to five in number (sometimes six and occasionally seven) and may be laid by the end of March or early April in Britain, but in the harsher conditions of eastern Europe and Russia, it may be early May before the clutch is completed.[12] The background colour is bluish-green to greyish-green but this is almost completely obscured by the heavy blotching of ashy grey and brown. The eggs average 40.0 by 28.3 millimetres (1.57 in × 1.11 in) in size.[2] They are incubated for 16–18 days, almost entirely by the female who is fed by the male. After hatching, the male brings food to the nest while the female broods the young. +After ten days, she joins the male in bringing food, which is carried in a throat pouch. The young are fledged by the 32nd or 33rd day but continue to be fed by the parents for some time thereafter. There is normally a single clutch each year, but there are records of birds attempting to breed in the autumn.[8] +It is during this time of year that spectacular aerial displays are performed by the birds. The species is monogamous, with the adults forming long-term pair bonds. Partners often support each other in agonistic encounters and a bird may return to its partner after a quarrel where bill twining, an affiliative behaviour, may take place.[15] +Calls in flight are usually given singly, in contrast to the carrion crow's, which are in groups of three or four. Other sounds are made around the rookery; a high-pitched squawk, a "burring" sound and a semi-chirruping call. Solitary birds occasionally "sing", apparently to themselves, uttering strange clicks, wheezes and human-like notes; the song has been described as a "base or guttural reproduction of the varied and spluttering song" of starlings.[1] +In The Rooks Have Returned (1871) by Alexei Savrasov, the arrival of the rooks is an early portent of the coming spring +Taxonomy and etymology +Intelligence +Although outside of captivity rooks have not shown probable tool-use, captive rooks have shown the ability to use and understand puzzles. One of the most commonly tested puzzles is the Trap-Tube Problem. Rooks learned how to pull their reward out of the tube while avoiding a trap on one side.[16][17] +In captivity, when confronted with problems, rooks have been documented as one of several species of birds capable of using tools as well as modifying tools to meet their needs.[18] Rooks learned that if they push a stone off a ledge into a tube, they will get food. The rooks then discovered they could find and bring a stone and carry it to the tube if no stone was there already. They also used sticks and wire, and figured out how to bend a wire into a hook to reach an item.[19] Rooks also understood the notion of water levels. +In one set of experiments, rooks managed to knock a reward off a platform by rolling a stone down a tube toward the base of the platform. Rooks also seemed to understand the idea that a heavier stone will roll more quickly and be more likely to knock the platform over. In this same test, rooks showed they understood that they needed to pick a stone of a shape that would roll easily.[1] +Rooks also show the ability to work together to receive a reward. In order to receive a reward, multiple rooks had to pull strings along the lid of a box in order for it to move and them to reach the reward. Rooks seem to have no preference regarding working as a group comparative to working singly.[21] +They also seem to have a notion of gravity, comparable to a six-month-old baby and exceeding the abilities of chimpanzees.[22] Although they do not use tools in the wild, research studies have demonstrated that rooks can do so in cognition tests where tools are required, and can rival, and in some circumstances outperform, chimpanzees.[23] +Farmers have observed rooks in their fields and thought of them as vermin. After a series of poor harvests in the early 1500s, Henry VIII introduced a Vermin Act in 1532 "ordeyned to dystroye Choughes (i.e. jackdaws), Crowes and Rokes" to protect grain crops from their predations. This act was only enforced in piecemeal fashion, but Elizabeth I passed the Act for the Preservation of Grayne in 1566 that was taken up with more vigour and large numbers of birds were culled.[24] +Francis Willughby mentions rooks in his Ornithology (1678): "These birds are noisome to corn and grain: so that the husbandmen are forced to employ children, with hooting and crackers, and rattles of metal, and, finally by throwing of stones, to scare them away."[25] He also mentions scarecrows "placed up and down the fields, and dressed up in a country habit, which the birds taking for countrymen dare not come near the grounds where they stand".[25] It was some time before more observant naturalists like John Jenner Weir and Thomas Pennant appreciated that in consuming ground-based pests, the rooks were doing more good than harm.[25] +Rookeries were often perceived as nuisances in rural Britain, and it was previously the practice to hold rook shoots where the juvenile birds, known as "branchers", were shot before they were able to fly. These events were both very social and a source of food (the rook becomes inedible once mature) as rook and rabbit pie was considered a great delicacy.[26] +The rook was given its binomial name by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in his Systema Naturae.[2] The binomial is from Latin; Corvus means "raven", and frugilegus means for "fruit-gathering". It is derived from frux or frugis, meaning "fruit", and legere, meaning "to pick".[3] The English-language common name rook is ultimately derived from the bird's harsh call.[4] Two subspecies are recognised; the western rook (C. f. frugilegus) ranges from western Europe to southern Russia and extreme northwestern China, while the eastern rook (C. f. pastinator) ranges from central Siberia and northern Mongolia eastwards across the rest of Asia.[5] Collective nouns for rooks include building, parliament, clamour and storytelling.[6] Their colonial nesting behaviour gave rise to the term rookery.[7] +Rooks have an extremely wide distribution and very large total population. The main threats they face are from changes in agricultural land use, the application of seed dressings and pesticides, and persecution through shooting. Although total numbers of birds may be declining slightly across the range, this is not at so rapid a rate as to cause concern, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed the bird's conservation status as being of "least concern".[1] +Description +The rook is a fairly large bird, at 45 to 47 cm (18 to 19 in) in length, with black feathers that often show a blue or bluish-purple sheen in bright sunlight. The feathers on the head, neck and shoulders are particularly dense and silky. The legs and feet are generally black, the bill grey-black and the iris dark brown. +In adults, a bare area of whitish skin in front of the eye and around the base of the bill is distinctive, and enables the rook to be distinguished from other members of the crow family. This bare patch gives the false impression that the bill is longer than it is and the head more domed. The feathering around the legs also appears shaggier and laxer than the similarly sized carrion crow, the only other member of its genus with which the rook is likely to be confused.[1] Additionally, when seen in flight, the wings of a rook are proportionally longer and narrower than those of the carrion crow.[9] +The juvenile plumage is black with a slight greenish gloss, except for the hind neck, back and underparts, which are brownish-black. The juvenile is superficially similar to a young crow because it lacks the bare patch at the base of the bill, but it has a thinner beak and loses the facial feathers after about six months.[1] +At the Cafe, Marwell Zoo At Uglich, Russia +Distribution and habitat +Vagrancy is a phenomenon in biology whereby individual animals appear well outside their normal range;[1] individual animals which exhibit vagrancy are known as vagrants. The term accidental is sometimes also used. There are a number of factors which might cause an individual to become a vagrant—genetic factors and weather conditions are two—but the causes are overall poorly understood.[2] Vagrancy can be a precursor to colonisation if individuals survive. +Vagrancy in insects is recorded from many groups—it is particularly well-studied in butterflies and moths, and dragonflies. +In mammals +In mammals, vagrancy has been recorded for bats, pinniped seals, whales, manatees, belugas, cougars, and more. +In reptiles +Vagrancy has been recorded for sea turtles, snakes (e.g. Pelamis platura), crocodilians, and probably also occurs in lizards. It therefore seems to be a fairly widespread phenomenon in reptiles. Saltwater crocodiles are especially prone to vagrancy, with individuals occasionally being recorded in odd places including Fiji, Iwo Jima, and even the Sea of Japan. +Alternative uses in botany +The term vagrant is also used of plants (e.g. Gleason and Cronquist, 1991), to refer to a plant that is growing far away from its species' usual range (especially north of its range) with the connotation of being a temporary population. In the context of lichens, a vagrant form or species occurs unattached to a substrate ("loose"), not necessarily outside its range.[5] +Vagrancy is known to occur in a wide range of animals such as birds, insects, mammals and sea turtles. +In birds +Vagrant birds in unfamiliar habitats may end up dying from stress or a lack of food, as happened to this great shearwater that was found at Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore on Lake Michigan +In the Northern Hemisphere, adult birds (possibly inexperienced younger adults) of many species are known to continue past their normal breeding range during their spring migration and end up in areas further north (such birds are termed spring overshoots). +In autumn, some young birds, instead of heading to their usual wintering grounds, take "incorrect" courses and migrate through areas which are not on their normal migration path. For example, Siberian passerines which normally winter in Southeast Asia are commonly found in Northwest Europe, e.g. Arctic warblers in Britain.[3] This is reverse migration, where the birds migrate in the opposite direction to that expected (say, flying north-west instead of south-east). The causes of this are unknown, but genetic mutation or other anomalies relating to the bird's magnetic sensibilities is suspected.[4] +Other birds are sent off course by storms, such as some North American birds blown across the Atlantic Ocean to Europe. Birds can also be blown out to sea, become physically exhausted, land on a ship and end up being carried to the ship's destination. +While many vagrant birds do not survive, if sufficient numbers wander to a new area they can establish new populations. Many isolated oceanic islands are home to species that are descended from landbirds blown out to sea, Hawaiian honeycreepers and Darwin's finches being prominent examples. +In insects +Hmong people, a Southeast Asian ethnic group who live in Southeast Asia (Vietnam, Laos and Thailand) and southern China Hmong cuisine Hmong customs and culture Hmong music Hmong textile art Hmong language, a continuum of closely related tongues/dialects Hmong–Mien languages Pahawh Hmong, an indigenous semi-syllabic script Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong, a modern alphabetic script Hmong Americans, Americans of Hmong descent +Philosophy of culture is a branch of philosophy that examines the essence and meaning of culture. +British poet and critic Matthew Arnold viewed "culture" as the cultivation of the humanist ideal. +In the 19th century, humanists such as English poet and essayist Matthew Arnold (1822–1888) used the word "culture" to refer to an ideal of individual human refinement, of "the best that has been thought and said in the world."[4] This concept of culture is comparable to the German concept of bildung: "...culture being a pursuit of our total perfection by means of getting to know, on all the matters which most concern us, the best which has been thought and said in the world."[4] +In practice, culture referred to an élite ideal and was associated with such activities as art, classical music, and haute cuisine.[5] As these forms were associated with urban life, "culture" was identified with "civilization" (from lat. civitas, city). Another facet of the Romantic movement was an interest in folklore, which led to identifying a "culture" among non-elites. This distinction is often characterized as that between high culture, namely that of the ruling social group, and low culture. +British anthropologist Edward Tylor was one of the first English-speaking scholars to use the term culture in an inclusive and universal sense. +Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a state of nature; this opposition was expressed through the contrast between "civilized" and "uncivilized." According to this way of thinking, one could classify some countries and nations as more civilized than others and some people as more cultured than others. +Other 19th-century critics, following Rousseau have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture, but have seen the refinement and sophistication of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature. These critics considered folk music (as produced by "the folk", i.e., rural, illiterate, peasants) to honestly express a natural way of life, while classical music seemed superficial and decadent. Equally, this view often portrayed indigenous peoples as "noble savages" living authentic and unblemished lives, uncomplicated and uncorrupted by the highly stratified capitalist systems of the West. +In 1870 the anthropologist Edward Tylor (1832–1917) applied these ideas of higher versus lower culture to propose a theory of the evolution of religion. According to this theory, religion evolves from more polytheistic to more monotheistic forms.[7] In the process, he redefined culture as a diverse set of activities characteristic of all human societies. This view paved the way for the modern understanding of culture. +See also +German Romanticism +Johann Herder called attention to national cultures. +The German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) has formulated an individualist definition of "enlightenment" similar to the concept of bildung: "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity."[1] He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Against this intellectual cowardice, Kant urged: Sapere aude, "Dare to be wise!" In reaction to Kant, German scholars such as Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803) argued that human creativity, which necessarily takes unpredictable and highly diverse forms, is as important as human rationality. +Adolf Bastian developed a universal model of culture. +In 1795, the great linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant's and Herder's interests. +During the Romantic era, scholars in Germany, especially those concerned with nationalist movements—such as the nationalist struggle to create a "Germany" out of diverse principalities, and the nationalist struggles by ethnic minorities against the Austro-Hungarian Empire—developed a more inclusive notion of culture as "worldview"(Weltanschauung). According to this school of thought, each ethnic group has a distinct worldview that is incommensurable with the worldviews of other groups. Although more inclusive than earlier views, this approach to culture still allowed for distinctions between "civilized" and "primitive" or "tribal" cultures. +In 1860, Adolf Bastian (1826–1905) argued for "the psychic unity of mankind". +He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. According to Bastian, all human societies share a set of "elementary ideas" (Elementargedanken); different cultures, or different "folk ideas" (Völkergedanken), are local modifications of the elementary ideas.[3] This view paved the way for the modern understanding of culture. Franz Boas (1858–1942) was trained in this tradition, and he brought it with him when he left Germany for the United States. +English Romanticism +The philosophy of social science is the study of the logic, methods, and foundations of social sciences such as psychology, economics, and political science. Philosophers of social science are concerned with the differences and similarities between the social and the natural sciences, causal relationships between social phenomena, the possible existence of social laws, and the ontological significance of structure and agency. +Durkheim, Marx, and Weber are more typically cited as the fathers of contemporary social science. In psychology, a positivistic approach has historically been favoured in behaviourism. +Opponents of naturalism, including advocates of the verstehen method, contended that there is a need for an interpretive approach to the study of human action, a technique radically different from natural science.[8] The fundamental task for the philosophy of social science has thus been to question the extent to which positivism may be characterized as 'scientific' in relation to fundamental epistemological foundations. These debates also rage within contemporary social sciences with regard to subjectivity, objectivity, intersubjectivity and practicality in the conduct of theory and research. Philosophers of social science examine further epistemologies and methodologies, including realism, critical realism, instrumentalism, functionalism, structuralism, interpretivism, phenomenology, and post-structuralism. +Though essentially all major social scientists since the late 19th century have accepted that the discipline faces challenges that are different from those of the natural sciences, the ability to determine causal relationships invokes the same discussions held in science meta-theory. Positivism has sometimes met with caricature as a breed of naive empiricism, yet the word has a rich history of applications stretching from Comte to the work of the Vienna Circle and beyond. By the same token, if positivism is able to identify causality, then it is open to the same critical rationalist non-justificationism presented by Karl Popper, which may itself be disputed through Thomas Kuhn's conception of epistemic paradigm shift. +Early German hermeneuticians such as Wilhelm Dilthey pioneered the distinction between natural and social science ('Geisteswissenschaft'). This tradition greatly informed Max Weber and Georg Simmel's antipositivism, and continued with critical theory.[9] Since the 1960s, a general weakening of deductivist accounts of science has grown side-by-side with critiques of "scientism", or 'science as ideology'.[10] Jürgen Habermas argues, in his On the Logic of the Social Sciences (1967), that "the positivist thesis of unified science, which assimilates all the sciences to a natural-scientific model, fails because of the intimate relationship between the social sciences and history, and the fact that they are based on a situation-specific understanding of meaning that can be explicated only hermeneutically … access to a symbolically prestructured reality cannot be gained by observation alone." [9] Verstehende social theory has been the concern of phenomenological works, such as Alfred Schütz Phenomenology of the Social World (1932) and Hans-Georg Gadamer's Truth and Method (1960).[11] Phenomenology would later prove influential in the subject-centred theory of the post-structuralists. +The mid-20th-century linguistic turn led to a rise in highly philosophical sociology, as well as so-called "postmodern" perspectives on the social acquisition of knowledge.[12] One notable critique of social science is found in Peter Winch's Wittgensteinian text The Idea of Social Science and its Relation to Philosophy (1958). Michel Foucault provides a potent critique in his archaeology of the human sciences, though Habermas and Richard Rorty have both argued that Foucault merely replaces one such system of thought with another.[13][14] +One underlying problem for the social psychologist is whether studies can or should ultimately be understood in terms of the meaning and consciousness behind social action, as with folk psychology, or whether more objective, natural, materialist, and behavioral facts are to be given exclusive study. This problem is especially important for those within the social sciences who study qualitative mental phenomena, such as consciousness, associative meanings, and mental representations, because a rejection of the study of meanings would lead to the reclassification of such research as non-scientific. Influential traditions like psychodynamic theory and symbolic interactionism may be the first victims of such a paradigm shift. +Social research remains extremely common and effective in practise with respect to political institutions and businesses. Michael Burawoy has marked the difference between public sociology, which is focused firmly on practical applications, and academic or professional sociology, which involves dialogue amongst other social scientists and philosophers. +Discussions over the primacy of structure or agency relate to the very core of social ontology ("What is the social world made of?", "What is a cause in the social world, and what is an effect?"). One attempt to reconcile postmodern critiques with the overarching project of social science has been the development, particularly in Britain, of critical realism. For critical realists such as Roy Bhaskar, traditional positivism commits an 'epistemic fallacy' by failing to address the ontological conditions which make science possible: that is, structure and agency itself. +Auguste Comte and positivism +Books +External links +External links +The first three volumes of the Course dealt chiefly with the physical sciences already in existence (mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology), whereas the latter two emphasised the inevitable coming of social science. Observing the circular dependence of theory and observation in science, and classifying the sciences in this way, Comte may be regarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term.[1] For him, the physical sciences had necessarily to arrive first, before humanity could adequately channel its efforts into the most challenging and complex "Queen science" of human society itself. His View of Positivism would therefore set-out to define, in more detail, the empirical goals of sociological method. +Comte offered an account of social evolution, proposing that society undergoes three phases in its quest for the truth according to a general 'law of three stages'. The idea bears some similarity to Marx's view that human society would progress toward a communist peak. This is perhaps unsurprising as both were profoundly influenced by the early Utopian socialist, Henri de Saint-Simon, who was at one time Comte's teacher and mentor. +The early sociology of Herbert Spencer came about broadly as a reaction to Comte. Writing after various developments in evolutionary biology, Spencer attempted (in vain) to reformulate the discipline in what we might now describe as socially Darwinistic terms (although Spencer was a proponent of Lamarckism rather than Darwinism). +The modern academic discipline of sociology began with the work of Émile Durkheim (1858–1917). While Durkheim rejected much of the detail of Comte's philosophy, he retained and refined its method, maintaining that the social sciences are a logical continuation of the natural ones into the realm of human activity, and insisting that they may retain the same objectivity, rationalism, and approach to causality.[2] Durkheim set up the first European department of sociology at the University of Bordeaux in 1895. +In the same year he argued, in The Rules of Sociological Method (1895):[3] "[o]ur main goal is to extend scientific rationalism to human conduct... What has been called our positivism is but a consequence of this rationalism."[4] Durkheim's seminal monograph Suicide (1897), a case study of suicide rates amongst Catholic and Protestant populations, distinguished sociological analysis from psychology or philosophy. +Today, practitioners of both social and physical sciences recognize the distorting effect of observer bias and structural limitations. This scepticism has been facilitated by a general weakening of deductivist accounts of science by philosophers such as Thomas Kuhn, and new philosophical movements such as critical realism and neopragmatism. Positivism has also been espoused by 'technocrats' who believe in the inevitability of social progress through science and technology.[5] The philosopher-sociologist Jürgen Habermas has critiqued pure instrumental rationality as meaning that scientific-thinking becomes something akin to ideology itself.[6] +"Philosophy of social science". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Philosophy of social sciences (From Robert Audi's Cambridge Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Philosophy of social sciences (Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online) +Following the developments in the philosophical study of formal logic with symbolic logic in the late nineteenth century and mathematical logic in the twentieth, topics traditionally treated by logic not being part of formal logic have tended to be termed either philosophy of logic or philosophical logic if no longer simply logic. +Compared to the history of logic, the demarcation between the philosophy of logic and philosophical logic is of recent coinage and not always entirely clear. Characterisations include: +Logic uses such terms as true, false, inconsistent, valid, and self-contradictory. Questions arise as Strawson (1952) writes[5] +Analytic truths, logical truth, validity, logical consequence and entailment +Since the use, meaning, if not the meaningfulness, of the terms is part of the debate, it is possible only to give the following working definitions for the purposes of the discussion: +A necessary truth is one that is true no matter what the state of the world or, as it is sometimes put, in all possible worlds.[6] Logical truths are those necessary truths that are necessarily true owing to the meaning of their logical constants only.[7] In formal logic a logical truth is just a "statement" (string of symbols in which no variable occurs free) which is true under all possible interpretations. An analytic truth is one whose predicate concept is contained in its subject concept. +Philosophy of logic is the area of philosophy devoted to examining the scope and nature of logic.[1] Philosophy of logic is the investigation, critical analysis and intellectual reflection on issues arising in logic. The field is considered to be distinct from philosophical logic. Philosophical logic is the branch of study that concerns questions about reference, predication, identity, truth, quantification, existence, entailment, modality, and necessity.[2] Philosophical logic is the application of formal logical techniques to philosophical problems.[3] +The concept of logical truth is intimately linked with those of validity, logical consequence and entailment (as well as self-contradiction, necessarily false etc.). +If p1, p2, p3 ... pn therefore q is a valid argument then its corresponding conditional will be a logical truth. If p1 & p2 & p3 ... pn entails q then If (p1 & p2 & p3 ... pn) then q is a logical truth. If q is a logical consequence of p1 & p2 & p3 ... pn if and only if p1 & p2 & p3 ... pn entails q and if and only if If (p1 & p2 & p3..pn) then q is a logical truth +Are there necessary truths that are not analytic truths? Are there necessary truths that are not logical truths? Is the distinction between analytic truth and synthetic truth spurious? +See +This article outlines issues in philosophy of logic or provides links to relevant articles or both. +Names and descriptions +The problem of the material conditional: see Material conditional +Other topics +See also +Philosophical theories of logic +Philosophers of logic +Important figures +Figures in the philosophy of logic include (but are not limited to): +Fisher Jennifer, On the Philosophy of Logic, Thomson Wadworth, 2008, ISBN 978-0-495-00888-0 Goble, Lou, ed., 2001. +ISBN 0-415-02318-1, ISBN 978-0-415-02318-4 Journal of Philosophical Logic, Springer SBM +External links +Aristotle said To say that that which is, is not or that which is not is, is a falsehood; and to say that which is, is and that which is not is not, is true[4] +Cambridge University Press. (ISBN 0-521-29329-4) Quine, W. V. O. 2004. +Harvard University Press. (ISBN 0-674-66563-5) Alfred Tarski. +The philosophy of archaeology seeks to investigate the foundations, methods and implications of the discipline of archaeology in order to further understand the human past and present. +What is the nature and reality of the objects and processes of archaeological study? Analytic philosophy of archaeology investigates the logic behind concepts such as artefact, site, the archaeological record and archaeological cultures. These are just some examples of the metaphysical, aesthetic, epistemological, ethical and theoretical concerns at the heart of the practice of archaeology.[1] +He went on to claim that the arché was water. The Greek philosophers that came after him continued the search for the arché in nature and because of this they were known as physiologoi (meaning physical or natural philosophers) to differentiate them from the theologoi, who based their philosophy on a supernatural basis. Archaeology therefore inherited the burden of explaining the origin of things, and how they change, both once the exclusive preserve of religion, without recourse to divine intervention. +Thus, the scientific approach of archaeology can be traced in the west to the Ancient Greeks and their search for the origin or first principle of causation in nature rather than in the divine. Once the search for explanation was separated from divine sources and combined with principles such as Parmenides of Elea's dictum that nothing comes from nothing the search for the principles of causation led to the belief that the world and its processes could be rendered intelligible through rational thought. This led to the further realisation that the natural history and development of humanity might also be rationally investigated. +In this way the principle of sufficient reason, the principle of causal synonymy, along with the axiom that nothing can come from nothing, led to the foundation of archaeological enquiry as a process of natural science. Archaeology is therefore a development of the early history of the philosophy of science +The search for the arche was then applied to mankind, leading to the first theories of the evolution of organisms. However, despite philosophers realisation that mankind must have been once more primitive, and some attempts towards explaining the development of human speech along evolutionary lines, archaeology In the Classical world remained a predominantly philosophical pursuit. +Submersion and Recovery +Its development was interrupted by the rise of Christian scholasticism and the re-establishment of divine origin explanations in western culture in the 4th and 5th centuries AD. The recovery of concepts was spurred by the rediscovery of Lucretius' Epicurean poem "On Nature" which set out an archaeological explanation for the evolution of humans. The revival of Classical studies during the Renaissance was an archaeological exercise though not scientific in its process. +Developments in the 19th century with Hutton's and Lyell's theory of uniformitarianism and Darwin's theory of natural selection both of which set the stage for the modern scientific investigation into the origin of humanity.[4] +Archaeological epistemology concerns what archaeological knowledge is, its particularities,[5] how can it be acquired, and the extent to which archaeological knowledge of a subject or entity can be known. Also the subjective nature of archaeological enquiry is recognised. For example, is there one true objective past or multiple subjective ones. +In addition to these general questions, the philosophy of archaeology is also concerned with fieldwork methodology, integration of theory and collaboration with other disciplines, theories of measurement and data representation. +As Alison Wylie explained, "[w]hat you find, archaeologically, has everything to do with what you look for, with the questions you ask and the conceptual resources you bring to bear in attempting to answer them." Vivian James [8] carries this further by saying that context is the epistemological result of archaeological praxis. Thus what you look for, what questions you ask, and your conceptual resources are the context which is the epistemological result. +The ontology of archaeology is concerned with what archaeological entities exist, can be said to exist, and what their relations to each other might be. For example, what is an artefact, a site or a culture and do they exist as separate entities? If entities are agreed to exist how should they be categorised or recorded.[9] A branch of research in archaeological ontology is known as typology which attempts to sort objects into classes based on physical characteristics. +The existence and nature of time is also of concern in archaeological ontology. For example, what effect does periodisation, e.g. the three age model, have on archaeological theory and practice.[10] Questions of the ontological nature of both time and objects are of great importance in the design of archaeological databases and are of increasing importance as the computerisation of archaeological processes and data increases. +Archaeology is a theoretically fragmented field with no generally applied interpretative theory underpinning the discipline. A multitude of different theoretical approaches have developed over the last 50 years and exist in parallel across the discipline. These range broadly from an empirical archaeology viewed as a science, to a relativistic post-modern concept of archaeology as an ideology that cannot verify its own concepts. +Therefore, the search for a unifying explanatory theory is a major concern among philosophers of archaeology. However, even the possibility of such a theory is denied by some archaeologists, emphasising the dislocation in archaeological approaches.[11] +Philosophy of archaeology can also denote a certain approach or attitude applied to the discipline, such as feminist, Marxist, humanist or processual for example. These approaches are generally referred to as "theory" by archaeologists and are sometimes conflated with, but are not the same as, analytic philosophy of archaeology. See Archeological theory for a full description of these approaches.[1] +Who sanctions, controls and pays for such use is often disputed. For example, concerning the rights of indigenous people, especially in colonial situations where archaeology may be used to support narratives of oppression or dispossession. Or those whose beliefs are incompatible with certain archaeological practices, such as the removal of bodies from ancient graveyards. +Other examples include the use of archaeology for political purposes, such as land claims, or to prop up regimes or certain ideologies for example the notorious Ahnenerbe under the Third Reich. +The study of bias in archaeological narratives for example the association of archaeology with colonial history and subsequent issues over ownership of artifacts. For example, the continuing controversy over the Elgin marbles.[12] +There is currently little consensus amongst archaeologists on the nature of the problems in the philosophy of archaeology, or indeed in some cases, whether a philosophy of archaeology should, or even can, exist.[2] As such, the discipline is not highly developed, with even its existence or relevance disputed by some archaeologists.[3] However, it is generally recognised that an awareness of the philosophical issues and framework of the subject through research into the philosophy of archaeology is important for progress in the discipline as well as for designing research, controlling inference and interpretation, and in classification.[3] +The roots of archaeological enquiry can be traced ultimately to mankinds urge to explain the origin of the world around them. These early cosmological explanations for the origins of the universe took the form of mythology. With the rise of complex civilisations such as Sumer, Babylon, Egypt and Persia, and with their increasingly sophisticated priesthood, these mythological explanations became also more sophisticated. +The roots of archaeological enquiry can be traced ultimately to mankinds urge to explain the origin of the world around them. These early cosmological explanations for the origins of the universe took the form of mythology. With the rise of complex civilisations such as Sumer, Babylon, Egypt and Persia, and with their increasingly sophisticated priesthood, these mythological explanations became also more sophisticated. +These philosophies claimed that there was a beginning, an origin of all things, and conceived it as a formless void or Chaos out of which all matter was created. These explanations established the idea of a first principle or origin underlying and uniting all things, an idea that was passed into Greek as the word arché. +Philosophy of architecture is a branch of philosophy of art, dealing with aesthetic value of architecture, its semantics and relations with development of culture. +Photography "Stuyvesant Town - Peter Cooper Village," according to Martin R.[3] it is an architectural work, which may serve as one of the first manifestations of postmodernism +According to R. Martin "it remains surprising how many influential accounts of cultural postmodernism make reference to architecture."[1] Some scholars go so far as to claim that the entire post-modernism comes from the practice of architecture, and the rejection of "style of Modern" as an architectural style, and by so architects terminologically formulated postmodernism. Thus, F. Jameson writes that "it is in the realm of architecture, however, that modifications in aesthetic production are most dramatically visible, and that their theoretical problems have been most centrally raised and articulated (...) it was indeed from architectural debates that my own conception of post-modernism (...) initially began to emerge."[4] As it was noted by researchers, "Barthes and Eco, taking their cue from Russian Formalism, see norm breaking as the mark of the aesthetic (sc., the aesthetic code). Art is characteristically inventive in its capacity to have signs do duty as signifier of further meanings in a potentially endless play upon convention as well as within it or on its margin."[5] So important to postmodern writers like R. Bart and U. Eco, saw architecture as a source of revolutionary innovations in art.[5] +F. Jameson believes that there is a special relationship between postmodernism and American architecture, in which the birth of a national architecture coincided, in his opinion, with the emergence of the terminology or even the reality of postmodernism.[6] However, not all researchers agree with his post-modern "architectural origins," so Andreas Huyssen, suggests that the conceptual frame of postmodernism has been defined within certain movements of literature. However, this researcher also notes the special role of architecture in the development of post-modernism. Martin describes, that "Huyssen credits architecture with helping to disseminate the term postmodernism, originally from literature, into the expanded aesthetic sphere during the 1970s."[2] Lyotard contends that postmodern architects have nothing in common with true Postmodernism[3] and, as Lyotard states it in his article, Answering the Question: What Is Postmodernism?: "under the name of postmodernism, architects are getting rid of the Bauhaus project, throwing out the baby of experimentation with the bathwater of functionalism."[7] +A special figure for the philosophy of architecture can be considered the architect Robert Venturi, whose books may have played a no lesser role in the development of postmodernism, than his stylistic experiments in architecture. R. Venturi first lead attention of architects to pop-art. In his rejection of architectural modernism Venturi gave rise to the new cultural setting. +Wittgenstein and philosophy of architecture +A photo of Wittgenstein House +The Wittgenstein House is considered one of the most important examples of interactions between philosophy and architecture. Built by renowned Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, the house has been the subject of extensive research about the relationship between its stylistic features, Wittgenstein's personality, and his philosophy.[9][10][11][12] +Early history +Literature +Philosophical analysis of Wittgenstein's architecture +External links +In early history, philosophers distinguished architecture ('technion') from building ('demiorgos'), attributing the former to mental traits, and the latter to the divine or natural. It was only with Socratic irony that the name craftsman could become representative of a religious deity. The presence of some degree of formalism ala Platonism continues to be an important trait in distinguishing one architectural style from another, and thus in distinguishing the philosophy of a style. +Due to the nature of critique, the philosophy of architecture is an outgrowth of the philosophy of art, which began to be expressed in books on architecture and history of architecture during the latter half of the twentieth century.[2] Prior to that, largely because of its reliance on technology and engineering, architecture was seen as incompatible, or beneath, the proper subject areas of classical aesthetics as delimited by, notably, Immanuel Kant and Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, with their ideal of "pure art."[2] +Modern period +Panopticon. Drawing by Jeremy Bentham in 1791. +As it was noted by postmodern philosopher Michel Foucault, the architecture is able to set the life of society, and therefore it is particularly important for understanding of the person's values and culture. In "Discipline and Punish," Foucault analyzed contemporary culture through architecture project of principally new prison Panopticon. The point of this project by Jeremy Bentham was to create a special transparent environment for prisoners, where everyone would be under constant surveillance. +Side of the architecture, which had been considered a shame (as a sign of its connection with the pragmatic needs of man and society), became a major advantage, central part of new system of aesthetic values. Cubism and Futurism set aesthetic, full of mechanized, slaughtered, brutal forms, what was very close to the same engineering ideal. All this created more than favorable environment to change status of architecture in our system of art, as well as our understanding of art by itself.[citation needed] +Postmodernism +The philosophy of engineering is an emerging discipline that considers what engineering is, what engineers do, and how their work affects society, and thus includes aspects of ethics and aesthetics, as well as the ontology, epistemology, etc. that might be studied in, for example, the philosophy of science or the philosophy of technology. +See also +ISBN 0-85312-179-6 (Free download)ISBNISBNISBN Blockley, David (Editor) (1992) Engineering Safety, McGraw Hill, ISBN 0-07-707593-5 (Free download)ISBNISBNISBN Blockley, David (2010) A Very Short Introduction to Engineering Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780199578696 Petroski, Henry (1992) To Engineer Is Human: The Role of Failure in Successful Design Petroski, Henry (2010) The Essential Engineer: Why Science Alone Will Not Solve Our Global Problems Simon H. (1996), The Sciences of the Artificial, 3rd ed. +Engineering at its core is about causing change, and therefore management of change is central to engineering practice. The philosophy of engineering is then the consideration of philosophical issues as they apply to engineering. Such issues might include the objectivity of experiments, the ethics of engineering activity in the workplace and in society, the aesthetics of engineered artifacts, etc. +External links +The Latin root ars, the Germanic root kraft and the Greek root techne all originally meant the skill or ability to produce something, as opposed to, say, athletic ability. The something might be tangible, like a sculpture or a building, or less tangible, like a work of literature. Nowadays, art is commonly applied to the visual, performing or literary fields, especially the so-called fine arts ('the art of writing'), craft usually applies to the manual skill involved in the manufacture of an object, whether embroidery or aircraft ('the craft of typesetting') and technology tends to mean the products and processes currently used in an industry ('the technology of printing'). +Ethics +What distinguishes engineering design from artistic design is the requirement for the engineer to make quantitative predictions of the behavior and effect of the artifact prior to its manufacture. Such predictions may be more or less accurate but usually includes the effects on individuals and/or society. In this sense, engineering can be considered a social as well a technological discipline and judged not just by whether its artifacts work, in a narrow sense, but also by how they influence and serve social values. +Socio-technical systems, such as transport, utilities and their related infrastructures comprise human elements as well as artifacts. Traditional mathematical and physical modeling techniques may not take adequate account of the effects of engineering on people, and culture.[1][2] The Civil Engineering discipline makes elaborate attempts to ensure that a structure meets its specifications and other requirements prior to its actual construction. The methods employed are well known as Analysis and Design. +Product life cycle +The traditional engineering disciplines seem discrete but the engineering of artifacts has implications that extend beyond such disciplines into areas that might include psychology, finance and sociology. The design of any artifact will then take account of the conditions under which it will be manufactured, the conditions under which it will be used, and the conditions under which it will be disposed. Engineers can consider such "life cycle" issues without losing the precision and rigor necessary to design functional systems.[1] +Philosophy of ecology is a concept under the philosophy of science, which is a subfield of philosophy. Its main concerns centre on the practice and application of ecology, its moral issues, and the intersectionality between the position of humans and other entities.[1] This topic also overlaps with metaphysics, ontology, and epistemology, for example, as it attempts to answer metaphysical, epistemic and moral issues surrounding environmental ethics and public policy.[2] +Defining ecology +There is yet to be an established consensus amongst philosophers about the exact definition of ecology, however, there are commonalities in the research agendas that helps differentiate this discipline from other natural sciences. +Living entities possess an identity that expresses their relatedness. It is essential to understand the system of the biosphere and the components as a whole, rather than as their parts (also known as holism).[10] Occurrence of naturalism, whereby all living organisms are governed by the same natural laws.[11] Non-anthropocentrism, which is the rejection of anthropocentrism and its views on humans being the central entity, governed by the belief that value in the non-human world is to serve human interest. Non-anthropocentrism dictates that non-human world retains value and does not serve to benefit human interest.[12] Anthropogenic degradation of the environment dictates a necessity for environmental ethics.[12][4] +There are three main disciplinary categories of ecology: Romantic ecology, political ecology, and scientific ecology. Romantic ecology, also called aesthetic or literary ecology, was a counter-movement to the increasingly anthropocentric and mechanistic ideology presented in modern Europe and America of the nineteenth century, especially during the Industrial Revolution.[13] Some notable figures of this period include William Wordsworth (1770-1862),[14] John Muir (1838-1914),[15] and Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882).[16] Scope of romantic ecological influence also extends into politics, and in which political interrelation with ethics underline political ecology.[5] +Political ecology, also known as axiological or values-based ecology, considers the socio-political implications surrounding the ecological landscape.[17][18] Some fundamental questions political ecologists ask generally focus on the ethics between nature and society.[19] American environmentalist Aldo Leopold (1886-1948), affirm that ethics should be extended to encompass the land and biotic communities as well, rather than pertaining exclusively to individuals.[20] In this sense, political ecology can be denoted as a form of environmental ethics. +Finally, scientific ecology, or commonly known as ecology, addresses central concerns, such as understanding the role of the ecologists and what they study, and the types of methodology and conceptual issues that surround the development of these studies and what type of problem this may present. +Defining contemporary ecology requires looking at certain fundamental principles, namely principles of system and evolution. System entails understanding the processes, of which interconnected sections establish a holistic identity, not separated or predictable from their components.[1] Evolution results from the ‘generation of variety’ as a means to produce change. Certain entities that interact with their environments create evolution through survival, and it is the production of changes that shape ecological systems. This evolutionary process is central to ecology and biology.[21] There are three main concerns that ecologists generally concur with: naturalism, scientific realism, and the comprehensive scope of ecology. +The aim of the philosophy of ecology is to clarify and critique the 'first principles’, which are the fundamental assumptions present in science and the natural sciences. Although there has yet to be a consensus about what presupposes philosophy of ecology, and the definition for ecology is up for debate, there are some central issues that philosophers of ecology consider when examining the role and purpose of what ecologists practice. For example, this field considers the 'nature of nature',[1] the methodological and conceptual issues surrounding ecological research, and the problems associated with these studies within its contextual environment.[3] +Philosopher Frederick Ferre defines two different primary meanings for nature in Being and Value: Toward a Constructive Postmodern Metaphysics (1996).[22] The first definition does not consider nature as 'artifacts of human manipulation’,[2] and nature, in this sense, comprises those not of artificial origins. The second definition establishes natures as those not of supernatural conceptions, which includes artefacts of human manipulation in this case.[3][2] However, there is confusion of meaning as both connotations are used interchangeably in its application in different contexts by different ecologists. +Naturalism +There is yet to be a defined explanation of naturalism within philosophy of ecology, however, its current usage connotes the idea that underlines a system containing a reality subsumed by nature, independent of the ‘supernatural’ world or existence.[1] Naturalism, asserts the notion that scientific methodology is sufficient to obtain knowledge about reality. Naturalists who support this perspective view mental, biological, and social operations as physical entities. For example, considering a pebble or a human being, these existences occur concurrently within the same space and time. +Methodology +Holism vs reductionism +The holism-reductionism debate encompasses ontological, methodological and epistemic concerns.[23] Common questions involve examining whether the means to understanding an object is through critical analyses of its constituents (reductionism) or ‘contextualisation’ of its components (holism) to retain phenomenological value.[24] Holists maintain that certain unique properties are attributed to the abiotic or biotic entity, such as an ecosystem, and how these characteristics are not intrinsically applicable to its separate components. Analysis of just the parts are insufficient in obtaining knowledge of the entire unit.[23] On the other spectrum, reductionists argue that these parts are independent of each other,[25] and that knowledge of the components provide understanding of the composite entity. This approach, however, has been criticised, as the entity does not just denote just the unity of its aggregates but rather a synthesis between the whole and its parts. +Rationalism vs empiricism +Rationalism within scientific ecology such methodologies remain necessary and relevant in their role for establishing ecological theory as a guide. +Methodology employed under rationalist approaches became pronounced in the 1920s by Alfred Lotka's (1956) and Vito Volterra's (1926) logistic models that are known as Lotka-Volterra equations. Empiricism establishes the need for observational and empirical testing. An obvious consequence of this paradigm is the presence and usage of pluralistic methodology, although there has yes to be a unifying model adequate for application in ecology, and neither has there yet to establish a pluralistic theory as well. +Environmental ethics +Philosophy addresses the questions that make up ecological studies, and presents a different perspective into the history of ecology, environmental ethics in ecological science, and the application of mathematical models.[1] +Environmental ethics emerged in the 1970s in response to traditional anthropocentrism. It studies the moral implications between social and environmental interactions, prompted from concerns of environmental degradation, and challenged the ethical positionality of humans.[26] A common belief amongst environmental philosophy is the view that biological entities are morally valuable and independent of human standards.[2] Within this field, there is the shared assumption that environmental issues are prominently anthropogenic, and that this stems from an anthropocentric argument. The basis in rejecting anthropocentrism is to refute the belief that non-human entities are not worthy of value.[28] +The attempt to interpret it non-anthropocentrically is vital to the foundations of environmental ethics.[1] Paleontology, for example, details mass extinction as pivotal and a precursor to major radiations. Those with non-anthropocentric views interpret the death of dinosaurs as a preservation of biodiversity and principle to anthropocentric values. As ecology is closely entwined with ethics, understanding environmental approaches require understanding the world, which is the role of ecology and environmental ethics. +Mathematical models play a role in questioning the issues presented in ecology and conservation biology. There are mainly two types of models used to explore the relationship between applications of mathematics and practice within ecology.[30] The first are descriptive models, which details single-species population growth, for example, and multi-species models like Lotka-Volterra predator-prey models[30] or Nicholson-Baily host-parasitoid model.[31] These models explain behavioural activity through the idealisation of the intended target. The second type are normative models, which describe the current state of variables and how certain variables should behave.[27][4] +For example, identification and explanations of certain organisms and population abundance is essential for understanding the role of ecology and biodiversity. Applications of equations provide an inclination towards a prediction, or a model to suggest an answer for these questions that come up. Mathematical model in particular also provide contextual supporting information regarding factors on a wider, more global scale as well.[1] +The purpose of these models and the differences in normative models and scientific models is that the differences in their standards entail different applications.[32] These models aid in illustrating decision making outcomes, and also aid in tackling group decisions. For example, mathematical models incorporate environmental decisions of people within a group holistically. The model helps represent the values of each members, and the weightings of respect in the matrix. +Criticisms +The process of mathematical modelling presents distinction between reality and theory, or more specifically, the application of models against the genuine phenomena these models aim to represent.[33] Critics of the employment of mathematical models within ecology question its use and the extent of their relevance, prompted by an imbalance in investigative procedure and theoretical propositions. According to Weiner (1995), deterministic models have been ineffectual within ecology.[33] The Lotka-Volterra models, Weiner argues, have not yielded testable predictions.[34] In cases where theoretical models within ecology produced testable predictions, they have been refuted.[35] +The usual pattern maintains that the predator population follows the prey population fluctuations.[1] For example, as prey population increase, so does the predator, and likewise in prey population decrease, predator population decreases. However, Weiner argues that, in reality, prey population still maintains their oscillating cycles, even if the predator is removed, and is an inaccurate representation of natural phenomena.[2] Criticism in how idealisation is inherent within modelling and application of this is methodologically deficient. They also maintain that mathematical modelling within ecology is an oversimplification of reality, and a misrepresentation or insufficient representation of the biological system.[3] +Background +Application of simple or complex models are also up for debate. There is concern regarding the model results, wherein complexities of a system are not able to be replicated or adequately captured with a complicated model. +See also +Ecology is considered as a relatively new scientific discipline, having been acknowledged as a formal scientific field in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Although an established definition of ecology has yet to be presented, there are some commonalities in the questions proposed by ecologists. +Ecology was considered as “the science of the economy [and] habits,”[4] according to Stauffer, and was proponent in understanding the external interrelations between organisms. It was recognised formally as a field of science in 1866 by German zoologist Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919). Haeckel termed ‘ecology’ in his book, Generelle Morphologie der Organismen (1866),[4][5] in the attempt to present a synthesis of morphology, taxonomy, and the evolution of animals.[6] +Haeckel aimed to refine the notion of ecology and propose a new area of study to investigate population growth and stability,[7] as influenced by Charles Darwin and his work in Origin of Species (1859).[2] He had first expressed ecology as an interchangeable term constituted within an area of biology and an aspect of ‘physiology of relationships’.[4] In the English translation by Stauffer, Haeckel defined ecology as “the whole science of the relationship of organism to environment including, in the broad sense, all the ‘conditions for existence.'”[4][7] This neologism was used to distinguish studies conducted on the field, as opposed to those conducted within the laboratory.[8] He expanded upon this definition of ecology after considering the Darwinian theory of evolution and natural selection. +The philosophy of chemistry considers the methodology and underlying assumptions of the science of chemistry. It is explored by philosophers, chemists, and philosopher-chemist teams. For much of its history, philosophy of science has been dominated by the philosophy of physics, but the philosophical questions that arise from chemistry have received increasing attention since the latter part of the 20th century.[1][2] +Several philosophers and scientists have focused on the philosophy of chemistry in recent years, notably, the Dutch philosopher Jaap van Brakel, who wrote The Philosophy of Chemistry in 2000, and the Maltese-born philosopher-chemist Eric Scerri, editor of the journal "Foundations of Chemistry" and author of Normative and Descriptive Philosophy of Science and the Role of Chemistry in Philosophy of Chemistry, 2004, among other articles. Scerri is especially interested in the philosophical foundations of the periodic table, and how physics and chemistry intersect in relation to it, which he contends is not merely a matter for science, but for philosophy.[8] +Although in other fields of science students of the method are generally not practitioners in the field, in chemistry (particularly in synthetic organic chemistry) intellectual method and philosophical foundations are often explored by investigators with active research programmes. Elias James Corey developed the concept of "retrosynthesis" published a seminal work "The logic of chemical synthesis" which deconstructs these thought processes and speculates on computer-assisted synthesis. Other chemists such as K. C. Nicolaou (co-author of Classics in Total Synthesis) have followed in his lead. +See also +History of chemistry The central science +Major philosophical questions arise as soon as one attempts to define chemistry and what it studies. Atoms and molecules are often assumed to be the fundamental units of chemical theory,[3] but traditional descriptions of molecular structure and chemical bonding fail to account for the properties of many substances, including metals and metal complexes[4] and aromaticity.[5] +External links +Additionally, chemists frequently use non-existent chemical entities like resonance structures[1][2] to explain the structure and reactions of different substances; these explanatory tools use the language and graphical representations of molecules to describe the behavior of chemicals and chemical reactions that in reality do not behave as straightforward molecules.[citation needed] +Some chemists and philosophers of chemistry prefer to think of substances, rather than microstructures, as the fundamental units of study in chemistry. There is not always a one-to-one correspondence between the two methods of classifying substances.[1] For example, many rocks exist as mineral complexes composed of multiple ions that do not occur in fixed proportions or spatial relationships to one another.[2] +A related philosophical problem is whether chemistry is the study of substances or reactions.[1] Atoms, even in a solid, are in perpetual motion and under the right conditions many chemicals react spontaneously to form new products. A variety of environmental variables contribute to a substance's properties, including temperature and pressure, proximity to other molecules and the presence of a magnetic field.[3][2][3] As Schummer puts it, "Substance philosophers define a chemical reaction by the change of certain substances, whereas process philosophers define a substance by its characteristic chemical reactions."[3] +Philosophers debate facts regarding the origin of this phenomenon, namely whether it emerged contingently, amid a lifeless racemic environment or if other processes were at play. Some speculate that answers can only be found in comparison to extraterrestrial life, if it is ever found. Other philosophers question whether there exists a bias toward assumptions of nature as symmetrical, thereby causing resistance to any evidence to the contrary.[citation needed] +One of the most topical issues is determining to what extent physics, specifically, quantum mechanics, explains chemical phenomena. Can chemistry, in fact, be reduced to physics as has been assumed by many, or are there inexplicable gaps? Some authors, for example, Roald Hoffmann,[6] have recently suggested that a number of difficulties exist in the reductionist program with concepts like aromaticity, pH, reactivity, nucleophilicity, for example. +Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling was among the first philosophers to use the term "philosophy of chemistry".[7] +The philosophy of technology is a sub-field of philosophy that studies the nature of technology and its social effects. +Philosophical discussion of questions relating to technology (or its Greek ancestor techne) dates back to the very dawn of Western philosophy.[1] The phrase "philosophy of technology" was first used in the late 19th century by German-born philosopher and geographer Ernst Kapp, who published a book titled "Grundlinien einer Philosophie der Technik".[2][3] +Another, more materialistic position on technology which became very influential in the 20th-century philosophy of technology was centered on the ideas of Benjamin Franklin and Karl Marx.[citation needed] +20th century to present +Five early prominent 20th-century philosophers to directly address the effects of modern technology on humanity were John Dewey, Martin Heidegger, Herbert Marcuse, Günther Anders and Hannah Arendt. They all saw technology as central to modern life, although Heidegger, Anders,[6] Arendt[7] and Marcuse were more ambivalent and critical than Dewey. The problem for Heidegger was the hidden nature of technology's essence, Gestell or Enframing which posed for humans what he called its greatest danger and thus its greatest possibility. +Contemporary philosophers with an interest in technology include Jean Baudrillard, Albert Borgmann, Andrew Feenberg, Langdon Winner, Donna Haraway, Avital Ronell, Brian Holmes, Don Ihde, Bruno Latour, Paul Levinson, Ernesto Mayz Vallenilla, Carl Mitcham, Leo Marx, Gilbert Simondon, Lewis Mumford, Jacques Ellul, Bernard Stiegler, Paul Virilio, Günter Ropohl, Nicole C. Karafyllis, Richard Sennett, Álvaro Vieira Pinto, George Grant and Yuk Hui. +While a number of important individual works were published in the second half of the twentieth century, Paul Durbin has identified two books published at the turn of the century as marking the development of the philosophy of technology as an academic subdiscipline with canonical texts.[8] Those were Technology and the Good Life (2000), edited by Eric Higgs, Andrew Light, and David Strong and American Philosophy of Technology (2001) by Hans Achterhuis. Several collected volumes with topics in philosophy of technology have come out over the past decade and the journals Techne: Research in Philosophy and Technology (the journal of the Society for Philosophy and Technology, published by the Philosophy Documentation Center) and Philosophy & Technology (Springer) publish exclusively works in philosophy of technology. Philosophers of technology reflect broadly and work in the area and include interest on diverse topics of geoengineering, internet data and privacy, our understandings of internet cats, technological function and epistemology of technology, computer ethics, biotechnology and its implications, transcendence in space, and technological ethics more broadly.[citation needed] +In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, some philosophers - such as Alexander Galloway, Eugene Thacker, and McKenzie Wark in their book Excommunication - argue that advances in and the pervasiveness of digital technologies transform the philosophy of technology into a new 'first philosophy'. Citing examples such as the analysis of writing and speech in Plato's dialogue The Phaedrus, Galloway et al. suggest that instead of considering technology as a secondary to ontology, technology be understood as prior to the very possibility of philosophy: "Does everything that exists, exist to me presented and represented, to be mediated and remediated, to be communicated and translated? There are mediative situations in which heresy, exile, or banishment carry the day, not repetition, communion, or integration. +There has been additional reflection focusing on the philosophy of engineering, as a sub-field within philosophy of technology. Ibo van de Poel and David E. Goldberg edited a volume, Philosophy and Engineering: An Emerging Agenda (2010) contains a number of research articles focused on design, epistemology, ontology and ethics in engineering. +Technological determinism is the idea that "features of technology [determine] its use and the role of a progressive society was to adapt to [and benefit from] technological change."[10] The alternative perspective would be social determinism which looks upon society being at fault for the "development and deployment"[11] of technologies. Lelia Green used recent gun massacres such as the Port Arthur Massacre and the Dunblane Massacre to selectively show technological determinism and social determinism. According to Green, a technology can be thought of as a neutral entity only when the sociocultural context and issues circulating the specific technology are removed. +See also +Critique of technology Ethics of technology Great Stirrup Controversy History of technology Industrial sociology List of philosophers of technology Philosophy of artificial intelligence Philosophy of computer science Philosophy of engineering Technological evolution Theories of technology +Further reading +External links +External links +Journals +Philosophy & Technology Ethics and Information Technology Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology International Journal of Technoethics Technology in Society Science and Engineering Ethics +Websites +Greek philosophers such as Heraclitus and Democritus endorsed this view.[1] In his Physics, Aristotle agreed that this imitation was often the case, but also argued that techne can go beyond nature and complete "what nature cannot bring to a finish."[4] Aristotle also argued that nature (physis) and techne are ontologically distinct because natural things have an inner principle of generation and motion, as well as an inner teleological final cause. While techne is shaped by an outside cause and an outside telos (goal or end) which shapes it.[5] Natural things strive for some end and reproduce themselves, while techne does not. In Plato's Timaeus, the world is depicted as being the work of a divine craftsman (Demiurge) who created the world in accordance with eternal forms as an artisan makes things using blueprints. +Sir Francis Bacon +During the Renaissance, Francis Bacon became one of the first modern authors to reflect on the impact of technology on society. In his utopian work New Atlantis (1627), Bacon put forth an optimistic worldview in which a fictional institution (Salomon's House) uses natural philosophy and technology to extend man's power over nature - for the betterment of society, through works which improve living conditions. The goal of this fictional foundation is "...the knowledge of causes, and secret motions of things; and the enlarging of the bounds of human empire, to the effecting of all things possible".[citation needed] +19th century +The native German philosopher and geographer Ernst Kapp, who was based in Texas, published the fundamental book "Grundlinien einer Philosophie der Technik" in 1877.[3] Kapp was deeply inspired by the philosophy of Hegel and regarded technique as a projection of human organs. In the European context, Kapp is referred to as the founder of the philosophy of technology. +The Practice of Technology: Exploring Technology, Ecophilosophy, and Spiritual Disciplines for Vital Links, State University of New York Press, ISBN 079142670X. +Philosophy of Technology: An Introduction, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 1405111631. +Michael Eldred (2000) 'Capital and Technology: Marx and Heidegger', Left Curve No.24, May 2000 ISSN 0160-1857 (Ver. +Philosophy of Technology, University of Georgia Press, ISBN 0820317616. +Huesemann, M.H., and J.A. Huesemann (2011).Technofix: Why Technology Won’t Save Us or the Environment, New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, British Columbia, Canada, ISBN 0865717044, 464 pp. +Philosophy of Technology, Paragon House, ISBN 1557782733. +The catfish effect is the effect that a strong competitor has in causing the weak to better themselves.[1] Actions done to actively apply this effect (for example, by the human resource department) in an organization, are termed catfish management.[2] +In Norway, live sardines are several times more expensive than frozen ones, and are valued for better texture and flavor. It was said that only one ship could bring live sardines home, and the shipmaster kept his method a secret. After he died, people found that there was one catfish in the tank. +Origin of the effect +The exact origin is unknown. There are very few discussions of this effect in the English literature, but it is widely cited and discussed in the Chinese literature such as library research.[3] +Beaufortia kweichowensis is a species of gastromyzontid loach native to rivers in China. The common names for this popular aquarium species are Chinese hillstream loach, Hong Kong pleco, butterfly hillstream loach, and Chinese sucker fish.[1][2] +Habitat +Chinese hillstream loaches have small mouths thus necessitating the offering of good quality fish food such as flakes, sinking pellets, algae wafers, thawed frozen bloodworms, mysid shrimps, blanched spinach, kale and natural algae.[1] +There are minimal differences between males and females in Beaufortia kweichowensis but the males often display stronger coloration. Although B. kweichowensis are not normally bred in captivity,[1] they may reproduce in pits under rocks inside tanks that mimic riverine settings.[2] +Beaufortia kweichowensis can be found in fast-flowing highland and in-land streams in China.[1] +In the aquarium +Aquarium maintenance +Adequate lighting is necessary to promote algal growth in the aquarium. Other live plants, however, are not necessary although they may assist in maintaining water quality. Suitable plants for high-flow tank environments are Anubias species and Microsorum pteropus, which can be grown on rocks or driftwood.[1] +Chinese hillstream loaches normally thrive in an aquatic environment with medium water hardness (12 dh maximum), with water temperatures from 68 °F to 75 °F (20 to 23.8 °C), and with pH readings ranging from 7.0 to 8.0.[1] A tank size of 36" (90 cm) minimum is preferable.[3] They can be kept in groups of three to seven.[3] +Chinese hillstream loaches can reach up to 3 inches (7.5 centimeters) in length.[1] +B. kweichowensis is characteristically not too aggressive an aquarium fish,[1] but like the Bornean Gastromyzon species, it is territorial and may engage in skirmishes or "topping", where one fish will try to cover another fish. These clashes seldom result in damage, because one fish will eventually cease from engaging in the topping behavior.[2] +The blue-crowned laughingthrush or Courtois's laughingbird (Pterorhinus courtoisi) is a species of bird in the family Leiothrichidae. It is now found only in Jiangxi, China. Until recently, this critically endangered species was generally treated as a subspecies of the yellow-throated laughingthrush, but that species has a pale grey (not bluish) crown. +The blue-crowned laughingthrush was formerly placed in the genus Garrulax but following the publication of a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study in 2018, it was moved to the resurrected genus Pterorhinus.[2][3] The specific name was chosen to honour the French missionary to China Frédéric Courtois (1860-1928).[4] +The nominate subspecies was only rediscovered in 2000, in Wuyuan County, Jiangxi, but remains very rare with a total wild population of approximately 200 individuals. The subspecies G. courtoisi simaoensis has not been encountered in the wild since the type specimens were collected in Simao, Yunnan in 1956. +More than 100 blue-crowned laughingthrushes are kept in zoos (where part of a captive breeding program) and private aviculture, but it is unclear what subspecies they belong to. A recent review failed to support the distinction of two separate subspecies, leading to simaoensis being treated as a synonym of the nominate in Handbook of the Birds of the World. +This bird was erroneously listed as a species of least concern in the 2006 IUCN Red List. +Actually, it seems close to extinction at least in the wild, and its status was thus corrected to critically endangered 2007 Red List issue.[5] +See also +List of endangered and protected species of China +Young fish feed on small invertebrates, graduating to larger prey such as crabs and fish as they grow. The threats faced by this fish include excessive fishing with the removal of immature fish before they have bred, damming of the rivers, loss of spawning areas and water pollution. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has listed the fish as critically endangered and has suggested that the increased provision of hatcheries could be of benefit. +The Persian Sturgeon has an elongated, bulky body with a bluish tint.[3] This type of sturgeon is endemic to the Caspian and Black Sea basins, but primarily resides in the Caspian Sea. Populations may also occur in tributaries and rivers inbound to the Caspian Sea. Sturgeons are commercially important fishes valued for their meat but mainly for their roe.[4] Formerly omnipresent in the region, heavy fishing of the sturgeon for caviar has forced it to Critically Endangered Species status.[5] +Distribution +The Persian sturgeon feeds at the shelf zone of the sea, primarily in the eastern part of the South Caspian. Individual specimens are found in the North Caspian, western part of the Middle and South Caspian.[6] +At approximately age 2–3 years many feed on crabs or fish, and finally in adulthood the Persian sturgeon consumption is primarily fish. The sturgeon mainly reproduces in the Volga, Kura, Araks, and Ural rivers. This sexual reproduction occurs in waters that are 20-25 °C.[1] Spawning occurs at different times for the different rivers. +The regulation of streams and the damming of rivers, the loss of spawning areas, contamination levels of rivers into the Caspian Sea and fishing at sea.[1] Many of the problems for the sturgeon are inflicted by human activity, especially fishing. When fisherman take the sturgeon out of the sea prematurely they disrupt the ecological cycle by taking out immature fish and decreasing the spawning population. One such solution to this problem would be governmental or non-governmental subsidies to aid hatcheries in the artificial reproduction of the Persian sturgeon.[6] +The steppe bison or steppe wisent (Bison priscus)[1] is an extinct species of bison that was once found on the mammoth steppe where its range included British Isles,[2] Europe,[3] Central Asia,[4] Northern to Northeastern Asia,[5][6][7][8] Beringia, and North America,[9][10] from northwest Canada to Mexico during the Quaternary. This wide distribution is sometimes called the Pleistocene bison belt compared to the Great bison belt.[11] The radiocarbon dating of a steppe bison skeleton indicates that it was present 5,400 years ago in Alaska.[12] Three chronological subspecies, Bison priscus priscus, Bison priscus mediator, and Bison priscus gigas, have been suggested.[13] +Steppe bison appear in cave art, notably in the Cave of Altamira and Lascaux, and the carving Bison Licking Insect Bite, and have been found in naturally ice-preserved form.[1][20][21] +Blue Babe is the 36,000-year-old mummy of a male steppe bison which was discovered north of Fairbanks, Alaska, in July 1979.[22] The mummy was noticed by a gold miner who named the mummy Blue Babe – "Babe" for Paul Bunyan's mythical giant ox, permanently turned blue when he was buried to the horns in a blizzard (Blue Babe's own bluish cast was caused by a coating of vivianite, a blue iron phosphate covering much of the specimen).[2] Blue Babe is also frequently referenced when talking about scientists eating their own specimens: the research team that was preparing it for permanent display in the University of Alaska Museum removed a portion of the mummy's neck, stewed it, and dined on it to celebrate the accomplishment.[23][24] +In 2011, a 9,300-year-old mummy was found at Yukagir in Siberia.[25] +Deextinction attempts +A team of Russian and Korean scientists proposed potential deextinction of steppe bison with wood bison in Siberia using cloning techniques, especially with reintroduced herds in Yakutia, Russia.[26] +Restoration +The steppe bison is believed to have evolved from Bison paleosinensis in South Asia, which means the species appeared at roughly the same time and region as the aurochs (Bos primigenius) with which its descendants are sometimes confused. The steppe bison was eventually contemporaneous with the Pleistocene woodland bison (B. schoetensacki) and the European bison (Bison bonasus) in Europe, Leptobison in Japan,[1][2] and the long-horned bison (Bison latifrons) in North America. +The steppe bison became extinct possibly in the middle to the late Holocene, as it was replaced in Europe by the modern European bison (B. bonasus), in 2016 thought to be a hybrid between B. priscus and the Bos primigenius,[14] a premature conclusion based on incomplete lineage sorting,[15] and in America by a sequence of several species (such as Bison antiquus and Bison occidentalis) culminating in the modern American bison (Bison bison).[16] European cave paintings appear to depict both B. bonasus and B. priscus.[17] +Resembling the modern bison species, especially the American wood bison (Bison bison athabascae),[18] the steppe bison was over 2 m tall at the withers, reaching 900 kg (2,000 lb) in weight.[19] The tips of the horns were a meter apart, the horns themselves being over half a meter long. +Cave painting in Altamira, Spain +Bison priscus skeleton at the Mammoth Museum in the Canton of Zürich, Switzerland +"Sunshine" is a song by English singer Gabrielle. It was written by Gabrielle and Jonathan Shorten for her third album Rise (1999). +Released as the album's lead single, the song became her sixth top ten hit on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number 9. +In September 2019, NME included the Wookie remix of "Sunshine" in their "25 essential UK garage anthems" list.[1] +Track listings +Certifications +"How should we respond to environmental challenges such as environmental degradation, pollution and climate change?" "How can we best understand the relationship between the natural world and human technology and development?" and "What is our place in the natural world?" Environmental philosophy includes environmental ethics, environmental aesthetics, ecofeminism, environmental hermeneutics, and environmental theology.[2] Some of the main areas of interest for environmental philosophers are: +Deep ecology movement +In 1984, George Sessions and Arne Næss articulated the principles of the new Deep Ecology Movement.[9] These basic principles are: +The ideological change is mainly that of appreciating life quality (dwelling in situations of inherent value), rather than adhering to an increasingly higher standard of living. There will be a profound awareness of the difference between big and great. Those who subscribe to the foregoing points have an obligation directly or indirectly to try to implement the necessary changes. +See also +Rethinking Nature, Indiana University Press, 601 North Morton Street, Bloomington, IN 47404-3797 ISBN 0-253-21702-4 Keulartz, Jozef, 1999. +The Decline of Nature: Environmental History and the Western Worldview, Academica Press, Bethesda, MD ISBN 978-1933146409 Light, Andrew, and Eric Katz,1996. +The Idea of Wilderness: From Prehistory to the Age of Ecology, New Haven: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0300053708 Pojman, Louis P., Paul Pojman. +1993.Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632 ISBN 0-13-666959-X +Defining environment and nature How to value the environment Moral status of animals and plants Endangered species Environmentalism and deep ecology Aesthetic value of nature Intrinsic value Wilderness Restoration of nature Consideration of future generations[1] Ecophenomenology +External links +Modern issues within environmental philosophy include but are not restricted to the concerns of environmental activism, questions raised by science and technology, environmental justice, and climate change. These include issues related to the depletion of finite resources and other harmful and permanent effects brought on to the environment by humans, as well as the ethical and practical problems raised by philosophies and practices of environmental conservation, restoration, and policy in general. Another question that has settled on the minds of modern environmental philosophers is "Do rivers have rights?"[3] At the same time environmental philosophy deals with the value human beings attach to different kinds of environmental experience, particularly how experiences in or close to non-human environments contrast with urban or industrialized experiences, and how this varies across cultures with close attention paid to indigenous people. +Environmental philosophy emerged as a branch of philosophy in 1970s. Early environmental philosophers include Richard Routley, Arne Næss, and J. Baird Callicott. The movement was an attempt to connect with humanity's sense of alienation from nature in a continuing fashion throughout history.[4] This was very closely related to the development at the same time of ecofeminism, an intersecting discipline. +The field is today characterized by a notable diversity of stylistic, philosophical and cultural approaches to human environmental relationships, from personal and poetic reflections on environmental experience and arguments for panpsychism to Malthusian applications of game theory or the question of how to put an economic value on nature's services. A major debate arose in the 1970s and 80s was that of whether nature has intrinsic value in itself independent of human values or whether its value is merely instrumental, with ecocentric or deep ecology approaches emerging on the one hand versus consequentialist or pragmatist anthropocentric approaches on the other.[5] +Another debate that arose at this time was the debate over whether there really is such a thing as wilderness or not, or whether it is merely a cultural construct with colonialist implications as suggested by William Cronon. Since then, readings of environmental history and discourse have become more critical and refined. In this ongoing debate, a diversity of dissenting voices have emerged from different cultures around the world questioning the dominance of Western assumptions, helping to transform the field into a global area of thought.[6] +In recent decades, there has been a significant challenge to deep ecology and the concepts of nature that underlie it, some arguing that there is not really such a thing as nature at all beyond some self-contradictory and even politically dubious constructions of an ideal other that ignore the real human-environmental interactions that shape our world and lives.[7] This has been alternately dubbed the postmodern, constructivist, and most recently post-naturalistic turn in environmental philosophy. Environmental aesthetics, design and restoration have emerged as important intersecting disciplines that keep shifting the boundaries of environmental thought, as have the science of climate change and biodiversity and the ethical, political and epistemological questions they raise.[8] +The philosophy of information (PI) is a branch of philosophy that studies topics relevant to information processing, representational system and consciousness, computer science, information science and information technology. +Some important work on information and communication was done by Gregory Bateson and his colleagues. +Study of language and information +Later contributions to the field were made by Fred Dretske, Jon Barwise, Brian Cantwell Smith, and others. +The Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI) was founded at Stanford University in 1983 by philosophers, computer scientists, linguists, and psychologists, under the direction of John Perry and Jon Barwise. +P.I. +More recently this field has become known as the philosophy of information. The expression was coined in the 1990s by Luciano Floridi, who has published prolifically in this area with the intention of elaborating a unified and coherent, conceptual frame for the whole subject.[citation needed] +Definitions of "information" +The concept information has been defined by several theorists. +Charles S. Peirce's theory of information was embedded in his wider theory of symbolic communication he called the semeiotic, now a major part of semiotics. For Peirce, information integrates the aspects of signs and expressions separately covered by the concepts of denotation and extension, on the one hand, and by connotation and comprehension on the other. +It includes: +Claude E. Shannon, for his part, was very cautious: "The word 'information' has been given different meanings by various writers in the general field of information theory. It is likely that at least a number of these will prove sufficiently useful in certain applications to deserve further study and permanent recognition. It is hardly to be expected that a single concept of information would satisfactorily account for the numerous possible applications of this general field." +A map of the main senses in which one may speak of information is provided by the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy article. The previous paragraphs are based on it. +Gregory Bateson defined information as "a difference that makes a difference",[2] which is based on Donald M. MacKay: information is a distinction that makes a difference.[3] +According to Luciano Floridi[citation needed], four kinds of mutually compatible phenomena are commonly referred to as "information": +The word "information" is commonly used so metaphorically or so abstractly that the meaning is unclear. +Philosophical directions +the critical investigation of the conceptual nature and basic principles of information, including its dynamics, utilisation and sciences the elaboration and application of information-theoretic and computational methodologies to philosophical problems.[1] +Recent creative advances and efforts in computing, such as semantic web, ontology engineering, knowledge engineering, and modern artificial intelligence provide philosophy with fertile ideas, new and evolving subject matters, methodologies, and models for philosophical inquiry. While computer science brings new opportunities and challenges to traditional philosophical studies, and changes the ways philosophers understand foundational concepts in philosophy, further major progress in computer science would only be feasible when philosophy provides sound foundations for areas such as bioinformatics, software engineering, knowledge engineering, and ontologies. +Classical topics in philosophy, namely, mind, consciousness, experience, reasoning, knowledge, truth, morality and creativity are rapidly becoming common concerns and foci of investigation in computer science, e.g., in areas such as agent computing, software agents, and intelligent mobile agent technologies.[citation needed] +Conceptual experiments in silico: As an innovative extension of an ancient tradition of thought experiment, a trend has begun in philosophy to apply computational modeling schemes to questions in logic, epistemology, philosophy of science, philosophy of biology, philosophy of mind, and so on. Pancomputationalism: On this view, computational and informational concepts are considered to be so powerful that given the right level of abstraction, anything in the world could be modeled and represented as a computational system, and any process could be simulated computationally. Then, however, pancomputationalists have the hard task of providing credible answers to the following two questions: how can one avoid blurring all differences among systems? what would it mean for the system under investigation not to be an informational system (or a computational system, if computation is the same as information processing)? +Information and society +Numerous philosophers and other thinkers have carried out philosophical studies of the social and cultural aspects of electronically mediated information. +See also +External links +The philosophy of information (PI) has evolved from the philosophy of artificial intelligence, logic of information, cybernetics, social theory, ethics and the study of language and information. +Logic of information +The logic of information, also known as the logical theory of information, considers the information content of logical signs and expressions along the lines initially developed by Charles Sanders Peirce. +One source for the philosophy of information can be found in the technical work of Norbert Wiener, Alan Turing (though his work has a wholly different origin and theoretical framework), William Ross Ashby, Claude Shannon, Warren Weaver, and many other scientists working on computing and information theory back in the early 1950s. See the main article on Cybernetics. +Adriaans, Pieter (Autumn 2013). +The philosophy of computer science is concerned with the philosophical questions that arise within the study of computer science. There is still no common understanding of the content, aim, focus, or topic of the philosophy of computer science,[1] despite some attempts to develop a philosophy of computer science like the philosophy of physics or the philosophy of mathematics. Due to the abstract nature of computer programs and the technological ambitions of computer science, many of the conceptual questions of the philosophy of computer science are also comparable to the philosophy of science, philosophy of mathematics, and the philosophy of technology.[2] +See also +Computer-assisted proof: Philosophical objections Philosophy of artificial intelligence Philosophy of information Philosophy of mathematics Philosophy of science Philosophy of technology +External links +Many of the central philosophical questions of computer science are centered on the logical, ontological and epistemological issues that concern it.[3] Some of these questions may include: +What is computation? Does the Church–Turing thesis capture the mathematical notion of an effective method in logic and mathematics?[4][5] What are the philosophical consequences of the P vs NP problem? What is information? +Since, as an informal notion, the concept of effective calculability does not have a formal definition, the thesis, although it has near-universal acceptance, cannot be formally proven. The implications of this thesis is also of philosophical concern. Philosophers have interpreted the Church–Turing thesis as having implications for the philosophy of mind.[6][7] +The P versus NP problem is an unsolved problem in computer science and mathematics. It asks whether every problem whose solution can be verified in polynomial time (and so defined to belong to the class NP) can also be solved in polynomial time (and so defined to belong to the class P). +Most computer scientists believe that P ≠ NP.[8][9] Apart from the reason that after decades of studying these problems no one has been able to find a polynomial-time algorithm for any of more than 3000 important known NP-complete problems, philosophical reasons that concern its implications may have motivated this belief. +For instance, according to Scott Aaronson, the American computer scientist then at MIT: +If P = NP, then the world would be a profoundly different place than we usually assume it to be. There would be no special value in "creative leaps", no fundamental gap between solving a problem and recognizing the solution once it's found. Everyone who could appreciate a symphony would be Mozart; everyone who could follow a step-by-step argument would be Gauss.[10] +Snowflake is a 2010s derogatory slang term for a person, implying that they have an inflated sense of uniqueness, an unwarranted sense of entitlement, or are overly-emotional, easily offended, and unable to deal with opposing opinions. Common usages include the terms special snowflake, Generation Snowflake, and snowflake as a politicized insult. +The terms "generation snowflake" and "snowflake generation" are frequently used in reference to use of trigger warnings and safe spaces, or to describe young adults as anti-free speech, specifically in reference to a practice referred to as deplatforming.[14][15][16] It has also been used to refer to a reported increase in mental health issues among young adults.[17] +Politicized insult +Following the referendum result in favour of Brexit in the UK and the election of Donald Trump as 45th President of the U.S., "generation snowflake" was often shortened to simply "snowflake" and became a politicized insult. A November 2016 article from The Guardian commented: "Until very recently, to call someone a snowflake would have involved the word 'generation'."[1] +Snowflake as a politicized insult is typically used by those on the political right to insult those on the political left.[1] In an article from the Los Angeles Times, Jessica Roy says the alt-right in the United States pejoratively describes most liberals and those protesting against Donald Trump as "snowflakes".[18] A 2017 article from Think Progress commented: "The insult expanded to encompass not just the young, but liberals of all ages; it became the epithet of choice for right-wingers to fling at anyone who could be accused of being too easily offended, too in need of 'safe spaces, too fragile'".[19] Jonathon Green, editor of Green's Dictionary of Slang, points out snowflake is an unusual insult in that it calls someone weak and fragile without using misogynistic or homophobic references.[20] +Actor George Takei extended the metaphor to emphasize the power of snowflakes, saying: "The thing about 'snowflakes' is this: They are beautiful and unique, but in large numbers become an unstoppable avalanche that will bury you."[1] Others have returned the insult back at those with right-wing politics, arguing "oversensitive whiners can be found all over the political spectrum" including President Trump. Comedian Neal Brennan referred to Donald Trump as "the biggest snowflake in America",[20] while a January 2017 opinion piece from The Guardian refers to President Trump as "Snowflake-in-Chief"[21] and CNN commentator Van Jones called Trump "President Snowflake" based on his response to the FBI's Russia probe in May 2017.[22] +Shelly Haslam-Ormerod, senior lecturer in mental health and wellbeing at Edge Hill University, strongly criticised the use of the term, arguing in The Conversation that it stigmatises the mental health challenges faced by today's young people in an uncertain world and noting that even children aged under 10 have been unfairly labelled "snowflakes" in tabloid articles.[23] +In her syndicated column, Michelle Malkin criticized the provision of the Affordable Care Act which requires employer-based health coverage to extend to an employee's adult offspring up to 26 years of age, describing it as the "slacker mandate" and calling these young adults "precious snowflakes". Malkin argues the provision has "cultural consequences" in that it "reduces the incentives for 20-somethings to grow up and seek independent lives and livelihoods".[24] +"Broflake" (from "bro" and "snowflake") is a related derogatory term which the Oxford Dictionaries define as "a man who is readily upset or offended by progressive attitudes that conflict with his more conventional or conservative views".[25] It has also been applied to women, in the more general sense of someone who claims to not be easily offended, yet often is.[26] +In the 1970s, according to Green's Dictionary of Slang, snowflake has been used to describe "a white person or a black person who was perceived as acting too much like a white person".[1][2] +In 2017, a U.S. marketing company created a "snowflake test" to be used in its hiring process to "weed out overly sensitive, liberal candidates who are too easily offended". Many questions were designed to assess a candidate's stance on America, police, and guns.[27] However, psychologist and academic from the Manchester Business School at the University of Manchester, Cary Cooper suggests it is a poor strategy for attracting talented younger workers.[28] +In March 2017, the American live sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live aired a skit about a Trump-loving dog that, through the aid of technology, was able to berate the anti-Trump humans in the room as "liberal snowflakes".[29][30] +See also +It is popularly believed that every snowflake has a unique structure.[1][2] Most usages of "snowflake" make reference to the physical qualities of snowflakes, such as their unique structure or fragility, while a minority of usages make reference to the white color of snow.[3][4] +Generation Snowflake +The term "Generation Snowflake" or "Snowflake Generation" was popularized by Claire Fox's 2016 book I Find That Offensive!, which discussed a 2015 student/faculty confrontation at Yale University.[citation needed] The confrontation arose between university students and faculty Head of College, Nicholas A. Christakis. +The confrontation, which was recorded and uploaded to YouTube, shows university students arguing with Christakis over a disagreement regarding Halloween costumes and the degree to which Yale University should intervene regarding student costumes which may be perceived as cultural appropriation. Fox described the video as showing a: "screaming, almost hysterical mob of students" and that the backlash to the viral video led to the disparaging moniker "generation snowflake" for the students.[12][non-primary source needed] +The term "snowflake generation" was one of Collins English Dictionary's 2016 words of the year. +Collins defines the term as "the young adults of the 2010s, viewed as being less resilient and more prone to taking offence than previous generations".[13] +Icicles hanging off of a tree branch in Basking Ridge, NJ +Given the right conditions, icicles may also form in caves (in which case they are also known as ice stalactites). They can also form within salty water (brine) sinking from sea ice. These so-called brinicles can actually kill sea urchins and starfish, which was observed by BBC film crews near Mount Erebus, Antarctica.[4][5] +Damage and injuries caused by icicles +If enough icicles form on an object, such as a wire or a beam or pole, the weight of the ice can severely damage the structural integrity of the object and may cause the object to break. This can also happen with roofs, where failure can damage nearby parked vehicles or the contents and occupants of the structure. Icicles on roofs can also be associated with ice dams, which can cause water damage as the water penetrates below the shingles.[2] +The story of an English youth who was killed by a falling icicle in 1776 has been often recounted.[7][8][9][10] +Large icicles that form on cliffs near highways have been known to fall and damage motor vehicles.[1] +In 2010, five people were killed and 150 injured by icicles in Saint Petersburg, Russia after a heavy snow that also caused apartment block roofs to collapse, as well as creating water damage to private homes and to the National Library of Russia.[11] +See also +Brinicle Ice spike Rusticle +Icicles on a tree +An icicle is a spike of ice formed when water dripping or falling from an object freezes. +Icicles gathered on a street sign in Eugene, Oregon +Icicles can form during bright, sunny, but subfreezing weather, when ice or snow melted by sunlight or some other heat source (such as a poorly insulated building), refreezes as it drips off under exposed conditions. Over time continued water runoff will cause the icicle to grow. Another set of conditions is during ice storms, when rain falling in air slightly below freezing slowly accumulates as numerous small icicles hanging from twigs, leaves, wires, etc. +Icicles form on surfaces which might have a smooth and straight, or irregular shape, which in turn influences the shape of an icicle.[1] Another influence is melting water, which might flow toward the icicle in a straight line or which might flow from several directions.[2] Impurities in the water can lead to ripples on the surface of the icicles.[1] +Icicles elongate by the growth of ice as a tube into the pendant drop. The wall of this ice tube is about 0.1 mm (0.0039 in) and the width 5 mm (0.20 in). As a result of this growth process, the interior of a growing icicle is liquid water. +The growth of an icicle both in length and in width can be calculated and is a complicated function of air temperature, wind speed, and the water flux into the icicle.[3] The growth rate in length typically varies with time, and can in ideal conditions be more than 1 cm (0.39 in) per minute. +Dripping icicles +A paddle is a tool used for pushing against liquids, either as a form of propulsion of a boat (paddling) or as an implement for mixing. +Use +For normal use, it is drawn through the water from front (bow) to back (stern) to drive the boat forwards. The two blades of a kayak paddle are dipped alternately on either side of the kayak. A paddle is distinguished from an oar in that the paddle is held in the user's hands and completely supported by the paddler, whereas an oar is primarily supported by the boat, through the use of oarlocks. +Other types +On mechanical paddle steamers, the motorized paddling is not done with a mass of paddles or oars but by rotating one or a few paddle wheels (rather the inverse of a water mill). +They are generally less flat and are curved to catch more water which will enable racing paddlers to maximize the efficiency of their stroke. Wing bladed paddles are very popular in kayak racing. A wing paddle looks like a spoon and acts like a wing or sail generating lift on the convex side, which pulls the paddle forward-outward at the expense of overcoming drag. +Canoe paddle strokes Mixing paddle Oar Spanking paddle +Canoe and kayak paddles +Paddles commonly used in canoes consist of a wooden, fibreglass, carbon fibre, or metal rod (the shaft) with a handle on one end and a rigid sheet (the blade) on the other end. Paddles for use in kayaks are longer, with a blade on each end; they are handled from the middle of the shaft. +Many modern paddles are made of two pieces which can be snapped together in either feathered or unfeathered settings. The shaft is normally straight but in some cases a 'crank' is added with the aim of making the paddle more comfortable and reducing strain on the wrist. Because the kayak paddle is not supported by the boat, paddles made of lighter materials are desired; it is not uncommon for a kayak paddle to be two pounds (32 ounces (910 grams) ) or less and very expensive paddles can be as light as 22 ounces (620 grams). +Cheaper kayak paddles have an aluminium shaft while more expensive ones use a lighter fibreglass or carbon fibre shaft. Some paddles have a smaller diameter shaft for people with smaller hands. Paddle length varies with a longer paddle being better suited for stronger people, taller people, and people using the paddle in a wider kayak. +The Duvensee wooden paddle from around 6.200 B.C. +Of course, kayakers should wear a headlamp or have other lighting on their kayak under conditions of limited lighting. However, if a powerboat operator must look straight into a sun low in the sky to see a kayaker, the motion of brightly coloured paddle blades may be of more value than lighting on the kayak. Highly reflective water resistant tape (e.g. SOLAS tape) may be affixed to the paddle blades and boat to enhance visibility. +Digital philosophy (also digital ontology) is a direction in philosophy and cosmology advocated by certain mathematicians, computer scientists and theoretical physicists, including: Edward Fredkin, Konrad Zuse, Stephen Wolfram, Rudy Rucker, Gregory Chaitin, Seth Lloyd, and Paola Zizzi. +In his book Mind Tools (1987),[4] mathematician/philosopher Rudy Rucker articulated this concept with the following conclusions about the relationship between Math and the universe. Rucker's second conclusion uses the jargon term 'fact-space'; this is Rucker's model of reality based on the notion that all that exists is the perceptions of various observers. An entity of any kind is a glob in fact-space. +The pattern behaves like a cellular automaton. The pattern is inconceivably large in size and dimensions. Although the world started simply, its computation is irreducibly complex. +Fredkin's ideas on physics +In The Meaning of Relativity, Einstein writes, "One can give good reasons why reality cannot at all be represented by a continuous field. From the quantum phenomena it appears to follow with certainty that a finite system of finite energy can be completely described by a finite set of numbers (quantum numbers). This does not seem to be in accordance with a continuum theory, and must lead to attempts to find a purely algebraic theory for the description of reality. +At the same time, physicists find some vagueness, problems with Bell theorem compatibility, and lack of empirical falsifiability in Fredkin's expression of his ideas. In "Digital Philosophy (DP)", Chapter 11,[5] Fredkin raises the question, "Could physics have a strong law of conservation of information?" Fredkin answers his own question, "If so, we have to rethink particle disintegrations, inelastic collisions and Quantum Mechanics to better understand what is happening to the information. +According to Fredkin,[6] "Digital mechanics predicts that for every continuous symmetry of physics there will be some microscopic process that violates that symmetry." Therefore, according to Fredkin, at the Planck scale, ordinary matter could have spin angular momentum that violates the equivalence principle. There might be weird Fredkin forces that cause a torsion in spacetime. +The Einstein–Cartan theory extends general relativity theory to deal with spin-orbit coupling when matter with spin is present. According to conventional wisdom in physics, torsion is nonpropagating, which means that torsion will appear within a massive body and nowhere else. According to Fredkin, torsion could appear outside and around massive bodies, because alternate universes have anomalous inertial effects. +See also +Algorithmic information theory Digitality Fredkin finite nature hypothesis Juergen Schmidhuber Loopholes in Bell test experiments Mechanism (philosophy) Pancomputationalism Simulated reality +Digital philosophy is a modern re-interpretation of Gottfried Leibniz's monist metaphysics, one that replaces Leibniz's monads with aspects of the theory of cellular automata. Since, following Leibniz, the mind can be given a computational treatment, digital philosophy attempts to consider some main issues in the philosophy of mind. The digital approach attempts to deal with the non-deterministic quantum theory, where it assumes that all information must have finite and discrete means of its representation, and that the evolution of a physical state is governed by local and deterministic rules.[1] +External links +(However, not all computation would necessarily be thought.) Thus computation is the single substance of a monist metaphysics, while subjectivity arises from computational universality. There are many variants of digital philosophy; however, most of them are Digital data theories that view all of physical realities and cognitive science and so on, in framework of information theory.[1] +Digital philosophers +In his paper "Finite Nature" (1992),[2] computer pioneer Edward Fredkin stated two fundamental laws of physical information. As unsolved problems in physics these two fundamental laws have two fundamental consequences. +All information must have a digital means of its representation. An informational process transforms the digital representation of the state of the system into its future state. +If Fredkin's first fundamental law of information is correct then Einstein's theory of general relativity theory is not entirely correct, because the theory does not rely upon digital information. If Fredkin's second fundamental law is correct then the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics is not entirely correct, because quantum randomness lacks a digitally deterministic explanation. +Below the Planck scale, there is an informational substrate that allows the build-up of time, space, and energy by means of an updating parameter. The updating parameter for the multiverse is analogous to time via a mathematical isomorphism, but the updating parameter involves a decomposition across alternate universes. The informational substrate consists of network nodes that can simulate random network models and Feynman path integrals. +The totally finite nature of the model implies the existence of weird, alternate-universe forces that might, or might not, be too small for empirical detection. +Turkish philosophy has long been affected by Islam and the country's proximity to Greece and ancient Greek philosophy. +See also +Atradius provides trade credit insurance, surety and collections services worldwide through a presence in more than 50 countries around the globe. It is the credit insurance arm of Grupo Catalana Occidente (GCO.MC).[1] Credit insurance, bonding and collections products help protect companies throughout the world from payment risks associated with selling products and services on trade credit. +In 2019 the company had revenues of EUR 2 billion.[2] The company is rated ‘A (excellent) outlook stable’ by A.M. Best [3] and ' A2 outlook negative’ by Moody's.[4] +Although now Spanish owned, the holding company Atradius N.V. and its headquarters remain in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.[11] +Atradius products and services help manage the payment default risks - the risk that a buyer fails to pay for the products or services it buys on trade credit terms. +Trade Credit Insurance; Bonding; Instalment Credit Protection; Reinsurance Business and Collections +Grupo Compañía Española de Crédito y Caución, S.L. (Grupo CyC) is a holding company owned 73.84% by Grupo Catalana Occidente. Grupo CyC holds 64.23% of Atradius N.V.[1] +(GCO) is, either directly or indirectly, the parent company of a group of insurance companies and it is listed on the Barcelona[12] and Madrid[13] stock exchanges. +GCO has an economic stake in Atradius N.V. of 83.20%, of which 35.77% is directly owned and 47.43% is owned indirectly through Grupo CyC holding company.[14] +History +Management +Atradius N.V. is a limited company organised under the laws of the Netherlands with a Management Board and a Supervisory board. +The Management board consists of:[15] +As CRO, he is responsible for the units Group Risk Management, Group Buyer Underwriting, Risk Services and Outward Reinsurance. Andreas Tesch, chief market officer. As CMO he is responsible for Atradius Credit Insurance worldwide (excluding Spain, Portugal, and Brazil), and for the units Dutch State Business, Global, Special Products, and Group Communication & Commercial Development. +The supervisory board includes:[1] +Trade Credit Insurance Collections +The roots of Atradius can be found in the 2001 acquisition by German insurer Gerling-Konzern Speziale Kreditversicherung (Gerling Credit) of Dutch insurer Nederlandsche Credietverzekering Maatschappij (NCM). The company was then branded as GERLING NCM.[5] +Gerling Credit was established in 1954 as the credit insurance arm of the Gerling-Konzern insurance group of Cologne. +In 1962 it opened its first international branch office in Switzerland and was the first private credit insurer to offer export credit protection.[1] +NCM had been founded in 1925 with the goal of improving trade for companies in the Netherlands. +From 1932 onwards it also became the arm of the Dutch government through which it provided export credit services to Dutch companies. Atradius still performs this function through its affiliate Atradius Dutch State Business.[6] +Both Gerling Credit and NCM had made their own acquisitions before their combination, including the acquisition by NCM of the short-term arm of the UK government’s Export Credit Guarantee Department (ECGD) in 1991 and private insurers such as Namur Assurances du Crédit S.A., Belgium by Gerling Credit in 1994, both of which have their own histories dating back to the birth of trade credit insurance around 1919.[1] +The now international group was renamed Atradius in 2004.[7] In 2008 the group merged with the Spanish credit insurer Crédito y Caución, founded in 1929, and subsequently gained an additional foothold in the Spanish speaking world.[8] +Atradius forms part of Grupo Catalana Occidente (GCO.MC), one of the leading insurers in Spain and worldwide in credit insurance.[9] +The Atradius Group today is the amalgamation of a number of international trade credit insurers and affiliated organisations from around the world.[10] +"Should I Stay" is a song by British singer Gabrielle. +It was released as a single in 2000 and was the fourth and final single released from the Rise album. The song charted at No. 13 in the UK Singles Chart, the fourth top 15 hit from the album. The video for the single is very moody and depicts the atmosphere of the song more than having a linear storyline. +The song samples part of the BBC News theme. In 2004 it was used in the second episode of BBC drama serial Blackpool. +Track listings +"Should I Stay" (album version) "Rise" "When a Woman" +The scaly-breasted munia or spotted munia (Lonchura punctulata), known in the pet trade as nutmeg mannikin or spice finch, is a sparrow-sized estrildid finch native to tropical Asia. A species of the genus Lonchura, it was formally described and named by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. +Its name is based on the distinct scale-like feather markings on the breast and belly. The adult is brown above and has a dark conical bill. The species has 11 subspecies across their range and differ slightly in size and colour. +This munia eats mainly grass seeds apart from berries and small insects. They forage in flocks and communicate with soft calls and whistles. The species is highly social and may sometimes roost with other species of munias. +The adult has a stubby dark bill typical of grain eating birds, brown upperparts and a dark brown head. The underparts are white with dark scale markings. The sexes are similar, although males have darker markings on the underside and a darker throat than females.[5] +Immature birds have pale brown upperparts, lack the dark head found in adults, and have uniform buff underparts that can be confused with juveniles of other munia species such as the tricolored munia (Lonchura malacca) across the Asian and island populations and the black-throated munia (Lonchura kelaarti) in parts of India or Sri Lanka.[1][2] Populations within their wide distribution range show variations in plumage color and size. +Along with other Estrildines, these species are thought to have originated in Asia.[7] The species has been introduced to other parts of the world due to its popularity as a cage bird and populations have established in the wild.[8][3] +Individuals communicate with calls that include a short whistle, variations of kitty-kitty-kitty, and a sharp chipping alarm note.[6][9] They sometimes flick their tails and wings vertically or horizontally while hopping about. The tail flicking motion may have evolved from a locomotory intention movement. The exaggerated version of the tail flicking movement may have undergone ritualization. +The outermost bird often jostles towards the center. Birds in a flock sometimes preen each other, with the soliciting bird usually showing its chin. Allopreening is usually limited to the face and neck.[1] The scaly-breasted munia is rarely hostile but birds will sometimes quarrel without any ritualized posturing.[9] +The scaly-breasted munia produces vocalizations to communicate with its flock. +Laboratory studies have found that long day illumination and high humidity trigger gonadal growth.[11] The song of the male is very soft but complex and variable, audible only at close range. This song described as a jingle consists of a series of high notes followed by a croaky rattle and ending in a slurred whistle. When singing the male sits in what is called the slope posture—erect with the head feathers raised.[2] +The species is endemic to Asia and occurs from India and Sri Lanka east to Indonesia and the Philippines (where it is called mayang pakíng). It has been introduced into many other parts of the world, and feral populations have established in Puerto Rico and Hispaniola, as well as parts of Australia, and the United States of America. The bird is listed as of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). +The first involves either the male or female playing with nest-material. As soon as a bird has arranged the nest material in its bill, it begins to fly around in a zigzag path. Once a bird lands close to its partner, the male bends towards the female and wipes its bill. +Egg of Lonchura punctulata MHNT +The nest is a large domed structure loosely woven from blades of grass, bamboo or other leaves with a side entrance and is placed in a tree or under the eaves of a house. A study in southern India found the preferred nesting trees to be Toddalia asiatica, Gymnosporia montana and Acacia chundra, especially short and bushy ones in areas with low canopy cover. The nest opening is located to face downwind of the most frequent wind direction.[12] In northern India, they preferred isolated Acacia nilotica in non-urban areas but used Thuja orientalis and Polyalthia longifolia in urban gardens.[13] +Scaly-breasted munia clutches usually contain 4 to 6 eggs, but can contain up to 10. Both sexes build the nest and incubate the eggs, which hatch in 10 to 16 days.[1][15] +Adult feeding young +Adult feeding +The scaly-breasted munia feeds mainly on grass seeds,small berries such as those of Lantana and insects.[16] Although the bill is suited for crushing small grains, they do not show lateral movements of the lower mandible which help European greenfinches in dehusking seeds.[17] Like some other munias, they may also feed on algae, a rich protein source, prior to the breeding season.[18][19] +The ease of maintaining these birds in captivity has made them popular for studying behavior and physiology. Feeding behavior can be predicted by the optimal foraging theory, where animals minimize time and energy spent to maximize food intake. This theory has been tested by studying the strategies used by scaly-breasted munias to increase their feeding efficacy.[20] +Flock size tradeoffs +Taxonomy +According to the "many-eyes" hypothesis,[21] a reduction in the individual time spent on vigilance against threats in larger groups allows for more time to be spent on searching for food and feeding. Vigilance is greatest among solitary individuals and reduces as the group size increases to about four. The birds collect seeds more quickly in larger groups, reflecting a decrease in individual vigilance, a decrease in handling time, and an increase in both search speed and focus when foraging.[22] +Individuals may also take advantage of group foraging by "joining" members that have found food. The options to seek food or to join others that have discovered food involves information sharing and has been studied through what are termed "producer-scrounger models".[23] A cost associated with group foraging is increased resource competition, which in turn may reduce anti-predatory vigilance due to the intensity of foraging.[24] Some studies show that increased competition results in a decreased feeding rate.[25] +Foraging models +When foraging, scaly-breasted munia can search as individuals or search for others that have found food and join them. The economic consequences of the decision to join others has been modeled in two ways: the producer-scrounger model and the information sharing model. These models are based on hypotheses that differ in the degree of compatibility that is assumed between the two food and joining opportunity search modes.[1] +The information sharing model assumes that individuals search concurrently for finding and joining opportunities while the producer-scrounger model assumes that the search modes are mutually exclusive.[26] Hopping with the head facing up and downward are observed to be statistically associated with the frequencies of a bird's joining and finding, respectively. When the expected stable frequency of the scrounger tactic was altered by changing the availability of seeds, the relative frequency of hopping with the head up changed accordingly. When the seed distribution made the scrounger tactic unprofitable, the frequency of hopping with the head up diminished and appears to support the predictions of the producer-scrounger model.[27] +Studies show that scaly-breasted munias tend to adopt the scrounger tactic when food is more clumped and when the group size increases. When most foragers adopt scrounging, the time taken to discover new food patches is greater.[28] +Vigilance +If the scrounger tactic is compatible with antipredatory vigilance, then an increase in antipredatory vigilance should lead to the detection of more joining opportunities, and hence more joining. When stationary, the head-up tactic has been shown to be associated with antipredatory vigilance. However scanning while hopping does not aid in vigilance and it is thought that the scrounger tactic is incompatible with antipredatory vigilance in the scaly-breasted munia.[29] +The scaly-breasted munia was one of the many bird species originally described by Carl Linnaeus in the 1758 10th edition of his Systema Naturae, where it was given the binomial name of Loxia punctulata. +Sykes assigned it to the genus Lonchura in the combination Lonchura punctulata in 1823.[2] +Specialized foraging +When individuals are free to choose between producer and scrounger, frequency dependent selection results in a stable mixture of both behaviors where each receives similar payoff. Studies indicate that if most of the population consists of producers, then scrounging behavior is favored by natural selection because there is plenty of food to steal. On the other hand, if most birds exhibit scrounging then the competition for stealing is so great that producing is favored.[30][31] +The phenotypic differences hypothesis proposes that individuals differ in their ability to use each foraging skill and stably specialize on the most profitable one. The pattern of specialization is expected to be stable although the number of individuals that use a given skill depends on the phenotypic composition of the flock. The frequency dependent choice hypothesis also proposes that individuals specialize on the most profitable skill, but the profitability of each alternative decreases as the number of phenotypically identical foragers gradually specialize on each skill when initially given two equally profitable alternatives. +Aviary experiments conducted with captive flocks of scaly-breasted munia have tested whether producers and scroungers reach the predicted stable equilibrium frequency (see Evolutionarily stable strategy) when individuals are free to choose either behavior. The numbers choosing either producers and scrounger strategies have been shown to converge on stable frequencies while demonstrating that variation in tactics arise through frequency dependent pay-offs from the choice of different feeding strategies.[33] +Furthermore, foraging birds may feed actively on the substrate or pick grains dropped on the ground and these strategies may be chosen according to the situation. Early departures occur more often when expected searching time decreases and when competition intensity increases. Competition intensity is expected to increase when more scroungers are present or when patches are smaller.[34] +Prey crypsis +Since producers search for food and scroungers wait for opportunities to join, prey crypsis imposes a producer specific cost that shifts the producer scrounger equilibria towards more scrounging. Prey crypsis resulted in increased latency to eat the seed and increased number of detection errors.[35] Moreover, the presence of a competitor negatively affected foraging efficiency under cyptic backgrounds. The foraging efficiency of individuals that had previously foraged with a competitor on cryptic seeds remained low even after the competitor had been removed. +Recent models of economic defence in a group-foraging context predict that the frequency of aggressive interactions should decline as resource density increases.[37][38][39] Studies with scaly-breasted munia show that the intensity of aggressive encounters was highest when patch location was signaled, and the effect of changing resource density depended on whether patch location was signaled or not. Signaling patch location was equivalent to making the resources more spatially predictable. Changing patch density had no effect on the number of aggressive encounters when the location of food was not signaled. +Habitat and distribution +The scaly-breasted munia (subspecies topela[41]) has established in parts of eastern Australia such as Queensland +In India, they are especially common in paddy fields where they are considered a minor pest on account of their feeding on grain. They are found mainly on the plains, but can be observed in the foothills of the Himalayas, in which they may be present at altitudes near 2,500 m (1.6 mi), and in the Nilgiris, where they are found at altitudes up to 2,100 m (6,900 ft) during the summer. In Pakistan, they are restricted to a narrow region from Swat in the west to Lahore, avoiding the desert zone, and then occurring again in India east of an area between Ludhiana and Mount Abu.[42] The species has also been observed in Kashmir, though this is rare.[14][43] +Outside their native range, escaped birds frequently establish themselves in areas with a suitable climate and can then colonize new areas nearby. +Escaped cage-birds established in the wild and such populations have been recorded in the West Indies (Puerto Rico since 1971),[44] Hawaii (since 1883[45]),[46] Australia,[4] Japan[47] and southern United States, mainly in Florida and California.[48][49] In Oahu, Hawaii, they compete for habitats with the tricolored munia and tend to be rare where this competitor is present.[46] +Status and conservation +Lonchura punctulata is an abundant species and classified as "least concern" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).[1] The species occupies an extremely large range, and its population, while still unquantified, is large and stable. The scaly-breasted munia is not globally threatened and is common to very common throughout most of its range. However, some populations, such as those in the Lesser Sunda Islands are scarce.[citation needed] +In many areas it is regarded as an agricultural pest, feeding in large flocks on cultivated cereals such as rice.[50] In Southeast Asia, the scaly-breasted munia is trapped in large numbers for Buddhist ceremonies, but most birds are later released.[3] +The name lineoventer was formerly used for the Indian population. Other populations include subundulata from the eastern Himalayas, yunnanensis of southern China, topela of Thailand, cabanisi of the Philippines and fretensis of Singapore and Sumatra. Island populations include nisoria (Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa), particeps (Sulawesi), baweana (Bawean Island), sumbae (Sumba), blasii (Flores, Timor and Tanimbar)[1] and holmesi (Southeast Borneo).[4] +L. p. yunnanensis (Parkes, 1958) – Its range includes southern China (southeast Xizang, south Sichuan, Yunnan) and north – northeast Myanmar. L. p. topela (R. Swinhoe, 1863) – Its range includes southern Myanmar, Thailand, southeast China (Taiwan), Hainan Islands, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. L. p. cabanisi (Sharpe, 1890) – Its range includes Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro, Calauit, Palawan, Panay, Negros, Cebu, Mindanao) and northern Borneo (coastal west Sabah and Brunei). +Description +Immature birds have a brownish underside (Kolkata, India) +A cat with a calico pattern. +Serious study of calico cats seems to have begun about 1948 when Murray Barr and his graduate student E.G. Bertram noticed dark, drumstick-shaped masses inside the nuclei of nerve cells of female cats, but not in male cats. These dark masses became known as Barr bodies.[8] In 1959, Japanese cell biologist Susumu Ohno determined the Barr bodies were X chromosomes.[8] In 1961, Mary Lyon proposed the concept of X-inactivation: one of the two X chromosomes inside a female mammal shuts off.[8] She observed this in the coat color patterns in mice.[9] +Calico cats are almost always female because the locus of the gene for the orange/non-orange coloring is on the X chromosome.[10] In the absence of other influences, such as color inhibition that causes white fur, the alleles present in those orange loci determine whether the fur is orange or not. Female cats, like all female placental mammals, normally have two X chromosomes. In contrast, male placental mammals, including chromosomally stable male cats, have one X and one Y chromosome.[2][3][11] Since the Y chromosome does not have any locus for the orange gene, there is no chance that an XY male could have both orange and non-orange genes together, which is what it takes to create tortoiseshell or calico coloring.[citation needed] +One exception is that in rare cases faulty cell division may leave an extra X chromosome in one of the gametes that produced the male cat. That extra X then is reproduced in each of his cells, a condition referred to as XXY, or Klinefelter syndrome. Such a combination of chromosomes could produce tortoiseshell or calico markings in the male, in the same way as XX chromosomes produce them in the female.[12][citation needed] +All but about one in three thousand of the rare calico or tortoiseshell male cats are sterile because of the chromosome abnormality, and breeders reject any exceptions for stud purposes because they generally are of poor physical quality and fertility. Even in the rare cases where a male calico is healthy and fertile, most cat registries will not accept them as show animals.[13] +If expressed, this gene codes for white, or no color, and is dominant over the alleles that code for a certain color (i.e. orange or black), making the white spots on calico cats. If that is the case, those several genes will be expressed in a blotchy coat of the tortoiseshell or calico kind. But the male, with his single X chromosome, has only one of that particular coat-color gene: he can be not-ginger or he can be ginger (although some modifier genes can add a bit of white here and there), but unless he has a chromosomal abnormality he cannot be a calico cat.[1] +It is currently very difficult to reproduce the fur patterns of calico cats by cloning. Penelope Tsernoglou wrote "This is due to an effect called x-linked inactivation which involves the random inactivation of one of the X chromosomes. Since all female mammals have two X chromosomes, one might wonder if this phenomenon could have a more widespread impact on cloning in the future."[14] +Calico cats may have already provided findings relating to physiological differences between male and female mammals.[1][2][15] +Cats of this coloration are believed to bring good luck in the folklore of many cultures.[16] In Germany, the word for a cat with calico coloring is "Glückskatze"; literally, "lucky cat." In the United States, these are sometimes referred to as money cats.[17] A cat of the calico coloration is also the state cat of Maryland in the United States.[18] In the late nineteenth century, Eugene Field published "The Duel", a poem for children also known as "The Gingham Dog and the Calico Cat". In Japan, the Maneki-neko figures depict calico cats, bringing good luck; Japanese sailors often had a calico ship's cat to protect against misfortune at sea.[19] +However, outside North America, the calico pattern is more usually called tortoiseshell and white[citation needed]. In the province of Quebec, Canada, they are sometimes called chatte d'Espagne (French for '(female) cat of Spain'). Other names include brindle, tricolor cat, mike neko (三毛猫) (Japanese for 'triple fur'), and lapjeskat (Dutch for 'patches cat'); calicoes with diluted coloration have been called calimanco or clouded tiger. +See also +Bicolor cat Brindle Cat coat genetics Deaf white cat Maltese cat Point coloration Tabby cat Tortoiseshell cat +“Calico” refers only to a color pattern on the fur, from colorful printed Calico fabric, not to a cat breed or any reference to any other traits, such as its eyes.[2] Among the breeds whose formal standards allow calico coloration are the Manx cat, American Shorthair, Maine Coon, British Shorthair, Persian cat, Arabian Mau, Japanese Bobtail, Exotic Shorthair, Siberian, Turkish Van, Turkish Angora and Norwegian Forest cat. +Because genetic determination of coat colors in calico cats is linked to the X chromosome, calicos are nearly always female, with one color linked to the maternal X chromosome and a second color linked to the paternal X chromosome.[1][3] In most cases, males are only one color (for instance, black) as they have only one X chromosome. Male calicoes can happen when a male cat has two X chromosomes (Klinefelter syndrome, with XXY sex chromosomes and generally sterile); is a chimera, with two different cell types;[4] or, rarely, when some skin cells of the developing kitten spontaneously mutate. +Some calico cats can also be overall lighter in color—dilute calicos. Fairly common among calicos[citation needed], dilutes are distinguished by having grey (known as blue), cream and gold colors instead of the traditional black, red and brown patches along with their white. +The coat pattern of calico cats does not define any breed, but occurs incidentally in cats that express a range of color patterns; accordingly the effect has no definitive historical background. However, the existence of patches in calico cats was traced to a certain degree by Neil Todd in a study determining the migration of domesticated cats along trade routes in Europe and Northern Africa.[5] The proportion of cats having the orange mutant gene found in calicoes was traced to the port cities along the Mediterranean in Greece, France, Spain and Italy, originating from Egypt.[6] The calico has been Maryland's state cat since October 1, 2001. Calico cats were chosen as the state cat because their white, black, and orange coloring resembles the coloring of the Baltimore oriole (the state bird) and the Baltimore checkerspot butterfly (the state insect). +In genetic terms, calico cats are tortoiseshells in every way, except that in addition they express a white spotting gene. There is however one anomaly: as a rule of thumb the larger the areas of white, the fewer and larger the patches of ginger and dark or tabby coat.[citation needed] In contrast a non-white-spotted tortoiseshell usually has small patches of color or even something like a salt-and-pepper sprinkling. This reflects the genetic effects on relative speeds of migration of melanocytes and X-inactivation in the embryo.[7] +The white-rumped munia or white-rumped mannikin (Lonchura striata), sometimes called striated finch in aviculture, is a small passerine bird from the family of waxbill "finches" (Estrildidae). These are not close relatives of the true finches (Fringillidae) or true sparrows (Passeridae). +A domesticated hybrid called the society finch, sometimes called Lonchura domestica is said by some sources to have L. s. striata in its ancestry, although other theories suggest contributions from the white-throated munia. The hybrid with numerous variants in plumage are thought to have been established by aviculturists in Japan.[9] +Description +The white-rumped munia is approximately 10 to 11 cm in length, with a stubby grey bill and a long black pointed tail. The adults are brown above and on the breast, and lighter below; the rump is white. There is some variation between the subspecies, but the sexes are almost impossible to distinguish in all subspecies; males have a more bulky head and bill.[10] +Habitat and distribution +The white-rumped munia is a common resident breeder ranging from the Indian subcontinent to southern China east to Taiwan, and through Southeast Asia south to Sumatra; it frequents open woodland, grassland and scrub, and is well able to adapt to agricultural land use. It is a gregarious bird which feeds mainly on seeds, moving through the undergrowth in groups and sometimes accompanying other birds such as puff-throated babblers (Pellorneum ruficeps). The nest is a large domed grass structure in a tree, bush or grass into which three to eight white eggs are laid.[10][11][12] They are also known to use abandoned nests of Baya weaver. +In fact, it may locally become a nuisance pest of millets and similar grains. Even the Nicobar Islands subspecies with its limited range seems to be able to cope well with human settlement. As it is a drab-coloured and rather reclusive bird inhabiting dense undergrowth, the white-rumped munia is not necessarily conspicuous even where it occurs in considerable numbers.[1][16][17] +Origin +There are six subspecies:[8] +L. s. acuticauda (Hodgson, 1836) – northern Indian mainland below c. 1,500 metres ASL, north through the Himalayas foothills of Bhutan and Nepal to the Dehradun region of Uttarakhand, India acroos to Bangladesh to northern Indochina +Medium brown above, except on the face and remiges, buffy below +Dark chocolate-brown above, white below +They forage in small groups on the forest floor, turning around leaf litter to find their prey and usually staying low in the undergrowth where they can be hard to spot. They however have loud and distinct calls, including a morning song, contact and alarm calls. It is the type species of the genus Pellorneum which may however currently include multiple lineages. +They build a nest on the ground at the base of bush and is a dome of leaves and twigs with an entrance on the side. The opening usually points downhill when the nest is on sloping ground. The clutch varies from 2 to 5 eggs, with northern populations tending towards larger clutches. +Description +Adult in Kaziranga National Park, possibly of ssp. mandelli +Near Kaeng Krachen Nat’l Park' - Thailand +Puff-throated babblers have strong legs, and spend a lot of time on the forest floor. They can often be seen creeping through undergrowth in search of their insect food, looking at first glance like a song thrush. Some subspecies have streaks on the mantle while others, especially in Peninsular India, are unstreaked.[2] +The population in the northern Eastern Ghats is paler and has been called as pallidum while a well marked dark form occurs in the southern Western Ghats which has been named granti (includes olivaceum). The western Himalayas population is punctatum (includes jonesi) and in the east is mandellii which has streaking on the back and nape apart from having call differences. In the east of India, south of the Brahmaputra River occurs chamelum while ripley is found in a small region in eastern Assam (Margherita). +This bird is a common resident breeder in the Himalayas and the forests of Asia. Like most babblers, it is not migratory, and has short rounded wings and a weak flight. Its habitat is scrub and bamboo thickets and forages by turning over leaves to find insects.[1] +The moustached babbler (Malacopteron magnirostre) is a species of bird in the ground babbler family Pellorneidae. The species is also known as the brown-headed babbler or brown-headed tree-babbler. +The moustached babbler feeds on insects, including on beetles and locusts. +They feed in mid-story, from 4–6 m (13–20 ft) off the ground.[1] +Taxonomy and systematics +This species has two subspecies, the nominate race M. m. magnirostre and the subspecies M. m. cinereocapilla (Salvadori, 1868). +A third subspecies, flavum, from the Anamba Islands, is sometimes recognised but is usually merged into the nominate race. The specific name magnirostre comes from the Latin magnus for big and rostris for billed. The name for the subspecies cinereocapilla comes from the Latin cinereus for ash/ashy and capillus for headed.[2] +Distribution and habitat +The moustached babbler is found in Sundaland. The nominate race is found in southern Burma and Thailand through Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra, and the subspecies M. m. cinereocapilla is endemic to Borneo.[1] Formerly, it could be found in the forests of Singapore, but it is now likely extinct there.[3] +Its natural habitat is tropical moist primary lowland forests, peatswamp forest, secondary forest, logged forests and old rubber plantations, from 915 m (3,002 ft), rarely to 1,200 m (3,900 ft).[1] It is suggested that this species, since it prefers logged forest to primary forest, could be used as a habitat indicator.[citation needed] +Description +The moustached babbler is 18 cm (7.1 in) long and weighs between 16–25 g (0.56–0.88 oz). +The plumage is dull brown above and whitish below. +The crown is olive-brown in the nominate race, with a grey loral stripe and moustachial stripe.[1] +The sooty-capped babbler (Malacopteron affine) is a member of the family Pellorneidae. +The sooty-capped babbler is also known in Malay as rimba tinjau belukar. Its main diet is small insects. +It is threatened by habitat loss. +The limestone wren-babbler (Gypsophila crispifrons) is a species of bird in the family Pellorneidae. It is found in China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest. +The rusty-capped fulvetta (Schoeniparus dubius) is a species of bird in the family Pellorneidae.[1][2] It is found in Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forest. +The Chinese grassbird (Graminicola striatus) is a bird species in the family Pellorneidae. It was formerly placed in the Old World warbler family Sylviidae and the babbler family Timaliidae. +Distribution and habitat +It occurs in tall emergent vegetation in or bordering freshwater swamps or along banks of rivers in the lowlands of southeastern China, Bangladesh, southeastern Myanmar, south-central Thailand, Cambodia, northeastern Vietnam, and Hainan Island. It is threatened by habitat loss.[2] +Collar, N. J., Robson, C. (2007) Family Timaliidae (Babblers) pp. 70 – 291 In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Christie, D.A. (eds.) +12: Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. +The short-tailed babbler (Pellorneum malaccense) is a species of bird in the family Pellorneidae.It is found in Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand as well as the islands of Sumatra and Borneo (and some of the smaller surrounding islands). +The species is generally solitary, not joining larger mixed-species flocks, instead foraging as singles or pairs. They forage in the understory on the ground on a variety of insects including beetles, grasshoppers, and ants. Like other babblers they will use their foot to grasp food items, an unusual behaviour for passerine birds. +The short-tailed babbler is locally common at a number of places within its range but is considered near-threatened due to the loss of lowland forest in its range. +Collar, N. J. & Robson, C. 2007. Family Timaliidae (Babblers) pp. 70 – 291 in; del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Christie, D.A. eds. +Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. +The purple cochoa (Cochoa purpurea) is a brightly coloured bird found in the temperate forests of Asia. It is a quiet and elusive bird species that has been considered to be related to the thrushes of family Turdidae or the related Muscicapidae (Old World flycatchers). They are found in dark forested areas and is found in the canopy, where it often sits motionless. +Description +A grey carpal patch is present at the base of the black wing feathers and a wing patch is prominent. The tail is silvery blue with a black terminal band. The male has dull purplish grey secondaries and coverts and the body is greyish while the female has rufous replacing the purple.[2][3][4] +An inflatable air cushion is a bag of fabric or plastic that can be inflated to provide cushioning. Unlike bubble wrap, inflatable air cushions have a check valve to allow the cushion to be inflated or sometimes deflated. +Samsung toner packaging in inflatable air cushion +Applications +Protective and void filling materials, including block and brace, corner protection, wrapping, interleaving, top and cross layering. Shipping container cushioning Thundersticks Water resistant seat cushion Inflatable bags +Impact limiter, JPL +Vacuum chamber for testing leaks in inflatable cushion. ASTM D6653- Standard Test Methods for Determining the Effects of High Altitude on Packaging Systems by Vacuum Method +Inflatable air cushion shown deflated (on rolls) and inflated around a protected item. +Inflatable air cushion can be used as a seat, stick, or signs +History +Several constructions have been developed, some as early as the 1970s. +[1] In the 1980s, a number of inflatable cushion systems were documented.[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] Before 2000, most inflatable air cushions used a single check valve as described in US patent 5445274 . However if one part of the cushion was punctured then this packaging would completely deflate. +In 2002, several types of continuously independent one way air valve films were introduced, such as US patent 6913803, "One-way valve for inflatable package" by 3M. These patents incorporated a one way air valve film, which can be produced continuously and independently. If one air tube is punctured, the other air tubes will still remain inflated. +A modern cushion is made out of two layers of PE films [citation needed] with air valve film in between, and heat pressed with high temperature mold to melt them together and create air tubes and shapes, so inflatable air cushions can have a variety of styles and types. The cushion can be shipped flat and inflated as needed. Once inflated the continuous check valve seals each tube from the others. +Bubble wrap +A child playing with bubble wrap +Since bubble wrap makes a satisfying popping sound when compressed and ruptured, it is often used as a source of amusement. Acknowledging this alternative use, some websites provide a virtual bubble wrap program which displays a sheet of bubble wrap that users may pop by clicking on the bubbles, while the Mugen Puchipuchi is a compact electronic toy simulating bubble wrap popping. +Bubble Wrap Appreciation Day is celebrated on the last Monday of January.[7][8][9] The last Monday of January was designated as Bubble Wrap Appreciation Day after a radio station in Bloomington, Indiana, received a shipment of microphones wrapped in bubble wrap, which, after being unwrapped and installed, inadvertently broadcast the sound of their wrappings being popped.[10] +Sealed Air has controversially decided to create a new iBubble wrap, which will not be able to be popped.[11] +Bubble wrap is a pliable transparent plastic material used for packing fragile items. Regularly spaced, protruding air-filled hemispheres (bubbles) provide cushioning for fragile items. +"Bubble wrap" is a generic trademark owned by Sealed Air Corporation.[1] In 1957 two inventors named Alfred Fielding and Marc Chavannes were attempting to create a three-dimensional plastic wallpaper. Although the idea was a failure, they found that what they made could be used as packing material. +Sealed Air was co-founded by Fielding in 1960.[2] +The term is used generically for similar products, such as bubble pack,[note 1] [3] air bubble packing, bubble wrapping, or aeroplast. Properly, Bubble Wrap and BubbleWrap are still registered trademarks of Sealed Air.[4][5] +Design +Bubble wrap, standard and with colored markings as electrostatic discharge materials, and in different bubble size +The bubbles that provide the cushioning for fragile or sensitive objects are generally available in different sizes, depending on the size of the object being packed, as well as the level of cushioning protection needed. Multiple layers may be needed to provide shock and vibration isolation while a single layer may simply be used as a surface protective layer. Bubble wrap is also used to form some types of mailing envelopes. +Bubble wrap is most often formed from polyethylene (LDPE) film with a shaped side bonded to a flat side to form air bubbles. Some types of bubble wrap have a lower permeation barrier film to allow longer useful life and resistance to loss of air in vacuums. +The most common bubble size is 1 centimeter.[citation needed] In addition to the degree of protection available from the size of the air bubbles in the plastic, the plastic material itself can offer some forms of protection for the object in question. For example, when shipping sensitive electronic parts and components, a type of bubble wrap is used that employs an anti-static plastic that dissipates static charge, thereby protecting the sensitive electronic chips from static which can damage them. One of the first widespread uses of bubble wrap came in 1960, with the shipping of the new IBM 1401 computers to customers, most of whom had never seen this packing material before.[6] +17.5cm by 20cm beeswax wrap +Beeswax wrap is a food wrap material consisting of a coated fabric, most commonly cotton.[1] It is made by infusing cotton with food-grade beeswax, rosin, coconut oil, and jojoba oil.[2] The wrap is mouldable, grippable, and tacky.[3] It can be shaped around containers or food products.[3] Beeswax wrap is a reusable and sustainable alternative to plastic wrap and single-use plastic.[4] It has the ability to counteract environmental issues such as plastic pollution and food waste.[4] +When beeswax wrap has lost its grip and is no longer useful, it can be composted to biodegrade.[1] It can also be put to a second purpose and used to make an effective fire starter.[2] +Beeswax wrap is made by infusing cotton with resin, food-grade beeswax and an oil, commonly coconut or jojoba.[1] The wax coating allows the cloth to be breathable and waterproof.[2] Beeswax is harvested when honey is extracted from beehives.[10] The wax cappings are sliced off the hive when honey is harvested.[10] These wax cappings become beeswax after they have been drained of the honey, washed in a double boiler, strained through layers of cheesecloth to remove debris and poured into a block mould for later use.[10] For every 100 pounds of honey, approximately 1 or 2 pounds of beeswax are harvested.[10] +Non-commercial production +Beeswax wrap can be made non-commercially with sheets of cotton and a mixture of beeswax, resin and oil.[1] The cotton is cut into the makers desired shapes and the edges of the fabric are trimmed.[11] A mixture of beeswax, pine resin, coconut and jojoba oil is melted.[3] Then both sides of the cotton are coated with a thin layer of the melted mixture, ensuring that the wax is spread evenly and to the edges of the cotton.[9] The coated cotton is then covered with wax paper and ironed; alternatively the fabric is placed on a baking tray and placed in an oven. The wrap is heated at approximately 200˚F or 93˚C.[11] Once it is clear the wax has melted into the cotton, the fabric is left to air dry.[9] +The mass production of beeswax wrap in commercial factories is yet to evolve due to the sustainability-centered visions of many beeswax wrap companies.[12] Some companies have begun to use machinery that automatically waxes rolls of the fabric to upscale their production.[2] +In 2018 UK innovation and technology-based consulting firm Cambridge Consultants partnered with UK based start-up BeeBee Wraps. They have designed a manufacturing process that enables production to increase by a factor of 30, while maintaining the sustainable values that guide the business.[1] +Beeswax wrap's main use is food preservation.[1] It is breathable and allows food to stay fresh for longer, reducing food wastage.[2] After each use, beeswax wrap can be washed and air-dried.[5] Beeswax wrap usually loses its grip after one year.[5] When the wrap loses its grip it can be composted.[5] Beeswax wrap is criticized for its high price when sold commercially and the high level of maintenance it requires, especially when compared to its single-use plastic alternatives.[3] +As with other single-use non-recyclables, plastic food wrap ends up in landfill, as litter on land, or in the world's oceans.[13] Plastic wrap takes years to decompose and leaches the chemicals it contains into the atmosphere and oceans. This poses a risk to wildlife as they may get caught up in it or eat it.[13] +Beeswax wraps are a sustainable and reusable alternative to single-use plastics such as zip-lock bags and plastic food wrap. They have the potential to reduce the environmental impact of this plastic pollution problem.[14] +Global production and consumption of single-use plastic has continued to rise for the past 50 years.[15] According to the Ellen McArthur Foundation, 78 million tonnes of plastic were produced in 2013, a 4% increase from 2012, and with 40% of this ending up in landfill. More than 8 million tonnes of plastic end up in the world's oceans each year.[15] Sunlight and the sea's motions can cause plastic to be broken down into microplastics.[16] The presence of these plastics in oceans has detrimental effects on both marine life and human life.[16] +Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, the trend towards sustainability has led to an increased awareness of the damage single-use plastic and other unsustainable practices may have on the environment.[1] Companies have become more aware of their environmental impact and have allocated more resources to sustainability.[14] Other companies have emerged that focus on providing sustainable alternatives for plastic.[14] +Food wastage +Between 33-50% of all food produced globally is not eaten.[17] This wastage has an economic value of over US$1 trillion.[17] As food production is resource-intensive, food losses are accompanied by other environmental impacts, such as deforestation, water and air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.[18] Along the food production-consumption chain, households represent the largest food-waste faction.[18] In the western world, over 50% of food waste occurs within the home.[17] In 2018, Schanes, Dobernig and Gözet conducted a systematic review of household food waste practices and concluded that households face conflicts between good intentions to prevent food waste and preferences regarding taste, freshness, cleanliness and food safety.[18] +Beeswax wrap's main use is food preservation within the home. Approximately 1.3 billion tonnes of food per year are wasted, creating both financial losses and causing significant harm to the environment and its natural resources.[19] Beeswax wrap can reduce food waste as it is made from breathable materials that enable food to remain fresher for longer.[2] Beeswax wrap has the potential to reduce food waste due to its anti-microbial properties that may prevent the spoilage of food products.[3] +The anti-microbial effects of beeswax wrap +The spoilage of food products caused by microbes is a concern for many sub-sectors of the food industry.[1] An estimated 25% of the world's food is lost due to microorganism activity.[1] Such food spoilage results in food wastage as products become unsuitable for consumption, causing large financial losses. Recent technological progression has led to the development of techniques targeted to prevent the activity and growth of food contaminating microbes.[1] +The anti-microbial properties of food wrap containing beeswax are attributed to propolis.[1] Propolis is a resin-like material made by bees from tree buds.[1] +A 2017 study conducted by Pinto, Pankowski and Nano for the Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences discovered that beeswax wrap is capable of preventing the activity of microbes that contaminate food by inhibiting the viable cell count of bacteria. This implies that beeswax wrap can constrain the spread of food-borne bacterial pathogens and contribute to the prevention of food spoilage. Pinto, Pankowski and Nano investigated beeswax wrap's anti-microbial activity against bacteria, fungi and viruses. +They used Salmonella enteritidis, a gram-negative bacterium, and Staphylococcus aureus, a gram-positive bacterium and common cause of stomach infections. Both bacteria were exposed to beeswax wrap. It was found that incubation with the beeswax wrap led to a decline in the number of both cells and a decline in bacterial activity.[1] +To detect the anti-yeast activity of beeswax wraps two strains of Saccharomyces cerevsiae were incubated in a liquid phase with the beeswax wrap. A small decrease in cell count was noted. This decrease was not large enough to conclude that beeswax wrap reduces yeast-activity.[1] +To determine the anti-viral capacity of beeswax wrap bacteriophages M13 and P1 were incubated in a liquid phase with the beeswax wrap. Results showed a decrease in the number of active phage particles. This decrease was not large enough to conclude that beeswax wrap has the ability to inactivate viral particles.[1] +Pinto, Pankowski and Nano concluded that beeswax wrap has anti-bacterial properties, however they were unable to conclude that it had anti-fungal or anti-viral properties. [1] +Criticisms of beeswax wrap +Beeswax wrap has been criticized for its contributions to consumerist environmentalism.[6] This solution to the plastic problem relies on individual responsibility.[6] Measuring individuals in terms of responsibility ignores who and what has caused the most environmental damage and who is most vulnerable to future environmental hazards.[6] Beeswax wraps are criticized for their high prices, when sold commercially, especially when compared to single-use plastics such as cling wrap and snap lock bags.[6] When compared to single-use plastics, beeswax wrap requires more maintenance to ensure it remains clean and safe to use and lasts over a longer period of time.[2] Beeswax wrap is not pliable enough to get a complete seal which, when it comes to keeping food fresh, is an important factor.[20] +Uses +Beeswax wrap being used to cover a container +Beeswax wrap is used by moulding it around food products, containers or bowls. This is done by heating the beeswax wrap with one's hands and then shaping it around the item.[1] The warmth of one's hands melts the beeswax, softening the wrap enough to create a seal around containers and food products.[7] Beeswax wraps are not ideal for wrapping all types of food.[8] For example, raw meat, raw fish or other wet food items such as rock melon.[8] These wet foods can be placed in a bowl or container which can then be covered with the beeswax wrap.[8] More alternative uses of beeswax wrap include as a flower vase or as a water cup.[9] +Maintenance +The usable life of beeswax wrap depends on how often it is used, washed and maintained.[1] Often beeswax wrap can be rinsed and air-dried after single uses.[5] If the wrap requires more thorough cleaning, it can be sponged with soapy, cold water, rinsed and hung to air dry.[5] Cracks in beeswax wraps can be fixed by either laying it on a baking tray in the sun or an oven and by warming it using a hairdryer.[5] This process is referred to as 'warming' and allows the wax to melt and mould back together. This seals the cracks that have begun to form.[5] +Philosophy of sport is an area of philosophy that seeks to conceptually analyze issues of sport as human activity. These issues cover many areas, but fall primarily into five philosophical categories: metaphysics, ethics and moral philosophy, philosophy of law, political philosophy, and aesthetics. The philosophical perspective on sport originated in Ancient Greece, having experienced a revival in the latter part of the 20th century[1] with the work of Paul Weiss and Howard Slusher.[2][3] +A philosophical perspective on sports incorporates its metaphysical relationships with art and play, ethical issues of virtue and fairness and more broadly sociopolitical.[1] +Ethics +Ethical issues in philosophy of sport predominantly center on athlete behavior in relation to rules of the game, other athletes, spectators, external factors such as socioeconomic issues among supporters and communities, and issues of doping. +Issues of doping in sport focus on the ethics of medical intervention on athletic performance: what is acceptable versus what is not, and how boundaries can be drawn. Particular attention is given to the question of what factors ought to be taken into consideration when banning certain medical interventions. +These and other issues are usually compared and contrasted through the lenses of three significant moral theories: consequentialism, deontology and virtue ethics.[8] +External links +Sport and philosophy in ancient Greece +A leader's athletic prowess, according to the view of the times, reflected their ability to lead.[4] (Games of the Phaeacians in Homer's Odyssey) Sport was seen as an epistemic inquiry, a methodological process by which we learn the objective truth of a person's athletic potential by actualizing it in athletic competition. Athletics as a measure of individual worth was seen as a cure to social inequality. Sport was even seen as moral education, with Plato advocating the participation of women in sport for their moral enrichment. +Contemporary philosophy of sport +The resurgence of interest in philosophy of sport was marked by Yale philosopher Paul Weiss' book publication Sport: A Philosophical Inquiry (1969), considered the first book-length text in philosophy of sport. In it, Weiss explains the dearth of work in philosophy of sport as a reflection of academic elitism. Sport was always considered vulgar or common, according to Weiss.[5] +To many of the time, the health and educational benefits of physical activity were a component of public life. Inadvertently, many non-philosopher proponents of physical education took on philosophical positions on teleology, mind-body dualism and metaphysics as part of their model of human agency and personhood. In a broader context, political philosophy entered the picture as thinkers of the time, in response to pressing social and political issues of the day associated civic duty, responsible citizenship and other political features to sport.[1] While much of the focus has been on the work done in the West, philosophers of sport acknowledge the importance of work done in the East, particularly Japan.[6] +Other areas of intersection with contemporary areas of philosophy include philosophy of education, philosophy of law, philosophy of mind, philosophy of rules, philosophy of science, social philosophy and political philosophy. +Issues in philosophy of sport +Important questions in philosophy of sport are concerned with the social virtues of sport, the aesthetics of sporting performances and display, the epistemology of individual and team strategy and techniques, sporting ethics, the logic of rules in sport, metaphysics of sport as a component of human nature or instinct, etc.[1] However, some writers have composed a philosophy of sport in terms of the body, art and its intersections with generation X sports, such as bouldering, surfing, skateboarding.[7] +Thundersticks, sometimes known as bambams, are long, narrow plastic balloons that are used as promotional noise makers. The noise is created when two thundersticks are struck together. They are most often used at sporting events. +Thundersticks, known as makdae pungseon (lit. 'hard-hitting balloons') in South Korea, were created by BalloonStix Korea and first used in 1994 at an LG Twins baseball game.[1][2][3] They later gained popularity in North America when they were used by fans of the Anaheim Angels during the 2002 World Series. Today thundersticks are used by fans of many sports teams in order to show their support, serving a similar purpose as the Homer Hanky associated with the Minnesota Twins and the Terrible Towel associated with the Pittsburgh Steelers. +Thundersticks have appeared around the world at many sporting events. They are regularly seen in baseball games in Taiwan, basketball games in The Philippines, and football matches throughout Europe, but sometimes under different names such as "bangers".[4] +Bubbles of gas in a soft drink +Bubbles form, and coalesce, into globular shapes, because those shapes are at a lower energy state. For the physics and chemistry behind it, see nucleation. +Bubbles are visible because they have a different refractive index (RI) than the surrounding substance. For example, the RI of air is approximately 1.0003 and the RI of water is approximately 1.333. Snell's Law describes how electromagnetic waves change direction at the interface between two mediums with different IR; thus bubbles can be identified from the accompanying refraction and internal reflection even though both the immersed and immersing mediums are transparent. +The above explanation only holds for bubbles of one medium submerged in another medium (e.g. bubbles of gas in a soft drink); the volume of a membrane bubble (e.g. soap bubble) will not distort light very much, and one can only see a membrane bubble due to thin-film diffraction and reflection. +Applications +Nucleation can be intentionally induced, for example to create a bubblegram in a solid. +In medical ultrasound imaging, small encapsulated bubbles called contrast agent are used to enhance the contrast. +In thermal inkjet printing, vapor bubbles are used as actuators. They are occasionally used in other microfluidics applications as actuators.[2] +The violent collapse of bubbles (cavitation) near solid surfaces and the resulting impinging jet constitute the mechanism used in ultrasonic cleaning. The same effect, but on a larger scale, is used in focused energy weapons such as the bazooka and the torpedo. Pistol shrimp also use a collapsing cavitation bubble as a weapon. +Bubble of gas in a mudpot +Chemical and metallurgic engineers rely on bubbles for operations such as distillation, absorption, flotation and spray drying. The complex processes involved often require consideration for mass and heat transfer, and are modelled using fluid dynamics.[3] +The star-nosed mole and the American water shrew can smell underwater by rapidly breathing through their nostrils and creating a bubble. [4] +Pulsation +Although it is often visually masked by much larger deformations in shape, a component of the oscillation changes the bubble volume (i.e. it is pulsation) which, in the absence of an externally-imposed sound field, occurs at the bubble's natural frequency. The pulsation is the most important component to the oscillation, acoustically, because by changing the gas volume, it changes its pressure, and leads to the emission of sound at the bubble's natural frequency. For air bubbles in water, large bubbles (negligible surface tension and thermal conductivity) undergo adiabatic pulsations, which means that no heat is transferred either from the liquid to the gas or vice versa. +where: +γ {\displaystyle \gamma } is the specific heat ratio of the gas R 0 {\displaystyle R_{0}} is the steady state radius p 0 {\displaystyle p_{0}} is the steady state pressure ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is the mass density of the surrounding liquid +For air bubbles in water, smaller bubbles undergo isothermal pulsations. The corresponding equation for small bubbles of surface tension σ (and negligible liquid viscosity) is[1] +Excited bubbles trapped underwater are the major source of liquid sounds, such as inside our knuckles during knuckle cracking, [7] and when a rain droplet impacts a surface of water. [8][9] +A bubble of gas in a tar pit +Injury by bubble formation and growth in body tissues is the mechanism of decompression sickness, which occurs when supersaturated dissolved inert gases leave solution as bubbles during decompression. The damage can be due to mechanical deformation of tissues due to bubble growth in situ, or by blocking blood vessels where the bubble has lodged. +Arterial gas embolism can occur when a gas bubble is introduced to the circulatory system and it lodges in a blood vessel which is too small for it to pass through under the available pressure difference. This can occur as a result of decompression after hyperbaric exposure, a lung overexpansion injury, during intravenous fluid administration, or during surgery. +Man blows bubble +A bubble is a globule of one substance in another, usually gas in a liquid.[1] Due to the Marangoni effect, bubbles may remain intact when they reach the surface of the immersive substance. +Bubbles are seen in many places in everyday life, for example: +As spontaneous nucleation of supersaturated carbon dioxide in soft drinks As water vapor in boiling water As air mixed into agitated water, such as below a waterfall As sea foam As a soap bubble As given off in chemical reactions, e.g., baking soda + vinegar As a gas trapped in glass during its manufacture As the indicator in a spirit level +A tar pit, or more accurately an asphalt pit or asphalt lake, is the result of a type of petroleum seep where subterranean bitumen leaks to the surface creating a large area of natural asphalt.[1] This happens because, after the material reaches the surface, its lighter components vaporize leaving only the thick asphalt.[2] +Helaeomyia petrolei, the petroleum fly, spends its larval stage within the tar pit. +Formerly Lake Asphaltites for the Dead Sea (name coined by Titus Flavius Josephus) +Major tar pits include Binagadi asphalt lake, the La Brea Tar Pits, the Carpinteria Tar Pits, the McKittrick Tar Pits, Pitch Lake, and Lake Bermudez. +Animals usually cannot escape from the asphalt when they fall in, making these pits excellent places to excavate bones of prehistoric animals. The tar pits can trap animals because the asphalt that seeps up from underground forms a bitumen pit so thick that even mammoths could not free themselves before they died of starvation, exhaustion from trying to escape, or exposure to the sun's heat. Trapped animals may also create a predator trap, luring carnivores to the same fate. +Living organisms +These organisms have been shown to be strains of previously undiscovered bacteria. They have been able to survive and thrive in an environment with little water and little to no oxygen. Scientists started looking for the bacteria when they noticed bubbles of methane coming out of the tar pits.[3] +Other microorganisms have been found living in microliter-sized droplets of water recovered from Pitch Lake in Trinidad, including bacteria from the orders Burkholderiales and Enterobacteriales.[4] +The composition of sea foam is generally a mixture of decomposed organic materials, including zooplankton, phytoplankton, algae (including diatoms[6]), bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and vascular plant detritus,[2] though each occurrence of sea foam varies in its specific contents. In some areas, sea foam is found to be made up of primarily protein, dominant in both fresh and old foam, as well as lipids and carbohydrates. The high protein and low carbohydrate concentration suggest that sugars originally present in the surrounding mucilage created by algae or plant matter has been quickly consumed by bacteria.[3] Additional research has shown that a small fraction of the dry weight in sea foam is organic carbon, which contains phenolics, sugars, amino sugars, and amino acids. +The organic matter in sea foam has been found to increase dramatically during phytoplankton blooms in the area.[7] Some research has shown very high concentrations of microplankton in sea foam, with significantly higher numbers of autotrophic phytoplankton than heterotrophs[2] Some foams are particularly rich in their diatom population which can make up the majority of the microalgal biomass in some cases.[6] A diversity of bacteria is also present in sea foam; old foam tends to have a higher density of bacteria. One study found that 95% of sea foam bacteria were rod-shaped, while the surrounding surface water contained mostly coccoid-form bacteria and only 5% - 10% rod-shaped bacteria.[3] There is also seasonal variability of sea foam composition;[4] in some regions there is a seasonal occurrence of pollen in sea foam which can alter its chemistry.[5] Though foam is not inherently toxic, it may contain high concentrations of contaminants.[6] Foam bubbles can be coated with or contain these materials which can include petroleum compounds, pesticides, and herbicides.[1] +Longevity and stability +2) Metastable foams can have a lifetime of several hours to several days; their duration is sometimes attributed to small particles of silica, calcium, or iron which contribute to foam stability and longevity.[1] Additionally, seawater that contains released dissolved organic material from phytoplankton and macrophytic algae that is then agitated in its environment is most likely to produce stable, longer-lasting foam when compared with seawater lacking one of those components. For example, filtered seawater with added with the fronds of the kelp, Ecklonia maxima, produced foam but it lacked the stability that unfiltered seawater provided. Additionally, kelp fronds that were maintained in flowing water therefore reducing their mucus coating, were unable to help foam form.[2] Different types of salt are also found to have varying effects on bubble proximity within sea foam, therefore contributing to its stability.[1] +As a food source, sea foam with a stable composition is more important ecologically, as it is able to persist longer and can transport nutrients within the marine environment.[1] Longer decay times result in a higher chance that energy contained in sea foam will move up the food web into higher trophic levels.[3]In the Bay of Fundy for example, a tube-dwelling amphipod, Corophium volutator, can potentially attain 70% of its nutritional requirements from the sugars and amino acids derived from sea foam in its environment. At times however, the sea foam was found to be toxic to this species. It is thought that high concentrations of phenolics and/or the occasional presence of heavy metals or pesticides incorporated into the sea foam from the sea surface contributed to its toxicity.[2] On the west coast of Cape Peninsula, South Africa, sea foam often occurs in nearshore marine areas with large kelp beds during periods of strong westerly winds. +Material transport +Sea foam, ocean foam, beach foam, or spume is a type of foam created by the agitation of seawater, particularly when it contains higher concentrations of dissolved organic matter (including proteins, lignins, and lipids) derived from sources such as the offshore breakdown of algal blooms.[1] These compounds can act as surfactants or foaming agents. As the seawater is churned by breaking waves in the surf zone adjacent to the shore, the surfactants under these turbulent conditions trap air, forming persistent bubbles that stick to each other through surface tension. Sea foam is a global phenomenon[1] and it varies depending on location and the potential influence of the surrounding marine, freshwater, and/or terrestrial environments.[2] Due to its low density and persistence, foam can be blown by strong on-shore winds from the beach face inland. +Sea foam also acts as a mode of transport for both organisms and nutrients within the marine environment and, at times, into the intertidal or terrestrial environments. Wave action can deposit foam into intertidal areas where it can remain when the tide recedes, bringing nutrients to the intertidal zone.[1] Additionally, sea foam can become airborne in windy conditions, transporting materials between marine and terrestrial environments.[2] The ability of sea foam to transport materials is also thought to benefit macroalgal organisms, as macroalgae propagules can be carried to different microenvironments, thus influencing the tidal landscape and contributing to new possible ecological interactions.[8] As sea foam is a wet environment, it is conducive habitat to algal spores where propagules can attach to the substrate and avoid risk of dissemination.[8] When sea foam contains fungi, it can also aid in the decomposition of plant and animal remains in coastal ecosystems.[2] +Habitat +Additionally, sea foam is a habitat for a number of marine microorganisms. Some research has shown the presence of various microphytoplanktonic, nanophytoplanktonic, and diatom groups in seafoam; the phytoplankton groups appeared in significantly higher abundance than in sea surface film and the top pelagic zone[1] +Naturally occurring sea foam is not inherently toxic; however, it can be exposed to high concentrations of contaminants in the surface microlayer derived from the breakdown of algal blooms, fossil fuel production and transport, and stormwater runoff.[1] These contaminants contribute to the formation of noxious sea foam through adsorption onto bubbles. Bubbles may burst and release toxins into the atmosphere in the form of sea spray or aerosol, or they may persist in foams. Toxins released through aerosols and breaking bubbles can be inhaled by humans. +While sea foam is a common result of the agitation of seawater mixing with organic material in the surface ocean, human activities can contribute to the production of excess and often toxic foam.[1] In addition to the organic oils, acids, and proteins that amass in the sea surface microlayer, compounds derived from petroleum production and transport, synthetic surfactants, and pesticide use can enter the sea surface and be incorporated into foam. The pollutants present can also affect the persistence of the foam produced. Crude oil discharged from tankers, motor oil, sewage, and detergents from polluted runoff can create longer-lasting foams.[1] In one study, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a persistent organic pollutant, were found to amass in sea foams.[2] +Formation +Notable occurrences +See also +Sea foam is formed under conditions that are similar to the formation of sea spray. One of the main distinctions from sea spray formation is the presence of higher concentrations of dissolved organic matter from macrophytes and phytoplankton. The dissolved organic matter in the surface water, which can be derived from the natural environment or human-made sources, provides stability to the resulting sea foam.[3] +Connection between sea foam and sea spray formation. The dark orange line indicates processes common to the formation of both sea spray and sea foam. +The bubbles that do not dissolve eventually make it back to the surface. As they rise, these bubbles accumulate hydrophobic substances. Presence of dissolved organic matter stabilizes the bubbles, aggregating together as sea foam.[1] Some studies on sea foam report that breaking of algal cells in times of heavy swells makes sea foam production more likely.[2] +Falling rain drops on the sea surface can also contribute to sea foam formation and destruction.[4] There have been some non-mechanistic studies demonstrating increased sea foam formation due to high rainfall events.[2] Turbulence in the surface mixed layer can affect the concentration of dissolved organic matter and aids in the formation of nutrient-dense foam.[5] +Hell Scroll may refer to: +Marxian economics, or the Marxian school of economics, is a heterodox school of political economic thought. Its foundations can be traced back to the critique of classical political economy in the research by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxian economics comprises several different theories and includes multiple schools of thought, which are sometimes opposed to each other, and in many cases Marxian analysis is used to complement or supplement other economic approaches.[1] Because one does not necessarily have to be politically Marxist to be economically Marxian, the two adjectives coexist in usage rather than being synonymous. +Marxian economics concerns itself variously with the analysis of crisis in capitalism, the role and distribution of the surplus product and surplus value in various types of economic systems, the nature and origin of economic value, the impact of class and class struggle on economic and political processes, and the process of economic evolution. +Ricardo developed a theory of distribution within capitalism—that is, a theory of how the output of society is distributed to classes within society. +The most mature version of this theory, presented in On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (1817), was based on a labour theory of value in which the value of any produced object is equal to the labor embodied in the object and Smith too presented a labor theory of value, but it was only incompletely realized. Also notable in Ricardo's economic theory was that profit was a deduction from society's output and that wages and profit were inversely related:[5] an increase in profit came at the expense of a reduction in wages. Marx built much of the formal economic analysis found in Capital on Ricardo's theory of the economy. +Marx also criticized two features of "bourgeois economy" he perceived as main factors preventing full realization of society's production power: ownership of the means of production, and allegedly irrational operation of the economy, which leads to "disturbances" and surplus.[6] +Marx's theory +Marx employed a labour theory of value, which holds that the value of a commodity is the socially necessary labour time invested in it. In this model, capitalists do not pay workers the full value of the commodities they produce; rather, they compensate the worker for the necessary labor only (the worker's wage, which cover only the necessary means of subsistence in order to maintain him working in the present and his family in the future as a group). This necessary labor is necessarily only a fraction of a full working day - the rest, surplus-labor, would be pocketed by the capitalist as profit. +Marx theorized that the gap between the value a worker produces and his wage is a form of unpaid labour, known as surplus value. Moreover, Marx argues that markets tend to obscure the social relationships and processes of production; he called this commodity fetishism. People are highly aware of commodities, and usually don't think about the relationships and labor they represent. +Marx's analysis leads to the consideration of economic crisis. "A propensity to crisis—what we would call business cycles—was not recognised as an inherent feature of capitalism by any other economist of Marx's time," observed Robert Heilbroner in The Worldly Philosophers, "although future events have certainly indicated his prediction of successive boom and crash."[7] Marx's theory of economic cycles was formalised by Richard Goodwin in "A Growth Cycle" (1967),[8] a paper published during the centenary year of Capital, Volume I. +To resolve the bourgeois contradiction between the ownership of the means of production and the "social act" of production itself, Marx proposed socialization of the means of production. To remove the "disturbances" of capitalist economy, Marx postulated "rational management" of the economy, which would replace the "chaotic" market forces driven by a "sum of individual preferences".[1] +Marxian economics, particularly in academia, is distinguished from Marxism as a political ideology as well as the normative aspects of Marxist thought, with the view that Marx's original approach to understanding economics and economic development is intellectually independent from Marx's own advocacy of revolutionary socialism.[2][3] Marxian economists do not lean entirely upon the works of Marx and other widely known Marxists, but draw from a range of Marxist and non-Marxist sources.[4] +Marx used dialectics, a method that he adapted from the works of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Dialectics focuses on relation and change, and tries to avoid seeing the universe as composed of separate objects, each with essentially stable unchanging characteristics. One component of dialectics is abstraction; out of an undifferentiated mass of data or system conceived of as an organic whole, one abstracts portions to think about or to refer to. +Marx regarded history as having passed through several stages. The details of his periodisation vary somewhat through his works, but it essentially is: Primitive Communism – Slave societies – Feudalism – Capitalism – Socialism – Communism (capitalism being the present stage and communism the future). Marx occupied himself primarily with describing capitalism. +Historians place the beginning of capitalism some time between about 1450 (Sombart) and some time in the 17th century (Hobsbawm).[10] +Marx defines a commodity as a product of human labour that is produced for sale in a market, and many products of human labour are commodities. Marx began his major work on economics, Capital, with a discussion of commodities; Chapter One is called "Commodities". +Commodities +The worth of a commodity can be conceived of in two different ways, which Marx calls use-value and value. A commodity's use-value is its usefulness for fulfilling some practical purpose; for example, the use-value of a piece of food is that it provides nourishment and pleasurable taste; the use value of a hammer, that it can drive nails. +Value is, on the other hand, a measure of a commodity's worth in comparison to other commodities. It is closely related to exchange-value, the ratio at which commodities should be traded for one another, but not identical: value is at a more general level of abstraction; exchange-value is a realisation or form of it. +Marx argued that if value is a property common to all commodities, then whatever it is derived from, whatever determines it, must be common to all commodities. The only relevant thing that is, in Marx's view, common to all commodities is human labour: they are all produced by human labour. +Marx concluded that the value of a commodity is simply the amount of human labour required to produce it. Thus Marx adopted a labour theory of value, as had his predecessors Ricardo and MacCulloch; Marx himself traced the existence of the theory at least as far back as an anonymous work, Some Thoughts on the Interest of Money in General, and Particularly the Publick Funds, &c., published in London around 1739 or 1740.[11] +Marx placed some restrictions on the validity of his value theory: he said that in order for it to hold, the commodity must not be a useless item; and it is not the actual amount of labour that went into producing a particular individual commodity that determines its value, but the amount of labour that a worker of average energy and ability, working with average intensity, using the prevailing techniques of the day, would need to produce it. A formal statement of the law is: the value of a commodity is equal to the average socially necessary labour time required for its production. (Capital, I, Chap I – p. 39 in Progress Publishers, Moscow, ed'n.) +Although the Marxian school is considered heterodox, ideas that have come out of Marxian economics have contributed to mainstream understanding of the global economy. Certain concepts developed in Marxian economics, especially those related to capital accumulation and the business cycle, have been fitted for use in capitalist systems (for instance, Joseph Schumpeter's notion of creative destruction). +Marx's contention was that commodities tend, at a fairly general level of abstraction, to exchange at value; that is, if Commodity A, whose value is "V", is traded for Commodity B, it will tend to fetch an amount of Commodity B whose value is the same, "V". Particular circumstances will cause divergence from this rule, however. +Marx held that metallic money, such as gold, is a commodity, and its value is the labour time necessary to produce it (mine it, smelt it, etc.). Marx argued that gold and silver are conventionally used as money because they embody a large amount of labour in a small, durable, form, which is convenient. Paper money is, in this model, a representation of gold or silver, almost without value of its own but held in circulation by state decree. +Marx lists the elementary factors of production as: +labour, "the personal activity of man." (Capital, I, VII, 1.) the subject of labour: the thing worked on. the instruments of labour: tools, labouring domestic animals like horses, chemicals used in modifying the subject, etc. +Some subjects of labour are available directly from Nature: uncaught fish, unmined coal, etc. Others are results of a previous stage of production; these are known as raw materials, such as flour or yarn. Workshops, canals, and roads are considered instruments of labour. +The subjects of labour and instruments of labour together are called the means of production. Relations of production are the relations human beings adopt toward each other as part of the production process. In capitalism, wage labour and private property are part of the relations of production. +Calculation of value of a product (price not to be confused with value): If labour is performed directly on Nature and with instruments of negligible value, the value of the product is simply the labour time. If labour is performed on something that is itself the product of previous labour (that is, on a raw material), using instruments that have some value, the value of the product is the value of the raw material, plus depreciation on the instruments, plus the labour time. Depreciation may be figured simply by dividing the value of the instruments by their working life; e.g. if a lathe worth £1,000 lasts in use 10 years it imparts value to the product at a rate of £100 per year. +v a l u e = m p + l t {\displaystyle value=mp+lt} , Where: v a l u e {\displaystyle value} is the value of the product; m p {\displaystyle mp} is the value of the means of production; l t {\displaystyle lt} is the labour time. +According to Marx, the amount of actual product (i.e. use-value) that a typical worker produces in a given amount of time is the productivity of labour. It has tended to increase under capitalism. This is due to increase in the scale of enterprise, to specialisation of labour, and to the introduction of machinery. +In a given amount of time, labour produces more items, but each unit has less value; the total value created per time remains the same. This means that the means of subsistence become cheaper; therefore the value of labour power or necessary labour time becomes less. If the length of the working day remains the same, this results in an increase in the surplus labour time and the rate of surplus value. +Technological advancement tends to increase the amount of capital needed to start a business, and it tends to result in an increasing preponderance of capital being spent on means of production (constant capital) as opposed to labour (variable capital). Marx called the ratio of these two kinds of capital the composition of capital. +Current theorizing in Marxian economics +The second and third volumes of Das Kapital were edited by his close associate Friedrich Engels, based on Marx's notes. Marx's Theories of Surplus Value was edited by Karl Kautsky. The Marxian value theory and the Perron-Frobenius theorem on the positive eigenvector of a positive matrix [12] are fundamental to mathematical treatments of Marxian economics. +English-language journals include Capital & Class, Historical Materialism, Monthly Review, Rethinking Marxism, Review of Radical Political Economics, and Studies in Political Economy. +Marx's response to classical economics +Criticism +V. K. Dmitriev, writing in 1898,[15] Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz, writing in 1906–07,[16] and subsequent critics claimed that Marx's labor theory of value and law of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall are internally inconsistent. In other words, the critics allege that Marx drew conclusions that actually do not follow from his theoretical premises. Once these alleged errors are corrected, his conclusion that aggregate price and profit are determined by, and equal to, aggregate value and surplus value no longer holds true. +Whether the rate of profit in capitalism has, as Marx predicted, tended to fall is a subject of debate. N. Okishio, in 1961, devised a theorem (Okishio's theorem) showing that if capitalists pursue cost-cutting techniques and if the real wage does not rise, the rate of profit must rise.[18] +The inconsistency allegations have been a prominent feature of Marxian economics and the debate surrounding it since the 1970s.[19] +Proponents of the Temporal Single System Interpretation (TSSI) of Marx's value theory claim that the supposed inconsistencies are actually the result of misinterpretation; they argue that when Marx's theory is understood as "temporal" and "single-system," the alleged internal inconsistencies disappear. In a recent survey of the debate, a proponent of the TSSI concludes that "the proofs of inconsistency are no longer defended; the entire case against Marx has been reduced to the interpretive issue."[27] +Large part of the criticism of the Marxian economics comes from contradictions observed in countries declaring allegiance to the Marxist economical and political doctrine in the 20th century. János Kornai analyzed the widespread scarcity of goods in these countries and prevalence of second economies (black markets) for very basic goods, coining the term "shortage economy". Dembinsky pointed out at inconsistent approach of Marx to determining "labor value", a central concept in the labor theory of value, which led to significant decline of effectiveness of these economies.[1] +Marxist economics was assessed as lacking relevance in 1988 by Robert Solow, who criticized the New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics for over-sampling articles on Marxist themes, giving a "false impression of the state of play" in the economics profession. Solow stated that "Marx was an important and influential thinker, and Marxism has been a doctrine with intellectual and practical influence. The fact is, however, that most serious English-speaking economists regard Marxist economics as an irrelevant dead end."[29] +Marx's economics took as its starting point the work of the best-known economists of his day, the British classical economists Adam Smith, Thomas Robert Malthus and David Ricardo. +According to George Stigler, "[e]conomists working in the Marxian-Sraffian tradition represent a small minority of modern economists, and that their writings have virtually no impact upon the professional work of most economists in major English-language universities."[30] +Neo-Marxian economics +The terms Neo-Marxian, Post-Marxian, and Radical Political Economics were first used to refer to a distinct tradition of economic thought in the 1970s and 1980s. +In industrial economics, the Neo-Marxian approach stresses the monopolistic rather than the competitive nature of capitalism. This approach is associated with Michal Kalecki, Josef Steindl, Paul A. Baran and Paul Sweezy.[31][32] +In The Wealth of Nations (1776), Smith argued that the most important characteristic of a market economy was that it permitted a rapid growth in productive abilities. +Smith claimed that a growing market stimulated a greater "division of labor" (i.e. specialization of businesses and/or workers) and in turn this led to greater productivity. Although Smith generally said little about laborers, he did note that an increased division of labor could at some point cause harm to those whose jobs became narrower and narrower as the division of labor expanded. Smith maintained that a laissez-faire economy would naturally correct itself over time. +In their view, it is only one definite kind of concrete labour—agricultural labour—that creates surplus-value... But to Adam Smith, it is general social labour — no matter in what use-values it manifests itself — the mere quantity of necessary labour, which creates value. Surplus-value, whether it takes the form of profit, rent, or the secondary form of interest, is nothing but a part of this labour, appropriated by the owners of the material conditions of labour in the exchange with living labour". +Malthus' claim in An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) that population growth was the primary cause of subsistence level wages for laborers provoked Marx to develop an alternative theory of wage determination. +Whereas Malthus presented a historical theory of population growth, Marx offered a theory of how a relative surplus population in capitalism tended to push wages to subsistence levels. Marx saw this relative surplus population as coming from economic causes and not from biological causes (as in Malthus). This economic-based theory of surplus population is often labeled as Marx's theory of the reserve army of labour. +Historic Preservation Overlay Zone +The Hancock Park HPOZ was adopted by City Council in 2008.[13] The area is "generally bounded by Melrose Avenue on the north, Highland Avenue on the west, Rossmore Avenue on the east, and the rear property lines of the commercial properties along Wilshire Boulevard on the south". [14] +Hancock Park is a neighborhood in the Wilshire area of Los Angeles, California.[2] Developed in the 1920s, the neighborhood features architecturally distinctive residences, many of which were constructed in the early 20th century. Within Hancock Park lies the Hancock Park HPOZ (Historic Preservation Overlay Zone). +History +Hancock Park was developed in the 1920s by the Hancock family with profits earned from oil drilling in the former Rancho La Brea. The area owes its name to developer-philanthropist George Allan Hancock, who subdivided the property in the 1920s.[3][4] Hancock, born and raised in a home at what is now the La Brea tar pits, inherited 4,400 acres (18 km2), which his father, Major Henry Hancock had acquired from the Rancho La Brea property owned by the family of Jose Jorge Rocha.[5] +Hancock Park activists were instrumental in the passage of a 1986 Congressional ban on tunneling through the neighborhood. The ban, sponsored by Congressman Henry Waxman, prevented the Red Line Subway from being routed along Wilshire Boulevard through the neighborhood.[citation needed] +Hancock Park is bounded by Wilshire Boulevard on the south, Melrose Avenue on the north, both sides of North and South Highland Avenue on the west, and both sides of North and South Rossmore Avenue on the east.[6] Neighboring communities are central Hollywood to the northeast, Melrose to the northwest, Citrus Square and La Brea–Hancock to the west, Brookside to the southwest, Fremont Place to the southeast, and Larchmont and Windsor Square to the east.[7] +As of 2007, the Hancock Park homeowners association counted about 1,200 homes within the boundaries of Melrose Avenue, Wilshire Boulevard, and both sides of Highland and Rossmore avenues.[8] +The Mapping L.A. project of the Los Angeles Times, which defines neighborhoods by merging together neighboring census tracts,[9] has Hancock Park flanked by Hollywood to the north, Larchmont and Windsor Square to the east, Koreatown to the southeast, Mid-Wilshire to the south and southwest and Fairfax to the west.[10] Mapping L.A. street boundaries are Melrose Avenue on the north, Arden Boulevard on the east, Wilshire Boulevard on the south and La Brea Avenue on the west—thus including the neighborhoods of Citrus Square, La Brea–Hancock, and a portion of Melrose, which are not served by the Hancock Park Homeowners Association.[3][4] +Hancock Park is a city park in the Miracle Mile section of the Mid-Wilshire neighborhood in Los Angeles, California. +People enjoying Hancock Park (1978) +Hancock Park was created in 1924 when George Allan Hancock donated 23 acres of the Hancock Ranch to the County of Los Angeles with the stipulation that the park be preserved and the fossils properly exhibited.[1] +The park is named for its benefactor, George Hancock, a California petroleum industry pioneer, who recognized the scientific importance of the fossils found in the asphaltic deposits.[1] He inherited the 3,000-acre Rancho La Brea in 1883 that included the La Brea tar pits, and found animal bones when digging for oil at them.[8] +Until 1875, bones found in the asphalt deposits were considered remains of domestic stock and native mammals of the region. In that year scientist William Denton published the first mention of the occurrence of extinct fauna at Rancho La Brea.[1] +It was not until 1901 that the bones on the Hancock Ranch were thoroughly studied by William Warren Orcutt, a prominent Los Angeles geologist and petroleum pioneer.[9] who examined bones he personally collected.[2] Orcutt collected bones of saber-toothed cat, dire wolf, ground sloth and other fossils from the site, bringing the attention of the scientific community to the value of the La Brea Tarpits in understanding the late Pleistocene fauna and flora of North America. Orcutt eventually donated his fossil collection to John Campbell Merriam of the University of California.[10] +The park is registered as California Historical Landmark #170.[1] The La Brea Tar Pits are a designated U.S. National Natural Landmark.[2] +California Historical Landmark Marker NO. 170 at the site reads:[11] +NO. 170 HANCOCK PARK LA BREA - The bones of thousands of prehistoric animals that had been entrapped during the Ice Age in pools of tar that bubbled from beneath the ground were exhumed from this site. First historic reference to the pools, part of the 1840 Rancho La Brea land grant, was recorded by Gaspar de Portolá in 1769 - first scientific excavations were made by the University of California in 1906. +The site was presented to the County of Los Angeles in 1916 by Captain G. Allan Hancock to be developed as a scientific monument. +The park's destinations include: the La Brea Tar Pits; the adjacent George C. Page Museum of La Brea Discoveries, which displays the fossils of Ice Age prehistoric mammals from the tar pits; and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) complex.[2] They are among the most popular tourist attractions in Los Angeles. +Panorama of a tar pit pond with sculptures of prehistoric mammals in Hancock Park +Features +Located on Wilshire Boulevard just east of Fairfax Avenue, it extends across a large city block and around two museums. The landmark Park La Brea complex is across 6th Street on the north. The park is not within the Hancock Park neighborhood, which is approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) to the northeast. +George C. Page Museum of La Brea Discoveries in the park +Hancock Park is the location of the La Brea Tar Pits, the George C. Page Museum of La Brea Discoveries overseen by the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County,[3] and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) campus of buildings and sculpture gardens.[3] +History +Analog high-definition television was an analog video broadcast television system developed in the 1930s to replace early experimental systems with as few as 12-lines. +On 2 November 1936 the BBC began transmitting the world's first public regular analog high-definition television service from the Victorian Alexandra Palace in north London.[1] It therefore claims to be the birthplace of television broadcasting as we know it today. John Logie Baird, Philo T. Farnsworth, and Vladimir Zworykin had each developed competing TV systems, but resolution was not the issue that separated their substantially different technologies, it was patent interference lawsuits and deployment issues given the tumultuous financial climate of the late 1920s and 1930s. +Most patents were expiring by the end of World War II leaving no worldwide standard for television. The standards introduced in the early 1950s stayed for over half a century. +The UK's 405-line system introduced in 1936 was described as "high definition". +However, this was in comparison with the early 30-line (largely) experimental system from the 1920s, and would not be considered high definition by modern standards. +See also +SECAM NTSC PAL +NICAM-like audio coding is used in the HD-MAC system. Chroma subsampling in TV indicated as 4:2:2, 4:1:1 etc... +External links +819lignes Restore operation on a French 1951 TV set (French language only) HDTV coverage of the Barcelona Olympic Games by M. Romero and E. Gavilan (EBU) The HDTV demonstrations at the Expo 92 by J.L. Tejerina and F. Visintin (EBU) European Broadcasting Union COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 92/38/EEC of 11 May 1992. +Khanom thang taek, also known as poor man's pancake, is a roadside snack in Thailand.[1] Khamom thang taek is a pancake with a bubble vesting face load with other toppings. Khanom thang taek is a Thai signature snack at the temple fairs. Formerly, people could find it only at temple fairs. +Khanom thang taek is made from a mixture of rice flour and coconut milk (some recipes include eggs or egg whites) and is topped with shredded coconut, sugar, and sesame seeds. Sometimes there are other kinds of toppings such as sweetmeats, garlic and pepper.[4] There are also recipes that add pandan (Bai Toey) juice to give it a green color and good smell.[5] +The bill was approved by the Senate in 2002 and by the Chamber of Deputies in 2003. President Lula da Silva signed it into law in 2004,[1] and according to the bill it is the president's responsibility to gradually implement the reform. Since then Brazil has started to implement the bill through the Bolsa Família-program, which was a centerpiece of President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's social policy, and is reputed to have played a role in his victory in the Brazilian presidential election, 2006. +Bolsa Família +Surveys conducted by the Federal Government among Bolsa Família's beneficiaries indicate that the money is spent, in order of priority, on food; school supplies; clothing; and shoes.[14] A study conducted by The Federal University of Pernambuco, using sophisticated statistical methods, inferred that 87% of the money is used, by families living in rural areas, to buy food.[15] +According to research promoted by some universities and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) the program has clearly contributed to Brazil's recent improvements in its fight against poverty. An ex ante econometric evaluation of Bolsa Escola did find significant effects on both school attendance rates and the number of children involved in child labor.[16][17] +The World Bank, which provided a loan to assist the Brazilian government in managing the Bolsa Família Program,[18] declares that "Although the program is relatively young, some results are already apparent, including: (...) contributions to improved education outcomes, and impacts on children’s growth, food consumption, and diet quality".[19] +A study by the UNDP's International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth[20] found that over 80% of the Bolsa Familia benefits go to families in poverty (making under half the minimum wage per capita), thus most of the benefits go to the poor. +Other programs +In June 2011 83 people in the village got 30 Brazilian reals per person and month.[23] The organization hopes that all people in the village will eventually get the basic income, and also that similar projects will get going in other villages in and outside Brazil. The organizers are currently building a social bank, so that the basic income in the future can be financed through investments rather than donations. The idea is that the bank will operate as an investment bank, but the profit will go to basic income instead of a dividend to shareholders and managers. +In November 2009, the mayor of the Santo Antônio do Pinhal municipality passed into law[25] a basic income program that would reserve 6% of its tax revenue to fund an unconditional dividend for all persons who have resided in the municipality for 5 years or more.[26] +As of November 2011[update], Santo Antônio do Pinhal was the only municipality in Brazil which had implemented a basic income program.[27] Senator Eduardo Suplicy has praised the municipality for being a pioneer in implementing such a program at a municipal level in Brazil.[28] +In November 2013, the Apiaí municipality adopted a similar law to Santo Antônio do Pinhal's, with the difference that no portion of the municipality's tax revenue was directly allocated to the fund, due to a veto to that clause.[29] +It also works to give free education to children who cannot afford to go to school to show the importance of education.[2] The part of the program that is about direct welfare benefits could perhaps best be described as a basic income with some prerequisites. Families with children, to be eligible for the income, must ensure that their children attend school and have been vaccinated. The Bolsa Familia program has been mentioned as one factor contributing to the reduction of poverty in Brazil, which fell 27.7% during the first term in the Lula administration.[3] About 12 million Brazilian families receive funds from Bolsa Família,[4] which has been described as "the largest programme of its kind in the world."[4] By February 2011, 26% of the Brazilian population were covered by the program.[5] As of March 2020, the program covers 13.8 million families, and pays an average of $34 per month, in a country where the minimum wage is $190 per month.[6] +During a trip to Brazil in 2005, the former president of the World Bank, Paul Wolfowitz said, "Bolsa Familia has already become a highly praised model of effective social policy. Countries around the world are drawing lessons from Brazil’s experience and are trying to produce the same results for their own people." [7] Economic thinker and philosopher Joseph Heath praised the program in his 2010 book Economics without Illusions, citing it as an example of how to manage incentives of people whose poverty results from hyperbolic discounting. Heath wrote, "What makes programs such as this so successful is that they do not change people's incentives: They merely rearrange the temporal sequence in which these incentives are experienced. ... +Criticism +However, the program is far from being universally accepted by Brazilian society. Among the various criticisms it receives, one of the most recurrent is the assertion that it could discourage the search for employment, encouraging laziness of people. Under this premise, many people would give up trying to find a job, content, instead, to live on the Bolsa Família program.[9][10] The Catholic Church, through its powerful National Conference of Bishops of Brazil (CNBB), maintains[11][12] that "the program is addictive" and leads its beneficiaries to an "accommodation". +This, however, is not what the World Bank finds. Having conducted several surveys on the subject, the World Bank came to the conclusion that the program does not discourage work, nor social ascension. On the contrary, says Bénédicte de la Brière, responsible for the program monitoring at the institution: +QANDA (stands for 'Q and A') is an AI-based learning platform developed by Mathpresso Inc., a South Korea-based education technology company. It uses optical character recognition technology to scan math problems and provide step-by-step solutions.[1] +While he was tutoring to earn money, Lee realized that the quality of education a student receives is greatly based on their location. Lee saw his K-12 students were regularly asking similar questions and realized that these questions are from a pre-selected number of textbooks currently being used in schools. He decided to team up with his high school friend, Yongjae ‘Jake’ Lee to build a platform where by way of using a mobile app to scan and submit questions, students can ask and receive detailed responses. +In June 2015, Mathpresso, Inc. was founded in Seoul, South Korea. [5] Since its inception, it got its backing in Series B funding from investors namely Legend Capital, InterVest, NP Investments and Mirae Asset Venture Investment.[6] +In January 2016, Mathpresso's first product QANDA was launched. It supported a Q&A feature between students and tutors.[7] +In October 2017, QANDA introduced an AI-based search capability that permitted users to search for answers in seconds. [1] +QANDA features OCR-based solution search, one-on-one Q&A tutoring, a study timer, and live classes. The live class feature allows users to ask questions in real-time through comments and get answered immediately by teaching assistants. As of January 2021, this feature is available in Indonesian, Thai, and Korean (web) versions.[8] +The earliest experimental AM transmissions began in the early 1900s. However, widespread AM broadcasting was not established until the 1920s, following the development of vacuum tube receivers and transmitters. +AM radio remained the dominant method of broadcasting for the next 30 years, a period called the "Golden Age of Radio", until television broadcasting became widespread in the 1950s and received most of the programming previously carried by radio. Subsequently, AM radio's audiences have also greatly shrunk due to competition from FM (frequency modulation) radio, Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), satellite radio, HD (digital) radio and Internet streaming. +AM transmissions are much more susceptible than FM or digital signals are to interference, and often have lower audio fidelity. Thus, AM broadcasters tend to specialise in spoken-word formats, such as talk radio, all news and sports, with music formats primarily for FM and digital stations. +AM (Amplitude Modulation) and FM (Frequency Modulation) are types of modulation (coding). The electrical signal from program material, usually coming from a studio, is mixed with a carrier wave of a specific frequency, then broadcast. In the case of AM, this mixing (modulation) is done by altering the amplitude (strength) of the carrier wave, proportional to the original signal. +See also +Amplitude modulation Amplitude Modulation Signalling System, a digital system for adding low bitrate information to an AM broadcast signal CAM-D, a hybrid digital radio format for AM broadcasting Effective radiated power (ERP), standardised definition of radio frequency power Extended AM broadcast band History of radio List of 50 kW AM radio stations in the United States Lists of radio stations in North America Oldest radio stations MW DXing, the hobby of receiving distant AM radio stations on the mediumwave band. +AM broadcasting is a radio broadcasting technology, which employs amplitude modulation (AM) transmissions. It was the first method developed for making audio radio transmissions, and is still used worldwide, primarily for medium wave (also known as "AM band") transmissions, but also on the longwave and shortwave radio bands. +The deductive-nomological model (DN model) of scientific explanation, also known as Hempel's model, the Hempel–Oppenheim model, the Popper–Hempel model, or the covering law model, is a formal view of scientifically answering questions asking, "Why...?". The DN model poses scientific explanation as a deductive structure—that is, one where truth of its premises entails truth of its conclusion—hinged on accurate prediction or postdiction of the phenomenon to be explained. +Because of problems concerning humans' ability to define, discover, and know causality, this was omitted in initial formulations of the DN model. Causality was thought to be incidentally approximated by realistic selection of premises that derive the phenomenon of interest from observed starting conditions plus general laws. Still, the DN model formally permitted causally irrelevant factors. +Auguste Comte found the problem of induction rather irrelevant since enumerative induction is grounded on the empiricism available, while science's point is not metaphysical truth. Comte found human knowledge had evolved from theological to metaphysical to scientific—the ultimate stage—rejecting both theology and metaphysics as asking questions unanswerable and posing answers unverifiable. Comte in the 1830s expounded positivism—the first modern philosophy of science and simultaneously a political philosophy[20]—rejecting conjectures about unobservables, thus rejecting search for causes.[21] Positivism predicts observations, confirms the predictions, and states a law, thereupon applied to benefit human society.[22] From late 19th century into the early 20th century, the influence of positivism spanned the globe.[20] Meanwhile, evolutionary theory's natural selection brought the Copernican Revolution into biology and eventuated in the first conceptual alternative to vitalism and teleology.[4] +Neopositivists led emergence of the philosophy subdiscipline philosophy of science, researching such questions and aspects of scientific theory and knowledge.[1] Scientific realism takes scientific theory's statements at face value, thus accorded either falsity or truth—probable or approximate or actual.[17] Neopositivists held scientific antirealism as instrumentalism, holding scientific theory as simply a device to predict observations and their course, while statements on nature's unobservable aspects are elliptical at or metaphorical of its observable aspects, rather.[27] +DN model received its most detailed, influential statement by Carl G Hempel, first in his 1942 article "The function of general laws in history", and more explicitly with Paul Oppenheim in their 1948 article "Studies in the logic of explanation".[1][29] Leading logical empiricist, Hempel embraced the Humean empiricist view that humans observe sequence of sensory events, not cause and effect,[3] as causal relations and casual mechanisms are unobservables.[4] DN model bypasses causality beyond mere constant conjunction: first an event like A, then always an event like B.[23] +Hempel held natural laws—empirically confirmed regularities—as satisfactory, and if included realistically to approximate causality.[1] In later articles, Hempel defended DN model and proposed probabilistic explanation by inductive-statistical model (IS model).[6] DN model and IS model—whereby the probability must be high, such as at least 50%[31]—together form covering law model,[6] as named by a critic, William Dray.[32] Derivation of statistical laws from other statistical laws goes to the deductive-statistical model (DS model).[31][33] Georg Henrik von Wright, another critic, named the totality subsumption theory.[34] +Decline +Amid failure of neopositivism's fundamental tenets,[35] Hempel in 1965 abandoned verificationism, signaling neopositivism's demise.[36] From 1930 onward, Karl Popper had refuted any positivism by asserting falsificationism, which Popper claimed had killed positivism, although, paradoxically, Popper was commonly mistaken for a positivist.[37][38] Even Popper's 1934 book[39] embraces DN model,[6][28] widely accepted as the model of scientific explanation for as long as physics remained the model of science examined by philosophers of science.[8][9] +In the 1940s, filling the vast observational gap between cytology[41] and biochemistry,[42] cell biology arose[43] and established existence of cell organelles besides the nucleus. Launched in the late 1930s, the molecular biology research program cracked a genetic code in the early 1960s and then converged with cell biology as cell and molecular biology, its breakthroughs and discoveries defying DN model by arriving in quest not of lawlike explanation but of causal mechanisms.[30] Biology became a new model of science, while special sciences were no longer thought defective by lacking universal laws, as borne by physics.[5] +In 1948, when explicating DN model and stating scientific explanation's semiformal conditions of adequacy, Hempel and Oppenheim acknowledged redundancy of the third, empirical content, implied by the other three—derivability, lawlikeness, and truth.[1] In the early 1980s, upon widespread view that causality ensures the explanans' relevance, Wesley Salmon called for returning cause to because,[44] and along with James Fetzer helped replace CA3 empirical content with CA3' strict maximal specificity.[45] +Nonetheless, it remained an idealized version of scientific explanation, and one that was rather accurate when applied to modern physics. In the early 1980s, a revision to the DN model emphasized maximal specificity for relevance of the conditions and axioms stated. Together with Hempel's inductive-statistical model, the DN model forms scientific explanation's covering law model, which is also termed, from critical angle, subsumption theory. +Salmon introduced causal mechanical explanation, never clarifying how it proceeds, yet reviving philosophers' interest in such.[1] Via shortcomings of Hempel's inductive-statistical model (IS model), Salmon introduced statistical-relevance model (SR model).[2] Although DN model remained an idealized form of scientific explanation, especially in applied sciences,[7] most philosophers of science consider DN model flawed by excluding many types of explanations generally accepted as scientific.[3] +Strengths +As theory of knowledge, epistemology differs from ontology, which is a subbranch of metaphysics, theory of reality.[46] Ontology poses which categories of being—what sorts of things exist—and so, although a scientific theory's ontological commitment can be modified in light of experience, an ontological commitment inevitably precedes empirical inquiry.[46] +Natural laws, so called, are statements of humans' observations, thus are epistemological—concerning human knowledge—the epistemic. Causal mechanisms and structures existing putatively independently of minds exist, or would exist, in the natural world's structure itself, and thus are ontological, the ontic. Blurring epistemic with ontic—as by incautiously presuming a natural law to refer to a causal mechanism, or to trace structures realistically during unobserved transitions, or to be true regularities always unvarying—tends to generate a category mistake.[47][48] +Discarding ontic commitments, including causality per se, DN model permits a theory's laws to be reduced to—that is, subsumed by—a more fundamental theory's laws. The higher theory's laws are explained in DN model by the lower theory's laws.[1][2] Thus, the epistemic success of Newtonian theory's law of universal gravitation is reduced to—thus explained by—Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, although Einstein's discards Newton's ontic claim that universal gravitation's epistemic success predicting Kepler's laws of planetary motion[49] is through a causal mechanism of a straightly attractive force instantly traversing absolute space despite absolute time. +Covering law model reflects neopositivism's vision of empirical science, a vision interpreting or presuming unity of science, whereby all empirical sciences are either fundamental science—that is, fundamental physics—or are special sciences, whether astrophysics, chemistry, biology, geology, psychology, economics, and so on.[40][50][51] All special sciences would network via covering law model.[52] And by stating boundary conditions while supplying bridge laws, any special law would reduce to a lower special law, ultimately reducing—theoretically although generally not practically—to fundamental science.[53][54] (Boundary conditions are specified conditions whereby the phenomena of interest occur. Bridge laws translate terms in one science to terms in another science.)[53][54] +Weaknesses +By DN model, if one asks, "Why is that shadow 20 feet long?", another can answer, "Because that flagpole is 15 feet tall, the Sun is at x angle, and laws of electromagnetism".[1] Yet by problem of symmetry, if one instead asked, "Why is that flagpole 15 feet tall?", another could answer, "Because that shadow is 20 feet long, the Sun is at x angle, and laws of electromagnetism", likewise a deduction from observed conditions and scientific laws, but an answer clearly incorrect.[6] By the problem of irrelevance, if one asks, "Why did that man not get pregnant?", one could in part answer, among the explanans, "Because he took birth control pills"—if he factually took them, and the law of their preventing pregnancy—as covering law model poses no restriction to bar that observation from the explanans. +Many philosophers have concluded that causality is integral to scientific explanation.[55] DN model offers a necessary condition of a causal explanation—successful prediction—but not sufficient conditions of causal explanation, as a universal regularity can include spurious relations or simple correlations, for instance Z always following Y, but not Z because of Y, instead Y and then Z as an effect of X.[55] By relating temperature, pressure, and volume of gas within a container, Boyle's law permits prediction of an unknown variable—volume, pressure, or temperature—but does not explain why to expect that unless one adds, perhaps, the kinetic theory of gases.[55][2] +Scientific explanations increasingly pose not determinism's universal laws, but probabilism's chance,[1] ceteris paribus laws.[2] Smoking's contribution to lung cancer fails even the inductive-statistical model (IS model), requiring probability over 0.5 (50%).[58] (Probability standardly ranges from 0 (0%) to 1 (100%).) Epidemiology, an applied science that uses statistics in search of associations between events, cannot show causality, but consistently found higher incidence of lung cancer in smokers versus otherwise similar nonsmokers, although the proportion of smokers who develop lung cancer is modest.[59] Versus nonsmokers, however, smokers as a group showed over 20 times the risk of lung cancer, and in conjunction with basic research, consensus followed that smoking had been scientifically explained as a cause of lung cancer,[60] responsible for some cases that without smoking would not have occurred,[59] a probabilistic counterfactual causality.[61][62] +Form +Through lawlike explanation, fundamental physics—often perceived as fundamental science—has proceeded through intertheory relation and theory reduction, thereby resolving experimental paradoxes to great historical success,[63] resembling covering law model.[64] In early 20th century, Ernst Mach as well as Wilhelm Ostwald had resisted Ludwig Boltzmann's reduction of thermodynamics—and thereby Boyle's law[65]—to statistical mechanics partly because it rested on kinetic theory of gas,[56] hinging on atomic/molecular theory of matter.[66] Mach as well as Ostwald viewed matter as a variant of energy, and molecules as mathematical illusions,[66] as even Boltzmann thought possible.[67] +In 1905, via statistical mechanics, Albert Einstein predicted the phenomenon Brownian motion—unexplained since reported in 1827 by botanist Robert Brown.[1] Soon, most physicists accepted that atoms and molecules were unobservable yet real.[66] Also in 1905, Einstein explained the electromagnetic field's energy as distributed in particles, doubted until this helped resolve atomic theory in the 1910s and 1920s.[68] Meanwhile, all known physical phenomena were gravitational or electromagnetic,[69] whose two theories misaligned.[70] Yet belief in aether as the source of all physical phenomena was virtually unanimous.[71][72][73][74] At experimental paradoxes,[75] physicists modified the aether's hypothetical properties.[76] +In 1941, Richard Feynman introduced QM's path integral formalism, which if taken toward interpretation as a causal mechanical model clashes with Heisenberg's matrix formalism and with Schrödinger's wave formalism,[1] although all three are empirically identical, sharing predictions.[85] Next, working on QED, Feynman sought to model particles without fields and find the vacuum truly empty.[3] As each known fundamental force[93] is apparently an effect of a field, Feynman failed.[92] Louis de Broglie's waveparticle duality had rendered atomism—indivisible particles in a void—untenable, and highlighted the very notion of discontinuous particles as selfcontradictory.[94] +Meeting in 1947, Freeman Dyson, Richard Feynman, Julian Schwinger, and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga soon introduced renormalization, a procedure converting QED to physics' most predictively precise theory,[90][95] subsuming chemistry, optics, and statistical mechanics.[3][96] QED thus won physicists' general acceptance.[97] Paul Dirac criticized its need for renormalization as showing its unnaturalness,[97] and called for an aether.[98] In 1947, Willis Lamb had found unexpected motion of electron orbitals, shifted since the vacuum is not truly empty.[99] Yet emptiness was catchy, abolishing aether conceptually, and physics proceeded ostensibly without it,[8] even suppressing it.[98] Meanwhile, "sickened by untidy math, most philosophers of physics tend to neglect QED".[97] +Physicists have feared even mentioning aether,[100] renamed vacuum,[2][101] which—as such—is nonexistent.[98][102] General philosophers of science commonly believe that aether, rather, is fictitious,[103] "relegated to the dustbin of scientific history ever since" 1905 brought special relativity.[104] Einstein was noncommittal to aether's nonexistence,[7] simply said it superfluous.[8] Abolishing Newtonian motion for electrodynamic primacy, however, Einstein inadvertently reinforced aether,[105] and to explain motion was led back to aether in general relativity.[106][107][108] Yet resistance to relativity theory[109] became associated with earlier theories of aether, whose word and concept became taboo.[14] Einstein explained special relativity's compatibility with an aether,[107] but Einstein aether, too, was opposed.[100] Objects became conceived as pinned directly on space and time[111] by abstract geometric relations lacking ghostly or fluid medium.[100][112] +By 1970, QED along with weak nuclear field was reduced to electroweak theory (EWT), and the strong nuclear field was modeled as quantum chromodynamics (QCD).[1] Comprised by EWT, QCD, and Higgs field, this Standard Model of particle physics is an "effective theory",[113] not truly fundamental.[3][115] As QCD's particles are considered nonexistent in the everyday world,[5] QCD especially suggests an aether,[6] routinely found by physics experiments to exist and to exhibit relativistic symmetry.[110] Confirmation of the Higgs particle, modeled as a condensation within the Higgs field, corroborates aether,[8][115] although physics need not state or even include aether.[100] Organizing regularities of observations—as in the covering law model—physicists find superfluous the quest to discover aether.[9] +In 1905, from special relativity, Einstein deduced mass–energy equivalence,[117] particles being variant forms of distributed energy,[118] how particles colliding at vast speed experience that energy's transformation into mass, producing heavier particles,[119] although physicists' talk promotes confusion.[120] As "the contemporary locus of metaphysical research", QFTs pose particles not as existing individually, yet as excitation modes of fields,[114][121] the particles and their masses being states of aether,[92] apparently unifying all physical phenomena as the more fundamental causal reality,[8][9][116] as long ago foreseen.[11] Yet a quantum field is an intricate abstraction—a mathematical field—virtually inconceivable as a classical field's physical properties.[121] Nature's deeper aspects, still unknown, might elude any possible field theory.[114][121] +The term deductive distinguishes the DN model's intended determinism from the probabilism of inductive inferences.[1] The term nomological is derived from the Greek word νόμος or nomos, meaning "law".[1] The DN model holds to a view of scientific explanation whose conditions of adequacy (CA)—semiformal but stated classically—are derivability (CA1), lawlikeness (CA2), empirical content (CA3), and truth (CA4).[2] +Deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning Abductive reasoning +Explanandum and explanans Hypothetico-deductive model Models of scientific inquiry Philosophy of science Scientific method +In the DN model, a law axiomatizes an unrestricted generalization from antecedent A to consequent B by conditional proposition—If A, then B—and has empirical content testable.[3] A law differs from mere true regularity—for instance, George always carries only $1 bills in his wallet—by supporting counterfactual claims and thus suggesting what must be true,[4] while following from a scientific theory's axiomatic structure.[5] +The phenomenon to be explained is the explanandum—an event, law, or theory—whereas the premises to explain it are explanans, true or highly confirmed, containing at least one universal law, and entailing the explanandum.[6][2] Thus, given the explanans as initial, specific conditions C1, C2 . . . +Cn plus general laws L1, L2 . . . +Ln, the phenomenon E as explanandum is a deductive consequence, thereby scientifically explained.[6] +Roots +Aristotle's scientific explanation in Physics resembles the DN model, an idealized form of scientific explanation.[7] The framework of Aristotelian physics—Aristotelian metaphysics—reflected the perspective of this principally biologist, who, amid living entities' undeniable purposiveness, formalized vitalism and teleology, an intrinsic morality in nature.[8] With emergence of Copernicanism, however, Descartes introduced mechanical philosophy, then Newton rigorously posed lawlike explanation, both Descartes and especially Newton shunning teleology within natural philosophy.[9] At 1740, David Hume[10] staked Hume's fork,[11] highlighted the problem of induction,[12] and found humans ignorant of either necessary or sufficient causality.[13][8] Hume also highlighted the fact/value gap, as what is does not itself reveal what ought.[15] +Near 1780, countering Hume's ostensibly radical empiricism, Immanuel Kant highlighted extreme rationalism—as by Descartes or Spinoza—and sought middle ground. Inferring the mind to arrange experience of the world into substance, space, and time, Kant placed the mind as part of the causal constellation of experience and thereby found Newton's theory of motion universally true,[16] yet knowledge of things in themselves impossible.[2] Safeguarding science, then, Kant paradoxically stripped it of scientific realism.[14][3][4] Aborting Francis Bacon's inductivist mission to dissolve the veil of appearance to uncover the noumena—metaphysical view of nature's ultimate truths—Kant's transcendental idealism tasked science with simply modeling patterns of phenomena. Safeguarding metaphysics, too, it found the mind's constants holding also universal moral truths,[19] and launched German idealism, increasingly speculative. +Whereas Comtean positivism posed science as description, logical positivism emerged in the late 1920s and posed science as explanation, perhaps to better unify empirical sciences by covering not only fundamental science—that is, fundamental physics—but special sciences, too, such as biology, psychology, economics, and anthropology.[23] After defeat of National Socialism with World War II's close in 1945, logical positivism shifted to a milder variant, logical empiricism.[24] All variants of the movement, which lasted until 1965, are neopositivism,[25] sharing the quest of verificationism.[26] +Finding the luminiferous aether a useless hypothesis,[77] Einstein in 1905 a priori unified all inertial reference frames to state special principle of relativity,[78] which, by omitting aether,[79] converted space and time into relative phenomena whose relativity aligned electrodynamics with the Newtonian principle Galilean relativity or invariance.[4][80] Originally epistemic or instrumental, this was interpreted as ontic or realist—that is, a causal mechanical explanation—and the principle became a theory,[81] refuting Newtonian gravitation.[79][82] By predictive success in 1919, general relativity apparently overthrew Newton's theory, a revolution in science[83] resisted by many yet fulfilled around 1930.[84] +In 1925, Werner Heisenberg as well as Erwin Schrödinger independently formalized quantum mechanics (QM).[1][86] Despite clashing explanations,[86][87] the two theories made identical predictions.[85] Paul Dirac's 1928 model of the electron was set to special relativity, launching QM into the first quantum field theory (QFT), quantum electrodynamics (QED).[88] From it, Dirac interpreted and predicted the electron's antiparticle, soon discovered and termed positron,[89] but the QED failed electrodynamics at high energies.[6] Elsewhere and otherwise, strong nuclear force and weak nuclear force were discovered.[91] +Though discovery of causality is popularly thought science's aim, search for it was shunned by the Newtonian research program,[14] even more Newtonian than was Isaac Newton.[2][122] By now, most theoretical physicists infer that the four, known fundamental interactions would reduce to superstring theory, whereby atoms and molecules, after all, are energy vibrations holding mathematical, geometric forms.[4] Given uncertainties of scientific realism,[18] some conclude that the concept causality raises comprehensibility of scientific explanation and thus is key folk science, but compromises precision of scientific explanation and is dropped as a science matures.[123] Even epidemiology is maturing to heed the severe difficulties with presumptions about causality.[14][57][8] Covering law model is among Carl G Hempel's admired contributions to philosophy of science.[124] +Einstein, Albert, "Ether and the theory of relativity", pp 3–24, Sidelights on Relativity (London: Methuen, 1922), the English trans of Einstein, "Äther und Relativitätstheorie" (Berlin: Verlag Julius, 1920), based on Einstein's 5 May 1920 address at University of Leyden, and collected in Jürgen Renn, ed, The Genesis of General Relativity, Volume 3 (Dordrecht: Springer, 2007). Fetzer, James H, "Carl Hempel", in Edward N Zalta, ed, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Spring 2013 edn. +Fetzer, James H., ed, Science, Explanation, and Rationality: Aspects of the Philosophy of Carl G Hempel (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000). +Feynman, Richard P., QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, w/new intro by A Zee (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006). +Flew, Antony G, A Dictionary of Philosophy, 2nd edn (New York: St Martin's Press, 1984), "Positivism", p 283. Friedman, Michael, Reconsidering Logical Positivism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999). +Gattei, Stefano, Karl Popper's Philosophy of Science: Rationality without Foundations (New York: Routledge, 2009), ch 2 "Science and philosophy". +Grandy, David A., Everyday Quantum Reality (Bloomington, Indiana : Indiana University Press, 2010). +Hacohen, Malachi H, Karl Popper—the Formative Years, 1902–1945: Politics and Philosophy in Interwar Vienna (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). +Jegerlehner, Fred, "The Standard Model as a low-energy effective theory: What is triggering the Higgs mechanism?", arXiv (High Energy Physics—Phenomenology):1304.7813, 11 May 2013 (last revised). +Karhausen, Lucien R (2000). "Causation: The elusive grail of epidemiology". Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy. +3 (1): 59–67. doi:10.1023/A:1009970730507. PMID 11080970. Kay, Lily E, Molecular Vision of Life: Caltech, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Rise of the New Biology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993). +Khrennikov, K, ed, Proceedings of the Conference: Foundations of Probability and Physics (Singapore: World Scientific Publishing, 2001). +Kuhlmann, Meinard, "Physicists debate whether the world is made of particles or fields—or something else entirely", Scientific American, 24 July 2013. Kundi, Michael (Jul 2006). +"Causality and the interpretation of epidemiologic evidence". Environmental Health Perspectives. 114 (7): 969–74. doi:10.1289/ehp.8297. +PMC 1513293. PMID 16835045. Laudan, Larry, ed, Mind and Medicine: Problems of Explanation and Evaluation in Psychiatry and the Biomedical Sciences (Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 1983). +Norton, John D, "Causation as folk science", Philosopher's Imprint, 2003; 3(4), collected as ch 2 in Price & Corry, eds, Causation, Physics, and the Constitution of Reality (Oxford U P, 2007). Ohanian, Hans C, Einstein's Mistakes: The Human Failings of Genius (New York: W W Norton & Company, 2008). +Okasha, Samir, Philosophy of Science: A Very Short Introduction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002). +O'Shaughnessy, John, Explaining Buyer Behavior: Central Concepts and Philosophy of Science Issues (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992). Parascandola, M; Weed, D L (Dec 2001). +"Causation in epidemiology". Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 55 (12): 905–12. doi:10.1136/jech.55.12.905. +PMC 1731812. PMID 11707485. Pigliucci, Massimo, Answers for Aristotle: How Science and Philosophy Can Lead Us to a More Meaningful Life (New York: Basic Books, 2012). +Rothman, Kenneth J; Greenland, Sander (2005). "Causation and causal inference in epidemiology". American Journal of Public Health. +95 (Suppl 1): S144–50. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.059204. hdl:10.2105/AJPH.2004.059204. PMID 16030331. Rowlands, Peter, Oliver Lodge and the Liverpool Physical Society (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1990). +Sarkar, Sahotra & Jessica Pfeifer, eds, The Philosophy of Science: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1: A–M (New York: Routledge, 2006). Schwarz, John H (1998). "Recent developments in superstring theory". +Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 (6): 2750–7. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.2750S. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.6.2750. +PMC 19640. PMID 9501161. Schweber, Silvan S, QED and the Men who Made it: Dyson, Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994). +Schliesser, Eric, "Hume's Newtonianism and anti-Newtonianism", in Edward N Zalta, ed, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2008 edn. +Spohn, Wolfgang, The Laws of Belief: Ranking Theory and Its Philosophical Applications (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012). +Suppe, Frederick, ed, The Structure of Scientific Theories, 2nd edn (Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1977). +Tavel, Morton, Contemporary Physics and the Limits of Knowledge (Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2002). Torretti, Roberto, The Philosophy of Physics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999). +Vongehr, Sascha, "Higgs discovery rehabilitating despised Einstein Ether", Science 2.0: Alpha Meme website, 13 Dec 2011. Vongehr, Sascha, "Supporting abstract relational space-time as fundamental without doctrinism against emergence, arXiv (History and Philosophy of Physics):0912.3069, 2 Oct 2011 (last revised). von Wright, Georg Henrik, Explanation and Understanding (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1971/2004). +Whittaker, Edmund T, A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity: From the Age of Descartes to the Close of the Nineteenth Century (London, New York, Bombay, Calcutta: Longmans, Green, and Co, 1910 / Dublin: Hodges, Figgis, & Co, 1910). Wilczek, Frank (Jan 1999). "The persistence of ether" (PDF). +Physics Today. 52: 11–13. doi:10.1063/1.882562. Wolfson, Richard, Simply Einstein: Relativity Demystified (New York: W W Norton & Co, 2003). +According to it, scientific inquiry proceeds by formulating a hypothesis in a form that can be falsifiable, using a test on observable data where the outcome is not yet known. A test outcome that could have and does run contrary to predictions of the hypothesis is taken as a falsification of the hypothesis. A test outcome that could have, but does not run contrary to the hypothesis corroborates the theory. +However, under the theory of confirmation holism it is always possible to save a given hypothesis from falsification. This is so because any falsifying observation is embedded in a theoretical background, which can be modified in order to save the hypothesis. Karl Popper acknowledged this but maintained that a critical approach respecting methodological rules that avoided such immunizing stratagems is conducive to the progress of science.[7] +Physicist Sean Carroll claims the model ignores underdetermination.[8] +Confirmation bias Deductive-nomological Explanandum and explanans Inquiry Models of scientific inquiry Philosophy of science Pragmatism Scientific method Verifiability theory of meaning Will to Believe Doctrine +Types of inference +Strong inference Abductive reasoning Deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning Analogy +One possible sequence in this model would be 1, 2, 3, 4. If the outcome of 4 holds, and 3 is not yet disproven, you may continue with 3, 4, 1, and so forth; but if the outcome of 4 shows 3 to be false, you will have to go back to 2 and try to invent a new 2, deduce a new 3, look for 4, and so forth. +Note that this method can never absolutely verify (prove the truth of) 2. It can only falsify 2.[3] (This is what Einstein meant when he said, "No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right; a single experiment can prove me wrong."[4]) +Discussion +Additionally, as pointed out by Carl Hempel (1905–1997), this simple view of the scientific method is incomplete; a conjecture can also incorporate probabilities, e.g., the drug is effective about 70% of the time.[5] Tests, in this case, must be repeated to substantiate the conjecture (in particular, the probabilities). In this and other cases, we can quantify a probability for our confidence in the conjecture itself and then apply a Bayesian analysis, with each experimental result shifting the probability either up or down. Bayes' theorem shows that the probability will never reach exactly 0 or 100% (no absolute certainty in either direction), but it can still get very close to either extreme. +However, 'all ravens are black' is logically equivalent to 'all non-black things are non-ravens' (this is the contrapositive form of the original implication). 'This is a green tree' is an observation of a non-black thing that is a non-raven and therefore corroborates 'all non-black things are non-ravens'. It appears to follow that the observation 'this is a green tree' is corroborating evidence for the hypothesis 'all ravens are black'. +non-falsifying observations as to strong, moderate, or weak corroborations investigations that do or do not provide a potentially falsifying test of the hypothesis.[6] +Example +The hypothetico-deductive model (or approach) versus other research models +The hypothetico-deductive approach contrasts with other research models such as the inductive approach or grounded theory. In the data percolation methodology, the hypothetico-deductive approach is included in a paradigm of pragmatism by which four types of relations between the variables can exist: descriptive, of influence, longitudinal or causal. The variables are classified in two groups, structural and functional, a classification that drives the formulation of hypotheses and the statistical tests to be performed on the data so as to increase the efficiency of the research. +One example of an algorithmic statement of the hypothetico-deductive method is as follows:[1] +Brody, Thomas A. (1993), The Philosophy Behind Physics, Springer Verlag, ISBN 0-387-55914-0. +(Luis de la Peña and Peter E. Hodgson, eds.) Bynum, W.F.; Porter, Roy (2005), Oxford Dictionary of Scientific Quotations, Oxford, ISBN 0-19-858409-1. Godfrey-Smith, Peter (2003), Theory and Reality: An introduction to the philosophy of science, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-30063-3 Taleb, Nassim Nicholas (2007), The Black Swan, Random House, ISBN 978-1-4000-6351-2 +Test (or experiment): Look for evidence (observations) that conflict with these predictions in order to disprove 2. It is a logical error to seek 3 directly as proof of 2. This formal fallacy is called affirming the consequent.[2] +Collectively, disruptive editors harm Wikipedia by degrading its reliability as a reference source and by exhausting the patience of productive editors who may quit the project in frustration when a disruptive editor continues with impunity. +An edit which, in isolation, is not disruptive may still be part of a pattern of editing that is. A group of disruptive edits may be close together in time, or spread out; they may all occur on a single page, or on many pages; they may be all very similar, or superficially quite different. +Disruptive editors may seek to disguise their behavior as productive editing, yet distinctive traits separate them from productive editors. When discussion fails to resolve the problem and when an impartial consensus of editors from outside a disputed page agree (through requests for comment or similar means), further disruption is grounds for blocking, and may lead to more serious disciplinary action through the dispute resolution process. In extreme cases this could include a site ban, either through the Arbitration Committee or by a consensus. +As stated in that policy, "The rule is not an entitlement to revert a page a specific number of times." Likewise, editors should note that the three revert rule should not be broken even by editors attempting to revert disruptive edits. While vandalism is always disruptive, disruptive editing is not necessarily vandalism; it is better for productive editors to follow the process suggested below than to break the 3RR. +Bad-faith disruptive editors attempt to evade disciplinary action in several ways: +Their edits occur over a long period of time, in which case no single edit is disruptive but the overall pattern clearly is. Their edits are largely confined to talk pages; such disruption may not directly harm an article, but it often prevents other editors from reaching consensus on how to improve it. Their comments may avoid breaches of civility by refraining from personal attacks but still interfering with civil and collaborative editing and discussion. +Nonetheless, such disruptive editing violates Wikipedia policy and norms. +Examples of disruptive editing +This guideline concerns gross, obvious and repeated violations of fundamental policies, not subtle questions about which reasonable people may disagree. +A disruptive editor is an editor who exhibits tendencies such as the following: +Engages in "disruptive cite-tagging"; adds unjustified {{citation needed}} tags to an article when the content tagged is already sourced, uses such tags to suggest that properly sourced article content is questionable. Does not engage in consensus building: a. repeatedly disregards other editors' questions or requests for explanations concerning edits or objections to edits; b. repeatedly disregards other editors' explanations for their edits. Rejects or ignores community input: resists moderation and/or requests for comment, continuing to edit in pursuit of a certain point despite an opposing consensus from impartial editors. +In addition, such editors might: Shortcuts WP:DAPE WP:CTDAPE ‹See TfM› +Campaign to drive away productive contributors: act counter to policies and guidelines such as Wikipedia:Civility, Wikipedia:No personal attacks, or Wikipedia:Ownership of articles—or sockpuppetry/meatpuppetry that might not exhaust the general community's patience but still operates toward an end of exhausting the patience of productive, rule-abiding editors on certain articles. +Point-illustrating +When one becomes frustrated with the way a policy or guideline is being applied, it may be tempting to try to discredit the rule or interpretation thereof by, in one's view, applying it consistently. Sometimes, this is done simply to prove a point in a local dispute. In other cases, one might try to enforce a rule in a generally unpopular way, with the aim of getting it changed. +Such tactics are highly disruptive to the project. If you feel that a policy is problematic, the policy's talk page is the proper place to raise your concerns. If you simply disagree with someone's actions in an article, discuss it on the article talk page or related pages. +Note that someone can legitimately make a point, without disrupting Wikipedia to illustrate it. +Failure or refusal to "get the point" +"There's nothing wrong with my editing!" +Sometimes, editors perpetuate disputes by sticking to an allegation or viewpoint long after the consensus of the community has decided that moving on to other topics would be more productive. Such behavior is disruptive to Wikipedia. +Believing that you have a valid point does not confer upon you the right to act as though your point must be accepted by the community when you have been told that it is not accepted. The community's rejection of your idea is not proof that they have failed to hear you. Stop writing, listen, and consider what the other editors are telling you. +Sometimes, even when editors act in good faith, their contributions may continue to be disruptive and time-wasting, for example, by continuing to say they don't understand what the problem is. Although editors should be encouraged to be bold and just do things if they think they're right, sometimes a lack of competence can get in the way. If the community spends more time cleaning up editors' mistakes and educating them about policies and guidelines than it considers necessary, sanctions may have to be imposed. +Dealing with disruptive editors +Following is a model for remedies, though these steps do not necessarily have to be done in this sequence. In some extreme circumstances a rapid report to Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents may be the best first step; in others, a fast track to a community ban may be in order. But in general, most situations can benefit from a gradual escalation, with hope that each step may finally resolve the problem: +If they exceed three reverts in a 24-hour period, file a report at Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/Edit warring (but be careful you don't do excessive reverts yourself!). However, one tendentious editor cannot maintain problematic content in the face of multiple other editors reverting his/her edits. If tendentious editor is not violating the three-revert rule (3RR), or there aren't enough editors involved to enforce Wikipedia policies: File another report at ANI. +Blocking and sanctions +Disruptive editing may result in warnings and then escalating blocks, typically starting with 24 hours. Accounts used primarily for disruption will most likely be blocked indefinitely. +Disruptive editing is a pattern of editing that may extend over a long time on many articles, and disrupts progress toward improving an article or building the encyclopedia. Disruptive editing is not always vandalism, though vandalism is always disruptive. Each case should be treated independently, taking into consideration whether the actions violate Wikipedia policies and guidelines. +Disruptive editing is not always intentional. Editors may be accidentally disruptive because they don't understand how to correctly edit, or because they lack the social skills or competence necessary to work collaboratively. The fact that the disruption occurs in good faith does not change the fact that it is harmful to Wikipedia. +Summary +Wikipedia owes much of its success to its openness. That very openness, however, sometimes attracts people who seek to exploit the site as a platform for pushing a single point of view, original research, advocacy, or self-promotion. While notable minority opinions are welcomed when verifiable through reliable sources, and constructive editors occasionally make mistakes, sometimes a Wikipedia editor creates long-term problems by persistently editing a page or set of pages with information which is not verifiable through reliable sources or insisting on giving undue weight to a minority view. +An explanation is a set of statements usually constructed to describe a set of facts which clarifies the causes, context, and consequences of those facts. This description may establish rules or laws, and may clarify the existing rules or laws in relation to any objects, or phenomena examined. [1] +Among the most common forms of explanation are causal explanation; deductive-nomological explanation, which involves subsuming the explanandum under a generalization from which it may be derived in a deductive argument (e.g., “All gases expand when heated; this gas was heated; therefore, this gas expanded”); and statistical explanation, which involves subsuming the explanandum under a generalization that gives it inductive support (e.g., “Most people who use tobacco contract cancer; this person used tobacco; therefore, this person contracted cancer”). Explanations of human behaviour typically appeal to the subject’s beliefs and desires, as well as other facts about him, and proceed on the assumption that the behaviour in question is rational (at least to a minimum degree). Thus an explanation of why the subject removed his coat might cite the fact that the subject felt hot, that the subject desired to feel cooler, and that the subject believed that he would feel cooler if he took off his coat.[2] +People often are not themselves clear on whether they are arguing for or explaining something. The same types of words and phrases are used in presenting explanations and arguments. The terms 'explain' or 'explanation,' et cetera are frequently used in arguments. +Explanation vs. justification +The term explanation is sometimes used in the context of justification, e.g., the explanation as to why a belief is true. Justification may be understood as the explanation as to why a belief is a true one or an account of how one knows what one knows. It is important to be aware when an explanation is not a justification. +So too, there are many different types of explanation. Aristotle recognized at least four types of explanation. Other types of explanation are Deductive-nomological, Functional, Historical, Psychological, Reductive, Teleological, Methodological explanations.[1] +Meta-explanation +The scenario structure includes agents' communicative actions and argumentation defeat relations between the subjects of these actions. The data for both object-level and meta-explanation can be visually specified, and a plausibility of how agent behavior in a scenario can be visually explained. Meta-explanation in the form of machine learning of scenario structure can be augmented by conventional explanation by finding arguments in the form of defeasibility analysis of individual claims, to increase the accuracy of plausibility assessment.[6] +A ratio between object-level and meta-explanation can be defined as the relative accuracy of plausibility assessment based on the former and latter sources. The groups of scenarios can then be clustered based on this ratio; hence, such a ratio is an important parameter of human behavior associated with explaining something to other humans.[1] +Deductive-nomological model Statistical relevance model Causal Mechanical model Unificationist model[1] Pragmatic theory of explanation[3] +Scientific explanation +Moore, Brooke Noel and Parker, Richard. (2012) Critical Thinking. 10th ed. +Published by McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-803828-6. +Traill, R. R. (2015). +Reductionist Models of Mind and Matter: But how valid is reductionism anyhow? (PDF). Ondwelle Melbourne. +In fact, the notion of “scientific explanation” suggests a contrast between those “explanations” that are characteristic of “science” and those explanations that are not, and, second, a contrast between “explanation” and something else. However, the tendency in much of the recent philosophical literature has been to assume that there is a substantial continuity between the sorts of explanations found in science and at least some forms of explanation found in more ordinary non-scientific contexts, with the latter embodying in a more or less inchoate way features that are present in a more detailed, precise, rigorous etc. form in the former. It is further assumed that it is the task of a theory of explanation to capture what is common to both scientific and at least some more ordinary forms of explanation.[3] +A notable theory of scientific explanation in Hempel's Deductive-nomological model. This model has been widely criticized but it is still the starting point for discussion of most theories of explanation. +Explanations vs. arguments +The difference between explanations and arguments reflects a difference in the kind of question that arises. In the case of arguments, we start from a doubted fact, which we try to support by arguments. In the case of explanations, we start with an accepted fact, the question being why is this fact or what caused it. +However, if Fred and Joe agree on the fact that the cat has fleas, they may further question why this is so and put forth an explanation: "The reason the cat has fleas is that the weather has been damp." The difference is that the attempt is not to settle whether or not some claim is true, but to show why it is true. In this sense, arguments aim to contribute knowledge, whereas explanations aim to contribute understanding.[citation needed] +Arguments and explanations largely resemble each other in rhetorical use. This is the cause of much difficulty in thinking critically about claims. There are several reasons for this difficulty. +The Siam area, with the low-rise Siam Square in the lower-right corner. Beyond the tracks of the BTS Skytrain are, from left, Siam Discovery, Siam Center and Siam Paragon, and behind them, the greenery of Sa Pathum Palace. +Siam (Thai: สยาม) is a shopping district in the heart of Bangkok, the capital of Thailand. It is situated alongside a stretch of Rama I Road in the city's Pathum Wan District, from Pathum Wan Intersection to Chaloem Phao Junction, beyond which it meets the adjacent Ratchaprasong neighbourhood. The area is home to multiple large shopping malls, and, together with Ratchaprasong, forms what has been termed the city's central shopping district, functioning as the modern-day city centre. +The Siam area lies along Rama I Road, from the corners surrounding Pathum Wan Intersection, where Rama I crosses Phaya Thai Road, to Chaloem Phao Junction, where it meets Henri Dunant Road. Siam Square occupies the entire block between the junctions on the road's south side, while Siam Discovery, Siam Center and Siam Paragon occupy the north side from west to east. The Bangkok Art & Culture Centre sits on the northwest corner of Pathum Wan Intersection, while MBK Center occupies the southwest corner, on Chulalongkorn University land. +The area is named for Siam Square, a low-rise retail area owned and developed by Chulalongkorn University, as well as several enclosed malls opposite it which all bear Siam as part of their names: Siam Discovery, Siam Center and Siam Paragon, the last of which replaced the Siam Inter-Continental Hotel in 2002. +The properties occupy land leased from the Sa Pathum Palace, which is privately owned by Prince Mahidol Adulyadej's branch of the Royal Family. Also within the neighbourhood are MBK Center and the Bangkok Art & Culture Centre on opposite corners of Pathum Wan Intersection. +The area's commercial development initially took place during the 1960s and 1970s alongside Ratchaprasong, and together they gradually supplanted the Wang Burapha area as the city's centre of urban retail and youth culture. +The BTS Skytrain, which opened in 1999 with its central interchange Siam Station serving the area, helped cement the neighbourhood's prominence. +History +King Mongkut (Rama IV) had built a palace and a royal temple (Wat Pathum Wanaram) near the present-day Siam area around 1855, while the land where Siam is now located was acquired by his successor King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) during the 1880s for the establishment of royal villas. The area north of Rama I Road (then known as Sa Pathum or Pathum Wan Road) was gifted to Prince Mahidol Adulyadej, and became Sa Pathum Palace.[1] The area south of the road was intended as the estate of Crown Prince Vajirunhis's Windsor Palace, but the Prince died young and the palace was eventually given by Chulalongkorn's successor King Vajiravudh (Rama VI) for the campus of Chulalongkorn University, which was established in 1917.[2] +The areas along the road were originally left unused by the university, until a fire in 1962 destroyed the shantytown that had come to occupy the area and the university subsequently evicted the residents. +The area was then developed as a low-rise retail neighbourhood, and opened as Siam Square in 1963, around the same time as similar developments in nearby Ratchaprasong, where the air-conditioned Thai Daimaru department store famously opened in 1964. +On the opposite side of Rama I Road, the Siam Inter-Continental Hotel was built on land leased from Sa Pathum Palace as part of the American airline Pan Am's international luxury hotel chain, and opened in 1966. +It was operated by the Bangkok Intercontinental Hotels Company (BIHC), who would also build the Siam Center shopping centre, which opened in 1973. +Mahboonkrong (later to become known as MBK Center) opened on a nearby plot of university land in 1985, the same year as World Trade Center (now Centralworld) in Ratchaprasong, and the two brought formidable competition to the scene. +BIHC opened its second mall, Siam Discovery, in 1997 amidst that year's financial crisis and construction of the BTS Skytrain.[1][4] +By the 1990s, the neighbourhood, and Siam Square in particular, had become known as the city's main lifestyle destination for urban youth, taking over the role previously held by the Wang Burapha area in the 1950s–1960s.[3] The opening of the BTS in 1999, with its central interchange at Siam Station, further cemented the area's prominence, and together with Ratchaprasong, it has been observed to function as a central shopping district, marking the modern-day city centre.[5] The Siam Inter-Continental closed down in 2002, and was replaced by Siam Paragon, the neighbourhood's largest mall, which opened in 2005.[6] The Bangkok Art & Culture Centre opened in 2008. +The area's central location led it to be occupied by Red-Shirt protesters in 2010, which ended in a violent military crackdown. Subsequent protest groups have also rallied in the area. +Stylised diagram of the last part of the insect's digestive tract showing malpighian tubule (Orthopteran type) +The Malpighian tubule system is a type of excretory and osmoregulatory system found in some insects, myriapods, arachnids and tardigrades. +See also +Cryptonephridium +The system consists of branching tubules extending from the alimentary canal that absorbs solutes, water, and wastes from the surrounding hemolymph. The wastes then are released from the organism in the form of solid nitrogenous compounds and calcium oxalate. The system is named after Marcello Malpighi, a seventeenth-century anatomist. +It is unclear as to whether the Malpighian tubules of arachnids and those of the Uniramia are homologous or the result of convergent evolution. +Malpighian tubules of a dissected cockroach, indicated by yellow arrow. Scale bar, 2 mm. +They contain actin for structural support and microvilli for propulsion of substances along the tubules. Malpighian tubules in most insects also contain accessory musculature associated with the tubules which may function to mix the contents of the tubules or expose the tubules to more hemolymph. The insect orders, Dermaptera and Thysanoptera do not possess these muscles and Collembola and Hemiptera:Aphididae completely lack a Malpighian tubule system. +General mode of action +In linear algebra, an eigenvector (/ˈaɪɡənˌvɛktər/) or characteristic vector of a linear transformation is a nonzero vector that changes by a scalar factor when that linear transformation is applied to it. The corresponding eigenvalue, often denoted by λ {\displaystyle \lambda } ,[1] is the factor by which the eigenvector is scaled. +Geometrically, an eigenvector, corresponding to a real nonzero eigenvalue, points in a direction in which it is stretched by the transformation and the eigenvalue is the factor by which it is stretched. If the eigenvalue is negative, the direction is reversed.[2] Loosely speaking, in a multidimensional vector space, the eigenvector is not rotated. +In November 2020, Brave reported having 20 million monthly users[16][17] and in February 2021 it passed 25 million monthly active users mark.[18] +In January 2021, Brave integrated Ecosia as one of its search engine options.[19] +Brave uses its Basic Attention Token (BAT) to drive revenue.[20] Originally incorporated in Delaware as Hyperware Labs, Inc. in 2015, the company later changed its name to Brave Software, Inc. and registered in California, where it is headquartered.[21] +By August 2016, the company had received at least US$7 million in angel investments from venture capital firms, including Peter Thiel's Founders Fund, Propel Venture Partners, Pantera Capital, Foundation Capital, and the Digital Currency Group.[22] +In November 2019, Brave launched Brave Ads, an ad network which returns a 70% revenue share to users.[23] Ad clients included the company's partners like Vice, Home Chef, ConsenSys, eToro and others.[23] +Brave is a free and open-source web browser developed by Brave Software, Inc. based on the Chromium web browser. It blocks ads and website trackers, and provides a way for users to send cryptocurrency contributions in the form of Basic Attention Tokens to websites and content creators. +As of 2020, Brave has been released for Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, and iOS. +History +On 28 May 2015, CEO Brendan Eich (creator of JavaScript and former CEO of Mozilla Corporation) and CTO Brian Bondy founded Brave Software.[7] On 20 January 2016 Brave Software launched the first version of Brave with an ad-blocking feature, and announced plans for a privacy-respecting ad-feature and a revenue-sharing program.[8] +In June 2018, Brave released a pay-to-surf test-version of the browser. This version of Brave came preloaded with approximately 250 ads, and sent a detailed log of the user's browsing activity to Brave for the short-term purpose of testing this functionality. Brave announced that expanded trials would follow.[9] Later that month Brave added support for Tor in its desktop browser's private-browsing mode.[10] +Until December 2018, Brave ran on a fork of Electron called Muon, which they marketed as a "more secure fork". Nevertheless, Brave developers moved to Chromium, citing a need to ease their maintenance burden.[11] Brave Software released the final Muon-based version with the intention that it would stop working and instruct users to update as its end-of-life approached.[12] +In June 2019, Brave started testing a new ad-blocking rule-matching algorithm implemented in Rust, replacing the previous C++ one. The uBlock Origin and Ghostery algorithms inspired the new logic, which Brave claims to be on average 69 times faster than the previous algorithm.[13] +Brave launched its stable release, version 1.0, on 13 November 2019, while having 8.7 million monthly active users overall.[14] At the time, it had approximately 3 million active users on a daily basis. Brave 1.0, running on Android, iOS, Windows 10, macOS, or Linux, integrated "almost all of Brave's marquee features across all platforms", according to engadget.[15] +Capitalization and formatting +"Strawberry Fields Forever" or "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" should be in quotation marks. Italics, however, are required for a song cycle such as Winterreise or the title of a longer poem such as Four Quartets. Individual episode titles of television series need quotation marks, while the series name itself is italicized, e.g. +Location constructions such as Vilnius, Lithuania require a comma after the second element, e.g. "He was born in Vilnius, Lithuania, after the country had gained independence." The month–day–year style of writing dates requires a comma after the year, e.g. +Style +Quotations should not be changed, except for trivial spelling and typographic errors. Otherwise, obvious errors and censorship in the original can be marked with {{sic}}, which displays as [sic]. Legitimate insertions and omissions are acceptable if marked by square brackets and ellipses, respectively. +External links belong at the end of an article under the heading External links or Further reading. Articles, books and websites used as sources are listed separately in a References or Notes section. +Contractions +Outside of direct quotes and names, contractions should be spelled out. +Correct spelling mistakes and typos. See Wikipedia:Spellchecking for complete advice on how to do this well; the main points are: +Remember that Wikipedia is a collaborative, consensus-based environment. Be bold in making changes, but if you find that your work has been undone by another editor, visit the talk page of the article and start a discussion before reinstating it. +Discovering that pages need basic copyediting, i.e. correcting for grammar, spelling, readability, or layout, may surprise new visitors to Wikipedia, but this is the "encyclopedia that anyone can edit". Thousands of articles need simple improvements you can make without being an expert in the subject. Copyediting involves the "five Cs": making the article clear, correct, concise, comprehensible, and consistent.[1] The following is a guide for new copyeditors. +Get help and meet other copyeditors +If you have a question about English grammar, punctuation, or style, you may wish to seek advice at Wikipedia:Reference desk/Language or Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Grammar. If you want to meet other Wikipedia copyeditors and help out, check out Wikipedia:Peer review/volunteers and Wikipedia:WikiProject Guild of Copy Editors. +Find articles that need copyediting +Articles in need of basic copyediting may be tagged with templates such as {{copyedit}} or {{copyedit-section}}. A list of such articles can be found in a few places. The easiest places to get started are: +Category:All articles needing copy edit, a list of articles tagged with copy editing templates. GettingStarted, which suggests copyediting articles appropriate for new users after they sign up, or the Community Portal to-do list, which has many kinds of tasks, updated hourly. +How to do basic copyediting +Step four Preview your change and save. Step five (optional) If you think the article does not need further basic copyediting, click Edit again and remove the "copy edit" template at the top of the article, which is what flags it as needing improvement. The template typically is markup that looks like {{copy edit}}, with a date inside the braces. +Common mistakes to fix +eGG Network (formerly known as Astro SuperSport Plus) is a Malaysian pay television channel that was launched on 7 June 2016. +This channel focuses on e-sports and broadcasts electronic games tournaments live around the world. Its first tournament broadcast was the International Dota 2 Championships 2015.[1] +Current programming +Tournaments +Original Production +References +Explanation +The expression for adding the numbers 1 and 2 is written in Polish notation as + 1 2 (pre-fix), rather than as 1 + 2 (in-fix). In more complex expressions, the operators still precede their operands, but the operands may themselves be expressions including again operators and their operands. For instance, the expression that would be written in conventional infix notation as +can be written in Polish notation as +Assuming a given arity of all involved operators (here the "−" denotes the binary operation of subtraction, not the unary function of sign-change), any well formed prefix representation thereof is unambiguous, and brackets within the prefix expression are unnecessary. As such, the above expression can be further simplified to +The processing of the product is deferred until its two operands are available (i.e., 5 minus 6, and 7). As with any notation, the innermost expressions are evaluated first, but in Polish notation this "innermost-ness" can be conveyed by the sequence of operators and operands rather than by bracketing. +Polish notation (PN), also known as normal Polish notation (NPN),[1] Łukasiewicz notation, Warsaw notation, Polish prefix notation or simply prefix notation, is a mathematical notation in which operators precede their operands, in contrast to the more common infix notation, in which operators are placed between operands, as well as reverse Polish notation (RPN), in which operators follow their operands. It does not need any parentheses as long as each operator has a fixed number of operands. The description "Polish" refers to the nationality of logician Jan Łukasiewicz,[2] who invented Polish notation in 1924.[3][4] +In the conventional infix notation, parentheses are required to override the standard precedence rules, since, referring to the above example, moving them +or removing them +changes the meaning and the result of the expression. This version is written in Polish notation as +− 5 × 6 7. +When dealing with non-commutative operations, like division or subtraction, it is necessary to coordinate the sequential arrangement of the operands with the definition of how the operator takes its arguments, i.e., from left to right. For example, ÷ 10 5, with 10 left to 5, has the meaning of 10 ÷ 5 (read as "divide 10 by 5"), or - 7 6, with 7 left to 6, has the meaning of 7 - 6 (read as "subtract from 7 the operand 6"). +Polish notation for logic +The table below shows the core of Jan Łukasiewicz's notation for sentential logic.[12] Some letters in the Polish notation table stand for particular words in Polish, as shown: +Concept Conventional notation Polish notation Polish term Negation ¬ φ {\displaystyle \neg \varphi } N φ {\displaystyle \mathrm {N} \varphi } negacja Conjunction φ ∧ ψ {\displaystyle \varphi \land \psi } K φ ψ {\displaystyle \mathrm {K} \varphi \psi } koniunkcja Disjunction φ ∨ ψ {\displaystyle \varphi \lor \psi } A φ ψ {\displaystyle \mathrm {A} \varphi \psi } alternatywa Material conditional φ → ψ {\displaystyle \varphi \to \psi } C φ ψ {\displaystyle \mathrm {C} \varphi \psi } implikacja Biconditional φ ↔ ψ {\displaystyle \varphi \leftrightarrow \psi } E φ ψ {\displaystyle \mathrm {E} \varphi \psi } ekwiwalencja Falsum ⊥ {\displaystyle \bot } O {\displaystyle \mathrm {O} } fałsz Sheffer stroke φ ∣ ψ {\displaystyle \varphi \mid \psi } D φ ψ {\displaystyle \mathrm {D} \varphi \psi } dysjunkcja Possibility ◊ φ {\displaystyle \Diamond \varphi } M φ {\displaystyle \mathrm {M} \varphi } możliwość Necessity ◻ φ {\displaystyle \Box \varphi } L φ {\displaystyle \mathrm {L} \varphi } konieczność Universal quantifier ∀ p φ {\displaystyle \forall p\,\varphi } Π p φ {\displaystyle \Pi p\,\varphi } kwantyfikator ogólny Existential quantifier ∃ p φ {\displaystyle \exists p\,\varphi } Σ p φ {\displaystyle \Sigma p\,\varphi } kwantyfikator szczegółowy +See also +Reverse Polish notation Function application Lambda calculus Currying Lisp (programming language) S-expression Polish School of Mathematics Hungarian notation Verb–subject–object (VSO) Verb–object–subject (VOS) +Łukasiewicz, Jan (1930). "Philosophische Bemerkungen zu mehrwertigen Systemen des Aussagenkalküls" [Philosophical Remarks on Many-Valued Systems of Propositional Logics]. Comptes Rendus des Séances de la Société des Sciences et des Lettres de Varsovie (in German). +DMB in South Korea +It includes service delivered via mobile phone networks, received free-to-air via terrestrial television stations, or via satellite broadcast. Regular broadcast standards or special mobile TV transmission formats can be used. Additional features include downloading TV programs and podcasts from the Internet and storing programming for later viewing. +According to the Harvard Business Review, the growing adoption of smartphones allowed users to watch as much mobile video in three days of the 2010 Winter Olympics as they watched throughout the entire 2008 Summer Olympics, a five-fold increase.[1] However, except in South Korea, consumer acceptance of broadcast mobile TV has been limited due to lack of compatible devices.[2] +It had a two-inch (50 mm) CRT screen and was also the first television which could pick up signals in multiple countries. It measured 4.0 inches (100 mm) x 6.25 inches (159 mm) × 1.6 inches (41 mm) and was sold for less than £100 in the UK and for around $400 in the United States. The project took over ten years to develop and was funded by around £1.6 million in British government grants.[3][4] +In 2002, South Korea was the first country to introduce commercial mobile TV via 2G CDMA IS95-C, and 3G (CDMA2000 1X EVDO) networks.[5] In 2005, South Korea became the first country to broadcast satellite moblile TV via DMB (S-DMB) on May 1, and terrestrial DMB (T-DMB) on December 1. Although S-DMB initially had more content, T-DMB has gained much wider popularity because it is free and included as a feature in most mobile handsets sold in the country today.[citation needed] South Korea and Japan are developing the sector.[6] Mobile TV services were launched in Hong Kong during March 2006 by the operator CSL on the 3G network.[7] BT launched mobile TV in the United Kingdom in September 2006, although the service was abandoned less than a year later.[8] Germany had a failed endeavor with MFD Mobiles Fernsehen Deutschland, who launched their DMB-based service June 2006 in Germany, but ended it in April 2008.[9] Also in June 2006, mobile operator 3 in Italy (part of Hutchison Whampoa) launched their mobile TV service, but in contrast to Germany's MFD it was based on the European DVB-H standard.[10] Sprint was the first US carrier to offer the service in February 2006.[citation needed] In the US Verizon Wireless and AT&T offered MediaFLO, a subscription service from March 2007 until March 2011. +See also +Handheld projector Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) via the GSM and UMTS cellular networks IPTV SPB TV Mobile DTV Alliance – marketing organization 3 mobile tv (UK) Mobiclip MobiTV Nunet Mobibase Handheld television +External links +Foundations of mathematics is the study of the philosophical and logical[1] and/or algorithmic basis of mathematics, or, in a broader sense, the mathematical investigation of what underlies the philosophical theories concerning the nature of mathematics.[2] In this latter sense, the distinction between foundations of mathematics and philosophy of mathematics turns out to be quite vague. Foundations of mathematics can be conceived as the study of the basic mathematical concepts (set, function, geometrical figure, number, etc.) and how they form hierarchies of more complex structures and concepts, especially the fundamentally important structures that form the language of mathematics (formulas, theories and their models giving a meaning to formulas, definitions, proofs, algorithms, etc.) also called metamathematical concepts, with an eye to the philosophical aspects and the unity of mathematics. The search for foundations of mathematics is a central question of the philosophy of mathematics; the abstract nature of mathematical objects presents special philosophical challenges. +The foundations of mathematics as a whole does not aim to contain the foundations of every mathematical topic. Generally, the foundations of a field of study refers to a more-or-less systematic analysis of its most basic or fundamental concepts, its conceptual unity and its natural ordering or hierarchy of concepts, which may help to connect it with the rest of human knowledge. The development, emergence, and clarification of the foundations can come late in the history of a field, and might not be viewed by everyone as its most interesting part. +In practice, most mathematicians either do not work from axiomatic systems, or if they do, do not doubt the consistency of ZFC, generally their preferred axiomatic system. In most of mathematics as it is practiced, the incompleteness and paradoxes of the underlying formal theories never played a role anyway, and in those branches in which they do or whose formalization attempts would run the risk of forming inconsistent theories (such as logic and category theory), they may be treated carefully. +The development of category theory in the middle of the 20th century showed the usefulness of set theories guaranteeing the existence of larger classes than does ZFC, such as Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory or Tarski–Grothendieck set theory, albeit that in very many cases the use of large cardinal axioms or Grothendieck universes is formally eliminable. +One goal of the reverse mathematics program is to identify whether there are areas of "core mathematics" in which foundational issues may again provoke a crisis. +See also +Mathematical logic Brouwer–Hilbert controversy Church–Turing thesis Controversy over Cantor's theory Epistemology Euclid's Elements Hilbert's problems Implementation of mathematics in set theory Liar paradox New Foundations Philosophy of mathematics Principia Mathematica Quasi-empiricism in mathematics Mathematical thought of Charles Peirce +Notes +Mathematics always played a special role in scientific thought, serving since ancient times as a model of truth and rigor for rational inquiry, and giving tools or even a foundation for other sciences (especially physics). Mathematics' many developments towards higher abstractions in the 19th century brought new challenges and paradoxes, urging for a deeper and more systematic examination of the nature and criteria of mathematical truth, as well as a unification of the diverse branches of mathematics into a coherent whole. +The systematic search for the foundations of mathematics started at the end of the 19th century and formed a new mathematical discipline called mathematical logic, which later had strong links to theoretical computer science. It went through a series of crises with paradoxical results, until the discoveries stabilized during the 20th century as a large and coherent body of mathematical knowledge with several aspects or components (set theory, model theory, proof theory, etc.), whose detailed properties and possible variants are still an active research field. Its high level of technical sophistication inspired many philosophers to conjecture that it can serve as a model or pattern for the foundations of other sciences. +Foundational crisis +The foundational crisis of mathematics (in German Grundlagenkrise der Mathematik) was the early 20th century's term for the search for proper foundations of mathematics. +Toward resolution of the crisis +Starting in 1935, the Bourbaki group of French mathematicians started publishing a series of books to formalize many areas of mathematics on the new foundation of set theory. +Fox Business Network's Master Control +Master control is the technical hub of a broadcast operation common among most over-the-air television stations and television networks. It is distinct from a production control room (PCR) in television studios where the activities such as switching from camera to camera are coordinated. A transmission control room (TCR) is usually smaller in size and is a scaled down version of centralcasting. +Master control is the final point before a signal is transmitted over-the-air for terrestrial television or cablecast, satellite provider for broadcast, or sent on to a cable television operator. Television master control rooms include banks of video monitors, satellite receivers, videotape machines, video servers, transmission equipment, and, more recently, computer broadcast automation equipment for recording and playback of television programming. +Master control is generally staffed with one or two master control operators around-the-clock to ensure continuous operation. Master control operators are responsible for monitoring the quality and accuracy of the on-air product, ensuring the transmission meets government regulations, troubleshooting equipment malfunctions, and preparing programming for playout. Regulations include both technical ones (such as those against over-modulation and dead air), as well as content ones (such as indecency and station ID). +Many television networks and radio networks or station groups have consolidated facilities and now operate multiple stations from one regional master control or centralcasting center. An example of this centralized broadcast programming system on a large scale is NBC's "hub-spoke project" that enables a single "hub" to have control of dozens of stations' automation systems and to monitor their air signals, thus reducing or eliminating some responsibilities of local employees at their owned-and-operated (O&O) stations. +Outside the United States, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) manages four radio networks, two broadcast television networks, and several more cable/satellite radio and television services out of just two master control points (English language services at the Canadian Broadcasting Centre in Toronto and French language at Maison Radio-Canada in Montreal). Many other public and private broadcasters in Canada have taken a similar approach. +One of ESPN's new digital master control rooms, MCR-D1, in Bristol, Connecticut. Fox Business Network's Master Control with lights off Fox Business Network's Master Control room with lights on. +See also +Network operations center Central apparatus room Transmission control room +Sonic the Hedgehog 2 is an upcoming action-adventure comedy film directed by Jeff Fowler and written by Pat Casey and Josh Miller. The film is a sequel to the 2020 film Sonic the Hedgehog, based on the video game franchise of the same name published by Sega, and stars Ben Schwartz reprising his role as the voice of the title character, alongside James Marsden, Tika Sumpter and Jim Carrey. +The idea of a sequel to Sonic the Hedgehog was first brought up by star Jim Carrey, who expressed interest in reprising his role as Dr. Robotnik in such a sequel. Following the favorable critical reception and financial success of the first film, several cast and crew members, including director Fowler, expressed interest in developing a sequel closer to the original video games, while star James Marsden revealed that he signed-up for several sequels in March 2020. A sequel was confirmed in May 2020, with most of the first film's crew set to return. +Sonic the Hedgehog 2 is scheduled to be released in the United States on April 8, 2022, by Paramount Pictures. +Ben Schwartz as the voice of Sonic the Hedgehog: the title character and an anthropomorphic heroic blue hedgehog, gifted with superhuman speed, who settles on Earth as a new member of the Wachowski family with Tom and Maddie after defeating Dr. Robotnik in the first film.[1] Jim Carrey as Dr. Eggman: A mad scientist and Sonic's arch-nemesis, whose goal was to capture Sonic and use his super-speed for world domination, seeks revenge after being defeated and banished in the mushroom planet by Sonic in the previous film.[1] James Marsden as Tom Wachowski: The sheriff of Green Hills, Montana, who helped Sonic to recover his rings and defeat Robotnik in the first film.[1] Adam Pally as Wade Whipper, Tom's fellow police officer.[1] Tika Sumpter as Maddie Wachowski: Tom's wife who had helped Sonic in the first film.[1] Natasha Rothwell as Rachel: Maddie's older sister.[1] +This Togliatti surface is an algebraic surface of degree five. The picture represents a portion of its real locus. +B. L. van der Waerden, Oscar Zariski and André Weil developed a foundation for algebraic geometry based on contemporary commutative algebra, including valuation theory and the theory of ideals. One of the goals was to give a rigorous framework for proving the results of Italian school of algebraic geometry. In particular, this school used systematically the notion of generic point without any precise definition, which was first given by these authors during the 1930s. +In the 1950s and 1960s, Jean-Pierre Serre and Alexander Grothendieck recast the foundations making use of sheaf theory. Later, from about 1960, and largely led by Grothendieck, the idea of schemes was worked out, in conjunction with a very refined apparatus of homological techniques. After a decade of rapid development the field stabilized in the 1970s, and new applications were made, both to number theory and to more classical geometric questions on algebraic varieties, singularities, moduli, and formal moduli. +An important class of varieties, not easily understood directly from their defining equations, are the abelian varieties, which are the projective varieties whose points form an abelian group. The prototypical examples are the elliptic curves, which have a rich theory. They were instrumental in the proof of Fermat's last theorem and are also used in elliptic-curve cryptography. +In classical algebraic geometry, the main objects of interest are the vanishing sets of collections of polynomials, meaning the set of all points that simultaneously satisfy one or more polynomial equations. For instance, the two-dimensional sphere of radius 1 in three-dimensional Euclidean space R3 could be defined as the set of all points (x,y,z) with +A "slanted" circle in R3 can be defined as the set of all points (x,y,z) which satisfy the two polynomial equations +Affine varieties +In classical algebraic geometry, this field was always the complex numbers C, but many of the same results are true if we assume only that k is algebraically closed. We consider the affine space of dimension n over k, denoted An(k) (or more simply An, when k is clear from the context). When one fixes a coordinate system, one may identify An(k) with kn. +A function f : An → A1 is said to be polynomial (or regular) if it can be written as a polynomial, that is, if there is a polynomial p in k[x1,...,xn] such that f(M) = p(t1,...,tn) for every point M with coordinates (t1,...,tn) in An. The property of a function to be polynomial (or regular) does not depend on the choice of a coordinate system in An. +Algebraic geometry is a branch of mathematics, classically studying zeros of multivariate polynomials. Modern algebraic geometry is based on the use of abstract algebraic techniques, mainly from commutative algebra, for solving geometrical problems about these sets of zeros. +An algebraic set is called irreducible if it cannot be written as the union of two smaller algebraic sets. Any algebraic set is a finite union of irreducible algebraic sets and this decomposition is unique. Thus its elements are called the irreducible components of the algebraic set. +Regular functions +The fundamental objects of study in algebraic geometry are algebraic varieties, which are geometric manifestations of solutions of systems of polynomial equations. Examples of the most studied classes of algebraic varieties are: plane algebraic curves, which include lines, circles, parabolas, ellipses, hyperbolas, cubic curves like elliptic curves, and quartic curves like lemniscates and Cassini ovals. A point of the plane belongs to an algebraic curve if its coordinates satisfy a given polynomial equation. +Just as continuous functions are the natural maps on topological spaces and smooth functions are the natural maps on differentiable manifolds, there is a natural class of functions on an algebraic set, called regular functions or polynomial functions. A regular function on an algebraic set V contained in An is the restriction to V of a regular function on An. For an algebraic set defined on the field of the complex numbers, the regular functions are smooth and even analytic. +Rational function and birational equivalence +Algebraic geometry occupies a central place in modern mathematics and has multiple conceptual connections with such diverse fields as complex analysis, topology and number theory. Initially a study of systems of polynomial equations in several variables, the subject of algebraic geometry starts where equation solving leaves off, and it becomes even more important to understand the intrinsic properties of the totality of solutions of a system of equations, than to find a specific solution; this leads into some of the deepest areas in all of mathematics, both conceptually and in terms of technique. +In the 20th century, algebraic geometry split into several subareas. +Abstract modern viewpoint +The modern approaches to algebraic geometry redefine and effectively extend the range of basic objects in various levels of generality to schemes, formal schemes, ind-schemes, algebraic spaces, algebraic stacks and so on. The need for this arises already from the useful ideas within theory of varieties, e.g. the formal functions of Zariski can be accommodated by introducing nilpotent elements in structure rings; considering spaces of loops and arcs, constructing quotients by group actions and developing formal grounds for natural intersection theory and deformation theory lead to some of the further extensions. +Zeros of simultaneous polynomials +A rowboat, or rowing boat is an early example of a watercraft +Watercraft, also known as water vessels or waterborne vessels, are vehicles used in water, including boats, ships, hovercraft and submarines. Watercraft usually have a propulsive capability (whether by sail, oar, paddle or engine) and hence are distinct from a simple device that merely floats, such as a log raft. +See also +Most watercraft would be described as either a ship or a boat. However, there are numerous craft which many people would consider neither a ship nor a boat, such as: surfboards (when used as a paddle board), underwater robots, seaplanes, and torpedoes. +External links +The Canadian Museum of Civilization - Native Watercraft in Canada A History of Recreational Small Watercraft Recreational Watercraft +Although ships are typically larger than boats, the distinction between those two categories is not one of size per se. +A rule of thumb says "a boat can fit on a ship, but a ship can't fit on a boat", and a ship usually has sufficient size to carry its own boats, such as lifeboats, dinghies, or runabouts. Local law and regulation may define the exact size (or the number of masts) that distinguishes a ship from a boat. Traditionally, submarines were called "boats", perhaps reflecting their cramped conditions: small size reduces the need for power, and thus the need to surface or snorkel for a supply of the air that running marine diesel engines requires; whereas, in contrast, nuclear-powered submarines' reactors supply power without consuming air, and such craft are large, much roomier, and classed as ships in some navies. +The term "watercraft" (unlike such terms as aircraft or spacecraft) is rarely used to describe any individual object: rather the term serves to unify the category that ranges from jet skis to aircraft carriers. Such a vessel may be used in saltwater and freshwater; for pleasure, recreation, physical exercise, commerce, transport or military missions. +Racing scene of a personal watercraft +Usually the purposes behind watercraft designs and skills are for seafaring education or leisure activities, fishing and resource extraction, transportation of cargo or passengers, and for conducting combat or salvage operations. In general, the purpose of a water vehicle identifies its utility with a maritime industry sub-sector. +A merchant ship, merchant vessel, trading vessel, or merchantman is a watercraft that transports cargo or carries passengers for hire. This is in contrast to pleasure craft, which are used for personal recreation, and naval ships, which are used for military purposes. +They come in myriad sizes and shapes, from twenty-foot inflatable dive boats in Hawaii, to 5,000 passenger casino vessels on the Mississippi River, to tugboats plying New York Harbor, to 1,000-foot oil tankers and container ships at major ports, to passenger-carrying submarines in the Caribbean.[1] +Most countries of the world operate fleets of merchant ships. However, due to the high costs of operations, today these fleets are in many cases sailing under the flags of nations that specialize in providing manpower and services at favourable terms. Such flags are known as "flags of convenience". +External links +The Greek merchant marine is the largest in the world. Today, the Greek fleet accounts for some 16 per cent of the world's tonnage; this makes it currently the largest single international merchant fleet in the world, albeit not the largest in history.[2] +During wars, merchant ships may be used as auxiliaries to the navies of their respective countries, and are called upon to deliver military personnel and materiel. +The term "commercial vessel" is defined by the United States Coast Guard as any vessel (i.e. boat or ship) engaged in commercial trade or that carries passengers for hire. +The CBC is often used to screen for diseases as part of a medical assessment.[12] It is also called for when a healthcare provider suspects a person has a disease that affects blood cells, such as an infection, a bleeding disorder, or some cancers. People who have been diagnosed with disorders that may cause abnormal CBC results or who are receiving treatments that can affect blood cell counts may have a regular CBC performed to monitor their health,[4][12] and the test is often performed each day on people who are hospitalized.[13] The results may indicate a need for a blood or platelet transfusion.[14] +Research into automated cell counting began in the early 20th century.[1] A method developed in 1928 used the amount of light transmitted through a diluted blood sample, as measured by photometry, to estimate the red blood cell count, but this proved inaccurate for samples with abnormal red blood cells.[2] Other unsuccessful attempts, in the 1930s and 1940s, involved photoelectric detectors attached to microscopes, which would count cells as they were scanned.[209] In the late 1940s, Wallace H. Coulter, motivated by a need for better red blood cell counting methods following the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki,[3] attempted to improve on photoelectric cell counting techniques.[note 7] His research was aided by his brother, Joseph R. Coulter, in a basement laboratory in Chicago.[4] Their results using photoelectric methods were disappointing, and in 1948, after reading a paper relating the conductivity of blood to its red blood cell concentration, Wallace devised the Coulter principle—the theory that a cell suspended in a conductive medium generates a drop in current proportional to its size as it passes through an aperture.[211] +That October, Wallace built a counter to demonstrate the principle. +Owing to financial constraints, the aperture was made by burning a hole through a piece of cellophane from a cigarette package.[1][211] Wallace filed a patent for the technique in 1949, and in 1951 applied to the Office of Naval Research to fund the development of the Coulter counter.[211] Wallace's patent application was granted in 1953, and after improvements to the aperture and the introduction of a mercury manometer to provide precise control over sample size, the brothers founded Coulter Electronics Inc. in 1958 to market their instruments. +The Coulter counter was initially designed for counting red blood cells, but with later modifications it proved effective for counting white blood cells.[60] Coulter counters were widely adopted by medical laboratories.[3] +The first analyzer able to produce multiple cell counts simultaneously was the Technicon SMA 4A−7A, released in 1965. +It achieved this by partitioning blood samples into two channels: one for counting red and white blood cells and one for measuring hemoglobin. However, the instrument was unreliable and difficult to maintain. +In 1968, the Coulter Model S analyzer was released and gained widespread use. Similarly to the Technicon instrument, it used two different reaction chambers, one of which was used for the red cell count, and one of which was used for the white blood cell count and hemoglobin determination. The Model S also determined the mean cell volume using impedance measurements, which allowed the red blood cell indices and hematocrit to be derived. +Automated platelet counts were introduced in 1970 with Technicon's Hemalog-8 instrument and were adopted by Coulter's S Plus series analyzers in 1980.[212] +Throughout the 1970s, researchers explored two methods for automating the differential count: digital image processing and flow cytometry. Using technology developed in the 1950s and 60s to automate the reading of Pap smears, several models of image processing analyzers were produced.[213] These instruments would scan a stained blood smear to find cell nuclei, then take a higher resolution snapshot of the cell to analyze it through densitometry.[214] They were expensive, slow, and did little to reduce workload in the laboratory because they still required blood smears to be prepared and stained, so flow cytometry-based systems became more popular,[215][216] and by 1990, no digital image analyzers were commercially available in the United States or western Europe.[217] These techniques enjoyed a resurgence in the 2000s with the introduction of more advanced image analysis platforms using artificial neural networks.[218][219][220] +Early flow cytometry devices shot beams of light at cells in specific wavelengths and measured the resulting absorbance, fluorescence or light scatter, collecting information about the cells' features and allowing cellular contents such as DNA to be quantified.[221] One such instrument—the Rapid Cell Spectrophotometer, developed by Louis Kamentsky in 1965 to automate cervical cytology—could generate blood cell scattergrams using cytochemical staining techniques. +Leonard Ornstein, who had helped to develop the staining system on the Rapid Cell Spectrophotometer, and his colleagues later created the first commercial flow cytometric white blood cell differential analyzer, the Hemalog D.[222][223] Introduced in 1974,[224][225] this analyzer used light scattering, absorbance and cell staining to identify the five normal white blood cell types in addition to "large unidentified cells", a classification that usually consisted of atypical lymphocytes or blast cells. The Hemalog D could count 10,000 cells in one run, a marked improvement over the manual differential.[223][226] In 1981, Technicon combined the Hemalog D with the Hemalog-8 analyzer to produce the Technicon H6000, the first combined complete blood count and differential analyzer. +This analyzer was unpopular with hematology laboratories because it was labour-intensive to operate, but in the late 1980s to early 1990s similar systems were widely produced by other manufacturers such as Sysmex, Abbott, Roche and Beckman Coulter.[227] +The complete blood count has specific applications in many medical specialties. It is often performed before a person undergoes surgery to detect anemia, ensure that platelet levels are sufficient, and screen for infection,[1][16] as well as after surgery, so that blood loss can be monitored.[3][17] In emergency medicine, the CBC is used to investigate numerous symptoms, such as fever, abdominal pain, and shortness of breath,[18][19][20] and to assess bleeding and trauma.[21][22] Blood counts are closely monitored in people undergoing chemotherapy or radiation therapy for cancer, because these treatments suppress the production of blood cells in the bone marrow and can produce severely low levels of white blood cells, platelets and hemoglobin.[23] Regular CBCs are necessary for people taking some psychiatric drugs, such as clozapine and carbamazepine, which in rare cases can cause a life-threatening drop in the number of white blood cells (agranulocytosis).[24][25] Because anemia during pregnancy can result in poorer outcomes for the mother and her baby, the complete blood count is a routine part of prenatal care;[26] and in newborn babies, a CBC may be needed to investigate jaundice or to count the number of immature cells in the white blood cell differential, which can be an indicator of sepsis.[27][28] +The complete blood count is an essential tool of hematology, which is the study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood.[29] The results of the CBC and smear examination reflect the functioning of the hematopoietic system—the organs and tissues involved in the production and development of blood cells, particularly the bone marrow.[2][30] For example, a low count of all three cell types (pancytopenia) can indicate that blood cell production is being affected by a marrow disorder, and a bone marrow examination can further investigate the cause.[31] Abnormal cells on the blood smear might indicate acute leukemia or lymphoma,[30] while an abnormally high count of neutrophils or lymphocytes, in combination with indicative symptoms and blood smear findings, may raise suspicion of a myeloproliferative disorder or lymphoproliferative disorder. Examination of the CBC results and blood smear can help to distinguish between causes of anemia, such as nutritional deficiencies, bone marrow disorders, acquired hemolytic anemias and inherited conditions like sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.[32][33] +The reference ranges for the complete blood count represent the range of results found in 95% of apparently healthy people.[note 2][1] By definition, 5% of results will always fall outside this range, so some abnormal results may reflect natural variation rather than signifying a medical issue.[36] This is particularly likely if such results are only slightly outside the reference range, if they are consistent with previous results, or if there are no other related abnormalities shown by the CBC.[37] When the test is performed on a relatively healthy population, the number of clinically insignificant abnormalities may exceed the number of results that represent disease.[38] For this reason, professional organizations in the United States, United Kingdom and Canada recommend against pre-operative CBC testing for low-risk surgeries in individuals without relevant medical conditions.[15][39][40] Repeated blood draws for hematology testing in hospitalized patients can contribute to hospital-acquired anemia and may result in unnecessary transfusions.[38] +The sample is collected by drawing blood into a tube containing an anticoagulant—typically EDTA—to stop its natural clotting.[41] The blood is usually taken from a vein, but when this is difficult it may be collected from capillaries by a fingerstick, or by a heelprick in babies.[42][43] Testing is typically performed on an automated analyzer, but manual techniques such as a blood smear examination or manual hematocrit test can be used to investigate abnormal results.[44] Cell counts and hemoglobin measurements are performed manually in laboratories lacking access to automated instruments.[45] +Automated +On board the analyzer, the sample is agitated to evenly distribute the cells, then diluted and partitioned into at least two channels, one of which is used to count red blood cells and platelets, the other to count white blood cells and determine the hemoglobin concentration. Some instruments measure hemoglobin in a separate channel, and additional channels may be used for differential white blood cell counts, reticulocyte counts and specialized measurements of platelets.[46][47][48] The cells are suspended in a fluid stream and their properties are measured as they flow past sensors in a technique known as flow cytometry.[note 3][49][52] Hydrodynamic focusing may be used to isolate individual cells so that more accurate results can be obtained: the diluted sample is injected into a stream of low-pressure fluid, which causes the cells in the sample to line up in single file through laminar flow.[53][54] +Sysmex XT-4000i automated hematology analyzer +A complete blood count (CBC), also known as a full blood count (FBC), is a set of medical laboratory tests that provide information about the cells in a person's blood. The CBC indicates the counts of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets, the concentration of hemoglobin, and the hematocrit (the volume percentage of red blood cells). The red blood cell indices, which indicate the average size and hemoglobin content of red blood cells, are also reported, and a white blood cell differential, which counts the different types of white blood cells, may be included. +The Coulter principle—the transient current drop is proportional to the particle volume +To measure the hemoglobin concentration, a reagent chemical is added to the sample to destroy (lyse) the red cells in a channel separate from that used for red blood cell counts. On analyzers that perform white blood cell counts in the same channel as hemoglobin measurement, this permits white blood cells to be counted more easily.[55] Hematology analyzers measure hemoglobin using spectrophotometry and are based on the linear relationship between the absorbance of light and the amount of hemoglobin present. Chemicals are used to convert different forms of hemoglobin, such as oxyhemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin, to one stable form, usually cyanmethemoglobin, and to create a permanent colour change. +Sensors count and identify the cells in the sample using two main principles: electrical impedance and light scattering.[58] Impedance-based cell counting operates on the Coulter principle: cells are suspended in a fluid carrying an electric current, and as they pass through a small opening (an aperture), they cause decreases in current because of their poor electrical conductivity. The amplitude of the voltage pulse generated as a cell crosses the aperture correlates with the amount of fluid displaced by the cell, and thus the cell's volume,[59][60] while the total number of pulses correlates with the number of cells in the sample. The distribution of cell volumes is plotted on a histogram, and by setting volume thresholds based on the typical sizes of each type of cell, the different cell populations can be identified and counted.[61] +In light scattering techniques, light from a laser or a tungsten-halogen lamp is directed at the stream of cells to collect information about their size and structure. Cells scatter light at different angles as they pass through the beam, which is detected using photometers.[62] Forward scatter, which refers to the amount of light scattered along the beam's axis, is mainly caused by diffraction of light and correlates with cellular size, while side scatter (light scattered at a 90-degree angle) is caused by reflection and refraction and provides information about cellular complexity.[62][63] +Radiofrequency-based methods can be used in combination with impedance. These techniques work on the same principle of measuring the interruption in current as cells pass through an aperture, but since the high-frequency RF current penetrates into the cells, the amplitude of the resulting pulse relates to factors like the relative size of the nucleus, the nucleus's structure, and the amount of granules in the cytoplasm.[64][65] Small red cells and cellular debris, which are similar in size to platelets, may interfere with the platelet count, and large platelets may not be counted accurately, so some analyzers use additional techniques to measure platelets, such as fluorescent staining, multi-angle light scatter and monoclonal antibody tagging.[3] +Most analyzers directly measure the average size of red blood cells, which is called the mean cell volume (MCV), and calculate the hematocrit by multiplying the red blood cell count by the MCV. Some measure the hematocrit by comparing the total volume of red blood cells to the volume of blood sampled, and derive the MCV from the hematocrit and red blood cell count.[1] The hemoglobin concentration, the red blood cell count and the hematocrit are used to calculate the average amount of hemoglobin within each red blood cell, the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH); and its concentration, the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC).[67] Another calculation, the red blood cell distribution width (RDW), is derived from the standard deviation of the mean cell volume and reflects variation in cellular size.[68] +Example of a white blood cell differential scattergram: differently coloured clusters indicate different cell populations +After being treated with reagents, white blood cells form three distinct peaks when their volumes are plotted on a histogram. These peaks correspond roughly to populations of granulocytes, lymphocytes, and other mononuclear cells, allowing a three-part differential to be performed based on cell volume alone.[69][70] More advanced analyzers use additional techniques to provide a five- to seven-part differential, such as light scattering or radiofrequency analysis,[70] or using dyes to stain specific chemicals inside cells—for example, nucleic acids, which are found in higher concentrations in immature cells[71] or myeloperoxidase, an enzyme found in cells of the myeloid lineage.[72][73] Basophils may be counted in a separate channel where a reagent destroys other white cells and leaves basophils intact. The data collected from these measurements is analyzed and plotted on a scattergram, where it forms clusters that correlate with each white blood cell type.[70][72] Another approach to automating the differential count is the use of digital microscopy software,[74] which uses artificial intelligence to classify white blood cells from photomicrographs of the blood smear. +Most analyzers take less than a minute to run all the tests in the complete blood count.[1] Because analyzers sample and count many individual cells, the results are very precise.[76] However, some abnormal cells may not be identified correctly, requiring manual review of the instrument's results and identification by other means of abnormal cells the instrument could not categorize.[5][77] +Point-of-care testing +The results are interpreted by comparing them to reference ranges, which vary with sex and age. Conditions like anemia and thrombocytopenia are defined by abnormal complete blood count results. The red blood cell indices can provide information about the cause of a person's anemia such as iron deficiency and vitamin B12 deficiency, and the results of the white blood cell differential can help to diagnose viral, bacterial and parasitic infections and blood disorders like leukemia. +Point-of-care testing refers to tests conducted outside of the laboratory setting, such as at a person's bedside or in a clinic.[78][79] This method of testing is faster and uses less blood than conventional methods, and does not require specially trained personnel, so it is useful in emergency situations and in areas with limited access to resources. Commonly used devices for point-of-care hematology testing include the HemoCue, a portable analyzer that uses spectrophotometry to measure the hemoglobin concentration of the sample, and the i-STAT, which derives a hemoglobin reading by estimating the concentration of red blood cells from the conductivity of the blood.[79] Hemoglobin and hematocrit can be measured on point-of-care devices designed for blood gas testing, but these measurements sometimes correlate poorly with those obtained through standard methods.[78] There are simplified versions of hematology analyzers designed for use in clinics that can provide a complete blood count and differential.[80] +Manual +Manual determination of hematocrit. The blood has been centrifuged, separating it into red blood cells and plasma. +The tests can be performed manually when automated equipment is not available or when the analyzer results indicate that further investigation is needed.[1] Automated results are flagged for manual blood smear review in 10–25% of cases, which may be due to abnormal cell populations that the analyzer cannot properly count,[2] internal flags generated by the analyzer that suggest the results could be inaccurate,[81] or numerical results that fall outside set thresholds.[4] To investigate these issues, blood is spread on a microscope slide, stained with a Romanowsky stain, and examined under a microscope.[82] The appearance of the red and white blood cells and platelets is assessed, and qualitative abnormalities are reported if present.[83] Changes in the appearance of red blood cells can have considerable diagnostic significance—for example, the presence of sickle cells is indicative of sickle cell disease, and a high number of fragmented red blood cells (schistocytes) requires urgent investigation as it can suggest a microangiopathic hemolytic anemia.[84] In some inflammatory conditions and in paraprotein disorders like multiple myeloma, high levels of protein in the blood may cause red blood cells to appear stacked together on the smear, which is termed rouleaux.[85] Some parasitic diseases, such as malaria and babesiosis, can be detected by finding the causative organisms on the blood smear,[86] and the platelet count can be estimated from the blood smear, which is useful if the automated platelet count is inaccurate.[77] +To perform a manual white blood cell differential, the microscopist counts 100 cells on the blood smear and classifies them based on their appearance; sometimes 200 cells are counted.[87] This gives the percentage of each type of white blood cell, and by multiplying these percentages by the total number of white blood cells, the absolute number of each type of white cell can be obtained.[88] Manual counting is subject to sampling error because so few cells are counted compared with automated analysis,[3] but it can identify abnormal cells that analyzers cannot,[4][5] such as the blast cells seen in acute leukemia.[6] Clinically significant features like toxic granulation and vacuolation can also be ascertained from microscopic examination of white blood cells.[90] +The hematocrit can performed manually by filling a capillary tube with blood, centrifuging it, and measuring the percentage of the blood that consists of red blood cells.[66] This is useful in some conditions that can cause automated hematocrit results to be incorrect, such as polycythemia (a highly elevated red blood cell count)[66] or severe leukocytosis (a highly elevated white blood cell count, which interferes with red blood cell measurements by causing white blood cells to be counted as red cells).[2] +The cells seen in the grid are counted and divided by the volume of blood examined, which is determined from the number of squares counted on the grid, to obtain the concentration of cells in the sample.[1][92] Manual cell counts are labour-intensive and inaccurate compared to automated methods, so they are rarely used except in laboratories that do not have access to automated analyzers.[45][92] To count white blood cells, the sample is diluted using a fluid containing a compound that lyses red blood cells, such as ammonium oxalate, acetic acid, or hydrochloric acid.[93] Sometimes a stain is added to the diluent that highlights the nuclei of white blood cells, making them easier to identify. Manual platelet counts are performed in a similar manner, although some methods leave the red blood cells intact. Using a phase-contrast microscope, rather than a light microscope, can make platelets easier to identify.[94] The manual red blood cell count is rarely performed, as it is inaccurate and other methods such as hemoglobinometry and the manual hematocrit are available for assessing red blood cells; but if it is necessary to do so, red blood cells can be counted in blood that has been diluted with saline.[95] +Other chemicals are used to convert different types of hemoglobin to one form, allowing it to be easily measured. The solution is then placed in a measuring cuvette and the absorbance is measured at a specific wavelength, which depends on the type of reagent used. A reference standard containing a known amount of hemoglobin is used to determine the relationship between the absorbance and the hemoglobin concentration, allowing the hemoglobin level of the sample to be measured.[96] +At primary care facilities in these regions, testing may be limited to examination of red cell morphology and manual measurement of hemoglobin, while more complex techniques like manual cell counts and differentials, and sometimes automated cell counts, are performed at district laboratories. Regional and provincial hospitals and academic centres typically have access to automated analyzers. Where laboratory facilities are not available, an estimate of hemoglobin concentration can be obtained by placing a drop of blood on a standardized type of absorbent paper and comparing it to a colour scale.[97] +Manual tests can be used to independently confirm abnormal results. Approximately 10–25% of samples require a manual blood smear review,[1] in which the blood is stained and viewed under a microscope to verify that the analyzer results are consistent with the appearance of the cells and to look for abnormalities. The hematocrit can be determined manually by centrifuging the sample and measuring the proportion of red blood cells, and in laboratories without access to automated instruments, blood cells are counted under the microscope using a hemocytometer. +Quality control +Most manufacturers provide preserved blood with defined parameters and the analyzers are adjusted if the results are outside defined thresholds.[98] To ensure that results continue to be accurate, quality control samples, which are typically provided by the instrument manufacturer, are tested at least once per day. The samples are formulated to provide specific results, and laboratories compare their results against the known values to ensure the instrument is functioning properly.[99][100] For laboratories without access to commercial quality control material, an Indian regulatory organization recommends running patient samples in duplicate and comparing the results.[101] A moving average measurement, in which the average results for patient samples are measured at set intervals, can be used as an additional quality control technique. Assuming that the characteristics of the patient population remain roughly the same over time, the average should remain constant; large shifts in the average value can indicate instrument problems.[99][100] The MCHC values are particularly useful in this regard.[102] +In addition to analyzing internal quality control samples with known results, laboratories may receive external quality assessment samples from regulatory organizations. While the purpose of internal quality control is to ensure that analyzer results are reproducible within a given laboratory, external quality assessment verifies that results from different laboratories are consistent with each other and with the target values.[103] The expected results for external quality assessment samples are not disclosed to the laboratory.[104] External quality assessment programs have been widely adopted in North America and western Europe,[3] and laboratories are often required to participate in these programs to maintain accreditation.[105] Logistical issues may make it difficult for laboratories in under-resourced areas to implement external quality assessment schemes.[106] +Included tests +The CBC measures the amounts of platelets and red and white blood cells, along with the hemoglobin and hematocrit values. Red blood cell indices—MCV, MCH and MCHC—which describe the size of red blood cells and their hemoglobin content, are reported along with the red blood cell distribution width (RDW), which measures the amount of variation in the sizes of red blood cells. A white blood cell differential, which enumerates the different types of white blood cells, may be performed, and a count of immature red blood cells (reticulocytes) is sometimes included.[4][107] +Red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit +Sample CBC in microcytic anemia Analyte Result Normal range Red cell count 5.5 x 1012/L 4.5–5.7 White cell count 9.8 x 109/L 4.0–10.0 Hemoglobin 123 g/L 133–167 Hematocrit 0.42 0.35–0.53 MCV 76 fL 77–98 MCH 22.4 pg 26–33 MCHC 293 g/L 330–370 RDW 14.5% 10.3–15.3 An example of CBC results showing a low hemoglobin, mean red cell volume (MCV), mean red cell hemoglobin (MCH) and mean red blood cell hemoglobin content (MCHC). The person was anemic. The cause could be iron deficiency or a hemoglobinopathy.[108] +Red blood cells deliver oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and on their return carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs where it is exhaled. These functions are mediated by the cells' hemoglobin.[109] The analyzer counts red blood cells, reporting the result in units of 106 cells per microlitre of blood (× 106/μL) or 1012 cells per litre (× 1012/L), and measures their average size, which is called the mean cell volume and expressed in femtolitres or cubic micrometres.[4] By multiplying the mean cell volume by the red blood cell count, the hematocrit (HCT) or packed cell volume (PCV), a measurement of the percentage of blood that is made up of red blood cells, can be derived;[3] and when the hematocrit is performed directly, the mean cell volume may be calculated from the hematocrit and red blood cell count.[110][111] Hemoglobin, measured after the red blood cells are lysed, is usually reported in units of grams per litre (g/L) or grams per decilitre (g/dL).[112] Assuming that the red blood cells are normal, there is a constant relationship between hemoglobin and hematocrit: the hematocrit percentage is approximately three times greater than the hemoglobin value in g/dL, plus or minus three. This relationship, called the rule of three, can be used to confirm that CBC results are correct.[113] +The MCH and MCHC can be confusing; in essence the MCH is a measure of the average amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell. The MCHC gives the average proportion of the cell that is hemoglobin. The MCH does not take into account the size of the red blood cells whereas the MCHC does.[116] Collectively, the MCV, MCH, and MCHC are referred to as the red blood cell indices.[114][115] Changes in these indices are visible on the blood smear: red blood cells that are abnormally large or small can be identified by comparison to the sizes of white blood cells, and cells with a low hemoglobin concentration appear pale.[117] Another parameter is calculated from the initial measurements of red blood cells: the red blood cell distribution width or RDW, which reflects the degree of variation in the cells' size.[118] +Blood smear from a person with iron deficiency anemia, displaying characteristic red blood cell morphology. The red blood cells are abnormally small (microcytosis), have large areas of central pallor (hypochromia), and vary greatly in size (anisocytosis). +In 1852, Karl Vierordt published the first procedure for performing a blood count, which involved spreading a known volume of blood on a microscope slide and counting every cell. The invention of the hemocytometer in 1874 by Louis-Charles Malassez simplified the microscopic analysis of blood cells, and in the late 19th century, Paul Ehrlich and Dmitri Leonidovich Romanowsky developed techniques for staining white and red blood cells that are still used to examine blood smears. Automated methods for measuring hemoglobin were developed in the 1920s, and Maxwell Wintrobe introduced the Wintrobe hematocrit method in 1929, which in turn allowed him to define the red blood cell indices. +An abnormally low hemoglobin, hematocrit, or red blood cell count indicates anemia.[119] Anemia is not a diagnosis on its own, but it points to an underlying condition affecting the person's red blood cells.[2] General causes of anemia include blood loss, production of defective red blood cells (ineffective erythropoeisis), decreased production of red blood cells (insufficient erythropoeisis), and increased destruction of red blood cells (hemolytic anemia).[120] Anemia reduces the blood's ability to carry oxygen, causing symptoms like tiredness and shortness of breath.[121] If the hemoglobin level falls below thresholds based on the person's clinical condition, a blood transfusion may be necessary.[122] +An increased number of red blood cells, which usually leads to an increase in the hemoglobin and hematocrit,[note 4] is called polycythemia.[126] Dehydration or use of diuretics can cause a "relative" polycythemia by decreasing the amount of plasma compared to red cells. A true increase in the number of red blood cells, called absolute polycythemia, can occur when the body produces more red blood cells to compensate for chronically low oxygen levels in conditions like lung or heart disease, or when a person has abnormally high levels of erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone that stimulates production of red blood cells. In polycythemia vera, the bone marrow produces red cells and other blood cells at an excessively high rate.[127] +Anemia with a low MCHC is called hypochromic anemia. If anemia is present but the red blood cell indices are normal, the anemia is considered normochromic and normocytic.[1] The term hyperchromia, referring to a high MCHC, is generally not used. Elevation of the MCHC above the upper reference value is rare, mainly occurring in conditions such as spherocytosis, sickle cell disease and hemoglobin C disease.[2][128] An elevated MCHC can also be a false result from conditions like red blood cell agglutination (which causes a false decrease in the red blood cell count, elevating the MCHC)[129][130] or highly elevated amounts of lipids in the blood (which causes a false increase in the hemoglobin result).[128][131] +Microcytic anemia is typically associated with iron deficiency, thalassemia, and anemia of chronic disease, while macrocytic anemia is associated with alcoholism, folate and B12 deficiency, use of some drugs, and some bone marrow diseases. Acute blood loss, hemolytic anemia, bone marrow disorders, and various chronic diseases can result in anemia with a normocytic blood picture.[1][132] The MCV serves an additional purpose in laboratory quality control. It is relatively stable over time compared to other CBC parameters, so a large change in MCV may indicate that the sample was drawn from the wrong patient.[133] +A low RDW has no clinical significance, but an elevated RDW represents increased variation in red blood cell size, a condition known as anisocytosis.[1] Anisocytosis is common in nutritional anemias such as iron deficiency anemia and anemia due to vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, while people with thalassemia may have a normal RDW.[118] Based on the CBC results, further steps can be taken to investigate anemia, such as a ferritin test to confirm the presence of iron deficiency, or hemoglobin electrophoresis to diagnose a hemoglobinopathy such as thalassemia or sickle cell disease.[134] +White blood cells +Sample CBC in chronic myeloid leukemia Analyte Result White cell count 98.8 x 109/L Hemoglobin 116 g/L Hematocrit 0.349 L/L MCV 89.0 fL Platelet count 1070 x 109/L Analyte Result Neutrophils 48% Lymphocytes 3% Monocytes 4% Eosinophils 3% Basophils 21% Band neutrophils 8% Metamyelocytes 3% Myelocytes 8% Blast cells 2% The white blood cell and platelet counts are markedly increased, and anemia is present. The differential count shows basophilia and the presence of band neutrophils, immature granulocytes and blast cells.[135] +White blood cells defend against infections and are involved in the inflammatory response.[136] A high white blood cell count, which is called leukocytosis, often occurs in infections, inflammation, and states of physiologic stress. It can also be caused by diseases that involve abnormal production of blood cells, such as myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disorders.[137] A decreased white blood cell count, termed leukopenia, can lead to an increased risk of acquiring infections,[138] and occurs in treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy and many conditions that inhibit the production of blood cells.[139] Sepsis is associated with both leukocytosis and leukopenia.[140] The total white blood cell count is usually reported in cells per microlitre of blood (/μL) or 109 cells per litre (× 109/L).[4] +In the white blood cell differential, the different types of white blood cells are identified and counted. The results are reported as a percentage and as an absolute number per unit volume. Five types of white blood cells—neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils—are typically measured.[141] Some instruments report the number of immature granulocytes, which is a classification consisting of precursors of neutrophils; specifically, promyelocytes, myelocytes and metamyelocytes.[note 5][144] Other cell types are reported if they are identified in the manual differential.[145] +Differential results are useful in diagnosing and monitoring many medical conditions. For example, an elevated neutrophil count (neutrophilia) is associated with bacterial infection, inflammation, and myeloproliferative disorders,[146][2] while a decreased count (neutropenia) may occur in individuals who are undergoing chemotherapy or taking certain drugs, or who have diseases affecting the bone marrow.[148][149] Neutropenia can also be caused by some congenital disorders and may occur transiently after viral or bacterial infections in children.[150] People with severe neutropenia and clinical signs of infection are treated with antibiotics to prevent potentially life-threatening disease.[151] +Blood film from a person with chronic myeloid leukemia: many immature and abnormal white blood cells are visible. +An increased number of band neutrophils—young neutrophils that lack segmented nuclei—or immature granulocytes is termed left shift and occurs in sepsis and some blood disorders, but is normal in pregnancy.[152][153] An elevated lymphocyte count (lymphocytosis) is associated with viral infection[6] and lymphoproliferative disorders like chronic lymphocytic leukemia;[154] elevated monocyte counts (monocytosis) are associated with chronic inflammatory states;[155] and the eosinophil count is often increased (eosinophilia) in parasitic infections and allergic conditions.[156] An increased number of basophils, termed basophilia, can occur in myeloproliferative disorders like chronic myeloid leukemia and polycythemia vera.[147] The presence of some types of abnormal cells, such as blast cells or lymphocytes with neoplastic features, is suggestive of a hematologic malignancy.[89][157] +Blood film of essential thrombocythemia. Platelets are visible as small purple structures. +When the wall of a blood vessel is damaged, platelets adhere to the exposed surface at the site of injury and plug the gap. Simultaneous activation of the coagulation cascade results in the formation of fibrin, which reinforces the platelet plug to create a stable clot.[158] A low platelet count, known as thrombocytopenia, may cause bleeding if severe.[159] It can occur in individuals who are undergoing treatments that suppress the bone marrow, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or taking certain drugs, such as heparin, that can induce the immune system to destroy platelets. Thrombocytopenia is a feature of many blood disorders, like acute leukemia and aplastic anemia, as well as some autoimmune diseases.[160][161] If the platelet count is extremely low, a platelet transfusion may be performed.[162] Thrombocytosis, meaning a high platelet count, may occur in states of inflammation or trauma,[163] as well as in iron deficiency,[164] and the platelet count may reach exceptionally high levels in people with essential thrombocythemia, a rare blood disease.[163] The platelet count can be reported in units of cells per microlitre of blood (/μL),[165] 103 cells per microlitre (× 103/μL), or 109 cells per litre (× 109/L).[4] +The mean platelet volume (MPV) measures the average size of platelets in femtolitres. It can aid in determining the cause of thrombocytopenia; an elevated MPV may occur when young platelets are released into the bloodstream to compensate for increased destruction of platelets, while decreased production of platelets due to dysfunction of the bone marrow can result in a low MPV. The MPV is also useful for differentiating between congenital diseases that cause thrombocytopenia.[1][166] The immature platelet fraction (IPF) or reticulated platelet count is reported by some analyzers and provides information about the rate of platelet production by measuring the number of immature platelets in the blood.[167] +Purpose +Red blood cells stained with new methylene blue: the cells containing dark blue structures are reticulocytes. +A reticulocyte count is sometimes performed as part of a complete blood count, usually to investigate the cause of a person's anemia or evaluate their response to treatment. Anemia with a high reticulocyte count can indicate that the bone marrow is producing red blood cells at a higher rate to compensate for blood loss or hemolysis,[1] while anemia with a low reticulocyte count may suggest that the person has a condition that reduces the body's ability to produce red blood cells.[168] When people with nutritional anemia are given nutrient supplementation, an increase in the reticulocyte count indicates that their body is responding to the treatment by producing more red blood cells.[169] Hematology analyzers perform reticulocyte counts by staining red blood cells with a dye that binds to RNA and measuring the number of reticulocytes through light scattering or fluorescence analysis. The test can be performed manually by staining the blood with new methylene blue and counting the percentage of red blood cells containing RNA under the microscope. +Some instruments measure the average amount of hemoglobin in each reticulocyte; a parameter that has been studied as an indicator of iron deficiency in people who have conditions that interfere with standard tests.[171] The immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF) is another measurement produced by some analyzers which quantifies the maturity of reticulocytes: cells that are less mature contain more RNA and thus produce a stronger fluorescent signal. This information can be useful in diagnosing anemias and evaluating red blood cell production following anemia treatment or bone marrow transplantation.[172] +Nucleated red blood cells +During their formation in bone marrow, and in the liver and spleen in fetuses,[173] red blood cells contain a cell nucleus, which is usually absent in the mature cells that circulate in the bloodstream.[174] When detected, the presence of nucleated red cells, particularly in children and adults, indicates an increased demand for red blood cells, which can be caused by bleeding, some cancers and anemia.[3] Most analyzers can detect these cells as part of the differential cell count. High numbers of nucleated red cells can cause a falsely high white cell count, which will require adjusting.[175] +Other parameters +Advanced hematology analyzers generate novel measurements of blood cells which have shown diagnostic significance in research studies but have not yet found widespread clinical use.[1] For example, some types of analyzers produce coordinate readings indicating the size and position of each white blood cell cluster. These parameters (termed cell population data)[176] have been studied as potential markers for blood disorders, bacterial infections and malaria. Analyzers that use myeloperoxidase staining to produce differential counts can measure white blood cells' expression of the enzyme, which is altered in various disorders.[3] Some instruments can report the percentage of red blood cells that are hypochromic in addition to reporting the average MCHC value, or provide a count of fragmented red cells (schistocytes),[171] which occur in some types of hemolytic anemia.[177] Because these parameters are often specific to particular brands of analyzers, it is difficult for laboratories to interpret and compare results.[171] +Reference ranges +The red blood cells, which carry oxygen are predominant and give rise to the colour of blood. The white blood cells are part of the immune system. The platelets are needed to form clots, which prevent excessive bleeding. +Example of complete blood count reference ranges[178] Test Units Adult Pediatric (4–7 years old) Neonate (0–1 days old) WBC × 109/L 3.6–10.6 5.0–17.0 9.0–37.0 RBC × 1012/L M: 4.20–6.00 F: 3.80–5.20 4.00–5.20 4.10–6.10 HGB g/L M: 135–180 F: 120–150 102–152 165–215 HCT L/L M: 0.40–0.54 F: 0.35–0.49 0.36–0.46 0.48–0.68 MCV fL 80–100 78–94 95–125 MCH pg 26–34 23–31 30–42 MCHC g/L 320–360 320–360 300–340 RDW % 11.5–14.5 11.5–14.5 elevated[note 6] PLT × 109/L 150–450 150–450 150–450 Neutrophils × 109/L 1.7–7.5 1.5–11.0 3.7–30.0 Lymphocytes × 109/L 1.0–3.2 1.5–11.1 1.6–14.1 Monocytes × 109/L 0.1–1.3 0.1–1.9 0.1–4.4 Eosinophils × 109/L 0.0–0.3 0.0–0.7 0.0–1.5 Basophils × 109/L 0.0–0.2 0.0–0.3 0.0–0.7 +The complete blood count is interpreted by comparing the output to reference ranges, which represent the results found in 95% of apparently healthy people.[35] Based on a statistical normal distribution, the tested samples' ranges vary with gender and age. On average, adult females have lower hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell count values than males; the difference lessens, but is still present, after menopause.[179] +The blood of newborn babies is very different from that of older children, which is different again from the blood of adults. Newborns' hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell count are extremely high to compensate for low oxygen levels in the womb, and a high proportion of fetal hemoglobin, which is less effective at delivering oxygen to tissues than mature forms of hemoglobin, inside their red blood cells.[180][181] The MCV is also increased, and the white blood cell count is elevated with a preponderance of neutrophils.[180][182] The red blood cell count and related values begin to decline shortly after birth, reaching their lowest point at about two months of age and increasing thereafter.[183][184] The red blood cells of older infants and children are smaller, with a lower MCH, than those of adults. In the pediatric white blood cell differential, lymphocytes often outnumber neutrophils, while in adults neutrophils predominate.[180] +Other differences between populations may affect the reference ranges: for example, people living at higher altitudes have higher hemoglobin, hematocrit, and RBC results, and people of African heritage have lower white blood cell counts on average.[185] The type of analyzer used to run the CBC affects the reference ranges as well. Reference ranges are therefore established by individual laboratories based on their own patient populations and equipment.[186][187] +Limitations +Some medical conditions or problems with the blood sample may produce inaccurate results. If the sample is visibly clotted, which can be caused by poor phlebotomy technique, it is unsuitable for testing, because the platelet count will be falsely decreased and other results may be abnormal.[188][189] Samples stored at room temperature for several hours may give falsely high readings for MCV,[190] because red blood cells swell as they absorb water from the plasma; and platelet and white blood cell differential results may be inaccurate in aged specimens, as the cells degrade over time.[91] +Red blood cell agglutination: clumps of red blood cells are visible on the blood smear +Samples drawn from individuals with very high levels of bilirubin or lipids in their plasma (referred to as an icteric sample or a lipemic sample, respectively)[191] may show falsely high readings for hemoglobin, because these substances change the colour and opacity of the sample, which interferes with hemoglobin measurement.[192] This effect can be mitigated by replacing the plasma with saline.[3] +Some individuals produce an antibody that causes their platelets to form clumps when their blood is drawn into tubes containing EDTA, the anticoagulant typically used to collect CBC samples. Platelet clumps may be counted as single platelets by automated analyzers, leading to a falsely decreased platelet count. This can be avoided by using an alternative anticoagulant such as sodium citrate or heparin.[193] +Another antibody-mediated condition that can affect complete blood count results is red blood cell agglutination. This phenomenon causes red blood cells to clump together because of antibodies bound to the cell surface.[194] Red blood cell aggregates are counted as single cells by the analyzer, leading to a markedly decreased red blood cell count and hematocrit, and markedly elevated MCV and MCHC.[2] Often, these antibodies are only active at room temperature (in which case they are called cold agglutinins), and the agglutination can be reversed by heating the sample to 37 °C (99 °F). Samples from people with warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia may exhibit red cell agglutination that does not resolve on warming.[3] +Blood is composed of a fluid portion, called plasma, and a cellular portion that contains red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.[note 1][7] The complete blood count evaluates the three cellular components of blood. Some medical conditions, such as anemia or thrombocytopenia, are defined by marked increases or decreases in blood cell counts.[2] Changes in many organ systems may affect the blood, so CBC results are useful for investigating a wide range of conditions. Because of the amount of information it provides, the complete blood count is one of the most commonly performed medical laboratory tests.[9][10][11] +While blast and lymphoma cells can be identified in the manual differential, microscopic examination cannot reliably determine the cells' hematopoietic lineage. This information is often necessary for diagnosing blood cancers. After abnormal cells are identified, additional techniques such as immunophenotyping by flow cytometry can be used to identify markers that provide additional information about the cells.[195][196] +An early hemoglobinometer: blood samples were compared to a colour chart of reference standards to determine the hemoglobin level.[197] +Before automated cell counters were introduced, complete blood count tests were performed manually: white and red blood cells and platelets were counted using microscopes.[198] The first person to publish microscopic observations of blood cells was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek,[199] who reported on the appearance of red cells in a 1674 letter to the Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.[200] Jan Swammerdam had described red blood cells some years earlier, but did not publish his findings at the time. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, improvements in microscope technology such as achromatic lenses allowed white blood cells and platelets to be counted in unstained samples.[201] +The physiologist Karl Vierordt is credited with performing the first blood count.[8][202][3] His technique, published in 1852, involved aspirating a carefully measured volume of blood into a capillary tube and spreading it onto a microscope slide coated with egg white. +After the blood dried, he counted every cell on the slide; this process could take more than three hours to complete.[204] The hemocytometer, introduced in 1874 by Louis-Charles Malassez, simplified the microscopic counting of blood cells.[205] Malassez's hemocytometer consisted of a microscope slide containing a flattened capillary tube. Diluted blood was introduced to the capillary chamber by means of a rubber tube attached to one end, and an eyepiece with a scaled grid was attached to the microscope, permitting the microscopist to count the number of cells per volume of blood. +In 1877, William Gowers invented a hemocytometer with a built-in counting grid, eliminating the need to produce specially calibrated eyepieces for each microscope.[206] +Dmitri Leonidovich Romanowsky invented Romanowsky staining. +In the 1870s, Paul Ehrlich developed a staining technique using a combination of an acidic and basic dye that could distinguish different types of white blood cells and allow red blood cell morphology to be examined.[1] Dmitri Leonidovich Romanowsky improved on this technique in the 1890s, using a mixture of eosin and aged methylene blue to produce a wide range of hues not present when either of the stains was used alone. This became the basis for Romanowsky staining, the technique still used to stain blood smears for manual review.[207] +The first techniques for measuring hemoglobin were devised in the late 19th century, and involved visual comparisons of the colour of diluted blood against a known standard.[203] Attempts to automate this process using spectrophotometry and colorimetry were limited by the fact that hemoglobin is present in the blood in many different forms, meaning that it could not be measured at a single wavelength. +In 1920, a method to convert the different forms of hemoglobin to one stable form (cyanmethemoglobin or hemiglobincyanide) was introduced, allowing hemoglobin levels to be measured automatically. The cyanmethemoglobin method remains the reference method for hemoglobin measurement and is still used in many automated hematology analyzers.[2][208][209] +Maxwell Wintrobe is credited with the invention of the hematocrit test.[1][210] In 1929, he undertook a PhD project at the University of Tulane to determine normal ranges for red blood cell parameters, and invented a method known as the Wintrobe hematocrit. +Hematocrit measurements had previously been described in the literature, but Wintrobe's method differed in that it used a large tube that could be mass-produced to precise specifications, with a built-in scale. The fraction of red blood cells in the tube was measured after centrifugation to determine the hematocrit. The invention of a reproducible method for determining hematocrit values allowed Wintrobe to define the red blood cell indices.[3] +Model A Coulter counter +CBC performed by the fingerstick method, using an Abbott Cell-Dyn 1700 automated analyzer +Do It Again is the seventh studio album by English singer and songwriter Gabrielle. +It was released on 5 March 2021 via BMG Rights Management and follows her 2018 collection Under My Skin. +Primarily a covers album, Do It Again contains two new original songs and was officially announced on 7 February 2021. +It was preceded by the release of lead single "Stop Right Now", which received its radio debut on 8 February during The Radio 2 Breakfast Show hosted by Zoe Ball.[1][2] +Background +Gabrielle appeared as a contestant on the second series of the reality competition The Masked Singer in early 2021. +Under the guise of Harlequin, she performed cover songs each week and was finally "unmasked" during the semi-finals, finishing in fourth place. Shortly after her elimination, Gabrielle released the single "Stop Right Now" and announced that she was intending to release a new album featuring studio recorded versions of five of the six covers that she performed on the show, alongside other selected tracks and the original songs "Stop Right Now" and "Can't Hurry Love". +Of the album, Gabrielle stated: "I have loved putting my own stamp on the songs I sang on The Masked Singer along with some of my favourite covers and two new songs I wrote. The new single 'Stop Right Now' was written with Ben Cullum. It's a song I've wanted to release for a while and I would dance to it in my kitchen. +Gabrielle intends to support the album on her Rise Again Tour in November 2021, which celebrates the 20th anniversary of her 1999 album Rise. +The tour was originally planned to take place in 2020 but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[4] +Critical reception +Awarding Do It Again four stars, Retro Pop called Gabrielle "one of Britain's most iconic voices" and noted that, "Classics like Smile, Teardrops and I’ll Be There sit alongside recent hits from Harry Styles, Billie Eilish and Rhianna for a collection that’s undeniably timeless." [5] +Track listing +The Glory of Youth (Chinese: 号手就位; Chinese: 號手就位; pinyin: Hào Shǒu Jiù Wèi) is the first Chinese Army Rocket Force television series based on Feng Jie's novel "Graduated, Being A Soldier" developed by The Chinese People's Liberation Army Rocket Force, Starring Li Yifeng, Chen Xingxu, Zhang Xinyu and Xiao Yang. It aired on Zhejiang TV, Jiangsu TV and Youku from 13 April to 11 May 2021. [1] +Zhang Xinyu as Huang Wen +The Rocket Army's psychologist +Xiao Yang as Lang Yongcheng +Squad leader, specialized in driving an army truck rocket launcher +Duan Bowen as Lin Anbang +Xia Zhuo's best friend, fun-loving +Dong Chunhui as Yi Zimeng +Xia Zhuo's best friend, sloppy king, dream to be a singer +Wang Da Qi as Lu Zheng (Company commander) Yu Zhen as Yu Quanhai Yu Bo as An Lei (Brigade commander) Jiang Tong as Chen Haofeng Fan Lei as Wang Xianmin Chunyu Shan Shan as Hou Jidong Zhang Ruonan as Liang Nuo (Xia Zhuo's girlfriend) Zheng Xiao Ning as Liang Kewen Sang Ming Sheng as Shao Shuai Zhang Shen as Huang Li Du Yuan as Fan Chao Wen Zheng Rong as Li Manwen (Xia Zuo's mother) Zhao Yan Song as Xia Weilin (Xia Zhuo's father) Zheng Yu as Ouyang Hua (Ouyang Jun's father) Deng Sha as Teacher Zhou Wang Ying Xin as An Lei's daughter Cao Xu Heng as Qiao Dawei Gao Jin as Qi Peng Lu Yan as Wang Tian Shi Zhao Qi as Fang Zhenjun Zhang Zheng Yang as Wang Jinying Na Jia Wei as Zhuo Wukui Zhu Ling Wu as Yan Yibing Dong Yan Lin as Wang Guangwu Yu Xiao Ming as Yang Wanquan Ni Min as Kou Xiangrui Wang Ze Pei as Chen Jialiang Li Ming Xuan as He Lei Du Juan as Zuo Li Qiao Sheng Yi as Liu Ji Mu Dong as Li Mang Kang Lei as Qin Li. +Production +The overall production process of the play requires live shooting in a large number of military facilities. For this reason, the crew took several months to build a military defense center in the Dongfang Sunac Film Metropolis. On October 7, 2019, Filming was started in Qingdao and was finished in Jiangshan, Zhejiang on January 20, 2020 +Soundtrack +The brigade commander "An Lei" (Yu Bo) is determined to form a highly maneuverable troop. Mobilized the best recruits with the best veterans, the four elders of the 270 brigade "Lang Yongcheng" (Xiao Yang), "Chen Haofeng" (Jiang Tong), "Wang Xianmin" (Fan Lei), "Hou Jidong" (Chunyu Shanshan) to join this experimental troop. The changes between veterans and recruits are slowly taking place in the troop. +Main +Li Yifeng as Xia Zhuo +A genius, who has both IQ and honor. +Chen Xingxu as Ouyang Jun +Diligent and very competitive. +Doctor-X: Surgeon Michiko Daimon (ドクターX〜外科医・大門未知子〜) is a Japanese medical drama that premiered in October 2012 on TV Asahi. +It stars Japanese actress Ryōko Yonekura. +Plot +The show follows Daimon Michiko, a freelance surgeon who works at university hospitals in Japan.[1][2] Also known as Doctor-X, Daimon is introduced at new hospitals by walking into surgery staff planning review sessions, where the conditions of her work are established. She is depicted as challenging a medical system in crisis, which follows the laws of the jungle.[1] +Her trademark line is "I never fail",[3] and she is willing to do high risk surgeries that other surgeons are not, sending those patients elsewhere when they are deemed non-operable.[4] Her success in treating high risk patients is a result of always putting the patient first, prioritizing their health above performing medical firsts or innovative techniques. This practice often puts her into conflict with other doctors.[4] Beyond being a surgeon, she also served as a vet, combat surgeon and resort doctor.[4] Daimon is supported by her manager Akira Kanbara and anesthesiologist Hiromi Jōnouchi.[3] +Daimon Michiko, a lone wolf freelance surgeon who hates authority and groups, joins Teito III University Hospital, where her way of practicing results in conflict with hospital administrators.[1] +Ryoko Yonekura as Michiko Daimon Ittoku Kishibe as Akira Kanbara Yuki Uchida as Hiromi Jonouchi Masanobu Katsumura as Hideki Kaji Kosuke Suzuki as Mamoru Hara Kenichi Endo as Takashi Ebina Toshiyuki Nishida as Shigekatsu Hiruma +Daimon continues her practice of doing risky surgeries to benefit patients. This practice continues to create conflict with hospital administrators.[1] +"When a Woman" is a song by English recording artist Gabrielle. It was written by Gabrielle along with Richard Stannard and Julian Gallagher and released as the third single from her third album, Rise, in June 2000. +The song reached number six on the UK Singles Chart, becoming the second-highest-charting single from the album as well as Gabrielle's eighth top-ten hit. +Track listings +"Rise" is a song by English singer Gabrielle. It was written by Gabrielle, Ollie Dagois and Ferdy Unger-Hamilton and produced by Jonny Dollar for her same-titled third studio album (1999). +Notable for a rare authorised use of a Bob Dylan sample, it takes extensively from his 1973-song "Knockin' on Heaven's Door", which was produced for the soundtrack of Sam Peckinpah's western drama film Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid (1973). +Dylan liked "Rise" so much that he allowed Gabrielle to use the sample for free, while receiving a co-writer credit for providing the song's chord progression and vocal sample.[1] +Released as the second single from the album, the song reached number one on the UK Singles Chart for two weeks in January 2000, becoming her second chart-topper.[2] "Rise" also reached number one in Ireland and charted highly in Austria, Iceland, Norway and New Zealand, where it reached number two in April and May 2000 and ended the year as the country's third best-selling single. +The music video for "Rise" featured Gabrielle as a spectator viewing a boxing match. The video was directed by Kevin Godley and was shot in the winter of 1999. +Track listings +Unity State, also known as Western Upper Nile,[2] is a state in South Sudan. Unity state is in the Greater Upper Nile region. Unity is inhabited predominantly by two ethnic groups: the Nuer majority, and the Dinka minority. +The year 2011 problem or the Y1C problem (simplified Chinese: 民国百年虫; traditional Chinese: 民國百年蟲; pinyin: Mínguó bǎinián chóng; lit. 'Minguo Year 100 bug') was a potential problem involving computers and computer systems in Taiwan in the night of 31 December 2010 and 1 January 2011.[1] +Time formatting and storage bugs +Similar to the year 2000 problem faced by much of the world in the lead-up to 2000, the year 2011 problem is a side effect of Taiwan's use of the Minguo calendar for official purposes. +This calendar is based on the founding of the Republic of China in 1912 (year 1), so the year 2011 on the Gregorian calendar corresponds to year 100 on Taiwan's official calendar, which posed potential problems for any program that only treats years as two-digit values.[2] +Reported problems +As generally speaking only governmental offices used the official system, Y1C computer bug impact on the private sector was minimal. The potential to affect government systems was another matter. However, a large number of governmental computers were already using a three-digit system for dates, with a zero being used as the first digit for years below 100 (Gregorian 2010 or earlier). +North Korea +The North Korean (Juche) calendar was affected the same day as Taiwan's, as North Korea's calendar is also based on an event that happened in 1912 - the birthday of Kim Il-sung. +See also +The World Rowing Federation, or World Rowing, previously known as FISA (French: Fédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Aviron), is the international governing body for rowing.[1][2] Its current president is Jean-Christophe Rolland who succeeded Denis Oswald at a ceremony held in Lucerne in July 2014. +The World Rowing Cup, World Rowing Championships, and other such competitions are overseen by this organization. +Hoshimachi Suisei (星街すいせい)[3] is a Japanese virtual YouTuber. She began posting videos as an independent virtual YouTuber in March 2018. +In May 2019, she became affiliated with Hololive Production.[4] Her activity consists primarily of live streaming herself singing, playing video games, or creating original illustrations. +Discography +Extended plays +Title Release date Label Format "Bluerose / Comet" June 26, 2021 Cover Corp. Digital EP +Singles +Title Release date Label Format "Comet" 22 November 2018 - YouTube MV "Tenkyū, Suisei wa Yoru o Mataide" (天球、彗星は夜を跨いで) 22 March 2019 - YouTube MV "Next Color Planet" 22 March 2020 Cover Corp. Digital single "Ghost" 14 April 2021 Cover Corp. Digital single +As of June 2021, she has over 1,000,000 subscribers on YouTube.[1] She was the fourth streamer and first VTuber on bilibili to acquire over 1,000 jiànzhǎng, viewers who donate over 198 renminbi to a particular streamer every month. Outside YouTube and bilibili, she appeared on Japanese television and radio programs as a virtual personality. As a singer, she released a digital single "Next Color Planet" in March 2020, which peaked at 5th on the Oricon daily digital single ranking, and another, "Ghost", in April 2021, which peaked at 1st. +External links +(a) The plot of a Cauchy sequence ( x n ) , {\displaystyle (x_{n}),} shown in blue, as x n {\displaystyle x_{n}} versus n {\displaystyle n} . If the space containing the sequence is complete, then the sequence has a limit. (b) A sequence that is not Cauchy. The elements of the sequence do not get arbitrarily close to each other as the sequence progresses. +In mathematics, a Cauchy sequence (French pronunciation: ​[koʃi]; English: /ˈkoʊʃiː/ KOH-shee), named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy, is a sequence whose elements become arbitrarily close to each other as the sequence progresses.[1] More precisely, given any small positive distance, all but a finite number of elements of the sequence are less than that given distance from each other. +A sequence +For any real number r, the sequence of truncated decimal expansions of r forms a Cauchy sequence. For example, when r = π, this sequence is (3, 3.1, 3.14, 3.141, ...). The mth and nth terms differ by at most 101−m when m < n, and as m grows this becomes smaller than any fixed positive number ε. +It is not sufficient for each term to become arbitrarily close to the preceding term. For instance, in the sequence of square roots of natural numbers: +In a metric space +Since the definition of a Cauchy sequence only involves metric concepts, it is straightforward to generalize it to any metric space X. To do so, the absolute value |xm − xn| is replaced by the distance d(xm, xn) (where d denotes a metric) between xm and xn. +Completeness +A metric space (X, d) in which every Cauchy sequence converges to an element of X is called complete. +Examples +the consecutive terms become arbitrarily close to each other: +In real numbers +Yu Shuxin 虞书欣 Born Yu Shuxin (1995-12-18) 18 December 1995 (age 25) Shanghai, China Other names Esther Yu Alma mater LASALLE College of the Arts Occupation Actress singer Years active 2016–present Agent Huace Film & TV Height 169 cm (5 ft 7 in) Musical career Genres C-pop Instruments Vocals Labels iQIYI[lower-alpha 1] Associated acts THE9 Chinese name Traditional Chinese 虞書欣 Simplified Chinese 虞书欣 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Yú Shūxīn Korean name Hangul 위슈신／우서흔 Transcriptions Revised Romanization Wi Syu-sin / U Seo-heun McCune–Reischauer Wi Syu-shin / U Sŏhŭn Musical artist +The Vitruvian Man (Italian: L'uomo vitruviano [ˈlwɔːmo vitruˈvjaːno]; originally known as Le proporzioni del corpo umano secondo Vitruvio, lit. 'The proportions of the human body according to Vitruvius') is a drawing made by the Italian polymath Leonardo da Vinci in about 1490.[1] It is accompanied by notes based on the work of the Roman architect Vitruvius. +The drawing, which is in ink on paper, depicts a man in two superimposed positions with his arms and legs apart and inscribed in a circle and square. +The drawing represents Leonardo's concept of the ideal human body proportions. Its inscription in a square and a circle comes from a description by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius in Book III of his treatise De architectura. Yet, as has been demonstrated, Leonardo did not represent Vitruvius's proportions of the limbs but rather included those he found himself after measuring male models in Milan.[2] While the drawing is named after Vitruvius, some scholars today question the appropriateness of such a title, given that it was first used in the 1490s.[2] +Hayley Nichole Williams (born December 27, 1988) is an American singer, songwriter, musician, and businesswoman who is best known as the lead vocalist, primary songwriter, and keyboardist of the rock band Paramore. +In 2004, she formed Paramore alongside Josh Farro, Zac Farro, and Jeremy Davis. The band currently consists of Hayley Williams, Zac Farro and Taylor York. The band has released five studio albums: All We Know Is Falling (2005), Riot! (2007), Brand New Eyes (2009), Paramore (2013), and After Laughter (2017). +Williams released her debut solo single "Simmer" on January 22, 2020, and announced on the same day that her debut studio album, Petals for Armor, would be released on May 8, 2020. The album was preceded by two EPs entitled Petals for Armor I and II that make up the first two thirds of the album.[10] Her second solo record, Flowers for Vases / Descansos, was released less than a year later on February 5, 2021.[11] +Aside from Paramore and preceding her solo career, Williams recorded the song "Teenagers" for the soundtrack of Jennifer's Body (2009) and has collaborated with artists such as October Fall, The Chariot, Set Your Goals, Zedd and New Found Glory. In 2010, she was featured on the single "Airplanes" by B.o.B. It peaked at number two on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. A sequel to the song, "Airplanes, Part II", features new verses from B.o.B. and a verse from Eminem, while Williams' vocals remain the same. +Other ventures in which Williams has explored include online beauty and music series Kiss-Off on Popular TV launched in 2015 and the hair-dye company Good Dye Young, launched in 2016. +Early life +Published in 1888 this cartoon depicts the anti-Chinese sentiment that was one of the driving forces behind the push for federation. +Early opposition +The Sydney Town Hall illuminated in celebratory lights and fireworks marking the Inauguration of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1901. +The sign reads One people, one destiny. +The Federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing colonies of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, and Western Australia agreed to unite and form the Commonwealth of Australia, establishing a system of federalism in Australia. The colonies of Fiji and New Zealand were originally part of this process, but they decided not to join the federation.[1] Following federation, the six colonies that united to form the Commonwealth of Australia as states kept the systems of government (and the bicameral legislatures) that they had developed as separate colonies, but they also agreed to have a federal government that was responsible for matters concerning the whole nation. +When the Constitution of Australia came into force, on 1 January 1901, the colonies collectively became states of the Commonwealth of Australia. +The efforts to bring about federation in the mid-19th century were dogged by the lack of popular support for the movement. A number of conventions were held during the 1890s to develop a constitution for the Commonwealth. Sir Henry Parkes, Premier of the Colony of New South Wales, was instrumental in this process. +Sir Edmund Barton, second only to Parkes in the length of his commitment to the federation cause, was the caretaker Prime Minister of Australia at the inaugural national election in 1901 in March 1901. The election returned Barton as prime minister, though without a majority. +This period has lent its name to an architectural style prevalent in Australia at that time, known as Federation architecture, or Federation style. +Federal idea +As early as 1842, an anonymous article in the South Australian Magazine called for a "Union of the Australasian Colonies into a Governor-Generalship". +In September 1846, the NSW Colonial Secretary Sir Edward Deas Thomson suggested federation in the New South Wales Legislative Council. The Governor of New South Wales, Sir Charles Fitzroy, then wrote the UK Colonial Office suggesting a "superior functionary" with power to review the legislation of all the colonies. In 1847 the Secretary of State for the Colonies Earl Grey drew up a plan for a "General Assembly" of the colonies. +The idea was quietly dropped.[2] On 19 August 1857 Deas Thomson moved for a NSW Parliamentary Select Committee on the question of Australian federation. +The committee reported in favour of a federal assembly being established, but the government changed in the meantime, and the question was shelved. +Federal Council +A serious movement for Federation of the colonies arose in the late 1880s, a time when there was increasing nationalism amongst Australians, the great majority of whom were native-born. The idea of being "Australian" began to be celebrated in songs and poems. This was fostered by improvements in transport and communications, such as the establishment of a telegraph system between the colonies in 1872. +The Australian colonies were also influenced by other federations that had emerged around the world, particularly the United States and Canada. +Sir Henry Parkes, then Colonial Secretary of New South Wales, first proposed a Federal Council body in 1867. +After it was rejected by the British Secretary of State for the Colonies, the Duke of Buckingham, Parkes brought up the issue again in 1880, this time as the Premier of New South Wales. +At the conference, representatives from Victoria, New South Wales and South Australia considered a number of issues including federation, communication, Chinese immigration, vine diseases and uniform tariff rates. The Federation had the potential to ensure that throughout the continent, trade, and interstate commerce would be unaffected by protectionism and measurement and transport would be standardised. +The final (and successful) push for a Federal Council came at an Intercolonial Convention in Sydney in November and December 1883. +The trigger was the British rejection of Queensland's unilateral annexation of New Guinea and the British Government wish to see a federalised Australasia. The convention was called to debate the strategies needed to counter the activities of the German and French in New Guinea and in New Hebrides. Sir Samuel Griffith, the Premier of Queensland, drafted a bill to constitute the Federal Council. +The conference successfully petitioned the Imperial Parliament to enact the bill as the Federal Council of Australasia Act 1885.[3] +As a result, a Federal Council of Australasia was formed, to represent the affairs of the colonies in their relations with the South Pacific islands. New South Wales and New Zealand did not join. The self-governing colonies of Queensland, Tasmania and Victoria, as well as the Crown Colonies of Western Australia and Fiji, became involved. +South Australia was briefly a member between 1888 and 1890. The Federal Council had powers to legislate directly upon certain matters, such as in relation to extradition, regulation of fisheries, and so on, but it did not have a permanent secretariat, executive powers, or any revenue of its own. Furthermore, the absence of the powerful colony of New South Wales weakened its representative value. +It provided an opportunity for Federalists from around the country to meet and exchange ideas. The means by which the Council was established endorsed the continuing role that the Imperial Parliament would have in the development of Australia's constitutional structure. In terms of the Federal Council of Australia Act, the Australian drafters established a number of powers dealing with their "common interest" which would later be replicated in the Australian Constitution, especially section 51. +The individual colonies, Victoria excepted, were somewhat wary of Federation. Politicians, from the smaller colonies in particular, disliked the very idea of delegating power to a national government; they feared that any such government would inevitably be dominated by the more populous New South Wales and Victoria. Queensland, for its part, worried that the advent of race-based national legislation would restrict the importing of kanaka labourers, thereby jeopardising its sugar cane industry. +Smaller colonies also worried about the abolition of tariffs, which would deprive them of a large proportion of their revenue, and leave their commerce at the mercy of the larger states. New South Wales, traditionally free-trade in its outlook, wanted to be satisfied that the federation's tariff policy would not be protectionist. Victorian Premier James Service described fiscal union as "the lion in the way" of federation. +A further fundamental issue was how to distribute the excess customs duties from the central government to the states. For the larger colonies there was the possibility (which never became an actuality) that they could be required to subsidise the struggling economies of Tasmania, South Australia and Western Australia. +Even without the concerns, there was debate about the form of government that a federation would take. Experience of other federations was less than inspiring. In particular, the United States had experienced the traumatic Civil War. +Early calls for federation +Steel breastplate, breastplate of steel in Kamianets-Podilskyi Castle museum. +Similar design +Steel cuirass were mass-produced and were used during the First World War by the armies of Germany (Sappenpanzer[1]), Britain, France, and Italy where they were known as Corazze Farina from the name of the designer. +In the 1920s-1930s steel cuirasses were in service with the Polish police. +In the 1920s-1930s several types of steel cuirasses were developed for the soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army, and were used during fighting in China. +Literature +Bashford Dean: Helmets and Body Armor in Modern Warfare, Verlag READ BOOKS, 2008, S. 162–163, ISBN 978-1-4437-7524-3 +See also +Body armor Ballistic vest Body armor#Performance standards List of personal protective equipment by body area +References +ISBN 978-1-84176-198-5. Retrieved 4 July 2013. +Steel breastplate, or Stalnoi Nagrudnik (Russian: Стальной нагрудник) is a type of body armor similar to a cuirass developed by the Red Army in World War II. The native Cyrillic abbreviation for the vest was "СН", the Cyrillic letters Es and En. It consisted of two pressed steel plates that protected the front torso and groin. +Models +Several models were created; the number indicates the year of development: +SN-38 SN-39 SN-40, SN-40A SN-42, made of 2 mm steel 36SGN, the tolerances 1.8 - 2.2 mm, weight of Chest 3.3 - 3.5 kg. It protected an area measuring 0.2 square meters. SN-46 +The steel breastplates along with the conventional steel SSh-40 helmets equipped the assault engineers and demining brigades of the Supreme Command Reserve STAVKA, for which they are sometimes called "tubular infantry." Breastplate SN-42 was designed to protect against bayonet attacks, small fragments of shrapnel, and 9mm pistol bullets with lead cores, providing protection against fire from an MP-38/40 submachine gun from distances of 100–150m, and a single shot from a 7.92×57mm Mauser rifle (like the Gewehr 41), but on the condition that the bullet went on a tangent. Following the adoption of the Wehrmacht on the supply of 9mm cartridges, the cartridge code R.08 mE (German: mit Eisen Kern), with a bullet with mild steel (iron) core, required the thickness to be increased to 2.6 mm for the chest plate (2.5 - 2.7 mm). +By modern standards, they are roughly equivalent to a Class II vest. +USSR - steel breastplates SN-42 began to arrive in the army in 1942 and were later used during World War II. Poland - Soviet steel cuirass entered service of the 1st Polish Army (as of October 31, 1944 there were 1000 pieces). The Third Reich - by some accounts, captured Soviet steel breastplates came to supply the German army; also Germany, in limited quantities (only for parts of the SS, mostly assault squads), produced similar breastplates. +Estimates of the plates' performance from front-line soldiers were mixed, receiving both positive and negative feedback. The vest worked well in street fighting and other types of close quarter combat. However, in the field where assault teams often had to crawl the breastplates were just an unnecessary burden. +Janice Wu (Chinese: 吴倩, born (1992-09-26)September 26, 1992) is a Chinese actress. She rose to fame for portraying young Zhao Mosheng in the 2015 hit romance drama My Sunshine, and gained attention for her roles in the television series My Amazing Boyfriend (2016), Fighter of the Destiny (2017), Le Coup de Foudre (2019) The Brightest Star in the Sky (2019) and Skate into Love (2020). +Film +Year English title Chinese title Role Network Notes 2014 Heroes of Sui and Tang Dynasties 3 & 4 隋唐英雄4 Zhu Qianqian Hunan TV Fire Fighter 火线英雄 Mi Yuanyuan Shanghai TV Young Sherlock 少年神探狄仁杰 Tong Mengxi Zhejiang TV The Deer and the Cauldron 鹿鼎记 Mu Jianping Anhui TV, Sichuan TV, Yunnan TV [1] 2015 My Sunshine 何以笙箫默 young Zhao Mosheng Dragon TV, Jiangsu TV The Orange Code 橙色密码 He Ruyin Hubei TV A Scholar Dream of Woman 碧血书香梦 Xuan Minyue Shanghai TV [16] Cherish Love 且行且珍惜 Zhao Wenli [17] 2016 My Amazing Boyfriend 我的奇妙男友 Tian Jingzhi Tencent [3] The Fox Fairy Court 大仙衙门 Xiao Cui [18] 2017 Fighter of the Destiny 择天记 Luo Luo Hunan TV [5] A Life Time Love 上古情歌 Yi Li Dragon TV [6] 2018 Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace 如懿传 Tian Yunjiao Tencent Special appearance[7] An Oriental Odyssey 盛唐幻夜 Ye Yuanan [8] 2019 The Brightest Star in the Sky 夜空中最闪亮的星 Yang Zhenzhen iQiyi, Mango TV, Tencent [9] Le Coup de Foudre 我只喜欢你 Zhao Qiaoyi Tencent, Youku [10] 2020 Skate into Love 冰糖炖雪梨 Tang Xue Jiangsu TV, Zhejiang TV [19] Black Lighthouse 黑色灯塔 Qiao Ruo Mango TV [20] TBA Beauty From Heart 这个世界不看脸 Tao Xiaoting [21] Sui Shi Ji 岁食记 Octogenarians and the 90s 八零九零 Ye Xiaomei +Filmography +Badminton player Jongkolphan Kititharakul Personal information Country Thailand Born (1993-03-01) 1 March 1993 (age 28) Chiang Mai, Thailand Height 1.71 m (5 ft 7 in) Years active 2010–present Handedness Right Women's & mixed doubles Highest ranking 6 (WD 5 July 2018) 25 (XD 13 April 2017) Current ranking 8 (WD 30 March 2021) Medal record Women's badminton Representing Thailand Sudirman Cup 2017 Gold Coast Mixed team 2019 Nanning Mixed team Uber Cup 2018 Bangkok Women's team Asian Games 2018 Jakarta–Palembang Women's team Asia Mixed Team Championships 2017 Ho Chi Minh Mixed team Asia Team Championships 2016 Hyderabad Women's team 2020 Manila Women's team Southeast Asian Games 2015 Singapore Women's team 2017 Kuala Lumpur Women's doubles 2017 Kuala Lumpur Women's team 2019 Philippines Women's team Summer Universiade 2015 Gwangju Mixed team BWF profile +Jongkolphan Kititharakul (Thai: จงกลพรรณ กิติธรากุล; born 1 March 1993) is a Thai badminton player who specializes in doubles.[1][2] She was the women's doubles gold medalist at the 2017 Southeast Asian Games, also part of the team that clinched the women's team gold medals in 2015, 2017 and 2019. +BWF Grand Prix (3 titles, 2 runners-up) +The BWF Grand Prix had two levels, the BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It was a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) which was held from 2007 to 2017. +Achievements +Southeast Asian Games +Women's doubles +Year Venue Partner Opponent Score Result 2017 Axiata Arena, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Rawinda Prajongjai Puttita Supajirakul Sapsiree Taerattanachai 21–16, 7–8 retired Gold +BWF World Tour (3 titles, 3 runners-up) +The BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018,[3] is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). The BWF World Tours are divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300 (part of the HSBC World Tour), and the BWF Tour Super 100.[4] +Women's doubles +Year Tournament Partner Level Opponent Score Result 2018 Thailand Masters Super 300 Rawinda Prajongjai Anggia Shitta Awanda Ni Ketut Mahadewi Istarani 21–19, 21–17 Winner 2018 India Open Super 500 Rawinda Prajongjai Greysia Polii Apriyani Rahayu 18–21, 15–21 Runner-up 2019 Chinese Taipei Open Super 300 Rawinda Prajongjai Kim So-yeong Kong Hee-yong 21–19, 18–21, 28–26 Winner 2019 Macau Open Super 300 Rawinda Prajongjai Du Yue Li Yinhui 16–21, 21–10, 12–21 Runner-up 2020 (I) Thailand Open Super 1000 Rawinda Prajongjai Greysia Polii Apriyani Rahayu 15–21, 12–21 Runner-up 2021 Orléans Masters Super 100 Rawinda Prajongjai Gabriela Stoeva Stefani Stoeva 21–16, 21–16 Winner +Women's doubles +Achievements +Women's doubles +BWF World Tour (3 titles, 3 runners-up) +The BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018,[3] is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). The BWF World Tours are divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300 (part of the HSBC World Tour), and the BWF Tour Super 100.[4] +Women's doubles +Rawinda Prajongjai (Thai: รวินดา ประจงใจ; born 29 June 1993) is a Thai badminton player.[1][2] She was part of the national women's team that clinched the gold medal at the 2015, 2017 and 2019 Southeast Asian Games, also won the women's doubles title in 2017. Started her career as a singles player, she won her first international title at the 2013 Smiling Fish International tournament. She later focused on playing in doubles, and won her first Grand Prix tournament in 2015 Vietnam Open teamed-up with Jongkolphan Kititharakul. +Stop signs originated in Michigan in 1915.[8][9] The first ones had black lettering on a white background and were 24 by 24 inches (61 cm × 61 cm), somewhat smaller than the current sign. As stop signs became more widespread, a rural-dominated committee supported by the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) met in 1922 to standardize them and selected the octagonal shape that has been used in the United States ever since. The unique eight-sided shape of the sign allows drivers facing the back of the sign to identify that oncoming drivers have a stop sign and prevent confusion with other traffic signs. +Another consideration of the AASHO was visibility and driver literacy, as summarized in subsequent State Highway Commission reports in the states of the U.S., was that the goal for signs "standardized throughout the Union" was that "The shape of the sign will indicate what it will mean. This has been worked up very carefully by the best qualified men in the country and men who have made a thorough study of this question. It has been found that so many people have trouble in reading the sign that the shape of the sign is very much more important than the reading matter on it."[10] +The octagon was also chosen so that it could be identified easily at night since the original signs were not reflective.[citation needed] The more urban-oriented National Conference on Street and Highway Safety (NCSHS) advocated a smaller red-on-yellow stop sign.[1] These two organizations eventually merged to form the Joint Committee on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, which in 1935 published the first Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways (MUTCD) detailing the stop sign's specifications. +US mandate, international adoption +The MUTCD stop sign was already widely deployed in the United States when its use became mandatory in 1966.[1] In 1968, this sign was adopted by the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals as part of United Nations Economic Commission for Europe's effort to standardize road travel across borders. The Convention specifies that stop be written in English or the national language, and also allows a circular sign with red legend. +Stop signs around the world +A stop sign is a traffic sign designed to notify drivers that they must come to a complete stop and make sure the intersection is safely clear of vehicles and pedestrians before continuing past the sign.[1] In many countries, the sign is a red octagon with the word STOP, in either English or the national language of that particular country, displayed in white or yellow. The Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals also allows an alternative version: a red circle with a red inverted triangle with either a white or yellow background, and a black or dark blue STOP. Some counties may also use other types, such as Japan's inverted red triangle stop sign. +The red octagonal field with white English-language stop legend is the most common stop sign used around the world, but it is not universal; Japan uses an inverted solid red triangle, for example, and Zimbabwe until 2016 used a disc bearing a black cross. Moreover, there are many variants of the red-and-white octagonal sign. Although all English-speaking and many other countries use the word stop on stop signs, some jurisdictions use an equivalent word in their primary language instead, or in addition; the use of native languages is common on U.S. native reservations, especially those promoting language revitalization efforts,[citation needed] for example, and Israel uses no word, but rather a pictogram of a hand in a palm-forward "stop" gesture. +Europe +Countries in Europe generally have stop signs with the text stop, regardless of local language. There were some objections to this when introduced around the 1970s, but now this is accepted. Turkey is a notable exception to this, instead using the Turkish word for stop: "dur". +Latin America +Arabic-speaking countries use قف qif (except for Lebanon, which only uses stop since 2018) Australia, New Zealand and the United States use the standard version of the sign Armenia uses ԿԱՆԳ kang Brazil and Spanish-speaking Caribbean and South American nations use pare Cambodia uses ឈប់ chhob Mainland China and Taiwan use 停 tíng, except that Mainland China's sign has a bolder word. Ethiopia uses ቁም ḳumə Iran and Afghanistan use ایست ist Japan uses 止まれ tomare Laos uses ຢຸດ yud North Korea uses 섯 sŏt Portuguese-speaking countries with the exception of Brazil use the standard version of the sign South Korea uses 정지 jeongji Spain uses stop Malaysia and Brunei use berhenti Mexico and other Central American nations use alto Mongolia uses ЗОГС zogs Myanmar uses ရပ် raut Nigeria uses a stop sign with a yellow typeface. Russian-speaking countries use either stop or стоп (i.e. stop transliterated into Russian) Thailand uses หยุด yùd Turkey uses dur Vietnam uses a version of the stop sign with smaller text: stop +Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, Venezuela Australia, Canada (except Quebec), European Economic Area, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Lebanon, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, United Kingdom, United States Armenia Bhutan Brunei Cambodia Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama Cuba Mainland China Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Sudan Ethiopia France, Ireland, Portugal, Spain Hong Kong SAR China Iran, Afghanistan Israel, Palestine India (Punjabi areas) Japan Laos Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nigeria North Korea Province of Quebec, Canada Russia South Africa South Korea Taiwan Thailand Tonga Tunisia Turkey Vanuatu Vietnam +The 1968 Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals allows for two types of stop sign as well as several acceptable variants. Sign B2a is a red octagon with a white stop legend. The European Annex to the convention also allows the background to be "light yellow". +Sign B2b is a red circle with a red inverted triangle with either a white or yellow background, and a black or dark blue stop legend. The Convention allows for the word "STOP" to be in either English or the national language of the particular country. The finalized version by the United Nations Economic and Social Council's Conference on Road Traffic in 1968 (and in force in 1978) proposed standard stop sign diameters of 600, 900 or 1200 mm. +In the United States, stop signs are 30 inches (75 cm) across opposite flats of the red octagon, with a 3/4-inch (2 cm) white border. The white uppercase stop legend is 10 inches (25 cm) tall.[4][5] Larger signs of 35 inches (90 cm) with 12-inch (30 cm) legend and 1-inch (2.5 cm) border are used on multi-lane expressways. Regulatory provisions exist for extra-large 45-inch (120 cm) signs with 16-inch (40 cm) legend and 1+3/4-inch border for use where sign visibility or reaction distance are limited, and the smallest permissible stop sign size for general usage is 24 inches (60 cm) with an 8-inch (20 cm) legend and 5/8-inch (1.5 cm) border.[6] The metric units specified in the US regulatory manuals are rounded approximations of US customary units, not exact conversions.[5][7] The field, legend, and border are all retroreflective. +History +It was adopted in 1978, when the country became independent.[2] +Tuvaluan Lyrics +Maid service, cleaning service, apartment cleaning and janitorial service are terms more modernly describing a specialized outside service, providing a specific service to individuals, businesses, fraternal clubs and associations as well residential premises. +History +Maids, per se, perform typical domestic chores such as cooking, ironing, washing, cleaning, folding clothes, grocery shopping, walking the family dog and taking care of children. Some maid services offer hourly, daily, weekly, bi-weekly, and monthly work as well. +Reasons for use +Utilizing a maid service may be considered due to a number of personal factors, including but not limited to geographical location, social standing, lack of personal time, lack of experience. There are many reasons why individuals may consider hiring help around the house, especially with cleaning. It may, for example, prove easier for them to enjoy time with their family rather than spending time cleaning. +A maid service "maid car" used to transport maids to assignments, Ypsilanti Township, Michigan +A maid service may be more expensive than simply hiring a part-time maid, but it offers a number of advantages. Usually the service will provide not only someone to do the cleaning, but also all of the necessary cleaning supplies. Also, as a bona fide employer, the service is responsible for withholding Social Security and other income taxes. +Maid services may be different from what is generally thought to be the historically prevalent services performed by a maid, and these services may be provided by both male and/or female individuals. +Stylized drawing of a maid on a Works Progress Administration poster +Once part of an elaborate hierarchy in affluent homes and profitable businesses, today a maid may be the only domestic worker that upper and even middle-income households can afford, as a household domestic-help employee. Maids perform typical domestic chores such as cooking, ironing, washing, cleaning, grocery shopping, walking the family dog, and tending to the household children. +Socio-economic factors +In the Western world, comparatively few households can afford live-in domestic help employees, in lieu of live-in staff, a maid service is utilized as a periodic cleaner. In developing nations, differences found within income and social status between different socio-economic classes, lesser educated women, with less opportunity are believed to provide a labor source for domestic work. +Socio-economic opportunities, not being confined to any specific global location, may allow cleaning services to perform 'cleaning' as their source of business as a service. +There are thousands of residential cleaning businesses throughout the United States, United Kingdom and Canada. Historically and traditionally, cleaning was considered a woman's role, but as more and more women have joined the workforce, the time pressure on families with children has grown, so paying a service for cleaning makes sense to persons who can afford it. Additionally, many modern homeowners lack the proper knowledge to use the safest and most effective cleaning products. +Services provided +Hololive Production (Japanese: ホロライブプロダクション, stylized in lowercase) is a virtual YouTuber (VTuber) talent agency owned by Japanese tech entertainment company Cover Corporation. As of 2021, the agency manages more than 50 VTubers between its branches; talents have included Usada Pekora, Houshou Marine, Shirakami Fubuki, Inugami Korone, Gawr Gura, Mori Calliope, Minato Aqua, and Akai Haato. With Anycolor's Nijisanji [jp], Hololive is one of the two major corporate VTuber agencies. +Affiliated talents +Formerly-affiliated talents are indicated with a double dagger (‡). +The name Hololive was initially used for Cover's 3D stream distribution app, launched in December 2017, and later its female VTuber agency, whose first generation debuted from May to June 2018. In December 2019, this Hololive branch was merged with Cover's male Holostars agency and INoNaKa (INNK) Music label to form a unified "Hololive Production" brand. In 2019 and 2020, the agency debuted three overseas branches: Hololive China (since disbanded), Hololive Indonesia, and Hololive English. +Generation 1 Hanasaki Miyabi (花咲みやび) ‡ Kagami Kira (鏡見キラ) Kanade Izuru (奏手イヅル) ‡ Yakushiji Suzaku (薬師寺朱雀) Arurandeisu (アルランディス) Rikka (律可) Generation 2 Astel Leda (アステル・レダ) Kishido Temma (岸堂天真) Yukoku Roberu (夕刻ロベル) Generation 3 ‡ Tsukishita Kaoru (月下カオル) Kageyama Shien (影山シエン) Aragami Oga (荒咬オウガ) +Generation 1 ‡ Yogiri (夜霧) ‡ Civia (希薇娅) ‡ Spade Echo (黑桃影) Generation 2 ‡ Doris (朵莉丝) ‡ Rosalyn (罗莎琳) ‡ Artia (阿媂娅) +As of May 2021[update], Hololive talents have more than 40 million combined subscribers on YouTube. +Generation 1 Ayunda Risu (アユンダ・リス) Moona Hoshinova (ムーナ・ホシノヴァ) Airani Iofifteen (アイラニ・イオフィフティーン) Generation 2 Kureiji Ollie (クレイジー・オリー) Anya Melfissa (アーニャ・メルフィッサ) Pavolia Reine (パヴォリア・レイネ) +Hololive Myth Mori Calliope (森美声) Takanashi Kiara (小鳥遊キアラ) Ninomae Ina'nis (一伊那尓栖) Gawr Gura [ja] (がうる・ぐら) Watson Amelia (ワトソン・アメリア) Hololive Council Tsukumo Sana (九十九佐命) Ceres Fauna (セレス・ファウナ) Ouro Kronii (オーロ・クロニー) Nanashi Mumei (七詩ムメイ) Hakos Baelz (ハコス・ベールズ) +IRyS (アイリス) +Selected discography +All group releases to date have been performed by "Hololive Idol Project", a group that consists of different talents for each release. +As lead up to Nonstop Story +"Shiny Smily Story" – 16 September 2019[60] "Yumemiru Sora e" (夢見る空へ) – 17 February 2020[61] "Kirameki Rider☆" (キラメキライダー☆) – 24 February 2020[61] +As lead up to "Bloom," +"Blue Clapper" – 24 December 2020 "Hyakka Ryoran Hanafubuki" (百花繚乱花吹雪) – 31 December 2020 "Shijoshugi Adtruck" (至上主義アドトラック) – 7 January 2021 "Candy-Go-Round" – 14 January 2021 "Daily Diary" (でいり〜だいあり〜！) – 21 January 2021 "Stardust Song" – 4 February 2021 "Dreaming Days"– 11 February 2021 "AsuiroClearSky" (あすいろClearSky) – 19 February 2021[62] +Nonstop Story (24 January 2020) – Featuring AZKi and JP members before Gen 4; held at the Toyosu Pit in Kōtō, Tokyo[1] Minato Aqua Anniversary Live 2020 "Aqua Color Super☆Dream♪" (21 August 2020) – Featuring Minato Aqua; pay-per-view live stream on Niconico[68] Hololive 2nd fes. Beyond the Stage (21–22 December 2020) – Featuring AZKi and JP members before Gen 5; pay-per-view live stream on Niconico and SPWN, sponsored by Bushiroad[69] Hololive Idol Project 1st Live "Bloom," (17 February 2021) – Featuring 23 selected JP members; held at Tokyo Garden Theatre in Ariake with simultaneous pay-per-view live stream on Niconico and SPWN,[38] in-person viewing cancelled due to COVID-19[39] Hololive 1st Generation 3rd Anniversary LIVE "from 1st" (28 May 2021) – Featuring all JP Gen 1 members; held at Ex Theater Roppongi in Minato, Tokyo with pay-per-view livestream on SPWN,[70] in-person viewing cancelled due to COVID-19[71] Tsunomaki Watame 1st Live "Watame Night Fever!!" (12 October 2021) - Featuring Tsunomaki Watame; to be held at Zepp Tokyo in Kōtō, Tokyo with simultaneous pay-per-view live stream on SPWN, co-sponsored by Bushiroad[72] Hoshimachi Suisei 1st Solo Live "Stellar into the galaxy" (21 October 2021) - Featuring Hoshimachi Suisei; to be held at the Toyosu Pit in Kōtō, Tokyo with simultaneous pay-per-view live stream on SPWN, co-sponsored by Bushiroad.[73] +Non-generational affiliated talent Tokino Sora [ja] (ときのそら) Roboco [ja] (ロボ子) Sakura Miko [ja] (さくらみこ) Hoshimachi Suisei (星街すいせい) Generation 1 Yozora Mel [ja] (夜空メル) Shirakami Fubuki [ja] (白上フブキ) Natsuiro Matsuri (夏色まつり) Aki Rosenthal [ja] (アキ・ローゼンタール) Akai Haato [ja] (赤井はあと) ‡ Hitomi Chris (人見クリス) Generation 2 Minato Aqua [ja] (湊あくあ) Murasaki Shion [ja] (紫咲シオン) Nakiri Ayame [ja] (百鬼あやめ) Yuzuki Choco [ja] (癒月ちょこ) Oozora Subaru [ja] (大空スバル) Hololive Gamers Shirakami Fubuki [ja] (白上フブキ) Ookami Mio [ja] (大神ミオ) Nekomata Okayu [ja] (猫又おかゆ) Inugami Korone [ja] (戌神ころね) Generation 3 (Hololive Fantasy) Usada Pekora [ja] (兎田ぺこら) Uruha Rushia [ja] (潤羽るしあ) Shiranui Flare (不知火フレア) Shirogane Noel [ja] (白銀ノエル) Houshou Marine [ja] (宝鐘マリン) Generation 4 Amane Kanata [ja] (天音かなた) ‡ Kiryu Coco [ja] (桐生ココ) Tsunomaki Watame [ja] (角巻わため) Tokoyami Towa (常闇トワ) Himemori Luna (姫森ルーナ) Generation 5 Yukihana Lamy [ja] (雪花ラミィ) Momosuzu Nene [ja] (桃鈴ねね) Shishiro Botan [ja] (獅白ぼたん) ‡ Mano Aloe (魔乃アロエ) Omaru Polka [ja] (尾丸ポルカ) +P'tite fleur aimée ("Little beloved flower", also known as P'tite fleur fanée, "Little faded flower"), is the best known song from the island of Réunion. While "La Marseillaise" is the official national anthem, "P'tite fleur aimée" is considered an unofficial local anthem. +The text is written in Réunion Creole by Georges Fourcade and the music is by Jules Fossy. +External links +Pongsakorn Paeyo (Thai: พงศกร แปยอ; born 1 December 1996) is a Thai wheelchair racer in the T53 classification. +Paeyo represented Thailand at the 2016 and 2020 Summer Paralympics. At the 2016 Paralympic games in Rio, he won two gold medals in the 400 metres and 800 metres event and two silver medals in the 100 metres and 4×400 relay event. +In August 2021, Paeyo set the new world record at the 2020 Tokyo Paralympics in the 400 metres event and claimed his third Paralympic gold medal. +Tavatanakit played her first tournament on the LPGA Tour at the Gainbridge LPGA at Boca Rio in January 2020, finishing in a tie for 35th; she competed in 14 LPGA events during 2020.[8] +On 4 April 2021, she won her first LPGA tour event – the 2021 ANA Inspiration – a major LPGA championship.[9] +Professional wins (4) +Legend Major championships (1) Other LPGA Tour event (0) +No. Date Tournament Winning score To par Margin of victory Runner(s)-up Winner's share ($) 1 4 Apr 2021 ANA Inspiration 66-69-67-68=270 −18 2 strokes Lydia Ko 465,000 +Paphangkorn "Patty" Tavatanakit (Thai language: ปภังกร ธวัชธนกิจ; born 11 October 1999) is a Thai professional golfer who began competing on the LPGA Tour in January 2020. +On 4 April 2021, Tavatanakit accomplished her first win on the LPGA Tour – the 2021 ANA Inspiration, a major championship in women's professional golf. +Early life +Position in Women's World Golf Rankings for each calendar year. +Year World ranking Source 2018 237 [11] 2019 152 [12] 2020 162 [13] 2021 13 ^ [14] +Amateur career +She start playing golf during her teen years while at Keerapat International School, which had no golf team.[1] In 2014, Tavakanakit won the Callaway Junior World Golf Championship for girls.[2] She was named the 2015–2016 Thailand Amateur Ladies Golf Association Player of the Year, having won the Asian Junior Golf Association Rolex Tournament of Champions and Ping Invitational.[2] +Professional career +Tavatanakit won three times in eight tournaments on the 2019 Symetra Tour, earning the Gaëlle Truet Rookie of the Year award.[4][5][6][7] +"Caminemos pisando las sendas de nuestra inmensa felicidad" (English: "Let Us Tread the Path of Our Immense Happiness") is the national anthem of Equatorial Guinea. +The music was composed by Ramiro Sánchez López, who was a Spanish lieutenant and the deputy director of music at the army headquarters located in Madrid. He received a prize of 25,000 pesetas for composing the music. Its lyrics were influenced by the end of Equatorial Guinea's colonization, with anti-colonization being a main theme.[1] +It was first used on Equatorial Guinea's independence day, October 12, 1968, and has been in use ever since.[1] +"Lesōthō Fatše La Bo-Ntat'a Rōna" (English: "Lesotho, Land of Our Fathers") is the national anthem of Lesotho.[1] The lyrics were written by François Coillard, a French missionary, and the music is taken from an 1820 hymnal composed by Ferdinand-Samuel Laur.[2] It has been used as the national anthem since the 1960s. The original composition the national anthem was based on had four verses though only the first and last ones ended up being adopted. +History +External links +The original lyrics to "Lesōthō Fatše La Bo Ntat'a Rōna" were written by François Coillard, a French missionary, set to the tune of the 1820 hymnal "Freiheit" (English: "Freedom") by Ferdinand-Samuel Laur.[3] The first and last verses of the composition were adopted by Lesotho's first independent government as a national anthem. +It was used as the national anthem from 1967 onward. +Sesotho lyrics English lyrics Lesotho fatše la bo-ntat'a rona; Har'a mafatše le letle ke lona; Ke moo re hlahileng, Ke moo re holileng, Rea le rata. Molimo ak'u boloke Lesotho, U felise lintoa le matšoenyeho; Oho fatše lena; La bo-ntat'a rona; Le be le khotso. Lesotho, land of our Fathers, Among the lands she is the most beautiful. +She is where we were born, She is where we grew up-- We love her. God, please protect Lesotho. Spare it conflict, and tribulation-- Oh, this land, Land of our Fathers, May it have the peace. +Sesotho lyrics English lyrics Lesotho fatše la bo-ntat'a rona, Har'a mafatše le letle ke lona; Ke moo re hlahileng, Ke moo re holileng, Rea le rata, Leha ba bang ba re le lenyenyane, Ho rona le leholo, le lekane Re na le masimo, Re na le likhomo; Ho re lekane. 'Me leha le hloka lintho tse ngata, Le tse rorisoang ke tse ling lichaba, Le na le lithaba, Makhulo, liliba, Lea rateha. +Haholo lefatše lena la rōna, Le se le na le taba tsa Morena; Batho b'a rapela, Le mekhoa e'a fela. +Mōlimō ak'u bōlōke Lesōthō; U felise lintoa le matšoenyeho; Oho fatše lena; La bo-ntat'a rōna; Le be le khotso. +Lesotho is the land of our ancestors You are the best of the world; That's where we were born, That's where we grew up, We love you, Though some say she is small, For us she is big, enough We have fields, We have cattle; It is enough for us. And though you need many things, And praise from nations, You have mountains, Pastures, wells, It's lovely. So much for our world You already have the word of the Lord; People are praying, And the trends are coming to an end. +"Liberté" (Freedom) has been the national anthem of Guinea since independence in 1958. +It was arranged by Fodéba Keïta and was based on the melody of "Alfa yaya". The author of the lyrics is unknown. +French lyrics Fula lyrics English translation Peuple d'Afrique, Le Passé historique ! Que chante l'hymne de la Guinée fière et jeune Illustre épopée de nos frères Morts au champ d'honneur en libérant l'Afrique ! Le peuple de Guinée prêchant l'unité Appelle l'Afrique. +External links +"All Hail, Liberia, Hail!" is the national anthem of Liberia. The lyrics were written by Daniel Bashiel Warner (1815–1880), who later became the third president of Liberia, and the music was written by Olmstead Luca (1826–1869). It became the official national anthem upon Liberia's independence in 1847. +History +On 22 July 1974, the Legislature of Liberia passed an act giving authorization to the president to establish a commission to give consideration to possible changes to a number of national symbols, including "All Hail, Liberia, Hail!" and the flag. President William Tolbert appointed a 51 members to the Commission on National Unity. The commission was headed by McKinley Alfred Deshield Sr., and was also called the Deshield Commission. +The commission sought to reexamine the symbols, and remove divisive aspects of them. The commission submitted their report on 24 January 1978. The report recommended changing the word "benighted" in the anthem to the word "undaunted". +External links +The Husky Tower officially opened on June 28–30, 1968, in three separate ceremonies.[1] The observation level featured a lounge/restaurant called the Hitching Post.[11] +The Calgary Tower in 1978, showing the original red and yellow paint scheme +Marathon Realty acquired a controlling interest in the tower in 1970.[12][13] The structure was formally renamed the Calgary Tower on November 1, 1971 as a tribute to the citizens of the city. It is still called the Husky Tower by airport officials, however, to distinguish it from the tower at the Calgary International Airport.[3] +The Petro-Canada Centre's west tower overtook the Calgary Tower as the tallest structure in Calgary in 1983.[1] +The tower underwent significant renovations between 1987 and 1990. The addition of a souvenir shop and a revolving restaurant were part of a $2.4 million refurbishment of the upper levels of the tower. [1] In 1990. a glass rotunda to serve as the new lobby was added.[2] +A natural gas-fired cauldron was constructed at the top of the tower by Canadian Western Natural Gas in October 1987 as a gift to celebrate the 1988 Winter Olympics.[1] The torch, which consumes 850 cubic metres (30,000 cu ft) per hour, was first lit on February 13, 1988 when the Games opened, and burned 24 hours a day throughout. It continues to be reignited for various special events, including Canada Day.[2] +An LED, multicolour exterior lighting system was added and was first tested on August 1, 2014. +12 lights were added to the crown and 24 to the exterior floor. Each light has been programmed to be able to create over 16.5 million combinations of colour and lighting effects. +It has been used since October 8, 2014, becoming a more noticeable part of the city skyline at night.[16] +The Calgary Tower is a 190.8-meter (626 ft) free standing observation tower in the downtown core of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Originally called the Husky Tower, it was conceived as a joint venture between Marathon Realty Company Limited and Husky Oil as part of an urban renewal plan and to celebrate Canada's centennial of 1967. +The tower was built at a cost of CA$3,500,000 and weighs approximately 10,884 tonnes, of which 60% is below ground. It opened to the public on June 30, 1968 as the tallest structure in Calgary, and the tallest in Canada outside Toronto. It was renamed the Calgary Tower in 1971. +A skyline view from the tower A view from the glass floor extension on the observation deck Wide angle view into downtown core Panoramic view towards the northeast Panoramic view through the glass floor South portion of the observation deck Tower from below. +Calgary Tower in August 2007 Calgary Tower – With flame lit. Canada Day at dusk, 2012 +History +The project was originally conceived as a joint venture by Marathon Realty (the real estate subsidiary of Canadian Pacific Railways) and Husky Oil for their new head offices in Calgary, they proposed building the tower both to honor Canada's centennial year of 1967 and to encourage urban renewal and growth of downtown Calgary.[3] The structure was designed by A. Dale and Associates, and was designed to withstand earthquakes and winds of up to 161 km/h (100 mph).[4] +The urban renewal project was announced to the public on December 10, 1965 and consisted of a transport terminal, hotel, parking, office facility and a 550 foot "restaurant-observation tower".[5] The chosen site housed Canadian Pacific's Calgary passenger station which was demolished a year after the announcement to make way for the development. The provincial government reviewed the tower proposal for consideration as a publicly funded centennial project, but Public Works Minister Frederick C. Colborne recommended against the use of public funds for the project.[6] The concept of a centennial tower was originally proposed for Edmonton, but the project was opposed by residents near the chosen site.[6] Former Calgary Mayor Grant MacEwan asked the provincial government to move the project to Calgary, until Marathon and Husky decided to build the project independent of public funds.[6] The plan for the tower continued to change as construction delays occurred and the planned height rose from 550 feet to 600 feet.[7] +Construction began on February 19, 1967, and completed in 15 months at a cost of CA$3.5 million.[8] The column of the tower was built from an unprecedented continual pour of concrete. +Pouring began May 15, 1967 and was completed 24 days later at an average growth of 7.6 m (25 ft) per day, a rate that was praised by industry officials as an "amazing feat of technical and physical workmanship".[9] +Upon completion, the Husky Tower stood 190.8 m (626 ft) tall and was the tallest structure of its type in North America.[1] It dominated the Calgary skyline, standing well over twice the height of the previous tallest structure in the city, Elveden House.[2] Developers deliberately misled the public, claiming the tower would stand 187 m (614 ft), in the hopes of preventing competing developers from surpassing the Husky Tower's height record. +Shortly after officials in San Antonio, Texas attempted to claim the record in announcing the completion of the 190 m (620 ft) Tower of the Americas, developers revealed the Husky Tower's true height.[10] +"Esta É a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada" (English: "This Is Our Well Beloved Motherland") is the national anthem of Guinea-Bissau. +Written by Amílcar Cabral (1924–1973) and composed by Xiao He (1918–2010), it was adopted upon independence in 1974. +It was also the national anthem of Cape Verde, a legacy of both countries' joint independence, until 1996, when a new anthem (Cântico da Liberdade) was chosen by Cape Verde.[1] +Cantem o mar e a terra A madrugada e o sol Que a nossa luta fecundou. Coro Sun, sweat, verdure, and sea, Centuries of pain and hope; This is the land of our ancestors. Fruit of our hands, Of the flower of our blood: This is our beloved motherland. +External links +Cast +K-Pop Masters: Lee Sun-mi Tiffany Young Dance Masters: Baek Koo-young Jang Juhee Vocal Masters: Lim Han-byul Jo Ayoung Rap Master (Episodes 6–7 only): Woo Won-jae +Out of 13,000 applicants, 99 final contestants were selected.[1] These 99 contestants are split equally into three groups; the K-Group, C-Group and the J-Group. +External links +The "planet" theme of the show is derived from a new collaboration between Mnet and NCSoft's new platform called UNIVERSE which is centered around K-pop.[2] It will allow votes from other countries outside of the participating three,[lower-alpha 4] and also hosts other promotional content for the show. +To counteract this, the "Planet Top 9" is introduced. Contestants who are selected or voted to be the Planet Top 9 (designated P1-P9) can reorganize cells to try and lower the chances of elimination. At the end of the competition, the top 9 most-voted contestants will debut regardless of nationality. +"The Glorious Motherland" (Korean: 빛나는 조국) is a song of Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea).[note 1] It was composed by Ri Myon-sang (리면상) in 1947, and its lyrics were written by Pak Se-yong (박세영).[1] +In 1946-1947 when North Korea had no national anthem, composition of the anthem called Aegukka was undertaken under the leadership of Kim Il-sung. +In 1947, two candidates remained for the final judgement, and one of the two was selected for the anthem. The other one, apparently which is known today as "The Glorious Motherland," was also decided to be opened to the public with its title changed from Aegukka, as the melody was excellent.[2] This song is listed in songbooks of that time as one of the representative songs, e.g. "조쏘歌曲100曲集 (Korea-Soviet Collection of 100 Songs)" (北朝鮮音樂同盟 (Ed.), 1949).[3][4] +With such a background, this song has been used in principal events of North Korea. The song is broadcast at the sign-off of Korean Central Television with the image of fluttering national flag. +The Emergency Service Unit (特別警備隊, Tokubetsu-keibi-tai) was a rapid reaction force of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department (TMPD) in the pre-World War II era.[1] This unit were interpreted as a Japanese counterpart of the New York City Police Department Emergency Service Unit.[2] +History +In 1933, this unit was established in the Police Bureau (警務部, Keimu-bu) for the crowd control, riot control, counter-terrorism, search and rescue, disaster response or other emergency missions. The strength was 307 officers, divided into four companies. Acting as a SWAT team of the TMPD, they were equipped with a jō, tantō and FN Model 1910 semi-automatic pistol while ordinary police officers had only a sabre. +It consists of an alteration of pale red to yellowish-gray, fine to medium-grained sandstone and grayish-reddish brown siltstone and clay. Rare pale red to light gray conglomerates, containing carbonate pebbles, are also characteristic of this formation. This geological formation in Thailand, dates to the Early Cretaceous age. +Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.[1] +Siamosaurus - spinosaurid theropod, described in 1986 - "Isolated teeth."[2] - Spinosauridae incertae sedis Siamotyrannus - basal coelurosaurian[3] theropod, described in 1996 - "Pelvis, dorsal, sacral, and caudal vertebrae."[4] Phuwiangosaurus - titanosaurian sauropod, described in 1994 - "Partial skeletons, juvenile - adult."[5] Kinnareemimus - ornithomimosaurian theropod, described in 2009 Phuwiangvenator - megaraptoran theropod, described in 2019[3] Vayuraptor - ?megaraptoran theropod, described in 2019[3] Theropoda indet. (= compsognathid indet.) Sauropoda indet. 1 and 2 +Lizards +Anguimorpha indet.[6] +See also +List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations +Gaston Suisse, (December 1, 1896 in the 6th arrondissement of Paris – March 7, 1988 in the 13th arrondissement of Paris) was a French artist designer, painter, lacquerer, decorator. Gaston Suisse, "is a major artist of Art Deco".[1] +Founding artist of what will be called the Art Deco Period,[2] Gaston Suisse along with his production of furniture, decorative panels and lacquer objects, participated in major international exhibitions at the beginning of the 20th century: Exposition internationale des Arts décoratifs et industriels modernes in 1925,[3][4] Exposition Coloniale International 1931,[5] Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques 1937.[6][7] +He exhibited at the Salon of French animal artists, and participated each year in the exhibitions with the group of animalists.[8] His works were then exhibited at the Cité Internationale des Arts in Paris in 1971,[9] the Vernon museum devoted a retrospective to him in 2000.[10] For its centenary in 2004, The Dallas Museum of Art organized a very important exhibition entitled "Passion for Art, 100 treasures, 100 years". A three-door lacquer cabinet with bird decoration by Gaston Suisse was exhibited, among the hundred masterpieces chosen from the museum's collections,[11] at the Museum of Fine Arts in Reims, exhibition: "Roaring Twenties, Years of Order , the Art Deco of Reims in New York" in 2007,[12] the City of Architecture and Heritage of Paris during the exhibition "When art deco seduces the world",[13] in October 2013 to March 2014, exhibited a lacquer panel and a screen. +Bay East Garden provides visitors with an unobstructed view of the city skyline. Upcoming developments of Bay East Garden will be based on the theme of water. +Bay South Garden opened to the public on 29 June 2012.[8] It is the largest of the three gardens at 54 hectares (130 acres) and designed to show the best of tropical horticulture and garden artistry.[9] +The conservatory complex at Gardens by the Bay, Singapore, comprises two cooled conservatories – the Flower Dome and the Cloud Forest, situated along the edge of Marina Reservoir. The conservatories, designed by WilkinsonEyre and Grant Associates, are intended to be an energy-efficient showcase of sustainable building technologies and to provide an all-weather edutainment space within the Gardens. Both are very large (around 1 hectare (2.5 acres)) and the Flower Dome is the world's largest columnless glasshouse.[10] +First of all by being able to have such large a glass-roof without additional interior support (such as columns). Secondly, because the constructions aim strongly at minimizing the environmental footprint. Rainwater is collected from the surface and circulated in the cooling system which is connected to the Supertrees. +The Gardens by the Bay is a nature park spanning 101 hectares (250 acres) in the Central Region of Singapore, adjacent to the Marina Reservoir. The park consists of three waterfront gardens: Bay South Garden (in Marina South), Bay East Garden (in Marina East) and Bay Central Garden (in Downtown Core and Kallang).[2] The largest of the gardens is the Bay South Garden at 54 hectares (130 acres) designed by Grant Associates. Its Flower Dome is the largest glass greenhouse in the world.[3] +Bay Central Garden +Bay Central Garden will act as a link between Bay South and Bay East Gardens. It stands at 15 hectares (37 acres) with a 3-kilometre (1.9 mi) waterfront promenade that allows for scenic walks stretching from the city centre to the east of Singapore.[5] +The Singapore skyline viewed from Bay East Garden +Bay East Garden is 32 hectares (79 acres) in size and it has a 2-kilometre (1.2 mi) promenade frontage bordering the Marina Reservoir. An interim park was developed at Bay East Garden in support of the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics. The first phase of the garden was opened to the public in October 2011, allowing alternative access to the Marina Barrage.[6] +In the law enforcement system in Japan, Prefectural Polices (都道府県警察, todōfuken-keisatsu)[1] are responsible for the regular police affairs as to the areas of the respective prefectures.[Note 1] Although these Prefectural Polices are in principle regarded as municipal police, they are, in fact, in many parts under the central oversight and control of the National Police Agency.[3] As of 2017, the total strength of the prefectural police is approximately 288,000: 260,400 sworn officers and 28,400 civilian staff.[4] +Prefectural Public Safety Commissions (都道府県公安委員会, todōfuken kōan īnkai) are administrative committees established under the jurisdiction of prefectural governors to provide citizen oversight for police activities. A committee consists of three members in an ordinary prefecture and five members in urban prefectures. The members of prefectural public safety commission are appointed by the governor with the consent of the prefectural assembly.[8] +Prefectural Police Headquarters +The Chiefs of Prefectural police headquarters (警察本部長, keisatsu-honbu-chō) are appointed officials at the top of the chain of command in each Prefectural Police Headquarters. In the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, the name of Superintendent General (警視総監, Keishi-sōkan) is used.[8] +These police departments are responsible for every police actions within their jurisdiction in principle, but most important activities are regulated by the National Police Agency. Police officers whose rank are higher than assistant commissioner (警視正, keishi-sei) are salaried by the national budget even if they belong to local police departments. Designation and dismissal of these high-ranking officers are delegated to the National Public Safety Commission.[9] +Each Prefectural police headquarters contains administrative departments (bureaus in the TMPD) corresponding to those of the bureaus of the National Police Agency as follows:[10] +Police administration department (警務部, keimu-bu) Criminal investigation department (刑事部, keiji-bu) Traffic department (交通部, kōtsu-bu) Security department (警備部, keibi-bu) Community safety department (生活安全部, seikatsu-anzen-bu) +In addition, urban prefectural police departments comprise a general affairs department (総務部, sōmu-bu) and a community police department (地域部, chīki-bu).[10] +Criminal investigation +Then, with the 1947 Police Law (ja) and the 1948 Code of Criminal Procedure (ja), the responsibility of investigation has been defined to be uniquely assigned to police officers. In order to fulfil this responsibility, criminal investigation departments or criminal investigation bureaus (judiciary police) were set up in each police organisation. After the establishment of the 1954 amended Police Law, these departments are supervised by the Criminal Affairs Bureau of the National Police Agency.[12] +Traffic policing +Originally traffic policing was mainly done by community policing officers. However, with the progress of motorization since the 1950s, traffic accidents have increased dramatically, resulting in the so-called traffic war, the system of traffic police was also strengthened.[15] +From the mid-1960s, mobile patrol units were installed at several PPHs, and in 1972 they were installed at all traffic departments of the PPHs as Mobile Traffic Units (交通機動隊, Kōtsu-kidō-tai). Traffic cars (including unmarked cars) and police motorcycles are deployed in these units. And as the development of the expressway advanced, the establishment of the Expressway Traffic Police Units (高速道路交通警察隊, Kōsoku-dōro kōtsu-keisatsu-tai) was also decided in 1971.[15] +Public security +At the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, the jurisdiction for public security policing is divided into the Public Security Bureau (公安部, Kōan-bu) and Security Bureau (警備部, Keibi-bu), being responsible for investigation activities and security forces operations, respectively. In other PPHs, their security departments are in charge of all public security policing matters; but in the departments, they are divided in the same way as they are done by the MPD. They are supervised by the Security Bureau of the National Police Agency.[16] +Within their security departments or bureaus, each PPHs maintains Riot Police Units (機動隊, kidō-tai). These units are not only riot police units literally, but are also some kind of rapid reaction force for disaster relief or other emergency missions, and reinforcement for regular police when necessary. Full-time riot police can also be augmented by regular police trained in riot duties.[17] +Counter-terrorism operations are also the affairs of the security departments. The Special Assault Teams (特殊急襲部隊, Tokushu Kyūshū Butai) are the national-level units and Anti-Firearms Squads (銃器対策部隊, Jūki-taisaku-butai) are the local units.[18] These units are established within the RPU basically, but SAT of the TMPD and Osaka PPH are under direct control of their Security Bureau (TMPD) or Department (Osaka PPH).[13] +Community policing +In the Japanese police, community policing is treated as being close to crime prevention, and in rural police headquarters, community safety departments in charge of crime prevention sometimes concurrently handle community policing. Community policing officers are organised into several police stations (警察署, Keisatsu-sho). Each station includes the following sections:[19] +Police administration section (警務課, keimu-ka) Traffic section (交通課, kōtsu-ka) Security section (警備課, keibi-ka) Community police affairs section (地域課, chīki-ka) Community safety section (生活安全課, seikatsu-anzen-ka) Criminal investigation section (刑事課, keiji-ka) +Officers of the community police affairs sections are distributed in their jurisdictions, working at police boxes (交番, Kōban), residential police boxes (駐在所, Chūzai-sho), radio mobile patrols, etc.[20] +These community policing officers are supported by the community police department or the community safety department of the prefectural police headquarters. In addition to the administration of the police radio networks, they provide inter-regional patrol units and air support: automobile patrols (自動車警ら隊, jidōsha-keira-tai) and a police aviation unit (警察航空隊, keisatsu-kōku-tai), and many other assets.[20] +Ranks +Police officers are divided into nine ranks:[21] +Status Police ranks[1] Comparable military ranks[22] Representative job title(s) Rank insignia Shoulder Cords Government officials Commissioner General (警察庁長官, Keisatsu-chō Chōkan) No counterpart (outside normal ranking) The chief of the NPA Superintendent General (警視総監, Keishi-sōkan) General The chief of the TMPD Senior commissioner (警視監, keishi-kan) Lieutenant general Deputy commissioner general, deputy superintendent general, the chief of a regional police bureau and the chief of a PPH Commissioner (警視長, keishi-chō) Major general The chief of a PPH Assistant Commissioner (警視正, keishi-sei) Colonel The chief of a police station Local police personnel Superintendent (警視, keishi) Lieutenant colonel The chief of a small or middle police station, the vice commanding officer of a police station and commander of a riot police unit Chief inspector (警部, keibu) Major or captain Squad commander in a police station and leader of a riot company Inspector (警部補, keibu-ho) Captain or lieutenant Squad sub-commander in a police station and leader of a riot platoon Police sergeant (巡査部長, junsa-buchō) Warrant officer or Sergeant Field supervisor and leader of a police box Senior police officer (巡査長, junsa-chō) Private first class Honorary rank of police officers Police officer (巡査, junsa) Private A prefectural police officer's career starts from this rank +Equipment +Uniform +Through the campaign against the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security Between the United States and Japan at the end of the 1960s, helmets and protective gear for riot police officers were improved.[26] On the other hand, general police officers were wearing blade-deflecting vests under uniforms so that they would not be noticeable, but since the 2000s, a strong stab vest to overlay on the uniform was adopted. And in case of gun violence, bulletproof vests are also equipped.[27] Ordinary police officers, riot police officers, SWAT detectives, and counter-terrorism operators use different vests of different standards.[28] +Service weapon +In the pre-war period, most Japanese law enforcement officials only had a sabre. Only some elite detectives, bodyguards, or SWAT units such as the Emergency Service Unit of the TMPD were issued pistols. FN Model 1910 or Colt Model 1903 were used for open-carry uses, and Colt Model 1908 Vest Pocket or FN M1905 for concealed carry. +During the Occupation, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers suggested them to be equipped with firearms. +Because of the insufficient stocks of the domestic handguns, Japanese police started to receive service pistols leased from the Allies from 1949, and by 1951, all officers were issued pistols.[29] +For Japanese police, service pistols are generally left at work when they are not on duty.[31] +Transportation +Ground +In Japan, there are about 40,000 police vehicles nationwide with the average patrol cruisers being Toyota Crowns and similar large sedans, although small compact and micro cars are used by rural police boxes and in city centres where they are much more manoeuvrable. Pursuit vehicles depend on prefectures with the Honda NSX, Subaru Impreza, Subaru Legacy, Mitsubishi Lancer, Nissan Skyline, Mazda RX-7, and Nissan Fairlady Z are all used in various prefectures for highway patrols and pursuit uses. +Ordinary police vehicles are painted black and white with the upper parts of the vehicle painted white. Motorcycles are usually all white. Vehicles for riot police units are painted blue and white, and especially vehicles for the Rescue Squads of the TMPD are painted green and white.[32] +Organisation +Aviation +In Japan, the deployment of police helicopters began in 1960. They are extensively used for traffic reporting, the pursuit of suspects, search and rescue, airlift or many other missions.[33] Total of about 80 helicopters are being operated in 47 prefectures nationwide. Some helicopters are equipped with stabilised TV camera and microwave link systems.[34] +Watercraft +Police watercraft of Japan are divided into five groups: 23-meter type, 20-meter type, 17-meter type, 12-meter type, 8-meter type. As of 2014, 159 vessels are deployed nationwide.[35] Since the Japan Coast Guard is in charge of the outside of ports, police watercraft are mainly mandated for rivers. However, sometimes they are dispatched to support police activities on the ground even on detached islands.[36] +Each Prefectural Polices comprises a police authority and operational units: Prefectural Public Safety Commissions (PPSC) and Prefectural Police Headquarters (PPH).[3] +Prefectural Public Safety Commission +Girls Planet 999 is a South Korean reality television show, where trainees from China,[lower-alpha 1] Japan and South Korea compete to debut in a nine-member girl group.[1] The 99 contestants form three large groups, comprising 33 contestants from each nationality. The top nine contestants, irrespective of which groups they are in, will debut as a girl group after the final episode. +Channel wa Sonomama! (チャンネルはそのまま!, roughly "Don't Change the Channel!") is a Japanese manga by Noriko Sasaki serialized in the seinen manga magazine Big Comic Spirits, published by Shogakukan between 2008 and 2013.[2][3] +Contents +ONNX provides definitions of an extensible computation graph model, built-in operators and standard data types, focused on inferencing (evaluation).[1] +See also +History +External links +In September 2017 Facebook and Microsoft introduced a system for switching between machine learning frameworks such as PyTorch and Caffe2.[1] Later, IBM, Huawei, Intel, AMD, ARM and Qualcomm announced support for the initiative.[2] +In October 2017, Microsoft announced that it would add its Cognitive Toolkit and Project Brainwave platform to the initiative.[1] +The initiative targets: +Framework interoperability +Year Title Role Notes Ref 1990 Hoshiwotsugumono Shohei Endo 1995 Himeyuri no Tō 1996 Tomoko no Baai Tokio Okada 1999 Oyayubihime Yuuichi Kimizima 2000 Whiteout Kenji Amamiya 2001 All About Lily Chou-Chou Ikeda-senpai 2003 Collage of Our Life Kyohei Sekiguchi Kill Bill: Volume 1 Crazy 88 member 2004 Half a Confession Ikegami Crying Out Love in the Center of the World Ryūnosuke Ōki (teenager) The Taste of Tea Bucho Igobu Swing Girls Sanga High School concert band director 2006 Love My Life Take-chan 2008 Detroit Metal City Hideki Saji 2013 Tokyo Sky Story Koji 2016 Shin Godzilla Tatsuhiko Yasuda Blank13 Kōji Lead role [7] 2017 March Comes in like a Lion Takashi Hayashida March Goes out like a Lamb Takashi Hayashida The Limit of Sleeping Beauty Kaito 2018 Recall Kazuaki Izaki [8] The Lies She Loved Kippei Koide Lead role [7] Million Dollar Man Tsukumo Furukawa [9] 2019 Until I Meet September's Love Susumu Hirano Lead role [10] Samurai Shifters Gen'emon Takamura [11] Romance Doll Tetsuo Lead role [12] 2020 Wife of a Spy Yūsaku Fukuhara [4] 2021 Rurouni Kenshin: The Beginning Katsura Kogorō [13] +TV series +Year Title Role Network Notes Ref 1990 New York Koi Monogatari II: Otome Kazunori Togami Fuji TV 1991 Chūō Freeway TBS 1992 Special Rescue Exceedraft Taro Osaki TV Asahi Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger Kai TV Asahi Episodes 47 to 50 1998 Bishōjo H TV Asahi Setsunai TV Asahi Jiken 6 Yuichi Iwamoto TV Asahi Natchan-ka TV Asahi Episode 7 Shōnen-tachi Koichi Sugita NHK 1999 Kinpachi-sensei Season 5 Sushi deliver TBS Episode 18 Genroku Ryōran Yanagisawa Yoshisato NHK Taiga drama L×I×V×E Saito TBS Waruikoto Norifumi Hirata Fuji TV Kowai Dōwa Yuichi Kimijima TBS 2000 Ikebukuro West Gate Park Kazunori Morinaga TBS Hamidashi Keiji Jōnetsu-kei Season 5 TV Asahi Episode 4 2001 Yonimo Kimyōna Monogatari Fuji TV Hero Shinichi Furuta Fuji TV Episode 10 Kochira Dai San Shakai-bu Tetsushi Nojima TBS Ultraman Cosmos Mitsuya MBS Handoku!!! Kaze Minamino TBS 2002 Emergency Room 24hours Fuji TV Tax Inspector Madogiwa Taro 8 Yoichi Funatsu TBS TV movie 2004 Shinsengumi! Matsudaira Sadaaki NHK Taiga drama Ultra Q: Dark Fantasy TV Tokyo The Great Horror Family Kiyoshi Imawano TV Tokyo Lead role Hagurekeiji Junjō-ha TV Asahi 2005 AIBOU: Tokyo Detective Duo: Season 4 Naotaro Anzai TV Asahi Episodes 4 and 5 Climber's High Rintaro Anzai NHK 2006 AIBOU: Tokyo Detective Duo: Season 5 Naotaro Anzai TV Asahi Episode 5 Sukoshi wa, Ongaeshi ga Dekita ka na Masakzau Kitahara TBS Kētai Keiji Zenigata Kaminari BS-TBS Koisuru Nichiyōbi New Type BS-TBS Wagahai wa Shufudearu Takumi "Yoru Shizuka" Asano TBS Premium Saturday Fuji TV Nada Sōsō TBS 2007 Fūrin Kazan Komai Masatake NHK Taiga drama Special Express Tanaka 3 Ken Mishima TBS Sexy Voice and Robo NTV Episode 7; Unaired Ita: Team Medical Dragon 2 Seiji Toyama Fuji TV 2008 One-pound Gospel Yusuke Ishizaka NTV Gonzō Densetsu no Deka Yuji Hibino TV Asahi 2010 Tetsu no Hone Isao Yamamoto NHK Soil Shogo Katakuri Wowow MM9 Ryo Haida MBS Gekai Suma Hisayoshi Nomura TV Asahi 2011 Namae o Nakushita Megami Hidetaka Anno Fuji TV Ohisama Hideo Uehara NHK Asadora Last Money: Ai no Nedan Takamichi Yamauchi NHK Episode 4 All She Was Worth Yasuji Kurata TV Asahi Jūichinin mo iru! +Fuji Kanehira Mazaki TV Asahi Naniwa Shōnentanteidan Hiroo Yamashita TBS Episode 6 Mi o Tsukushi Ryōri jō Mataji TV Asahi Hitorishizuka Shingo Kizaki Wowow Episode 1 2013 Last Hope Ken Saito Fuji TV Last Dinner NHK BS-P Episode 6 Gekiryū: Watashi o Oboete Imasu ka? Kenji Shuho NHK 2014 Gunshi Kanbei Inoue Kurouemon NHK Taiga drama Yoru no Sensei Ichiro Yamada TBS Mosaic Japan Yoshiaki Kyui Wowow Peter no Sōretsu Masahiko Hashimoto TBS Nobunaga Concerto Azai Nagamasa Fuji TV Episode 5 2015 Dakara Kōya Shogo Kameda NHK BS-P Dr. Rintarō Daisaku Fukuhara NTV The Premium Kenji Hatanaka NHK BS-P Tami-ō Mohei Kaibara TV Asahi 2016 Ōedo Enjō Hoshina Masayuki NHK BS-P Lead role Gu.ra.me! Haruki Kiyosawa TV Asahi Princess Maison Masakazu Date NHK BS-P 'My Long Awaited Love Story Soichiro Kurokawa Fuji TV, KTV Lead role; TV movie 2017 Naotora: The Lady Warlord Ono Masatsugu NHK Taiga drama Quartet Yutaka Iemori TBS Lead role Warotenka Shiori Inō NHK Asadora 2018 Miracles Kazuki Aikawa Fuji TV Lead role 2019 Crescent Moon Gorō Ōshima NHK Lead role Tokyo Bachelors Tarō Ishibashi TV Asahi Lead role 2020 Wife of a Spy Yūsaku Fukuhara NHK TV movie [1] Thus Spoke Kishibe Rohan Rohan Kishibe NHK Lead role; mini-series [5] 2021 Heaven and Hell: Soul Exchange Haruto Hidaka TBS [6] +Awards +Year Award Category Work(s) Result Ref 2018 The 42nd Elan d'or Awards Newcomer of the Year Himself Won The 31st Nikkan Sports Film Awards Best Supporting Actor Recall, The Lies She Loved, Blank13, and Million Dollar Man Won [16] 2021 75th Mainichi Film Awards Best Actor Wife of a Spy Nominated [17] +Taiga drama (Japanese: 大河ドラマ, Hepburn: Taiga dorama, "Big River Drama") is the name NHK gives to the annual year-long historical drama television series it broadcasts in Japan. Beginning in 1963 with the black-and-white Hana no Shōgai, starring kabuki actor Onoe Shoroku II and Awashima Chikage, the network regularly hires different writers, directors, and other creative staff for each taiga drama. The 45-minute show airs on the NHK General TV network every Sunday at 20:00, with rebroadcasts on Saturdays at 13:05. +Taiga dramas are very costly to produce.[1] The usual procedure of a taiga drama production would have one-third of the total number of scripts finished before shooting begins. Afterwards, audience reception is taken into account as the rest of the series is written.[2] Many times, the dramas are adapted from a novel (e.g. Fūrin Kazan is based on The Samurai Banner of Furin Kazan). Though taiga dramas have been regarded by Japanese viewers as the most prestigious among dramas in Japan, viewership ratings have considerably declined in recent years.[1] +Title season Episodes Start End Starring Supporting cast Saka no Ue no Kumo 1 5 eps 29 November 2009 27 December 2009 Masahiro Motoki Hiroshi Abe Teruyuki Kagawa Miho Kanno Go Kato Hideki Takahashi Tetsuya Watari 2 4 eps 5 December 2010 26 December 2010 3 4 eps 4 December 2011 25 December 2011 +Fantasy taiga drama +Current series +Upcoming series +NHK Special Drama +Saka no Ue no Kumo was originally set for a 2006 broadcast as "21st Century Taiga Drama". However, the scriptwriter of the series committed suicide, causing a delay in production. The series was aired as "NHK Special Drama" in three parts, each part airing from late November to late December of each year. +Title season Episodes Start End Starring Supporting cast Moribito: Guardian of the Spirit 1 4 eps 26 March 2016 9 April 2016 Haruka Ayase Masahiro Higashide Mizuki Itagaki Mikijirō Hira Tatsuya Fujiwara 2 9 eps 21 January 2017 25 March 2017 3 9 eps 25 November 2017 27 January 2018 +"O, Capiz", also known as the Capiz Hymn, is the official provincial anthem of the province of Capiz in the Philippines. +External links +"O, Capiz" was written by Charmaine O. Guartero, a high school music teacher at Filamer Christian University, besting 24 other songs entered in a province-sponsored competition for the selection of a provincial hymn.[1] It was first performed on April 21, 2006 at the Hall of Governors in Roxas City, where Guartero was also awarded ₱20,000, a plaque and a certificate by Governor Vicente Bermejo.[2] +The hymn was adopted on June 23, 2006 by an ordinance of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan of Capiz and performed for the first time at the charter anniversary of the province. The current arrangement, meanwhile, was unveiled on June 25, 2007.[1] Bermejo later noted that in the Capizeños' quest for development, "we need a melody that will inspire us and forge our efforts together to achieve our dream for a better Capiz", describing "O, Capiz" as a unique expression of what the true Capiz is and what Capizeños really are.[1] +The official video of "O, Capiz" is available on YouTube and cassette and CD copies of the hymn are being distributed to schools throughout the province.[3] +Lyrics +Silhouette refers to a method of interpretation and validation of consistency within clusters of data. The technique provides a succinct graphical representation of how well each object has been classified.[1] +The silhouette value is a measure of how similar an object is to its own cluster (cohesion) compared to other clusters (separation). The silhouette ranges from −1 to +1, where a high value indicates that the object is well matched to its own cluster and poorly matched to neighboring clusters. If most objects have a high value, then the clustering configuration is appropriate. +For each data point i ∈ C i {\displaystyle i\in C_{i}} , we now define +to be the smallest (hence the min {\displaystyle \min } operator in the formula) mean distance of i {\displaystyle i} to all points in any other cluster, of which i {\displaystyle i} is not a member. The cluster with this smallest mean dissimilarity is said to be the "neighboring cluster" of i {\displaystyle i} because it is the next best fit cluster for point i {\displaystyle i} . +We now define a silhouette (value) of one data point i {\displaystyle i} +s ( i ) = b ( i ) − a ( i ) max { a ( i ) , b ( i ) } {\displaystyle s(i)={\frac {b(i)-a(i)}{\max\{a(i),b(i)\}}}} , if | C i | > 1 {\displaystyle |C_{i}|>1} +s ( i ) = 0 {\displaystyle s(i)=0} , if | C i | = 1 {\displaystyle |C_{i}|=1} +Which can be also written as: +From the above definition it is clear that +The silhouette can be calculated with any distance metric, such as the Euclidean distance or the Manhattan distance. +Note that a ( i ) {\displaystyle a(i)} is not clearly defined for clusters with size = 1, in which case we set s ( i ) = 0 {\displaystyle s(i)=0} . This choice is arbitrary, but neutral in the sense that it is at the midpoint of the bounds, -1 and 1.[1] +Furthermore, a large b ( i ) {\displaystyle b(i)} implies that i {\displaystyle i} is badly matched to its neighbouring cluster. Thus an s ( i ) {\displaystyle s(i)} close to 1 means that the data is appropriately clustered. If s ( i ) {\displaystyle s(i)} is close to -1, then by the same logic we see that i {\displaystyle i} would be more appropriate if it was clustered in its neighbouring cluster. +If there are too many or too few clusters, as may occur when a poor choice of k {\displaystyle k} is used in the clustering algorithm (e.g.: k-means), some of the clusters will typically display much narrower silhouettes than the rest. Thus silhouette plots and means may be used to determine the natural number of clusters within a dataset. One can also increase the likelihood of the silhouette being maximized at the correct number of clusters by re-scaling the data using feature weights that are cluster specific.[2] +Kaufman et al. introduced the term silhouette coefficient for the maximum value of the mean s ( i ) {\displaystyle s(i)} over all data of the entire dataset.[3] +Where s ~ ( k ) {\displaystyle {\tilde {s}}\left(k\right)} represents the mean s ( i ) {\displaystyle s(i)} over all data of the entire dataset for a specific number of clusters k {\displaystyle k} . +Definition +A plot showing silhouette scores from three types of animals from the Zoo dataset as rendered by Orange data mining suite. At the bottom of the plot, silhouette identifies dolphin and porpoise as outliers in the group of mammals. +Assume the data have been clustered via any technique, such as k-means, into k {\displaystyle k} clusters. +For data point i ∈ C i {\displaystyle i\in C_{i}} (data point i {\displaystyle i} in the cluster C i {\displaystyle C_{i}} ), let +be the mean distance between i {\displaystyle i} and all other data points in the same cluster, where | C i | {\displaystyle |C_{i}|} is the number of points belonging to cluster i {\displaystyle i} , and d ( i , j ) {\displaystyle d(i,j)} is the distance between data points i {\displaystyle i} and j {\displaystyle j} in the cluster C i {\displaystyle C_{i}} (we divide by | C i | − 1 {\displaystyle |C_{i}|-1} because we do not include the distance d ( i , i ) {\displaystyle d(i,i)} in the sum). We can interpret a ( i ) {\displaystyle a(i)} as a measure of how well i {\displaystyle i} is assigned to its cluster (the smaller the value, the better the assignment). +We then define the mean dissimilarity of point i {\displaystyle i} to some cluster C k {\displaystyle C_{k}} as the mean of the distance from i {\displaystyle i} to all points in C k {\displaystyle C_{k}} (where C k ≠ C i {\displaystyle C_{k}\neq C_{i}} ). +In information retrieval, tf–idf, TF*IDF, or TFIDF, short for term frequency–inverse document frequency, is a numerical statistic that is intended to reflect how important a word is to a document in a collection or corpus.[1] It is often used as a weighting factor in searches of information retrieval, text mining, and user modeling. The tf–idf value increases proportionally to the number of times a word appears in the document and is offset by the number of documents in the corpus that contain the word, which helps to adjust for the fact that some words appear more frequently in general. tf–idf is one of the most popular term-weighting schemes today. A survey conducted in 2015 showed that 83% of text-based recommender systems in digital libraries use tf–idf.[2] +Karen Spärck Jones (1972) conceived a statistical interpretation of term-specificity called Inverse Document Frequency (idf), which became a cornerstone of term weighting:[4] +The specificity of a term can be quantified as an inverse function of the number of documents in which it occurs. +Definition +The tf–idf is the product of two statistics, term frequency and inverse document frequency. There are various ways for determining the exact values of both statistics. A formula that aims to define the importance of a keyword or phrase within a document or a web page. +Variants of term frequency (tf) weight weighting scheme tf weight binary 0 , 1 {\displaystyle {0,1}} raw count f t , d {\displaystyle f_{t,d}} term frequency f t , d / ∑ t ′ ∈ d f t ′ , d {\displaystyle f_{t,d}{\Bigg /}{\sum _{t'\in d}{f_{t',d}}}} log normalization log ⁡ ( 1 + f t , d ) {\displaystyle \log(1+f_{t,d})} double normalization 0.5 0.5 + 0.5 ⋅ f t , d max { t ′ ∈ d } f t ′ , d {\displaystyle 0.5+0.5\cdot {\frac {f_{t,d}}{\max _{\{t'\in d\}}{f_{t',d}}}}} double normalization K K + ( 1 − K ) f t , d max { t ′ ∈ d } f t ′ , d {\displaystyle K+(1-K){\frac {f_{t,d}}{\max _{\{t'\in d\}}{f_{t',d}}}}} +Term frequency +Term frequency, tf(t,d), is the frequency of term t, +where ft,d is the raw count of a term in a document, i.e., the number of times that term t occurs in document d. There are various other ways to define term frequency:[5]: 128 +the raw count itself: tf(t,d) = ft,d Boolean "frequencies": tf(t,d) = 1 if t occurs in d and 0 otherwise; term frequency adjusted for document length: tf(t,d) = ft,d ÷ (number of words in d) logarithmically scaled frequency: tf(t,d) = log (1 + ft,d);[6] augmented frequency, to prevent a bias towards longer documents, e.g. raw frequency divided by the raw frequency of the most occurring term in the document: +Variations of the tf–idf weighting scheme are often used by search engines as a central tool in scoring and ranking a document's relevance given a user query. tf–idf can be successfully used for stop-words filtering in various subject fields, including text summarization and classification. +Inverse document frequency +Variants of inverse document frequency (idf) weight weighting scheme idf weight ( n t = | { d ∈ D : t ∈ d } | {\displaystyle n_{t}=|\{d\in D:t\in d\}|} ) unary 1 inverse document frequency log ⁡ N n t = − log ⁡ n t N {\displaystyle \log {\frac {N}{n_{t}}}=-\log {\frac {n_{t}}{N}}} inverse document frequency smooth log ⁡ ( N 1 + n t ) + 1 {\displaystyle \log \left({\frac {N}{1+n_{t}}}\right)+1} inverse document frequency max log ⁡ ( max { t ′ ∈ d } n t ′ 1 + n t ) {\displaystyle \log \left({\frac {\max _{\{t'\in d\}}n_{t'}}{1+n_{t}}}\right)} probabilistic inverse document frequency log ⁡ N − n t n t {\displaystyle \log {\frac {N-n_{t}}{n_{t}}}} +The inverse document frequency is a measure of how much information the word provides, i.e., if it's common or rare across all documents. It is the logarithmically scaled inverse fraction of the documents that contain the word (obtained by dividing the total number of documents by the number of documents containing the term, and then taking the logarithm of that quotient): +with +N {\displaystyle N} : total number of documents in the corpus N = | D | {\displaystyle N={|D|}} | { d ∈ D : t ∈ d } | {\displaystyle |\{d\in D:t\in d\}|} : number of documents where the term t {\displaystyle t} appears (i.e., t f ( t , d ) ≠ 0 {\displaystyle \mathrm {tf} (t,d)\neq 0} ). If the term is not in the corpus, this will lead to a division-by-zero. It is therefore common to adjust the denominator to 1 + | { d ∈ D : t ∈ d } | {\displaystyle 1+|\{d\in D:t\in d\}|} . +Plot of different inverse document frequency functions: standard, smooth, probabilistic. +Term frequency–Inverse document frequency +One of the simplest ranking functions is computed by summing the tf–idf for each query term; many more sophisticated ranking functions are variants of this simple model. +Then tf–idf is calculated as +A high weight in tf–idf is reached by a high term frequency (in the given document) and a low document frequency of the term in the whole collection of documents; the weights hence tend to filter out common terms. Since the ratio inside the idf's log function is always greater than or equal to 1, the value of idf (and tf–idf) is greater than or equal to 0. As a term appears in more documents, the ratio inside the logarithm approaches 1, bringing the idf and tf–idf closer to 0. +Recommended tf–idf weighting schemes weighting scheme document term weight query term weight 1 f t , d ⋅ log ⁡ N n t {\displaystyle f_{t,d}\cdot \log {\frac {N}{n_{t}}}} ( 0.5 + 0.5 f t , q max t f t , q ) ⋅ log ⁡ N n t {\displaystyle \left(0.5+0.5{\frac {f_{t,q}}{\max _{t}f_{t,q}}}\right)\cdot \log {\frac {N}{n_{t}}}} 2 log ⁡ ( 1 + f t , d ) {\displaystyle \log(1+f_{t,d})} log ⁡ ( 1 + N n t ) {\displaystyle \log \left(1+{\frac {N}{n_{t}}}\right)} 3 ( 1 + log ⁡ f t , d ) ⋅ log ⁡ N n t {\displaystyle (1+\log f_{t,d})\cdot \log {\frac {N}{n_{t}}}} ( 1 + log ⁡ f t , q ) ⋅ log ⁡ N n t {\displaystyle (1+\log f_{t,q})\cdot \log {\frac {N}{n_{t}}}} +Justification of idf +Idf was introduced as "term specificity" by Karen Spärck Jones in a 1972 paper. Although it has worked well as a heuristic, its theoretical foundations have been troublesome for at least three decades afterward, with many researchers trying to find information theoretic justifications for it.[7] +Spärck Jones's own explanation did not propose much theory, aside from a connection to Zipf's law.[1] Attempts have been made to put idf on a probabilistic footing,[8] by estimating the probability that a given document d contains a term t as the relative document frequency, +so that we can define idf as +Namely, the inverse document frequency is the logarithm of "inverse" relative document frequency. +This probabilistic interpretation in turn takes the same form as that of self-information. However, applying such information-theoretic notions to problems in information retrieval leads to problems when trying to define the appropriate event spaces for the required probability distributions: not only documents need to be taken into account, but also queries and terms.[1] +Link with Information Theory +The Term Frequency and the Inverse Document Frequency can be formulated using Information theory; it helps to understand why their product have a meaning in terms of joint informational content of a document. A characteristic assumption about the distribution p ( d , t ) {\displaystyle p(d,t)} is that: +This assumption and its implications, according to Aizawa: "represent the heuristic that tf-idf employs."[9] +Recall the expression of the Conditional entropy of a "randomly chosen" document in the corpus D {\displaystyle D} conditional to the fact it contains a specific term t {\displaystyle t} (and assume that all documents have equal probability to be chosen, and small p {\displaystyle p} being r=probabilities)): +In terms of notation, D {\displaystyle {\cal {D}}} and T {\displaystyle {\cal {T}}} are "random variables" corresponding to respectively draw a document or a term. Now recall the definition of the Mutual information and note that it can be expressed as +Term frequency +The last step is to expand p t {\displaystyle p_{t}} , the unconditional probability to draw a term, with respect to the (random) choice of a document, to obtain: +This expression shows that summing the Tf–idf of all possible terms and documents recovers the mutual information between documents and term taking into account all the specificities of their joint distribution.[1] Each Tf–idf hence carries the "bit of information" attached to a term x document pair. +Suppose that we have term count tables of a corpus consisting of only two documents, as listed on the right. +Document 2 Term Term Count this 1 is 1 another 2 example 3 +Document 1 Term Term Count this 1 is 1 a 2 sample 1 +The calculation of tf–idf for the term "this" is performed as follows: +In its raw frequency form, tf is just the frequency of the "this" for each document. In each document, the word "this" appears once; but as the document 2 has more words, its relative frequency is smaller. +Suppose we have a set of English text documents and wish to rank them by which document is more relevant to the query, "the brown cow". A simple way to start out is by eliminating documents that do not contain all three words "the", "brown", and "cow", but this still leaves many documents. To further distinguish them, we might count the number of times each term occurs in each document; the number of times a term occurs in a document is called its term frequency. +An idf is constant per corpus, and accounts for the ratio of documents that include the word "this". In this case, we have a corpus of two documents and all of them include the word "this". +So tf–idf is zero for the word "this", which implies that the word is not very informative as it appears in all documents. +The word "example" is more interesting - it occurs three times, but only in the second document: +Finally, +(using the base 10 logarithm). +Beyond terms +The weight of a term that occurs in a document is simply proportional to the term frequency. +In 1998, the concept of idf was applied to citations.[10] The authors argued that "if a very uncommon citation is shared by two documents, this should be weighted more highly than a citation made by a large number of documents". In addition, tf–idf was applied to "visual words" with the purpose of conducting object matching in videos,[11] and entire sentences.[12] However, the concept of tf���idf did not prove to be more effective in all cases than a plain tf scheme (without idf). When tf–idf was applied to citations, researchers could find no improvement over a simple citation-count weight that had no idf component.[13] +Derivatives +In TF–IDuF,[15] idf is not calculated based on the document corpus that is to be searched or recommended. Instead, idf is calculated on users' personal document collections. The authors report that TF–IDuF was equally effective as tf–idf but could also be applied in situations when, e.g., a user modeling system has no access to a global document corpus. +Inverse document frequency +Because the term "the" is so common, term frequency will tend to incorrectly emphasize documents which happen to use the word "the" more frequently, without giving enough weight to the more meaningful terms "brown" and "cow". The term "the" is not a good keyword to distinguish relevant and non-relevant documents and terms, unlike the less-common words "brown" and "cow". Hence, an inverse document frequency factor is incorporated which diminishes the weight of terms that occur very frequently in the document set and increases the weight of terms that occur rarely. +Renzoku Terebi Shōsetsu (連続テレビ小説, "serial TV novel"), colloquially known as asadora (朝ドラ, "Morning Drama"), is a serialized, 15 minutes per episode,[1] Japanese television drama program series broadcast in the mornings by Japanese public broadcaster NHK. The first such series aired in 1961 with the black-and-white A Daughter and Me (娘と私, Musume to Watashi), starring Takeshi Kitazawa which aired in Japan Monday through Friday mornings—it was also the only of such series to be aired for 20 minutes per episode.[1] From 1975 onward, series aired in the first half of the year are produced by the NHK Tokyo Broadcasting station and series in the latter half of the year are produced by the NHK Osaka Broadcasting station; the Osaka branch's first asadora production was Whirlpools (うず潮, Uzushio) in 1964. +Due to the practice of wiping commonly in practice around the world in the 1960s and 1970s, not all episodes of all pre-1980 asadora series survive, as the 2-inch Quad videotapes were often wiped and reused; 16 of the produced asadora series in total are incomplete in the NHK archives, with several series having no surviving episodes at all. Several late 1970s series are complete in the archive as the result of off-air home video recordings donated by viewers; all series from Big Sister Ma (マー姉ちゃん, Mā-nē-chan) (1979) onward are retained in full in their original formats. +Asadora currently airs in Japan Monday through Saturday mornings on NHK General TV from 8:00 to 8:15, with a rebroadcast the same day from 12:45 to 13:00. Starting with Yell (エール, Ēru) (2020), the timeslot changed to Monday through Friday mornings, with the omnibus airings on Saturday. The asadora have become some of the most popular shows on Japanese television, with series such as Oshin, earning an overall 52.6-percent ratings for the series.[1] +Virtually all of the storylines center on the life of a female heroine who faces challenges while working to achieve her dreams. The heroine is chosen by NHK through an audition that involves interviews with several thousand applicants. The winning actress not only stars in an asadora, but also becomes a spokeswoman for NHK, and is usually involved in NHK-sponsored events—including the annual Kōhaku Uta Gassen New Year's Eve event. +See also +Television in Japan Japanese television drama Taiga drama KBS TV Novel, drama series of similar format produced by KBS in South Korea +Cafe Funiculi Funicula (コーヒーが冷めないうちに) is a 2018 Japanese film directed by Ayuko Tsukahara starring Kasumi Arimura. The film is adapted from the novel Before the Coffee Gets Cold by Toshikazu Kawaguchi. +Cast +Kasumi Arimura as Kazu Tokita Kentarō Itō as Ryosuke Shintani Haru as Fumiko Kiyokawa Kento Hayashi as Goro Katada Motoki Fukami as Nagare Tokita Wakana Matsumoto as Kumi Hirai Hiroko Yakushimaru as Kayo Takatake Yō Yoshida as Yaeko Hirai Yutaka Matsushige as Yasunori Fusaki Yuriko Ishida as the woman in summer clothes +Following the death of Hana Kimura in May 2020, The New York Times reported that all Terrace House cast members sign non-disclosure agreements barring them from talking about what happens behind the scenes.[19] Three former housemates interviewed by the Times alleged staff manipulation of events. However, at least two others said they never received any specific instructions, with one explaining that the cast members themselves would often behave differently for the cameras.[19] Hana Kimura's mother alleged that Terrace House producers pressured her daughter to act violently on camera.[20] The Japan Times reported that Fuji TV admitted that cast members sign an agreement with a provision in which they "have to agree to all instructions and decisions regarding scheduling and the way the scenes are shot," including how these are edited afterward, but that there was "no coercion" and the producers did not give any instructions to cast members that would have "manipulated them emotionally." They also said that the production team "did not demand the cast fully comply with all of its instructions," but if a cast member was found to violate the terms of the agreement and affect production of the show, they would have to pay for damages incurred.[21] +Series +Boys & Girls in the City (2015–2016) +Aloha State (2016–2017) +Opening New Doors (2017–2019) +Terrace House (Japanese: テラスハウス, Hepburn: Terasu Hausu) is a Japanese reality television show franchise consisting of five series and one theatrical film. The show follows the lives of six strangers, three men and three women from different walks of life, who live under the same roof while getting to know and date each other.[1] The show has received positive reviews for its earnest take on the reality TV format.[1][2][3][4] Since releasing internationally the show has become a global sleeper hit and developed a cult following.[5][6] +Tokyo 2019–2020 (2019–2020) +Studio commentators +Reception +Critical reception +Terrace House received praise for bringing reality back to reality television, with the lack of drama making the show distinctive, relaxing and addictive.[1][3][22] GQ magazine described the show as "the reality show for people who hate reality shows" adding it will take over your life as you become heavily invested in minute happenings.[4] +The first series, subtitled Boys × Girls Next Door,[7] originally aired on Fuji Television's "Cool TV" segment from October 12, 2012, to September 29, 2014, after which the 2015 standalone film Closing Door was released as a conclusion to the show.[8] Subsequent series were produced as Fuji TV and Netflix co-productions, internationally premiering as a Netflix Original while also airing on Fuji Television within Japan.[9] The second series, subtitled Boys & Girls in the City,[10] aired from September 2, 2015, to September 27, 2016, and moved the setting from the Shōnan area to central Tokyo. For the third series the show moved from Japan to Hawaii, airing from November 1, 2016, to August 29, 2017, under the subtitle Aloha State.[11] The fourth series, subtitled as Opening New Doors, moved the show back to Japan in Nagano prefecture and aired from December 19, 2017, to February 12, 2019.[12] The fifth and most recent series, Tokyo 2019–2020, began airing on May 14, 2019, and aired its last episode on May 19, 2020, when it was cancelled following the suicide of cast member Hana Kimura.[13][14] +On the success of Terrace House's seemingly drama free approach to reality TV, Dr Griseldis Kirsch, senior lecturer in contemporary Japanese culture at the School of Oriental and African Studies commented "I think one reason why the show might be so appealing is that we're able to relate more to the people in the show. You're able to imagine yourself in their shoes."[1] +Judy Berman of Time listed Terrace House: Opening New Doors at number six on a list of the best TV shows of 2018.[26] +Ratings +During the initial run of Boys × Girls Next Door on Fuji Television audience share increased from an average of 5.5% at the start of the series to 6.9% at the end. Episode 74 had the highest viewing figures with an audience share of 9.1%.[27] While Netflix doesn’t publicly release its viewer data, Netflix Japan content manager Kaata Sakamoto told Buzzfeed News the show had exceeded their expectations in terms of international viewership.[2] +Explanatory notes +References +Overview +Terrace House is a reality television show that follows six strangers who move in together as they build friendships and relationships.[1] The group is composed of three women and three men aged from their teens to their 30s. While not explicitly described as a dating show, Terrace House has been labeled as such by several reviewers.[2][3][16] Viewing drama comes from watching members pursue romance and deal with the differences in their personalities, morals, hopes, and dreams.[17][15] +While in Terrace House, members keep their day jobs and are allowed to go about their daily lives as they please. Occasionally, the cameras will also provide insight into the members' personal lives, their workplace, friends, and family, but heavily focuses on capturing dates between housemates and meaningful group events. Should one of the housemates decide to permanently leave the show, a new member of the same gender is invited to join upon the previous housemate's departure. +A group of studio commentators introduce each episode and watch along with the viewer, providing real-time commentary. At regular intervals, the show cuts to the panel as they analyze conversations, decipher members' body language, and joke about the last 10 minutes of footage.[1][2][3] +Controversy +In a December 2017 interview with Metropolis, former Aloha State castmate Lauren Tsai referred to Terrace House as "probably the least real reality show." She claimed that the film crew only showed up a few hours a day (and not even every day) or when there was a notable excursion, like a date or group outing, and that the housemates were told not to talk for the remaining 20 or so hours of the day. Although confirming it is unscripted, Tsai said the crew told them in general what topics to talk about and through editing told a story; "they don't tell us exactly what to say, but they know what kind of story they want to edit in their minds, so they force the content to be created."[18] Metropolis later deleted these parts of the online article. +Presenter Boys × Girls Next Door Boys & Girls in the City Aloha State Opening New Doors Tokyo 2019–2020 You Ep 1–98 Ep 1–46 Ep 1–36 Ep 1–49 Ep 1–40 Reina Triendl Ep 14–98 Ep 1–46 Ep 1–36 Ep 1–49 Ep 1–40, 43–44 Yoshimi Tokui Ep 26–98 Ep 1–46 Ep 1–36 Ep 1–49 Ep 1–24 Azusa Babazono Ep 26–98 Ep 1–46 Ep 1–36 Ep 1–49 Ep 1–40 Ryota Yamasato Ep 26–98 Ep 1–46 Ep 1–36 Ep 1–49 Ep 1–44 Hiroomi Tosaka Ep 26–98 Ayumu Mochizuki Ep 1–18 Kentaro Ep 19–46 Ep 1–36 Shono Hayama Ep 1–49 Ep 1–40 +Terrace House: Boys × Girls Next Door (Japanese: テラスハウス ボーイズ ガールズ ネクストドア, Hepburn: Terasu Hausu Bōizu Gāruzu Nekusuto Doa) is a Japanese reality television series and the first installment of the Terrace House franchise. It follows three men and three women as they temporarily live together in a modernistic house with a terrace located in the Shōnan area of Japan. The cast moved from the first house to a second one beginning with season five in October 2013.[1] The show aired on Fuji Television's "Cool TV" segment from October 12, 2012 to September 29, 2014 for eight seasons, after which the 2015 theatrical film Closing Door was released as a conclusion to the show. +Boys × Girls Next Door and the Closing Door film are the only iterations of the franchise produced solely by Fuji TV. Beginning with Boys & Girls in the City, the franchise has been co-produced by Fuji TV and Netflix and released internationally. +Cast +No. Name Occupation Date of birth Appearance English Japanese Nickname(s) Eps # 01 Tetsuya Sugaya 菅谷哲也 Tecchan, Tetsu aspiring firefighter (1993-07-28)July 28, 1993 1–98 98 02 Seina Shimabukuro[2] 島袋聖南 Seinasan model (1987-04-04)April 4, 1987 1–29, 65–98 62 03 Rie Kitahara 北原里英 Ricchan idol (AKB48) (1991-06-24)June 24, 1991 1–12 12 04 Masato Yukawa 湯川正人 Makun pro surfer (1992-01-10)January 10, 1992 1–12 12 05 Shota Nakatsugawa 中津川翔太 Shokun university student (1987-11-18)November 18, 1987 1–15 15 06 Momoko Takeuchi 竹内桃子 Momochan, Chanmomo aspiring author (1991-06-14)June 14, 1991 1–25 25 07 Hana Imai 今井華 Hanachan gyaru model (1992-11-12)November 12, 1992 14–38 24 08 Dyki Miyagi 宮城大樹 Dykikun kickboxer (1990-01-23)January 23, 1990 16–61 45 09 Tetsuya Iwanaga 岩永徹也 Oji pharmacist (1986-10-16)October 16, 1986 19–38 19 10 Aya Kondou 近藤あや Ayachan university student (1991-11-10)November 10, 1991 27–38 11 11 Miwako Kakei 筧美和子 Miko, Michan, Miwachan gravure idol (1994-03-06)March 6, 1994 29–61 32 12 Midori Takechi 武智ミドリ Me freeter (1992-08-20)August 20, 1992 39–50 11 13 Rina Sumioka 住岡梨奈 Rinati musician (1990-02-15)February 15, 1990 39–65 26 14 Yosuke Imai 今井洋介 Yosan photographer (1984-10-29)October 29, 1984 39–74 35 15 Mai Nagatani 永谷真絵 Maimai, Chay musician (1990-10-23)October 23, 1990 51–74 23 16 Chie Onuki 小貫智恵 Chichan university student (1990-07-04)July 4, 1990 63–74 11 17 Ippei Shima 島一平 Ippeichan comedian (Earth) (1984-07-18)July 18, 1984 63–87 24 18 Frances Cihi フランセス・スィーヒ Frankie painter (1988-05-27)May 27, 1988 75–87 12 19 Ryoko Hirasawa 平澤遼子 Ryochan company employee (1989-09-25)September 25, 1989 75–98 23 20 Kenya Yasuda 保田賢也 Kenken water polo player (1989-03-29)March 29, 1989 75–98 23 21 Michiko Yamanaka 山中美智子 Michan manager, designer (1985-11-29)November 29, 1985 87–98 11 22 Daiki Ito 伊東大輝 Daiki windsurfer (1994-01-19)January 19, 1994 88–98 10 +Timeline +Episodes +Terrace House: Aloha State (Japanese: テラスハウス アロハ ステート, Hepburn: Terasu Hausu Aroha Sutēto) is a Japanese reality television series in the Terrace House franchise set in Hawaii. It premiered on Netflix as a Netflix Original on November 1, 2016 and ended on August 29, 2017. It is a Netflix and Fuji co-production which is also broadcast on Fuji Television in Japan. +Episodes +Cast +№ Name Occupation Birth date Age* Appearance English Japanese Nickname Eps # 01 Lauren Tsai ローレン・サイ Lauren aspiring illustrator, model (1998-02-11)February 11, 1998 18 01–17 17 02 Yuya Shibusawa 澁澤侑哉 Yuya aspiring actor (1998-01-20)January 20, 1998 18 01–22 22 03 Avian Ku エビアン・クー Avian salesclerk (1990-09-04)September 4, 1990 26 01–22 22 04 Eric De Mendonca エリック デ メンドンサ Eric carpenter (1989-08-11)August 11, 1989 27 01–12 12 05 Naomi Lorraine Frank フランク奈緒美ロレイン Naomi undecided (1993-01-09)January 9, 1993 23 01–10 10 06 Yusuke Aizawa 鮎澤悠介 Yusuke/Eden Kai musician, ukulele player (1998-09-24)September 24, 1998 18 01–10 10 07 Anna Haneishi 羽石杏奈 Anna part-timer (1994-09-13)September 13, 1994 22 10–25 16 08 Taishi Tamaki 玉城大志 Taishi actor (1987-06-21)June 21, 1987 29 10–36 27 09 Guy Sato 佐藤魁 Guy pro surfer (1996-11-17)November 17, 1996 20 12–30 19 10 Niki Niwa 丹羽仁希 Niki university student October 15, 1996 20 17–25 9 11 Cheri Maria Sumikawa Lavoie シェリ・マリア・澄川・ラボエ Cheri realtor March 24, 1991 25 22–36 15 12 Wesley Nakajima 中嶋ウェスリー Wez rapper March 1, 1988 29 22–36 15 13 Jennifer Mila Hasegawa 長谷川 ジェニファー ミラ Mila undecided July 7, 1997 19 25–30 6 14 Chikako Fukuyama 福山智可子 Chika spa receptionist November 8, 1988 28 26–36 11 15 Mariko Nitta 新田満里子 Mariko banker September 18, 1991 25 30–36 7 16 Ryo Sekikawa 関川良 Ryo retailer December 7, 1990 26 30–36 7 +Timeline +The system usually issues the warning minutes after an Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) is issued, should there be expected waves.[1][2] The tsunami warning was issued within 3 minutes with the most serious rating on its warning scale during the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami; it was rated as a "major tsunami", being at least 3 m (9.8 ft) high.[2][3] An improved system was unveiled on March 7, 2013 following the 2011 disaster to better assess imminent tsunamis.[4][5] +Overview +References +When an earthquake occurs, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) estimates the possibility of tsunami generation from seismic observation data. If disastrous waves are expected in coastal regions, JMA issues a Tsunami Warning/Advisory for each region expected to be affected based on estimated tsunami heights. JMA also issues information on tsunami details such as estimated arrival times and heights.[6] After an earthquake occurs, JMA issues Tsunami Warnings/Advisories and Tsunami Information bulletins if a tsunami strike is expected. +Major Tsunami Warnings are issued in the classification of Emergency Warnings as of 30 August, 2013.[7] +Tsunami Warning / Advisory +When an earthquake occurs that could generate a disastrous tsunami in coastal regions of Japan, JMA issues Major Tsunami Warnings, Tsunami Warnings and/or Tsunami Advisories for individual regions based on estimated tsunami heights around three minutes after the quake (or as early as two minutes in some cases[N 1]).[1] +Immediately after an earthquake occurs, JMA promptly establishes its location, magnitude and the related tsunami risk. However, it takes time to determine the exact scale of earthquakes with a magnitude of 8 or more. In such cases, JMA issues an initial warning based on the predefined maximum magnitude to avoid underestimation.[1] +When such values are used, estimated maximum tsunami heights are expressed in qualitative terms such as "Huge" and "High" in initial warnings rather than as quantitative expressions. Once the exact magnitude is determined, JMA updates the warning with estimated maximum tsunami heights expressed in quantitative terms.[1] +Category Japanese Indication Estimated maximum tsunami heights Expected damage and action to be taken Quantitative expression Qualitative expression Major Tsunami Warning 大津波警報 Tsunami height is expected to be greater than 3 meters. over 10 m 10 m 5 m Huge Wooden structures are expected to be completely destroyed and/or washed away; anybody exposed will be caught in tsunami currents. Evacuate from coastal or river areas immediately to safer places such as high ground or a tsunami evacuation building. Tsunami Warning 津波警報 Tsunami height is expected to be up to 3 meters. +Japan Sinks: People of Hope (Japanese: 日本沈没ー希望のひとー, Hepburn: Nihon Chinbotsu: Kibo no Hito) is a Japanese drama series premiered in October 2021. Based on the novel Japan Sinks (Japanese: 日本沈没, Hepburn: Nihon Chinbotsu) by Sakyo Komatsu (published in 1973 by Kappa Novels). The series is now airing on TBS.[1] +The drama will also be aired internationally on Netflix.[2] +Cast +Shun Oguri as Keishi Amami[1] Kenichi Matsuyama as Koichi Tokiwa[1] Anne Watanabe as Minori Shiina[1] Toru Nakamura as Prime Minister Eiichi Higashiyama[1] Teruyuki Kagawa as Yusuke Tadokoro[1] Eiji Wentz as Taira Ishizuka Anne Nakamura as Misuzu Aihara Yūki Yoda (Nogizaka46) as Ai Yamada Jun Kunimura as Tōru Sera Takashi Kobayashi as Isao Fujioka Jun Fubuki as Yoshie Amami Manami Higa as Kaori Amami Yoshiko Miyazaki as Kazuko Shiina Kōtarō Yoshida (special appearance) as Mamoru Amami Tetta Sugimoto as Shūya Naganuma Morio Kazama as Makoto Ikushima Renji Ishibashi as Gen Satoshiro +References +Terrace House: Opening New Doors (Japanese: テラスハウス オープニング ニュー ドアーズ, Hepburn: Terasu Hausu Ōpuningu Nyū Doāzu) is a Japanese reality television series in the Terrace House franchise set in Karuizawa of the Nagano prefecture in Japan. It premiered on Netflix Japan as a Netflix Original on December 19, 2017.[1] It is a Netflix and Fuji Television co-production which is also broadcast on Fuji TV in Japan, first through Fuji on Demand (FOD) on January 16, 2018[2] and on-air broadcast on January 22, 2018.[3] +Episodes +Cast +№ Name Occupation Birth date Age* Appearance English Japanese Nickname Eps # 01 Ami Komuro 小室安未 Ami university student / aspiring model January 19, 1997 21 01 - 17 17 02 Yuudai Arai 新井雄大 Yuudai aspiring chef April 8, 1998 19 01 - 09 9 03 Mizuki Haruta 治田みずき Miju digital content editor / interpreter / online lingerie store owner June 30, 1991 26 01 - 09 9 04 Takayuki Nakamura 中村貴之 Taka professional snowboarder May 25, 1986 31 01 - 34 34 05 Tsubasa Sato 佐藤つば冴 Tsu-chan / Captain Tsubasa ice hockey player September 28, 1993 25 01 - 21 21 06 Shion "Sean" Okamoto 岡本至恩 Shion model January 13, 1995 23 01 - 21 21 07 Shohei Uemura 上村翔平 Shohei musician / vocalist July 16, 1989 28 10 - 31 22 08 Seina Shimabukuro 島袋聖南 Seina model April 4, 1987 30 10 - 34 25 09 Mayu Koseta 小瀬田麻由 Mayu gravure model November 12, 1994 23 17 - 26 10 10 Yui Tanaka 田中優衣 Yui university student December 24, 1996 21 22 - 49 28 11 Noah Ishikura 石倉ノア Noah aspiring pilot November 19, 1996 21 22 - 34 13 12 Aya Matarai 又来綾 Aya university student December 29, 1997 20 26 - 38 13 13 Shunsuke Ikezoe 池添俊亮 Shunsuke aspiring hair & makeup artist April 27, 1997 21 32 - 38 7 14 Kaito Nakata 中田海斗 Kaito pro skateboarder September 12, 1997 20 35 - 49 15 15 Maya Kisanuki 木佐貫まや Maya fashion student, model August 16, 1998 19 35 - 49 15 16 Sota Kono 河野聡太 Sota app developer November 5, 1992 25 35 - 42 8 17 Aio Fukuda 福田愛大 Aio former soccer player December 18, 1994 23 38 - 49 12 18 Risako Tanigawa 谷川利沙子 Risako / Richako print model May 29, 1990 28 38 - 49 12 19 Masao Wada 和田理生 Masao musician (Gesu no Kiwami Otome) February 20, 1987 31 42 - 49 8 +Terrace House: Tokyo 2019–2020 (Japanese: テラスハウス Tokyo 2019-2020, Hepburn: Terasu Hausu Tōkyō Nī Zero Ichi Kyū Nī Zero Nī Zero) is a Japanese reality television series and the fifth installment of the Terrace House franchise. It follows three men and three women as they temporarily live together in a house in the Setagaya ward of Tokyo, Japan.[1] It premiered on Netflix Japan as a Netflix Original on May 14, 2019.[2] +Episodes[4] +In April 2020, the production of the show was halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan. The show resumed airing episodes that were filmed prior to the suspension of production in May 2020, but the release of new episodes was again suspended following the suicide of cast member Hana Kimura on May 23, 2020. +Following Kimura's death, Fuji Television announced their decision to cancel the season on May 27, 2020, leaving the final two produced episodes of the show unaired. Netflix removed the season from its searchable database in Japan in mid-2020 and pulled all episodes featuring Kimura on August 10, 2020 in international markets. +Cast +Main cast[3] +Timeline +The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (総務省, Sōmu-shō, also MIC) is a cabinet-level ministry in the Government of Japan. +Its English name was Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications (MPHPT) prior to 2004. It is housed in the 2nd Building of the Central Common Government Office at 2-1-2 Kasumigaseki in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. +Institutes and colleges +Local Autonomy College (自治大学校) Institute for Information and Communications Policy (情報通信政策研究所) Statistical Research and Training Institute (統計研修所) Fire and Dispute Management College (消防大学校) +Special organizations +Central Election Management Council (中央選挙管理会) National Committee for the Management of Political Funds (政治資金適正化委員会) Commissioner for Local Dispute Management (自治紛争処理委員) (Committee for Settling National-Local Disputes) MIC Digital Television Call Center (総務省 地デジコールセンター) (closed 2016) +External agencies +Environmental Dispute Coordination Commission (公害等調整委員会) Fire and Disaster Management Agency (消防庁) +References +The Ministry oversees the Japanese administrative system, manages local governments, elections, telecommunication, post, and governmental statistics. +The Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications (総務大臣, Sōmu Daijin) is appointed from among the members of the cabinet. +History +The Ministry was created on January 6, 2001, by the merger of the Ministry of Home Affairs (自治省), the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (郵政省, MPT) and the Management and Coordination Agency (総務庁). Certain functions of the Management and Coordination Agency were transferred to the Cabinet Office in this process, while many functions of the MPT were transferred to an independent Postal Services Agency which later became Japan Post.[1] +Subdivisions +The Ministry has the following subdivisions as of July 2011:[2] +Bureaus +Minister's Secretariat (大臣官房) Director-General of Minister's Secretariat Director-General for Policy Coordination (3) Director-General for Regional Vitalization Director-General for Policy Evaluation Deputy Director-General of Minister's Secretariat (14) Counselor (12) Secretarial Division General Affairs Division Accounts Division Policy Planning Division Policy Evaluation and Public Relations Division Management Office Personnel and Pension Bureau (人事恩給局) Director-General of the Personnel and Pension Bureau Deputy Director-General of Personnel and Pension Bureau General Affairs Division Personnel Policy Division Aged Personnel Policy Division Pension Planning Division Pension Examination Division Pension Execution Division Counselor (5) Administrative Management Bureau (行政管理局) Director-General of the Administrative Management Bureau Planning and Coordination Division Government Information Systems Planning Division Director for Management (8) Administrative Evaluation Bureau (行政評価局) Director-General of the Administrative Evaluation Bureau General Affairs Division Administrative Counseling Division Director for Policy Evaluation Director for Evaluation and Inspection (9) Local Administration Bureau (自治行政局) Director-General of the Local Administration Bureau Local Administration Division Administration Improvement Division Municipal Merger Promotion Division Regional Policy Division Regional Self-support Promotion Division Local Public Service Personnel Department Director-General of the Local Public Service Personnel Department Local Public Service Personnel Division Welfare Division Election Department Director-General of the Election Department Election Division Election Management Division Political Funds Regulation Division Local Public Finance Bureau (自治財政局) Director-General of the Local Public Finance Bureau Local Public Finance Division Local Public Finance Coordination Division Local Allocation Tax Division Local Bond Division Local Public Enterprise Division Financial Management Division Local Tax Bureau (自治税務局) Director-General of the Local Tax Bureau Local Tax Planning Division Prefectural Tax Policy Division Municipal Tax Planning Division Fixed Property Tax Division Global ICT Strategy Bureau (国際戦略局) Director-General of the Global ICT Strategy Bureau Director-General for International Affairs, Global ICT Strategy Bureau ICT Strategy Policy Division Technology Policy Division Standardization Division Space Communications Policy Division International Policy Division International Economic Affairs Division International Cooperation Division Counselor Information and Communications Bureau (情報流通行政局) Director-General of the Information and Communications Bureau General Affairs Division Promotion for Content Distribution Division ICT Accessibility and Human Resources Development Division Advanced Information Systems and Software Division Regional Communications Development Division Broadcasting Policy Division Broadcasting Technology Division Terrestrial Broadcasting Division Satellite and International Broadcasting Division Regional Broadcasting Division Postal Services Policy Planning Department Director-General of the Postal Services Policy Planning Department Planning Division Postal Policy Division Postal Savings and Postal Life Insurance Policy Division Correspondence Delivery Business Division Telecommunications Bureau (総合通信基盤局) Director-General of the Telecommunications Bureau General Affairs Division Telecommunications Business Department Director-General of the Telecommunications Business Department Telecommunications Policy Division Tariff and Telecommunications Access Policy Division Computer Communications Division Telecommunication Systems Division Advanced Network Division Telecommunications Consumer Policy Division Radio Department Director-General of the Radio Department Radio Policy Division Fixed Radio Communications Division Land Mobile Communications Division Mobile Satellite Communications Division Electromagnetic Environment Division Statistics Bureau (統計局) Director-General of Statistics Bureau General Affairs Division Statistical Information Systems Division Statistical Standards Department Director-General of the Statistical Survey Department Statistical Planning Division International Statistical Affairs Division Director for Statistical Clearance (3) Statistical Survey Department Director General of Department Survey Planning Division Population Census Division Economic Statistics Division Economic Structure Statistics Division Consumer Statistics Division Director General for Policy Planning Director for Statistical Planning Director for Statistical Clearance (3) Director for International Statistical Affairs +Japan released the first of these bomb-bearing balloons on November 3, 1944. +They were found in Alaska, Alberta, Arizona, British Columbia, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Mexico, Michigan,[6] Montana, Nebraska, Nevada,[7] North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas,[8] Utah, Washington, Wyoming, and Yukon Territory. +General Kusaba's men launched over 9,000 balloons throughout the course of the project. The Japanese expected 10% (around 900) of them to reach America, which is also what is currently believed by researchers.[9] About 300 balloon bombs were found or observed in America. It is likely that more balloon bombs landed in unpopulated areas of the United States. +"Code Fu [Weapon]"), or fire balloon (風船爆弾, fūsen bakudan, lit. "balloon bomb"), was a weapon launched by Japan during World War II. A hydrogen balloon with a load varying from a 33 lb (15 kg) antipersonnel bomb to one 26-pound (12 kg) incendiary bomb and four 11 lb (5.0 kg) incendiary devices attached, it was designed as a cheap weapon intended to make use of the jet stream over the Pacific Ocean and drop bombs on American cities, forests, and farmland. Canada and Mexico reported fire balloon sightings as well.[1] +The balloons were intended to instill fear and terror in the U.S., though the bombs were relatively ineffective as weapons of destruction[3] due to extreme weather conditions.[4] +"Type B" rubberized silk balloon, recovered at sea and reinflated. Outline of a human is provided for scale. +The Japanese used them to determine the possibility of the bomb-carrying balloons reaching the United States.[5] The second type was the bomb-carrying balloon. Japanese bomb-carrying balloons were 33 ft (10 m) in diameter and, when fully inflated, held about 19,000 cu ft (540 m3) of hydrogen. Their launch sites were located on the east coast of the main Japanese island of Honshū. +The Reconstruction Agency (復興庁, Fukkō-chō) is an agency of the Japanese government established on February 10, 2012 to coordinate reconstruction activities related to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.[1] +Structure +Reconstruction Agency (復興庁, Fukkō-chō) (Minato-ku, Tokyo) +Iwate Response Office (岩手復興局, Iwate Fukkōkyoku) (Morioka, Iwate Prefecture) Miyako Branch Office (宮古支所, Miyako Shisho) (Miyako, Iwate Prefecture) Kamaishi Branch Office (釜石支所, Kamaishi Shisho) (Kamaishi, Iwate Prefecture) Miyagi Response Office (宮城復興局, Miyagi Fukkōkyoku) (Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture) Kesennuma Branch Office (気仙沼支所, Kesennuma Shisho) (Kesennuma, Miyagi Prefecture) Ishinomaki Branch Office (石巻支所, Ishinomaki Shisho) (Ishinomaki, Miyagi Prefecture) Fukushima Response Office (福島復興局, Fukushima Fukkōkyoku) (Fukushima, Fukushima Prefecture) Minami-Sōma Branch Office (南相馬支所, Minamisōma Shisho) (Minamisōma, Fukushima Prefecture) Iwaki Branch Office (いわき支所, Iwaki Shisho) (Iwaki, Fukushima Prefecture) Aomori Office (青森事務所, Aomori Jimusho) (Hachinohe, Aomori Prefecture) Ibaraki Office (茨城事務所, Ibaraki Jimusho) (Mito, Ibaraki Prefecture) Reconstruction Design Council in response to the Great East Japan earthquake (復興推進会議, Fukkō Suishin Kaigi) Study Group of the Reconstruction Design Council in Response to the Great East Japan earthquake (復興推進委員会, Fukkō Suishin Iinkai)[13][14][15][16] +Criticism +The establishment of the Reconstruction Agency received criticism for both the slow pace of its establishment, and for the location of its headquarters. Residents and officials in regions affected by the disaster, notably Yūhei Satō, governor of Fukushima Prefecture, publicly noted the lack of speed in which the agency was created:[18] +Legislation in the National Diet to establish the agency was slowed by the resignation of Prime Minister Naoto Kan in September 2011. +The bill to create the agency passed in December 2011, nine months after the disaster occurred, delaying the opening of the agency until February 2012. +Kan acknowledged the slow pace of government response to the disaster on March 3, 2011, and pledged to speed up recovery efforts.[1][19] Residents displaced by the tsunami have opposed Agency-led plans to rebuild towns on higher land away from the coast, and see it as a disconnect between the central government and the population in the Tōhoku region.[20] After a strict review of initial projects, the Agency approved a large number of projects in a second round of reviews in May 2012, including funds for urban and agricultural renewal.[21] +Mission +See also +2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Prime Minister of Japan Naoto Kan Yoshihiko Noda Tatsuo Hirano +References +According to "Role of the Reconstruction Agency",[2] the agency will: +1. Plan, coordinate, and implement the national policy on reconstruction; 2. Bear the responsibility for a unified point of contact, assistance, etc. to local public bodies. +History and function +The Reconstruction Agency was established to replace the Reconstruction Headquarters in response to the Great East Japan earthquake, created on June 24, 2011.[3] The Reconstruction Agency was headed by the Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda. +Noda was named direct head of the agency in an effort to strengthen the leadership of the organization.[4] Tatsuo Hirano, a native of Iwate Prefecture, served as the agency's first Minister of State for Disaster Management until he was replaced by Osamu Fujimura on June 4, 2012.[5] The Reconstruction Agency is not part of the Cabinet Office, but will have authority over other government ministries.[6] The agency will exist for ten years, the length of time estimated to fully restore the region after the disaster, and be dissolved on March 3, 2021.[7][8][9] A wooden tablet for the new agency was made from materials from the earthquake zone. Prime Minister Noda placed the tablet at the Akasaka Agency headquarters as a reminder of the responsibility to residents of the disaster-hit regions.[10] +The Reconstruction Agency established three Regional Offices for Reconstruction in Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima prefectures, and two smaller regional offices in Hachinohe, Aomori Prefecture and Mito, Ibaraki Prefecture. The agency also sought to work with business associations in Japan in order to establish or revive economic activity in the Tohoku region affected by the earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear disaster. The agency, as well as the Japan Business Federation, the Japan Association of Corporate Executives, the Japan Chamber of Commerce and Industry, and their affiliated corporations, formed the Reconstruction Design Council in response to the Great East Japan earthquake.[1][11] +A character representing tritium, a radioisotope of hydrogen, appeared in an online flyer and video on the agency’s website on April 13, 2021 and was removed on the next day following criticism.[17] +Tatsuo Hirano, former Minister of State for Disaster Management, at the World Economic Forum on East Asia 2012 +References +The Ministry of Justice (法務省, Hōmu-shō)[1] is one of the cabinet level ministries of the Japanese government. It is responsible for the judicial system, correctional services, and household, property and corporate registrations. It also serves as the government's legal representatives. +The Ministry of Justice was established in 1871 as the Ministry of Justice (司法省, Shihōshō). +It acquired its present name under the post-war Constitution of Japan in 1952. Its responsibilities include administration of Japan's judicial system and the penal system. +It represents the Japanese government in litigation, and is also responsible for maintaining the official registers of households, resident aliens, real estate and corporations. +Structure +The MOJ has jurisdiction over the National Bar Examination Commission, the Public Security Examination Commission, and the Public Security Intelligence Agency. Although the Public Prosecutors Office are administratively part of the Ministry of Justice, they are independent of the authority of the Minister of Justice.[2] +The MOJ also oversees the Immigration Services Agency.[3] +Tokyo Detention House +Filming +Principal photography for the first season took place in 2021.[1] +Cast and characters +Alongside the initial series announcement, it was confirmed that Takumi Saitoh and Juri Ueno would star in the series, as Kentaro Hiyama and Aki Seto respectively.[1] [2] [3] The cast also includes Mariko Tsutsui, Lily Franky, Ryo Iwamatsu and Kazuya Takahashi.[7] +He's Expecting (Japanese: ヒヤマケンタロウの妊娠, Hepburn: Hiyama Kentarou no Ninshin, lit. "Kentaro Hiyama's First Pregnancy") is an upcoming Japanese comedy-drama streaming television series co-directed by Yuko Hakoda. Based on the manga Hiyama Kentarou no Ninshin (ヒヤマケンタロウの妊娠) by Eri Sakai, it tells the story of one man's experience being pregnant. +Takumi Saitoh as Kentaro Hiyama: A 32-year-old elite salaryman who suddenly becomes pregnant. He decides to keep the baby to change people's perspective on male pregnancy. Juri Ueno as Aki Seto: A 30-year-old freelance journalist and Kentaro's lover who begins to consider the possibility of motherhood. +On April 8, 2021, it was announced that Netflix and TV Tokyo would co-produced a live-action adaptation of the manga series Kentaro Hiyama's First Pregnancy.[1] [2] [3] [4] According to manga author, Eri Sakai, development for the series began two years before the initial series announcement.[5] [6] +The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (外務省, Gaimu-shō) is an executive department of the Government of Japan, and is responsible for the country's foreign policy and international relations. +Diplomatic Bluebook +The Diplomatic Bluebook (外交青書, Gaikō Seisho) is an annual report produced by the Ministry outlining the government's foreign policy and assessment of international political trends.[2] The Bluebook was first issued in 1957.[3] The report can trigger reactions from other countries upset with relevant Japanese policy. +For instance, the omission of the phrase "South Korea is our most important neighbor" and the addition of "South Korea's occupation of [the Liancourt Rocks] is illegal" in the 2018 Bluebook caused significant controversy with the South Korean government.[4] +Main branches +Minister's Secretariat Chief of Protocol Press Secretary / Director-General for Press and Public Relations Public Diplomacy Department Foreign Policy Bureau Disarmament, Non-Proliferation and Science Department Asian and Oceanian Affairs Bureau Southeast and Southwest Asian Affairs Department North American Affairs Bureau Latin American and Caribbean Affairs Bureau European Affairs Bureau Middle Eastern and African Affairs Bureau Director-General for Sub-Saharan African Affairs Economic Affairs Bureau International Cooperation Bureau Director-General for Global Issues International Legal Affairs Bureau Consular Affairs Bureau Intelligence and Analysis Service Foreign Service Training Institute +References +The ministry was established by the second term of the third article of the National Government Organization Act,[1] and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Establishment Act. According to the law, the mission of the ministry is "to aim at improvement of the profits of Japan and Japanese nationals, while contributing to maintenance of peaceful and safe international society, and, through an active and eager measure, both to implement good international environment and to keep and develop harmonic foreign relationships". +Under the 1947 constitution, the cabinet exercises primary responsibility for the conduct of foreign affairs, subject to the overall supervision of the National Diet. The Prime Minister is required to make periodic reports on foreign relations to the Diet, whose upper and lower houses each have a foreign affairs committee. Each committee reports on its deliberations to plenary sessions of the chamber to which it belongs. +Diet members have the right to raise pertinent policy questions—officially termed interpellations—to the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Prime Minister. Treaties with foreign countries require ratification by the Diet. As head of state, the Emperor performs the ceremonial function of receiving foreign envoys and attesting to foreign treaties ratified by the Diet. +The Minister for Foreign Affairs, a member of the cabinet, acts as the Prime Minister's chief adviser in matters of planning and implementation. The Minister is assisted by two vice ministers: one in charge of administration, who was at the apex of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs structure as its senior career official, and the other in charge of political liaison with the Diet. Other key positions in the ministry include members of the ministry's Secretariat, which has divisions handling consular, emigration, communications, and cultural exchange functions, and the directors of the various regional and functional bureaus in the ministry. +The ministry's staff includes an elite career foreign service corps, recruited on the basis of a competitive examination and thereafter trained by the ministry's Foreign Service Training Institute. The handling of specific foreign policy issues is usually divided between the geographic and functional bureaus to minimize overlap and competition. In general, bilateral issues are assigned to the geographic bureaus, and multilateral problems to the functional bureaus. +Long a profession of high social prestige, diplomatic service from the Meiji period through World War II was a preserve of the upper social strata. In addition to formal qualifications, important prewar requirements for admission were proper social origin, family connections, and graduation from Tokyo Imperial University (the present-day University of Tokyo). After World War II, these requirements were changed as part of democratic reform measures but foreign service continued to be a highly regarded career. +Most career foreign service officers had passed the postwar Higher Foreign Service Examination before entry into the service. Many of these successful examinees were graduates of the prestigious Law Faculty of the University of Tokyo. Almost all ambassadorial appointments since the 1950s have been made from among veteran diplomats. +Given the overriding importance of economic factors in foreign relations, the ministry worked closely with the Ministry of Finance on matters of customs, tariffs, international finance, and foreign aid; with the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) on exports and imports; and with the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries on questions of foreign agricultural imports and fishing rights. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs also consulted other agencies, such as the Defense Agency, the Fair Trade Commission, the Japan Export-Import Bank (JEXIM), the Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO), the Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund, and the Overseas Technical Cooperation Agency. On many issues affecting the country's foreign economic activities—and thus its diplomatic relations as well—the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and sometimes MITI and the Ministry of Finance were known to favor liberalizing import restrictions. +The vital importance of foreign affairs expanded to affect virtually every aspect of national life in postwar Japan, and the multiplicity of agencies involved in external affairs continued to be a source of confusion and inefficiency in the formulation of foreign policy. Yet as the postwar generation of leaders and policymakers began to assume a greater role in government decision making and as public attitudes on foreign policy issues matured, there were indications that foreign affairs were being conducted on the basis of a more stable consensus. +Traditional Chinese 九龍城寨 Simplified Chinese 九龙城寨 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Jiǔlóng Chéng Zhài Hakka Romanization Giu3 lung2 sang2 cai4 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Gáu lùhng sìhng jaaih Jyutping Gau2 lung4 seng4 zaai6 Original name Traditional Chinese 九龍寨城 Simplified Chinese 九龙寨城 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Jiǔlóng zhài chéng Hakka Romanization Giu3lung2 Cai4 Sang2 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Gáu lùhng sìhng jaaih Jyutping Gau2 lung4 zaai6 seng4 +Kowloon Walled City was an ungoverned and densely populated de jure Chinese enclave within the boundaries of Kowloon City, British Hong Kong. Originally a Chinese military fort, the walled city became an enclave after the New Territories were leased to the United Kingdom by China in 1898. Its population increased dramatically following the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong during World War II. +After an arduous eviction process, and the transfer of de jure sovereignty of the enclave from China to Britain, demolition began in March 1993 and was completed in April 1994. Kowloon Walled City Park opened in December 1995 and occupies the area of the former walled city. Some historical artefacts from the walled city, including its yamen building and remnants of its southern gate, have been preserved there. +Organizational structure +The Ministry is organized in six bureaus that provide the overall functions of the ministry:[4] +Minister's Secretariat Budget Bureau Tax Bureau Customs and Tariff Bureau Financial Bureau International Bureau +Independent Administrative Institutions +Six Independent Administrative Institutions are under the Ministry's control: +Japan Mint National Printing Bureau National Research Institute of Brewing Nippon Automated Cargo Clearance System Commemorative Organization for the Japan World Exposition '70 Japan Housing Finance Agency +References +The Ministry of Finance (財務省, Zaimu-shō) is one of the cabinet-level ministries of the Japanese government. The ministry was named the Ōkura-shō (大蔵省) until 2001. +The Ministry is headed by the Minister of Finance (財務大臣, Zaimu-daijin), who is a member of the Cabinet and is typically chosen from members of the Diet by the Prime Minister. +Overview +The Ministry's originated in the 6th century, when the Ōkura (大蔵) was established as a state treasury in ancient Japan. When a modern system of government was introduced after the Meiji Restoration, the Ministry of Finance (大蔵省, Ōkura-shō) was established as a government body in charge of public finance and monetary affairs. It is said that new ministry employees are subtly reminded that the Ōkura-shō predates by some 1269 years when the new Constitution was imposed on the nation by the U.S. occupation forces in 1947.[1] +The Ministry has long been regarded as the most powerful ministry in the Japanese government. +After various financial scandals revealed in the 1990s, however, the Ministry lost its power over banking supervision to a newly established Financial Services Agency. It also lost most of its control over monetary policy to the Bank of Japan when the Diet passed a new Bank of Japan Law in 1998. +In addition, it lost its ancient Japanese name when it was renamed the Zaimu-shō (財務省) in January 2001, although its English name remained the same. +Despite this renaming, the Japanese people still use the older term Ōkura-daijin (大蔵大臣), meaning a person controlling a budget (e.g. housewives for family budget matters). +Ministry of Finance Entrance +World War II morale poster +Defaced red ensign +Some government departments or public bodies fly red ensigns defaced with a badge or emblem, to form the ensign of United Kingdom. These are: +Ensign Body Company of Watermen and Lightermen Eastern Sea Fisheries Maritime Volunteer Service National Register of Historic Vessels National Register of Historic Vessels Fleet North Wales and North West Sea Fisheries Royal National Lifeboat Institution South Wales Sea Fisheries Trinity House +The red ensign defaced with a specific club's badge or emblem is allowed to be hoisted as the national ensign by members of the following yacht clubs: +The Red Ensign or "Red Duster" is the civil ensign of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is one of the British ensigns, and it is used either plain or defaced with a badge or other emblem, mostly in the right half. +It is the flag flown by British merchant or passenger ships since 1707. +Prior to 1707, an English red ensign and a Scottish red ensign were flown by the English Royal Navy and the Royal Scots Navy, respectively. The precise date of the first appearance of these earlier red ensigns is not known, but surviving payment receipts indicate that the English navy was paying to have such flags sewn in the 1620s. +The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (厚生労働省, Kōsei-rōdō-shō) is a cabinet level ministry of the Japanese government. It is commonly known as Kōrō-shō (厚労省) in Japan. The ministry provides services on health, labour and welfare. +References +It was formed with the merger of the former Ministry of Health and Welfare or Kōsei-shō (厚生省) and the Ministry of Labour or Rōdō-shō (労働省). +The Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare is a member of the Cabinet and is chosen by the Prime Minister, typically from among members of the Diet. +Organization +The ministry contains the following sections as of 2019:[1] +The Minister's Secretariat (including the Statistics and Information Department) The Health Policy Bureau The Health Service Bureau Pharmaceutical and Food Safety Bureau (including the Food Safety Department) The Labour Standards Bureau (including the Industrial Safety and Health Department, Workers Compensation Department, and Workers' Life Department) The Employment Security Bureau (including the Employment Measures for the Elderly and Persons with Disabilities Department) The Human Resources Development Bureau The Equal Employment, Children and Families Bureau The Social Welfare and War Victims' Relief Bureau (including the Department of Health and Welfare for People with Disabilities) The Health and Welfare Bureau for the Elderly The Health Insurance Bureau The Pension Bureau The Director-General for Policy Planning and Evaluation Affiliated research institutions (6 research institutes, 218 national hospitals, 13 quarantine stations, and 3 Social Welfare Facilities) Councils (Social Security Council, Health Sciences Council, Labour Policy Council, Medical Ethics Council, Pharmaceutical Affairs and Food Sanitation Council, Evaluation Committee for Independent Administrative institutions, Central Minimum Wages Council, Labour Insurance Appeal Committee, Central Social Insurance Medical Council, Examination Committee of Social Insurance, Examination Committee for Certification of Sickness and Disability, Examination Committee for Relief Assistances) Regional Bureaus (8 Regional Bureaus of Health and Welfare and 47 Prefectural Labour Bureaus) External Bureaus (Japan Pension Service, Central Labour Relations Commission) +Defaced blue ensign +Since 1864, the Blue Ensign is defaced with a badge or emblem, to form the ensign of United Kingdom government departments or public bodies. Current defaced Blue Ensigns (besides yacht clubs listed below) are: +Aberdeen Harbour Board Border Force British Antarctic Survey British Broadcasting Corporation British Telecom and Cable & Wireless Combined Cadet Force (Naval Section) Department of Trade and Industry General Post Office Global Marine Systems's cable-ships Government Service Ensign Her Majesty's Army Vessels Her Majesty's Coastguard Commissioners of Irish Lights Lloyd's of London Marine Society Mersey Docks and Harbour Company Metropolitan Police Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Ministry of Defence Police Ministry of War Munitions Northern Lighthouse Board Ocean Weather Service Ordnance Board Pacific Cables Board Port of London Authority Royal Army Service Corps Royal Engineers Divers Royal Engineers Royal Fleet Auxiliary Service Royal Hospital School Royal Maritime Auxiliary Service Royal Ulster Constabulary Scottish Government Marine Scotland Sea Cadet Corps Submarine Mining Service Welsh Government Marine and Fisheries Division +Flags of the Crown Dependencies using defaced blue ensigns +Government Ensign of Alderney Government Ensign of Guernsey Government Ensign of Jersey +Flags of British Overseas Territories using defaced blue ensigns +Flag of Anguilla Government Ensign of Bermuda (the flag commonly used on land is Bermuda's Red Ensign) Flag of the British Virgin Islands Flag of the Cayman Islands Flag of the Falkland Islands Government Ensign of Gibraltar (there is another flag, not based on an ensign, that is commonly used on land) Flag of Montserrat Flag of Pitcairn Islands Flag of Saint Helena Flag of Turks and Caicos Islands +National flags based on the Blue Ensign +Flag of Australia Flag of New South Wales Flag of Queensland Flag of South Australia Flag of Tasmania Flag of Victoria Flag of Western Australia Flag of Fiji (light blue) Flag of New Zealand Flag of the Cook Islands Flag of Tuvalu (light blue) +The Blue Ensign is a flag, one of several British ensigns, used by certain organisations or territories associated or formerly associated with the United Kingdom. It is used either plain or defaced with a badge or other emblem. +Discography +Hashimoto starred as teenage alien girl Kagura in the Gintama live-action film in 2017,[11][12] and later reprised the role in a sequel film in 2018.[13] +She portrayed Kokomi Teruhashi in the live-action The Disastrous Life of Saiki K. film.[1] She portrayed the title character Kaguya Shinomiya in the live-action film adaptation of Kaguya-sama: Love Is War.[15] +On June 1, 2021, Hashimoto broke the Guinness World Record for "the most facial tissues pulled from [a] box in one minute", with 157 sheets pulled.[16] +Personal life +Hashimoto has a twin brother and an older brother 7 years her senior.[17] +Singles +Videos +"Little Star ~KANNA15~" (February 3, 2016) +Kanna Hashimoto (橋本 環奈, Hashimoto Kanna, born on February 3, 1999) is a Japanese actress and former singer who began her career as a member of the Japanese idol girl group Rev. from DVL[3][1] and has starred in a number of films, many of which are live-action adaptations of popular manga and anime series. +Filmography +Films +Year Title Role Notes Ref(s) 2011 I Wish Kanna Hayami [20] 2015 Assassination Classroom Ritsu / Autonomous Intelligence Fixed Artillery [21][22] 2016 Sailor Suit and Machine Gun: Graduation Izumi Hoshi Lead role [23] Assassination Classroom: Graduation Ritsu [24] 2017 Haruta & Chika Chika Homura Lead role [25] Gintama Kagura [7][8] The Disastrous Life of Saiki K. Kokomi Teruhashi [14][26] 2018 Gintama 2: Rules Are Made To Be Broken Kagura [11] 2019 12 Suicidal Teens Ryoko [27] Kaguya-sama: Love Is War Kaguya Shinomiya Lead role [25] Kingdom He Liao Diao [28] Come Kiss Me at 0:00 AM Hinana Hanazawa Lead role [29][30] 2020 From Today, It's My Turn the Movie! Kyōko Hayakawa [25] Signal 100 Rena Kashimura Lead role [31] Yowamushi Pedal: Up the Road Miki Kanzaki [25] Our Story Shīna Koyurugi Lead role [32] The Untold Tale of the Three Kingdoms Lady Huang [33] 2021 Daughter of Lupin the Movie Mikumo Hōjō [25] Kaguya-sama Final: Love Is War Kaguya Shinomiya Lead role [34] 2022 Re/Member Asuka Morisaki Lead role [35] TBA Kingdom 2 He Liao Diao [36] +Television drama +Year Title Role Network Notes Ref(s) 2012 Sumiyoshi ya Monogatari: Wakuwaku ga, Ka ni Yattekuru Sora Sumiyoshi RKB 2014 Water Polo Yankees Herself Fuji TV [37][38] 2017 The Noble Detective Haruka Tarumi Fuji TV Episode 3 [39] MPD Animal Unit Keiko Usuki Fuji TV Lead role [40] 2018 Final Cut Wakaba Okawara Fuji TV, KTV [41] Gintama 2: Yomino Kimyo na Gintama-chan Kagura dTV Web drama From Today, It's My Turn!! Kyōko Hayakawa NTV [42][43] 2019 One Page Love Akari Minase Abema TV Lead role, web drama [44][45] 2020 Daughter of Lupin 2 Mikumo Hōjō Fuji TV [46] 2021 Influence Yuri Totsuka Wowow Lead role, miniseries [47] Nemesis Tomomi Yotsuba NTV [48] +Variety show +Year Title Network Notes Ref(s) 2014 Minna no Seishun Nozoki mi TV Teen! +Teen! RKB As a panelist [49] 2015 Sekai o Kaeru Mahō! +Algorithmi-ko Kenkyūsho ETV Host, educational program [50] 2018 Guru Guru Ninety Nine NTV Regular member of "Gochi ni Narimasu 19" [51] +Commercials +Jibannet Holdings - Jiban Second Opinion (2013)[52] SoftBank Mobile - White Family (2014)[53] TV Tokyo - 2014 World Team Table Tennis Championships (2014)[54] Cyber Agent - Ameba Girl Friend Beta (2014-)[55] Megmilk Snow Brand Company, Limited - Neosoft "Koku Aru Butter Fūmi" (2014-)[56] Bandai - Aikatsu! (2014-)[57] Nissin Foods - Cup noodle (2015)[58] Rohto Pharmaceutical Co. - Lip Baby Crayon/Lip Baby Fruits (2015)[59] Recruit - Townwork (2016)[60] +Publications +Career +Photobooks +Little Star: Kanna 15 (November 14, 2014, Wani Books) ISBN 9784847046926[61] Yume no Tochū: Hashimoto Kanna in the movie “Sailor Suit and Machine Gun: Graduation” (March 5, 2016, Kadokawa) ISBN 9784041040157[62][63] Naturel (February 3, 2019, Kodansha) ISBN 9784065150351[64] +Awards and accolades +References +When Hashimoto was in third grade, she signed with the agency Active Hakata in her hometown, Fukuoka.[citation needed] She became a member of the all-female pop group Rev. from DVL. +In 2011, Hashimoto appeared in the movie I Wish. +In 2013, Hashimoto gained national attention when a photo of her taken at one of Rev. from DVL's live performances went viral on 2channel and Twitter. Praised for her natural beauty, she was given titles such as "beyond cute local idol", "beyond angelic idol", and "a talent appearing once in a millennium."[4] In 2015, a web poll conducted by My Navi Student declared her the Cutest Idol from both the men's choices and women's choices list.[5] +In 2015, she portrayed Ritsu the robot student in the live-action Assassination Classroom film.[6][7] +In 2016, she starred in Sailor Suit and Machine Gun: Graduation, a "spiritual sequel" to the 1981 film Sailor Suit and Machine Gun. +She portrays title character Izumi Hoshi, a high school girl who was a former teenage delinquent and becomes the boss of yakuza.[8] She also sang the cover theme song from the 1981 film originally sung by Hiroko Yakushimaru.[9] Her rendition of the song reached number 11 on Oricon's charts and charted for 7 weeks.[10] +Year Title Peak chart position Album Oricon Chart[18] Billboard Japan[19] 2016 "Sailor Fuku to Kikanjū" (theme song for Sailor Suit and Machine Gun: Graduation) 11 13 — +Year Award Category Nominated Work Result 2014 Ameba Next Break Blogger 2014 Idol Category Kanna Hashimoto Won[65] Nikkei Trendy Works Top 30 Person of The Year 2014 Kanna Hashimoto Won[66] 21st Best Smile of the Year N/A Kanna Hashimoto Won[67] Yahoo! +Search Awards 2014 Idol Category Kanna Hashimoto Won[68] 26th Japan Jewelry Best Dresser Awards Teens Category Kanna Hashimoto Won[69] 2015 1st Christmas Jewelry Princess Awards Special Award Kanna Hashimoto Won[70] Nail Queen Awards 2015 Artist Category Kanna Hashimoto Won[71] 2017 40th Japan Academy Film Prize Newcomer Award Sailor Suit and Machine Gun: Graduation Won[72] 2020 44th Elan d'or Awards Newcomer of the Year Kanna Hashimoto Won[73] +In 2020, Lee starred in the second season of the hit medical drama Dr. Romantic, playing Cha Eun-jae, a skilled cardiothoracic surgeon with Ahn Hyo-seop as her leading man.[24][25][26] +In 2021, Lee confirmed the tvN drama about the Shooting Star with Kim Young-dae. [27] +Filmography +Discography +Title Year Peak chart position Album Gaon [28] As featured artist "My Lips like Warm Coffee" (Eddy Kim feat. Lee Sung-kyung)[2] 2016 3 Non-album single Collaborations "I Love You" (with The Papers)[29] 2013 — 랑의 단상 Chapter 4: You and Me Song "Love" (러브) (with Loco)[30] 2021 25 Duet Mate Soundtrack appearances "True Colors" (with Park Hyung-sik)[31][32] 2017 — Trolls OST (Korean version) "Get Back Up Again"[33] — "My Only One Person" 2018 — About Time OST Musical Special[34] "I Am What I Am" — "Tomorrow will be a better day!" — "Show Time" (with Ra Mi-ran)[35][36] 2019 — Miss & Mrs. Cops OST "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that region. +Lee Sung-kyung[2] (Korean: 이성경; born August 10, 1990) is a South Korean model, actress and singer. She acted in the television dramas Cheese in the Trap (2016) and The Doctors (2016) before taking her first leading role as the titular character in Weightlifting Fairy Kim Bok-joo (2016) alongside Nam Joo-hyuk and Dr. Romantic 2 (2020) alongside Ahn Hyo-seop and Han Suk-kyu. +Early life and education +Lee was born on August 10, 1990, in Goyang city, Gyeonggi, South Korea.[1] On February 22, 2016, Lee graduated from Dongduk Women's University.[4] +Career +Lee began her entertainment career as a model where she competed at the local Super Model Contest in 2008.[3][5] In 2013, The Papers collaborated with Lee with the single "I Love You". +In 2014, Lee made her acting debut with a supporting role in television drama It's Okay, That's Love, being the first model-actress promoted under the joint venture of YG Entertainment and K-Plus.[6][7] This was followed by weekend drama, Flower of Queen in 2015.[8] She won "Best New Actress" in a Special Project Drama at the MBC Drama Awards for her role.[9] +In January 2016, Lee featured in tvN's college romance series, Cheese in the Trap.[10] On April 28, 2016, Lee released a collaboration single with Eddy Kim, which is a cover of Sharp's "My Lips like Warm Coffee".[11] Lee then starred in the SBS' prime-time medical drama, The Doctors as a neurosurgeon.[12] The same year, she took on her first leading role in Weightlifting Fairy Kim Bok-joo, a youth sports drama inspired by the real-life story of Olympic weightlifting champion Jang Mi-ran.[13][14][15][16] In 2017, Lee dubbed the film Trolls alongside Park Hyung-sik.[17] She was also cast in the romance film Love+Sling, directed by first-time director Kim Dae-woong.[18] She was also featured in Psy's 4X2=8 with the single "Last Scene".[19] In 2018, Lee starred in the fantasy melodrama About Time.[20] She was cast in the action comedy film Miss & Mrs. Cops released on May 9, 2019, alongside Ra Mi-ran.[21][22][23] +Lee Sung-kyung Lee at a Jimmy Choo event in October 2019 Born (1990-08-10) August 10, 1990 (age 31) Goyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea Other names Lee Sung-kyoung Biblee Alma mater Dongduk Women's University Occupation Model actress singer Years active 2008–present Agent YG Height 175 cm (5 ft 9 in)[1] Awards Full list Korean name Hangul 이성경 Hanja 李聖經 Revised Romanization I Seong-gyeong McCune–Reischauer I Sŏnggyŏng +APAN Star Awards 2015 Best New Actress Flower of Queen Nominated 2020 Excellence Award, Actress in a Miniseries Dr. Romantic 2 Nominated [39] Asia Artist Awards 2018 Artist of the Year Lee Sung-kyung Won [40] Best Emotive Won 2020 Best Actress Award Dr. Romantic 2 Won [41] Asia Model Festival 2020 Model Star Award Lee Sung-kyung Won [42][43] Asia Pacific Super Model Contest 2009 Unix Hair New Style Prize Won [44] Baeksang Arts Awards 2016 Best New Actress (TV) Queen's Flower Nominated CFDK Fashion Awards 2014 Best Female Fashion Model of the Year Lee Sung-kyung Won [45][46] Chunsa Film Art Awards 2019 Special Popularity Award Miss & Mrs. Cops Won [47] Korea Drama Awards 2015 Best New Actress Flower of Queen Nominated Max Movie Awards 2016 Rising Star Award Lee Sung-kyung Won [48] MBC Drama Awards 2015 Best New Actress in a Special Project Drama Flower of Queen Won [11] Popularity Award, Actress Nominated Best Couple Award Lee Sung-kyung (with Yoon Park) (Flower of Queen) Nominated 2016 Excellence Award, Actress in a Miniseries Weightlifting Fairy Kim Bok-joo Won [49] Best Couple Award Lee Sung-kyung (with Nam Joo-hyuk) (Weightlifting Fairy Kim Bok-joo) Nominated SBS Drama Awards 2016 Special Award, Actress in a Genre Drama The Doctors Nominated 2020 Excellence Award, Actress in a Miniseries Action Drama Dr. Romantic 2 Won [50] Best Couple Award Lee Sung-kyung (with Ahn Hyo-seop) (Dr. Romantic 2) Nominated [51] Super Model Contest 2008 Lex Prize Lee Sung-kyung Won [52] +Detective Chinatown (Chinese: 唐人街探案) is a 2015 Chinese comedy-mystery buddy film directed by Chen Sicheng and starring Wang Baoqiang and Liu Haoran.[5] It was released in China on 31 December 2015.[6] A sequel, was released in February 2018, and a third film was released in February 2021. +The pair delivers Xiang to the hospital, where they witness a shootout between the police and the other three robbers. Qin and Tang return to Snow's home yet again, but find that she has overdosed and is on the verge of death. After delivering Snow to the hospital, Qin finds the story behind the murder in Snow's journal. +After a car chase around Bangkok, Qin and Tang finally reveal to the police that the lost gold was hidden in a statue at the workshop. +However, Qin soon realizes that Sompat was homosexual, meaning he did not rape Snow. He realizes that Snow was stalked by Sompat because he suspected her of killing his missing son. Thus, Snow planned Sompat's murder, framed him for rape in her journal, and fabricated the evidence to get rid of both Sompat and her pervert father, whom she loathed. +In the credits, Qin and Tang are invited to an Intel centre where they are called to solve a new case in New York. +Cast +Wang Baoqiang[1] as Tang Ren (Chinese: 唐仁) +Qin's Uncle, a swindler who lives in Bangkok and claims to be the first detective of Chinatown. Tang accepted an anonymous delivery job before Qin arrived and became the last person entered Sompat's murder scene. Therefore, both police and the robbers consider him as the one who murdered Sompat and left with the gold. +Liu Haoran[1] as Qin Feng (Chinese: 秦风) +Tang's nephew, a talented teenager who has astonishing perception and memory yet was rejected from the police college for an untold reason. He went to Bangkok for a vacation, then gets involved in Sompat's case by accident. +Tong Liya[1] as Xiang (Chinese: 阿香) +Tang's love interest and landlady. +Chen He[1] as Huang Landeng (Chinese: 黄兰登) +Kon Tai's rival in the police department. He is ambitious and eager to solve Sompat's murder case. +Xiao Yang[1] as Kon Tai (Chinese: 坤泰) +A police sergeant of Chinatown police department. He is Tang's close friend and rival to sergeant Huang. +Xiaoshenyang[1] as Bei Ge (Chinese: 北哥) Pan Yueming[6] as Lee (Chinese: 李) Marc Ma[6] as Tony (Chinese: 托尼) +Huang's deputy. +Zhang Zifeng[1] as Snow (Chinese: 斯诺) Zhao Yingjun[6] as Vietnamese (Chinese: 越南仔) +Reception +The film grossed US$4.43 million in previews at the Chinese box office.[7] +Plot +Sequels +A sequel, Detective Chinatown 2, also written and directed by Chen Sicheng and set in New York City's Chinatown, was released on 16 February 2018 during the Chinese New Year holiday season. +In addition of the two leads of Wang Baoqiang and Liu Haoran reprising their roles, new supporting cast members in Detective Chinatown 2 include Xiao Yang, Michael Pitt, Natasha Liu Bordizzo, Yuen Wah, and Satoshi Tsumabuki.[8] Another sequel, Detective Chinatown 3, was released on 12 February 2021.[9] +Nomination +References +External links +Meanwhile, the main suspect in a gold robbery case, Sompat, is murdered and the gold goes missing. The gold belongs to prominent local gangster Mr. Yan (Chin Shih-chieh). Kon Tai and his ambitious rival Huang Landeng (Chen He), are put into competition by the police chief to solve the case and retrieve the gold in order to be appointed the next deputy chief. +After a series of mischievous adventures with Qin in Bangkok, Tang is pursued by police as he is the main suspect in Sompat's murder, being the last person to enter and leave Sompat's workshop where he was murdered. Tang seeks the help of Qin, who turns out to be a prodigy in solving crimes. During their exodus from the pursuit, Qin and Tang are captured by Sompat's cohorts who wish to locate the lost gold. +Qin later finds out why Tang is implicated: on the day of the murder, Tang received a call asking him to deliver a boxed Buddha statue from Sompat's workshop at midnight. The pair, deciding to stay in Thailand rather than flee, goes to the parking lot where Tang delivered the box. Qin finds a trace of fish in the area, after which they go to a nearby seafood market and a junk yard. +As it is kept in Huang's computer, Tang lures the police force away while Qin and Kon retrieve the footage and other documents about Sompat. After translating the documents, Qin finds that Sompat's son went missing a year prior and that Sompat frequented a café. Following the trail, Qin and Tang are led to Snow (Zhang Zifeng), who was a school classmate of Sompat's son. +Qin and Tang are soon captured and led to Mr. Yan, who gives them 3 days to find the stolen gold. Qin and Tang split up, with Qin meeting Snow for a second time and Tang being pursued again by Huang. Qin discovers that Snow's stepfather works at the junk yard near the parking lot, making him a suspect. +Qin and Tang rejoin at the workshop, where they hypothesize that the murderer hid in the workshop for one week, killed Sompat before Tang's delivery, and escaped the workshop by hiding in the box Tang delivered. They are suddenly ambushed by the masked murderer, who sets the workshop on fire. Qin and Tang narrowly escape. +Hime-anole (ヒメアノ～ル, Hime-anōru)[lower-alpha 1] is a 2016 Japanese romantic thriller black comedy film directed by Keisuke Yoshida. +It is based on the manga of the same name written by Minoru Furuya, serialized in the Weekly Young Magazine between 2008–2010, and republished into six volumes.[1] The film received an R-15 rating in Japan.[2] It is the second of Furuya's works to be adapted to the big screen, following 2011's Himizu. +Go Morita [jp] as Soichi Morita Gaku Hamada as Susumu Okada Aimi Satsukawa [jp] as Yuka Abe Tsuyoshi Muro as Yuji Ando Ryusuke Komakine [jp] as Wagusa Kosuke Maho Yamada [jp] as Kumiko, girlfriend of Wagusa Isamu Nobue [jp] as Ai Iida, best friend of Yuka Eishin Hayashida [jp] as Kawashima, the school bully Satoshi Yamanaka [jp] as the neighbor of Yuka Makoto Otake [jp] as the cleaning company boss +Release +The film had its world premiere at the at the Far East Film Festival in Udine, Italy on 25 April 2016,[3] and its North American premiere at the San Diego Asian Film Festival on 7 November in San Diego, California.[4] It was released theatrically in Japan on 28 May 2010, and in Taiwan on 30 September.[5] +The film marks the debut of V6 boyband singer Go Morita in his first starring role in a feature film as the antagonist Soichi Morita, and stars Gaku Hamada as the naive protagonist Okada among a cast of odd characters entrenched amid love triangles and shoddy friendships.[1] It premiered at the Far East Film Festival in Udine, Italy on 25 April 2016, and was released theatrically on 28 May in Japan. +Manga +Himeanōru is a Japanese manga written and illustrated by Minoru Furuya. It was serialized in the Weekly Young Magazine between 2008–2010, and released in tankōbon form into six volumes by Kodansha. +The series follows the parallel storylines of two former classmates, Susumu Okada and Shoichi Morita, as they diverge into wildly different lives and characters. While the hopeless Okada finds himself in a stereotypical romantic comedy and making ends meet working at a cleaning company; Shoichi drifts further into darkness, traumatized by his childhood, and becomes a serial killer.[1] +References +Plot +While Ando struggles to remember his name, referring to him as "Okamura", the two slowly develop a friendship. Okada, who loathes himself for leading a useless and aimless life, mentions to Ando how he is dissatisfied for having no hobbies, girlfriend, leading a repetitive life and wasting away. Ando comforts him stating no one is satisfied, and dissatisfaction is the driving force behind life. +The nervous Yuka mentions she fears she is being stalked, including receiving harassing phone calls and her mail disappearing. The next day at work, Ando tells Okada the pair shall go to the café everyday to ensure Yuka's well-being. Okada hands her their numbers, and later Ando rambles to Okada about wanting to take Yuka on a date. +A week before graduation, Morita visited Wagusa at night to tell him "I caught Kawashima," to enact revenge for his years of torment. Morita tells Wagusa to beat him with a bat, before Morita kills him and buries his body. Since the incident, Wagusa notes something changed in Morita who began extorting him for money. +During an awkward double date between Ando, Okada, Yuka and her friend Ai, the outspoken Ai tells Ando he has no chance with Yuko. The two have been friends since kindergarten and she can tell Yuka loves someone else. Ando urges Okada to determine whether Yuka would date Ando, so Okada waits outside the next day to talk to her but Yuka maintains she likes someone else. +Before long, the seemingly shy Yuka turns out to be very sexual. Awkwardness ensues when the inexperienced Okada prods her with questions about her partner count and when she lost her virginity. Morita, who has been stalking Yuka outside her house, notices the two having sex and decides to call Wagusa to help him kill Okada. +Cast +Reception +On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, which categorizes reviews only as positive or negative, 71% of 14 reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.80/10. [7] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 64 out of 100 based on 5 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[8] +References +Ride or Die (彼女, Kanojo) is a Japanese romance drama film written by Nami Sakkawa and directed by Ryuichi Hiroki, starring Kiko Mizuhara and Honami Sato. +The film is based on Ching Nakamura's manga series Gunjō and was released by Netflix on April 15, 2021. +Synopsis +Rei is a lesbian in her late 20s who, upon learning that her former classmate Nanae is suffering brutal domestic violence from her husband, decides to kill him to show her love for Nanae.[1] Nanae is filled with disgust and fear about the murder, but Rei accepts the results of her decision with the sole purpose of saving Nanae. While turning to each other for love, Rei and Nanae find themselves struggling with incompatible emotions.[2][3][4] +Cast +Kiko Mizuhara as Rei Nagasawa Honami Sato as Nanae Shinoda Yōko Maki as Mika Oe Shunsuke Tanaka as Masato Nagasawa Anne Suzuki as Yu Nagasawa Shinya Niiro as Kotaro Shinoda Tetsushi Tanaka as Yoshio Akiba Setsuko Karasuma as Ichiko Oe +Production +Development +In October 2020, it was announced that Netflix is developing a live-action film adaptation of the manga, under the title Ride or Die (Kanojo (彼女, "Her" or "Girlfriend") in Japanese) that will premiere worldwide simultaneously spring 2021.[5][6] +React (also known as React.js or ReactJS) is a free and open-source front-end JavaScript library[3] for building user interfaces or UI components. It is maintained by Facebook and a community of individual developers and companies.[4][5][6] React can be used as a base in the development of single-page or mobile applications. However, React is only concerned with state management and rendering that state to the DOM, so creating React applications usually requires the use of additional libraries for routing, as well as certain client-side functionality.[7] +React code is made of entities called components. Components can be rendered to a particular element in the DOM using the React DOM library. When rendering a component, one can pass in values that are known as "props":[8] +The two primary ways of declaring components in React is via function components and class-based components. +Function components +Function components are declared with a function that then returns some JSX. +Class-based components +Class-based components are declared using ES6 classes. +Virtual DOM +React creates an in-memory data-structure cache, computes the resulting differences, and then updates the browser's displayed DOM efficiently.[9] This process is called reconciliation. This allows the programmer to write code as if the entire page is rendered on each change, while the React libraries only render subcomponents that actually change. This selective rendering provides a major performance boost.[10] It saves the effort of recalculating the CSS style, layout for the page and rendering for the entire page.[10] +Lifecycle methods +Lifecycle methods use a form of hooking that allows the execution of code at set points during a component's lifetime. +shouldComponentUpdate allows the developer to prevent unnecessary re-rendering of a component by returning false if a render is not required. componentDidMount is called once the component has "mounted" (the component has been created in the user interface, often by associating it with a DOM node). This is commonly used to trigger data loading from a remote source via an API. componentWillUnmount is called immediately before the component is torn down or "unmounted". This is commonly used to clear resource-demanding dependencies to the component that will not simply be removed with the unmounting of the component (e.g., removing any setInterval() instances that are related to the component, or an "eventListener" set on the "document" because of the presence of the component) render is the most important lifecycle method and the only required one in any component. +JSX +JSX, or JavaScript XML, is an extension to the JavaScript language syntax.[11] Similar in appearance to HTML, JSX provides a way to structure component rendering using syntax familiar to many developers. React components are typically written using JSX, although they do not have to be (components may also be written in pure JavaScript). JSX is similar to another extension syntax created by Facebook for PHP called XHP. +An example of JSX code: +Architecture beyond HTML +The basic architecture of React applies beyond rendering HTML in the browser. For example, Facebook has dynamic charts that render to tags,[12] and Netflix and PayPal use universal loading to render identical HTML on both the server and client.[13][14] +React hooks +Hooks are functions that let developers "hook into" React state and lifecycle features from function components.[15] Hooks do not work inside classes — they let you use React without classes.[16] +React provides a few built-in hooks like useState,[17] useContext, useReducer , useMemo and useEffect.[18] Others are documented in the Hooks API Reference.[19] useState , useReducer and useEffect, which are the most used, are for controlling state and side effects respectively. +Rules of hooks +There are rules of hooks[20] which describe the characteristic code pattern that hooks rely on. It is the modern way to handle state with React. +Hooks should only be called at the top level (not inside loops or if statements). Hooks should only be called from React function components, not normal functions or class components +React does not attempt to provide a complete "application library". It is designed specifically for building user interfaces[1] and therefore does not include many of the tools some developers might consider necessary to build an application. This allows the choice of whichever libraries the developer prefers to accomplish tasks such as performing network access or local data storage. +To support React's concept of unidirectional data flow (which might be contrasted with AngularJS's bidirectional flow), the Flux architecture was developed as an alternative to the popular model–view–controller architecture. Flux features actions which are sent through a central dispatcher to a store, and changes to the store are propagated back to the view.[22] When used with React, this propagation is accomplished through component properties. Since its conception, Flux has been superseded by libraries such as Redux and MobX.[23] +A React component under the Flux architecture should not directly modify any props passed to it, but should be passed callback functions that create actions which are sent by the dispatcher to modify the store. The action is an object whose responsibility is to describe what has taken place: for example, an action describing one user "following" another might contain a user id, a target user id, and the type USER_FOLLOWED_ANOTHER_USER.[25] The stores, which can be thought of as models, can alter themselves in response to actions received from the dispatcher. +This pattern is sometimes expressed as "properties flow down, actions flow up". Many implementations of Flux have been created since its inception, perhaps the most well-known being Redux, which features a single store, often called a single source of truth.[26] +Project status can be tracked via the core team discussion forum.[27] However, major changes to React go through the Future of React repository issues and pull requests.[28][29] This enables the React community to provide feedback on new potential features, experimental APIs and JavaScript syntax improvements. +The Greeter function is a React component that accepts a property greeting. The variable App is an instance of the Greeter component where the greeting property is set to 'Hello, World!'. +The ReactDOM.render method then renders our Greeter component inside the DOM element with id myReactApp. +The license granted hereunder will terminate, automatically and without notice, for anyone that makes any claim (including by filing any lawsuit, assertion or other action) alleging (a) direct, indirect, or contributory infringement or inducement to infringe any patent: (i) by Facebook or any of its subsidiaries or affiliates, whether or not such claim is related to the Software, (ii) by any party if such claim arises in whole or in part from any software, product or service of Facebook or any of its subsidiaries or affiliates, whether or not such claim is related to the Software, or (iii) by any party relating to the Software; or (b) that any right in any patent claim of Facebook is invalid or unenforceable. +A "Patent Assertion" is any lawsuit or other action alleging direct, indirect, or contributory infringement or inducement to infringe any patent, including a cross-claim or counterclaim.[44] +The Apache Software Foundation considered this licensing arrangement to be incompatible with its licensing policies, as it "passes along risk to downstream consumers of our software imbalanced in favor of the licensor, not the licensee, thereby violating our Apache legal policy of being a universal donor", and "are not a subset of those found in the [Apache License 2.0], and they cannot be sublicensed as [Apache License 2.0]".[45] In August 2017, Facebook dismissed the Apache Foundation's downstream concerns and refused to reconsider their license.[46][47] The following month, WordPress decided to switch its Gutenberg and Calypso projects away from React.[48] +See also +Components +16.9.0 9 August 2019 Add React.Profiler API for gathering performance measurements programmatically. +Batters take turns to bat via a batting order which is decided beforehand by the team captain and presented to the umpires, though the order remains flexible when the captain officially nominates the team.[1] Substitute batters are generally not allowed,[2] except in the case of concussion substitutes in international cricket.[3] +In order to begin batting the batter first adopts a batting stance. Standardly, this involves adopting a slight crouch with the feet pointing across the front of the wicket, looking in the direction of the bowler, and holding the bat so it passes over the feet and so its tip can rest on the ground near to the toes of the back foot.[98] +Equally, he does not have to attempt a run when he hits the ball with his bat. Batters do not always seek to hit the ball as hard as possible, and a good player can score runs just by making a deft stroke with a turn of the wrists or by simply "blocking" the ball but directing it away from fielders so that he has time to take a run. A wide variety of shots are played, the batter's repertoire including strokes named according to the style of swing and the direction aimed: e.g., "cut", "drive", "hook", "pull".[99] +The batter on strike (i.e. the "striker") must prevent the ball hitting the wicket, and try to score runs by hitting the ball with his bat so that he and his partner have time to run from one end of the pitch to the other before the fielding side can return the ball. To register a run, both runners must touch the ground behind the popping crease with either their bats or their bodies (the batters carry their bats as they run). Each completed run increments the score of both the team and the striker.[100] +Sachin Tendulkar is the only player to have scored one hundred international centuries +The decision to attempt a run is ideally made by the batter who has the better view of the ball's progress, and this is communicated by calling: usually "yes", "no" or "wait". More than one run can be scored from a single hit: hits worth one to three runs are common, but the size of the field is such that it is usually difficult to run four or more.[1] To compensate for this, hits that reach the boundary of the field are automatically awarded four runs if the ball touches the ground en route to the boundary or six runs if the ball clears the boundary without touching the ground within the boundary. In these cases the batters do not need to run.[101] Hits for five are unusual and generally rely on the help of "overthrows" by a fielder returning the ball. +Additional runs can be gained by the batting team as extras (called "sundries" in Australia) due to errors made by the fielding side. This is achieved in four ways: no-ball, a penalty of one extra conceded by the bowler if he breaks the rules;[102] wide, a penalty of one extra conceded by the bowler if he bowls so that the ball is out of the batter's reach;[103] bye, an extra awarded if the batter misses the ball and it goes past the wicket-keeper and gives the batters time to run in the conventional way;[104] leg bye, as for a bye except that the ball has hit the batter's body, though not his bat.[104] If the bowler has conceded a no-ball or a wide, his team incurs an additional penalty because that ball (i.e., delivery) has to be bowled again and hence the batting side has the opportunity to score more runs from this extra ball.[102][103] +Specialist roles +The captain is often the most experienced player in the team, certainly the most tactically astute, and can possess any of the main skillsets as a batter, a bowler or a wicket-keeper. Within the Laws, the captain has certain responsibilities in terms of nominating his players to the umpires before the match and ensuring that his players conduct themselves "within the spirit and traditions of the game as well as within the Laws".[1] +The wicket-keeper (sometimes called simply the "keeper") is a specialist fielder subject to various rules within the Laws about his equipment and demeanour. He is the only member of the fielding side who can effect a stumping and is the only one permitted to wear gloves and external leg guards.[105] Depending on their primary skills, the other ten players in the team tend to be classified as specialist batters or specialist bowlers. Generally, a team will include five or six specialist batters and four or five specialist bowlers, plus the wicket-keeper.[106][107] +Umpires and scorers +The game on the field is regulated by the two umpires, one of whom stands behind the wicket at the bowler's end, the other in a position called "square leg" which is about 15–20 metres away from the batter on strike and in line with the popping crease on which he is taking guard. The umpires have several responsibilities including adjudication on whether a ball has been correctly bowled (i.e., not a no-ball or a wide); when a run is scored; whether a batter is out (the fielding side must first appeal to the umpire, usually with the phrase "How's that?" or "Owzat?"); when intervals start and end; and the suitability of the pitch, field and weather for playing the game. +The umpires are authorised to interrupt or even abandon a match due to circumstances likely to endanger the players, such as a damp pitch or deterioration of the light.[1] +Off the field in televised matches, there is usually a third umpire who can make decisions on certain incidents with the aid of video evidence. The third umpire is mandatory under the playing conditions for Test and Limited Overs International matches played between two ICC full member countries. These matches also have a match referee whose job is to ensure that play is within the Laws and the spirit of the game.[1] +The scorers are directed by the hand signals of an umpire (see image, right). For example, the umpire raises a forefinger to signal that the batter is out (has been dismissed); he raises both arms above his head if the batter has hit the ball for six runs. The scorers are required by the Laws to record all runs scored, wickets taken and overs bowled; in practice, they also note significant amounts of additional data relating to the game.[108] +A match's statistics are summarised on a scorecard. Prior to the popularisation of scorecards, most scoring was done by men sitting on vantage points cuttings notches on tally sticks and runs were originally called notches.[109] According to Rowland Bowen, the earliest known scorecard templates were introduced in 1776 by T. Pratt of Sevenoaks and soon came into general use.[110] It is believed that scorecards were printed and sold at Lord's for the first time in 1846.[111] +Spirit of the Game +A medieval "club ball" game involving an underhand bowl towards a batter. Ball catchers are shown positioning themselves to catch a ball. Detail from the Canticles of Holy Mary, 13th century. +Besides observing the Laws, cricketers must respect the "Spirit of Cricket", a concept encompassing sportsmanship, fair play and mutual respect. This spirit has long been considered an integral part of the sport but is only nebulously defined. +Amidst concern that the spirit was weakening, in 2000 a Preamble was added to the Laws instructing all participants to play within the spirit of the game. +The Preamble was last updated in 2017, now opening with the line:[112] +"Cricket owes much of its appeal and enjoyment to the fact that it should be played not only according to the Laws, but also within the Spirit of Cricket". +The Preamble is a short statement intended to emphasise the "positive behaviours that make cricket an exciting game that encourages leadership, friendship, and teamwork."[113] Its second line states that "the major responsibility for ensuring fair play rests with the captains, but extends to all players, match officials and, especially in junior cricket, teachers, coaches and parents."[2] +The umpires are the sole judges of fair and unfair play. They are required under the Laws to intervene in case of dangerous or unfair play or in cases of unacceptable conduct by a player. +Previous versions of the Spirit identified actions that were deemed contrary (for example, appealing knowing that the batter is not out) but all specifics are now covered in the Laws of Cricket, the relevant governing playing regulations and disciplinary codes, or left to the judgement of the umpires, captains, their clubs and governing bodies. The terse expression of the Spirit of Cricket now avoids the diversity of cultural conventions that exist in the detail of sportsmanship – or its absence. +Mithali Raj of India, is the only player to surpass the 6,000 run mark in Women's One Day International cricket. +Women's cricket was first recorded in Surrey in 1745.[114] International development began at the start of the 20th century and the first Test Match was played between Australia and England in December 1934.[115] The following year, New Zealand women joined them, and in 2007 Netherlands women became the tenth women's Test nation when they made their debut against South Africa women. +In 1958, the International Women's Cricket Council was founded (it merged with the ICC in 2005).[115] In 1973, the first Cricket World Cup of any kind took place when a Women's World Cup was held in England.[115] In 2005, the International Women's Cricket Council was merged with the International Cricket Council (ICC) to form one unified body to help manage and develop cricket. +The ICC Women's Rankings were launched on 1 October 2015 covering all three formats of women's cricket. In October 2018 following the ICC's decision to award T20 International status to all members, the Women's rankings were split into separate ODI (for Full Members) and T20I lists.[116] +Governance +Cricket is one of many games in the "club ball" sphere that basically involve hitting a ball with a hand-held implement; others include baseball (which shares many similarities with cricket, both belonging in the more specific bat-and-ball games category[2]), golf, hockey, tennis, squash, badminton and table tennis.[3] In cricket's case, a key difference is the existence of a solid target structure, the wicket (originally, it is thought, a "wicket gate" through which sheep were herded), that the batter must defend.[4] The cricket historian Harry Altham identified three "groups" of "club ball" games: the "hockey group", in which the ball is driven to and fro between two targets (the goals); the "golf group", in which the ball is driven towards an undefended target (the hole); and the "cricket group", in which "the ball is aimed at a mark (the wicket) and driven away from it".[5] +The International Cricket Council (ICC), which has its headquarters in Dubai, is the global governing body of cricket. +It was founded as the Imperial Cricket Conference in 1909 by representatives from England, Australia and South Africa, renamed the International Cricket Conference in 1965 and took up its current name in 1989.[1] The ICC in 2017 has 105 member nations, twelve of which hold full membership and can play Test cricket.[117] The ICC is responsible for the organisation and governance of cricket's major international tournaments, notably the men's and women's versions of the Cricket World Cup. It also appoints the umpires and referees that officiate at all sanctioned Test matches, Limited Overs Internationals and Twenty20 Internationals. +Each member nation has a national cricket board which regulates cricket matches played in its country, selects the national squad, and organises home and away tours for the national team.[118] In the West Indies, which for cricket purposes is a federation of nations, these matters are addressed by Cricket West Indies.[119] +The table below lists the ICC full members and their national cricket boards:[120] +Nation Governing body Member since[121] Afghanistan Afghanistan Cricket Board 22 June 2017 Australia Cricket Australia 15 July 1909 Bangladesh Bangladesh Cricket Board 26 June 2000 England England and Wales Cricket Board 15 July 1909 India Board of Control for Cricket in India 31 May 1926 Ireland Cricket Ireland 22 June 2017 New Zealand New Zealand Cricket 31 May 1926 Pakistan Pakistan Cricket Board 28 July 1952 South Africa Cricket South Africa 15 July 1909 Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Cricket 21 July 1981 West Indies Cricket West Indies 31 May 1926 Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Cricket 6 July 1992 +A Test match between South Africa and England in January 2005. +The men wearing black trousers are the umpires. Teams in Test cricket, first-class cricket and club cricket wear traditional white uniforms and use red cricket balls. +Cricket is a multi-faceted sport with multiple formats that can effectively be divided into first-class cricket, limited overs cricket and, historically, single wicket cricket. The highest standard is Test cricket (always written with a capital "T") which is in effect the international version of first-class cricket and is restricted to teams representing the twelve countries that are full members of the ICC (see above). Although the term "Test match" was not coined until much later, Test cricket is deemed to have begun with two matches between Australia and England in the 1876–77 Australian season; since 1882, most Test series between England and Australia have been played for a trophy known as The Ashes. +The term "first-class", in general usage, is applied to top-level domestic cricket. Test matches are played over five days and first-class over three to four days; in all of these matches, the teams are allotted two innings each and the draw is a valid result.[122] +It is generally believed that cricket originated as a children's game in the south-eastern counties of England, sometime during the medieval period.[1] Although there are claims for prior dates, the earliest definite reference to cricket being played comes from evidence given at a court case in Guildford in January 1597 (Old Style), equating to January 1598 in the modern calendar. +The case concerned ownership of a certain plot of land and the court heard the testimony of a 59-year-old coroner, John Derrick, who gave witness that:[6][7][8] +Limited overs cricket is always scheduled for completion in a single day, and the teams are allotted one innings each. There are two types: List A which normally allows fifty overs per team; and Twenty20 in which the teams have twenty overs each. Both of the limited overs forms are played internationally as Limited Overs Internationals (LOI) and Twenty20 Internationals (T20I). +List A was introduced in England in the 1963 season as a knockout cup contested by the first-class county clubs. In 1969, a national league competition was established. The concept was gradually introduced to the other leading cricket countries and the first limited overs international was played in 1971. +Twenty20 is a new variant of limited overs itself with the purpose being to complete the match within about three hours, usually in an evening session. The first Twenty20 World Championship was held in 2007. Limited overs matches cannot be drawn, although a tie is possible and an unfinished match is a "no result".[123][124] +Single wicket was popular in the 18th and 19th centuries and its matches were generally considered top-class. In this form, although each team may have from one to six players, there is only one batter in at a time and he must face every delivery bowled while his innings lasts. Single wicket has rarely been played since limited overs cricket began. +Cricket is played at both the international and domestic level. There is one major international championship per format, and top-level domestic competitions mirror the three main international formats. There are now a number of T20 leagues, which have spawned a "T20 freelancer" phenomenon.[126] +Most international matches are played as parts of 'tours', when one nation travels to another for a number of weeks or months, and plays a number of matches of various sorts against the host nation. Sometimes a perpetual trophy is awarded to the winner of the Test series, the most famous of which is The Ashes. +The ICC also organises competitions that are for several countries at once, including the Cricket World Cup, ICC T20 World Cup and ICC Champions Trophy. A league competition for Test matches played as part of normal tours, the ICC World Test Championship, had been proposed several times, and its first instance began in 2019. +A league competition for ODIs, the ICC Cricket World Cup Super League, began in August 2020. +The ICC maintains Test rankings, ODI rankings and T20 rankings systems for the countries which play these forms of cricket. +Competitions for member nations of the ICC with Associate status include the ICC Intercontinental Cup, for first-class cricket matches, and the World Cricket League for one-day matches, the final matches of which now also serve as the ICC World Cup Qualifier. +Being a scholler in the ffree schoole of Guldeford hee and diverse of his fellows did runne and play there at creckett and other plaies. +Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1895. +The team first won the County Championship in 1893. +First-class +First-class cricket in England is played for the most part by the 18 county clubs which contest the County Championship. The concept of a champion county has existed since the 18th century but the official competition was not established until 1890.[1] The most successful club has been Yorkshire, who had won 32 official titles (plus one shared) as of 2019.[127] +Australia established its national first-class championship in 1892–93 when the Sheffield Shield was introduced. In Australia, the first-class teams represent the various states.[128] New South Wales has the highest number of titles. +The other ICC full members have national championship trophies called the Ahmad Shah Abdali 4-day Tournament (Afghanistan); the National Cricket League (Bangladesh); the Ranji Trophy (India); the Inter-Provincial Championship (Ireland); the Plunket Shield (New Zealand); the Quaid-e-Azam Trophy (Pakistan); the Currie Cup (South Africa); the Premier Trophy (Sri Lanka); the Shell Shield (West Indies); and the Logan Cup (Zimbabwe). +Limited overs +Other +Given Derrick's age, it was about half a century earlier when he was at school and so it is certain that cricket was being played c. 1550 by boys in Surrey.[1] The view that it was originally a children's game is reinforced by Randle Cotgrave's 1611 English-French dictionary in which he defined the noun "crosse" as "the crooked staff wherewith boys play at cricket" and the verb form "crosser" as "to play at cricket".[9][10] +The world's earliest known cricket match was a village cricket meeting in Kent which has been deduced from a 1640 court case recording a "cricketing" of "the Weald and the Upland" versus "the Chalk Hill" at Chevening "about thirty years since" (i.e., c. 1611). Inter-parish contests became popular in the first half of the 17th century and continued to develop through the 18th with the first local leagues being founded in the second half of the 19th.[1] +At the grassroots level, local club cricket is essentially an amateur pastime for those involved but still usually involves teams playing in competitions at weekends or in the evening. Schools cricket, first known in southern England in the 17th century, has a similar scenario and both are widely played in the countries where cricket is popular.[129] Although there can be variations in game format, compared with professional cricket, the Laws are always observed and club/school matches are therefore formal and competitive events.[130] The sport has numerous informal variants such as French cricket.[131] +Culture +Influence on everyday life +It has, for example, influenced the lexicon of these nations, especially the English language, with various phrases such as "that's not cricket" (that's unfair), "had a good innings" (lived a long life) and "sticky wicket". "On a sticky wicket" (aka "sticky dog" or "glue pot")[132] is a metaphor[133] used to describe a difficult circumstance. It originated as a term for difficult batting conditions in cricket, caused by a damp and soft pitch.[134] +In the arts and popular culture +One possible source for the sport's name is the Old English word "cryce" (or "cricc") meaning a crutch or staff. In Samuel Johnson's Dictionary, he derived cricket from "cryce, Saxon, a stick".[1] In Old French, the word "criquet" seems to have meant a kind of club or stick.[11] Given the strong medieval trade connections between south-east England and the County of Flanders when the latter belonged to the Duchy of Burgundy, the name may have been derived from the Middle Dutch (in use in Flanders at the time) "krick"(-e), meaning a stick (crook).[11] Another possible source is the Middle Dutch word "krickstoel", meaning a long low stool used for kneeling in church and which resembled the long low wicket with two stumps used in early cricket.[12] According to Heiner Gillmeister, a European language expert of Bonn University, "cricket" derives from the Middle Dutch phrase for hockey, met de (krik ket)sen (i.e., "with the stick chase").[13] Gillmeister has suggested that not only the name but also the sport itself may be of Flemish origin.[13] +Cricket is the subject of works by noted English poets, including William Blake and Lord Byron.[135] Beyond a Boundary (1963), written by Trinidadian C. L. R. James, is often named the best book on any sport ever written.[136] +Tom Wills, cricketer and co-founder of Australian football +In the visual arts, notable cricket paintings include Albert Chevallier Tayler's Kent vs Lancashire at Canterbury (1907) and Russell Drysdale's The Cricketers (1948), which has been called "possibly the most famous Australian painting of the 20th century."[137] French impressionist Camille Pissarro painted cricket on a visit to England in the 1890s.[2] Francis Bacon, an avid cricket fan, captured a batter in motion.[135] Caribbean artist Wendy Nanan's cricket images[138] are featured in a limited edition first day cover for Royal Mail's "World of Invention" stamp issue, which celebrated the London Cricket Conference 1–3 March 2007, first international workshop of its kind and part of the celebrations leading up to the 2007 Cricket World Cup.[139] +Influence on other sports +Cricket has close historical ties with Australian rules football and many players have competed at top levels in both sports.[140] In 1858, prominent Australian cricketer Tom Wills called for the formation of a "foot-ball club" with "a code of laws" to keep cricketers fit during the off-season. The Melbourne Football Club was founded the following year, and Wills and three other members codified the first laws of the game.[141] It is typically played on modified cricket fields.[142] +In England, a number of association football clubs owe their origins to cricketers who sought to play football as a means of keeping fit during the winter months. +Derby County was founded as a branch of the Derbyshire County Cricket Club in 1884;[143] Aston Villa (1874) and Everton (1876) were both founded by members of church cricket teams.[144] Sheffield United's Bramall Lane ground was, from 1854, the home of the Sheffield Cricket Club, and then of Yorkshire; it was not used for football until 1862 and was shared by Yorkshire and Sheffield United from 1889 to 1973.[145] +See also +Growth of amateur and professional cricket in England +Glossary of cricket terms +Evolution of the cricket bat. The original "hockey stick" (left) evolved into the straight bat from c. 1760 when pitched delivery bowling began. +External links +News and other resources +Although the main object of the game has always been to score the most runs, the early form of cricket differed from the modern game in certain key technical aspects; the North American variant of cricket known as wicket retained many of these aspects.[14] The ball was bowled underarm by the bowler and along the ground towards a batter armed with a bat that in shape resembled a hockey stick; the batter defended a low, two-stump wicket; and runs were called notches because the scorers recorded them by notching tally sticks.[15][16][17] +In 1611, the year Cotgrave's dictionary was published, ecclesiastical court records at Sidlesham in Sussex state that two parishioners, Bartholomew Wyatt and Richard Latter, failed to attend church on Easter Sunday because they were playing cricket. They were fined 12d each and ordered to do penance.[18] This is the earliest mention of adult participation in cricket and it was around the same time that the earliest known organised inter-parish or village match was played – at Chevening, Kent.[2][19] In 1624, a player called Jasper Vinall died after he was accidentally struck on the head during a match between two parish teams in Sussex.[20] +Cricket remained a low-key local pursuit for much of the 17th century.[1] It is known, through numerous references found in the records of ecclesiastical court cases, to have been proscribed at times by the Puritans before and during the Commonwealth.[21][22] The problem was nearly always the issue of Sunday play as the Puritans considered cricket to be "profane" if played on the Sabbath, especially if large crowds or gambling were involved.[23][24] +According to the social historian Derek Birley, there was a "great upsurge of sport after the Restoration" in 1660.[25] Gambling on sport became a problem significant enough for Parliament to pass the 1664 Gambling Act, limiting stakes to £100 which was, in any case, a colossal sum exceeding the annual income of 99% of the population.[25] Along with prizefighting, horse racing and blood sports, cricket was perceived to be a gambling sport.[26] Rich patrons made matches for high stakes, forming teams in which they engaged the first professional players.[27] By the end of the century, cricket had developed into a major sport that was spreading throughout England and was already being taken abroad by English mariners and colonisers – the earliest reference to cricket overseas is dated 1676.[28] A 1697 newspaper report survives of "a great cricket match" played in Sussex "for fifty guineas apiece" – this is the earliest known contest that is generally considered a First Class match.[29][30] +The patrons, and other players from the social class known as the "gentry", began to classify themselves as "amateurs"[fn 1] to establish a clear distinction from the professionals, who were invariably members of the working class, even to the point of having separate changing and dining facilities.[31] The gentry, including such high-ranking nobles as the Dukes of Richmond, exerted their honour code of noblesse oblige to claim rights of leadership in any sporting contests they took part in, especially as it was necessary for them to play alongside their "social inferiors" if they were to win their bets.[32] In time, a perception took hold that the typical amateur who played in first-class cricket, until 1962 when amateurism was abolished, was someone with a public school education who had then gone to one of Cambridge or Oxford University – society insisted that such people were "officers and gentlemen" whose destiny was to provide leadership.[33] In a purely financial sense, the cricketing amateur would theoretically claim expenses for playing while his professional counterpart played under contract and was paid a wage or match fee; in practice, many amateurs claimed more than actual expenditure and the derisive term "shamateur" was coined to describe the practice.[34][35] +English cricket in the 18th and 19th centuries +Francis Cotes, The Young Cricketer, 1768 +The game underwent major development in the 18th century to become England's national sport.[citation needed] Its success was underwritten by the twin necessities of patronage and betting.[36] Cricket was prominent in London as early as 1707 and, in the middle years of the century, large crowds flocked to matches on the Artillery Ground in Finsbury.[citation needed] The single wicket form of the sport attracted huge crowds and wagers to match, its popularity peaking in the 1748 season.[37] Bowling underwent an evolution around 1760 when bowlers began to pitch the ball instead of rolling or skimming it towards the batter. This caused a revolution in bat design because, to deal with the bouncing ball, it was necessary to introduce the modern straight bat in place of the old "hockey stick" shape.[38][citation needed] +The Hambledon Club was founded in the 1760s and, for the next twenty years until the formation of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) and the opening of Lord's Old Ground in 1787, Hambledon was both the game's greatest club and its focal point.[citation needed] MCC quickly became the sport's premier club and the custodian of the Laws of Cricket. New Laws introduced in the latter part of the 18th century included the three stump wicket and leg before wicket (lbw).[39] +The 19th century saw underarm bowling superseded by first roundarm and then overarm bowling. +Both developments were controversial.[40] Organisation of the game at county level led to the creation of the county clubs, starting with Sussex in 1839.[41] In December 1889, the eight leading county clubs formed the official County Championship, which began in 1890.[42] +The most famous player of the 19th century was W. G. Grace, who started his long and influential career in 1865. It was especially during the career of Grace that the distinction between amateurs and professionals became blurred by the existence of players like him who were nominally amateur but, in terms of their financial gain, de facto professional. Grace himself was said to have been paid more money for playing cricket than any professional.[citation needed] +The last two decades before the First World War have been called the "Golden Age of cricket". It is a nostalgic name prompted by the collective sense of loss resulting from the war, but the period did produce some great players and memorable matches, especially as organised competition at county and Test level developed.[43] +Cricket becomes an international sport +In 1844, the first-ever international match took place between the United States and Canada.[44] In 1859, a team of English players went to North America on the first overseas tour.[45] Meanwhile, the British Empire had been instrumental in spreading the game overseas and by the middle of the 19th century it had become well established in Australia, the Caribbean, India, Pakistan, New Zealand, North America and South Africa.[46] +In 1862, an English team made the first tour of Australia.[47] The first Australian team to travel overseas consisted of Aboriginal stockmen who toured England in 1868.[48] The first One Day International match was played on 5 January 1971 between Australia and England at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.[49] +In 1876–77, an England team took part in what was retrospectively recognised as the first-ever Test match at the Melbourne Cricket Ground against Australia.[50] The rivalry between England and Australia gave birth to The Ashes in 1882, and this has remained Test cricket's most famous contest.[51] Test cricket began to expand in 1888–89 when South Africa played England.[citation needed] +World cricket in the 20th century +Don Bradman of Australia had a record Test batting average of 99.94. +The inter-war years were dominated by Australia's Don Bradman, statistically the greatest Test batter of all time. Test cricket continued to expand during the 20th century with the addition of the West Indies (1928), New Zealand (1930) and India (1932) before the Second World War and then Pakistan (1952), Sri Lanka (1982), Zimbabwe (1992), Bangladesh (2000), Ireland and Afghanistan (both 2018) in the post-war period.[52][53] South Africa was banned from international cricket from 1970 to 1992 as part of the apartheid boycott.[54] +The rise of limited overs cricket +Cricket entered a new era in 1963 when English counties introduced the limited overs variant.[55] As it was sure to produce a result, limited overs cricket was lucrative and the number of matches increased.[56] The first Limited Overs International was played in 1971 and the governing International Cricket Council (ICC), seeing its potential, staged the first limited overs Cricket World Cup in 1975.[57] In the 21st century, a new limited overs form, Twenty20, made an immediate impact.[citation needed] On 22 June 2017, Afghanistan and Ireland became the 11th and 12th ICC full members, enabling them to play Test cricket.[58][59] +Laws and gameplay +A typical cricket field. +In cricket, the rules of the game are specified in a code called The Laws of Cricket (hereinafter called "the Laws") which has a global remit. There are 42 Laws (always written with a capital "L"). +The earliest known version of the code was drafted in 1744 and, since 1788, it has been owned and maintained by its custodian, the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in London.[60] +Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played on a cricket field (see image, right) between two teams of eleven players each.[61] The field is usually circular or oval in shape and the edge of the playing area is marked by a boundary, which may be a fence, part of the stands, a rope, a painted line or a combination of these; the boundary must if possible be marked along its entire length.[62] +In the approximate centre of the field is a rectangular pitch (see image, below) on which a wooden target called a wicket is sited at each end; the wickets are placed 22 yards (20 m) apart.[63] The pitch is a flat surface 10 feet (3.0 m) wide, with very short grass that tends to be worn away as the game progresses (cricket can also be played on artificial surfaces, notably matting). Each wicket is made of three wooden stumps topped by two bails.[64] +Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field at the centre of which is a 22-yard (20-metre) pitch with a wicket at each end, each comprising two bails balanced on three stumps. The game proceeds when a player on the fielding team, called the bowler, "bowls" (propels) the ball from one end of the pitch towards the wicket at the other end. The batting side's players score runs by striking the bowled ball with a bat and running between the wickets, while the bowling side tries to prevent this by keeping the ball within the field and getting it to either wicket, and dismiss each batter (so they are "out"). +Cricket pitch and creases +The three stumps are aligned centrally on the bowling crease, which is eight feet eight inches long. The popping crease is drawn four feet in front of the bowling crease and parallel to it; although it is drawn as a twelve-foot line (six feet either side of the wicket), it is, in fact, unlimited in length. The return creases are drawn at right angles to the popping crease so that they intersect the ends of the bowling crease; each return crease is drawn as an eight-foot line, so that it extends four feet behind the bowling crease, but is also, in fact, unlimited in length.[65] +Match structure and closure +A modern SG cricket bat (back view). +Before a match begins, the team captains (who are also players) toss a coin to decide which team will bat first and so take the first innings.[66] Innings is the term used for each phase of play in the match.[66] In each innings, one team bats, attempting to score runs, while the other team bowls and fields the ball, attempting to restrict the scoring and dismiss the batters.[67][68] When the first innings ends, the teams change roles; there can be two to four innings depending upon the type of match. A match with four scheduled innings is played over three to five days; a match with two scheduled innings is usually completed in a single day.[66] During an innings, all eleven members of the fielding team take the field, but usually only two members of the batting team are on the field at any given time. The exception to this is if a batter has any type of illness or injury restricting his or her ability to run, in this case the batter is allowed a runner who can run between the wickets when the batter hits a scoring run or runs,[69] though this does not apply in international cricket.[70] The order of batters is usually announced just before the match, but it can be varied.[6] +The main objective of each team is to score more runs than their opponents but, in some forms of cricket, it is also necessary to dismiss all of the opposition batters in their final innings in order to win the match, which would otherwise be drawn.[71] If the team batting last is all out having scored fewer runs than their opponents, they are said to have "lost by n runs" (where n is the difference between the aggregate number of runs scored by the teams). If the team that bats last scores enough runs to win, it is said to have "won by n wickets", where n is the number of wickets left to fall. For example, a team that passes its opponents' total having lost six wickets (i.e., six of their batters have been dismissed) have won the match "by four wickets".[71] +In a two-innings-a-side match, one team's combined first and second innings total may be less than the other side's first innings total. The team with the greater score is then said to have "won by an innings and n runs", and does not need to bat again: n is the difference between the two teams' aggregate scores. If the team batting last is all out, and both sides have scored the same number of runs, then the match is a tie; this result is quite rare in matches of two innings a side with only 62 happening in first-class matches from the earliest known instance in 1741 until January 2017. +In the traditional form of the game, if the time allotted for the match expires before either side can win, then the game is declared a draw.[1] +In some cases, ties are broken by having each team bat for a one-over innings known as a Super Over; subsequent Super Overs may be played if the first Super Over ends in a tie. If this kind of match is temporarily interrupted by bad weather, then a complex mathematical formula, known as the Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method after its developers, is often used to recalculate a new target score. A one-day match can also be declared a "no-result" if fewer than a previously agreed number of overs have been bowled by either team, in circumstances that make normal resumption of play impossible; for example, wet weather.[1] +In all forms of cricket, the umpires can abandon the match if bad light or rain makes it impossible to continue.[72] There have been instances of entire matches, even Test matches scheduled to be played over five days, being lost to bad weather without a ball being bowled: for example, the third Test of the 1970/71 series in Australia.[73] +Forms of cricket range from Twenty20, with each team batting for a single innings of 20 overs and the game generally lasting three hours, to Test matches played over five days. Traditionally cricketers play in all-white kit, but in limited overs cricket they wear club or team colours. In addition to the basic kit, some players wear protective gear to prevent injury caused by the ball, which is a hard, solid spheroid made of compressed leather with a slightly raised sewn seam enclosing a cork core layered with tightly wound string. +Innings +The innings (ending with 's' in both singular and plural form) is the term used for each phase of play during a match. Depending on the type of match being played, each team has either one or two innings. Sometimes all eleven members of the batting side take a turn to bat but, for various reasons, an innings can end before they have all done so. +The innings terminates if the batting team is "all out", a term defined by the Laws: "at the fall of a wicket or the retirement of a batter, further balls remain to be bowled but no further batter is available to come in".[1] In this situation, one of the batters has not been dismissed and is termed not out; this is because he has no partners left and there must always be two active batters while the innings is in progress. +An innings may end early while there are still two not out batters:[1] +the batting team's captain may declare the innings closed even though some of his players have not had a turn to bat: this is a tactical decision by the captain, usually because he believes his team have scored sufficient runs and need time to dismiss the opposition in their innings the set number of overs (i.e., in a limited overs match) have been bowled the match has ended prematurely due to bad weather or running out of time in the final innings of the match, the batting side has reached its target and won the game. +Overs +The Laws state that, throughout an innings, "the ball shall be bowled from each end alternately in overs of 6 balls".[74] The name "over" came about because the umpire calls "Over!" when six balls have been bowled. At this point, another bowler is deployed at the other end, and the fielding side changes ends while the batters do not. A bowler cannot bowl two successive overs, although a bowler can (and usually does) bowl alternate overs, from the same end, for several overs which are termed a "spell". +The game's governing body is the International Cricket Council (ICC), which has over 100 members, twelve of which are full members who play Test matches. The game's rules, the Laws of Cricket, are maintained by Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in London. The sport is followed primarily in South Asia, Australasia, the United Kingdom, southern Africa and the West Indies.[1] Women's cricket, which is organised and played separately, has also achieved international standard. +English cricketer W. G. Grace "taking guard" in 1883. +His pads and bat are very similar to those used today. The gloves have evolved somewhat. Many modern players use more defensive equipment than were available to Grace, most notably helmets and arm guards. +The wicket-keeper (a specialised fielder behind the batter) and the batters wear protective gear because of the hardness of the ball, which can be delivered at speeds of more than 145 kilometres per hour (90 mph) and presents a major health and safety concern. Protective clothing includes pads (designed to protect the knees and shins), batting gloves or wicket-keeper's gloves for the hands, a safety helmet for the head and a box for male players inside the trousers (to protect the crotch area).[75] Some batters wear additional padding inside their shirts and trousers such as thigh pads, arm pads, rib protectors and shoulder pads. The only fielders allowed to wear protective gear are those in positions very close to the batter (i.e., if they are alongside or in front of him), but they cannot wear gloves or external leg guards.[2] +Subject to certain variations, on-field clothing generally includes a collared shirt with short or long sleeves; long trousers; woolen pullover (if needed); cricket cap (for fielding) or a safety helmet; and spiked shoes or boots to increase traction. The kit is traditionally all white and this remains the case in Test and first-class cricket but, in limited overs cricket, team colours are worn instead.[77] +Bat and ball +Two types of cricket ball, both of the same size: i) A used white ball. White balls are mainly used in limited overs cricket, especially in matches played at night, under floodlights (left). ii) A used red ball. Red balls are used in Test cricket, first-class cricket and some other forms of cricket (right). +The essence of the sport is that a bowler delivers (i.e., bowls) the ball from his or her end of the pitch towards the batter who, armed with a bat, is "on strike" at the other end (see next sub-section: Basic gameplay). +The bat is made of wood, usually Salix alba (white willow), and has the shape of a blade topped by a cylindrical handle. The blade must not be more than 4.25 inches (10.8 cm) wide and the total length of the bat not more than 38 inches (97 cm). There is no standard for the weight, which is usually between 2 lb 7 oz and 3 lb (1.1 and 1.4 kg).[78][79] +During matches, the quality of the ball deteriorates to a point where it is no longer usable; during the course of this deterioration, its behaviour in flight will change and can influence the outcome of the match. Players will, therefore, attempt to modify the ball's behaviour by modifying its physical properties. Polishing the ball and wetting it with sweat or saliva is legal, even when the polishing is deliberately done on one side only to increase the ball's swing through the air, but the acts of rubbing other substances into the ball, scratching the surface or picking at the seam are illegal ball tampering.[80] +Basic gameplay: bowler to batter +Two of the players are batters and the rest are all eleven members of the fielding team. The other nine players in the batting team are off the field in the pavilion. The image with overlay below shows what is happening when a ball is being bowled and which of the personnel are on or close to the pitch.[81] +The other batter (3) at the bowling end is called the "non-striker". The wicket-keeper (10), who is a specialist, is positioned behind the striker's wicket (9) and behind him stands one of the fielders in a position called "first slip" (11). While the bowler and the first slip are wearing conventional kit only, the two batters and the wicket-keeper are wearing protective gear including safety helmets, padded gloves and leg guards (pads). +While the umpire (1) in shot stands at the bowler's end of the pitch, his colleague stands in the outfield, usually in or near the fielding position called "square leg", so that he is in line with the popping crease (7) at the striker's end of the pitch. The bowling crease (not numbered) is the one on which the wicket is located between the return creases (12). The bowler (4) intends to hit the wicket (9) with the ball (5) or, at least, to prevent the striker (8) from scoring runs. +Some players are skilled in both batting and bowling, or as either or these as well as wicket-keeping, so are termed all-rounders. Bowlers are classified according to their style, generally as fast bowlers, seam bowlers or spinners. Batters are classified according to whether they are right-handed or left-handed. +Fielding +Fielding positions in cricket for a right-handed batter +Of the eleven fielders, three are in shot in the image above. The other eight are elsewhere on the field, their positions determined on a tactical basis by the captain or the bowler. Fielders often change position between deliveries, again as directed by the captain or bowler.[76] +If a fielder is injured or becomes ill during a match, a substitute is allowed to field instead of him, but the substitute cannot bowl or act as a captain, except in the case of concussion substitutes in international cricket.[1] The substitute leaves the field when the injured player is fit to return.[82] The Laws of Cricket were updated in 2017 to allow substitutes to act as wicket-keepers.[83] +Bowling and dismissal +Glenn McGrath of Australia holds the world record for most wickets in the Cricket World Cup.[84] +Most bowlers are considered specialists in that they are selected for the team because of their skill as a bowler, although some are all-rounders and even specialist batters bowl occasionally. The specialists bowl several times during an innings but may not bowl two overs consecutively. If the captain wants a bowler to "change ends", another bowler must temporarily fill in so that the change is not immediate.[1] +A bowler reaches his delivery stride by means of a "run-up" and an over is deemed to have begun when the bowler starts his run-up for the first delivery of that over, the ball then being "in play".[1] Fast bowlers, needing momentum, take a lengthy run up while bowlers with a slow delivery take no more than a couple of steps before bowling. The fastest bowlers can deliver the ball at a speed of over 145 kilometres per hour (90 mph) and they sometimes rely on sheer speed to try to defeat the batter, who is forced to react very quickly.[85] Other fast bowlers rely on a mixture of speed and guile by making the ball seam or swing (i.e. curve) in flight. This type of delivery can deceive a batter into miscuing his shot, for example, so that the ball just touches the edge of the bat and can then be "caught behind" by the wicket-keeper or a slip fielder.[85] At the other end of the bowling scale is the spin bowler who bowls at a relatively slow pace and relies entirely on guile to deceive the batter. +There are nine ways in which a batter can be dismissed: five relatively common and four extremely rare. The common forms of dismissal are bowled,[87] caught,[88] leg before wicket (lbw),[89] run out[90] and stumped.[91] Rare methods are hit wicket,[92] hit the ball twice,[93] obstructing the field[94] and timed out.[95] The Laws state that the fielding team, usually the bowler in practice, must appeal for a dismissal before the umpire can give his decision. If the batter is out, the umpire raises a forefinger and says "Out!"; otherwise, he will shake his head and say "Not out".[96] There is, effectively, a tenth method of dismissal, retired out, which is not an on-field dismissal as such but rather a retrospective one for which no fielder is credited.[97] +Batting, runs and extras +The directions in which a right-handed batter, facing down the page, intends to send the ball when playing various cricketing shots. The diagram for a left-handed batter is a mirror image of this one. +The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (農林水産省, Nōrin-suisan-shō) a cabinet level ministry in the government of Japan responsible for oversight of the agriculture, forestry and fishing industries. Its acronym is MAFF. The current Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is Taku Etō.[1] +Functional activities +The primary function of the ministry is to set quality standards for food products, supervise commodity markets and food sales, and to undertake land reclamation and land improvement projects.[2] +References +History +The Constitution of the Empire of Japan provided for the creation of a Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce (農商務省, Nōshōmu-shō), which was established in 1881, with Tani Tateki as its first minister. +As an additional note, the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce was a division that served as the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. +In 1925, the commerce functions were separated out into a separate Ministry of Commerce (商工省, Shōkō-shō), and the ministry was renamed the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (農林省, Nōrin-shō). +The ministry was also given responsibility for oversight of the Factory Act of 1903, which provided regulations for work hours and worker safety in both industrial and agricultural industries. +From 1943 to 1945, when the Ministry of Commerce was abolished due to the nationalization of Japanese industry for the war effort of World War II against Allies of World War II, parts of that ministry reverted to the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, which was again briefly named Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce (農商省, Nōshō-shō). +In 1978, the name of Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry was expanded to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries to better reflect the ministry's role in guaranteeing the Japanese public a safe food supply, and to protect producers and workers in the food production industries.[1] +Thai Women's League Season 2020/21 ← 2019 +League table +Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification 1 Chonburi FA 7 6 1 0 24 7 +17 19 Upper Ranks on Second leg 2 BG Bundit Asia 7 5 1 1 31 3 +28 16 3 Bangkok 7 4 0 3 27 8 +19 12 4 MH Nakhonsi 7 3 2 2 11 10 +1 11 5 BRU Burirat Academy 7 2 2 3 8 16 −8 8 Lower Ranks on Second leg 6 Chonburi Sports School 7 2 1 4 15 38 −23 7 7 Air Force 7 2 1 4 10 24 −14 7 8 Lampang Sports School 7 0 0 7 4 24 −20 0 Updated to match(es) played on 1 November 2020. Source: Thai Women's League Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Head-to-head points; 3) Head-to-head goals difference; 4) Head-to-head goals scored; 5) Overall goals difference; 6) Overall goals scored; 7) Fair play points; 8) Play-off without extra time;). +Teams +Divided into teams placed around the league (Member organizations that are Semi-Final in 2019 Thai Women's League) 4 teams.[2] +Chonburi Sports School BG Bundit Asia Bangkok Air Force +And teams from the 2020–21 Thai Women's League play-offs round. +4 teams.[3] +Lampang Sports School BRU Burirat Academy MH Nakhonsi Chonburi FA +Rules +The 2020–21 Thai Women's League 1 will divide the competition into 2 legs, in the first leg will compete in a meeting, compete at High Performance Training Center (Thailand), where the 1st leg is placed 1–4.Second leg will compete in a meet again Home-Away, within 1–4 places with each other to find the winning team, while 5–8 places at the end of the first leg will compete as a home-away match. And meet each other within the 5th–8th place as well. For the 6th – 7th place will compete in the playoff round with the 2nd – 3rd place from the 2020–21 Thai Women's League 2.[4] +Toshiyuki Nishida (西田 敏行, Nishida Toshiyuki, born 4 November 1947 in Kōriyama, Fukushima) is a Japanese actor. +Television +Year Title Role Notes Source 1974 Shin Heike Monogatari Hōjō Yoshitoki Taiga drama 1977 Kashin Yamagata Aritomo Taiga drama 1978 Saiyuki Cho Hakkai/Pigsy 1981 Onna Taikō-ki Toyotomi Hideyoshi Taiga drama 1984 Sanga Moyu Tadashi Amō Lead role, Taiga drama 1986 Byakkotai Kayano Gonbei 1988 Takeda Shingen Yamamoto Kansuke Taiga drama 1990 Tobu ga Gotoku Saigō Takamori Lead role, Taiga drama 1995 Hachidai Shogun Yoshimune Tokugawa Yoshimune Lead role, Taiga drama 1998 Oda Nobunaga: Tenka wo Totta Baka Saitō Dōsan Special appearance, TV movie 2000 Aoi Tokugawa Hidetada Lead role, Taiga drama 2003 Musashi Yamanouchi Hanbei Taiga drama Shiroi Kyotō Mataichi Zaizen 2005 Tiger and Dragon Hayashiyatei Donbei Hiroshima Showa 20 nen 8 Gatsu Muika elder Toshiaki Yajima TV movie 2006 Kōmyō ga Tsuji Tokugawa Ieyasu Taiga drama 2007 The Family Ichirō Ōkawa [12] 2009–2011 Saka no Ue no Kumo Takahashi Korekiyo 2010 Wagaya no Rekishi Yame Tokijiro Miniseries Yae's Sakura Saigō Tanomo Taiga drama 2013–present Doctor-X Hiruma Shigekatsu 2014 Nobunaga Concerto Saitō Dōsan Tokyo ni Olympic o Yonda Otoko Masaji Tabata TV movie 2015 Tsuribaka Nisshi Su-san 2016 Montage Shinnosuke Sawada TV movie 2017 Kohaku Katsumi Yoneda Lead role, TV movie 2018 Segodon Narrator / Saigō Kikujirō Taiga drama 2022 The 13 Lords of the Shogun Emperor Go-Shirakawa Taiga drama [13] +Variety Show +Year Title Notes Source 2001–2019 Knight Scoop as Chairman [14] +Honours +Medal with Purple Ribbon (2008) Order of the Rising Sun, 4th Class, Gold Rays with Rosette (2018) +References +Career +In Japan, he is best known for his fishing comedy series, Tsuribaka Nisshi ("The Fishing Maniac's Diary"), which currently spans 21 movies. Outside Japan Nishida may be best known for his portrayal of Pigsy in the first season of the TV series Monkey, or for his role in the 2008 film The Ramen Girl, as the sensei of American actress Brittany Murphy's character. +Nishida has received ten Japanese Academy Award nominations, winning twice, for Dun-Huang in 1988 (Best Actor) and Gakko and Tsuribaka Nisshi 6 in 1993 (Best Actor).[1] He won the Blue Ribbon Award for Best Actor in 2003 for Get Up! and Tsuribaka Nisshi 14.[2] +In 2017, Nishida reprised his role as Yakuza underboss Nishino in Takeshi Kitano's Outrage trilogy to positive reviews. +Nishida is one of the 'Frontier Ambassadors' for his hometown of Koriyama City.[3] +Filmography +Film +Year Title Role Notes Source 1974 Okita Sōji Nagakura Shinpachi 1977 Ballad of Orin Suketaro 1981 Edo Porn 1984 Station to Heaven 1986 Uemura Naomi Monogatari Naomi Uemura Lead role 1988 Dun-Huang Zhu Wangli Lead role 1988–2009 Tsuribaka Nisshi series Hama-chan Lead role 1992 Tengoku no Taizai Dreams of Russia Kantsubaki Lead role 1993 Gakko Mr. Kuroi Lead role 1996 Gakko II Ryuhei Aoyama Lead role 2002 Dawn of a New Day: The Man Behind VHS Shizuo Kagaya Lead role 2003 Get Up! Lead role 2006 The Uchōten Hotel 2007 Sukiyaki Western Django Happy Ever After 2008 The Ramen Girl American film Flowers in the Shadows Moses The Magic Hour Kōnosuke Teshio 2009 Castle Under Fiery Skies Lead role Asahiyama Zoo Story: Penguins in the Sky Kanji Takizawa Lead role 2010 Space Battleship Yamato Hikozaemon Tokugawa 2011 A Letter to Momo Iwa Voice role Once in a Blue Moon Sarashina Rokubei 2012 Reunion Aiba Lead role [4] Beyond Outrage Nishino 2013 Emperor General Kajima American film The Kiyosu Conference Sarashina Rokubei 2015 Maestro! Tendō [5][6] Jinuyo Saraba: Kamuroba Mura e Nakanussan [7] Love & Peace Pa Galaxy Turnpike 2016 A Living Promise Gentaro Nishimura 2017 Miracles of the Namiya General Store Yūji Namiya Outrage Coda Nishino 2019 Ninkyō Gakuen Yūzō Akimoto Lead role 2020 Voices in the Wind Imada [8] The Untold Tale of the Three Kingdoms Munemitsu Soga [9] 2021 A Morning of Farewell Tōru Senkawa [10] 2022 What to Do with the Dead Kaiju? +Digital +JORX-DTV - TBS Digital Television (TBS Dejitaru Terebijōn TBSデジタルテレビジョン) +Remote Controller ID 6 Tokyo Skytree - Channel 22 Mito - Channel 15 Utsunomiya - Channel 15 Maebashi - Channel 36 Hiratsuka - Channel 22 +Networks +TBS programming is also broadcast across JNN-affiliate stations nationwide, which include the following: +Headquartered in Osaka, broadcast in the Kansai area: MBS, Analog: Channel 4, Digital: Channel 16 (Osaka, ID: 4) Headquartered in Nagoya, broadcast in the Chukyo area: CBC, Analog: Channel 5, Digital: Channel 18 (Nagoya, ID: 5) Headquartered in Sapporo, broadcast in Hokkaidō: HBC, Analog: Channel 1, Digital: Channel 19 (Sapporo, ID: 1) Headquartered in Aomori, broadcast in Aomori Prefecture: ATV, Analog: Channel 38, Digital: Channel 30 (Aomori, ID: 6) Headquartered in Morioka, broadcast in Iwate Prefecture: IBC, Analog: Channel 6, Digital: Channel 16 (Morioka, ID: 6) Headquartered in Sendai, broadcast in Miyagi Prefecture: TBC, Analog: Channel 1, Digital: Channel 19 (Sendai, ID: 1) Headquartered in Nagano, broadcast in Nagano Prefecture: SBC, Analog: Channel 11, Digital: Channel 16 (Nagano, ID: 6) Headquartered in Takaoka, broadcast in Toyama Prefecture: TUT, Analog: Channel 32, Digital: Channel 22 (Takaoka, ID: 6) Headquartered in Fukuoka, broadcast in Fukuoka Prefecture: RKB, Analog: Channel 4, Digital: Channel 30 (Fukuoka, ID: 4) Headquartered in Naha, broadcast in Okinawa Prefecture: RBC, Analog: Channel 10, Digital: Channel 14 (Naha, ID: 3) +Programs +Below is a selection of the many programs that the network has broadcast. +Kinniku Banzuke (筋肉番付, Unbeatable Banzuke in America) a former obstacle based game show that inspired Sasuke Sasuke (Ninja Warrior in the United States) an obstacle course based game show that was originally part of Kinniku Banzuke Another World (もう一つの世界) Days of Our Lives (私たちの生活の日々) Passions (情熱) Music Television Santa Barbara (サンタバーバラ) Sunset Beach (サンセットビーチ) Mino Monta no Asa Zuba! (みのもんたの朝ズバッ!!) Sanma's Super Karakuri-TV (さんまのスーパーからくりTV) Tokyo Friend Park II (関口宏の東京フレンドパークII) Count Down TV The World Heritage (THE世界遺産) Dragon Zakura (ドラゴン桜) Princess Resurrection Japan Cable Award (発表!日本有線大賞) Japan Record Award (輝く!日本レコード大賞) Tokyo Music Festival (東京音楽祭) Food Battle Club Takeshi's Castle (風雲!たけし城) Evening 5 (イブニング・ファイブ) → THE NEWS (総力報道! THE NEWS) → N Studio (Nスタ) Karei-naru Ichizoku' (華麗なる一族) - TBS 55th anniversary drama starring Takuya Kimura (SMAP) Lincoln (リンカーン) Utaban (うたばん) → The Music Hour (ザ・ミュージックアワー) BANG BANG BASEBALL - baseball games Wheel of Fortune Masters Tournament Toray Pan Pacific Open FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship, FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship, FIVB Volleyball World League IAAF World Championships in Athletics (IAAF Official Broadcaster with Eurovision) Happy family plan (しあわせ家族計画) Survivor (サバイバー) Ah, You're really Gone Now. +JORX-DTV, branded as TBS Television (Japanese: TBSテレビ, Hepburn: TBS Terebi) is the flagship station of the Japan News Network (JNN), owned-and-operated by the Tokyo Broadcasting System Television, Inc.[1] subsidiary of JNN's owner, TBS Holdings. It operates in the Kantō region. +References +TBS produced the Takeshi's Castle game show, which is dubbed and rebroadcast internationally. The channel is also home to Ultraman and the Ultra Series franchise from 1966 onwards – itself a spinoff to Ultra Q, co-produced and broadcast in the same year – and its spinoffs, most if not all made by Tsuburaya Productions for the network. Since the 1990s it is home to Sasuke (Ninja Warrior), whose format would inspire similar programs outside Japan, by itself a spinoff to the legendary TBS game show Kinniku Banzuke that lasted for 7 seasons. +On May 24, 2017, TBS and five other major media firms (TV Tokyo, Nikkei, Inc., WOWOW, Dentsu and Hakuhodo DY Media Partners) officially announced that they would jointly establish a new company in July to offer paid online video services. TBS Holdings would become the largest shareholder of the new company, Premium Platform Japan, with a 31.5% stake. An official from TBS Holdings, named Yasuhiro Takatsuna, became the new company's president.[2][3][4] +Broadcasting +Analog +JORX-TV (former callsign: JOKR-TV) - TBS Television ( TBS Terebijōn TBSテレビジョン (former Japanese name: 東京放送 Tōkyō Hōsō)) +Tokyo Tower - Channel 6 +Oli London is a British Internet personality and singer. They are most notable for identifying as a transracial Korean and for having multiple plastic surgery procedures since 2013 to attempt to look like Jimin, one of the members of the K-pop group BTS. +It was proclaimed on 6 September 1945, as Korea was being divided into two occupation zones, with the Soviet Union occupying the north, and the United States occupying the south. Based on a network of people's committees, it presented a program of radical social change. In the south, the US military government outlawed the PRK on 12 December 1945, while in the north, the Soviet authorities co-opted the committees into the structure of the emerging Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea). +Bonnie Francesca Wright[1] (born 17 February 1991)[2] is an English actress, model, director, and activist. She is best known for her role as Ginny Weasley in the Harry Potter film series. +Born in London, Wright made her professional acting debut in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001), portraying the role for ten years until the final film, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011). Following the series, Wright appeared in a string of independent films, including Before I Sleep (2013), The Sea (2013), and After the Dark (2014); the films received mixed reviews. She made her stage debut as the lead in Peter Ustinov's The Moment of Truth at the Southwark Playhouse in 2013. +Film +Year Title Role Notes 2001 Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Ginny Weasley 2002 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 2004 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 2007 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 2009 Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince 2010 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 2013 The Sea Rose [81] North American premiere 2013 Toronto International Film Festival[82] After the Dark Georgina (formerly known as "The Philosophers"[3]) Before I Sleep Phoebe 2014 How (Not) to Rob a Train Bonnie My Dad Is Scrooge Connie Voice role 2015 Sweat Mia Short film Who Killed Nelson Nutmeg? Diane [83] 2018 A Christmas Carol Nell TBA Those Who Wander Zoe Unreleased film +Television +Year Title Role Notes 2002 Stranded Young Sarah Robinson Television film 2004 Agatha Christie: A Life in Pictures Young Agatha Christie Television film 2007 The Replacements Vanessa Episode: "London Calling"; voice role 2007 King of the Hill Hannah Episode: "Bobby Rae"; voice role +Wright graduated University of the Arts London in 2012 with a bachelor's degree in filmmaking. +She subsequently founded her own production company, BonBonLumiere, and began to produce short films. Her first directorial project was the coming-of-age drama Separate We Come, Separate We Go (2012), starring David Thewlis, which was released at the Cannes Film Festival to critical acclaim. She directed Know Thyself (2016), starring Christian Coulson, and Sextant (2016), both of which featured landscape and emotion as themes. +Wright's three-part series, Phone Calls, premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in 2017. She released Medusa's Ankles (2018) starring Kerry Fox and Jason Isaacs, based on A. S. Byatt's The Matisse Stories. She has also directed music videos for artists Sophie Lowe, Pete Yorn, and Scarlett Johansson. +Wright has gained recognition for her environmental activism; she is also an ambassador for the charities Greenpeace and Lumos. +If a real-valued function f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b], differentiable on the open interval (a, b), and f (a) = f (b), then there exists a c in the open interval (a, b) such that f ′(c) = 0. +For a radius r > 0, consider the function +This function is continuous on the closed interval [−r, r] and differentiable in the open interval (−r, r), but not differentiable at the endpoints −r and r. Since f (−r) = f (r), Rolle's theorem applies, and indeed, there is a point where the derivative of f is zero. Note that the theorem applies even when the function cannot be differentiated at the endpoints because it only requires the function to be differentiable in the open interval. +In calculus, Rolle's theorem or Rolle's lemma essentially states that any real-valued differentiable function that attains equal values at two distinct points must have at least one stationary point somewhere between them—that is, a point where the first derivative (the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function) is zero. The theorem is named after Michel Rolle. +Standard version of the theorem +If a real-valued function f is continuous on a proper closed interval [a, b], differentiable on the open interval (a, b), and f (a) = f (b), then there exists at least one c in the open interval (a, b) such that +This version of Rolle's theorem is used to prove the mean value theorem, of which Rolle's theorem is indeed a special case. It is also the basis for the proof of Taylor's theorem. +History +Further reading +Although the theorem is named after Michel Rolle, Rolle's 1691 proof covered only the case of polynomial functions. His proof did not use the methods of differential calculus, which at that point in his life he considered to be fallacious. +The theorem was first proved by Cauchy in 1823 as a corollary of a proof of the mean value theorem.[1] The name "Rolle's theorem" was first used by Moritz Wilhelm Drobisch of Germany in 1834 and by Giusto Bellavitis of Italy in 1846.[2] +Under the 2017 constitution drafted under the National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO—the military junta in power from 2014 to 2019), the 500 members of the House of Representatives are elected using a form of mixed-member proportional representation, in which voters cast a single vote. +350 seats are elected from single-member constituencies by first-past-the-post voting, with the remaining 150 being levelling seats, allocated to ensure parties receive a number of seats proportionate to their national vote total.[2] As in the preceding 2019 election, the parliament's vote for Prime Minister will take place in a joint session with the 250-seat senate, according to the constitution's provisional terms. +As the term of the NCPO-appointed senate lasts until 2024, it is expected to exert influence into this election as well.[3] +2021 restoration of parallel voting system +On 10 September 2021, a joint session of both houses of parliament voted by a margin of 472 to 33 (with 187 abstentions) to restore the pre-2017 parallel voting system, with 400 seats elected from single-member constituencies by first-past-the-post voting, an increase of 50, and reduced the number of party-list lawmakers to 100 from 150 (retaining a total of 500 seats for the lower house). +Unlike the current system which meant only one vote was cast by each voter to determine both constituency and leveling seats, the earlier system of casting two ballots - one for a constituency candidate in 400 seats and another for a political party list was restored for the 100 seats. The reform is subject to approval by King Vajiralongkorn.[4] However, the change was criticised by smaller parties as the system makes it harder for such parties to win seats, and the change is likely to benefit the ruling Palang Pracharat Party and the opposition Pheu Thai Party. +General elections are expected to be held in Thailand no later than 23 March 2023.[1] +Cannon in front of the Ministry of Defence +Phaya Tani (Thai: พญาตานี; also Nang Phraya Tani, or Seri Patani in Malay) is a 17th-century siege cannon from Pattani Province in southern Thailand. It is the largest cannon ever cast in what is now Thailand, measuring 2.7 m long (9 feet) and made of brass. It is on display in front of the Ministry of Defence, opposite the Grand Palace in Bangkok. +The cannon still serves as the symbol of Pattani Province and it has been on the official seal of Pattani Province since 1939.[1] +Cannon used on the seal of Pattani Province +Cannon on the flag of Pattani +Various sources give differing accounts of how cannons came to be made in Pattani and who made them.[2][3] According to Sejarah Kerajaan Melayu Patani ("History of the Malay Kingdom of Patani"), cannons were cast in the early-17th century in the Sultanate of Pattani by a man of Chinese descent named Tok Kayan. Raja Biru ordered the construction of powerful artillery to protect their independence from Siam.[4] Three cannons were made – two siege guns named Seri Negara, Seri Patani, and a smaller cannon named the Maha Lela.[5] Phongsawadan muang pattani ("Chronicle of Pattani") named the cannons as Nang Pattani, Cri Nagri, and Maha Lalo.[6] Hikayat Patani, however, gives the name of these three cannons as Seri Negeri, Tuk (Datuk) Buk, and Nang (Lady) Liu-Liu, and suggests that these cannons were cast earlier.[6] The cannons were said to have successfully repelled a number of attacks. +The first astronauts of this NASA Astronaut Group 22 (nicknamed The Turtles) to fly to space, Raja Chari and Kayla Barron on SpaceX Crew-3 took a stuffed turtle as zero-g indicator, to pay a tribute to their astronaut group.[22] Additionally, to include the other crew members on board, Matthias Maurer and Tom Marshburn, the turtle was named "Pfau", a German word meaning "Peacock" for Matthias Maurer who is German, and for Tom Marshburn who was part of NASA Astronaut Group 19 (nicknamed The Peacocks).[23] +NASA's SpaceX Crew-3 astronauts participate in a countdown dress rehearsal at Kennedy Space Center in Florida on 28 October 2021, to prepare for the Crew-3 launch on 11 November 2021. +The third SpaceX operational mission in the Commercial Crew Program was originally scheduled to launch on 31 October 2021.[24] However, it was delayed to 3 November 2021 due to unfavorable weather in the Atlantic Ocean,[25] and then further delayed to 7 November 2021 due to a minor medical issue with one of the astronauts.[26] Due to expected bad weather, it was again delayed to 9 November 2021.[27] +Due to the launch delays, NASA decided to return the astronauts from Crew-2 before Crew-3 launched, thus being the first Crew Dragon indirect handover of space station crews.[28] SpaceX Crew-2 departed the station on 8 November 2021 and splashed down on 9 November 2021. +SpaceX Crew-3 mission launched from Cape Canaveral on 11 November 2021 at 02:03:31 UTC.[29] +The European segment of the mission is called "Cosmic Kiss".[30] +SpaceX Crew-3 is the third operational flight of a Crew Dragon spacecraft, and the fourth overall crewed orbital flight of the Commercial Crew Program. The mission successfully launched on 11 November 2021 at 02:03:31 UTC to the International Space Station.[3] +This launch brought the total number of humans who have been to space to more than 600 with Maurer (600) and Barron (601).[4] +Crew Dragon capsules have been given names by their initial crews — Endeavour for the first, and Resilience for the second. +On 7 October 2021, it was announced that the third capsule will be called Endurance.[5] The name honors the SpaceX and NASA teams that endured through a pandemic, building the spacecraft and training the astronauts who flew it.[6] The name also honors Endurance, the ship used by Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. The three-masted vessel sank in 1915 after being bound in ice before reaching Antarctica.[7] +Crew +German ESA astronaut Matthias Maurer was selected first for the mission in September 2020.[8][9][10] NASA astronauts Raja Chari and Thomas Marshburn were added on 14 December 2020 to the crew.[11][12] The fourth seat was left open in anticipation that a Russian cosmonaut would take the seat, marking the beginning of a barter agreement that would see NASA and Roscosmos trade seats on the Soyuz and Commercial Crew Vehicles, although in April 2021 then-acting NASA administration Steve Jurczyk said that this agreement would be unlikely to start until after Crew-3 had launched.[13] The fourth seat was assigned to Kayla Barron in May 2021.[14] +Chari is the first rookie astronaut to command a NASA space mission since the Skylab 4 crew blasted off to the Skylab space station in 1973. +Gerald Carr, who had not flown in space before, led a three-man crew on an 84-day flight on the Skylab.[15] This is also the first spaceflight for Maurer and Barron.[16] +The modularity theorem (formerly called the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture, Taniyama-Weil conjecture or modularity conjecture for elliptic curves) states that elliptic curves over the field of rational numbers are related to modular forms. Andrew Wiles proved the modularity theorem for semistable elliptic curves, which was enough to imply Fermat's Last Theorem. Later, a series of papers by Wiles's former students Brian Conrad, Fred Diamond and Richard Taylor, culminating in a joint paper with Christophe Breuil, extended Wiles's techniques to prove the full modularity theorem in 2001. +History +Yutaka Taniyama[1] stated a preliminary (slightly incorrect) version of the conjecture at the 1955 international symposium on algebraic number theory in Tokyo and Nikkō. Goro Shimura and Taniyama worked on improving its rigor until 1957. +André Weil[2] rediscovered the conjecture, and showed that it would follow from the (conjectured) functional equations for some twisted L {\displaystyle L} -series of the elliptic curve; this was the first serious evidence that the conjecture might be true. Weil also showed that the conductor of the elliptic curve should be the level of the corresponding modular form. The Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture became a part of the Langlands program. +Statement +The theorem states that any elliptic curve over Q {\displaystyle \mathbf {Q} } can be obtained via a rational map with integer coefficients from the classical modular curve X 0 ( N ) {\displaystyle X_{0}(N)} for some integer N {\displaystyle N} ; this is a curve with integer coefficients with an explicit definition. This mapping is called a modular parametrization of level N {\displaystyle N} . If N {\displaystyle N} is the smallest integer for which such a parametrization can be found (which by the modularity theorem itself is now known to be a number called the conductor), then the parametrization may be defined in terms of a mapping generated by a particular kind of modular form of weight two and level N {\displaystyle N} , a normalized newform with integer q {\displaystyle q} -expansion, followed if need be by an isogeny. +With the end of the Taishō period, Yoshimoto Kōgyō—which itself was founded at the beginning of the era, in 1912—introduced a new style of manzai lacking much of the celebration that had accompanied it in the past. This new style proved successful and spread all over Japan, including Tokyo. Riding on the waves of new communication technology, manzai quickly spread through the mediums of stage, radio, and eventually, television, and video games.[4][5][6][7][8] +Etymology +The kanji for manzai have been written in various ways throughout the ages. It was originally written as lit. "ten thousand years" or banzai, meaning something like "long life" (萬歳), using 萬 rather than the alternative form of the character, 万, and the simpler form 才 for 歳 (which also can be used to write a word meaning "talent, ability"). The arrival of Osaka manzai brought another character change, this time changing the first character to 漫. +Boke and tsukkomi +Boke (ボケ) comes from the verb bokeru (惚ける/呆ける) which carries the meaning of "senility" or "air headed-ness" and is reflected in the boke's tendency for misinterpretation and forgetfulness. The word tsukkomi (突っ込み) refers to the role the second comedian plays in "butting in" and correcting the boke's errors. In performances it is common for the tsukkomi to berate the boke and hit them on the head with a swift smack; one traditional manzai prop often used for this purpose is a pleated paper fan called a harisen (張り扇).[9] Another traditional manzai prop is a small drum, usually carried (and used) by the boke. +Notable manzai acts +Downtown Takeshi Kitano; Japanese film director, television host, and former manzai performer in the group "Two Beat". Manzai is mentioned and referenced in a number of his other works. +Manzai (漫才) is a traditional style of comedy in Japanese culture comparable to double act comedy[1] or stand-up comedy.[2] +See also +References +External links +Manzai usually involves two performers (manzaishi)—a straight man (tsukkomi) and a funny man (boke)—trading jokes at great speed. Most of the jokes revolve around mutual misunderstandings, double-talk, puns and other verbal gags. +In recent times, manzai has often been associated with the Osaka region, and manzai comedians often speak in the Kansai dialect during their acts. +In 1933, Yoshimoto Kogyo, a large entertainment conglomerate based in Osaka, introduced Osaka-style manzai to Tokyo audiences, and coined the term "漫才" (one of several ways of writing the word manzai in Japanese; see § Etymology below). In 2015, Matayoshi Naoki's manzai novel, Spark (火花) won the Akutagawa Prize.[3] A mini-series adaptation was released on Netflix in 2016. +History +Originally based around a festival to welcome the New Year, manzai traces its origins back to the Heian period. The two manzai performers came with messages from the gods and this was worked into a standup routine, with one performer showing some sort of opposition to the word of the other. This pattern still exists in the roles of the boke and the tsukkomi. +Print depicting two manzai comedic actors, also in a New Year setting; c. 1825 +Continuing into the Edo period, the style focused increasingly on the humor aspects of stand-up, and various regions of Japan developed their own unique styles of manzai, such as Owari manzai (尾張万歳), Mikawa manzai (三河万歳), and Yamato manzai (大和万歳). With the arrival of the Meiji period, Osaka manzai (大阪万才) began to implement changes that would see it surpass in popularity the styles of the former period, although at the time rakugo was still considered the more popular form of entertainment. +A pair of manzai performers at a New Year celebration; the tsukkomi at front, the boke behind him (artist unknown, 19th-century Japanese painting) +The Manzai Comics - manga series about a young manzai duo Double act Nininbaori Kyōgen Rakugo Owarai Xiangsheng – the Chinese analogue to manzai. Spark (火花) – a 2015 novel about two manzai artists Hibana (Spark) – a 2016 Netflix series adapted from the novel Spark M-1 Grand Prix - the most prevalent manzai competition in Japan +"Commodified Comedians and Mediatized Manzai: Osakan Comic Duos and Their Audience" by Xavier Benjamin Bensky. A study in the cultural effects of manzai. +Formally, this may be expressed as follows: +Thus, the negation of the axiom of choice states that there exists a collection of nonempty sets that has no choice function. ( p → q ⟺ ¬ [ p ∧ ( ¬ q ) ] {\displaystyle p\rightarrow q\Longleftrightarrow \lnot [p\land (\lnot q)]} , so ¬ ( p → q ) ⟺ p ∧ ( ¬ q ) {\displaystyle \lnot (p\rightarrow q)\Longleftrightarrow p\land (\lnot q)} where ¬ {\displaystyle \lnot } is negation.) +Illustration of the axiom of choice, with each Si and xi represented as a jar and a colored marble, respectively +In mathematics, the axiom of choice, or AC, is an axiom of set theory equivalent to the statement that a Cartesian product of a collection of non-empty sets is non-empty. Informally put, the axiom of choice says that given any collection of bins, each containing at least one object, it is possible to make a selection of exactly one object from each bin, even if the collection is infinite. Formally, it states that for every indexed family ( S i ) i ∈ I {\displaystyle (S_{i})_{i\in I}} of nonempty sets there exists an indexed family ( x i ) i ∈ I {\displaystyle (x_{i})_{i\in I}} of elements such that x i ∈ S i {\displaystyle x_{i}\in S_{i}} for every i ∈ I {\displaystyle i\in I} . +The axiom of choice was formulated in 1904 by Ernst Zermelo in order to formalize his proof of the well-ordering theorem.[1] +Bertrand Russell coined an analogy: for any (even infinite) collection of pairs of shoes, one can pick out the left shoe from each pair to obtain an appropriate selection; this makes it possible to directly define a choice function. For an infinite collection of pairs of socks (assumed to have no distinguishing features), there is no obvious way to make a function that selects one sock from each pair, without invoking the axiom of choice.[2] +One motivation for this use is that a number of generally accepted mathematical results, such as Tychonoff's theorem, require the axiom of choice for their proofs. Contemporary set theorists also study axioms that are not compatible with the axiom of choice, such as the axiom of determinacy. The axiom of choice is avoided in some varieties of constructive mathematics, although there are varieties of constructive mathematics in which the axiom of choice is embraced. +Statement +A choice function (also called selector or selection) is a function f, defined on a collection X of nonempty sets, such that for every set A in X, f(A) is an element of A. With this concept, the axiom can be stated: +In mathematics, specifically in real analysis, the Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem, named after Bernard Bolzano and Karl Weierstrass, is a fundamental result about convergence in a finite-dimensional Euclidean space Rn. The theorem states that each bounded sequence in Rn has a convergent subsequence.[1] An equivalent formulation is that a subset of Rn is sequentially compact if and only if it is closed and bounded.[2] The theorem is sometimes called the sequential compactness theorem.[3] +There is also an alternative proof of the Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem using nested intervals. We start with a bounded sequence ( x n ) {\displaystyle (x_{n})} : +Because each sequence has infinitely many members, there must be (at least) one of these subintervals that contains infinitely many members of ( x n ) n ∈ N {\displaystyle (x_{n})_{n\in \mathbb {N} }} . We take this subinterval as the second interval I 2 {\displaystyle I_{2}} of the sequence of nested intervals. Then we split I 2 {\displaystyle I_{2}} again at the mid into two equally sized subintervals. +Because we halve the length of an interval at each step, the limit of the interval's length is zero. Also, by the nested intervals theorem, which states that if each In is a closed and bounded interval, say +Because the length of the intervals converges to zero, there is an interval I N {\displaystyle I_{N}} that is a subset of U {\displaystyle U} . Because I N {\displaystyle I_{N}} contains by construction infinitely many members of ( x n ) {\displaystyle (x_{n})} and I N ⊆ U {\displaystyle I_{N}\subseteq U} , also U {\displaystyle U} contains infinitely many members of ( x n ) {\displaystyle (x_{n})} . This proves that x {\displaystyle x} is an accumulation point of ( x n ) {\displaystyle (x_{n})} . +The Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem is named after mathematicians Bernard Bolzano and Karl Weierstrass. +It was actually first proved by Bolzano in 1817 as a lemma in the proof of the intermediate value theorem. Some fifty years later the result was identified as significant in its own right, and proved again by Weierstrass. It has since become an essential theorem of analysis. +See also +Sequentially compact space Heine–Borel theorem Completeness of the real numbers Ekeland's variational principle +Notes +References +Proof +First we prove the theorem for R 1 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{1}} (set of all real numbers), in which case the ordering on R 1 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{1}} can be put to good use. Indeed, we have the following result: +But suppose now that there are only finitely many peaks, let N {\displaystyle N} be the final peak and let the first index of a new subsequence ( x n j ) {\displaystyle (x_{n_{j}})} be set to n 1 = N + 1 {\displaystyle n_{1}=N+1} . Then n 1 {\displaystyle n_{1}} is not a peak, since n 1 {\displaystyle n_{1}} comes after the final peak, which implies the existence of n 2 {\displaystyle n_{2}} with n 1 < n 2 {\displaystyle n_{1}