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The concept of sustainable development is based on the premise of meeting the needs of present generations without compromising future generations. Regarding the need to achieve this purpose while promoting greater economic growth and development, what challenge does the Chilean state face? | Prioritize profits from the exploitation of non-renewable resources. | Increase jobs in the primary economic sector. | Promote consumption models based on the responsible use of natural resources. | Suppress the importation of goods produced through industrial production. | c |
The agreement adopted at the 21st International Conference on Climate Change held in Paris in 2015 will be implemented from 2020. Expected outcomes include reducing global warming by an amount equal to or greater than two degrees Celsius, through the reduction of greenhouse gases. Considering the above, what is the measure that directly contributes to achieving this goal? | Establish laws to protect native forests. | Conserve existing glaciers in the south of the country. | Reduce marine water pollution. | Reduce the use of fossil fuels. | d |
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change considers this process to be directly or indirectly attributed to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and adds to the natural climate variability observed over comparable periods. In this context, which of the following options constitutes a consequence that can be observed in the Chilean territory due to climate change? | The reduction of maximum temperatures recorded in the Central Zone. | The increase in water levels in lakes and high mountain lagoons. | The increase in desertification due to soil property loss. | The increase in marine water productivity and, therefore, fishing. | c |
In Chile, various surface water courses are being subjected to an increasing load of waste and residues of all kinds, many of which are highly toxic, representing a permanent risk to human health. In this context, what is the main challenge that water resource management in Chile must face? | Discourage industrial water consumption by increasing its price. | Modify the water management model by promoting its rational use. | Boost the consumption of bottled water among the population. | Monitor household potable water production. | b |
Considered as a regional paradigm, the model developed by the Chilean government managed to minimize the quantitative housing deficit and practically universalize basic services coverage in urban areas. With a market-oriented approach, the State provided direct subsidies to households so they could acquire new social housing produced by the private sector, a mechanism that was innovative in the 1980s. This scheme incorporated deregulation on location, design, and standards of housing, as well as regulatory liberalization of land. (UN-HABITAT, State of Latin American and Caribbean Cities, 2012). The above text describes the foundations of the housing policy applied in Chile by various governments since 1980, aiming to meet the demand for new housing for low-income populations. What impacts has the implementation of this policy had on various Chilean cities, especially the larger ones? | The construction of new neighborhoods with smaller housing. | The concentration of different urban functions in the periphery. | The devaluation of land for housing construction. | The reduction of movements within the city. | a |
The geographical reality of territorial occupation implies a series of latent dangers that, combined with vulnerability points, increase risk levels. In this sense, what is the main factor that makes Chilean urban areas potential disaster-risk areas due to natural phenomena? | The decrease in land for agricultural and livestock use. | The concentration of popular neighborhoods in the center. | The weakness of territorial planning instruments. | The limited reinvestment of resources generated within the region itself. | c |
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) are non-profit institutions that have played an important role in promoting citizen participation, providing spaces where people can articulate their demands, solve problems, or even defend their values. In this context, what is the main contribution of these organizations to strengthening democracy in Chile? | Influence the modification of public policies. | Look after the interests of political parties. | Force the Executive to amend laws for economic purposes. | Approve political parties' projects. | a |
Political parties are relevant actors for the functioning of any democratic society. In this context, what is one of the main functions of political parties? | Approve or reject the laws governing the political system. | Foster dialogue between citizens and state institutions. | Hold referendums on their proposals before the public. | Vote for changes to the electoral system. | b |
Neighborhood Justice is a program developed by the Ministry of Justice that seeks to bring citizens forms of resolution for neighborhood and community conflicts in an agile, transparent, and efficient way. Based on modern standards and national and international experiences, the neighborhood justice program offers people an attention model involving highly qualified professionals in the following mechanisms: Mediation, Arbitration, Referrals. (www.minjusticia.gob.cl, 2015). The above text describes a mechanism for defending citizens' rights promoted by the Chilean Ministry of Justice in 2011. According to the information presented, what is the objective of such initiatives? | Improve access to justice for all people. | Resolve criminal conflicts in neighborhood courts. | Encourage the creation of courts composed of neighbors. | Transfer archived civil cases to this type of instance. | a |
The conflict between some indigenous peoples and the Chilean State has been present throughout national history. The governments of the 20th century addressed this issue in various ways, assuming a series of challenges in response to the demands of these communities. Considering the set of indigenous peoples, what is one of their main demands today? | The creation of a public institution to promote indigenous development. | The generation of educational opportunities at the university level. | The consideration of their presence in national history. | The legal recognition of their territorial autonomy. | d |
In the early 21st century in Chile, various political and social actors have been involved in an intense dispute with diverse groups seeking better recognition of their rights. What concrete action, enacted into law, has resolved some of these demands to some extent? | The approval of an agreement that allows legal union between same-sex people. | The legal recognition of free consumption and trade of marijuana and other drugs. | The legalization of same-sex couple adoption. | The enactment of a law allowing abortion without a specified cause. | a |
The Chilean State has signed various international human rights agreements. Thus, Chile commits to respecting and promoting these rights. In the context of international relations, what situation is associated with this action by the Chilean state? | The increase in laws regulating the relationship between the State and citizens. | The submission of national sovereignty to the interests of supranational organizations. | The weakening of State institutions in human rights matters. | The progressive consolidation of a legal order in which it participates with several nations. | d |
On September 24, 2014, President Michelle Bachelet pledged before the UN Assembly that our country would contribute to a culture of solidarity, a commitment materialized with the arrival of the first group of Syrian refugees in Chile between October and November. (www.cooperativa.cl). The news shows the commitment of the Chilean state in the international legal order, reflected in the acceptance of refugees. In this context, what feature of Chilean democracy emerges from the news? | The freedom to develop various diplomatic activities. | The promotion of essential rights of people. | Citizen participation in various spaces of political expression. | Improving the quality of life of the country's inhabitants. | b |
Currently, the media have an increasingly relevant place in Chilean political activity. In this sense, citizens' relationship with the political system is mainly through the flows of content generated by information exchange, debates, and democratic dialogue. In this context, what role do the media play in Chile's electoral processes? | They draft the content of the candidates' political program. | They facilitate political debates between candidates. | They determine the campaign spending amounts. | They establish the campaign period duration. | b |
In the first municipal primary elections held on June 19, 2016, 5.6% of all eligible voters participated. Considering this information, what challenge does this abstention pose to the Chilean state in strengthening democracy in Chile? | Improve the voting procedure. | Modify the electoral system by reinstating compulsory voting. | Increase the popularity of party leaders. | Promote strategies to encourage voter participation. | d |
In the Chilean electoral field, the Inclusive Proportional Model ended the Binominal System, which was in effect from 1990 to 2015, improving citizens' political representation. Considering the above, which of the following options constituted a motivation for generating this change in the electoral system? | Encourage the holding of primary elections. | Distribute political power in more than two coalitions. | Regulate the creation of new political parties. | Decrease the number of parliamentary seats. | b |
In the early days of Chile's republican history and throughout the 19th century, the national economy was mainly based on the production and export of minerals. At the same time, the State organized its finances and wealth administration based on liberal principles. In this context, which of the following actions did the State carry out during that period? | The establishment of a state funding system for mining. | The transformation of the colonial exploitation model of the agricultural system. | The articulation of a robust financial system through a central bank. | The modernization of tax laws to improve tax collection. | d |
In the discussions arising from this interest and in the agreements that may end them, the occasion has been judged appropriate to affirm, as a principle that affects the rights and interests of the United States, that the American continents, by the condition of free and independent they have acquired and maintain, should no longer be considered as objects of future colonization by any European power. (The Monroe Doctrine - Excerpt from President James Monroe's Seventh Annual Message to Congress on December 2, 1823). The text corresponds to an excerpt from the Monroe Doctrine, which defined the relations of the United States with Latin America. According to your analysis, in which of the following aspects did these relations originate? | In the need to establish an international law treaty between the United States and the American nations. | In the U.S. suspicion of foreign powers' expansion and hegemony in the continent. | In the U.S. concern for the material progress of former Spanish colonies. | In the U.S. interest in deciding aspects of the internal policy of newly independent countries. | b |
The 1833 Constitution allowed the fledgling Chilean State to define a new institutional order, establishing political foundations that defined, among other aspects, the attributes of Government and forms of political and social participation. In this sense, what was one of the characteristics of this legal order? | The extension of citizenship to most of the population. | Tolerance for public practice of various religious beliefs. | The concentration of public powers in the Legislative Branch. | The creation of an executive authority endowed with broad powers. | d |
During the 19th century in Chile, as part of the process of building an independent state, the country's geographical exploration was carried out. What was the purpose of this initiative? | Guarantee the military defense of the new state's borders. | Recognize natural resources and define territory boundaries. | Promote ship transportation as the main communication means. | Ensure state exploitation of the territory's mineral wealth. | b |
To promote progress in Chile, various governments and entrepreneurs pushed for the implementation of a railway network in the territory in the second half of the 19th century. In this sense, what was the main purpose of expanding the railway network? | Connect the country's productive centers with cities and ports to streamline internal and external trade. | Increase the transfer of mining and agricultural products to rural areas. | Encourage the settlement of foreigners by offering new job opportunities in the agricultural sectors. | Restore international trade with neighboring countries by exporting manufactured products, especially to Peru. | a |
In Chile, during the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century, a growing process of proletarianization of part of the labor force was observed. What is one of the factors explaining this process? | The development of an economy highly linked to the global capitalist system. | The influence of rural labor forms on new urban industrial activities. | The creation of a manufacturing sector controlled by the State. | The absence of technological investments incorporated into the production system. | a |
The 1891 political crisis in Chile is a historical process that has led to various interpretations from historiography. One of them places the institutional conflict between the Executive and Legislative branches at the center. Regarding this, which of the following statements corresponds to that interpretation? | It was a confrontation caused by the anti-monopoly policies of the Balmacedista government. | It was a parliamentary uprising to prevent the President's role from strengthening. | It was Balmaceda's attempt to carry out a revolution to weaken British nitrate entrepreneurs. | It was a conflict in which popular sectors supported the President by enrolling in the army. | b |
The celebration of the Centennial of the Republic of Chile was accompanied by the emergence of criticism of the country's social and political conditions. What was one of the main causes that motivated this criticism? | The social conflicts that intensified with the elite's indifferent gaze. | The reduction of public investments made by the State. | The public's dissatisfaction caused by the cession of territories to neighboring countries. | The absence of state policies to promote access to education. | a |
EUROPEAN DEBTS WITH THE UNITED STATES, 1919 (in millions of dollars) Country Millions of dollars England 4,600 France 4,025 Italy 2,040 Belgium 420 Poland 180 Czechoslovakia 115 Yugoslavia 65 Romania 45 TOTAL 11,490 (Nou Temps, Barcelona, 2001). One of the consequences of World War I was the decline of British power worldwide and the emergence of the United States as a leading actor. In this context and based on the analysis of the table presented, which of the following statements helps to understand this situation? | European countries became highly indebted due to the loss of their colonial territories. | The debt of England caused an economic dependence on the United States that expanded to cultural and political aspects. | The granting of credits by the U.S. during the War strengthened its economy, positioning it as a new power. | The displacement of war refugees activated the U.S. industry, causing rapid economic growth. | c |
Consulates and embassies promoted commercial films, as in Valparaíso in 1924 when the film Historia de un automóvil was shown at the Colón Theater, produced by none other than the United States Department of Commerce to boost the export of American vehicles. (Fernando Purcell, ¡De Película! Hollywood and its impact on Chile 1910-1950). What characteristic phenomenon of the interwar period does the above quote refer to? | To North American military hegemony after the First World War victory. | The replacement of European industrial products with Asian products in international markets. | The U.S. leadership in creating diplomatic organizations. | The growing influence of the American lifestyle worldwide through various cultural expressions. | d |
Between 1924 and 1932, Chile experienced a period of profound political, social, and economic upheavals that ended the political hegemony of the oligarchy. What was one of the solutions implemented to overcome this situation? | Strengthen the powers of the Executive Branch. | Declare the existence of union organizations illegal. | Reduce the social function of the State. | Grant constitutionally political power to the Armed Forces. | a |
At the end of the 1920s, the first administration of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo declared the Communist Party illegal, and other political parties were forced to join the Government and form a Congress designated by the Executive. What was the purpose of these political measures by the Ibáñez Government? | Boost the formation of the Popular Front. | Integrate the Catholic Church into the Government. | Establish political control. | Prevent further military uprisings. | c |
The 1929 economic crisis affected the entire world but differently across regions, depending on their economic development contexts and socio-political situations. In the short term, what process did South America experience as a result of this crisis? | The redirection of raw material exports to Asian markets. | The development of modern port centers that served Atlantic and Pacific coast trade. | The increase in external and internal debt of states with banks and international organizations. | The diversification of foreign investment in the secondary and tertiary sectors of the economy. | c |
The global crisis of 1929 deeply affected Chile, leading the Chilean State to shift its economic policy orientation, which materialized towards the late 1930s. Thus, to avoid the impact of new global crises, the State sought a structural transformation of the economy. In this regard, on what activity did the implemented model focus? | The exploitation of forest resources. | The investment of foreign capitalists. | The export of non-traditional products. | The development of the manufacturing and industrial sector. | d |
The United Nations (UN) is an institution founded on October 24, 1945, as a replacement for the project initiated in 1919 with the League of Nations. Considering this situation, what goal(s) was (were) shared by both organizations? I) Maintain peace and security among the world's countries. II) Declare any form of armed conflict illegal. III) Develop blocs between countries to preserve economic balance. | Only I | Only II | Only I and II | Only I and III | a |
Considering that the ignorance and contempt of human rights have led to acts of barbarism offensive to the conscience of humanity; and that it has been proclaimed, as man's highest aspiration, the advent of a world where human beings, freed from fear and want, enjoy freedom of speech and belief [...] The General Assembly proclaims the present Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a common ideal for which all peoples and nations must strive, so that both individuals and institutions, constantly inspired by it, promote respect for these rights and freedoms through teaching and education. (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, at http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948, is valued as the most important milestone in the universalization of Human Rights during the 20th century. Considering the cited text and the historical context prior to this Declaration, what political idea was considered to threaten dignity and Human Rights? | The divine sovereignty that recognized legitimate power in a dynasty. | The proletarian revolution that allowed establishing a popular government. | The people's sovereignty validated a representative democratic regime. | The genocidal policies applied by some totalitarian regimes. | d |
In the second half of the 20th century, the world underwent a profound political reordering as a result of World War II. In this historical context, which of the following political phenomena occurred? I) The intervention of hegemonic powers in the formation of new states. II) The strengthening of communism in Western Europe as the dominant ideology. III) The search for new forms of dominance as a strategy of the great powers. | Only III | Only I and II | Only I and III | Only II and III | c |
Colonialism and its derivatives do not truly constitute Africa's current enemies. Shortly, this continent will be liberated. For my part, the more I delve into cultures and political circles, the more certainty I have that the great danger threatening Africa is the absence of ideology. […] With the triumph of socialism in Eastern Europe, we witness the spectacular disappearance of old rivalries and traditional territorial claims. (Frantz Fanon, For African Revolution, 1964). The above quote refers to the relationship between the African decolonization process and the prevailing ideologies after World War II. Considering the historical context and based on the analysis of the attached paragraph, what is a correct conclusion regarding the author's perspective on the international scenario? | The success of African decolonization would lie in the absence of conflicts among its inhabitants. | The independence of Africa and its choice of nationalism would deepen border problems among new states. | Socialist ideology would allow a more stable coexistence for new African states. | The adherence to economic liberalism by the new African states would guarantee independence processes. | c |
I think it is too premature to grant women the right to vote […] Not because I oppose it, certainly not!, but there is something they still have not realized, and that is the terrible ignorance of people living south of Santiago, where women think and do what the landowners do, as I have seen with horror in municipal elections, where they go to vote for the patron's candidate, who barely taught them to sign, using them as instruments in their political maneuvers […] so [we must] try to raise the awareness of our poor women who today live in the most complex devaluation of maternal and moral values. (Letter to “Miti” Markman, the president’s wife, 1946. In Ana María Stuven and Joaquín Fermandois, History of Women in Chile, 2013). The quote refers to the process of achieving female suffrage in the mid-20th century. Based on its analysis and the period's context, what is the social issue highlighted by the author of the letter, which particularly affected rural women? | The absence of social organizations fighting for gender issues. | The high illiteracy rates that conditioned political participation. | The fragmentation of agrarian property with consequent rural proletarianization. | The restricted social mobility experienced in the rural world. | b |
During the Cold War, the world perceived the threat of nuclear war as a consequence of the first atomic bomb attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. Accordingly, how was this danger manifested in Latin America? | With the installation of Soviet missiles in Cuba and the U.S. blockade of the island. | With the landing of U.S. troops in Havana to overthrow Fidel Castro's regime. | With the failure of disarmament negotiations between the superpowers and their satellite countries. | With the emergence of various guerrilla groups in Latin America, supported by the U.S. and the Soviet Union. | a |
In the context of the expansion of the welfare state model in the second half of the 20th century, the United States and Western European societies achieved an unprecedented level of economic and social development. In this regard, what was a process associated with this development? | The improvement of health system access for the entire population. | The achievement of economic independence from international markets. | The end of social conflict over gender parity in public jobs. | The definitive control of recessive economic cycles that generated unemployment. | a |
Across Latin America, the impact of the Cuban Revolution was strongly felt among left-wing parties and movements. This manifested in debates and discussions about strategies for that political sector to achieve power. In Chile, what was one manifestation of this process? | The change in strategy of various left-wing movements that adhered to armed struggle. | The formation of organizations defined as political-military, adhering to said revolution. | The growing radicalization of significant Armed Forces sectors linked to left-wing groups. | The emergence of rural armed groups adhering to the Cuban model. | a |
In the 1960s, in Chile, the Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) process showed evident difficulties in progressing, affecting different areas of national life. Which of the following factors explains this crisis? I) The lack of labor to sustain the industrialization process. II) The country's limited technological capacity, which prevented it from avoiding the import of capital goods. III) The closure of numerous factories due to privatizations. | Only I | Only II | Only III | Only I and II | b |
In the 1960s, the United States and the Soviet Union clashed over localized conflicts in various parts of the world. In Cuba, the consolidation of the regime led by Fidel Castro led the great powers to consider it as a triumph or a defeat. Why did the United States see this government as a threat to its interests? | Because it weakened its strategic position in the main commercial routes of Central America. | Because it was the first Latin American Marxist regime that came to power through free and democratic elections. | Because it overshadowed the U.S. in the Caribbean, becoming a continental reference. | Because it implied new competition for U.S. entrepreneurs in tourism and tobacco industries. | c |
The Chilean Agrarian Reform process (1962-1973) developed in three stages corresponding to the governments of Alessandri, Frei, and Allende. Which of the following factors was present throughout this process? | The massive land seizures by tenants. | The organization of fiscal institutions that would carry out redistribution. | The U.S. support in developing the Reform. | The pressure exerted by peasant unions. | b |
In the first days following the Coup d'État, the Military Junta established a series of measures through edicts and decrees, determining how the country would function under military rule. The following summarizes the first edicts and decrees of the Military Junta: - September 11, 1973 Edict No.5. Announces that the Military Junta has taken power, deposed the government, and explains the reasons for this action. - September 11, 1973 Edict No.15. Decrees press censorship and closes most media outlets. Establishes the Press Censorship Office. - September 11, 1973 Decree-Law No.1. Announces the establishment of the Military Junta and decrees that it assumes supreme command of the nation, with Augusto Pinochet as its president (later, on November 12, clarifies that the supreme command corresponds to the constituent, legislative, and executive powers). - September 12, 1973 Decree-Law No.3. Declares a State of Siege. - September 14, 1973 Edict No.29. Decrees the closure of Congress and declares all positions vacant. - September 17, 1973 Decree-Law No.12. Declares the illegality of the Central Workers' Union (CUT). - November 13, 1973 Decree-Law No.130. Declares the expiration of all Electoral Registers. What characteristic of the Military Dictatorship period do the formulations contained in the text above relate to? | With the suspension of civil and political rights. | With the distribution of state power across different organs. | With power concentration to prevent arbitrariness. | With the legitimization of administration through constitutional reforms. | a |
The transition to Democracy in Chile involved various political approaches and agreements among opponents of the Military Dictatorship. In this context, which of the following actions did the Concertación of Parties for Democracy carry out in the late 1980s? | They used the constitutional route to participate in presidential elections. | They promoted armed actions to destabilize the government. | They promoted a plebiscite to reform the Constitution. | They requested the intervention of foreign groups to overthrow the government. | a |
In the last quarter of the 20th century, significant economic and political processes such as the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics developed. What is one element explaining this historical event? | The end of gerontocracy (elderly rule), which meant losing accumulated experience. | The oil crisis that impoverished the country, irreparably affecting the Soviet economy. | Reforms for greater transparency and economic restructuring that hit a stagnant and bureaucratic system. | The constant strengthening of Soviet identity over national identities, leading to the country's unity. | c |
Starting in 1992-93, a plan to grant infrastructure concessions through private capital began to meet this essential requirement […]. With private investment, various projects were awarded, including the La Serena to Puerto Montt highway with approximately 1,500 km in 8 concessions, New Route 78: Santiago–San Antonio, Route 68: Santiago–Valparaíso–Viña del Mar and South Trunk in the Aconcagua Valley; Wood Route and North Access to Concepción, the latter two in the Eighth Region. Additionally, practically all our airports have been renovated and expanded, and today the airports in Santiago, Iquique, Antofagasta, Calama, La Serena, Concepción, Puerto Montt, and Punta Arenas are operated under concession. (www.mop.cl). The above quote describes the concession system developed by the Ministry of Public Works (MOP) in Chile in the early 1990s. Based on the analysis of the quote, what was one of the main purposes of this policy? | Promote state control in managing resources generated by national tourism. | Promote the improvement of various communication channels to favor the movement of goods and people. | Move away from the neoliberal economic model implemented in previous decades. | Promote population concentration in urban centers nationwide. | b |
Globalization is characterized by increased international trade and greater competitiveness among multinational companies. This situation has led transnationals to close some factories in developed countries and open subsidiaries in developing countries. Based on the above, what is one of the benefits transnational companies gain by relocating to these countries? | They generate greater salary benefits for their employees. | They absorb highly qualified labor. | They lower production process costs. | They improve the population's quality of life. | c |
In the current globalization context, Latin American economies have opted for an integration strategy marked by a strong emphasis on the natural resource exploitation sector. In this regard, what is a challenge directly derived from this scenario for Latin American economies? | Improve the State's participation in educational systems. | Balance competitiveness, growth, and sustainable development. | Decrease direct foreign investment in strategic sectors. | Increase protective measures in different sectors. | b |
In the global economic system, what purpose(s) are pursued by establishing trade relations with other countries? I) Stimulate the export market. II) Extend capital investment abroad. III) Increase taxes on imported products. | Only II | Only I and II | Only I and III | Only II and III | b |
This phenomenon of mobility and flexibility of productive resources must be considered within the logic of nonstop capitalism. It is the real possibility that companies have and defend to be able to transfer one or several parts of their productive activity from one place to another in the world, according to their global objectives. The reasons for this transfer are that, in the country of arrival, the company expects to find […], no labor or environmental regulations, mild or no taxation, ease of repatriation of profits, etc., compared to the country of departure. (José Iglesias Fernández, Against Relocation, Nationalization, and Workers' Control. Some reflections emerged from the Delphi case, 2007). The above text refers to a case of business relocation, a practice used in today's globalized world. In this regard, what is one of the direct economic effects this relocation has on the company? | Lower production costs for employers who resort to this procedure. | Job stability and increased jobs in the company's origin location. | Increase product prices due to higher transportation costs. | Reduction of product diversity in international markets. | a |