---
license: cc-by-sa-4.0
task_categories:
- text-classification
language:
- en
tags:
- disaggregated
- perspectivism
- hate speech
- hs
- offensiveness
- aggressiveness
- stereotype
- immigration
- xenophobia
- Brexit
- islamophobia
pretty_name: BREXIT
size_categories:
- 1K<n<10K
---
# Dataset Card for Dataset Name

The dataset contains 1120 tweets related to immigration, racism, islamophobia, and xenophobia in the context of the BREXIT online discussion.

Each tweet has been annotated by 6 annotators, 3 of which belong to the group targeted by the discriminatory content (immigrants and Muslim annotators living in the UK), and 3 of which are part of a "control" group, not directly targeted by the discriminatory content.

We release the dataset in a disaggregated manner (each line corresponds to the annotation of a single annotator).

## Dataset Details

### Dataset Description

<!-- Provide a longer summary of what this dataset is. -->

- **Language(s) (NLP):** en
- **License:** cc-by-sa-4.0

## Uses

<!-- Address questions around how the dataset is intended to be used. -->

### Direct Use

Possible uses of the dataset include:
- Training and testing of NLP and ML systems for the automatic classification of hate speech, aggressive, offensive, and stereotypical content
- Training and testing of NLP and ML systems learning from disaggregated data
- Annotators' disagreement and polarization analysis
- Analysis of hate speech, aggressive, offensive, and stereotypical content

### Out-of-Scope Use

The dataset is not intended to generate offensive or discriminatory content or similar misuses.

## Dataset Structure

Each row in the dataset corresponds to an annotations. The provided fields are the following:
- tweet: The text of the tweet
- instance_id: the ID of the tweet, unique to each tweet
- annotator_group: target or control. Target annotators are Muslim immigrants living in the UK
- annotator_id: the id of the annotator
- hs: whether or not the tweet contains hate speech according to the annotator
- offensiveness: whether or not the tweet is offensive according to the annotator
- stereotype: whether or not the tweet contains a stereotype according to the annotator
- aggressiveness: whether or not the tweet is aggressive, according to the annotator

The guidelines given to the annotators will be made public.

## Dataset Creation

### Curation Rationale

<!-- Motivation for the creation of this dataset. -->

The dataset is created to better study consistent disagreement among annotators, specifically in the context when a group of annotators is targeted by discriminatory content.

We observe systematic disagreement and polarization between the target and the control group.

### Source Data

The data has been downloaded from Twitter, using the #Brexit hashtag filtering by using a set of immigration, islamophobia, and xenophobia keywords.

#### Data Collection and Processing

<!-- This section describes the data collection and processing process such as data selection criteria, filtering and normalization methods, tools and libraries used, etc. -->

[More Information Needed]


### Annotations

<!-- If the dataset contains annotations which are not part of the initial data collection, use this section to describe them. -->

#### Annotation process

<!-- This section describes the annotation process such as annotation tools used in the process, the amount of data annotated, annotation guidelines provided to the annotators, interannotator statistics, annotation validation, etc. -->
The dataset has been annotated by six annotators, 3 of which belong to the group targeted by the discriminatory content. Each annotator provided a single binary label for Hate Speech, Offensivness, Aggressivness and Stereotype.

#### Who are the annotators?

<!-- This section describes the people or systems who created the annotations. -->
Three of the six annotators are Muslim immigrants living in the UK at the time of Brexit and thus targeted by the discriminatory content.
Three annotators are a control group and are not directly targeted by the discriminatory content.


#### Personal and Sensitive Information

<!-- State whether the dataset contains data that might be considered personal, sensitive, or private (e.g., data that reveals addresses, uniquely identifiable names or aliases, racial or ethnic origins, sexual orientations, religious beliefs, political opinions, financial or health data, etc.). If efforts were made to anonymize the data, describe the anonymization process. -->

The data is anonymized, and direct user mentions have been substituted by the "<user>" token. 

## Bias, Risks, and Limitations

<!-- This section is meant to convey both technical and sociotechnical limitations. -->

The dataset contains derogatory content, including racist and Islamophobic slurs. 


## Citation

<!-- If there is a paper or blog post introducing the dataset, the APA and Bibtex information for that should go in this section. -->

**BibTeX:**

[More Information Needed]