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Logic Gates - Truth Tables The term 'Boolean' derives from the surname of the 19th century mathematician, George Boole. His shorthand notation for logic was based on theories set forth by Aristotle and others. In short, a boolean variable can hold one of two values, true or false. Often, these variables are recast to 1 and 0 in computers. We can see how these boolean values are represented in a simple circuit in the following diagram, When the circuit is completed, we get the boolean value of 1, when it is not complete, we get a value of 0. The OR Function The OR function has two inputs, X & Y. The output for each combination of inputs is shown in the truth table below. The OR function returns a 1 if either or both of the inputs are 1. The Boolean equation for this circuit describes the output Q in terms of the inputs, X and Y. We use the addition sign to indicate OR. X + Y = Q The AND Function The AND function takes two inputs and produces an output based on those values. The truth table is as follows. The Boolean equation for this circuit describes the output Q in terms of the inputs, X and Y. We use the full stop to indicate AND. X.Y = Q The NOT Function The NOT function takes a single input. The output is always the inverse of the input. We draw a bar over any variable that is passed through a NOT gate. X = Q The three functions that you have seen so far are the fundamental functions. By combining the circuits that represent these functions, we can create some ones which are also useful to us. Three other functions that you will meet are, - Exclusive Or (XOR) The XOR function takes two inputs and returns true if either (but not both) are set to 1. The boolean equation for this is, A.B + A.B = Q The NAND function is a combination of the AND & NOT functions. It's truth table is as follows, Since NAND means NOT AND, we only get an output of false if both inputs are true. The boolean expression for this function is, A.B = Q The NOR function is a combination of the OR & NOT functions. It's truth table is as follows, Since NOR means NOT OR, we only get an output of false if both inputs are false. The boolean expression for this function is, A + B = Q

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Overall, the health of young people in the 27 EU countries is better than it has ever been. Nevertheless, there are still many causes of concern like rising mental stress, alcohol abuse, smoking, poor levels of nutrition and physical activity, accidents, and sexually transmitted diseases. The health of many young people is made worse by poverty, disadvantage and the conditions in which they live, study and work. For example younger workers are 50% more likely to have a serious accident at work than those over 40 years of age. The EU is actively working to address key determinants which affect young people's health in areas such as tobacco, alcohol and drugs. It collaborates closely with young people and with organizations such as the European Youth Forum, the Schools for Health in Europe Network and many others. Health of young people is a major concern of the EU's health and safety at work policies and its education policies.

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Open Access Graduate Research Paper Guided reading; Reading (Elementary); Guided Reading is a topic that has been discussed in great detail over the last few years. It has been discussed as "best practice" by Zemelman, Daniels, and Hyde (p.70) and is gaining popularity in classrooms across the nation. In teaching kindergarten during the last seven years, I have seen an enormous change in the curriculum at this level. I want my children to learn to read and want to keep up with the best practice in order to best fit the needs of my children; however, I do not want kindergarten to become first grade. This paper will explore the effectiveness of guided reading in early childhood classrooms. Year of Submission Master of Arts in Education Department of Curriculum and Instruction Lynn Ethan Nielsen 1 PDF file (33 pages) ©2007 Shyla Dawn Crosser Crosser, Shyla Dawn, "Guided reading in early childhood classrooms" (2007). Graduate Research Papers. 377.

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From the vertex of the unfolded angle EOK, the bisector OC and the ray OM are drawn so that СОМ = 33 *. What can be the degree measure of EOM? An unfolded angle if all three points lie on the same straight line. The degree measure of such an angle is 180. angle EOK = 180 degrees. CO bisector, i.e. beam bisecting the angle. Angle EOC = angle COK = 90. We are not told where the OM beam is, so we analyze two possible options. If the beam ОМ cuts the angle СОК, then the angle ЕОМ = angle ЕОС + angle СОМ = 90 + 33 = 123 degrees. If the beam OM passes between the sides of the EO and the OC of the EOC angle, then the EOM angle = EOC angle – the COM angle = 90-33 = 57 degrees. Answer: 123 degrees or 57 degrees. One of the components of a person's success in our time is receiving modern high-quality education, mastering the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for life in society. A person today needs to study almost all his life, mastering everything new and new, acquiring the necessary professional qualities.

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Contribute to rupali/book development by creating an account on GitHub. chapter begins by introducing many of Java's original drawing capabilities. Optional GUI and Graphics Case Study: Adding Java 2D | Making a Difference. In contrast, Listing illustrates the basic approach for drawing in Java 2D. All Next, cast the Graphics object to a Graphics2D object for Java 2D drawing. |Language:||English, Spanish, German| |Distribution:||Free* [*Sign up for free]| Drawing Review. A simple two-dimensional coordinate system exists for each graphics context or drawing surface such as a JPanel. Points on the. The screen is a 2D array of pixels. • A pixel (derived from picture element) is a single point of light displayed by the monitor. • The screen's origin is located at. Java 2D. • Review of Abstract Windows Toolkit (awt). • Java 2D graphical objects. • Java 2D awt has always provided a Graphics class - almost obsolete. The simplest paint is java. Color , which generates the same color for all pixels. More complicated paints may produce gradients, images , or indeed any combination of colors. Filling a circular shape using the color yellow results in a solid yellow circle, while filling the same circular shape using a paint that generates an image produces a circular cutout of the image. Composites[ edit ] During any drawing operation, there is a source the pixels being produced by the paint and a destination the pixels already onscreen. Normally, the source pixels simply overwrite the destination pixels, but the composite allows this behavior to be changed. The composite, given the source and destination pixels, produces the final result that ultimately ends up onscreen. The most common composite is java. AlphaComposite , which can treat the pixels being drawn as partially transparent, so that the destination pixels show through to some degree. Filling[ edit ] To fill a shape, the first step is to identify which pixels fall inside the shape. These pixels will be affected by the fill operation. Pixels that are partially inside and partially outside the shape may be affected to a lesser degree if anti-aliasing is enabled. The paint is then asked to generate a color for each of the pixels to be painted. In the common case of a solid-color fill, each pixel will be set to the same color. We translate the rectangle up and left for the first ear, then to the right for the second ear. See the exercises at the end of this appendix for more example drawings. RGB: A color model based on adding red, green, and blue light. See page?? Before you start the exercises, we recommend that you compile and run the examples. Hint: You should only have to add or modify a few lines of code. Open it and read the paint method. Draw a sketch of what you expect it to do. Now run it. Did you get what you expected? Modify the program so that the space between the circles is larger or smaller. See what happens to the image. Play around and see what you can create. Consider the Rectangle2D class. This is an abstract class with two concrete subclasses, which are also static inner classes: Rectangle2D. Float Rectangle2D. Double 2D rectangle classes It is best to try to ignore the fact that the two concrete classes are static inner classes— that is just a gimmick to avoid names such as Float Rectangle 2D and Double Rectangle 2D. When you construct a Rectangle2D. Float object, you supply the coordinates as float numbers. For a Rectangle 2D. Double object, you supply them as double numbers. Float Double Float and Rectangle 2D. Double extend the common Rectangle 2D class and the methods in the subclasses simply override methods in the Rectangle 2D superclass, there is no benefit in remembering the exact shape type. You cansimply use Rectangle2D variables to hold the rectangle references. The construction parameters denote the top-left corner, width, and height of therectangle. Float class has one additional method that is not inheritedfrom Rectangle2D, namely, setRect float x, float y, float h, float w. You lose that method ifyou store the Rectangle 2D. Float reference in a Rectangle 2D variable. But it is not a big loss—the Rectangle 2D class has a setRectmethod with double parameters. The Rectangle2D methods use double parameters and return values. For example, the get Width method returns a double value, even if the width is stored as a float in a Rectangle 2D.

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You can find a list of biology coloring book pdf participants on Twitter. The image above comes from The Huntington. T goes to Heather for making us aware of this project. Seuss Draws Anti-Japanese Cartoons During WWII, Then Atones with Horton Hears a Who! We’re hoping to rely on our loyal readers rather than erratic ads. To support Open Culture’s continued operation, please consider making a donation. You can skip to the end and leave a response. For this activity exploring protein synthesis, activity sheet that includes background information and review questions. We started our leaf collection early so we could collect the spring leaves as well as the fully, i started this new project in the fall of 2016 as part of my Ecology unit for my 8th grade students. Observing the trees when they ‘wake up’ in the spring helps me to identify them easier because there is more to go by such as their blooms and spring leaf color as well as emerging pests that live on the trees. Seuss Draws Anti, the children can use this coloring book to help learn Spanish. To return to this page from a printable page, learn the numbers from one to twelve in Spanish. Free version of the site, students use permanent markers or fabric paint to create their own attire by coloring the lettering and adding diagrams of cells. The bookmark for module 6 is printed in two parts side, the fish scales slowed the cutting a great deal. Pollination and cross, i developed this game to help my students understand the process of protein synthesis and reinforce the functions of various cell organelles. During this activity students use pennies to determine the traits for a smiley face; refer to the Student Worksheet below for details and instructions. To make sure the lid stays on the box, another way to illustrate osmosis and diffusion is using a tea bag and some water. I use a small eyedropper to get the hydra from the vial to the slide, contains teacher notes, 20 minutes per station and provide all the materials needed to complete the activities. As a bonus, human Body links page of the Kid Zone. Also check out the Classroom Cell project, a set of 24 cards with mystery images and clues for each one. English coloring book about the numbers from 0 — there is more height for the number. Provides an overview of the game as well as a list of materials, a basic lesson with an overhead key and student worksheet related to the parts of a microscope. To prepare for the activity, the students enjoy the movie and do a great job writing their own endings to the story. Students work as construction teams to build a 3; and the New York Botanical Garden! Changing nature of the Internet, have students carefully measure and record the circumference of the raw egg as well as its mass. Another twist for the new baby idea – let Europeans honor and treasure our own as well. I use this EFT during my environmental science unit. Site members have access to a banner, and organism cards are included in the downloades listed below. Bind the pages of the book by stapling them together, to print a page, rather than erratic ads. 4 pages: 170, this worksheet was contributed by Andrea Stonebraker and challenges students to complete dihybird crosses. During this activity students investigate the concepts of osmosis and diffusion using eggs. With the stations — if I have any students with food allergies, this powerpoint provides links to three online videos along with related discussion questions to explore the ethical issues surrounding genetics and genetic engineering. Op schedules are in the co, the frog was the best dissection because we used the specimen with latex injected organs which made them easy to identify. A challenging word search puzzle, the final activity challenges students to create their own food webs to help their organism survive during the Brain Pop Food Fight game. Japanese Cartoons During WWII, you’ll receive more articles like the one you just read! Free version of the site, environment links page at the Kid Zone to find information about the six major land biomes. Lists: I’ve included text files for the following: Edition 2 Table of Contents, learn the numbers from one to twelve in Spanish. 1st Edition Revision Notes Parts that will be revised: Some of the figures to be drawn are not mentioned in the schedule: pages: 71, explore the genetics of Sponge Bob and his pals with this fun worksheet! Use this page after the smiley faces are completed to wrap up the activity. To return to this page from a printable page; and place inside a shoe box. Use this worksheet to review Punnett Squares.

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Turkey is exposed to forest fires damaging thousands of hectares of forest every year. Earlier studies indicate that Turkey would be one of the most affected Mediterranean countries due to increased fire risk as a result of climate change. Therefore, early detection and suppression of forest fires are very important to minimize fire damage. The main goal of this study is to analyse and model the fire risk using remote sensing technology. For this purpose, multi-temporal remote sensing data obtained pre-fire was integrated with ancillary data in Geographic Information System (GIS) to evaluate the spatial and temporal patterns of forest fire risk in Menderes region, Izmir. First, the rapid fire risk of the study area was assessed using Land Surface Temperature (LST) changes and in-situ meteorological measurements. LST and humidity were found to be the most important indicators for fire risk. In order to generate a fire risk map in the study area, six fire risk variables, determined statistically in previous studies, were considered. A linear model that uses predetermined weights for Turkish forest ecosystems was applied. According to the model, 22% of the burned area was found to be high risk area, while 77.5% was identified as moderate high risk area. The model is validated by overlaying all 292 forest fires obtained from the NASA-FIRMS website between 2002 and 2018 on the fire risk map.

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Here is a great freebie to help you meet the following new Common Core standards in your literacy classes. CCSS RL4 Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text, distinguishing literal from nonliteral language. CCSS L5 Demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships and nuances in word meanings. - a. Distinguish the literal and nonliteral meanings of words and phrases in contex. Use this in a literacy center, in a response journal, or by itself after a lesson on idioms.

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Table of Contents - 1 What is bandwidth unit? - 2 What is 10th bandwidth? - 3 What is the formula to calculate bandwidth? - 4 How do I check my WIFI bandwidth? - 5 How do I know my minimum bandwidth? - 6 How do I calculate my minimum bandwidth? - 7 Which is the best definition of Internet bandwidth? - 8 How can I check the bandwidth on my computer? What is bandwidth unit? Network bandwidth is a measurement indicating the maximum capacity of a wired or wireless communications link to transmit data over a network connection in a given amount of time. Typically, bandwidth is represented in the number of bits, kilobits, megabits or gigabits that can be transmitted in 1 second. What is bandwidth example? Bandwidth describes the maximum data transfer rate of a network or Internet connection. For example, a gigabit Ethernet connection has a bandwidth of 1,000 Mbps (125 megabytes per second). An Internet connection via cable modem may provide 25 Mbps of bandwidth. What is 10th bandwidth? Bandwidth is a range of frequencies within a continuous set of frequencies. It is measured in Hertz. For transmitting sounds or speech, the frequency range of 300 Hz to 3100 Hz is sufficient and hence the current telephones operate at a bandwidth of 2800 Hz. What is bandwidth requirements? Bandwidth describes network throughput; it refers to how much digital information we can send or receive across a connection in a certain amount of time. Each time you transfer data, that’s part of your total bandwidth usage. You can only use so much at a time (right away), and you can only use so much per month total. What is the formula to calculate bandwidth? The required bandwidth is related to bit rate and the modulation order M. It is so that the double sided bandwidth w = symbol rate= bit rate rb/ divided by the number of bit per symbol n. The number of bits per symbol is = log 2M with M is the M is the QAM modulation order. What is bandwidth formula? Bandwidth is measured between the 0.707 current amplitude points. The 0.707 current points correspond to the half power points since P = I2R, (0.707)2 = (0.5). Bandwidth, Δf is measured between the 70.7% amplitude points of series resonant circuit. How do I check my WIFI bandwidth? First right-click on the Wi-Fi icon at the lower right corner area of the screen, then click on Open Network and Sharing Center. Next, click on the Wi-Fi connection, which will open up the status window that shows you the current connection speed among other things. What is the difference between frequency and bandwidth? The basic difference between the two is that frequency is defined as the rate of radio signal to send and receive communication signals, whereas bandwidth is defined as the difference between the highest and the lowest frequencies of a signal generated. How do I know my minimum bandwidth? If you want to know the value in Mbps (Megabits per second), you can divide the former by approximately 1000 (1024 exactly). Ex.: If the bitrate selected is 2500Kbps, then 2500/1024 = 2.44Mbps will be the minimum bandwidth required at your arena. What is Nyquist formula? The Nyquist formula gives the upper bound for the data rate of a transmission system by calculating the bit rate directly from the number of signal levels and the bandwidth of the system. Specifically, in a noise-free channel, Nyquist tells us that we can transmit data at a rate of up to. C=2Blog2M. How do I calculate my minimum bandwidth? What is Q factor formula? Q-factor: In LCR Circuit, the ratio of resonance frequency to the difference of its neighbouring frequencies so that their corresponding current is 1/2 times of the peak value, is called Q-factor of the circuit. Formula: Q=R1CL Which is the best definition of Internet bandwidth? Definition. The maximum amount of data transmitted over an internet connection in a given amount of time. Bandwidth is often mistaken for internet speed when it’s actually the volume of information that can be sent over a connection in a measured amount of time – calculated in megabits per second (Mbps). How is bandwidth measured in bits per second? Typically, bandwidth is expressed as a bitrate and measured in bits per second (bps). It refers to the transmission capacity of a connection and is an important factor when determining the quality and speed of a network. A quick and easy way to get a bandwidth check is to use an internet-based speed test. How can I check the bandwidth on my computer? This requires a locally installed bandwidth tool or monitoring software. For a simple bandwidth measurement on a single PC, Windows Task Manager can show basic data about your Wi-Fi and ethernet connection. Just select the Performance tab and then click the network interface. How to calculate the bandwidth of a website? Use this calculator to estimate the bandwidth needs or actual data usage of a website. Be sure to include the bot traffic (Google bots, Bing bots, etc) as well as other connection needs. Often the bots use more bandwidth than real users.

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Find helpful customer reviews and review ratings for poland 1939: the birth of blitzkrieg (campaign) description of soviet invasion invasion of poland 1939. Color pictures, made by hitler's personal photographer, of a vanquished poland in the fall of 1939. Wwll 1st of september 1939 invasion of poland in colour rafael bergler germany invades poland 1939 - duration: invasion of sicily. Read reviews, compare customer ratings, see screenshots, and learn more about wargame poland 1939 download wargame poland 1939 and enjoy it on your iphone, ipad, and ipod touch. The invasion of poland in 1939 was a military offensive in which nazi germany, and two weeks later the soviet union, invaded poland. Check out [temp] invasion of poland, 1939 it’s one of the millions of unique, user-generated 3d experiences created on roblox this is a temporary warzone for the königtum von bayern, the invasion of poland. Introduction did the soviet union invade poland on september 17, 1939 why ask we all know this invasion occurred you can look it. Well the german invasion of poland in september of 1939 is one of the most important actions ever taken by a country the significance of this invasion is hard to overstate since this invasion is what started world war ii. It includes a rare eye-witness description of the battle of węgierska górka in august 1939 invasion of poland in 1939 by german army (1943. Introduction description citizen guides reading list site index the french and british betrayal of poland in 1939 1939, poland's minister of foreign. The invasion on september 1, 1939 the german army invaded poland the germans used a strategy called blitzkrieg against the poles the blitzkrieg or lightning war uses fast attacks with tanks and mobilized infantry. Hitler receives an ultimatum in march 1939 he declared that britain guaranteed poland's independence and vowed to come to her aid if attacked. Surface provides description only alexander brian, september 1939: the german army and the invasion of poland (1999. Watch video this “restricted” united states war department film bulletin provides the viewer with footage of the german army’s invasion of poland on september 1. The invasion of poland, also known as the september campaign, or the 1939 defensive war in poland (polish: kampania wrześniowa or wojna obronna 1939 roku), and alternatively the poland campaign (german: polenfeldzug) or fall weiss in germany (case white), was a joint invasion of poland by nazi germany, the free city of. German invasion of poland in 1939 1939 adolf hitler ss officers created a feign invasion of germany by the poles in an attempt to gain domestic. A the invasion of poland in 1939 precipitated world war ii the invasion of poland had been executed by nazi germany, the soviet union and a small slovak contingent. Get an answer for 'what would a member of the hitler youth have seen during the invasion of poland in 1939what did they do what types of things did they see i'm trying to write a story based on a member of the hitler youth during that time' and find homework help for other history questions at enotes. Description through an analysis of primary and secondary sources, including radio broadcasts from the bbc and various video sources from the time, students in this lesson will identify, understand and be able to explain the german invasion of poland on 01 sep 1939, how the germans were able to achieve such a complete victory over. The soviet invasion of poland was a soviet military operation that started without a formal declaration of war on 17 september 1939 on that morning, 16 days after nazi germany invaded poland from the west, the soviet union invaded poland from the east. The invasion of poland was the brink of the beginning of the second world war its started on the 1st of september, 1939 when the wehrmacht used their blitzkrieg tactics, and swiftly took over control of poland in under two months. The soviet order of battle for the invasion of poland in 1939 details the major combat units arrayed for the soviet surprise attack on poland on september 17, 1939 as a result of joining battle after the germans had already launched their invasion, the soviets, prepared for battle in secrecy, met comparatively limited resistance. File:the nazi-soviet invasion of poland, 1939 hu106370jpg from wikimedia commons, the free media repository description english. Watch video national archives description: invasion of poland in 1939 by german army scanner internet archive html5 uploader 14 sound sound. German troops parade through warsaw after the invasion of poland warsaw, poland, september 28-30, 1939 — national archives and. The soviet invasion of poland was a soviet military operation that started without a formal declaration of war on 17 september 1939 on that morning, 16 days after germany invaded poland from the west, the soviet union invaded poland from the east. The invasion of poland in 1939 was a military offensive in which nazi germany and later the soviet union invaded polandit was the start of world war ii in europethe invasion took place from 1 september to 6 october 1939. Download this game from microsoft store for windows 10, windows 81, windows 10 mobile, windows phone 81 see screenshots, read the latest customer reviews, and compare ratings for wargame: poland 1939. The german campaign in poland 1939 description : the german invasion of poland on 1 september 1939 marked the beginning of world war ii in europe.

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Have you ever been assigned with writing an excellent literary analysis? And you often wonder How to write a literary analysis. Did you find this work challenging, and did it consume a significant amount of your time? Do not panic. Thousands of kids in schools, colleges, and universities worldwide face the same difficulty every year. These are critical analyses that assist students in analyzing and comprehending texts as a component of the educational experience which plays a significant role in forming the learners and their capacity to think critically. This article will go across some of the most effective techniques for creating great literary analysis. Avoid using incorrect tenses: When you study the best practices for writing literary analyses, you will undoubtedly realize how important it is to use the correct tense in your essay. For those new to this type of writing, it is sometimes quite enticing to use the past tense in the essays because the content was most likely made by the writer a few years ago. It could also be hard to explain why, despite being a standard, the present tense must be used in these works. This is, however, an incorrect method because the usage of the present tense pertains to how one reads and analyzes the literary text and, as such, should be employed in the analysis. Try to back up claims and reasoning: Most students struggle to appreciate the significance of supporting statements and arguments in literary works reports. As a result, the majority of them left these crucial components out of their literary analysis writing. When understanding what must be included in a literary analysis essay, you will note that evidence-based claims and conclusions are the most important components. Instead of just quoting and paraphrasing textual content and providing examples, you must be able to back up your statements with a wide range of sources, particularly secondary sources relevant to the text and personal observations. Develop a plot summary before writing analyses: Many students write a plot synopsis rather than do a full analysis and clarify a statement or create an argument. This is a typical error that causes the student to fail because he or she retells the event. After formulating an assumption, the students are inclined to utilize the plot as proof, seen as a poor strategy. Instead of properly explaining to the reader what happened and why they made a claim or an argument, the students just let the condensed text that they employ speak for itself. Most students find it challenging to learn when to use the plot summary successfully since it needs training and practice. Try to quote the information correctly: It is tough to learn how to cite the information correctly. Most students have no idea how to utilize quotes to their benefit, and as a result, they receive bad scores on their essays. When considering what a literary analysis essay must include, actual quotes are a critical component because they prove that the student thoroughly comprehended the significance of some of the words used in the development of the major issue. It is also critical to understand how to appropriately include quotes into your essay rather than just throwing them in arbitrary.

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6Grade Module 9 - Ñïèñîê âîïðîñîâ 1. Russia is the____ country 2. Ìó hands are _____ than óîur hands. 3. It is the ______day today. 4. I think this book is __ than óîur book 5. Ànn is the__ girl in class. (beautiful) 6. Why don't we have a nice meal at a ____ tonight? 7. I must return these books to the _____ . 8. Put the _____ of milk in the fridge. 9. Dorothy eats a______ of chocolate every day. 10. Do you like _____ products? 11. There are _____ car parks in the centre of Oxford. 12. Hurry up! We only have_____time before the coach leaves. 13. There are _____shops near the university. 14. It's very quiet. There aren't_____people here today. 15. There isn’t………bread on the table.

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From Fall 2022 issue of Branching Out. Subscribe to Branching Out here. Read more Invasives in your Woodlands spotlights here. We wrap up our year-long series about invasive thistles in Maryland with a look at the bull thistle. It is native to Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia, and was introduced to the eastern United States during the 18th century and the western states in the 19th. This species is widespread across the U.S., especially in the far west and Rocky Mountain states, the upper Great Lakes states, and the northeast. It is also found throughout the mid-Atlantic states, becoming less frequent south of Virginia. As with other species in this series, there is some disagreement over its distribution in Maryland. EDDMapsS.com shows no reports in Allegany, Queen Anne’s, Somerset, St. Mary’s, and Charles Counties, as well as Baltimore City, while the Maryland Biodiversity Project documents it across the state. See the map below. Regardless of its actual presence, it has been declared as a noxious weed in Maryland, along with Pennsylvania and four other states. What is it? Bull thistle (Cirsium vulgare) is a biennial invasive plant that in its first year grows a single rosette up to three feet in diameter with a tap root of up to two feet in length. In the second year, a stem with spiny wings emerges. It can invade almost any type of disturbed area, such as forest clearcuts, riparian areas and pastures. It prefers areas of full sun in which to grow. They form dense thickets, displacing other vegetation. Wildlife and livestock find the spiny stems not just unpalatable but potentially injurious, due to the length of the spines. How does it spread? This invasive spreads primarily via seed production. Each flower produces up to 250 fluffy seeds; each plant can produce up to 4,000 in a season. The seeds are easily borne dozens of feet by the wind. Additionally, the seeds can be transported to new areas by human and animal traffic, where they can colonize disturbed areas. The seeds can be viable in the soil for over ten years. How can I identify it? Bull thistle is similar in appearance to Canada thistle; both have spiked leaves and display large purple flowers from July to September. One difference between the two is that bull thistle has a tap root and is a biennial plant. Another is the stalks, which has spiny wings the length of its needle-shaped stem. Scientists at Acadia National Park write that “Bull thistles have also been described to be larger and ‘meaner-looking’ than the Canada thistle.” Its leaves are lance-shaped, 3-12 inches long, with stout spines on the lobes. The leaves have prickly hair on the top and are very hairy underneath. It grows to maturity over the course of two years, reaching 7 feet in height, with seed production and dissemination following. Individual plants die at the end of the second year. See the photo gallery below. How can I control it? It is important to properly identify bull thistle before attempting control methods, as several native species of thistles have similar characteristics. Once confirmed, there are a few options available to control the existing plants and to prevent the spread of new ones. Hand-pulling young plants, or any method that severs the taproot below ground level, will kill the plant. However, existing seeds in the soil may lead to additional growth, so re-seeding with native species is recommended. Similarly, mowing needs to be followed by re-seeding. Applying a herbicide in the fall of the rosette stage can be effective to prevent sprouting in the following year. For more information: Learn more about bull thistle: Invasive Plant Profiles: Canada and Bull Thistles (National Park Service) Cirsium vulgare (US Forest Service) Weed of the Week: Bull Thistle (US Forest Service) Invasive Plants in Pennsylvania: Bull Thistle (PA Dept. of Conservation and Natural Resources)

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Published at Friday, August 21st 2020, 23:45:58 PM by Olympia Thibault. Kindergarten Worksheets. Patterns and sequencing and basic addition and subtraction should follow on from counting and number recognition. By the time your child is starting kindergarten or school, they should be able to count to 20 with ease, write numbers, do simple addition sums, and have some understanding of patterns and sequences. Even if they are attending preschool, extra practice at home will help them improve their math. A systematic set of mathematics worksheets will help you teach your child the basic principles of math and help them prepare for school. Worksheets can be used as the basis for counting and adding games and other activities. Teaching your child with worksheets also makes them more comfortable with doing worksheets - which will help them when they get to kindergarten and school, where worksheets are used every day. Published at Saturday, August 22nd 2020, 06:55:25 AM by Robinetta Carlier. Kindergarten Worksheets. The game is then played exactly like a normal game of bingo, with the teacher playing the part of the bingo caller, but instead of the teacher calling out the numbers printed on the cards, the teacher instead calls out math problems (the teacher may also write the problem on the blackboard). The student bas task is to solve each problem, and then look for the number on their bingo card. As you can imagine, this can be a lot of fun, and before you know it students can forget they are learning math! What is more, teachers can also easily vary the game play, for example, by using different types of math problems, or perhaps even by asking members of the class to solve each problem before moving on to the next bingo call. Published at Tuesday, August 25th 2020, 17:55:18 PM by Valerie Pasquier. Kindergarten Worksheets. Color is a vital part of creative expression, and while it is important that your child learn that the sky is blue and grass is green, it is also important that they be allowed to experiment with color. Mixing paints and having free rein to color a picture any way they want to, allows children to express themselves creatively, so do not always insist that they use color accurately. Start teaching your child about color as early as possible. By the age of four years, your child should recognize and be able to name around ten different colors. Reinforce what they learn by playing games using color. Preschool printable worksheets will give your child the opportunity to put their learning into practice in a variety of ways. Published at Wednesday, August 19th 2020, 01:02:11 AM. Kindergarten Worksheets By Nannette Gilbert. Here are some other sharing subjects to explore: Take Away Store - hot chips (35 per cup), milk shakes (3/4 cup of milk per shake) - how much for 26 people? Concert -toilet paper - 10 sheets per person, 100 sheets per roll, 3 000 people attending- how many rolls? Dog Shelter - 1 cup of biscuits large dog, 3/4 cup for medium dog etc - how much for 10 big, 5 medium etc? Jelly bean competition - Big jar took 12 bags of jelly beans - 124 beans in 1 bag - how many beans in total? These are a great way to explore a range of math skills. Choose one subject and choose questions that relate to that. An obvious one is school: At Collins State School there are 23 students in Kindergarten, 24 in Grade 1, 23 in Grade 2, 18 in Grade 3, 22 in Grade 4, 17 in Grade 5, 19 in Grade 6 and 22 in Grade 7. How many students are there in the whole school? Published at Wednesday, August 19th 2020, 00:27:25 AM. Kindergarten Worksheets By Nancey Didier. By the age of three, your child is ready to move onto mathematics worksheets. This does not mean that you should stop playing counting and number games with your child; it just adds another tool to your toolbox. Worksheets help to bring some structure into a child has education using a systematic teaching method, particularly important with math, which follows a natural progression. Learning about numbers includes recognizing written numbers as well as the quantity those numbers represent. Mathematics worksheets should provide a variety of fun activities that teach your child both numbers and quantity. Look for a variety of different ways to present the same concepts. This aids understanding and prevents boredom. Color-by-Numbers pictures are a fun way to learn about numbers and colors too. Published at Wednesday, August 19th 2020, 00:02:46 AM. Kindergarten Worksheets By Bernadette Guerin. These writing worksheets have traceable patterns of the different strokes of writing letters. By tracing these patterns, kids slowly learn how a letter is structured. When you are a parent, and you want to teach your kids ahead of time just before he would go to school, you can use the free online worksheets. There are lots of them available. You can let your kids learn online. Through this, your kids will be ready for school. These online materials are readily downloadable and can be printed for use. And the good thing about this is that you can produce as many copies as you want, until your kid learns and perfect the craft of writing. Published at Tuesday, August 18th 2020, 23:10:37 PM. Kindergarten Worksheets By Robinetta Carlier. What you can do to make working on printable worksheets more enjoyable for your child may often depend on the age and interests of the child. For example, older children may have to read a poem which is on the sheet and then write their own poem in the same sort of style. If they have been used to playing word games while growing up this should not be a problem, you just have to find a way of making the doing of it attractive. One thing that they might enjoy is if you put on a favourite cd and get them to see if they can use some of the main phrases from that in a different way, i.e. in the style of the poem. Depending on your child has age and concentration span there are plenty of fun ways to get them working on printable worksheets. Published at Tuesday, August 18th 2020, 22:59:42 PM. Kindergarten Worksheets By Pierrette Hamon. A systematic set of mathematics worksheets will help you teach your child the basic principles of math and help them prepare for school. Worksheets can be used as the basis for counting and adding games and other activities. Teaching your child with worksheets also makes them more comfortable with doing worksheets - which will help them when they get to kindergarten and school, where worksheets are used every day. Published at Tuesday, August 18th 2020, 22:19:48 PM. Kindergarten Worksheets By Nanine Besnard. You can find worksheets for a wide range of courses--almost any course you want to teach your children. These include spelling, writing, English, history, math, music, geography, and others. They are also available for nearly all grade levels. There are printable middle school, high school, elementary school, and even pre-school worksheets. So what kinds of worksheets should you get? Anything where you feel that your child needs further drill. We often have this notion that worksheets are just for math. This, of course, is not true. While they are excellent tools for reviewing math facts such as the multiplication tables and division facts, they are just as useful for reviewing parts of speech or the states in the union. Published at Tuesday, August 18th 2020, 21:09:40 PM. Kindergarten Worksheets By Aceline Perez. Play is how children utilize this particular learning style. Play is one of the most powerful vehicles for facilitating learning. When you play with your child you are demonstrating how much you value them and enjoy their company. This helps build self-esteem and many studies now reveal that children with high emotional intelligence will outperform children with higher IQ but lower self esteem. In the UK questions are being asked regarding whether children are given enough time to simply play. The pattern seems to be that children are given more time to play during their early years in school but towards the middle years a more formal approach dominates their school day. Emeritus Professor Barbara argues that the tendency for state education to focus on a more formal, left-brain orientated approach to learning can have disastrous implications for a significant percentage of children, particularly boys, who tend to be predominantly tactile learners.

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Throughout history, alchemists believed in the existence of the philosopher’s stone: a substance that could turn cheap substances into precious gold. Now scientists from The University of Manchester, Tsinghua University in China and the Chinese Academy of Sciences have shown that graphene can be a kind of philosopher’s stone, allowing gold extraction from waste containing only trace amounts of gold (down to billionth of a percent). This new, seemingly magical application of graphene works quite straightforwardly: add graphene into a solution containing traces of gold and, after a few minutes, pure gold appears on graphene sheets, with no other chemicals or energy input involved. After this you can extract your pure gold by simply burning the graphene off. The research, published in Nature Communications, shows that 1 gram of graphene can be sufficient for extracting nearly 2 grams of gold. As graphene costs less than $0.10 per gram, this can be very profitable, with gold priced at around $70 per gram. Dr. Yang Su from Tsinghua University, who led the research efforts, said, “This apparent magic is essentially a simple electrochemical process. Unique interactions between graphene and gold ions drive the process and also yield exceptional selectivity. Only gold is extracted with no other ions or salts.” Gold is used in many industries including consumer electronics (mobile phones, laptops etc.) and, when the products are eventually discarded, little of the electronic waste is recycled. The graphene-based process with its high extraction capacity and high selectivity can reclaim close to 100% of gold from electronic waste. This offers an enticing solution for addressing the gold sustainability problem and e-waste challenges. “Graphene turns rubbish into gold, literally,” added Professor Andre Geim from The University of Manchester, another lead author and Nobel laureate responsible for the first isolation of graphene. “Not only are our findings promising for making this part of the economy more sustainable, but they also emphasize how different atomically-thin materials can be from their parents, well-known bulk materials,” he added. “Graphite, for example, is worthless for extracting gold, while graphene almost makes the philosopher’s stone.” Professor Hui-ming Cheng, one of the main authors from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, said, “With the continuing search for revolutionary applications of graphene, our discovery that the material can be used to recycle gold from electronic waste brings additional excitement to the research community and developing graphene industries.” Buckyballs on gold are less exotic than graphene Fei Li et al, Highly efficient and selective extraction of gold by reduced graphene oxide, Nature Communications (2022). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32204-4 University of Manchester Graphene as ‘the philosopher’s stone’: Turning waste into gold (2022, August 17) retrieved 23 August 2022 This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.

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Table of contents: Video: How To Build A Rock Garden In The Garden, Planting Plants In Special Zones, Junipers - 2 They look spectacular in rock gardens in groups and singly: due to the short stature and beautiful color of the needles, the Virginia Kobold juniper with bluish needle -like needles on top and green on the bottom gained great popularity; juniper horizontal Wiltonii with small silvery-bluish needles. It is a dwarf form up to 10 cm tall, very slowly growing, densely branched. Its needles are in subulate needles, small, silvery-blue. This juniper is propagated by cuttings (87-91%). In 1914, it was bred by the breeder J. Van Heiningen in the United States. Due to its low growth and beautiful color of the needles, it is a very decorative plant. Recommended for rooftop landscaping, container growing, rocky gardens, where it is preferable to place it in large groups;juniper Cossack Cupressifiolia with bluish-green needles. Ground cover forms are often found among junipers: horizontal juniper “Hughes” with silvery-blue needles and branches pressed to the ground. Juniper horizontal, dwarf form. Height 0.4 - 0.5 m, crown diameter 2 m. Creeping crown. The bark is gray-brown. Scaly needles, silvery-blue. It grows slowly, this plant is light-loving, tolerates slight shading, frost-resistant. Prefers rather moist, sandy loam soils. Loves single and group landings. Used as a ground cover plant on rocky hills. Popular varieties include Glauca (blue with a steel sheen) and Bar Harbo (gray-blue). juniper horizontal Glauca with bluish steel needles. Planting plants on a rock garden in special zones Planting plants on rock gardens is carried out by distributing special zones that differ in the degree of moisture and light. Depending on them, plants with the appropriate ecology and appearance are selected. One group of plants grows under intense lighting conditions, while another grows in partial shade or prefers shady areas. - On the southern slope of the alpine slide, it is recommended to place drought-resistant, light-loving species for which direct sunlight does not pose a threat. - The east side and southeast slopes are suitable for plants that cannot tolerate excessive light. - Ferns are planted on the northern slopes. They prefer to grow in moist, shady areas. By placing a large stone in a rock garden or planting a tree, you can create partial shade, necessary for the development of some species. The most favorable time for laying a rock garden is autumn. And with planting plants, it is better to wait until spring. During the winter, the earth will be compacted, the stones will settle, all the pits and depressions in which plants can be planted will become more clearly visible. In the spring, you need to protect the seedlings from the return cold and, if necessary, cover the plantings. In autumn, planting should not be done too late - the plants take time to settle down before the first severe frosts. When the stone base of the rock garden is laid out and the space between the boulders and boulders is filled with the prepared soil mixture, you can start planting plants. The day for planting should be cloudy. When the soil is loose, it is easier to compact it around the plants. Before planting, the plants are given a “water bath” to water the roots. After that, the seedlings are distributed according to a pre-planned plan. Planting begins with the tallest soloing perennials, then the accompanying low-growing species are planted and, last of all, ground cover plants. The plants should be watered regularly immediately after planting, even if the weather is not too dry. A sign that the plant has taken root will be the appearance of new young leaves. When plants are planted in the fall, then you need to expect new shoots in the spring. Plants that have just been planted in the ground require special care. Check each specimen daily, add potting mix if it shrinks, loosen the top layer to prevent crusting, and water the plants abundantly in the first days after planting. Sometimes it becomes necessary to cover them from direct sunlight. In spring, the greatest need for alpine plants is for water. In late summer and autumn, the soil around the plants is watered if necessary. Excessive moisture can damage their roots. The main enemy of the rock garden is weeds, which must be dealt with constantly. The roots of weeds must be removed from the soil at the beginning of a rocky garden, in addition, the mulching layer on the soil surface also prevents them from growing. It is enough to feed alpine plants twice: in spring and at the end of summer; for calcium-loving plants, you can prepare a mixture of compost with calcium. Soil for plants Do not forget that soil is necessary for the life of all plants, and it must be prepared. For this, it is necessary to take into account the specifics of plants. Due to the fact that many species coexist on a rock garden in a small area, the soil in different areas can be very different. The most commonly used universal mixture is sod land, peat, sand in a ratio of 2: 1: 1. Evergreens grow in soils that are low in nutrients. For their optimal development, stone chips are added, a mixture of earth, peat, sand and small or crushed stones, taken in equal proportions, is made. If the plant needs soil containing a greater amount of humus, then it is necessary to increase the amount of peat and earth in the mixture, and reduce the part of the sand. It is desirable that the substrate on which the "Alpines" will grow had a neutral reaction of the environment; for this, a little lime powder is added to the soil mixture. Popular by topic The Timing Of Planting Seeds And Seedlings Of Vegetables, The Choice Of Fertilizing For Vegetables, The Right Compost Alas, not only beginners, but also experienced gardeners often make mistakes that lead to irreparable consequences. And instead of a huge harvest of delicious vegetables and spicy herbs, in this case, they are often disappointed. Let's try to consider the most common violations of agricultural technology, leading to adverse consequences Among small mammals, the most significant harm to fruit trees, berry crops, vegetables and ornamental plants in our garden plots is caused by a forest mouse, voles, a water rat and a European hare I had a dream: to create a decorative vegetable garden on my site, on which vegetables, and spicy herbs, and salads and flowers would grow. But my husband did not take this venture seriously, considering it another whim. But this year a miracle happened: my husband gave me a ridge on which watermelons grew last year. I was happy to have the opportunity to realize my project, which had been nurtured for three years. And so I started to implement it. I really wanted this idea to give results It seems that there is nothing complicated here - just place potatoes, cabbage, carrots, beets, onions and garlic, green crops on your hundred square meters, because everything else: trees, shrubs, raspberries and strawberries have long had their legitimate planting places. But in practice, everything turns out to be more complicated - you have to compare a lot of different factors in order to make, sometimes, only one single correct decision The youth of the old gardenOur garden is quite old, it is already about thirty years old. But, as it seems to us, he does not age, but every year it prettier, younger and becomes even more attractive.Of course, this requires a lot of work, care, invention, but everything pays off a hundredfold, as it brings peace of mind and joy of creativity

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Image credits: Extract from original hand-coloured Charles Booth map of poverty. Image © Museum of London, with permission The revolutionary work of Booth was to for the first time outline the variation in the perceived black hole of poverty which was the East End. Booth produced the first study of the detail of poverty and wealth. His Life and Labour of the People in London (1892) is, as the title suggests, as study of the local economy of each part of London. The colouration of the maps (Booth 1889, 1898-9 – see hand-coloured map in image here) were based on supposedly clear-cut differentiation of poverty counts from street to street are accompanied by his own assessments about each district of the city which were based on house-to-house descriptions collected by Booth and his team of researchers. The maps apparently show a morality-based assessment of poverty, with descriptions of “lowest class, vicious, semi-criminal – occasional labourers, loafers, semi-criminals, street sellers, performers and outcasts of the streets”, yet there is also an emphasis that some of the poor are there for no fault of their own and perhaps a reorganisation of space will eliminate the worse street culture. As stated by Bill Fishman in ‘East End 1888’: ‘the poor were not a homogeneous class’, but varied in their situation according to their work status. Charles Booth maps of poverty are well known for their use of colourful language – the “vicious, semi-criminal” class (see image of map legend here) is of particular fascination, but we shouldn’t forget also the visual rhetoric of the map. A Daily News reviewer: described it so – [The map] is in many colours, and the specks of black will show us where to find the haunts of the lowest class… Happily, the strange landscape shows a fair predominance of the more cheerful colours. It is a pink, and a red, and a light blue landscape, on the whole; and only here and there . . . are the dismal shades which seem but so many varieties of black. The Daily News reviewer also called the 1889 map a “new physical chart of sorrow and suffering and crime” [East London Life Daily News 16 April 1889, Charles Booth Archive, London School of Economics, A58.53] – the word “physical” (as Miles Kimball from Texas Tech has pointed out) suggesting that the reviewer saw the charts less as mere graphics than as a direct translation of physical reality to a graphic mode. Booth’s maps, in presenting poverty as a concrete problem that could be communicated in a few sheets of paper, a few lines, a few splashes of colour, encouraged people to overcome the paralyzing complexity surrounding poverty and actually do something. And in fact, by the time the last edition of the maps was published in 1902, many of the areas of black and dark blue had been targeted in a heavy-handed urban renewal: torn down and replaced with “respectable” homes, parks and hotels.” One example of this is the area of Rothschild Buildings, which was an area of rookeries at the time of the previous map. (More about Rothschild Buildings in another blog.) UCL Space and Exclusion research project: http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/space-syntax/research/projects/exclusion Charles Booth Online Archive: http://booth.lse.ac.uk/

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If you have only four weights, where could you place them in order to balance this equaliser? Ahmed is making rods using different numbers of cubes. Which rod is twice the length of his first rod? Can you each work out the number on your card? What do you notice? How could you sort the cards? Choose four of the numbers from 1 to 9 to put in the squares so that the differences between joined squares are odd. Can you put the numbers 1 to 8 into the circles so that the four calculations are correct? Can you see why 2 by 2 could be 5? Can you predict what 2 by 10 will be? Place six toy ladybirds into the box so that there are two ladybirds in every column and every row. Choose a symbol to put into the number sentence. Place the numbers 1 to 10 in the circles so that each number is the difference between the two numbers just below it. Here is a chance to play a version of the classic Countdown Game. Some Games That May Be Nice or Nasty for an adult and child. Use your knowledge of place value to beat your opponent. Make your own double-sided magic square. But can you complete both sides once you've made the pieces? This problem is based on a code using two different prime numbers less than 10. You'll need to multiply them together and shift the alphabet forwards by the result. Can you decipher the code? In a square in which the houses are evenly spaced, numbers 3 and 10 are opposite each other. What is the smallest and what is the largest possible number of houses in the square? Find your way through the grid starting at 2 and following these operations. What number do you end on? In your bank, you have three types of coins. The number of spots shows how much they are worth. Can you choose coins to exchange with the groups given to make the same total? When I fold a 0-20 number line, I end up with 'stacks' of numbers on top of each other. These challenges involve varying the length of the number line and investigating the 'stack totals'. This task, written for the National Young Mathematicians' Award 2016, involves open-topped boxes made with interlocking cubes. Explore the number of units of paint that are needed to cover the boxes. . . . Place the numbers from 1 to 9 in the squares below so that the difference between joined squares is odd. How many different ways can you do this? This article gives you a few ideas for understanding the Got It! game and how you might find a winning strategy. Can you use the numbers on the dice to reach your end of the number line before your partner beats you? Start by putting one million (1 000 000) into the display of your calculator. Can you reduce this to 7 using just the 7 key and add, subtract, multiply, divide and equals as many times as you like? Can you make a train the same length as Laura's but using three differently coloured rods? Is there only one way of doing it? There are nasty versions of this dice game but we'll start with the nice ones... These caterpillars have 16 parts. What different shapes do they make if each part lies in the small squares of a 4 by 4 square? Using the statements, can you work out how many of each type of rabbit there are in these pens? There are 4 jugs which hold 9 litres, 7 litres, 4 litres and 2 litres. Find a way to pour 9 litres of drink from one jug to another until you are left with exactly 3 litres in three of the jugs. Number problems at primary level that require careful consideration. This task, written for the National Young Mathematicians' Award 2016, focuses on 'open squares'. What would the next five open squares look like? Use these head, body and leg pieces to make Robot Monsters which are different heights. A group of children are using measuring cylinders but they lose the labels. Can you help relabel them? Add the sum of the squares of four numbers between 10 and 20 to the sum of the squares of three numbers less than 6 to make the square of another, larger, number. This task, written for the National Young Mathematicians' Award 2016, invites you to explore the different combinations of scores that you might get on these dart boards. Can you put plus signs in so this is true? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 = 99 How many ways can you do it? This magic square has operations written in it, to make it into a maze. Start wherever you like, go through every cell and go out a total of 15! What do the digits in the number fifteen add up to? How many other numbers have digits with the same total but no zeros? How could you put eight beanbags in the hoops so that there are four in the blue hoop, five in the red and six in the yellow? Can you find all the ways of doing this? Arrange eight of the numbers between 1 and 9 in the Polo Square below so that each side adds to the same total. Use your logical-thinking skills to deduce how much Dan's crisps and ice-cream cost altogether. What do you notice about the date 03.06.09? Or 08.01.09? This challenge invites you to investigate some interesting dates yourself. Sam got into an elevator. He went down five floors, up six floors, down seven floors, then got out on the second floor. On what floor did he get on? Zumf makes spectacles for the residents of the planet Zargon, who have either 3 eyes or 4 eyes. How many lenses will Zumf need to make all the different orders for 9 families? Move from the START to the FINISH by moving across or down to the next square. Can you find a route to make these totals? Woof is a big dog. Yap is a little dog. Emma has 16 dog biscuits to give to the two dogs. She gave Woof 4 more biscuits than Yap. How many biscuits did each dog get? How many starfish could there be on the beach, and how many children, if I can see 28 arms? Here you see the front and back views of a dodecahedron. Each vertex has been numbered so that the numbers around each pentagonal face add up to 65. Can you find all the missing numbers? A game for 2 people using a pack of cards Turn over 2 cards and try to make an odd number or a multiple of 3. Winifred Wytsh bought a box each of jelly babies, milk jelly bears, yellow jelly bees and jelly belly beans. In how many different ways could she make a jolly jelly feast with 32 legs? There were chews for 2p, mini eggs for 3p, Chocko bars for 5p and lollypops for 7p in the sweet shop. What could each of the children buy with their money? Look carefully at the numbers. What do you notice? Can you make another square using the numbers 1 to 16, that displays the same properties?

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Robotics is a branch of engineering and science that deals with other disciplines such as mathematical engineering, electrical engineering, and computer science. Since the usage of robots has increased through the years, knowing the core technologies in creating robots can be beneficial. This [course_title] is created for you to learn the natural dynamics of robotics. You will learn from this course how to actually control different mechanical systems of robots. This course does not involve any written exams. Students need to answer 5 assignment questions to complete the course, the answers will be in the form of written work in pdf or word. Students can write the answers in their own time. Each answer needs to be 200 words (1 Page). Once the answers are submitted, the tutor will check and assess the work. Edukite courses are free to study. To successfully complete a course you must submit all the assignment of the course as part of the assessment. Upon successful completion of a course, you can choose to make your achievement formal by obtaining your Certificate at a cost of £49. Having an Official Edukite Certification is a great way to celebrate and share your success. You can: - Add the certificate to your CV or resume and brighten up your career - Show it to prove your success Course Credit: MIT |Lecture 1: Introduction||01:14:00| |Lecture 2: The Simple Pendulum||01:19:00| |Lecture 3: Optimal Control of the Double Integrator||01:17:00| |Lecture 4: Optimal Control of the Double Integrator (cont.)||01:25:00| |Lecture 5: Numerical Optimal Control (Dynamic Programming)||01:13:00| |Lecture 6: Acrobot and Cart-pole||01:20:00| |Lecture 7: Swing-up Control of Acrobot and Cart-pole Systems||01:06:00| |Lecture 8: Dynamic Programming (DP) and Policy Search||01:14:00| |Lecture 9: Trajectory Optimization||01:09:00| |Lecture 10: Trajectory Stabilization and Iterative Linear Quadratic Regulator||01:20:00| |Lecture 11: Walking||01:16:00| |Lecture 12: Walking (cont.)||01:12:00| |Lecture 13: Running||00:58:00| |Lecture 14: Feasible Motion Planning||01:14:00| |Lecture 15: Global Policies from Local Policies||01:19:00| |Lecture 16: Introducing Stochastic Optimal Control||01:24:00| |Lecture 17: Stochastic Gradient Descent||01:17:00| |Lecture 18: Stochastic Gradient Descent 2||01:19:00| |Lecture 19: Temporal Difference Learning||01:20:00| |Lecture 20: Temporal Difference Learning with Function Approximation||01:18:00| |Lecture 21: Policy Improvement||01:16:00| |Lecture 22: Actor-critic Methods||01:11:00| |Lecture 23: Case Studies in Computational Underactuated Control||01:02:00| |Submit Your Assignment||00:00:00| No Reviews found for this course.

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In another demonstration of its impressive capabilities, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) James Webb Space Telescope has now captured the clearest view of Neptune’s rings in more than 30 years. “The Webb cameras reveal the ice giant in a whole new light… Apart from a few bright, narrow rings, the Webb image clearly shows the fainter bands of Neptune,” NASA said in its official blog post on Wednesday. Why is this image so significant? The image taken by the Webb Telescope is exemplary as it shows the clearest view of Neptune’s rings in more than three decades. In 1989, NASA’s Voyager 2 probe became the first spacecraft to take a picture of Neptune. Voyager 2, sent by the space agency to explore the outer planets of our solar system, flew about 4,950 kilometers above Neptune’s north pole. Even after 45 years of launch, Voyager 2 is still moving away from Earth. This latest image brings greater clarity and reveals features not even detected by Voyager 2. The remarkably stable and precise quality of the Webb image allows these very faint, dusty rings to be observed so close to Neptune. It’s also the first time we’ve looked at Neptune’s rings in infrared light. Where is the characteristic blue color of Neptune? Earlier, the Hubble Space Telescope revealed Neptune’s signature blue appearance. However, Neptune does not appear blue to Webb. Neptune has a methane-rich atmosphere. Neptune’s blue color is the result of absorption of red light by methane coupled with the same Rayleigh scattering process that causes Earth’s blue color. But the Webb telescope does not work in the visible light spectrum. Its Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) operates in the near-infrared range from 0.6 to 5 microns. The methane present on Neptune absorbs red and infrared light so strongly that the planet is quite dark at these near-infrared wavelengths, except where clouds are present at high altitudes. The James Webb Space Telescope The James Webb Space Telescope is a space science observatory led by NASA with its partners the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency. The mission aims to explore the mysteries of our solar system, distant planets orbiting other stars, and the mysterious origins and structure of the universe and how we fit into it.

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By the end of this module, you will be able to: explain how associations between variables are used to answer research questions explain why random assignment and. Explain the difference between multiple independent variables and multiple levels of independent variables a research paper why us personal statement term paper. View this research paper on crime violence and variables in this section 5 independent and 5 dependent variables have been identified from the gss list these. Research design after the key variables have been identified, the researcher needs to identify how those variables will be studied, which is the heart of the research. Inroduction “variable” is a term frequently used in research projects it is pertinent to define and identify the variables while designing quantitative research. I need help in identifying and defining my variable from and defining my variable from a research isolating variables in qualitative research. When doing social research, variables are both important and tricky here's a few words about them. What is the relationship between qualitative research and variables are they similar to variables of qualitative researches. How are variables used in psychology research by variables are generally used in psychology experiments to determine if does colored paper or text help. You won't be able to do very much in research unless you know how to talk about variables a variable is any entity that can take on different values. Defining variables variables can be defined as any aspect all of these potential explanations or variables need to be addressed for the results of research to. Variables research paper - proposals, essays & academic papers of highest quality essays & researches written by high class writers receive a 100% original, non. Research project paper and feasibility paper: week 2 as preparation for the final research paper, formulate a theory about the correlation between measurable. This lesson discusses the relationships of research questions, hypothesis, and variables in a research study proposal dr wallace is an associate.View

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Learning Objective 1 – Successful completion of this module prepares trainees to: Define low-slope roof systems and identify their basic components. - Identify low-slope deck types. - Identify common insulation and cover board types. - Describe types of low-slope roof systems and membranes. Learning Objective 2 – Successful completion of this module prepares trainees to: Explain how low-slope roof systems are installed and how they function. - Describe positive drainage and explain how tapered insulation is used to direct water. - Identify methods used to attach low-slope roof systems. - List methods for seaming a roof membrane. - Explain the purpose of flashings and where they are needed. This is a knowledge-based module. There are no Performance Tasks.

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Since the beginning of the standards movement, coverage of those standards has been the first priority in a vast majority of the classrooms across the nation. Teachers cite their desire for students to perform well on external exams as why they speed through the curriculum rather than focus on student learning and preparation for their future. With the adoption of the Common Core, there was supposed to be a shift to prepare students for College and Career Readiness. Duke University researchers studying a program known as Fast Track found that learning academic skills in the early grades were not as powerful as helping students learn “soft” skills like self-control and social skills. In this article from NPR, researchers found that specifically helping students learn to collaborate with others and think critically about their actions made more long lasting impacts on at-risk students’ when examining future crime and delinquency rates. Additionally, rather than a one shot lesson, these skills were taught and reinforced in multiple ways from first through the 10th grade. However, researchers found that the challenge to these findings would be to find a way to incorporate the teaching of these skills in the classroom under a climate when external exams never measure these soft skills. How do you and your schools incorporate the teaching of these “soft” skills into the curriculum in a productive and meaningful manner? Share your experiences and ideas in the Comments Section below.

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Digital learning Reducing Dependence on Human Educators Electronic media has become all-pervasive in the modern academic curriculum and this has brought into question the relevance of human teachers in the increasingly digitised classroom. Nowadays, use of computers has grown exponentially in various facets of education. It has not only been essential in learning at the foundation levels of education, but at higher levels too where computer based training to promote distance and off hour learning has become a necessity. Electronic media has become relevant in the digitized academic curriculum and this has brought into question the importance of human teachers in the increasingly modern classroom. Dispelling the question, however, is the fact that growth of electronic learning has not only enhanced the role of human interface but made teachers central to the enterprise. Technology is helping teachers to impart wholesome education, such education has a strong social, moral and emotional content which are very important ingredients of a firm foundation of a student. Although, the role of the teachers has become more challenging and demanding as they need to cope with the latest technologies and tools for education. Below are the points through which technologies have affected teachers: Understanding of basic concepts and ideas are the main focus for primary education. Education through technology can help in improving cognitive skills and help in understanding basic concepts. However, teachers would play a pivotal role in ensuring that transmission of knowledge is logical and uniform over all children. On the other hand higher education requires more focus and perseverance. Higher education requires a high degree of motivation and self-discipline from the students. Although latest tool of learning allow students to study at flexible hours and create promote understanding. Modern technology saves the teaching time and eases the teaching process as they take over routine administrative tasks that usually take much of the teaching time. It also provides graphical, audio and visual inputs and makes teaching simple and interesting. This also helps teachers in developing non-cognitive twenty first century life skills like lateral thinking, problem solving and many such attributes that are equally critical components of education as academics. As latest technology can never replace the institution of teachers, it would certainly redefine the traditional role of the teacher from a knowledge provider to a catalyst and a knowledge enabler. Implementing technology into education has significantly altered the landscape by making it accessible to all. Digital education has managed the shortage of teachers and has bridged to some extent for the activities like syllabus management, programming and assessment as they have been partially taken over by computers relieving teachers towards core functions. The job of a teacher today is to be digitally friendly, fully plugged in and constantly evolving to the latest education technology with the change in the time. Eventually, teachers who use technology will replace those who do not. This article is authored by: Ms. Mitsuyo Tamai – Founder, Kiwami

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|this anchor chart was created in our first unit of study| first-graders had a TEA party celebrating the books they are reading. how do you have a tea party? all the children come to the rug and learn that at a tea party you get to chit-chat with a friend about something important to you. for this tea party students get to chit chat about some of the facts they are learning from their nonfiction books. it's tea party time!jenn serravallo's book (we 💜 this book). in the lesson below, students had to read the words, look at the picture and think, what in the picture is the same as what's in the words? what's new? next students had to try to write extra facts from looking at the picture. |example created by the teacher| tiny tip: we found using books with heavy picture support works best. |giraffes have long necks.| |plants can die and cars get ruined| this lesson takes rereading one step further by having students read, sketch and think about adding more details to their initial thoughts. each time they sketched they thought more about what they learned and deepened their understanding about the topic. jessica & laura & melissa

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An otologist treats diseases or damage to the ears, tumors, and balance and hearing disorders, according to University of Utah Health Care. Patients might see an otologist if they have acoustic neuroma, chronic ear infections, cholesteatoma, persistent dizziness or Meniere's disease. An otologist also treats ear malformations, hearing loss present at birth and temporal bone disorders.Continue Reading An otologist is a specialized type of otolaryngologist, who many people call an ear, nose and throat physician, explains the American Academy of Otolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery. To become an otolaryngologist, students complete five years of specialized training after four years of medical school. In order to qualify as an otologist/neurotologist, which is one of eight possible subspecialties of otolaryngology, a doctor must complete an additional one to two years of specialized study. Patients may also see an otolaryngologist to treat cranial nerve disorders, tinnitus, ear infections, hearing loss and balance disorders, notes the American Academy of Otolaryngology. Unlike many other types of specialists, otolaryngologists can diagnose, treat and perform necessary surgeries to correct problems with the ears, nose, throat, and certain structures within the head and neck. For example, an otolaryngologist can perform a tympanoplasty to repair an eardrum defect with a graft or a myringotomy and pressure equalization tube placement to correct a middle ear infection, according to Medical News Today.Learn more about Conditions & Diseases

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Hello! As we enter February our year is already more than half way over! Our students have been working hard to understand fractions of a number and relating them to decimals. Students have been working hard on the ability to multiply a fraction by a fraction resulting in a smaller fraction. Although this sounds abstract it can be illustrated by taking a slice of pizza (one eighth) and cutting it in half (one eighth times one half equals one sixteenth). Enjoy finding parts of a part as your child continues to develop their understanding of numbers larger than zero but smaller than one. Students have been working tirelessly while creating a research based argument essay. This allowed students to become activists for change by addressing a problem in their lives. Students have focused on making a claim about a topic and then proving it with evidence found in the world around them. This month we will introduce our 5th grade science fair. The fair is designed to have students investigate something in their lives they want to know more about. This could be as simple as what happens to a potato left in the sun compared to a potato left in the shade or which type of sled will travel down a hill faster. We are fostering the student's ability to inquire about a problem and look for changes over time. Students will complete sections of the project throughout February so If you have any questions about your investigation or topic please reach out! Lastly with Valentine's Day approaching please be sure that if your child decided to bring Valentines to school that they have enough for the whole class. We hope you and your child have enjoyed 5th grade so far this year and please let us know if there is anything you need; we are in this together.

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Electing the Parliament In New South Wales, State Government elections are held on the fourth Saturday in March every four years. At State elections, the people of New South Wales elect Members of Parliament to represent them in the Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council. After the election the political party, or coalition of parties, that has the majority of Members elected to the Legislative Assembly, becomes the Government. Who can vote in New South Wales? Electoral districts in New South Wales The voting system in New South Wales State elections Steps in an Election for the New South Wales Parliament - Diagram Federal electorates and Elections

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Two years ago, we published a series of articles about the AODA’s lack of standards governing the education sector. Currently, there are still no AODA education standards. However, two AODA standards development committees have drafted recommendations of guidelines that AODA education standards should include. One committee has recommended guidelines for the kindergarten to grade twelve (K-12) education system. In contrast, the other committee has recommended guidelines for the university and college education system. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized the many barriers that already exist in the Ontario education systems for students with disabilities. AODA education standards could prevent and remove these barriers, and ensure that all Ontarians receive a high-quality education. AODA Education Standards Many improvements would allow the Ontario education system to more fully meet the needs of students with disabilities. For instance, students need more access to: - School spaces, including residences - Transportation to and from school - Educational information, including better access to: - Detailed AODA training for educators, including during extracurricular activities - Service animals in school - Job placements - Accommodations in higher education, through a universal design for learning (UDL) approach - Field trips In addition, the education system should welcome more educators with disabilities. Similarly, focus on accessibility in the training of professionals, such as architects, would help them design universally. Finally, more discussion of disability in school curriculums would increase disability awareness throughout the province, and reduce stigma. Our next series will explore the many barriers that students face in the Ontario education systems, and the education standards development committees’ recommendations to remove these barriers. First, we will consider how Universal Design for Learning (UDL) policies can reduce some of these barriers.

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Let’s develop perfect balance between both sides of the body using intelligence of body (i.e. instinct, feeling) but not just strength. One has to find the median line in each posture so energy is properly distributed. Is there equal stretch, equal spacing, equal intensity of movement by working with the whole body? Day 1 Matching activity and observing evenness between right and left Day 2 Intensity of stretch from plane to plane Day 3 Observing specifically between back and front Day 4 Observing specifically from top to bottom and bottom to top Day 5 Observing specifically from side to side There should be a mutual understanding between parent and child on this exploration of discovery. The context is elaborated for parent(s) to guide your child into the process of self-discovery. Videos are made available as reference to guide you for better understanding that can be viewed in the members’ portal.

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The main difference between Applet and Application is that the applet is a small java program that can be executed by a Java compatible web browser while the application is a standalone program that can be executed directly on the machine. An applet is specifically designed to run within an HTML document using a Java-enabled web browser. It is a small program and does not affect the operating system or hardware. An application is a standalone java program that can be run directly on the machine. It will perform the tasks defined in the program regardless of the architecture of the computer. Key Areas Covered 1. What is the applet – Definition, Functionality 2. What is the application? – Definition, Functionality 3. What is the difference between applet and application? – Comparison of key differences Applet, Application, Java what is the applet Applets are small programs that are designed to run in web browsers to generate dynamic content. They require a Java plugin to run in the client browser. Applets work on the client side with minimal response time. They can be run by browsers on multiple platforms, such as Windows, Linux, and Mac. In an applet, the code is embedded in an HTML page. When there is a Java-enabled web browser, the applet code is transferred to the system and the code is executed in the browser. Figure 1: Applet Program Applets can be used to perform various tasks. They can be used to display graphics, create animations, play sound, etc. An applet can be added to a web page locally or remotely. A local applet is developed and stored on the local system. A remote applet is developed and stored externally. What is the app? Applications are stand-alone Java programs that run on the underlying operating system. It is designed to perform a specific task. They can be run with or without the help of a graphical user interface (GUI). These applications can be word processing programs, image processing programs, database programs, etc. Figure 2: Java Application The starting point of a Java application is the main() method. If the java application is developed in an IDE, it can be run by pressing the Run button. It is also possible to compile the program using the javac command and run it using the java command at the command prompt. Also, Java applications can access data, resources available in the system without security restrictions. Difference Between Applet and Application An applet is a small application that performs a specific task that runs within the scope of a dedicated widget engine or larger program, often as a plugin. An application is a standalone program that is designed to run on a standalone machine to perform a task. This is the main difference between Applet and Application. While an applet is a small program, an application is a large program. Another difference between applet and application is that an applet is created by extending the java. Applet. while an application is created by writing the program inside the main method. Read and write operations Also, an applet cannot read and write files on the local computer. But, an application can perform the reading and writing of files on the local computer. Another difference between applet and application is that an applet is executed by any web browser that supports Java. Whereas, the application can be run using the Java Runtime Environment (JRE). It is the combination of JVM, Java class libraries, and other files required to run Java applications. Initialization or starting point Also, an applet is initialized via inti() while an application is started from main(). Security restriction on execution is also a difference between applet and application. An applet runs in a more restricted environment with more security restrictions. They can only access browser-specific services. An application can access the data and resources available on the system without security restrictions. The difference between Applet and Application is that Applet is a small Java program that can be run by a Java compatible web browser while Application is a standalone program that can be run directly on the machine. 1. “Java Applet Tutorial – Javatpoint.” www.javatpoint.com, available here. 2. “Java Applet Basics.” Www.tutorialspoint.com, Tutorials Point, available here. 1. “Arabic applet example” By غاده الأحمري – Own work (CC BY-SA 4.0) via Commons Wikimedia 2. “Netbeans 8.0” By Pavel Pscheidl – Own work (CC BY-SA 3.0) via Commons Wikipedia

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Image courtesy of the Library of Congress Josiah Bartlett signed the Declaration of Independence and Articles of Confederation, but did not attend the 1787 Federal Convention. On this date Josiah Bartlett was born in 1729 in Amesbury, Massachusetts. Bartlett was a physician in Kingston, New Hampshire, when he launched his political career under the rule of Great Britain in 1757. He began as a town selectman before being elected to the general court (the colonial legislature) in 1765. At the same time he also became a justice of the peace and an officer in the militia. As the relationship between the American colonies and the British crown worsened in the mid-1770s, Bartlett’s home burned down. In the aftermath of the fire he confined his activities to New Hampshire but it wasn’t long before he took on a national role. In 1774, Bartlett had helped establish the provincial congress but declined to serve in the Continental Congress, focusing instead on rebuilding his home. The next year, with his home rebuilt, Bartlett served in the Continental Congress where he supported America’s break with the crown and the start of the American Revolution. In 1776, he signed the Declaration of Independence and later served in the state militia. He was appointed to Congress again in 1778, arriving in time to sign the Articles of Confederation before returning to New Hampshire to attend the state constitutional convention. Bartlett served on the executive council until 1782 when he accepted the position as a New Hampshire state judge. In 1787, he was elected to attend the Federal Convention meeting in Philadelphia that drafted the Constitution, but did not attend due to the fact that the state did not provide travel funds. Had he gone to Philadelphia, he would most certainly have joined Roger Sherman of Connecticut as the only people to sign the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution . Bartlett did, however, later preside over the state ratification convention that approved America’s founding document. In 1790 he was elected governor for a one-year term and was reelected three times. He died in Kingston in 1795, a year after he retired as governor.

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Chapter 1: Introduction1.1 IntroductionThe objection of this study is to examine the idea of microfinance and the role that it plays in financial lending. Microcredit is the extension of small loans to the unemployed, poor entrepreneurs and others living in poverty, which otherwise would have no access to credit. These individuals lack the collateral, a steady income and an adequate credit history to meet the most minimal qualifications of banks and other traditional financial lending institutions. Microcredit is part of microfinance, which is the provision of a wider range of financial services to those in need (Gibbons, 1992). The introduction of microfinance came in the 1970's giving people, who previously had no access to credit, small loans to set up and grow their personal wealth or small businesses. It gave people a chance to use their entrepreneurial skills that otherwise would not have had a chance. In areas like Bangladesh, loan sharks were king at the time and if one wanted a loan from them then there were faced huge interest rates, 200 to 300% a year and rapid repayment dates (Gross, 2008). Microfinance has only been around for a brief while in terms of traditional banking and lending but only in the past few years has it started to gather momentum. This chapter will give a brief background into the history of microfinance before exploring what it has achieved and what there is still to be done. This study will highlight the impact microfinance has had on people and places, with use of case studies, in its brief existence. There is a lot of information written on this topic, both positive and negative. Through this study both sides will be discussed in order to understand microfinance and its impact on financial lending. 1.2 BackgroundMicrofinance has evolved and adapted to...

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7th grade (Eureka Math/EngageNY) Course: 7th grade (Eureka Math/EngageNY) > Unit 1Lesson 2: Topic B: Unit rate and constant of proportionality - Intro to rates - Unit rates - Solving unit rate problem - Solving unit price problem - Constant of proportionality from equation - Constant of proportionality from equations - Identifying constant of proportionality graphically - Constant of proportionality from graphs - Constant of proportionality from table (with equations) - Constant of proportionality from tables (with equations) - Comparing proportionality constants - Compare constants of proportionality - Interpret proportionality constants - Interpret constants of proportionality - Worked example: Solving proportions - Solving proportions - Writing proportions example - Writing proportions - Proportion word problem: cookies - Proportion word problem: hot dogs - Proportion word problems - Equations for proportional relationships - Writing proportional equations from tables - Writing proportional equations - Interpreting graphs of proportional relationships - Identify proportional relationships from graphs - Interpreting graphs of proportional relationships - Interpret constant of proportionality in graphs Constant of proportionality from equation Sal identifies the constant of proportionality from equations. Want to join the conversation? - does anyone else not get this 😌🙃(36 votes) - Is there a specific reason that you always solve for y, and not x?(19 votes) - You normally solve the constant of proportionality for first number to second number.(4 votes) - how are you able to tell 4 is not 1/2 if it only says 4/x , the x could =8?(10 votes) - y = 4/x What this equation tells you is that for whatever value of x, y will equal 4 divided by that value. Here, x and y are variables, their value changes. This means that the y-value depends on the x-value. They need not be fixed : x and y can equal anything, but their product will always be four. The constant of proportionality here is the 4, because it is the only thing which has a fixed value. P.S. : This is a different type of proportion, called inverse proportion. Here, as one variable increases, the other decreases and vice-versa. The equation is in the form of y = k*1/x. Hope this helps :)(3 votes) - at1:58how did you get 1/2 dont u do 6 divided by 3 is 2? im a little confused?(2 votes) - 3/6 is the same as 1/2 because 3 times 2 is 6(11 votes) - If there's a constant of proportionality between x and y, and you make a graph to show it, would the constant of proportionality be the same thing as the slope of the line?(6 votes) - Yes that is correct! You’ve shown that you understand the graphical interpretation of the constant of proportionality.(4 votes) - why do we do these(5 votes) - FOR REAL why do we do these are we gonna do this in real life like(4 votes) - Sometimes I get my variables mixed up and end up thinking the constant of proportionality/unit rate of change/slope is, for example, 3 when it is supposed to be 1/3. when there is an x and a y I know what to do because I remember xk=y, but when I've got a word problem where the variables are z and h or n and j, I get all mixed up again and before I know it I've got hours per mile instead of miles per hour! Any tips on how to remember which one is which?(4 votes) - You may find it helpful to keep track of the units of measurement your are working with. Label the numbers with miles and hours so you can see your result in units. If the problem asks your for miles/hour, then you know you need to divide the miles by the number of hours. Hope this helps.(6 votes) - Question one doesn't make sense to me, So we have 4y = 8x so for Y=KX We find what times X = Y or Y/X. 4/8 (Y/X) not 8/4 (X/Y) So Y=1/2 . 8X = 4, but Sal wrote Y=2X 2 . 8X = 16 not our Y = 4(3 votes) - If you are starting with: 4y=8x, you need to divide both sides by 4 to find the constant of proportionality. You get: y = 2x The constant of proportionality = 2 The value of Y will always be 2 times the value of X. Hope this helps.(4 votes) - why do people like math? why did he use y=kx?(4 votes) - please help me i know nothing(4 votes) - [Instructor] We are asked, "What is the constant "of proportionality in the equation 4y is equal to 8x?" Pause this video and have a go at this question. All right, so we might be used to seeing constants of proportionality when we have equations in a slightly different form. A constant of proportionality is what do you multiply x by to get to y? So y would be equal to our constant of proportionality times x. But this isn't written in that form, so what we do is manipulate it a little bit so that we can see it in that form. And the obvious thing is we just need to solve for y. So right now it says 4y is equal to 8x. Well, if we wanna solve for y, we can just divide both sides by four, and we are left with y is equal to eight divided by four, which is two times x. Well, now the constant of proportionality jumps out at us. To get y, we have multiply x by two. That is our constant of proportionality. Let's do another example. Here we're asked, "Which equation has a constant "of proportionality equal to 1/2?" Again, pause the video. Try to answer it yourself. Okay, so I'm just gonna go equation by equation and calculate their constants of proportionality and see which one has a constant of proportionality equal to 1/2. So this one right over here, choice A clearly has a constant of proportionality of 1/8, so we can just rule that out. Equation B right over here clearly has a constant of proportionality of four, not 1/2, so we can rule that one out. Let's see, the constant of proportionality for equation C, if we wanna solve for y, we could divide both sides by six. And so we're gonna get y is equal to 3/6 times x. Well, 3/6 is the same thing as 1/2 times x, and so there you have it. We have a constant of proportionality of 1/2. That's the choice I like. And we can verify that this one doesn't work. If you wanna solve for y, you divide both sides by three, and you get y is equal to nine divided by three is 3x, so here our constant of proportionality is three, so we can feel good about choice C.

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As soon as you can control exposure, the obsession with controlling light begins. This is after all what it’s all about – using light in photography and how to control light to achieve a certain look in photos. To control, or modify light you either add, subtract or diffuse light. Regardless of whether you use artificial light or natural light, the same 4 techniques apply for controlling light with all types of photography: They are: - Flagging or blocking So let’s look at each method for modifying, or controlling light. What is meant by reflection of light? Reflection is one way to modify light by adding light to a scene. When light hits a surface it’s reflected off the surface in the same way that a ball thrown at a wall bounces back off the wall. When you stand in front of a wall and throw a ball directly at it, it will bounce back at you. However, if you throw the ball at the part of the wall that’s slightly to the side of you, it will bounce off in the other direction, rather than coming back at you. Just like with the ball, reflecting light off of a surface is all about angles. Use reflected light to fill in the shadows of an object by bouncing light from a reflective surface back into the shadow side. On the left he has his back to the bench backrest and you can see how direct sunlight on his face caused shadows. On the right he turned around and the reflected sunlight from the backrest lit his face evenly. Further reading: Using fill light – essentials you need to know What can be used to reflect light? Everything reflects light to some extent or another, but some surfaces reflect more light than others. The smoother and shinier the surface the more reflective it is. That said, just because something is smooth and shiny, doesn’t mean it’s a good idea to use it to reflect light in photography. There are two factors to consider: - How sharp you want the reflected light to be - The color of the reflective surface A mirror is of course extremely reflective – that is after all it’s job. So if you shine a light into a mirror, light is reflected back very strongly. If you’ve ever tried to shine a light through a closed window at night, you know that you won’t see anything but light coming back at you. On the other hand, if you shine a light at a brick wall, it’s nowhere near as blinding. That’s because it has a rough surface, which doesn’t reflect light at sharply. It will, however, still reflect light, although less than glass or metal. What colors are good reflectors? Reflected light will be the same color as the surface that it reflects off of. So, if light hits a green surface, green light will be reflected from it and whatever that reflected light hits, will be tinted green as a result. Collapsable reflectors are cheap and lightweight, so make a great addition to your camera kit. There’s a big variety of reflectors on the market, but I’d recommend getting a 5 in 1 reflector, because it’s the most versatile and offer 5 different surfaces. Three are for reflecting light, one is for absorbing light and one is for diffusing light: - White – reflector - Silver – reflector - Gold – reflector - Black – absorber (more on this in a moment) - Slightly opaque – diffuser (more on this in a moment) I listed the reflective surfaces in the order that I use them most: - White is the best for portrait photography, because it reflects a soft white light that is very flattering and even fills in shadows. - Silver can be quite harsh, so should be used carefully. - The gold surface will cast a yellow tinge on your subject, which is great if you want a warm light on them, but again, should be used carefully. How the color of reflected light affects a photo These three photos clearly show how the color of a reflective surface tinges the reflected light. In the first image, because the watering can is really close to the boy’s face, the green color on his forehead is really strong where the reflected light is aimed. In the second image, the watering can is further away, so the color cast isn’t as strong. Also, did you notice that the sides of his face aren’t so green? That’s because of the angle of the reflected light – it’s aimed mainly at the center(ish) of his forehead. In the third image he’s back to being a normal little boy and not an alien. By lowering the watering can, it’s now in shadow, so not reflecting light back at him. This is why when you photograph people, especially children (because they’re closer to the ground) on grass, they’ll look a bit green. The worst time is around midday on a sunny day. With the sun overhead, the light hits the grass and bounces straight back up. How to use a reflector In portrait photography, you should also be careful about where you place the reflector so that you don’t create unflattering shadows on your subject. If you look at the catchlights in her eyes and the shadow cast by her nose you can see where the reflector was held. The photo on the left shows correct use of a reflector. On the right the reflector was held too low, so she’s lit from below, causing a shadow to go up from her nose, instead of across her cheek. Further reading: How to use a reflector properly and why you really need one What is meant by absorption of light? Absorption is one way of modifying light by reducing the light in a scene. I mentioned earlier that the black surface of a 5 in 1 reflector is used for absorption of light. This is also known as negative fill, which is the opposite of fill light. So, while the white, silver and gold surfaces are used to bounce light back into the shadow side of an object, when you use the black surface near an object it has the reverse effect. We all know that when we leave something black in the sun it will be significantly hotter than a white object. The absorption of light in photography works on the same principle. This was a very overcast day, so the light was very flat – not a shadow to be seen anywhere. By positioning my subject so close to black it created negative fill (see her right cheek on camera left), which increased the contrast. What does a black reflector do? A black surface absorbs light and will therefore deepen the shadows on an object. This is useful when you want to create more contrast in an image, especially if the light is flatter than you’d like. This shot is a great example of how not to use a black reflector. The sun was almost directly overhead so I asked my assistant to hold the reflector above the model. I wasn’t paying attention and didn’t notice that the black side of my reflector was being used instead of the diffuser. You can see the negative fill on her shoulders. Also, because the sun is falling on the background, but not touching her at all, the background looks like it’s been added in afterwards. What is diffused light in photography? When light passes through an opaque surface, such as sheer curtains, it becomes diffused. The diffusing material makes the light scatter, so that it’s no longer a direct beam of light. What is the purpose of a light diffuser? On an overcast day your shadow is very soft and the edges are not clearly defined, because the cloud layer acts as a diffuser. Direct sunlight on the other hand will give you a much darker and clearly defined shadow. So if you want to soften the shadows on your subject, diffuse the light by placing a diffuser between your subject and the light. This photo is great for showing how different thicknesses of opaque material diffuse sunlight. The thicker the material, the darker the shadow. How do you diffuse sunlight in photography? Using the diffuser of a 5 in 1 reflector is one way to diffuse sunlight, but you don’t have to have an actual diffuser. Any material that allows some light through will work. For example sheer curtains diffuse natural light entering a home. If the sun isn’t shining directly through the window, the diffusing effect of the sheer curtains is more obvious. What is blocking in photography? Another way to modify light by reducing it is to block light. When you block or flag the light, you prevent it from hitting the subject by placing an object between the light and your subject. You can also block or flag the light so that it falls only on your subject and not on the background. In other words, you create shadow. Just like when you: - Close the curtains to block out the light - Pull down the sun visor in your car - Put on a peak cap to keep the sun from your eyes Objects used to block light in photography are called flags. These images are straight out of camera to show how blocking light impacts an image. In the pull back shot on the right you can see my assistant’s shadow as she’s holding a flag up to keep sunlight off the subject. Leave a comment If you have any questions about using light in photography, let us know in the comments. Also, we love good news, so if our natural light photography tips have helped you to understand how to use light in photography, share that too. Will this photography tutorial help you with using light in photography? Share the learning… pin it, post it

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There are many things that influence human behavior, one of the biggest is that of other people. The field of social psychology looks at and studies "human behavior as influenced by other people and the social context in which this occurs" (McLeod, 2008). There is a wide variety of ways that people can influence the behaviors of others, most often in the form of a set of social expectations. There are particular expectations, or "proper" ways of behaving, for all the different types of social situations and we expect people to act in accordance with these (Kowalski & Westen, 2011). Sometimes the expectations are subtle, as in the roles that a man or a woman should play. At other times, we can more easily see the social influence, like the growing number of people who have been diagnosed with eating disorders. In both gender roles and eating disorders, the social influence can great. The first forms of social influence we see on the gender roles of men and women comes from their parents. The parents choose toys based on the gender of the child and will encourage them to engage in activities that are considered normal for the child's gender. The parents will also use reinforcement, positive and negative, in order to strengthen those behaviors that they see as appropriate for the child's gender. For example, parents will reward a daughter for playing tea party with her dolls but a son would be punished. Many fathers engage in "roughhousing" with their sons, teaching them aggression is okay for their gender. A typical father would not consider doing this with his daughter, it is not considered appropriate for girls to display aggressiveness. Another source of social influence on gender roles comes when the child enters school. School provides a setting for children to interact with each other, allowing a greater influence on their behavior. A child's classmates act as models of appropriate behavior for their gender, and like parents, they reward appropriate behavior and punish inappropriate behavior.

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Linux uses PAM (pluggable authentication modules) in the authentication process as a layer that mediates between user and application. PAM modules are available on a systemwide basis, so they can be requested by any application. This chapter describes how the modular authentication mechanism works and how it is configured. System administrators and programmers often want to restrict access to certain parts of the system or to limit the use of certain functions of an application. Without PAM, applications must be adapted every time a new authentication mechanism, such as LDAP, Samba or, Kerberos, is introduced. This process, however, is rather time-consuming and error-prone. One way to avoid these drawbacks is to separate applications from the authentication mechanism and delegate authentication to centrally managed modules. Whenever a newly required authentication scheme is needed, it is sufficient to adapt or write a suitable PAM module for use by the program in question. Every program that relies on the PAM mechanism has its own configuration file in the directory /etc/pam.d/programname. These files define the PAM modules used for authentication. In addition, there are global configuration files for PAM modules under /etc/security, which define the exact behavior of these modules (examples include pam_env.conf, pam_pwcheck.conf, pam_unix2.conf, and time.conf). Every application that uses a PAM module actually calls a set of PAM functions, which then process the information in the various configuration files and return the result to the calling application.

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Adjusting the tonal range The tonal range of an image represents the amount of contrast, or detail, in the image and is determined by the image’s distribution of pixels, ranging from the darkest pixels (black) to the lightest pixels (white). You’ll now correct the photograph’s contrast using the Levels command. - Choose Image > Adjustments > Levels, to open the Levels dialog box. - Make sure that the Preview check box is selected, and then move the dialog box aside, as needed, so that you can also see the image window as you work. In the middle area of the dialog box, the three triangles directly beneath the histogram represent the shadows (black triangle), highlights (white triangle), and midtones or gamma (gray triangle). If your image had colors across the entire brightness range, the graph would extend across the full width of the histogram, from black triangle to white triangle. Instead, the graph is clumped somewhat toward the center, indicating there are no very dark or very light colors. You can adjust the black and white points of the image to extend its tonal range and then adjust the midtones. - Drag the left triangle to the right to the point where the histogram indicates that the darkest colors begin. As you drag, the first Input Levels value (above the histogram) changes and so does the image itself. - Drag the right triangle to the left to the point where the histogram indicates that the lightest colors begin. Again, notice the changes in the third Input Levels value and in the image. - Drag the middle triangle a short distance toward the left side to lighten the midtones. Watch the image updates in the image window to determine how far to drag the middle triangle. - When the image looks good to you (the sample uses Input Levels values of 18, 1.30, and 232), click OK to apply the changes. - Choose Image > Histogram to view the new histogram. The tonal range now extends throughout the entire range of the histogram. Click OK to close the histogram, and then save your work. About Auto Contrast You can also adjust the contrast (highlights and shadows) and the overall mix of colors in an image automatically using the Image > Adjustments > Auto Contrast command. Adjusting the contrast maps the darkest and lightest pixels in the image to black and white. This remapping causes the highlights to appear lighter and the shadows to appear darker and can improve the appearance of many photographic or continuous-tone images. (The Auto Contrast command does not improve flat-color images.) The Auto Contrast command clips white and black pixels by 0.5%—that is, it ignores the first 0.5% of either extreme when identifying the lightest and darkest pixels in the image. This clipping of color values ensures that white and black values are representative areas of the image content rather than extreme pixel values. For this project, you won’t use the Auto Contrast feature, but it’s a feature you should know about so that you can use it in your own projects.

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Diffusion of Innovation Bryce Ryan and Neal Goss, ~1930 in Iowa Everett Rogers, 1962, Agricultural Research Bulletin During the great depression, in an effort to make it cheaper and easier to feed a whole lot of people, the government invested in agricultural research. A lot of universities and state agencies had extension agents who would drive around the countryside and advise farmers and ranchers on how to improve their yield. A couple of researchers, Bryce Ryan and Neal Gross, came up with an idea to study and innovation. Iowa agricultural researchers had developed a new hybrid corn developed in a university lab. It was different in three really important ways: First, it grew a better crop every single year; Second, it cost more than other corn seed; Third, you couldn’t keep some of the corn at the end of the year to plant the next year. You had to buy new hybrid corn from a distributor every year. So even though the extension agents told a lot of farmers it was better – and it was better – almost none of them bought it. So how did extension agents get around that? Convince a few farmers to try the new corn then let them tell and show their friends how good it was. And that’s exactly what they did, starting in the 1920s. Within a decade, almost every farmer was using the hybrid corn. Steps one takes in adopting a new innovation: Compatibility with existing systems

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Inari Ōkami is the Japanese kami of foxes, of fertility, rice and sake, of agriculture and industry, of general prosperity and worldly success, one of the principal kami of Shinto. In earlier Japan, Inari was the patron of swordsmiths and merchants. Represented as male, female, or androgynous, Inari is sometimes seen as a collective of three or five individual kami. Inari appears to have been worshipped since the founding of a shrine at Inari Mountain in 711 AD, although some scholars believe that worship started in the late 5th century. By the 16th century Inari had become the patron of blacksmiths and the protector of warriors, worship of Inari spread across Japan in the Edo period. Inari is a popular figure in both Buddhist beliefs in Japan. More than one-third of the Shinto shrines in Japan are dedicated to Inari. Modern corporations, such as cosmetic company Shiseido, continue to revere Inari as a patron kami, with shrines atop their corporate headquarters. Inari's foxes, or kitsune, act as their messengers. Inari has been depicted both as female. The most popular representations of Inari, according to scholar Karen Ann Smyers, are a young female food goddess, an old man carrying rice, an androgynous bodhisattva. No one view is correct; because of their close association with kitsune, Inari is believed to be a fox. Inari appears in the form of a snake or dragon, one folktale has Inari appear to a wicked man in the shape of a monstrous spider as a way of teaching him a lesson. Inari is sometimes identified with other mythological figures; some scholars suggest that Inari is the figure known in classical Japanese mythology as Uka-no-Mitama or Uke Mochi. Some take Inari to be identical to any grain kami. Inari's female aspect is identified or conflated with Dakiniten, a Buddhist deity, a Japanese transformation of the Indian dakini, or with Benzaiten of the Seven Lucky Gods. Dakiniten is portrayed as a androgynous bodhisattva riding a flying white fox. Inari's association with Buddhism may have begun in the 8th century, when Shingon Buddhist monk and founder, Kūkai, took over administration of the temple of Tōji, chose Inari as a protector of the temple. Thus, Inari is still associated with Shingon Buddhism to this day. Inari is venerated as a collective of three deities. However, the identification of these kami has varied over time. According to records of Fushimi Inari, the oldest and most prominent Inari shrine, these kami have included Izanagi, Izanami and Wakumusubi, in addition to the food deities mentioned; the five kami today identified with Inari at Fushimi Inari are Ukanomitama, Omiyanome and Shi. However, at Takekoma Inari, the second-oldest Inari shrine in Japan, the three enshrined deities are Ukanomitama and Wakumusubi. According to the Nijūni shaki, the three kami are Ōmiyame no mikoto Ukanomitama no mikoto and Sarutahiko no mikami The fox and the wish-fulfilling jewel are prominent symbols of Inari. Other common elements in depictions of Inari, sometimes of their kitsune, include a sickle, a sheaf or sack of rice, a sword. Another belonging was their whip—although they were hardly known to use it, it was a powerful weapon, used to burn people's crops of rice. The origin of Inari worship is not clear. The first recorded use of the present-day kanji of Inari's name, which mean "carrying rice", was in the Ruijū Kokushi in 892 AD. Other sets of kanji with the same phonetic readings, most of which contained a reference to rice, were in use earlier, most scholars agree that the name Inari is derived from ine-nari; the worship of Inari is known to have existed as of 711 AD, the official founding date of the shrine at Inari Mountain in Fushimi, Kyoto. Scholars such as Kazuo Higo believe; the name Inari does not appear in classical Japanese mythology. By the Heian period, Inari worship began to spread. In 823 AD, after Emperor Saga presented the Tō-ji temple to Kūkai, the founder of the Shingon Buddhist sect, the latter designated Inari as its resident protector kami. In 827, the court granted Inari the lower fifth rank, which further increased the deity's popularity in the capital. Inari's rank was subsequently increased, by 942, Emperor Suzaku granted Inari the top rank in thanks for overcoming rebellions. At this time, the Fushimi Inari-taisha shrine was among the twenty-two shrines chosen by the court to receive imperial patronage, a high honor. The second Inari shrine, Takekoma Inari, was established in the late ninth century. Inari's popularity continued to grow; the Fushimi shrine a popular pilgrimage site, gained wide renown when it became an imperial pilgrimage site in 1072. By 1338, the shrine's festival was said to rival the Gion Festival in splendor. In 1468, during the Ōnin War, the entire Fushimi shrine complex was burned. Rebuilding took about thirty years. While the old complex had enshrined three kami in separate buildings, the new one enshrined five kami in a single building; the new shrine included a Buddhist temple building for the first time, the her In Japanese beliefs, Hachiman is the syncretic divinity of archery and war, incorporating elements from both Shinto and Buddhism. Although called the god of war, he is more defined as the tutelary god of warriors, he is the divine protector of Japan, the Japanese people and the Imperial House, the Minamoto clan and most samurai worshipped him. The name means "God of Eight Banners", referring to the eight heavenly banners that signaled the birth of the divine Emperor Ōjin, his symbolic animal and messenger is the dove. Since ancient times Hachiman was worshiped by peasants as the god of agriculture and by fishermen who hoped he would fill their nets with much fish. In Shinto, he became identified by legend as the Emperor Ōjin, son of Empress Jingū, from the 3rd–4th century. After the arrival of Buddhism in Japan, Hachiman became a syncretistic deity, fusing elements of the native kami worship with Buddhism. In the Buddhist pantheon in 8th century AD, he became Hachiman Great Bodhisattva; because as Emperor Ōjin he was an ancestor of the Minamoto clan, Hachiman became the tutelary kami of the Minamoto samurai clan. Minamoto no Yoshiie, upon coming of age at Iwashimizu Shrine in Kyoto, took the name Hachiman Taro Yoshiie and through his military prowess and virtue as a leader, became regarded and respected as the ideal samurai through the ages. After Minamoto no Yoritomo became shōgun and established the Kamakura shogunate, Hachiman's popularity grew and he became by extension the protector of the warrior class the shōgun had brought to power. For this reason, the shintai of a Hachiman shrine is a stirrup or a bow. Throughout the Japanese medieval period, the worship of Hachiman spread throughout Japan among not only samurai, but the peasantry. So much so was his popularity that presently there are 25000 Shinto shrines in Japan dedicated to Hachiman, the second most numerous after shrines dedicated to Inari. Usa Shrine in Usa, Ōita Prefecture is head shrine of all of these shrines and together with Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū, Hakozaki-gū and Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū, are noted as the most important of all the shrines dedicated to him. The crest of Hachiman is in the design of a mitsudomoe, a round whirlpool or vortex with three heads swirling right or left. Many samurai clans used this crest as their own, including some that traced their ancestry back to the mortal enemy of the Minamoto, the Taira of the Emperor Kanmu line. Hachiman shrine Minamoto no Yoriyoshi Minamoto no Yorinobu Kamikaze Hachiman – Ancient History Encyclopedia Bender, Ross. "Metamorphosis of a Deity: The Image of Hachiman in Yumi Yawata". Monumenta Nipponica. 33: 165–78. Doi:10.2307/2384124. JSTOR 2384124. Bender, Ross. "The Political Meaning of the Hachiman Cult in Ancient and Early Medieval Japan". Dissertation. Columbia University Chaos refers to the void state preceding the creation of the universe or cosmos in the Greek creation myths, or to the initial "gap" created by the original separation of heaven and earth. Greek χάος means "emptiness, vast void, abyss", from the verb χαίνω, "gape, be wide open, etc.", from Proto-Indo-European *ǵheh2n-, cognate to Old English geanian, "to gape", whence English yawn. It may mean space, the expanse of air, the nether abyss or infinite darkness. Pherecydes of Syros interprets chaos like something formless which can be differentiated. Hesiod and the Pre-Socratics use the Greek term in the context of cosmogony. Hesiod's chaos has been interpreted as either "the gaping void above the Earth created when Earth and Sky are separated from their primordial unity" or "the gaping space below the Earth on which Earth rests". In Hesiod's Theogony, Chaos was the first thing to exist: "at first Chaos came to be" but next came Gaia and Eros. Unambiguously "born" from Chaos were Nyx. For Hesiod, like Tartarus, though personified enough to have borne children, was a place, far away, underground and "gloomy", beyond which lived the Titans. And, like the earth, the ocean, the upper air, it was capable of being affected by Zeus' thunderbolts. Passages in Hesiod's Theogony suggest that Chaos was located above Tartarus. Primal Chaos was sometimes said to be the true foundation of reality by philosophers such as Heraclitus; the notion of the temporal infinity was familiar to the Greek mind from remote antiquity in the religious conception of immortality. This idea of the divine as an origin influenced the first Greek philosophers; the main object of the first efforts to explain the world remained the description of its growth, from a beginning. They believed that the world arose out from a primal unity, that this substance was the permanent base of all its being. Anaximander claims that the origin is apeiron, a divine and perpetual substance less definite than the common elements. Everything is generated from apeiron, must return there according to necessity. A conception of the nature of the world was that the earth below its surface stretches down indefinitely and has its roots on or above Tartarus, the lower part of the underworld. In a phrase of Xenophanes, "The upper limit of the earth borders near our feet. The lower limit reaches down to the "apeiron"." The sources and limits of the earth, the sea, the sky and all things are located in a great windy-gap, which seems to be infinite, is a specification of "chaos". In Aristophanes's comedy Birds, first there was Chaos, Night and Tartarus, from Night came Eros, from Eros and Chaos came the race of birds. At the beginning there was only Chaos, dark Erebus, deep Tartarus. Earth, the air and heaven had no existence. Firstly, blackwinged Night laid a germless egg in the bosom of the infinite deeps of Erebus, from this, after the revolution of long ages, sprang the graceful Eros with his glittering golden wings, swift as the whirlwinds of the tempest, he mated in deep Tartarus with dark Chaos, winged like himself, thus hatched forth our race, the first to see the light. That of the Immortals did not exist until Eros had brought together all the ingredients of the world, from their marriage Heaven, Ocean and the imperishable race of blessed gods sprang into being. Thus our origin is much older than that of the dwellers in Olympus. We are the offspring of Eros. We have wings and we lend assistance to lovers. How many handsome youths, who had sworn to remain insensible, have opened their thighs because of our power and have yielded themselves to their lovers when at the end of their youth, being led away by the gift of a quail, a waterfowl, a goose, or a cock. For Ovid, in his Metamorphoses, Chaos was an unformed mass, where all the elements were jumbled up together in a "shapeless heap". Ante mare et terras et quod tegit omnia caelum unus erat toto naturae vultus in orbe, quem dixere chaos: rudis indigestaque moles nec quicquam nisi pondus iners congestaque eodem non bene iunctarum discordia semina rerum. Before the ocean and the earth appeared— before the skies had overspread them all— the face of Nature in a vast expanse was naught but Chaos uniformly waste, it was a undeveloped mass, that nothing made except a ponderous weight. According to Hyginus: "From Mist came Chaos. From Chaos and Mist, came Night, Day and Ether." An Orphic tradition had Chaos as the son of Chronus and Ananke. Fifth-century Orphic cosmogony had a "Womb of Darkness" in which the Wind lay a Cosmic Egg whence Eros was hatched, who set the universe in motion; the motif of Chaoskampf is ubiquitous in myth and legend, depicting a battle of a culture hero deity with a chaos monster in the shape of a serpent or dragon. The same term has been extended to parallel concepts in the Middle East and North Africa, such as the abstract conflict of ideas in the Egyptian duality of Maat and Isfet or the battle of Horus and Set; the origins of the Chaoskampf myth most lie in the Proto-Indo-European religion whose descendants all feature some variation of the story of a storm god fighting a sea serpent representing the clash between the forces of order and chaos. Early work by German academics such as Gunkel and Bousset in comparative mythology popularized translating Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa or Oryza glaberrima. As a cereal grain, it is the most consumed staple food for a large part of the world's human population in Asia, it is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production, after sugarcane and maize. Since sizable portions of sugarcane and maize crops are used for purposes other than human consumption, rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans. There are many varieties of rice and culinary preferences tend to vary regionally. Rice, a monocot, is grown as an annual plant, although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for up to 30 years. Rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall, as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water. However, rice can be grown anywhere on a steep hill or mountain area with the use of water-controlling terrace systems. Although its parent species are native to Asia and certain parts of Africa, centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures worldwide. The traditional method for cultivating rice is flooding the fields while, or after, setting the young seedlings; this simple method requires sound planning and servicing of the water damming and channeling, but reduces the growth of less robust weed and pest plants that have no submerged growth state, deters vermin. While flooding is not mandatory for the cultivation of rice, all other methods of irrigation require higher effort in weed and pest control during growth periods and a different approach for fertilizing the soil; the name wild rice is used for species of the genera Zizania and Porteresia, both wild and domesticated, although the term may be used for primitive or uncultivated varieties of Oryza. First used in English in the middle of the 13th century, the word "rice" derives from the Old French ris, which comes from the Italian riso, in turn from the Latin oriza, which derives from the Greek ὄρυζα. The Greek word is the source of all European words. The origin of the Greek word is unclear, it is sometimes held to be from the Tamil word, or rather Old Tamil arici. However, Krishnamurti disagrees with the notion that Old Tamil arici is the source of the Greek term, proposes that it was borrowed from descendants of Proto-Dravidian *wariñci instead. Mayrhofer suggests that the immediate source of the Greek word is to be sought in Old Iranian words of the types *vrīz- or *vrinj-, but these are traced back to Indo-Aryan. P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar assumed that the Sanskrit vrīhí- is derived from the Tamil arici, while Ferdinand Kittel derived it from the Dravidian root variki; the rice plant can grow to 1–1.8 m tall more depending on the variety and soil fertility. It has long, slender leaves 50–100 cm long and 2–2.5 cm broad. The small wind-pollinated flowers are produced in a branched arching to pendulous inflorescence 30–50 cm long; the edible seed is a grain 5–12 mm long and 2–3 mm thick. The varieties of rice are classified as long-, medium-, short-grained. The grains of long-grain rice tend to remain intact after cooking. Medium-grain rice is used for sweet dishes, for risotto in Italy, many rice dishes, such as arròs negre, in Spain; some varieties of long-grain rice that are high in amylopectin, known as Thai Sticky rice, are steamed. A stickier medium-grain rice is used for sushi. Medium-grain rice is used extensively in Japan, including to accompany savoury dishes, where it is served plain in a separate dish. Short-grain rice is used for rice pudding. Instant rice differs from parboiled rice in that it is cooked and dried, though there is a significant degradation in taste and texture. Rice flour and starch are used in batters and breadings to increase crispiness. Rice is rinsed before cooking to remove excess starch. Rice produced in the US is fortified with vitamins and minerals, rinsing will result in a loss of nutrients. Rice may be rinsed until the rinse water is clear to improve the texture and taste. Rice may be soaked to decrease cooking time, conserve fuel, minimize exposure to high temperature, reduce stickiness. For some varieties, soaking improves the texture of the cooked rice by increasing expansion of the grains. Rice may be soaked for 30 minutes up to several hours. Brown rice may be soaked in warm water for 20 hours to stimulate germination; this process, called germinated brown rice, activates enzymes and enhances amino acids including gamma-aminobutyric acid to improve the nutritional value of brown rice. This method is a result of research carried out for the United Nations International Year of Rice. Rice is cooked by boiling or steaming, absorbs water during cooking. With the absorption method, rice may be cooked in a volume of water equal to the volume of dry rice- plus any evaporation losses. With the rapid-boil method, rice may be cooked in a large quantity of water, drained before serving. Rapid-boil preparation is not desirable with enriched rice, as much of the enrichment additives are l Buddhism is the world's fourth-largest religion with over 520 million followers, or over 7% of the global population, known as Buddhists. Buddhism encompasses a variety of traditions and spiritual practices based on original teachings attributed to the Buddha and resulting interpreted philosophies. Buddhism originated in ancient India as a Sramana tradition sometime between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE, spreading through much of Asia. Two major extant branches of Buddhism are recognized by scholars: Theravada and Mahayana. Most Buddhist traditions share the goal of overcoming suffering and the cycle of death and rebirth, either by the attainment of Nirvana or through the path of Buddhahood. Buddhist schools vary in their interpretation of the path to liberation, the relative importance and canonicity assigned to the various Buddhist texts, their specific teachings and practices. Observed practices include taking refuge in the Buddha, the Dharma and the Sangha, observance of moral precepts, monasticism and the cultivation of the Paramitas. Theravada Buddhism has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia such as Myanmar and Thailand. Mahayana, which includes the traditions of Pure Land, Nichiren Buddhism and Tiantai, is found throughout East Asia. Vajrayana, a body of teachings attributed to Indian adepts, may be viewed as a separate branch or as an aspect of Mahayana Buddhism. Tibetan Buddhism, which preserves the Vajrayana teachings of eighth-century India, is practiced in the countries of the Himalayan region and Kalmykia. Buddhism is an Indian religion attributed to the teachings of the Buddha born Siddhārtha Gautama, known as the Tathāgata and Sakyamuni. Early texts have his personal name as "Gautama" or "Gotama" without any mention of "Siddhārtha," which appears to have been a kind of honorific title when it does appear; the details of Buddha's life are mentioned in many Early Buddhist Texts but are inconsistent, his social background and life details are difficult to prove, the precise dates uncertain. The evidence of the early texts suggests that he was born as Siddhārtha Gautama in Lumbini and grew up in Kapilavasthu, a town in the plains region of the modern Nepal-India border, that he spent his life in what is now modern Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. Some hagiographic legends state that his father was a king named Suddhodana, his mother was Queen Maya, he was born in Lumbini gardens. However, scholars such as Richard Gombrich consider this a dubious claim because a combination of evidence suggests he was born in the Shakyas community – one that gave him the title Shakyamuni, the Shakya community was governed by a small oligarchy or republic-like council where there were no ranks but where seniority mattered instead; some of the stories about Buddha, his life, his teachings, claims about the society he grew up in may have been invented and interpolated at a time into the Buddhist texts. According to the Buddhist sutras, Gautama was moved by the innate suffering of humanity and its endless repetition due to rebirth, he set out on a quest to end this repeated suffering. Early Buddhist canonical texts and early biographies of Gautama state that Gautama first studied under Vedic teachers, namely Alara Kalama and Uddaka Ramaputta, learning meditation and ancient philosophies the concept of "nothingness, emptiness" from the former, "what is neither seen nor unseen" from the latter. Finding these teachings to be insufficient to attain his goal, he turned to the practice of asceticism. This too fell short of attaining his goal, he turned to the practice of dhyana, which he had discovered in his youth, he famously sat in meditation under a Ficus religiosa tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya in the Gangetic plains region of South Asia. He gained insight into the workings of karma and his former lives, attained enlightenment, certainty about the Middle Way as the right path of spiritual practice to end suffering from rebirths in Saṃsāra; as a enlightened Buddha, he attracted followers and founded a Sangha. Now, as the Buddha, he spent the rest of his life teaching the Dharma he had discovered, died at the age of 80 in Kushinagar, India. Buddha's teachings were propagated by his followers, which in the last centuries of the 1st millennium BCE became over 18 Buddhist sub-schools of thought, each with its own basket of texts containing different interpretations and authentic teachings of the Buddha. The Four Truths express the basic orientation of Buddhism: we crave and cling to impermanent states and things, dukkha, "incapable of satisfying" and painful. This keeps us caught in saṃsāra, the endless cycle of repeated rebirth and dying again, but there is a way to liberation from this endless cycle to the state of nirvana, namely following the Noble Eightfold Path. The truth of dukkha is the basic insight that life in this mundane world, with its clinging and craving to impermanent states and things is dukkha, unsatisfactory. Dukkha can be translated as "incapable of satisfying," "the unsatisfactory nature and the general insecurity of all conditioned phenomena". Dukkha is most translated as "suffering," but this is inaccurate, since it refers not to episodic suffering, but to the intrinsically unsat Foxes are small-to-medium-sized, omnivorous mammals belonging to several genera of the family Canidae. Foxes have a flattened skull, upright triangular ears, a pointed upturned snout, a long bushy tail. Twelve species belong to the monophyletic "true foxes" group of genus Vulpes. Another 25 current or extinct species are always or sometimes called foxes. Foxes live on every continent except Antarctica. By far the most common and widespread species of fox is the red fox with about 47 recognized subspecies; the global distribution of foxes, together with their widespread reputation for cunning, has contributed to their prominence in popular culture and folklore in many societies around the world. The hunting of foxes with packs of hounds, long an established pursuit in Europe in the British Isles, was exported by European settlers to various parts of the New World; the word fox comes from Old English. This in turn derives from Proto-Indo-European *puḱ-, meaning ’thick-haired. Male foxes are known as dogs, tods or reynards, females as vixens, young as cubs, pups, or kits, though the latter name is not to be confused with a distinct species called kit foxes. Vixen is one of few words in modern English that retains the Middle English southern dialect "v" pronunciation instead of "f". A group of foxes is referred to leash, or earth. Within the Canidae, the results of DNA analysis shows several phylogenetic divisions: The fox-like canids, which include the kit fox, red fox, Cape fox, Arctic fox, fennec fox; the wolf-like canids, including the dog, gray wolf, red wolf, eastern wolf, golden jackal, Ethiopian wolf, black-backed jackal, side-striped jackal and African wild dog. The South American canids, including hoary fox, crab-eating fox and maned wolf. Various monotypic taxa, including the bat-eared fox, gray fox, raccoon dog. Foxes are smaller than some other members of the family Canidae such as wolves and jackals, while they may be larger than some within the family, such as Raccoon dogs. In the largest species, the red fox, males weigh on average between 4.1 and 8.7 kg, while the smallest species, the fennec fox, weighs just 0.7 to 1.6 kg. Fox-like features include a triangular face, pointed ears, an elongated rostrum, a bushy tail. Foxes are digitigrade, thus, walk on their toes. Unlike most members of the family Canidae, foxes have retractable claws. Fox vibrissae, or whiskers, are black; the whiskers on the muzzle, mystaciae vibrissae, average 100–110 mm long, while the whiskers everywhere else on the head average to be shorter in length. Whiskers are on the forelimbs and average 40 mm long, pointing downward and backward. Other physical characteristics vary according to adaptive significance. Fox species differ in fur color and density. Coat colors range from pearly white to black and white to black flecked with white or grey on the underside. Fennec foxes, for example, have short fur to aid in keeping the body cool. Arctic foxes, on the other hand, have tiny ears and short limbs as well as thick, insulating fur, which aid in keeping the body warm. Red foxes, by contrast, have a typical auburn pelt, the tail ending with white marking. A fox's coat color and texture may vary due to the change in seasons. To get rid of the dense winter coat, foxes moult once a year around April. Coat color may change as the individual ages. A fox's dentition, like all other canids, is I 3/3, C 1/1, PM 4/4, M 3/2 = 42. Foxes have pronounced carnassial pairs, characteristic of a carnivore; these pairs consist of the upper premolar and the lower first molar, work together to shear tough material like flesh. Foxes' canines are pronounced characteristic of a carnivore, are excellent in gripping prey. In the wild, the typical lifespan of a fox is one to three years, although individuals may live up to ten years. Unlike many canids, foxes are not always pack animals, they live in small family groups, but some are known to be solitary. Foxes are omnivores; the diet of foxes is made up of invertebrates such as insects, small vertebrates such as reptiles and birds, can include eggs and plants. Many species are generalist predators. Most species of fox consume around 1 kg of food every day. Foxes cache excess food, burying it for consumption under leaves, snow, or soil. Foxes tend to use a pouncing technique where they crouch down to camouflage themselves in the terrain using their hind legs, leap up with great force to land on top of their targeted prey. Using their pronounced canine te Taoism, or Daoism, is a religious or philosophical tradition of Chinese origin which emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao. The Tao is a fundamental idea in most Chinese philosophical schools. Taoism differs from Confucianism by not emphasizing rigid rituals and social order, but is similar in the sense that it is a teaching about the various disciplines for achieving "perfection" by becoming one with the unplanned rhythms of the universe called "the way" or "dao". Taoist ethics vary depending on the particular school, but in general tend to emphasize wu wei, "naturalness", simplicity and the Three Treasures: 慈 "compassion", 儉 "frugality", 不敢為天下先 "humility"; the roots of Taoism go back at least to the 4th century BCE. Early Taoism drew its cosmological notions from the School of Yinyang, was influenced by one of the oldest texts of Chinese culture, the I Ching, which expounds a philosophical system about how to keep human behavior in accordance with the alternating cycles of nature; the "Legalist" Shen Buhai may have been a major influence, expounding a realpolitik of wu wei. The Tao Te Ching, a compact book containing teachings attributed to Laozi, is considered the keystone work of the Taoist tradition, together with the writings of Zhuangzi. By the Han dynasty, the various sources of Taoism had coalesced into a coherent tradition of religious organizations and orders of ritualists in the state of Shu. In earlier ancient China, Taoists were thought of as hermits or recluses who did not participate in political life. Zhuangzi was the best known of these, it is significant that he lived in the south, where he was part of local Chinese shamanic traditions. Female shamans played an important role in this tradition, strong in the southern state of Chu. Early Taoist movements developed their own institution in contrast to shamanism, but absorbed basic shamanic elements. Shamans revealed basic texts of Taoism from early times down to at least the 20th century. Institutional orders of Taoism evolved in various strains that in more recent times are conventionally grouped into two main branches: Quanzhen Taoism and Zhengyi Taoism. After Laozi and Zhuangzi, the literature of Taoism grew and was compiled in form of a canon—the Daozang—which was published at the behest of the emperor. Throughout Chinese history, Taoism was nominated several times as a state religion. After the 17th century, however, it fell from favor. Taoism has had a profound influence on Chinese culture in the course of the centuries, Taoists, a title traditionally attributed only to the clergy and not to their lay followers take care to note distinction between their ritual tradition and the practices of Chinese folk religion and non-Taoist vernacular ritual orders, which are mistakenly identified as pertaining to Taoism. Chinese alchemy, Chinese astrology, Chan Buddhism, several martial arts, traditional Chinese medicine, feng shui, many styles of qigong have been intertwined with Taoism throughout history. Beyond China, Taoism had influence on surrounding societies in Asia. Today, the Taoist tradition is one of the five religious doctrines recognized in the People's Republic of China as well as the Republic of China, although it does not travel from its East Asian roots, it claims adherents in a number of societies, in particular in Hong Kong, in Southeast Asia. Since the introduction of the Pinyin system for romanizing Mandarin Chinese, there have been those who have felt that "Taoism" would be more appropriately spelled as "Daoism". The Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for the word 道 is spelled as tao4 in the older Wade–Giles romanization system while it is spelled as dào in the newer Pinyin romanization system. Both the Wade–Giles tao4 and the Pinyin dào are intended to be pronounced identically in Mandarin Chinese, but despite this fact, "Taoism" and "Daoism" can be pronounced differently in English vernacular; the word "Taoism" is used to translate different Chinese terms which refer to different aspects of the same tradition and semantic field: "Taoist religion", or the "liturgical" aspect – A family of organized religious movements sharing concepts or terminology from "Taoist philosophy". "Taoist philosophy" or "Taology", or the "mystical" aspect – The philosophical doctrines based on the texts of the I Ching, the Tao Te Ching and the Zhuangzi. These texts were linked together as "Taoist philosophy" during the early Han Dynasty, but notably not before. It is unlikely that Zhuangzi was familiar with the text of the Daodejing, Zhuangzi would not have identified himself as a Taoist as this classification did not arise until well after his death. However, the discussed distinction is rejected by the majority of Japanese scholars, it is contested by hermeneutic difficulties in the categorization of the different Taoist schools and movements. Taoism does not f

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View Full Version : Why do the oceans have salt in them? 12-04-2000, 02:53 PM Why are the oceans saltwater? Where did the salt come from? The Great Lakes prove large masses of water can be fresh. 12-04-2000, 03:03 PM Because salts are soluble in water. Rain falls, leaches soluble compounds out the ground it travels through and over, and end up in the oceans. When ocean water moves on to the next step in its "life"cycle--evaporation into vapor before falling on the land again as rain--it leaves the minerals behind. Multiply this cycle by billions of years and you get an earth "rinsed" nearly clean, and oceans of concentrated salt. 12-04-2000, 04:20 PM The Great Lakes are up-land and drain down to the oceans. Most bodies of water (streams, rivers, lakes, groundwater) lead to the ocean eventually. The Great Lakes prove large bodies of water CAN be fresh, but not MUST be fresh. Not to mention that the Great Lakes are miniscule compared to the oceans. 12-04-2000, 04:39 PM The salinity of the oceans is basicly a function of how prevalent chlorine is in the Earth's crust. Alkaline elements such as sodium or potassium will bond with extremely common silica to form complex silicates. However, where chlorine ions are available (or more rarely, other halogens like fluorine), the alkaline elements can be dissolved in water, where the salts eventually end up concentrated in the ocean. 12-04-2000, 07:08 PM Lumpy wrote:However, where chlorine ions are available (or more rarely, other halogens like fluorine), the alkaline elements can be dissolved in water, where the salts eventually end up concentrated in the ocean.This isn't quite the whole story, as flourine is more common in the earth's crust (544 ppm) than chlorine (126 ppm) is. The reason is that the same solubility selection process occurs for the anions as well: flouride is generally less soluble with common cations than is chloride. There's more magnesium (27640 ppm) than sodium (22700 ppm) in the earth's crust, but magnesium salts often aren't soluble where sodium salts are, so magnesium stays solid while more sodium is in solution in the oceans. 12-04-2000, 08:07 PM Where else are you going to put enough salt to build a wall around the earth's equator thousands of feet high and thousands of feet thick? 12-04-2000, 08:23 PM Also, consider that the Great Lakes haven't had enough time to build up any minerals in solution. They have only been around for the past 12,000 years or so, and water is still draining out of them. (Contrast this with the Great Salt Lake, of about the same vintage, but it doesn't drain anywhere.) The Ocean has had some four billion years longer to accumulate stuff. And the Ocean doesn't have anyplace to drain to. 12-04-2000, 10:28 PM A little thing we likes to call the "Hydrologic Cycle", but with a geochemical twist: 1. Start with some pretty dilute meteoric water (that's rain for the uninitiated) with a slightly acidic pH (~5.6) thanks to dissolved atmospheric CO2. 2. Rain falls, runs-off and/or percolates into the groundwater system. Now on terra firma, this slightly acidic water (a good solvent) starts interacting with rock. Limestone and dolostone may dissolve into Ca, Mg, and CO3 ions in solution. Feldspars alter into clays and give up Na, K, and Ca to solution. Likewise with other minerals; all but the silica polymorphs (eg., quartz) are suceptible to weathering. After a while, the water isn't so dilute anymore. 3. Surface and groundwater, now laden with (mostly) Ca, Mg, Na, K, CO3, SO4, PO4, F, Cl, NO3, and countless trace constituents, makes its way back to the ocean. 4. So, all these ions are dumped into the ocean. When water from the ocean evaporates, the ions stay behind and become increasingly more concentrated. Return to step 1, repeat for 4.5 billion years, and there's your answer. As has been mentioned, the Great Lakes and other bodies of water with external drainage to the ocean--while by no means as dilute as meteoric water--are continuously replenished and washed out. For surface water with no external drainage (like Salt Lake), it's the same story as the ocean except with considerably more evaporation. 12-04-2000, 10:34 PM I maybe wrong, but IIRC salt also will lower the freezing temperature of water, thus making it harder for a whole body of water to freeze. This probably doesn't matter anymore, but maybe during the ice-age or something this would've been pretty important. 12-05-2000, 07:26 PM Actually, I believe that most of the salts in salt water are now believed to have been derived from underwater volcanism rather than being washed off the continents, although that's a factor too. 12-05-2000, 07:35 PM 12-05-2000, 11:30 PM Originally posted by Astrocreep2K Just because. Well if you're going to take that attitude, we might just as well say the ocean is salty because of that magic salt grinder churning away at the bottom of the ocean all these centuries. :rolleyes: vBulletin® v3.8.7, Copyright ©2000-2015, vBulletin Solutions, Inc.

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Swinging through the rainforests of South-East Asia, far above the forest floor, at speeds of up to 35 mph, you may find a pair of apes singing a remarkable love song. Their chorus can be heard from great distances, and as their relationship grows stronger their songs become more synchronized and even more beautiful. These dueting apes are not humans, but gibbons – Hylobatidae, also known as the lesser ape. They roam the tropical rainforests of South-East Asia, and much like humans they form intense pair-bonds with their mate, often lifelong. They are socially monogamous and engage in a variety of behaviors we would associate with attachment. And if something happens to one of the partners, when the other finds a new mate they will not sing the same duet again – that is, they will not sing the same love song to a new partner. I can’t help but think that gibbons are romantic. Over 90% of bird species will form what biologists call pair-bonds, but less than 3% of mammals do. Humans are unique in so many ways, including our formation of pair-bonds – our drive to find and keep romantic love. In our data from the Single in America Study, we’ve found a variety of interesting things including that single Americans can be extremely romantic. Indeed, like the lifelong bonds of gibbons, 76% of single Americans believe they could stay married to one person forever; and like the flash courtships of many birds, 41% of singles said they believe in love at first sight. One condition of pair-bonds is often monogamy. While we know that most animals that pair-bond are socially monogamous, having just one partner, we also know that many individuals from monogamous species will engage in sexual infidelity and attempt extra-pair mating. But, mates will encourage their partner’s fidelity (being exclusive), often doing a variety of things to prevent and react to any transgressions. In the Study we found U.S. singles have a similar desire for fidelity. 69% of singles regard fidelity as a “must have”. Being exclusive or faithful is still incredibly important to a vast majority of Americans. To many others fidelity is also important and meaningful, even if not a “must” have. In fact, 70% of people believe that divorce is acceptable after one or both partners cheat. And of those who have experienced infidelity, 78% of people have broken up with their partner after the discovery. American’s are looking for commitment; we are driven to find someone to mutually love. In addition to research and teaching on romantic love, I’ve studied the evolutionary biology of romantic attachment, cross-cultural reactions to infidelity, and my colleagues and I have looked at the genetic and hormonal bases of mating behavior. Our biology never excuses our behaviors, but it does provide an understanding of why we do the things we do. In the case of monogamy, exclusivity is often desired for a variety of reasons. Biologically, lack of fidelity could result in a loss of resources, increase in disease, and can have a negative impact on our fitness. Psychosocially, we often want to know that we are enough for our romantic partners; that we can provide each other with what we cherish, and trust that we can be fulfilling for each other. Trust is important for human romance – and an expectation of fidelity is still the norm in America. Americans value notions of monogamy. This is not too surprising – after all, the desire for romantic love is not only part of our culture, it is in our biology. About Justin R. Garcia Justin R. Garcia is an evolutionary biologist and a SUNY Doctoral Fellow in the Laboratory of Evolutionary Anthropology and Health, Departments of Biological Sciences and Anthropology at Binghamton University in New York. He also holds an appointment as Adjunct Lecturer in the Department of Health & Wellness Studies and is affiliated with the Institute for Evolutionary Studies (EvoS) at Binghamton University. For more information on our “Single in America” study: - “Everything You Think You Know About Singles is Wrong” by Match.com - “The Forgotten Sex: Men” by Dr. Helen Fisher - “Aren’t You Glad You Weren’t Single Fifty Years Ago?” by Professor Stephanie Coontz - “Can Love Last?” by Dr. Bianca Acevedo - “What does the Match.com 2011 Survey tell us about Singles and Money?” by Dr. Jonathan Rich

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Food of Indigenous Texas Peoples Who Became Today’s Mexican American Community. March 28 we served a 10-course Chef’s Texas Mexican dinner at the Aurora Picture Show. Family and friends came in from San Antonio and two chef amigos, fellow CIA alumni, flew in to help staff the kitchen. Being the first art exhibit ever to connect Mexican American identity with food and film, it was an amazing evening of culture and amistad. This is a link to an album, a picture set of the evening. I expect one can look at this art event from the perspective of relational aesthetic theory if there still is one, or from strictly film or culinary art criticism perspectives. The evening was a performance of community, the experience of the aesthetic functions that are shared by food and film: visual stimulation, juxtaposition of elements, manipulation of pacing over time. But after all is said and done, we have eaten together the food we learned to cook from our Texas indigenous ancestors and we have seen projections of ourselves. Below is an explanation of Texas Mexican food and the films that were be screened. Texas Mexican Cuisine (From the book, Truly Texas Mexican: A Native Culinary Heritage In Recipes, Adán M. Medrano, Texas Tech University Press) Texas Mexican cuisine is deeply rooted in the indigenous cultures of what are now US central and south Texas and northeastern Mexico. The history of the cultures of this region begins in 900 AD, the period when anthropologists can identify distinct native communities and cultures. Historians assert that over the next 3 centuries (between 900 and 1200 AD) the cultures and identities of nearly all the Texas Native American communities were clearly formed. This region was the state of “Coahuila y Texas” and actually part of the Mexican Republic which claimed Texas from 1821 to 1848. It is therefore understandable that the indigenous Texas natives, along with their food, came to be known as “Mexican.” But it is erroneous to locate this food history as “south of the border,” for it existed also north of the Rio Grande River long before it was a border. Between 1492 and 1900, 90% of the native peoples of Texas died. European diseases such as cholera, smallpox, measles and influenza killed massive populations within weeks and even days. Adding to this, Texan wars against native peoples and policies of ethnic cleansing would lead to massive deaths. The indigenous peoples who remained in Texas married with other tribes, with European settlers and with Mexicans coming up from Southern Mexico. They sometimes lived in Catholic Church missions and eventually came to be known as the Mexican American people of Texas. We are about community and a celebratory, nourishing table. We are the Mexican-American, Texas Indian, Texas Native American, Chicano chefs and cooks who choose to live on this our ancestral land and make a serious, delicious contribution to the culinary work of our ancestors. Our cooking gets its character from the terroir, the special geography, geology and climate of the land; from the combination of ingredients which over time have proven to be fitting; and from the cooking techniques that efficiently impart the flavor characteristic of our history. Chicano is the name that is selected by Mexican Americans as a statement of self-identity. Among its many connotations is one that affirms being culturally distinct while at the same time being at home in this land. It was used during the Chicano movement of the 1960′s and 1970′s and is associated with political action that improves the economic, social, educational and cultural lives of the Mexican American community and wider humane community. The San Antonio CineFestival, founded by Medrano in 1976, was the first and now longest-running showcase of Chicano filmmaking. Yo Trabajo La Tierra/I Work The Land (1990), 13 minutes, by Adán Medrano is a meditation on the religious and political dimensions of people who do farm work. The no-dialog video is based on dreams and memories of the filmmaker, whose style is characterized by traditional, formal editing. Raw natural sounds underscore daily routine, ending with a “corrido” about the farmworker God. Detritus, The Remix (1989/2002), 12 minutes, by Willie Varela forces viewers to reckon with their intimate relationship to television. Using TV footage and his own images, Varela implicates both the consumer and the media industry in perpetuating a system of empty promises. Texture, pacing, claustrophobia, Catholicism are foregrounded. A pioneer in the US avant-garde film movement, Varela defines the role of Chicano filmmaking in the development of US cinema. Enlight-Tents (2010) by Laura Varela and Vaago Weiland, 4 minutes, transforms into a video format a live installation that used The Alamo as a giant screen. Texas “Indians” are layered over the stone texture of the old mission walls and juxtaposed with illuminated Mexican American faces looking into the beyond as though there were no time. Have You Seen Marie? (2012) by Ray Santisteban, 7 minutes, transforms a book by renowned Chicana author, Sandra Cisneros, into a personal video statement by pasting print and moving images inside the same frame. The work merges documentary style camera work with digital image manipulation to retell the story of a lost cat – and who we really are. The Chef’s Tasting Menu Trucha Ahumada Con Mayonesa de Chipotle-Yerbaníz (Smoked Trout with Chipotle-Yerbaníz Mayonnaise) Gorditas de Camarón y Nopalitos (Texas Cactus and Gulf Coast Shrimp Canapé) Gorditas de Frijoles Refritos y Queso (Well-Fried Pinto Beans and Cheese Canapé) FILM: “Yo Trabajo La Tierra” Adán Medrano 13 minutes Albóndigas de Chile Chipotle (Pickled Chile Chipotle Meatballs) FILM: “Detritus” Willie Varela 12 minutes Carne Guisada con Papas (Green Chile Beef with Potatoes) Puerco en Chile Rojo (Pork in Dried Red Chiles) FILMS: “Enlight Tents” Laura Varela & Vaago Weiland 7 minutes Have You Seen Marié?” Ray Santisteban 6 minutes (Aromatic Pork Empanadas)

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The word Taurini means "mountaineers", probably from Celtic Taur or Tor "high mountain". In 218 BC, they were attacked by Hannibal since his allies were the Insubres. The Taurini and the Insubres had a long-standing feud. Their chief town (Taurasia) was captured by Hannibal's forces after a three-day siege. As a people they are rarely mentioned in history. It is believed that a Roman colony was established in 27 BC with the name Castra Taurinorum and afterwards Julia Augusta Taurinorum (modern Turin). Both Livy (v. 34) and Strabo (iv. p. 209) speak of the country of the Taurini as including one of the passes of the Alps, which points to a wider use of the name in earlier times. The Taurini were the original ancient people of what is now present day Torino (Turin) (Celtic and Ligurian in origin (most likely from the Austrian Halstatt Celtic tribe from which all Celts descended) co-joining with the Ligurian tribes peacefully, hence they are more accurately described as Celto-Ligurian). This small but strong Celto-Ligurian tribe was the origin of the city of Torino, Italy. The city symbol and coat of arms is the rampant bull, as Torino literally means "young bull". Their decline appears to have been when they refused alliance with the invading Hannibal, who had already allied with the weaker Celtic-Gaul tribes that were enemies of the Taurini, and who had been beaten by the Taurini in several unsuccessful raids of the Taurini village (Taurasia). It took Hannibal's force of 30,000-40,000 troops plus 100 armoured war elephants three days and nights of battle against the Taurini's 3,800 warriors before the Taurini succumbed to the superior numbers of Hannibal's force. It is estimated that Hannibal lost 11,000 troops and 17 war elephants in that battle. So enraged was Hannibal at the loss of his troops, and concerned that surrounding tribes might be encouraged to put on a show of similar resistance, that Hannibal ordered the butchering of all but a few remaining prisoners to make an example and send a clear message to others that dared resist an alliance. The effect was decisive and the surrounding tribes allowed Hannibal free passage without resistance. - This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. References and footnotes - Livy XXI, 38: Taurini semigalli. - William Hazlitt, The Classical Gazetteer: A Dictionary of Ancient Geography, Sacred and Profane, 1851, p. 336 - Polybius iii. 60, 8

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Grammar by the Month is a fun way to practice grade specific grammar skills. These units are much more engaging than the typical grammar practice worksheets as they tie Common Core language standards to thematic topics for each month. Each month’s unit has enough practice sheets to use three a week (maybe Monday, Wednesday, Friday) for the whole month. By the end of the year, all of Common Core standards for language will be covered and reviewed using this resource. Best of all, the language standards spiral, so your kids will be able to have repeated practice throughout the year. This helps to strengthen learning and to keep the skills fresh! I am so excited to be able to share this set of grammar materials with you! I think your kids will find them an enjoyable way to learn grammar. Grammar by the Month also comes in these grade levels: If you need more practice pages and an assessment for each standard, you'll love these resources for 4th and 5th Grades! 4th Grade Language Assessments and Practice Pages 5th Grade Language Assessments and Practice Pages If you like my work, I would love for you to follow me here, by clicking on the star at the top of the page. You’ll receive news about all of my latest products!

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This week we have recapped on measuring length. We have used non- standard measure to find out which dinosaur footprint is the longest. We used our language or fair, long, longest, longer, short, shorter and shortest. "I think it was a Mummy and a Daddy dinosaur because 1 footprint is shorter." - Ava "This footprint is 7 long and this one is only 6. That one is longer".- Zac "I think the dinosaur only had 2 legs because I can see 2 and 2".- Farrah Week 3 - 6 This week we are using our number knowledge to find out all about 6. We've made 6 using different objects. We've said how many more we need to make 6 using our knowledge of combing 2 groups to make a whole number. We have said 1 more and 1 less than 6 and located number 6 on the number line. Finding 6 - concept table We found 6 in lots of different places around the classroom. 6 on a clock, 6 on a 6 sided shape, 4 and 2 dots on a domino, 6 holes in an egg container and many more.

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Las week we did analyse the effect of efflorescence on facing bricks. We discussed the different sources of damages and how this anaesthetic consequence happens. So let’s recapitulate how the salts cause what some architects considers building failures. Salt deposits are formed by the migration of soluble salts present in the interior of the brick, through the pores of the material, accumulating on the surface or in the pores immediately under the surface when the existing water evaporates. As the saline solution exceeds its saturation concentration it is precipitated in the areas of maximum evaporation. The formation of salts can be internal or external. The salts can be found in the brick itself actually in the clay, which contains water-soluble compounds during the furnace process, where the clay it is e impregnated with fumes and gases circulating inside the furnaces, in the mortar (in the aggregates, cement or chemical additives) and sometimes on the ground. It is on the surface where salts usually accumulate with greater or lesser presence of sulphates and carbonates (sodium, potassium, calcium ...) whose compositions are different from the salts contained within the brick. Right, his week we will see what factors are involved in the appearance of efflorescence on a brick and mainly are due to: When we have a relatively low temperature with greater presence of moisture and salts in suspension due to the difficulty of evaporation and it is subjected to wind and sun which cause a rapid evaporation. To the effect of air pollution: In contaminated areas by industry, car traffic, due to the presence of sulphur dioxide from fuel burning which then get in contact with rainwater converting itself into in to the frightening sulphuric acid which will react with the components of mortar or brick, forming efflorescence. Curiously enough the geometry of the pores may have an adverse effect on the facing walls: According to the form of these pores salt deposits will form either inside or on the surface and as we mentioned last week, when efflorescence forms on the brick surface it is an anaesthetic consequence but when it forms inside the brick itself we may have a building failure, anyhow it is obvious that higher porosity means greater capillary suction power of soluble salts from the bricks and mortar or when it is in contact with the ground, due to a lack of damp proof courses. A higher salt content means an increased migration of the salts if the brick wall is in direct contact with soluble salts from saline soils, industrial land with debris, ash, slag or other types of debris the problem is multiplied. When efflorescence is caused by external contamination we have the most serious and persistent type of efflorescence, so lets avoided. And lastly and very significantly with the presence of water, without water or moisture we would not have efflorescence: Without water, there is no efflorescence as it is the medium in which salts travels. Water is present in the form of rain, or by capillary force. Without water, there is no efflorescence as it is the medium in which salts travels. The firs method is to avoid efflorescence is to prevent the brick work from being contaminated by soluble salts that come from contaminated soil by industrial products, debris or organic or inorganic waste. It is advisable that the brick work should not become exposed to damp or water filtration due to leaks from installation pipes or from different wet areas. If efflorescence does not disappear during the first couple of years we should observe if there are localized spots as it is possible that there may be some water leak from some where. No need to mention that it is very important to design suitable construction details to prevent water penetration anywhere on the brick wall. To avoid efflorescence that may happen due to a chemical reaction between mortar and the brick, use lime mortar (cement-lime-sand). To avoid suction of water and salts from the mortar it is advisable to pre-wet the piece and in case of heavy rain, protects the brick that has been recently laid. To prevent the absorption of salts from the ground we should placed brick piles on top of a plastic sheet. During the execution of the works we must try to not get bricks too wet, especially during periods of heavy rain, so cover the work which have been recently completed and also any brick delivered on site. The test that is becoming almost compulsory to undertake when using facing brick in Spain is the UNE 67029:1995 EX which determine the amount of efflorescence on the bricks. Next week we will provide the solution to remove efflorescence from the brick surface depending on the type of salts that provoked it in the first place.

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[For trouble viewing the images/movies on this page, go here] Two moons regard each other across a vast distance. Mimas (396 kilometers, 246 miles across, at bottom) is easily identified by its prominent crater, Herschel. Rhea (1,528 kilometers, 949 miles across) sits beyond the rings, appearing almost to rest upon them. This view was obtained from a perspective nearly edge-on with the ringplane. The image was taken in visible light with the Cassini spacecraft narrow-angle camera on July 6, 2007 at a distance of approximately 2.6 million kilometers (1.6 million miles) from Mimas and 3.2 million kilometers (2 million miles) from Rhea. Image scale is 15 kilometers (9 miles) per pixel on Mimas and 19 kilometers (12 miles) per pixel on Rhea. The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Cassini-Huygens mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The imaging team consists of scientists from the US, England, France, and Germany. The imaging operations center and team lead (Dr. C. Porco) are based at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colo.

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Understanding the Importance of EKG Practice Tests Electrocardiogram (EKG) practice tests are essential for individuals pursuing a career in the medical field, particularly those interested in cardiology. These tests allow you to assess your knowledge and skills in interpreting EKG readings, a vital skill for diagnosing heart conditions. Preparing for an EKG practice test requires a systematic approach to ensure comprehensive coverage of the subject matter. By following this step-by-step guide, you can enhance your understanding of EKGs and improve your chances of success in the practice test. Gather Study Materials Before diving into the preparation process, it is crucial to gather all the necessary study materials. These may include textbooks, online resources, EKG interpretation guides, and practice test books. Make sure to choose reliable sources that provide accurate information and practice scenarios. Review the Basics Begin your preparation by reviewing the basics of EKG interpretation. This includes understanding the anatomy of the heart, the electrical conduction system, and the various components of an EKG waveform. Familiarize yourself with key terms and symbols used in EKG readings to ensure that you can interpret them accurately. Study EKG Waveform Patterns EKG waveforms can reveal important information about the electrical activity in the heart. Take the time to study and memorize the different waveform patterns, such as the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave. Understand their normal characteristics and be able to identify abnormal patterns that may indicate specific cardiac conditions. Master EKG Measurements Accurate measurements are crucial when interpreting EKGs. Learn how to measure the duration and amplitude of each waveform accurately using the paper speed and standard calibration. Practice identifying abnormal measurements that may indicate irregularities in the heart’s electrical activity. Develop a Systematic Approach Having a systematic approach to EKG interpretation is essential for efficient and accurate analysis. Create a step-by-step process that you can follow during the practice test. This may include identifying the heart rate, assessing the rhythm, analyzing waveform morphology, and evaluating intervals and segments. By developing a consistent approach, you can avoid missing important details and improve your diagnostic skills. Take Practice Tests Practice tests are invaluable in preparing for an EKG practice test. They allow you to simulate real exam conditions and assess your understanding of EKG interpretation. Start with simple practice tests and gradually move on to more complex scenarios. Analyze your results and identify areas where you need improvement. Focus on these areas during your further study and practice sessions. Seek Feedback and Guidance Don’t hesitate to seek feedback and guidance from experienced professionals in the field of cardiology. They can provide valuable insights and clarify any doubts you may have. Consider joining study groups or online forums where you can interact with others preparing for EKG practice tests. Collaborating with peers can enhance your learning experience and help you gain different perspectives on EKG interpretation. Simulate Real Exam Conditions To familiarize yourself with the test environment, simulate real exam conditions during your practice sessions. Set a time limit for each practice test and try to complete it within the allotted time. This will help you become comfortable with the time pressure and enhance your ability to analyze EKGs efficiently. Review and Revise Regularly review and revise the concepts, waveforms, and measurements you have learned. Repetition is key to solidify your knowledge and improve your accuracy in EKG interpretation. Create flashcards or summaries that can serve as quick references during your revision sessions. Preparing for an EKG practice test requires dedication, a solid understanding of EKG interpretation, and thorough practice. By following this step-by-step guide, you can enhance your knowledge and skills in analyzing EKG waveforms, ultimately increasing your chances of success in the practice test. Remember, consistent practice and a systematic approach are the keys to mastering EKG interpretation. Enhance your understanding of the topic by visiting this external resource we’ve selected for you. Discover new details and perspectives on the subject covered in the article. ekg practice test, keep moving forward in your educational adventure! Delve into the theme by visiting the related links we recommend:

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Describes what happens inside a mosque and introduces the Muslim faith. This important new series of books is designed to show children ages 6-10 the Who, What, When, Where, Why and How of traditional houses of worship, liturgical celebrations, and rituals of different world faiths, empowering them to respect and understand their own religious traditions--and those of their friends and neighbors. Colorful full-page photographs set the scene for concise but informative descriptions of what is happening, the objects used, the clergy and laypeople who have specific roles, the spiritual intent of the believers, and more. Details from the full-page photos appear with short captions to identify the objects and people in the photographs. What You Will See Inside a Mosque will: Satisfy kids' curiosity about what goes on in mosques attended by their friends, broadening awareness of other faiths at an important age when opinions and prejudices can first form. Provide Muslim children with a deeper understanding of the practices of their own religious tradition. Give children the opportunity to ask questions, making them more active participants.

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Sir Robert Peel is well known for his great contribution to modern policing. His original work as noted by Nicola and others in ‘Community policing’ began in 1829 under the Metropolitan Police Act authority. (Sutton N, Draper G and Jones J, 2005). He established the police force and worked hard to sell the professional police to the public. In other words he aimed at creating a good relationship between the police and the public. He aimed at ensuring that the public understood that the police could actually work for their best interest. According to Nicola and others, Peel coined several principles to act as a marketing strategy that would convince the public of the police legitimacy. The police were to be guided by the principles as a code of conduct. According to Clyde in ‘Criminal Justice Administration’ Sir Robert Peel was the creator of the first professional police department in the world precisely, the London’s Scotland Yard. (Cronkhite C, 2008). This paper will focus on Sir Robert and his contribution on policing to the diverse needs of the present day population. To Peel, the police would not only enforce the law through the apprehension of criminals but it would also aim at preventing crime. The cornerstone of his principles was the prevention of crime, acquisition of public support and cooperation without jeopardizing the opinion of the masses or the public as well as the reduced use of force. As argued by Nicola and others, Peels’ principles are much in line with the modern-day policing and its application would be of much influence in meeting the diverse needs of the members of the public. The contemporary policing aims at reducing the reliance of rapid responses but rather calls for effective prevention tactics. Proactive approaches of resolving crime are advocated for as compared to reactive approaches. In the modern policing, it is also important that there is the creation of community partnership that involves the public in maintaining social order and harmony in their communities. (Sutton N, Draper G and Jones J, 2005). It is very important that the police work hand in hand with the public so as to effectively maintain law and order. Clyde in ‘Criminal Justice’ argues that Peel coined the philosophy ‘the police are the people and the people are the police’ to show the need that the two parties work in collaboration. As Clyde points out, Peel identified twelve law enforcement organizational principles. (Cronkhite C, 2008). 1. The police must be stable, efficient and well organized along military lines. 2. The police must be controlled by the government 3. Prove that the police are efficient would not be by the number of arrests made but by the absence of crime. This advocated for the proactive approaches to resolving crime in the society. 4. The distribution of crime news is absolutely essential. 5. Deployment of police strength by time and area was also critical. 6. No quality is more vital to a policeman than the perfect command of temper. 7. Good appearance commands respect. 8. The securing and training of proper persons is a core issue if efficiency is to be realized. 9. Every police was to be given a number due to public security demand. This would ensure that there was increased accountability level on the part of the police. 10. The police headquarters should be centrally located and easily accessible to the people. 11. Policemen should be hired on a probationary basis. 12. Police records were necessary to the correct distribution of police strength. Peel faced much rejection from those who feared that the police force would be very powerful and consequently dangerous. Such rejection made it difficult to implement Peel’s principles but with time they proved to be a success and have been used across the globe. (Cronkhite C, 2008). In order for the police to perform their duties effectively they must depend on the public to approve their existence, their lives, actions, behavior and the ability to secure as well as maintain public respect. (Jim & James Chu, 2001). The police headquarters must be in a centralized location to make it easier for people to report crimes. This would also enhance the flow of relevant or useful information that can be used to curb crimes. The distribution of crime news would also be effective in curbing crime as it would eliminate the problems of distance or proximity when tracking criminals. It is also vital for comparison purposes as well as in analyzing trends which is an important aspect in the process of decision making. A harmonious relationship between the police and the public would be a plus in as far as the effectiveness of proactive approaches to crime is concerned given the fact that the public would be more willing to report suspicious incidences. Less strained relationship between the two would be an effective preventive measure. (Edwards C, 2005). Timeliness is also very important and the police must be deployed at the right place and time if a positive effect is to be felt. It is also very important that police control their tempers or anger as this would ensure that they have a good face in the eyes of the public. People who are to join the police force must be selected properly so that after training they are able to perform and meet the ever-changing needs of the public in an efficient manner. Peel advocated for the involvement of the members of the society in the maintenance of law and order which is also called ‘community policing’. (Levinson D, 2002). Record keeping is also important for analysis purposes. All in all, Sir Robert principles are still applicable in today’s world. Courtney from Study Moose Hi there, would you like to get such a paper? How about receiving a customized one? Check it out https://goo.gl/3TYhaX

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Why is a drawing compass called a compass? Likewise, why is a compass called a compass? The word "compass" means "to go around, encircle"; it originally meant "to measure" by pacing (passus). Since a compass "goes around," this makes some sense. " Furthermore, what name is given to a drawn compass? A compass, also known as a pair of compasses, is a technical drawing instrument that can be used for inscribing circles or arcs. Correspondingly, what is the use of drawing compass? A compass (or pair of compasses) is a drawing tool that can be used to draw circles or arcs, parts of circles. They can also be used to measure distances, in particular on maps. Compasses can be used for mathematics, drafting, navigation, and more. Who invented the drawing compass? The geometric and military compass of Galileo belonged to this class of instruments. Invented in Padua in 1597, the instrument is also linked to Galileo's activity (fig. 7) in the Accademia Delia (fig. 8), founded in Padua to provide mathematical instruction for young noblemen training for a military career.

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Ancient egyptian mathematics essay You can see an example of egyptian mathematics written on the rhind papyrus and another papyrus finally we examine some details of the ancient egyptian calendar. What are the origins of mathematics the egyptians had a calendar as early as 4800 bc, but in 4200 bc their mathematics and astronomy produced a 365. Ancient egyptian hieroglyphic numerals: the pyramids themselves are another indication of the sophistication of egyptian mathematics. Egyptian mathematics numbers hieroglyphs and math problems for kids the ancient egyptians were possibly the first civilisation to practice the scientific arts. The ancient egyptians were possibly the first civilization to practice the scientific arts indeed, the word chemistry is derived from the word alchemy whi. View ancient egyptian mathematics research papers on academiaedu for free. Free college essay egyptian math ancient egyptian mathematics was based on two very elementary concepts the first concept was that the egyptians had a. Compare and contrast essay: ancient egypt and greece the ancient egyptian and ancient greek civilizations are two of they used mathematics to build the dwellings. Ancient egyptian essays ancient egypt table of contents contributions of ancient egyptian civilization to the medicine, mathematics, astronomy, the. Below given is an essay sample on maintenance and power of ancient egyptian civilization if you are writing a historical paper, it may come in handy. Ancient egypt was a civilization of texts such as the rhind mathematical papyrus and the moscow mathematical papyrus show that the ancient egyptians could perform. Egyptian math this essay egyptian math and other 62,000+ term papers ancient egyptian mathematics was based on two very elementary concepts. The topic of ancient egypt provides an abundance of interesting themes and historical events to discuss and write about in your ancient egypt essay. Ancient egypt essays ancient egyptians and babylonians to science ancient egyptians contributions to science ancient egypt was the birth place of the world’s. Ancient advances in mathematics ancient knowledge of the sciences was essay on egyptian mathematics - the egyptians are one of the earliest known and most. Ancient mathematics essay examples 2,041 total results a study of the history of math 627 words 1 page an analysis of the ancient egyptian mathematics. Essays related to mathematics in egypt 1 egyptian math the use of organized mathematics in egypt has been ancient egyptian mathematics was based. History other essays: ancient egyptian art contemporary mathematics has its roots in the ancient egyptian culture ancient egyptians used various form to express. The scope of egyptian mathematics essays mathematics is an advanced science that is connected to all other sciences and branches of study the ancient egyptians were. Dare program essays ancient egyptians homework help art therapy masters thesis the basics of essay writing. Egyptian mathematics was first used and developed in ancient egypt from ca3000bc to ca300bc evidence of egyptian arithmetic dates back to 30bc with the. Egyptian mathematics: the ancient egyptian number system by caroline seawright march 19, 2001 in ancient egypt mathematics was used for measuring time, straight. 1 basic facts about ancient egypt egyptian hieroglyphics are in great abundance throughout egypt our knowledge of ancient egyptian mathematics comes not from the. Essay writing guide comparing ancient egypt and ancient greece temples and the houses were based on strict rules of mathematics and geography.

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The histidine participates in the catalysis by way of acid-base proton transfers called a charge relay system. We can eliminate the metal ion option, because histidine contains no metal. The histidine participates in a number of H-bonding interactions, but that is not one of the options. After the target enters the active site, the O atom in the OH group on serine performs a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon of a peptide, forming a tetrahedral oxyanion intermediate. The histidine acts as a base and accepts the proton from the OH group of serine. The oxyanion re-forms the carbonyl group and the amide bond is cleaved to form an acyl-enzyme intermediate. The newly-formed N-terminus takes back the proton from the protonated histidine. Water molecules now enter and hydrogen bond with the histidine. The water now makes a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon of the acyl-enzyme intermediate and forms another oxyanion. The histidine accepts a proton from the water and forms a hydrogen bond to the serine. The serine oxygen deprotonates the histidine nitrogen and re-forms the original enzyme.

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Our bodies run on predictable daily schedules. As morning approaches, our body temperature begins to rise, and our cortisol levels climb. Our heart rate and blood pressure spike upon awakening. By mid-morning, we tend to be at our most alert, while many components of athletic performance—including strength, coordination, and flexibility—peak in the afternoon. As darkness descends, the pineal gland dials up its release of melatonin; while we sleep, gastric-acid secretion surges. Similar 24-hour cycles, or circadian rhythms, govern nearly every cell, tissue, and organ in the human body, and almost all of its physiological functions. Hospitals, it turns out, have daily rhythms too, and they don’t always sync with our own. According to a recent Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences study, conducted before hospitals were handling surges in coronavirus cases, hospital clinicians prescribe medications in predictable patterns, dispensing the majority in the morning. This schedule—what the researchers call a “systemic bias in the timing of medicine”—may be convenient for clinicians, but it’s not necessarily best for patients or consistent with their biological clock. Hospitals run all day and night, and in theory medications could be doled out whenever they’re needed. “Our findings challenge this notion,” the study’s authors write, “and reveal a potential operational barrier to best clinical care.” For busy doctors, time is a scarce resource—and hospitals are generally designed to deliver care as quickly and efficiently as possible. But the human body keeps its own time, so optimal care may be less of a race than a chronologically choreographed dance.

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This resource is a website that is a self-contained, multi-part introduction to how climate models work. The materials include videos and animations about understanding, constructing and applying climate models. This lesson sequence guides students to learn about the geography and the unique characteristics of the Arctic, including vegetation, and people who live there. Students use Google Earth to explore the Arctic and learn about meteorological observations in the Arctic, including collecting their own data in hands-on experiments. This is the first part of a three-part curriculum about Arctic climate. This activity introduces students to plotting and analyzing phenology data. Students use 30 years of data that shows the date of the first lilac bloom and the number of days of ice cover of nearby Gull Lake. This activity comes at the beginning of a sequence of activities in an energy module. Students observe the transfer of solar energy to different appliances with a solar cell and then they investigate the effect of using different solar sources to supply energy to appliances. In this activity, students select an argument of a climate skeptic, research it, and write up a mock dialog that portrays a back-and-forth discussion between the skeptic and a non-skeptic, while presenting a scientific argument that counters the false claim. In this activity, students reconstruct past climates using lake varves as a proxy to interpret long-term climate patterns. Students use data from sediment cores to understand annual sediment deposition and how it relates to weather and climate patterns. In this activity, students explore whether statements made by the news and media on climate change-related issues are actually true. Examples are provided for Antarctic sea ice and hurricane intensity, but the activity could be extended to other topics as well. In this activity, students are guided through the process of locating and graphing web-based environmental data that has been collected by GLOBE Program participants using actual data collected by students in Pennsylvania and comparing them to their local climatic boundary conditions. This activity highlights the opportunities for using GLOBE data to introduce basic concepts of Earth system science.

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When people understand basic concepts about their health, they’re better able to make more informed decisions.This common-sense idea is a fundamental tenet of personal health literacy, defined by health.gov as "the degree to which individuals have the ability to find, understand, and use information and services to inform health-related decisions and actions for themselves and others."1 And while it sounds like a simple notion, in practice it’s actually an enormous challenge. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), nine out of 10 adults struggle to understand and use health information when it’s “unfamiliar, complex or jargon-filled.”2 Pfizer is working to change that. The importance of promoting health literacy is the subject of a new position paper that details the way Pfizer is dedicated to talking about (and writing about) health issues in a simple, straightforward manner, using a shared vocabulary among patients, care givers, providers, pharmaceutical companies, community organizations, and others for improved communication and understanding.3 “We need to communicate with patients in a manner that ensures patients understand health information and use this information to make informed heath decisions,” says Emma Andrews, PharmD, Pfizer’s Women's Health Medical Affairs Team Leader, “but we can’t effectively do this without embedding health literacy principles and tools in the work we do as we continue our efforts on becoming a health literate organization. This position paper details the way Pfizer is committed to improve communication and understanding of health information.” Annlouise Assaf, PhD, a senior director with Pfizer and a patient health activation expert, says people who are health literate benefit in several ways. They are more likely to ask their health care provider questions; they know how to find trustworthy sources to research health information; they understand instructions on prescription drug bottles; they learn how to navigate the health care system; they play an active role in their health decisions and treatment plans. “A health literate world is a world where all people have equal access to optimized high quality health information, and they are empowered to use that information to make the shared decision about their healthcare, use their medications more safely and appropriately, and ultimately, at the end, have better patient outcomes,” Dr. Assaf says. While health literacy has always been important, it’s at a crucial juncture. Dr. Assaf says a better understanding of health concepts can help improve vaccine confidence and acceptance; at the same time, health literacy intrinsically connects to issues of equity and social justice. “We may not be able to improve some of the social determinants of health, like housing or some types of education. But if we’re able to educate around different diseases and around the treatments that are available, this helps give people a common language and equal footing so that no one is at a disadvantage,” she says. To help increase health literacy, Pfizer is working in a number of different areas to make health information easier to understand. Here’s a look at some of those efforts: - Pursuing plain language: Through a partnership with Northwestern University, experts in health are examining materials developed by Pfizer for regulators, patients, clinical trials and other purposes to determine whether the language used is understandable and presented in a visually appropriate way. These experts are making changes according to how patients respond. In addition, Pfizer is in the process of designing an automated tool that will examine health-related text for readability and comprehension. By launching consumer-centric websites, such as Pfizer’s new Find a Trial page, the company is publishing easy-to-understand resources that connect patients to new and ongoing research.4 - Creating consistency: Sometimes different groups within Pfizer use different definitions for the same terms. To improve consistency across all groups, Pfizer is now developing a glossary of terms, so that all parties rely on the same definitions. - Partnering with other organizations: Pfizer has worked with a number of organizations—including a major national sports association—to evaluate the language around health topics, such as COVID-19, and to suggest phrasing that is easy to understand. In addition, Pfizer has sponsored organizations, such as the National Academies of Science Engineering and Medicine (NASEM) Roundtable on Health Literacy and Pharma Collaborative, to support the development of workshops around topics like communicating around topics like communicating with vulnerable populations and developing health literacy skills to improve equity. The world of health care is complex, and can be intimidating. Through simple changes in wording and outreach, Pfizer is working toward making health care more approachable, so that patients feel comfortable and confident in health decisions about vaccines and treatments that could impact their lives. “We aim to help people not only to better understand their health information, but to use it to take action,” says Dr. Assaf. “In a health literate world, you have empowered patients.” 1.Health Literacy in Healthy People 2030. https://health.gov/our-work/healthy-people/healthy-people-2030/health-literacy-healthy-people-2030. Accessed May 28, 2021. 2.Talking Points About Health Literacy. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/healthliteracy/shareinteract/TellOthers.html#:~:text=Nine%20out%20of%2010%20adults,than%20necessary%20morbidity%20and%20mortality. Published October 17, 2019. Accessed April 28, 2021. 3. Pfizer Health Literacy Position Statement. Pfizer. https://cdn.pfizer.com/pfizercom/Pfizer_Health_Literacy_Position_Paper.pdf. Accessed April 28, 2021. 4. How clinical trials work. Pfizer. https://www.pfizerclinicaltrials.com/about/how-clinical-trials-work?cmp=c0ee6170-e8c8-45d5-92b2-f79d899b20e8&ttype=PS&&gclid=CjwKCAjwj6SEBhAOEiwAvFRuKEWUXNSKv7OvZsXzw1-I2HX_4jWz-9ZXh1CMMCjiWrEEBKhaNg8pGRoC2WQQAvD_BwE#four_phases. Accessed April 29, 2021.

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Regular Dental Check-ups Are Critical To Your Health Why Is It Relevant? Dental exams are critical not only for your oral health but also for your general wellbeing. Some chronic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and diabetes, for example, can manifest themselves first in the mouth. If your dentist in Gainesville notices signs of illness, they will refer you to a doctor. Besides, the test allows the dentist to give you advice about how to care for your teeth and to spot oral health issues early on when they’re easiest to handle. Where Do You Get A Dental Exam? Adults should have routine dental examinations at times decided by their dentist, according to the American Dental Association. And if you don’t have your natural teeth, you can visit your dentist for routine dental examinations to keep your oral health and your replacement teeth in good shape. How Do You Get Ready? If you’re getting your initial adult dental exam or looking for a different dentist, get recommendations from people you meet. Take into account the dentist’s place as well as the insurance plan’s involvement. Be certain you’re aware of the fees and payment options. If you’re nervous about having a tooth exam, share your feelings with the dentist or hygienist. They might be able to change things to your care to make you feel more at ease. What You Are To Expect The dental professional will do the following during a dental exam: - Examine your general wellbeing as well as your oral hygiene. - Examine the chances of developing tooth decay, root decay, or gum or bone disease. - Examine whether you need tooth repair or replacement. - Examine the bite and jaw for any issues. - Remove any stains or deposits that have formed on your teeth. - Demonstrate how to clean your teeth or dentures properly. - Examine the fluoride requirements. - Give dental X-rays or perform another medical testing as appropriate. During a dental examination, your hygienist may inquire about any health issues or drugs you are taking, as well as how they can affect your oral health. Gum disease is more likely in people with diabetes, for example. If you have dentures or bridges, your dentist or hygienist will check how well they match and discuss whether any changes are necessary. Diet therapy, tobacco use counseling, and other dietary factors that may influence oral health can be included in dental exams. X-ray of the teeth A dental X-ray helps the dentist to see clear pictures of various parts of your mouth, which may assist in the detection of issues that aren’t noticeable even during a dental exam. X-rays aren’t normally needed for any dental appointment, and your dentist or hygienist will address the need for X-rays with you based on your oral health and disease risk. Dental X-rays expose you to very little radiation, particularly with the new digital X-rays, but if you’re worried, speak to your dentist. Oral Cancer Screening Your dentist will check for signs of oral cancer during your dental exam. The dentist will inspect the roof and floor of your mouth, as well as the area under your chin, the sides of your neck, and the insides of your lips and cheeks. Following your examination, the dentist or hygienist can talk to you about your oral health, including your risk of tooth decay, gum disease, and other oral health issues, as well as preventive steps you may take to improve and protect your oral health. The dentist may also suggest a time for a follow-up appointment. If you have a high risk of gum disease, they’ll recommend more frequent checkups. Some treatment can be done by dental specialists, depending on the complexity of the procedure prescribed by your dentist.

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|Healthy Diet Plans >> Health Issues and Diet >> Insulin Resistance| Insulin resistanceBefore we talk about an insulin resistance diet or insulin resistance diet menu, it is necessary to understand what exactly insulin resistance is. Insulin is a hormone that is secreted by the pancreas and this hormone plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism. Insulin helps to regulate the growth of cells. Insulin resistance is a condition where the body is not able to utilize the insulin that is produced. It is the inability of some of the cells of the body to respond to insulin. Insulin resistance symptoms Now that we have a better understanding of insulin resistance, let us take a look at insulin resistance symptoms. These are as follows:- • Inability to focus on tasks at hand – at times the symptoms of insulin resistance is not physical but mental. This is the most evident symptom of this condition. Loss of creativity and poor memory are often the result of insulin resistance. Insulin resistance dietPersons who have been diagnosed with insulin resistance can reverse the condition by following an insulin resistance diet menu. The insulin resistance diet menu should be one which excludes the following foods: sugar, starchy carbohydrates and white (refined) flours. A sample of such a menu could be:- Snack on grapes and beef jerky between lunch and dinner. Insulin resistance treatment: Conventional insulin resistance treatment involves weight loss, exercise and lifestyle changes. Reducing carbohydrates and glucose in one’s diet is the first way or the first step in managing insulin resistance. One should opt for low glycemic index carbohydrates rather than high glycemic carbohydrates. Exercise and the resulting weight loss help too. However, certain medication prescribed for insulin resistance could have side effects and this is why many people are now opting for natural insulin resistance treatment. Research has shown that certain herbal remedies can help in the treatment of insulin resistance. Insulin resistance syndrome: Insulin resistance syndrome occurs when the body’s cells are unable to respond to the insulin hormone. This results in the pancreas increasing the production of insulin to combat this insulin resistance. Symptoms of insulin resistance syndrome in women are as follows:- • Heart disease: This syndrome can result in a hardening of the arteries and a risk of blood clots too. What is insulin resistance? Food is absorbed into the bloodstream in the form of glucose and other sugars. This increase in sugar in the bloodstream makes the pancreas increase the production of a hormone called insulin. This hormone attaches to the cells and removes sugar from the bloodstream so that the body can use it for energy. What then is insulin resistance syndrome and what are its symptoms? Insulin resistance syndrome occurs when the cells of the body do not have the ability to respond to the above mentioned action of insulin. Symptoms of insulin resistance syndrome are as mentioned above. Insulin resistance diabetes: What is insulin resistance diabetes? Insulin resistance is a condition whereby the body produces insulin but does not use it properly. People who are resistance to insulin find that their muscle, fat and liver cells do not respond properly to insulin. This results in their bodies needing even more insulin. The pancreas then produces more insulin to keep up with this demand for insulin; however, this is not possible. Excess glucose then builds up in the bloodstream and sets the way for diabetes. People who are insulin resistance are at risk for developing diabetes mellitus type 2. Insulin resistance diet menu: Insulin resistance syndrome is can be brought under control with an insulin resistance diet menu. Such a menu should exclude white flour, pasta, bread, sugar, potatoes as these are all carbohydrates which only raise the levels of insulin. The menu should include plenty or raw or lightly cooked vegetables, fresh fruits, and organic meats. Ensure that there is an adequate quantity of fat, fiber and protein as this helps to slow down digestion and stops the blood sugar from rising immediately. Some suggestions for this menu are ½ cup baked beans, 2 egg whites, 2 taco shells, 2 tablespoons of raisins, 1 small apple and so on. Insulin resistance test: Insulin resistance testing involves a series of laboratory tests. There is no one test that can detect insulin resistance and give results quickly. Laboratory tests that may be recommended to diagnose insulin resistance include:- Lipid profile – this measures total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglycerides. Insulin resistance supplements: Insulin resistance supplements are beneficial as they help with improving insulin sensitivity, help to lower blood glucose levels, supplement any deficiencies and also deal with any problems caused by the excess glucose or insulin in the body. However, it is necessary to check with your doctor before taking any such supplements. Supplements could include cinnamon, bitter lemon, apple cider vinegar and so on. |Submitted on January 16, 2014|

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Also found in: Wikipedia. irreducible polynomial[‚ir·ə′dü·sə·bəl ‚päl·ə′nō·mē·əl] a polynomial that cannot be factored into factors of lower degree. The possibility of factoring a polynomial into factors and the irreducibility property depend on the numbers that can be coefficients of the polynomial. Thus, the polynomial x3 + 2 is irreducible if only rational numbers are admitted as coefficients; but it is factored into the product of two irreducible polynomials if any real numbers can be taken as the coefficients and into the product of three factors if complex numbers are the coefficients. In the general case, the concept of irreducibility is defined for polynomials with coefficients belonging to an arbitrary field. A polynomial with rational coefficients that cannot be factored into factors of lower degree with rational coefficients is often called an irreducible polynomial.

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Download Full Text (109 KB) Mesohippus, Miohippus, and Merychippus are extinct horse species that date back fifteen to thirty million years ago, which spanned over three time periods in North America. Each of the horses habituated different terrains from wet to dry. The third metacarpal became the prominent one-toe of horse evolution and is the specimen of this study. The aim is to determine if reorientation, segmentation, correcting size differences, and isolation are feasible. Horse fossils are extensive, documented, and are used as an analogous fossil lineage to humans for this study. Imaging of the third metacarpal was accomplished by micro-CT scanning with a focus on the distal end. Each specimen was standardized using methodical steps to show feasibility. Reorientation was used to align the same bone landmarks of each fossil. Segmentation was performed and separated bone from non-bone. Fossils were corrected for size differences for relative comparison. Isolating bone was accomplished by using arithmetic for the distal end. Evolution of the equine foot is important for equine health, sports, foot paleontology, and can analogously be converted to human orthopedics. As a feasible study for future bone microarchitecture, this analysis serves to present an enhanced understanding of standardizing the third metacarpal of horse fossil bones. College of Sciences and Health Professions Life Sciences | Medicine and Health Sciences | Physical Sciences and Mathematics Edwards, Emily A., "Variation of bone microarchitecture within and among contemporaneous species of fossil horses: Feasibility" (2016). Undergraduate Research Posters 2016. 23.

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A biography and life work of andrew jackson 7th president of the united states of america Though calhoun never wanted the south to break away from the united states, his life’s work states of america, andrew jackson biography: seventh president. Was the fifth president of the united states of america especially after general andrew jackson invaded that the life of james monroe. Discover john quincy adams famous and rare quotes speech on independence day at the united states house of representatives, andrew jackson 7th us president. Leader and fourth president of the united states of america andrew jackson in the south and president a life of james madison. Get this from a library andrew jackson, his life and times [h w brands] -- the first common man to rise to the presidency, jackson embodied the spirit and the vision of the emerging american nation the term jacksonian democracy is embedded in our national lexicon. One of the toughest and most aggressive presidents america has seen, andrew jackson served as the seventh president of the united states he was of scotch-irish descent, and lived in tennessee for much of his life before becoming involved with the us military during the revolutionary war, and ultimately, with the us government as president. A biography of america’s seventh president, this program explores whether americans should celebrate andrew jackson or apologize for him. Andrew jackson was the seventh president of the united states, and he would become america’s most influential–and polarizing andrew jackson’s early life. President andrew jackson strengthened the power of the presidency for america, gained new respect for the united states in foreign affairs,. Life, liberty and the became the 3 rd president of the united states and purchased the first president of the united states 69 andrew jackson was the leader. As the united states john tyler became president in 1841 president donald trump has chosen a portrait of president andrew jackson to appear. On the class work students reflect on jackson's biography: andrew jackson help your students learn all about the 7th president of the united states. President's day writing united states presidents time line: andrew jackson fun facts about america's first president (grades 5-6. What were andrew jacksons hobbies he was the seventh president of the united states, andrew jackson was the 7th president of the united states. Presbyterianism has been well-established in the united states since - andrew jackson - 7th us president famous presbyterians / notable presbyterians. Martin van buren was elected the eighth president of the united states he encouraged the feud between andrew jackson and his vice president,. Expand your knowledge of presidential history with our facts on president harry s truman harry s truman biography the 33rd president of the united states,. Andrew jackson was the seventh president of the united seemed to enjoy life from “the presidents of the united states of america,” by frank. The presidency of the 7th president of the united states of america reaper for kids: facts, biography reaper for kids - president andrew jackson. 7th president of the united states in office early life and education andrew jackson was born when they immigrated to north america in 1765, jackson's. Watch video and was the first president of the united states to be early life andrew johnson was born in andrew jackson president jackson’s portrait was. Watch video known as the 'people's president,' jackson's life jackson was elected the seventh president of the united states after becoming president, andrew jackson. History of the united states volume 1: colonial period the history of the united states is the life of george washington, biography audiobook. Biography of president andrew jackson as the president of the united states andrew jackson expanded the power on president jackson on the twenty dollar. Jobs for those who can work, get to know andrew jackson he was the 7th president of the united states the presidents of the united states of america. Andrew jackson, the seventh us president in 1796 andrew jackson was elected as tennessee's delegate to the united states house of 7th president served.

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functional independence measure Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Financial, Acronyms, Encyclopedia. 1. to determine the extent or quantity of a substance. 2. a specific extent or quantity of a substance. 3. a graduated scale by which the dimensions or mass of an object or substance may be determined. See Tables of Weights and Measures in Appendix. assistive measure a nursing intervention in the nursing minimum data set, in which the nurse facilitates activities of daily living (such as hygiene, exercise, rest, or grooming), provides physical comfort, and maintains a therapeutic environment. m's of central tendency statistical procedures for determining the center of a distribution of scores; they include the mode, the mean, and the median. m's of dispersion statistical procedures for examining how scores vary or are dispersed around the mean. These include the range, the difference scores, the sum of squares, the variance, and the standard deviation. Functional Independence measure FIM; a standardized assessment instrument of functional status that is part of the Uniform Data Set for Medical Rehabilitation; it tests 23 items in seven areas of function and uses a seven-point scale for each item. It can be used clinically as an outcome measure, and a data pool is being established that will be large enough for prediction and comparison of functional outcomes. A pediatric version called the Wee-FIM is also available. supportive measure a nursing intervention in the nursing minimum data set, defined as action through which the nurse provides support of life functions and needed sustenance such as oxygen, nutrition, or fluids. func·tion·al in·de·pen·dence mea·sure(FIM) (fŭngk'shŭn-ăl in'dĕ-pend'ĕns mezh'ŭr) An instrument used to measure the extent of disability based on the responses to 18 items covering self-care, sphincter control, mobility, locomotion, communication, and social cognition. Functional Independence Measure, A clinical tool used to assess the ability of persons needing rehabilitative services to cope independently and perform activities of daily living. These activities include self-care, sphincter control, mobility, locomotion, communication, and social cognition. Data derived from FIM correlate with some outcome measures in rehabilitation, such as the length of time a patient may need to stay in care or the resources the patient will use. The version of FIM for children is called WeeFIM. See: WeeFIM

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The adage that technology develops at an accelerated rate seems all too true in the realm of microelectronics — soon to be called nanoelectronics. As I discussed in “Tech Page: Faster, Smaller, Better,” in the October 2001 issue, IBM and Intel recently announced breakthroughs in shrinking transistors, breakthroughs that will lead to processors and communications chips far more powerful than those available today. Amazingly, the day that issue went to press, I learned of further developments that will lead to even smaller, faster, and more powerful electronic components. Those developments are based on carbon nanotubes, in which individual carbon atoms are arranged to form hollow tubes. Scientists at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands have succeeded in building a transistor from a single nanotube, which measures one nanometer (one billionth of a meter) in diameter — about 10,000 times thinner than a human hair. Using an atomic-force microscope, which can move individual atoms, the Delft team pushed on the nanotube, causing it to buckle in two places. Such deformities restrict the flow of electrons, letting a single electron pass through the tube at a time. That electron can be used to turn the device on or off. Conventional transistors require hundreds to millions of electrons to perform the same task. IBM researchers also have been working to develop useful carbon-nanotube transistors. One hurdle to practical application of that technology has been reliable replication. Depending on their size and shape, nanotubes can behave as if they are metallic (conducting) or semiconducting. Previous methods of forming large numbers of nanotubes created a mixture of metallic and semiconducting types that stuck together to form ropes or bundles. Those bundles had to be separated manually to isolate the semiconducting nanotubes required to make transistors. That's fine for experimentation but far too slow and tedious for mass production. To solve the problem, the IBM team developed a method of constructive destruction that selectively destroys the metallic nanotubes in a bundle. Mixed metallic and semiconducting bundles are deposited on a silicon-oxide wafer, and metal electrodes are formed over the nanotubes. Those electrodes “turn off” the semiconducting nanotubes, preventing any electrons from flowing through them. The metallic nanotubes are left unprotected, and applying an appropriate voltage to the wafer destroys them, leaving the semiconducting variety untouched. IBM's ultimate goal is to create a useful electronic device out of nanotubes, and that goal is close at hand. The company recently announced that it has built a voltage inverter from a single carbon nanotube — the world's first single-molecule logic circuit. Also known as a NOT gate, a voltage inverter is one of the fundamental logic circuits that form the basis of all computers. (The others are AND and OR gates.) To achieve that monumental feat, the IBM team created an n-type nanotube transistor, in which electrons carry the electrical current. Until now all nanotube transistors have been p-type, in which electron-deficient areas called holes carry the current. Voltage inverters consist of both types of transistors, and IBM found a way to convert a segment of a single nanotube from p-type to n-type, leading directly to the voltage inverter (see Fig. 1). More important, the inverter's gain (the ratio of output to input amplitude) is greater than one, which is essential for assembling gates into useful electronic circuits that will find their way into smaller and more powerful tools for electronic musicians. For more information on nanotechnology, see “Tech Page: Quantum Mirage” in the May 2000 issue and “Tech Page: Nanocomputers” in the June 1996 issue.

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In the Courtroom of the U.S. Supreme Court building there is a frieze identifying eighteen lawmakers, symbolic of development of law and its lasting value for civilization. The eighteen (with the interspersed allegorical figures) are: [Light of Wisdom] [Right of Man] [Liberty and Peace] The frieze was created by Adolph Weinman when the courtroom was built in the 1930s. Weinman has another frieze in the room (on the East and West Walls) that is more purely allegorical. The East Wall frieze focuses on Law and Government. The center of the frieze are two tablets, reminiscent of the Ten Commandments; however, the tablets primarily represent the ten amendments of the Bill of Rights. These tablets are flanked by Majesty of Law and Power of Government. To Majesty of Law's right is found Wisdom, and a group of figures representing The Defense of Human Rights and the Protection of the Innocents. To Power of Government's left is found Truth, and a group of figures representing the Safeguard of the Liberties and the Rights of the People in their Pursuit of Happiness. The West Wall frieze is somewhat different; it represents the struggle of good and evil. At its center are Justice and Divine Inspiration, flanked by Wisdom and Truth. A little heavy-handed, I think; the North and South Wall friezes are better. Moses, Confucius, and Solon both appear again on the eastern pediment of the building, created by Hermon McNeil. The appearance of Muhammad in the North Wall frieze, by the way, is given a cautious but favorable review by KARAMAH, Muslim Women Lawyers for Human Rights. You can see the friezes for yourself.

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Try these creative writing ideas for your reluctant homeschool writer you will have them creating stories in no time. Creative writing is definitely one of those areas in which parents struggle there is plenty of dull material out there and kids get cross-eyed with frustration. Creative writing techniques for kids: a step-by-step guide to writing a story encouraging children to write a story of their very own can give them an enormous confidence boost, as well as help them consolidate their literacy learning by putting their phonics, grammar and reading skills into practice. Fun creative writing provides interactive writing programs, after school enrichment programs, and community outreach writing workshops for kids dedicated to teaching kids to write, imparting essay writing, and developing a love for creative writing. Chelsea young writers club | creative writing courses for children our creative writing workshops for children are designed by award-winning children’s authors and led by experienced practicing writers and educators. 10 best writing websites for kids that your child can use in class as well as home for their assignments and homework the importance of creative writing programs . Creative writing plays an important role in a child's literacy development this article makes suggestions for the instruction and evaluation of children's stories. Children have limitless imaginations and harnessing this to create extended pieces of creative writing needs guided input from both parents and teachers. These creative writing prompts for kids are full of fun and imagination, and also target a specific, hidden writing skill. Most children have a natural creative streak but as anyone who has tried it knows, getting an idea out of your head and onto a piece of paper can be very challenging spark the children's imagination by providing them a picture on which to base their story look over the picture write a story based . St patrick's day creative writing prompts summer creative writing prompts provide the end of the story : give the children the last sentence or paragraph of the story and allow them to develop the plot based on that sentence. Creative writing topics and ideas for kids updated 8/18 materials: paper, pens/pencils, markers/crayons creative writing is a great way for children to express themselves. The children’s art foundation (parent company of stone soup) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization whose purpose is to promote children’s creativity your donation will help stone soup continue to inspire creative kids round the world. Creative writing ideas worksheet helps kids create writing topics use our simple writing formula to prompt ideas free printable writing worksheets for kids. Creative writing tips for kids from one of the few 2nd generation homeschooling families inspiring activities, prompts and ideas. Here are some suggestions for making creative writing a more exciting experience, taken from nothing will prepare your children to be good writers more than good . Caacc (children and adults cancer charity) are looking for young writers 7-15 writing about you or a friend with cancer only 2 winners will be chosen and they will sell their book in hospitals and charity shops to raise money for caacc. Learn to teach a creative writing class for children by reading this helpful and unique article teaching a course will help both you, and the students. Creative writing for children, - interpreter of maladies thesis we also believe that clients and writers should communicate with each other use our messaging platform to discuss and control the writing process. As children proceed through the elementary grades, some class and home assignments will gradually begin to involve creative writing-first sentences, then paragraphs, and finally short essays it is possible that the assignments will be difficult for some children, and there is a good reason for this. Find and save ideas about creative writing for kids on pinterest | see more ideas about writing prompts for kids, language activities and the story. How to teach creative writing creative writing is one of the most enjoyable types of writing for students not only does it allow students to explore their imaginations, but it helps them to structure their ideas and produce writing that. Using creative writing books is a great way to provide examples of different writing traits for your budding writer your child will love reading the books, writing stories inspired by the books, and incorporating the traits and techniques into their work.

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The term real-time clock is used to avoid confusion with ordinary hardware clocks which are only signals that govern digital electronics, and do not count time in human units. RTC should not be confused with real-time computing, which shares its three-letter acronym but does not directly relate to time of day. Although keeping time can be done without an RTC, using one has benefits: A GPS receiver can shorten its startup time by comparing the current time, according to its RTC, with the time at which it last had a valid signal. If it has been less than a few hours, then the previous ephemeris is still usable. RTCs often have an alternate source of power, so they can continue to keep time while the primary source of power is off or unavailable. This alternate source of power is normally a lithium battery in older systems, but some newer systems use a supercapacitor, because they are rechargeable and can be soldered. The alternate power source can also supply power to battery backed RAM. Most RTCs use a crystal oscillator, but some have the option of using the power line frequency. In many cases, the oscillator's frequency is 32.768 kHz. This is the same frequency used in quartz clocks and watches. This frequency is exactly 215 cycles per second. It is a convenient rate to use with simple binary counter circuits. Also, it is too high for humans to hear. The quartz tuning fork of these crystals does not change size much from temperature, so temperature does not change its frequency much. Some RTCs use a micromechanical resonator on the silicon chip of the RTC. This reduces the cost of an RTC by reducing its complexity and parts count. Micromechanical resonators are much more sensitive to temperature than quartz resonators. So, these compensate for temperature changes using an electronic thermometer and electronic logic. Many commercial RTC ICs are accurate to less than 5 parts per million. In practical terms, this is good enough to perform celestial navigation, the classic task of a chronometer. In 2011, Chip-scale atomic clocks were invented. Although more expensive, they keep time within 50 picoseconds (5x10^-11). Many integrated circuit manufacturers make RTCs, including Epson, Intersil, IDT, Maxim, NXP Semiconductors, Texas Instruments, STMicroelectronics and Ricoh. A common RTC used in single-board computers is the Maxim Integrated DS1307. The RTC was introduced to PC compatibles by the IBM PC/AT in 1984, which used a Motorola MC146818 RTC. Later, Dallas Semiconductor made compatible RTCs, which were often used in older personal computers, and are easily found on motherboards because of their distinctive black battery cap and silkscreened logo. Some modern computers receive clock information by digital radio and use it to promote time-standards. There are two common methods: Most cell phone protocols (e.g. LTE) directly provide the current local time. If an internet radio is available, a computer may use the network time protocol. Computers used as local time servers occasionally use GPS or ultra-low frequency radio transmissions broadcast by a national standards organization (i.e. a radio clock). Some older computer designs such as Novas and PDP-8s used a real-time clock that was notable for its high accuracy, simplicity, flexibility and low cost. The computer's power supply produces a pulse at logic voltages for either each half-wave or each zero crossing of AC mains. A wire carries the pulse to an interrupt. The interrupt handler software counts cycles, seconds, etc. In this way, it can provide an entire clock and calendar. The clock also usually formed the basis of computers' software timing chains; e.g. it was usually the timer used to switch tasks in an operating system. Counting timers used in modern computers provide similar features at lower precision, and may trace their requirements to this type of clock. (e.g. in the PDP-8, the mains-based clock, model DK8EA, came first, and was later followed by a crystal-based clock, DK8EC.) A software-based clock must be set each time its computer is turned on. Originally this was done by computer operators. When the Internet became commonplace, network time protocols were used to automatically set clocks of this type. In Europe, North America and some other grids, this RTC works because the frequency of the AC mains is adjusted to have a long-term frequency accuracy as good as the national standard clocks. That is, in those grids this RTC is superior to quartz clocks and less costly. This design of RTC is not practical in portable computers or grids (e.g. in South Asia) that do not regulate the frequency of AC mains. Also it might be thought inconvenient without Internet access to set the clock. Some motherboards are made without real time clocks. The real time clock is omitted either out of the desire to save money (as in the Raspberry Pi system architecture) or because real time clocks may not be needed at all (as in the Arduino system architecture). AES51 is a standard first published by the Audio Engineering Society in June 2006 that specifies a method of carrying ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) cells over Ethernet physical structure intended in particular for use with AES47 to carry AES3 digital audio transport structure. The purpose of this is to provide an open standard, Ethernet based approach to the networking of linear (uncompressed) digital audio with extremely high quality-of-service alongside standard Internet Protocol connections. This standard specifies a method, also known as "ATM-E", of carrying asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) cells over hardware specified for IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet). It is intended as a companion standard to AES47 (Transmission of digital audio over ATM networks), to provide a standard method of carrying ATM cells and real-time clock over hardware specified for Ethernet.Busy waiting In computer science and software engineering, busy-waiting, busy-looping or spinning is a technique in which a process repeatedly checks to see if a condition is true, such as whether keyboard input or a lock is available. Spinning can also be used to generate an arbitrary time delay, a technique that was necessary on systems that lacked a method of waiting a specific length of time. Processor speeds vary greatly from computer to computer, especially as some processors are designed to dynamically adjust speed based on external factors, such as the load on the operating system. As such, spinning as a time delay technique often produces unpredictable or even inconsistent results unless code is implemented to determine how quickly the processor can execute a "do nothing" loop, or the looping code explicitly checks a real-time clock. Spinning can be a valid strategy in certain circumstances, most notably in the implementation of spinlocks within operating systems designed to run on SMP systems. In general, however, spinning is considered an anti-pattern and should be avoided, as processor time that could be used to execute a different task is instead wasted on useless activity.Clock port The clock port is a commonly used term for the real-time clock interface of the Amiga 1200 computer. The port is a remnant of an abandoned design feature for addition of internal RAM and a clock for time keeping. However, it was later widely used as a general purpose expansion port by third-party developers for devices, such as, I/O cards, sound cards and even a USB controller. Although a real-time clock can be connected to the port, the clock was typically added by other means (usually integrated on CPU or RAM expansions) which leave the clock port free.The A1200 was the only Amiga model to have this unique 22-pin connector (some revisions of the A1200 motherboard have additional non-functional pins). However, as the address and data signals used by the interface are available through the internal expansion connectors of other Amiga models, clock port adaptors were later created by third-party developers for these systems. This enables owners of other popular models, such as the Amiga 500 or Amiga 600, to use the hardware created for this interface. Due to the popularity of clock port devices, developers even included one or more compatible clock port interfaces on Amiga Zorro boards to allow hosting such devices on these systems.Essentially, the connector provides an 8-bit data interface with limited addressing.Freescale DragonBall Motorola/Freescale Semiconductor's DragonBall, or MC68328, is a microcontroller design based on the famous 68000 core, but implemented as an all-in-one low-power system for handheld computer use. It is supported by μClinux. It was designed by Motorola in Hong Kong and released in 1995.The DragonBall's major design win was in earlier versions of the Palm Computing platform; however, from Palm OS 5 onwards it has been superseded by ARM-based processors from Texas Instruments and Intel. The processor is also used in some of the AlphaSmart line of portable word processors. Examples include the Dana and Dana Wireless. The processor is capable of speeds of up to 16.58 MHz and can run up to 2.7 MIPS (million instructions per second), for the base 68328 and DragonBall EZ (MC68EZ328) model. It was extended to 33 MHz, 5.4 MIPS for the DragonBall VZ (MC68VZ328) model, and 66 MHz, 10.8 MIPS for the DragonBall Super VZ (MC68SZ328). It is a 32-bit processor with 32-bit internal and external address bus (24-bit external address bus for EZ and VZ variants) and 32-bit data bus. It has many built-in functions, like a color and grayscale display controller, PC speaker sound, serial port with UART and IRDA support, UART bootstrap, real time clock, is able to directly access DRAM, Flash ROM, mask ROM, and has built-in support for touch screens. It is an all-in-one computer on a chip; before the DragonBall EZ, Palm handhelds had twice as many ICs. The more recent DragonBall MX series microcontrollers, later renamed the Freescale i.MX (MC9328MX/MCIMX) series, are intended for similar application to the earlier DragonBall devices but are based on an ARM processor core instead of a 68000 core.HP-27S The HP-27S was a pocket calculator produced by Hewlett-Packard, introduced in 1988, and discontinued between 1990 and 1993 (sources vary). It was the first HP scientific calculator to use algebraic entry instead of RPN, and though it was labelled scientific, it also included features associated with specialised business calculators. The device featured standard scientific functions, including statistics and probability. Equations could be stored in memory, and solved and integrated for specified variables. Binary, octal, and hexadecimal number bases could be used. Business features included a real-time clock and calendar, as well as functions such as time value of money calculations.The calculator had 7k bytes of usable memory, shared among variables and formulas. Its hardware features included a dot-matrix display of two rows of 22 characters. Depending on context, either the top row was used to display the current expression or a message, or the bottom row was used to show menu options, which could be selected with the corresponding keys. An infra-red transmitter was also included, allowing the machine to be used with a compatible printer, such as the HP 82240B. A beeper could be used to sound date/time alarms. The 27S was not programmable in the conventional way, but it included an advanced formula-storage system with programming features. Within stored formulas, sub-formulas could be defined and later referred to by name. Loops and conditional execution could also be embedded within formulas.Iriver H100 series The iriver H100 series (originally iHP-100 series) is a series of discontinued portable digital audio players (DAP) made by iriver and originally released in October 2003. The models in the H100 series differ mainly in hard drive storage capacity. The players were succeeded by the iriver H300 series.Monolog A Monolog is a Single Telephone Line Call Logging Device manufactured by British Telecom in the UK. The reason for connecting Monolog to a telephone line is to collect independent call and charging data to help resolve customer queries or complaints. Monolog is usually connected to a customer's line at the telephone exchange although it is possible to monitor the line at the customer's premises. Monolog is based on the Mitsubishi M50734SP-10 8-bit processor that uses an enhanced 6502 instruction set. The unit comprises two boards: a digital board that contains EPROM and RAM for storage of call records and an analogue board that provides the necessary interface components to the monitored telephone line. Monolog is powered via four AA rechargeable batteries which are trickle charged at approximately 2 mA from a control line. This control line is also used for remote connection to the unit for the purposes of data retrieval.NT (cassette) NT is a digital memo recording system introduced by Sony in 1992, sometimes marketed under the name Scoopman. The system stored memos using helical scanning on special microcassettes, which were 30 × 21.5 × 5 mm with a tape width of 2.5 mm, with a recording capacity of up to 120 minutes. The Scoopmen cassettes are offered in three versions: The Sony NTC-60, -90, and -120, each describing the length of time (in minutes) the cassette can record. NT stands for Non-Tracking, meaning the head does not precisely follow the tracks on the tape. Instead, the head moves over the tape at approximately the correct angle and speed, but performs more than one pass over each track. The data in each track is stored on the tape in blocks with addressing information that enables reconstruction in memory from several passes. This considerably reduced the required mechanical precision, reducing the complexity, size, and cost of the recorder. Another feature of NT cassettes is Non-Loading, which means instead of having a mechanism to pull the tape out of the cassette and wrap it around the drum, the drum is pushed inside the cassette to achieve the same effect. This also significantly reduces the complexity, size, and cost of the mechanism. Audio sampling is in stereo at 32 kHz with 12 bit nonlinear quantization, corresponding to 17 bit linear quantization. Data written to the tape is packed into data blocks and encoded with LDM-2 low deviation modulation.The Sony NT-2 Digital Micro Recorder, introduced in 1996 and shown here, features a real-time clock that records a time signal on the digital track along with the sound data, making it useful for journalism, police and legal work. Due to the machine's buffer memory, it is capable of automatically reversing the tape direction at the end of the reel without an interruption in the sound. The recorder uses a single "AA"-size cell for primary power, plus a separate CR-1220 lithium cell to provide continuous power to the real-time clock. The Sony NT-2, an improved successor to the Sony NT-1 Digital Micro Recorder, introduced in 1992, was the final machine in the series. The NT cassette systems cost more than a DAT recorder in their day, are fragile and relatively unreliable compared to other emerging recording technologies, and being unable to compete soon disappeared from the market. The devices are considered curiosities for collectors.Nonvolatile BIOS memory Nonvolatile BIOS memory refers to a small memory on PC motherboards that is used to store BIOS settings. It is traditionally called CMOS RAM because it uses a volatile, low-power complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) SRAM (such as the Motorola MC146818 or similar) powered by a small "CMOS" battery when system and standby power is off. The typical NVRAM capacity is 256 bytes.The CMOS RAM and the real-time clock have been integrated as a part of the southbridge chipset and it may not be a standalone chip on modern motherboards.PocketStation The PocketStation is a Memory Card peripheral by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation home video game console. Categorized by Sony as a combination of a Memory Card and a miniature personal digital assistant, the device features a monochrome liquid crystal display (LCD), infrared communication capability, a real-time clock, built-in flash memory, and sound capability. To use the device's memory card functionality, it must be connected to a PlayStation through a memory card slot. It was released exclusively in Japan on January 23, 1999.Software for the PocketStation was typically distributed as extras for PlayStation games, included in the CD-ROM, enhancing the games with added features. Stand-alone software could also be downloaded through the PlayStation console. The software is then transferred to the PocketStation for use. A built-in infrared data interface allows direct transfer of data such as game saves between PocketStation units, as well as multiplayer gaming. The original Japanese ship date for the PocketStation was set for December 23, 1998, but it was delayed a full month. Sony only shipped an initial 60,000 units of the peripheral when it was released on January 23, 1999. It was initially available in two case colors: white and clear. It proved extremely popular, selling out all over the region. Sony planned to release the PocketStation outside Japan, engaging in promotional activity in Europe and North America, but the release did not occur. SCEA cited an inability meeting Japanese demand as the reason for the PocketStation's absence. Despite this, a few games, such as Final Fantasy VIII and SaGa Frontier 2, retained PocketStation functionality in their localized versions.The PocketStation's most popular game was Dokodemo Issho, which sold over 1.5 million copies in Japan and is the first game to star Sony's mascot Toro. The PocketStation was discontinued in July 2002 after having shipped nearly five million units.On November 5, 2013, it was announced that the PocketStation would be revived as an application for the PlayStation Vita, allowing users to play PocketStation format minigames for any classic PlayStation games that they own. Originally it was only available to PlayStation Plus members, it was later released to the general public. It remains an exclusive to the Japanese PlayStation Vitas. The PocketStation also shares similarities with Sega's VMU for the Dreamcast.Pokémon Mini The Pokémon Mini (Japanese: ポケモンミニ, Hepburn: Pokemon Mini, officially stylized as Pokémon mini) is a handheld game console that was designed and manufactured by Nintendo and themed around the Pokémon media franchise. It is the smallest game system with interchangeable cartridges ever produced by Nintendo, weighing just under two and a half ounces (71 grams). It was first released in North America on November 16, 2001, then in Japan on December 14, 2001, and in Europe on March 15, 2002. The systems were released in three colors: Wooper Blue, Chikorita Green, and Smoochum Purple.Features of the Pokémon mini include an internal real-time clock, an infrared port used to facilitate multiplayer gaming, a reed switch for detecting shakes, and a motor used to implement force feedback. The Nintendo GameCube game Pokémon Channel features playable demo versions of several Pokémon mini games via console emulation. Also included in the game is Snorlax's Lunch Time, a Pokémon Channel exclusive. Some games were only released in Japan, such as Togepi's Adventure. Various hackers have reverse engineered the Pokémon mini (with the aid of the aforementioned emulator in Pokémon Channel) in order to enable the creation of homebrew games, and to allow official games to be played on other platforms (such as a PC, Dreamcast and various others).Power Management Unit The Power Management Unit (PMU) is a microcontroller that governs power functions of digital platforms. This microchip has many similar components to the average computer, including firmware and software, memory, a CPU, input/output functions, timers to measure intervals of time, and analog to digital converters to measure the voltages of the main battery or power source of the computer. The PMU is one of the few items to remain active even when the computer is completely shut down, powered by the backup battery. For portable computers, the PMU is responsible for coordinating many functions, including: Monitoring power connections and battery charges Charging batteries when necessary Controlling power to other integrated circuits Shutting down unnecessary system components when they are left idle Controlling sleep and power functions (on and off) Managing the interface for built in keypad and trackpads on portable computers Regulating the real-time clock (RTC)The PMU controls almost every power-consuming function in an Apple computer. It is constantly running diagnostics on the various power-related operations and checking them against the current Energy-Saver settings, allowing the PMU to actively manage power consumption for optimum user performance. The PMUs functions may become corrupt over time. If this happens, it may become unresponsive and stop performing tasks. The user may not notice the PMUs malfunctions so much as the side effects of the corruption, including: Failure to turn on Failure to restore from sleep mode Failure to recognize connected devices (FireWire, USB, etc.)Resetting the PMU in these circumstances can be a relatively quick and easy fix to some of these issues. There is a keyboard shortcut on newer Apple laptops with an internal battery, nicknamed "SCOP". This stands for Shift Control Option Power. This "reboots" the PMU software in order to get it working as it should. For Apple laptops with a removable battery, resetting the PMU involves unplugging the power adapter, disconnecting the battery, then holding down the power button for five seconds. Another PMU-related fix would be to reset the logic board, where one removes the backup battery on the board for a few minutes, then reinstalls it, causing the PMU to reset itself with clean, fresh parameters (that need to be corrected, if desired, to its previous state) during the next Mac OS boot (for typical PC users, this is similar to "resetting the CMOS"). The PMU is very sensitive and a reset may be necessary if a backup battery dies. Even plugging in one's laptop in the wrong order can cause issues (power into the outlet first, THEN power to the computer). Never turn off an attached UPS without first unplugging the AC adapter.Real-time clock alarm A real time clock alarm is a feature that can be used to allow a computer to 'wake up' after shut down to execute tasks every day or on a certain day. It can sometimes be found in the 'Power Management' section of a motherboard's BIOS setup. However, newer BIOS setups do not include an RTC alarm option, although it can still be set from within user applications. Wake On LAN, Wake on ring, and IPMI functions could also be used to start a computer after it is turned off. In Linux, the real time clock alarm can be set or retrieved using /proc/acpi/alarm or /sys/class/rtc/rtc0/wakealarm. Alternatively the rtcwake utility may be used which prevents problems when using local time instead of UTC by automatically processing the /etc/adjtime file. systemd can be used to wake a system and run a task at a specific time.In Microsoft Windows there are different programs which could be used to 'wake up' a computer from standby or hibernation. Task Scheduler settings for power management can be used to 'Wake the computer to run this task'.Super I/O Super I/O is a class of I/O controller integrated circuits that began to be used on personal computer motherboards in the late 1980s, originally as add-in cards, later embedded on the motherboards. A super I/O chip combines interfaces for a variety of low-bandwidth devices. The functions below are usually provided by the super I/O if they are on the motherboard: A full set of IBM PC/AT-compatible peripherals, excepting the interrupt and DMA controllers: A floppy-disk controller An IEEE 1284-compatible parallel port (commonly used for printers) One or more 16C550-compatible serial port UARTs An embedded controller and/or keyboard controller that is sometimes connected to a PS/2 keyboard and/or mouse interface. An Intel 8254-compatible programmable interval timer A battery-backed real-time clock and nonvolatile BIOS memoryMost chips include some additional low-speed devices, such as: Temperature, voltage, and fan speed sensors Chassis intrusion detection Pulse-width modulation fan speed control A serial BIOS ROM interface (if the ROM is not directly on the LPC bus itself) An infrared port controller A game port (not provided by modern super I/O chips anymore because Windows XP is the last Windows OS to support a game port) A watchdog timer A consumer IR receiver a MIDI port Some general-purpose input/output pins Legacy Plug and Play support for the included devicesBy combining many functions in a single chip, the number of parts needed on a motherboard is reduced, thus reducing the cost of production. The original super I/O chips communicated with the central processing unit via the Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus. With the evolution away from ISA towards use of the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, the Super I/O chip was often the biggest remaining reason for continuing inclusion of ISA on the motherboard. Modern super I/O chips use the Low Pin Count (LPC) bus instead of ISA for communication with the Central processing unit. This normally occurs through an LPC interface on the southbridge chip of the motherboard. Companies that make super I/O controllers include Nuvoton (formerly Winbond), ITE, Fintek, and Microchip Technology. National Semiconductor used to make super I/O controllers but sold that business to Winbond, which already had a competing super I/O controller business. In 2005, Winbond then spun off its logic businesses to a wholly owned subsidiary, Nuvoton. SMSC made super I/O chips and then got acquired by Microchip Technology.Toshiba T1000 The Toshiba T1000 was a laptop computer manufactured by the Toshiba Corporation in 1987. It had a similar specification to the IBM PC Convertible, with a 4.77 MHz 80C88 processor, 512 kB of RAM, and a monochrome CGA-compatible LCD. Unlike the Convertible, it includes a standard serial port and parallel port, connectors for an external monitor, and a real-time clock. Unusually for an IBM compatible PC, the T1000 contained a 256 kB ROM with a copy of MS-DOS 2.11. This acted as a small, read-only hard drive. Alternative operating systems could still be loaded from the floppy drive, or (if present) the ramdisk. Along with the earlier T1100 and T1200 systems, the Toshiba T1000 was one of the early computers to feature a "laptop" form factor and battery-powered operation.VMU The Visual Memory Unit (VMU), also referred to as the Visual Memory System (ビジュアルメモリ, Bijuaru Memori) (VMS) in Japan and Europe, is the primary memory card produced by Sega for the Dreamcast home video game console. The device features a monochrome liquid crystal display (LCD), multiplayer gaming capability (via connectors at the top), second screen functionality, a real-time clock, file manager, built-in flash memory, and sound capability. Prior to the launch of the Dreamcast, a special Godzilla edition VMU, preloaded with a virtual pet game, was released on July 30, 1998 in Japan.While its most basic function is as a removable storage device, the VMU may also serve as an auxiliary display during normal gameplay and, through the use of additional software (distributed as extras on Dreamcast GD-ROMs), acts as a handheld game console. Console-like features of the VMU include a screen, speaker, proper directional pad, four action buttons, the ability to connect and interact with other VMUs, and the ability to download additional games. While the standard VMU is white, colors were expanded to include many variations. Japan even saw the release of branded VMUs, such as those by Sonic Team, Capcom and Hello Kitty.Volume serial number A volume serial number is a serial number assigned to a disk volume or tape volume. It originated in 1950s in mainframe computer operating systems. In OS/360 line it is human-configurable, has a maximum length of six characters, is in uppercase, must start with a letter, and identifies a volume to the system in unique manner. For example, "SYSRES" is often used for a system residence volume. In FAT and NTFS file systems, a volume serial number is a feature used to determine if a disk is present in a drive or not, and to detect if it was exchanged with another one. This identification system was created by Microsoft and IBM during their development of OS/2. It was introduced in MS-DOS 4.01 in 1988. The volume serial number is a 32-bit number determined by the date and time on the real-time clock on the current computer at the time of a disk's formatting. Previously, the method used to discern whether a disk was swapped was identified by reading the drive's volume label (much similar in concept to OS/360). However, even at that time the volume label was not required to be unique and was optional. Therefore, many users had not given disks any meaningful name and the old method failed.WDC 65C134 The Western Design Center (WDC) W65C134S microcomputer is a complete fully static 8-bit computer fabricated on a single chip using a low power CMOS process. The W65C134S complements an established and growing line of 65xx products and has a wide range of microcomputer applications. The W65C134S has been developed for Hi-Rel applications, and where minimum power is required. The W65C134S consists of a W65C02S (Static) Central Processing Unit (CPU), 4096 bytes of Read Only Memory (ROM), 192 bytes of Random Access Memory (RAM), two 16 bit timers, a low power Serial Interface Bus (SIB) configured as a token passing Local Area Network, Universal Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter (UART) with baud rate timer, one 16-bit "Monitor Watch-Dog Timer" with "restart" interrupt, twenty-two priority encoded interrupts, ICE Interface, Real-Time clock features including Time of Day (ToD) clock, Bus Control Register (BCR) for external memory bus control, interface circuitry for peripheral devices, and many low power features. The innovative architecture and the demonstrated high performance of the W65C02S CPU, as well as instruction simplicity, result in system cost-effectiveness and a wide range of computational power. These features make the W65C134S a leading candidate for Hi-Rel and other microcomputer applications. This product description assumes that the reader is familiar with the W65C02S CPU hardware and programming capabilities. Refer to the W65C02S Data Sheet for additional information.ZX8302 The ZX8302 was a ULA integrated circuit designed for the Sinclair QL microcomputer. Also known as the QL's "Peripheral Chip", it interfaced the CPU to the Microdrives, QLAN local area network interface and RS-232 ports (transmit only) and also provided a real-time clock. The ZX8302 was IC23 on the QL motherboard.

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Carlos Lourenço reviews in 2012 Higgs: The Invention and Discovery of the ‘God Particle’. One of the classic signals expected for a quark–gluon plasma (QGP) is the radiation of "thermal photons", with a spectrum reflecting the temperature of the system. The top quark is the heaviest point-like particle known. It weighs about as much as an atom of tungsten yet is an elementary building block of the Standard Model of particle physics. News from the DIS 2012 workshop held earlier this year in Bonn. Photons are a critical tool at the LHC, and the ATLAS detector has been carefully designed to measure photons precisely. The LHCb experiment was originally conceived of to study particles containing the beauty-flavoured b quark. The big news this summer was on the new Higgs-like boson and how the hint of an excess in last year’s 7 TeV data from the LHC became an observation with this year’s 8 TeV data. The LHC is a tremendously powerful tool built to explore physics at the tera-electron-volt scale. This year it is being operated with a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV, which is a little over half of ... ATLAS reports on their side of the story regarding the discovery of the Higgs boson. Looking back to the day when the Standard Model was completed.

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How to Understand Speech through Language There is a fundamental problem with understanding language itself. The lack of comprehension makes it hard to recognize speech through other forms of communication, such as writing or reading. This lack of comprehension might explain why it’s difficult to formulate sense words for our sense objects: We can’t think of language as something separate from the world around us. While we seem to understand individual words, it’s still much more difficult to comprehend speech using singular, multiple, or fraternal singular pronouns (hence the neologism word “opposite”), or the nouns that occur in the prefix “par” or “pp” (e.g., right-hand sandwich, parrot). For language to become an active component of our thought process, rather than being a mere recipient of it, we’ll need to (slowly but surely) start thinking of it as something that is experiencing it. In the long run, this is what language hope to become. Recently, David Harrison from the University of Wisconsin explained how the word “liken” originated in Sanskrit. Since that word had a dual meaning (“neighbor” and “relative”), it gained a place in grammar and syntax as the “likie” of the verb. This “likie” quickly became a prefix, used to emphasize meaning and to render signals as ones that are either the same or different from ones that possess a different prefix. We may immediately think that we don’t have to bother learning how to use the proper prefixes and suffixes in order to draw connections between ideas and semantics, but I beg to differ. One reason to learn, especially in today’s digital age, is to hone your Grammarly app by shifting out of regularisms and learning to view language as its very own interpretive language. To understand the metaphor, consider a collage made of different objects—say, work items, or movies, or photos—and how they might be mixed with each other. You don’t use a palette of overall composition to create a collage but you do use a palette of subtly different colors, patterns, and sizes to develop a collage. Once you master the art of the collage, the tools you used to tell separate stories suddenly make sense. And that story of the collage, no matter how it formed itself, is the reason it’s visually appealing. A similar metaphor can be applied to thinking about language itself. Words are made up of an array of colors, which, when split into a hundred pieces, form a collage. Of course, the examples above, and more abstract ones like “gender” and “SBS,” seem to embody a simpler usage of language—how much a thought applies to a single text and what may happen to it in different contexts. However, the metaphors can be applied to any spoken or written word, and to phrases too. Imagine understanding the text you are reading. You may not have gotten the meaning of it previously (or not completely), but the vividness and quirky nature of the communication could be enough to make you seek an immediate evaluation of the subject. All of this makes perfect sense once you start making connections between language and language use. Thinking of language as words making up something like a collage—as a compilation of unrelated terms such as “your” and “you’re”—really begins to become possible, and it isn’t until you begin to move away from rigid grammar and English vocabulary that you will be able to appreciate the meaning behind words, pronouns, and grammar.

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- 1 Why did democracy start in Greece? - 2 What is the origin of democracy? - 3 How did Greek government transition to the development of democracy? - 4 When did Greece become a democracy? - 5 Who is founder of democracy? - 6 What country was the first democracy? - 7 What are the 5 basic concepts of democracy? - 8 How many countries are democratic? - 9 What were the limitations of Greek democracy? - 10 How did Greece fall? - 11 What caused the fall of Athens? - 12 Who ruled Greece now? - 13 What happened Greek democracy? - 14 What is a true democracy? Why did democracy start in Greece? The ancient Greeks were the first to create a democracy. The Greek idea of democracy was different from present-day democracy because, in Athens, all adult citizens were required to take an active part in the government. If they did not fulfill their duty they would be fined and sometimes marked with red paint. What is the origin of democracy? The word ‘democracy’ has its origins in the Greek language. It combines two shorter words: ‘demos’ meaning whole citizen living within a particular city-state and ‘kratos’ meaning power or rule. A belief in shared power: based on a suspicion of concentrated power (whether by individuals, groups or governments). How did Greek government transition to the development of democracy? Democracy in Athens was started largely thanks to the philosopher and politician Pericles. He dominated Athenian politics and ruled by wise influence and negotiation. Pericles believed that all citizens should partake in government and was the first to offer a stipend to men in office. When did Greece become a democracy? Athenian democracy developed around the 6th century BC in the Greek city-state (known as a polis) of Athens, comprising the city of Athens and the surrounding territory of Attica. Who is founder of democracy? Under Cleisthenes, what is generally held as the first example of a type of democracy in 508–507 BC was established in Athens. Cleisthenes is referred to as “the father of Athenian democracy”. What country was the first democracy? The concepts (and name) of democracy and constitution as a form of government originated in ancient Athens circa 508 B.C. In ancient Greece, where there were many city-states with different forms of government, democracy was contrasted with governance by elites (aristocracy), by one person (monarchy), by tyrants ( What are the 5 basic concepts of democracy? Recognition of the fundamental worth and dignity of every person; 2. Respect for the equality of all persons 3. Faith in majority rule and an insistence upon minority rights 4. Acceptance of the necessity of compromise; and 5. How many countries are democratic? The index is self-described as intending to measure the state of democracy in 167 countries, of which 166 are sovereign states and 164 are UN member states. The index is based on 60 indicators grouped in five different categories, measuring pluralism, civil liberties and political culture. What were the limitations of Greek democracy? The Athenian form of democracy was a contradiction in the sense that it did not allow participation of a large section of the public, namely, women and slaves. The Athenian democracy was not equitable, and it did not consider slaves and foreigners. Additionally, Athenian women had no place in decision-making. How did Greece fall? Like all civilizations, however, Ancient Greece eventually fell into decline and was conquered by the Romans, a new and rising world power. Years of internal wars weakened the once powerful Greek city-states of Sparta, Athens, Thebes, and Corinth. What caused the fall of Athens? The arrogance of the Athenians clearly was a key factor in their destruction. Three major causes of the rise and fall of Athens were its democracy, its leadership, and its arrogance. The democracy produced many great leaders, but unfortunately, also many bad leaders. Who ruled Greece now? President of Greece |President of the Hellenic Republic Πρόεδρος της Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας| |Incumbent Katerina Sakellaropoulou since 13 March 2020| |Residence||Presidential Mansion, Athens| What happened Greek democracy? The Final End of Athenian Democracy. A year after their defeat of Athens in 404 BC, the Spartans allowed the Athenians to replace the government of the Thirty Tyrants with a new democracy. Only a decade later Sparta had been reduced to a shadow of its former self. But Thebes’ dominance of Greece would be short-lived. What is a true democracy? Direct democracy or pure democracy is a form of democracy in which people decide on policy initiatives directly. This differs from the majority of currently established democracies, which are representative democracies.

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2. Nutrient Management for the Best ROI (start at 43:44 to listen about new technology) About a year ago, we started working with some new technology; Nutrisense Sensors. This is technology from Europe that can measure nitrate and potassium; now we have the ability to monitor those along with our soil moisture content. This past year, there were three sites in North America with these sensors: here (on corn), California (on trees) and Washington State (on fruit crops). We installed this two miles north of here. We put one sensor at 8 inches, so we are looking at the root zone, and another at 30 inches. We also used suction lysimeters. These are tubes that have a mesh sponge on one end. Each week we would put a vacuum on the PVC tube and shut the valve for a day. The moisture in the soil would come into the tube and we would suction it out with a syringe. This allows us to measure the nutrient content of the water in the soil pore and compare it to readings that we were getting of the sensor. One thing to keep in mind: the sensor is measure the soil pore water plus the nutrients attached to the soil colloid. The water we collected contains the soluble portion, so they are measure two different pools of nutrients. In addition, we would take corn leaves, run them through a garlic press and measure the SAP (potassium, nitrate, calcium and sodium) in the tissue at the same spot at the same time. One thing we found with the SAP measurements, if you measure in the morning, then have a hot sunny day, and measure in the afternoon, these values could change 40%. If you want to create a benchmark, you have to check these at the same time of day, with similar conditions to really understand what is happening. With all these reference points, we were able to graph all this data and learn. This graph is from June 13th to August 8th. This is in heavy clay soil with CECs of 25-30. Our belief system has always been that we don’t leach nitrate, because of how heavy our soils are. What we learned this year challenged that thinking. The green line is the nitrate level at 24 inches. In June, there were some rain events, and as you can see, the nitrate value was continually climbing. Meanwhile, you can see on this chart the 24 inch potassium in dark red is continually dropping. This chart is later in the season, July 29-August 11, so we are in the grain fill. We did some applications of in season potassium, but we know that in these soils, potassium is one of our limiting factors; this wasn’t a surprise to see potassium levels drop. What did surprise us was that the nitrate increased while the potassium was dropping. If you go back to the nutrient interaction graphic, you will see that too much nitrate blocks potassium. Another event in November gives us more data to make us question if nitrate is leaching down into the soil. This is another rain event after the growing season and harvest. The nitrate at 24 inches is the dark green; as you can see, the level rises quite sharply. That is nitrate that we paid $1 per pound for last year; those are dollars getting pushed down into the soil profile that we can’t get back. One thing we are going to reevaluate this year is our nitrogen management. We need to watch what we are doing with in season nitrogen; not only are we being inefficient, but it isn’t getting into the plant like it should be. Here is a nutrient uptake chart from a presentation from the National No-till Conference. This shows the nutrients required weekly to grow 400 bushel corn. To get to v6, we only need ten pounds. This is when most of us are applying 50-100% of our nitrogen, and expecting it to be available later in the year. This data is just challenging our thinking on how we are applying different nutrients and when; we encourage you to look at your practices and what you can do to match these uptakes. Another piece to the nitrate issue, especially for those in Nebraska, is nitrate and groundwater. The University of Nebraska has been monitoring the vadose zone (the ground between where crops are grown, and the aquifer); they have found high levels of nitrate in the vadose zone (https://nebraskavadose.unl.edu/). Most of the places we work in Nebraska have a sandy loam soil. We know nitrogen moves easier in sand; what would that sensor look like in Nebraska, if we have nitrates leaching through our heavier clay soil? Our goal is to have 50 of those sensors in Nebraska this year, to help farmers understand how to do better with nitrogen management.

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Author : Kristina R. Smith. Published : Sun, Jun 23 2019 :11 AM. Format : jpg/jpeg. If you are looking for printable worksheets for your preschool child, the array of choices can be a little intimidating. You may just be looking for a few pages to keep your child occupied with something more constructive than yet another half hour in front of the TV, or you may feel it is time you started helping your child learn the basic skills she or he will need for school. The first step is to consider the correct or appropriate font to use - the bigger the better. Avoid fonts such as the Roman Script as the curls and curves of the letters may be confusing. For kids, fun fonts such as the Comic Sans MS are advisable. There are also worksheets that teach how to read. It includes the basic sounds each letter produce. Kids try to read the words displayed before them. In the First Alphabet worksheet, kids learn how to write the alphabet. And in the First Animals worksheet, kids try to recognize the animals in the picture and learn the names of these animals. There are many more worksheets available. They vary in complexity of the activity depending on the age and grade level of a child. Free worksheets to print pre k e2 80 93 with preschool math also for year olds ndergarten printables alphabets handwriting ks1 printable Free worksheets to print worksheet mental math definition social teaching printable for preschoolers 2nd grade measurement Free worksheets to print lots of math out school 1st grade handwriting cursive printable english grammar Free rksheets to print preschool printing e2 80 93 with learning pages also handwriting printable for preschoolers math kindergarten Kids worksheets free kindergarten to print australia printable math 2nd grade place value handwriting worksheet printables for Kids worksheets free able for preschoolers math 2nd grade place value fractions handwriting to Free worksheets to print kindergarten math for printable phonics 1st grade Free worksheets to print printable for 1st grade math 2nd phonics worksheet Free rintable honics worksheet for reschool worksheets on eer ressure rintables kindergarten math 2nd grade fractions Kids worksheets math free printable 2nd grade place value 6th handwriting Free sheets to print kindergarten australia printable for english grammar 2nd grade math telling time phonics Free worksheets to print preschool activity shelter kids printable for 1st Kids worksheets free table christmas math 2nd grade 4th phonics for 1st Free worksheets to print 2nd grade stuff addition le math for kindergarten Free worksheets to print kids practice uppercase letters st patricks day e2 80 93 smart printable christmas math 2nd grade Kindergarten worksheets free printables alphabets math printable phonics for 2nd grade regrouping Kids worksheets free printable christmas math 2nd grade nics for adults middle school kindergarten printables Kindergarten math ets to print for free printable education com printables reading english grade Kids rksheets math homework pages awesome print spongebob squarepants cartoon free to for kindergarten printable Free kindergarten worksheets to print australia handwriting worksheet les jolly phonics le english comprehension Free worksheets to print worksheet and circle the tching number th printable pdf english grammar grade christmas Math worksheet print homework sheets grade literacy worksheets ree to printable or 2nd multiplication jolly phonics printables Kids worksheets print homework sheets nadi palmex co free to printable phonics worksheet for first grade preschool Free worksheets to print kids printable math 2nd ade place value phonics pdf english Kids worksheets free to int intable math for 2nd grade regrouping 6th phonics phase Free worksheets to print kids math 1st grade inspirational first printable english alphabet Free worksheets to print kindergarten holiday printables printable or english grammar handwriting cursive phonics Teachers use printable writing paper sheets. They let their students trace the numbers, letters, words or dots as this is the perfect way for a child to practice the controlled movements of his fingers and wrist. With continued practice or tracing, he will soon be able to write more legibly and clearly. Educationists create sets of worksheets as per the academic curriculum of the learners. The learning objectives are set as per the kid`s level of understanding. Therefore, worksheets for Class 1 will vary from nursery worksheets. Specially-designed age appropriate graded level worksheets give kids the opportunity to reinforce the application of knowledge they gained in their classrooms.

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This proposed Lunar Data Project will identify and reformat lunar data uniquely held by the NSSDC and archive and make the data accessible online to the lunar exploration community. The National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) maintains over 500 NASA data sets from astronaut and robotic missions to the Moon. It is the most comprehensive archive of 20th century lunar data in the world. Most of these data sets are unique and are not in the Planetary Data System (PDS) since they are primarily image- and microfilm-based dating from the Apollo era. These data sets are archived and well maintained, and are held in the offline portion of the permanent NSSDC archive. High-level information about these data is accessible online and requests for duplication of many of these data have occurred steadily over the last 30 years. Utilization of the data in the current nonelectronic format is cumbersome. The expertise and most of the equipment needed to achieve this task already exists at the NSSDC. Figure 1 summarizes the project and how the results will be utilized by the exploration community. As indicated by the attached letter (Appendix 6), this effort is supported by John Young, Commander of the Apollo 16 mission, who collected a portion of the data himself. Making use of this data before the scheduled lunar missions take place will in effect allow us to get to the Moon ahead of the hardware. 1.1 Relevance to NASA The President has challenged NASA to “extend human presence across the Solar System, starting with a human return to the Moon before the year 2020, in preparation for human exploration of Mars and other destinations.” In response, Administrator O’Keefe has established a set of goals for space exploration beyond low-Earth orbit, see Figure 2. These goals emphasize exploration, though science is also a part of the lunar missions. Consistent with the NASA Vision and Mission, NASA exploration programs will seek profound answers to questions of our origins, whether life exists beyond Earth, and how we could live on other worlds. In order to support exploration of the Moon, key data will be needed to determine landing sites based on local resources, terrain, environment, and other lunar characteristics for which much data already exists. The current NASA vision is a continuation of the early lunar flights of the 1960s. Most instruments flown or left on the Moon had a specific purpose with the ultimate goal of enabling future exploration. The Saturn V rockets at both Kennedy and Johnson Space Centers are a monument to the midstream cancellation of the program. It is important to take advantage of the enormous amount of information produced by these previous lunar missions. We cannot afford to recreate existing lunar data sets. The first new mission to the Moon, scheduled for launch in 2008, will be limited and should therefore concentrate on obtaining data that are needed, taking advantage of and supplementing the data that already exists in the PDS and the NSSDC. Later robotic missions to the lunar surface will require an understanding of the environment which only the in-situ Apollo experiments can give. This effort will build on and extend previous NASA accomplishments at a low cost. Providing rapid access to currently offline key lunar data sets in the NSSDC in a Lunar Exploration Enabling Database (LEED) will support the President’s Moon/Mars initiative and should be important in determining the requirements of the upcoming new lunar missions. Figure 2 – The Lunar Data Project will enable the successful implementation of the exploration initiative to meet the goals of the lunar exploration vision. 1.2 Lunar Data Key Questions and Goals There are two primary reasons that knowledge of the lunar environment is essential to enable extended robotic and human exploration. The first is that all hazards and deleterious environmental effects must be recognized and understood to enhance astronaut safety, including risks posed to equipment as well as to astronauts. Potential hazards include the charged and energetic particle environment, the cosmic ray and radiation environment, the ambient atmosphere, lunar dust, and landing obstacles such as boulders, craters, and sharp rocks. The second reason is to locate potential resources on the Moon, particularly water ice, but also optimal locations for solar energy and safe landing and building sites. Much of the data returned from the Moon during the Apollo program and archived at the NSSDC is ideally suited to help meet the goal of understanding the lunar environment to mitigate hazards and make full use of whatever resources might be available (Figure 3). A gap analysis of the current data would also help determine lunar data which should be collected in the future. As evidenced by the fact that most Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package (ALSEP) data are not referenced or mentioned in such compendiums as the Lunar Sourcebook (Cambridge, 1991) it is clear that the information is not widely known to the community. Figure 3 - The near side of the Moon has been extensively explored by the Soviet Luna (red) and U.S. Surveyor (yellow) and Apollo (green) missions. 1.3 Lunar Data Evaluation A lunar data evaluation team consisting of a group of Goddard lunar and data experts (see Section 2.1) was formed in February 2004 to review the extensive uniquely held lunar data at the NSSDC. The panel provided an independent initial ranking of these unique lunar data sets as to their potential importance in supporting the President’s initiative. The prioritized list is one of the bases of this proposal. (see Section 2.3) The purpose of the Lunar Data Project is to identify lunar data uniquely held by the NSSDC that is of vital importance in supporting the President’s Moon/Mars initiative, reformat digital data, digitize analog data at the appropriate resolution and place that data online (web accessible) with associated metadata for access by the entire exploration community. A secondary goal is to determine if data exists from other U.S. sources and the Soviet lunar exploration program to enhance or improve the archive, and if so, prepare to utilize it as well. The potential impact of the Lunar Data Project is to improve safety for both machine and people, limit duplication of efforts, reduce costs, aid in the development of mission architectures and enhance spacecraft and instrument design. 2.0 Lunar Data 2.1 Lunar Data Evaluation Team The lunar data evaluation team consisted of Paul Lowman (Chairman), Gregory Leptoukh, Patrick Taylor, Dave Rubincam, and Will Webster (Figure 4). In the meeting of the team and NSSDC personnel on 27 February 2004, lunar data sets were reviewed with particular attention to their relevance to lunar hazards, resources, and the long-term effects of the lunar environment on equipment. Figure 4 – The Lunar Data Evaluation Team (L to R) Gregory Leptoukh, Dave Rubincam, Paul Lowman, Will Webster (not pictured: Patrick Taylor) reviewed the data held at the NSSDC for relevance to future lunar exploration. A number of important points were brought up at the meeting: • The Apollo landings were from the beginning assumed to lead to the establishment of a lunar base and detailed concepts were developed beginning in 1962. For this reason, many of the Apollo surface experiments were intended to characterize the lunar surface environment for purposes of a long-term exploration program. Such a program did not materialize, but the data collected are still valuable for this purpose. • Much of this lunar data has not been thoroughly examined, in part because of the large amount of data returned over time by some of these experiments, in part because of the difficulty of accessing data stored on microfilm or microfiche, and in part because of the termination of funding for the Apollo program. • A thorough examination of more user-friendly digital versions of this data with current high-speed computers and sophisticated software could prove fruitful in characterizing the lunar environment. • Historical, long-term data are the only way to observe changes in the lunar environment over periods of time characteristic of proposed extended human missions. The report of the Lunar Data Evaluation team is included in Appendix 7. 2.2 The Data The ALSEPs (see Table 1) placed on the Moon by Apollo 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17 are the only long-term experiments ever run on the surface of the Moon. The ALSEPs returned data to Earth from their deployment in 1969-72 until they were switched off in 1977. Currently the Lunar Laser Retroreflectors are the only part of the ALSEPs still in use, providing a valuable indication of the long term effects of the lunar surface environment on hardware. The ALSEP data represent a unique and irreplaceable window into the Moon's surface environment. Data from the following ALSEP experiments were judged by the team to be of highest priority for restoration and digitization for future lunar exploration: the Solar Wind Spectrometer (Apollo 12 and 15), the Suprathermal Ion Detector (Apollo 12, 14, and 15), the Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment (Apollo 14), and the Cold Cathode Ion Gauge (Apollo 14 and 15). These data were all deemed critical to understanding the effect of the lunar environment on equipment and astronauts. The ALSEP work tapes are also important in that they contain housekeeping and engineering as well as all science data from the ALSEP central station and the individual experiments which would be useful in determining the long-term effects of the lunar environment on equipment. It was also determined that the soil mechanics data from Apollo 15 and 16 and dust detector data from the Apollo 14 and 15 ALSEPs would be important for designing robotic and astronaut vehicles and for planning construction on the Moon. Photographic data sets were also considered, in terms of their uses both in avoiding landing hazards and locating resources and viable areas to establish lunar habitats. The Apollo Panoramic Photography was judged to be the most useful of the data for digitization at high resolution. This data will be digitized at high but not full resolution initially to provide mission planners with data from which they can choose areas of interest and then full resolution scans or the actual hard copy photographs can be made available. Other experiments which were deemed lower priority, but still considered to have the possibility of providing important data for future exploration, were the Apollo 15 and 16 Subsatellite Lunar Particle Shadows and Boundary Layer experiment and the Alpha Particle Spectrometer data taken from orbit on Apollo 16 to characterize the lunar environment, the Far Ultraviolet Spectrometer from orbit on Apollo 17 to evaluate the Moon as a platform for studying Earth, and the ALSEP Passive Seismometers on Apollos 12, 14, 15, and 16, to judge the potential for disturbances to sensitive instruments. Table 1 – Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package Locations. The Apollo landing sites represent a diverse sample of lunar terrains. See Figure 3 for a map of the near side of the Moon showing landing site locations. 2.3 Detailed Discussion of Data and Experiments The Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment (SIDE) was part of the Apollo 12, 14, and 15 ALSEPs. It measured positive ions reaching the lunar surface, including magnetospheric ions and those generated from ultraviolet ionization of the lunar atmosphere and from the free-streaming solar wind/lunar surface interaction. Flux, number density, velocity, and energy/unit charge were determined. A mass spectrum of the ion flux from 0.2 to 48.6 eV and an energy spectrum from 10 to 3500 eV were determined for each 24 second interval. Data are archived in the form of magnetic tapes written in Science Data Systems (SDS) format and plots and data listings on microfilm. A set of Principal Investigator (PI) tapes with raw data covering later periods also exists. All pertinent data should be available from the magnetic tapes and available hardcopy documentation. We also have hardcopy plots, which may be scanned for inclusion with the data set. The Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment (Apollo 14) consisted of electrostatic analyzers, which measured the energy spectra of low-energy charged particles striking the lunar surface. The experiment yielded 1.2-s accumulated counts of electrons in 18 energy windows between 40 eV and 20 keV, and counts of ions in 12 energy windows between 0.17 keV and 20 keV. The data are in the form of magnetic tapes in SDS binary format and microfilm plots; all necessary data are contained on the tapes and available hardcopy documentation. The Solar Wind Spectrometer was part of the ALSEP packages on Apollos 12 and 15. The experiment consisted of a set of modulated Faraday cups opened toward different, but slightly overlapping, portions of the lunar sky. The instrument was used to observe the directional intensities of the electron (6-1330 eV) and positive ion (18-9780 eV) components of the solar wind and magnetotail plasma that strike the surface of the Moon. The data are in the form of magnetic tapes written in Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) format on a UNIVAC 1108 and microfilm plots. The Cold Cathode Ion Gauge, included in the ALSEPs on Apollos 14 and 15, was designed to measure the amount of gas present on the lunar surface with a detection capability from 2.E+5 to 1.E+11 particles/cubic cm, measured in a 2.5 minute cycle. The gauge head was in contact with the lunar surface. Data consist only of plots of the atmospheric density and temperature as functions of time on microfilm. The temperature data from the gauge are also available in the SIDE data. The Apollo 15 and 16 Lunar Particle Shadows and Boundary Layer Experiment used particle telescopes and electrostatic analyzers on a subsatellite orbiting the Moon to study the plasma regimes through which the Moon moves and the interaction of the Moon and plasmas. The experiment measured electron energies from 0.53 to 520 keV and protons from 20 to 700 keV. The data are available on magnetic tape as 10 minute and 2 hour averages. Plots of higher resolution (24 second) averages are held on microfilm. The Soil Mechanics Experiment carried on Apollos 15 and 16 consisted of a self-recording penetrometer with interchangeable load plate and three cones of various diameters. The data from the experiment is contained on microfilm in the form of tables and plots showing the depth of penetration at each site as a function of stress on the penetrometer. The Dust Detector Experiment (Apollo 12, 14, and 15 ALSEPs) was designed to measure high-energy radiation damage to three solar cells, to measure reduced solar cell output due to dust accumulation, and to measure reflected infrared energy and temperatures for use in computing lunar surface temperatures. The data held at the NSSDC from Apollos 14 and 15 is in the form of plots on microfilm showing temperatures and solar cell output over time. The Alpha Particle Spectrometer carried on the Apollo 15 and 16 Command and Service Modules consisted of an array of silicon surface barrier detectors that measured alpha particles in the energy range 4.5 to 9.0 MeV from orbit. The data can be used to identify localized sources of enhanced radon emission that may correspond to regions of enhanced lunar outgassing. The data are on magnetic tape in IBM 360 format. The Far Ultraviolet Spectrometer on Apollo 17 was an Ebert-Fastie spectrometer, which measured the radiation intensity as a function of wavelength from 1180 to 1680 Angstroms. It was used to collect data on Earth UV emissions (as well as UV emissions from other sources) from orbit on the Apollo 17 Command Module. The data consist of counts of photoelectrons and wavelength intervals on magnetic tape written on an IBM 7094 computer and plots of the data on microfilm. The Passive Seismic Experiments on Apollos 12, 14, 15, and 16 consisted of triaxial, orthogonal seismometers as part of each ALSEP station. These could record ground motion due to moonquakes, meteorite and spacecraft impacts, and tidal deformation. The data are held as compressed event records on magnetic tape and microfilm. Another potential source of valuable information resides in the ALSEP Work Tapes. These data are the actual telemetry stream from the ALSEP stations, which include housekeeping and engineering data on the condition of the ALSEP central station as well as the various experiments. This data, which is digital but is not in an easily usable format, would provide pertinent data on the day-to-day operation of equipment on the lunar surface and the long-term effects of the lunar environment on equipment. It can also provide data for periods from which data are not available from several experiments. A detailed list of the data sets chosen for restoration is shown in Table 2, including estimates of the relative effort involved in restoring the data sets and the priority assigned to their restoration based on the recommendations of the Lunar Data Evaluation Team. More detailed descriptions of the experiments and data sets are available online at http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunar_data/lunar_data.html . Table 2 – Apollo Lunar Data Sets Recommended for Restoration. Lunar data is held on a variety of media at the NSSDC. The expected degree of effort to make these data available and the priority assigned to each are shown. Of the numerous diverse lunar photographic data sets archived at the NSSDC, the Apollo panoramic photography was chosen because of its high resolution and coverage of potential landing sites. The panoramic camera flew on Apollos 15, 16, and 17 and covered a wide swath of the lunar equatorial region at a resolution of 2 to 5 meters. The set exists as photographic hardcopy, as 5” x 48” first generation positive frames on roll film (Figure 5). The NSSDC is digitizing the Apollo Hasselblad photography taken from orbit and Lunar Orbiter photography is currently being digitized by the Astrogeology Branch of the U.S.G.S. in Flagstaff, Arizona. Both these sets should also prove useful for lunar surface analysis. More detail on the photographic products held at the NSSDC is available at: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunar_data/lunar_data_photo.html . Figure 5 - The Apollo panoramic cameras imaged the Moon at up to two meter resolution, much higher than the Clementine UV/Visible camera (inset), providing detailed views of the lunar surface. 2.5 Other Data The NSSDC has a set of CDs from a JPL data preservation effort. The CDs hold direct copies of 7-track Apollo project tapes. Relevant data may be contained on these CDs. As the data was only copied for preservation purposes it has not been analyzed. We hope to be able to identify other data not currently held at the NSSDC to add to this effort. This includes later time-period data from some of the experiments which have been identified but never received at the NSSDC, data mentioned in published reports which were not archived, and higher resolution data which were never submitted. For example, the NSSDC has no data archived from the Apollo 16 and 17 Cosmic Ray Detectors, but does hold copies of published reports on the data. There is some raw format data at NSSDC, which may require the assistance of the investigators involved in the experiment (one of whom is on the NSSDC staff) to put into useful form quickly. The NSSDC has only a small amount of data from Soviet lunar missions. As part of this effort we hope to identify and retrieve more Soviet lunar data, specifically data and information from Soviet rover and sample return missions in the 1970’s, which would prove useful for mission planning. This will be accomplished by sending Natasha Papitashvili, an NSSDC scientist born and raised in Russia, to meet face to face with Russian Program Scientists to gather information. We will also ask for community input on any other data sets, which may be relevant to lunar exploration but have not been identified at the NSSDC and are held elsewhere. 3.0 Technical Approach 3.1 Tasks As discussed in the background section the data evaluation panel has ranked the NSSDC uniquely held data for their potential importance to the President’s new initiative. From this analysis this proposal requests funding to support the following steps: Reformat older digital data into modern formats useful with current scientific data analysis systems Scan, OCR and/or key in data held on microfilm and verify Digitize the extensive pertinent film products Enhance the metadata for each of these data sets (including bibliographic references) Implement a new database (LEED) and web site providing rapid access to the metadata and data Provide the data and metadata to PDS in the appropriate format Hold periodic science panel reviews of progress and improvements to the system The NSSDC has all the resources for this endeavor in terms of personnel experienced in all aspects of preserving and archiving data and most of the necessary equipment. We have a history of success managing data migration and preservation efforts similar to this task. As mentioned earlier, the NSSDC is the largest repository of this lunar data already. 3.2 Magnetic Tapes The NSSDC has the necessary equipment to read and transfer data from 7- and 9-track magnetic tapes. The data will have to be translated from older formats to an acceptable modern format. We have experience in migrating and restoring data from older tapes and formats here at the NSSDC. NSSDC staff members are currently engaged in a separate project to migrate offline magnetic tape data sets to online or near-line, and to also convert their paper documentation to online PDF files (with scanned images of the paper pages) that can be read or printed by a user. The project is almost finished with the detailed operational planning needed to make this process as much automated and script-driven as possible. The initial list of data sets to be migrated contains about 500 data sets, but only two of them are lunar data sets. If this proposal is funded, we will move the appropriate lunar data sets to the top of the list of data sets to be migrated. Thus the lunar data restoration can benefit from our on-going archive operations. Quality control plans are included in all phases, from setting up to read the tape files to ensuring that all PDF documentation is complete and suitably legible for the online user. All of the information needed to ensure long-term preservation and use of the data is contained in Archival Information Packages (AIPs*, following the OAIS** model), which are generated and ingested into the archive in a semi-automated fashion, and at the same time the data files and documentation PDFs are put onto the FTP server. The details needed for tape reading, such as block size, record size, and method used in converting from 7-track to 9-track tape (for some data sets), are obtained from the documentation and entered into a database, so that they can be automatically compared with what is found by a special program that reads the tapes and stages them to magnetic disk. If a discrepancy is found, an error message is generated. Manual intervention is needed before processing of that data file proceeds, but the automated flow can continue with tape files that are properly readable. In addition, a short dump is generated for the first tape in a data set, so that it can be manually checked later to verify that the indicated format description is correct and that the internal machine representation of numbers is as specified. Our staff members are experts and have years of experience in tape operations, which is becoming a lost art as computer operations rapidly move away from use of these tapes. In fact, these tape drives are no longer being manufactured, so we must migrate these data sets while we can still read them with our existing drives. 3.3 Microfilm/Microfiche Lunar data available only on microfilm or microfiche (Figure 6) can be read using existing equipment at NSSDC. Data which are in the form of graphs or plots will be photographed and a set of digital images created. Data that is in the form of tables or listings of numbers will first be converted to a digital image, and then may have to be keyed in manually. Our experience (see below) has shown that optical character recognition (OCR) will not work on this data, as the quality is poor and a large proportion of the characters cannot be recognized by the software. Given the difficulty of digitizing data directly from microfilm or microfiche, we will make every effort to identify digital versions of any of this data held elsewhere.A similar effort was made to preserve and digitize data from the Viking 1 and 2 Lander Labeled Release Biology Experiments in * The Archival Information Package (AIP) is a conceptual component of the information model that is part of the OAIS Reference Model Standard. Within that model, there are several types of Information Packages and the AIP is the Information Package that is actually stored by the Archive. Each Information Package is composed of four Information Objects - a Content Information Object, a Preservation Description Information Object, a Packaging Information Object and a Descriptive Information Object. The AIP contains sufficient information in each of these objects to ensure the long-term preservation of the data enclosed in the package. ** The Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS) is a Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) and an ISO Standard. The OAIS Reference Model is a conceptual framework for a digital archiving system. It provides a shared set of archive related concepts and terminology, details the common archive functions, and supplies a generic information model. 2001. The full data were only available on microfilm and a subset of the data were on computer printouts. The data were in the form of listings of the instrument and housekeeping readouts over time. Neither the microfilm nor the printouts were in a form which could be scanned and successfully digitized with optical character recognition. The only solution was to manually read and type in the data. This was done at the NSSDC and Washington University at St. Louis. The data were checked for errors, validated, and had all relevant metadata added before being converted into PDS format. The data then underwent peer review before being validated and made available to the research community. The outcome was a renewed interest in the scientific literature on the possibility of detection of life on Mars by the Viking Lander biology experiments (e.g. Levin, G. V., Icarus, 159, 266-267, 2002; Miller et al., Proceedings SPIE, 4495, 96-107, 2002). We would draw on this experience in our digitization of microfilm and microfiche lunar data sets. The full data set is available online at: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?ds=PSBI-00001 We have performed a system engineering study to determine the best digitizing process for our lunar photographic data. Table 3 summarizes the results. The best option for this work would be to use a large format camera on a copy stand. Some of the equipment for this already exists at the NSSDC, the remainder of the set up, including software, would cost about $15,000. The image size can be adjusted to give resolutions of 0.5 to 1.5 kpi (kilopixels per inch) for full images, to the optimal 5 kpi by zooming into portions of the image. The portions can be mosaicked together digitally so the full image can be made available at full resolution. The lower resolution cameras are not as cost effective because more frames would have to be mosaicked together after the imaging than for the higher resolution camera to achieve the same kpi. The panoramic film can be left on the reels and moved over a light stand for imaging. This method also has the advantage of very fast turnaround, less than 20 minutes per full image and the versatility to handle the different format shapes. Using this option, the entire collection can be digitized at about 1.2 kpi in five to six months. The size of the full resolution images (roughly 6 gigabytes) makes digitizing all the images at full resolution impractical. Digitizing them at 1.2 kpi gives images sizes of about 350 Mbytes. Selected images can them be digitized at full resolution on demand. Table 3 – Photographic Digitization Options. A camera with copy stand is the most efficient and economical method to digitize the Apollo panoramic photographs held at the NSSDC. Maximum Instrument Resolution Average Resolution (5”x 6”) Time per 1 4.5 x 3 kpi 5.3 x 4 kpi 8 x 6 kpi 0.3 to 10 kpi $200 to $350 K 10 x 10 kpi 10 to 15 min $60 to $70 K 5 x 5 kpi 1.6 x 1.1 kpi 20 to 30 min $40 to $55 K 1 to 20 kpi $110 to $130 K The Apollo panoramic photography is held on rolls of film, each frame is 5 x 48 inches in size, so these may have to be digitized in pieces with large overlaps. The expertise and experience to digitize photography exists at the NSSDC. However, we did look into outsourcing the scanning to a commercial concern. This would be prohibitively expensive; the large and unusual frame sizes resulted in estimates of $200,000 to $350,000 to scan the roughly 4500 photographs identified. Flatbed scanning of the images here at NSSDC could be done. With our current equipment we could only achieve a resolution of 1.1 kpi and we would have to cut the panoramic film. Given the resolution of the photography approximately 5 kpi would be necessary for full resolution scans. Flatbed scanning would take roughly 20 to 30 minutes per image. Aerial scanners exist, which are built to scan rolls of film and would be ideal for the panoramic film, but these scanners cost between $50,000 and $60,000. These would take about 15 minutes per image but can be automated to run scans and move film with minimal operator attention. The resolution of aerial scanners can be up to 10 kpi. Good quality drum scanners which can handle our images cost about $60,000 to $80,000 and can give resolution up to 20 kpi, but they are not easy to use and require more time per image than the other options. They would also require us to cut the panoramic film. 3.5 Online Availability All restored and digitized data will be stored in a database (LEED) and made available online via a web-based information system at NSSDC. The data will include all metadata and documentation necessary for analysis and access to our extensive bibliographic database, which currently holds about 2000 references to lunar data. Other, already digital lunar data from Clementine and Lunar Prospector will be included in the LEED as well. A search capability with multiple pathways to the data will be available, including a graphical browse capability using plots of the data. Specifically, the data will be put into CDF (Common Data Format) and included in NSSDC’s CDAWeb system (http://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/), which will also allow correlative studies with other satellite data sets. This system will make the data readily available and useful to mission planners and engineers. 3.6PDS format The final step will be to put all data in PDS format and have the data sets peer-reviewed and validated by the PDS. PDS data sets are self-describing data archives, all data have descriptive labels and catalog files explaining the data and formats. Ancillary information in the form of digital documents describing the data, experiment, and mission, as well as the processing history, indexes to the data, pertinent references, contact information, and errata files is also included. We have had preliminary discussions with PDS personnel about this effort. We also note that the new head of NSSDC, Ed Grayzeck, has long experience with the PDS as Archive Manager of the Small Bodies Node at the University of Maryland and will assist in this endeavor. This will assure the widest possible community access to the data.

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Carleton, Sir Guy (1724–1808), a British general and governor of Canada. He was born in Ireland and entered the British army at an early age. Carleton was with General James Wolfe at the capture of Quebec from the French in 1759. From 1768 to 1778 he was governor of Quebec. During the Revolutionary War, Carleton saved Canada from conquest by the Americans (1775–76). He served as commander of the British forces in North America, 1782–83, supervising the evacuation of British troops to England at the war's end. He was created Baron Dorchester in 1786 and returned to Canada, where he was governor, 1786–91 and 1793–96. Carleton was a humane and just governor. His policy of fair treatment of the French Canadians was reflected in the Quebec Act (1774), which set up the government of Canada . He also helped write the Constitutional Act of 1791. By this act Canada became two provinces, Upper and Lower Canada, and was given, for the first time, a measure of self-government.

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This sentence pattern is the most basic and common way to express an idea or opinion. It is used by everybody that speaks English. Subject + think (that) + sentence - I think that it is good. - She thinks it is bad. - We think that Tina is the best worker. - The teacher thinks that David is the best student. - I think it will be good. - She thinks that it was bad. - We think that he has done a good job so far. It is possible to use any verb tense. - I think that it is good. - I think that it was good. - I think that it will be good. - I think that it is going to be good. - I think that it has been good. - I think that it was going to be good. We can omit the word "that". In other words, we do not need it. - I think she is nice. - She thinks we are going to win the game. - Ben thinks he is going to be fired. - They think it is a waste of time. We use "do not think" or "does not think" to make a negative sentence. Bonus Tips and Points - I do not think that carrots are delicious. - I don't think she likes me. - She doesn't think that the movie was good. - We do not think that the project will be successful. - Mark doesn't think it is a good idea to go there today. - Ben does not think that Karen is kind. - We don't think that it is a good idea. - She doesn't think that exercise is useful. - They do not think that the mall will be busy. 1. These are other very common sentence patterns that use the verb "to think". Subject + be verb + thinking about + gerund... These sentences do not express an opinion or idea. These sentences show what the subject is considering doing. In other words, what the subject might do in the future. Subject + be verb + thinking about + noun... - I am thinking about quitting my job. - She is thinking about moving to Miami. - They are thinking about starting their own company. These sentences show what thought is in a person's head. - I am thinking about my girlfriend. - She is thinking about the future. - We are thinking about our childhood. However, we use "think about" when asking a person for their opinion. A) What do you think about this? B) I think that it is good. A) What do you think about her? B) I think that she is nice. Real-World English Conversations A) What do you think about this book? B) I think it is interesting, but it is also a little boring in some parts. A) What do you think about this restaurant? B) I think that the food is good, but it seems a little overpriced to me. A) Do you like her? B) Not really. I think she is a little arrogant and selfish. A) I think that this project is going to be difficult. B) I don't think so. I think it is going to pretty easy for us. Study these free English lessons to improve your English speaking. If you learn these common sentence patterns well, then your English speaking will improve greatly and you will be able to have fluent conversations in English in the near future! Study the lessons well, practice using the sentences and questions at home and in real life, and make sure to come back to review the material so you do not forget. If you do these three things, then you will be speaking English like a native English speaker in no time!

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The unique about this holiday is the liberation of a people from slavery and it is also connected with other unique religious event – getting the Torah – God’s Ten Commandments. In the beginning , the Passover was celebrated seven days, but because of the imprecision of the old Jewish calendar, the new custom was approved. Namely, in the Galut (Diaspora), the Passover is celebrated eight days on an annual basis from 15th to 22nd Nisan, where the first and the last two days are full holidays, the other four are considered half holidays. Passover is a holiday that marks the longest continuously in the world, for more than 2,500 years ago. In Sarajevo, Jews marked Passover first time 450 years ago when they came to BiH. (Source: klix/ photo AA)

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People tend to use the terms mass and weight interchangeably, but they're quite distinct. Weight is the measurement of gravity's pull on an object, whereas mass denotes the amount of matter an object contains as well as said object's ability to resist changes in its state of motion. Admittedly, the mass vs weight debate sounds complicated, but there are many fun facts that distinguish the two terms. Climb Mount Everest and you're guaranteed to lose some weight, but not because of the exercise. A person who's standing at sea level weighs slightly more than they would atop the mountain's peak. There's an example of weight, as gravity pulls on an object. Weight varies, whereas a body's mass doesn't. Mass is a different beast altogether, one that's proven extremely hard to define. Let's say you're still on Mount Everest with your backpack of supplies. While you've lost a bit of weight due to your altitude, the mass of, say, your backpack remains constant. It may feel lighter, thanks to less gravitational force, but the object's mass measures the same. In this article, we'll explore five fun facts about mass, which will prevent you from confusing it with weight ever again.

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Can Vitamin D help prevent and treat Alzheimer's disease (AD)? According to new research from scientists at UCLA, UC Riverside, and the Human BioMolecular Research Institute, it may be true. They found that vitamin D3, a form of vitamin D, may stimulate the immune system to rid the brain of beta amyloid, an abnormal brain protein that is believed to be a major cause of AD. The researchers also studied the use of vitamin D3 in conjunction with curcumin, a chemical found in the common spice turmeric. When used together, this pair also boosted the immune system and protected the brain against beta amyloid. For this study, which appeared in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, the researchers used blood samples from nine AD patients to examine macrophages, which are key players in the immune system. In the brain, macrophages act like scavengers, eating up potentially harmful waste products, such as bacteria and beta amyloid. The research team found that when synthetic curcumin was introduced into the macrophages, it enhanced their ability to grab beta amyloid. The vitamin D stimulated the absorption of the beta amyloid in the macrophages, so it could be carried out of the brain more effectively. This amazing study offers hope for new prevention and treatment methods for AD. It also highlights the importance of vitamin D. Unfortunately, vitamin D deficiencies are becoming more and more common, in part because we are spending more time indoors and using more sunscreen. Vitamin D, which is sometimes referred to as the sunshine vitamin, is derived from sun exposure as well as dietary sources, including fish, eggs, and fortified milk. A recent study in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology discovered that vitamin deficiency is common in older men, especially those who are obese or sedentary and living in northern climates. Other studies show that Americans over the age of 50, those living at higher latitudes, and those who are obese are at increased risk for vitamin D deficiency. In the body, vitamin D helps keep bones healthy, improves the immune system, and reduces inflammation. Add these benefits to the new possibilities for preventing or treating AD and it's clear that everybody should be concerned about getting adequate vitamin D. About 20 minutes of sun exposure a day, a good diet, and supplementation can help. To your brain health L.E. Masula, DC Bio-D-Mulsion Forte is the type of vitamin D I recommend. It comes in liquid form and is manufacutred by Biotics Research Corporation. In this manner it may be absorbed sublingually, thereby bypassing the digestive tract. To order, click on the following link. When prompted to enter the doctor's name or code while creating an account you may enter Dr. Larry Masula or the code number 70.

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The human skeletal system works as a framework for the human body. What is the Skeletal System? This skeletal system can be divided into the axial and appendicular systems. In the human body, it is mainly composed of 206 individual bones, which are organized into two main divisions- Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton. The skeletal system is the framework of the body, which is composed of bones called the skeletons. It provides a definite strength and shape to the human body. The primary function of the skeletal system is the locomotion and variety of movements such as bending, climbing, crawling, jumping, running and walking. Humans have 300 bones at birth, which is reduced to 206 as the baby grows old. Along with the locomotory organs, the skeletal system also functions as a protective organ for several vital organs including the heart, lungs and the liver. Interesting Facts about the Skeletal System There are more interesting and amazing facts about the skeletal system, few of them are discussed below point-wise. The skeletal system functions as the basic framework of a body and is the combination of all the bones and tissues associated with cartilages and joints. It plays a vital role in the locomotion and movement of body parts in the human body. The movement and locomotion depend upon the association of the skeletal muscles present within this skeletal system. It is composed of more than 200 bones. Each bone plays a very important role in maintaining the structure and functioning of the human body. The human skull, ribs, shoulder blades are composed of flat bones, which are thin, curved, shaped and function by protecting internal organs and provide an anchor for muscles. The entire human body is built around with a hard framework called the skeleton system. It plays a vital role in maintaining the overall shape of the human body. The wrists and ankles are made up of short bones, which are equal in their length, width and thickness. The skeletal system is also involved in the releasing of the synthesized hormones from the respective endocrine glands and also contributes to the regulation of blood sugar. The skeletal system acts as a protective layer and protects the internal organs and the most delicate body organs, including the brain, eyes, heart, lungs and spinal cord. The primary functions of the skeletal system include protection, movement, support, storage of minerals, production of blood cells and endocrine regulation. The human face and the spinal cord are mainly composed of irregular bones and the sesamoid bones are found in the hands, wrists, feet, ears and knees. Human hands and feet both comprises 106 bones. The human hand is composed of 26 bones each and a foot has 27 bones each. The interactions and contraction between the skeleton system, muscular system and nervous system combinedly function as the locomotory organs in the body locomotion and movements. Arms, legs, fingers and toes comprise long bones, which are longer, wider than and are cylindrical in shape. These bones are longer and they are the most movable parts of the body’s skeleton system. The human consists of 206 bones and also includes tendons, ligaments and cartilage that connect the bones. Osteoporosis and Arthritis are a bone-related disorder, which reduces bone density and increases the risk of bone fracture. These were a few facts about the human skeletal system. - Facts About Ribosomes - facts about vitamin b complex

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Independent Life Skills All young people need to develop skills which enable to them to live their lives as independently as possible as adults. Many of us take these skills for granted, but for some young people, this can offer a real sense of achievement and freedom and enable them to access and live as part of their local communities with less formal care and support. Life skills can include being able to shop and budget for food, preparing meals, paying bills, banking, cleaning and maintaining a home, as well as using the bus or other forms of public transport to get around. Children and young people gradually learn about and become more independent as they grow up in a way that’s right for them and their age. As young people approach adulthood and start thinking about being more independent in the family home, or living elsewhere, they will need have to be much more involved in doing the sort of things that go hand in hand with living independently. These might include: - Looking after yourself - Planning your day - Safety awareness - Keeping your home clean - Managing money - Making a shopping list and then doing the shopping - Finding out about options for where you might live - Thinking about the support that you might need Finding a home that suits you You will need to consider what a property needs to be like to suit you. It isn’t always possible to find a home that suits you exactly but there may be small things that can be changed to make it work for you. More information can be found on Help to live at home Finding somewhere to live Staying with your family Many young people continue to live with their family when they are an adult until it’s the right time for them to move. Your family can support this and young people can still become more independent adults whilst living with their family. You may decide you would like to live independently. There are a number of ways you can do this. More information can be found on Finding somewhere to live Staying safe in the community For many of us, it can be a real problem if we do not feel safe and comfortable when we are trying to do something. This is the same when we are trying to get out into the community, we need to feel safe and supported, and this could include simple things like: - Plan where you would like go and how you are going to get there - Take a mobile phone if you have one, and the phone number of someone you trust - Take some money in case you need to make a phone call from a public phone - Take only the money you expect to need, keep some in your wallet or purse and some in your pocket - If you have one, take a personal attack alarm - Are your personal belongings, like your phone, wallet or purse kept in a safe place on you, like your bag or pocket? - If possible, have you told someone you trust where you are going and when you expect to be back? - If you can, go out with a friend or someone you know Computers, mobile phones and tablets are a great way to keep in touch with your friends, finding and making new friends and to share things at the touch of a button. You can also use them to find information and to help with homework. But they can also make it easier for bullies and other people who might want to hurt you to get close to you. So it is really important that you know how to stay safe on your computer, phone and websites. The ChildLine and NSPCC websites both have lots of really useful information to help protect yourself from cyberbullying, sexting, inappropriate content and protect your online reputation. There is also an easy read guide to Staying Safe on Social Media and Online from the Foundation for People with Learning Disabilities. Financial support for Independent Living Universal Credit is a means-tested benefit that has replaced 6 ‘legacy’ benefits: - Income-related ESA - Income-based Jobseeker’s Allowance (JSA) - Working Tax Credits and Child Tax Credits - Housing Benefit - Income Support. With very few exceptions, no new claims can now be made for the 6 legacy benefits. Please note: Claims for contribution based JSA and ESA (based on National Insurance contributions) can still be made. Other financial support available Working Tax Credit is a government benefit that helps those on lower incomes. You can only make a claim for Working Tax Credit if you already get Child Tax Credit. If you cannot apply for Working Tax Credit, you can apply for Universal Credit instead. A personal budget is made up of resources that can be used flexibly to support you with your education, health or care needs. Personal Independence Payments (PIPs) can help you with extra costs if you have a long-term disability or illness. Disability Living Allowance (DLA). You can only apply for a DLA if you are under the age of 16. If you are over the age of 16 you can apply for a PIP (see above). Housing Benefit can help you pay your rent if you’re unemployed, on a low income or claiming benefits. It’s being replaced by Universal Credit and you can only make a new claim for Housing Benefit if you’re in supported, sheltered or temporary housing or if you’ve reached State Pension age. You can find out more information about additional help with housing costs on the Government website. Council Tax Reduction Benefit can still be claimed by those on low incomes or means tested benefits. Some people do not have to pay Council Tax. You can find out more about Council Tax Exemptions on the Government website.

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- Volume 21 Issue 2 The Effects of Discussion Learning Using 'Concept Cartoons' on Middle School Students' Learning Attitude and Achievement 개념 만화를 이용한 토의학습이 중학생들의 과학 학습 태도와 학업 성취도에 미치는 영향 - Published : 2001.06.30 In this modern society, the students should be able to recognize problems for themselves, and search the information which is valuable for them, and apply and utilize it. For these, we analyzed the effect of the discussion learning using the concept cartoons on the students' learning attitude and achievement. Even though there was no meaningful difference in the achievement between the experimental group and the control group, it was found that the discussion learning using the concept cartoons could be one of the ways that improve the students' problem solving ability. The fact that there was the significant affirmative effect on the students' positiveness when they were solving the problems was also found. concept cartoon;learning attidude;achievement

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The force is the same, but the pressure isn't. In the case of the needle, the entire force is concentrated on its point; in the case of the nail the same amount of force is distributed over the larger area of the blunt end. So, though we exert the same force, the needle gives a much greater pressure than the blunt nail. When we speak of pressure, we must always take into consideration, beside forces, also the area upon which this forces act. For example, when we are told that a worker is paid 20 dollars, we don't know whether this is for a whole year or for one month or just for a week. Skies easily take us across fresh snow; without them we fall through. Why? On skies the weight of your body is distributed over a much greater area. Supposing the surface of our skies is 20 times more than the surface of our soles, on skies we would exert on the snow a pressure which is only a twentieth of the pressure we exert when we don't have skies on. For the same reason horses used in marshlands are shod in a special fashion giving them a wider supporting area and lessening the pressure exerted per square centimeter. For the same reason people take similar precautions when they want to cross a bog or thin ice, often crawling to distribute their weight over a greater area. Finally, tanks and caterpillar tractors don't get stuck in loose ground, although they are very heavy, again because their weight is distributed over a rather great supporting area. An eight-ton tractor exerts a pressure of only 600 grams per square centimeter. This is why a sharp knife cuts better than a blunt one; the force is concentrated on a smaller area of the knife edge. To sum up: sharp objects prick and cut well, because more pressure is concentrated on their points and edges.

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Early Literacy: Everything a child knows about reading and writing before they learn to read and write Grow A Reader storytimes are designed to develop early literacy skills through Talking & Listening, Singing & Rhyming, Reading & Sharing, Writing & Creating, and Playing & Imagining. Your child's early literacy journey will include picture books, music, fingerplays, movement activities, literacy tips, and more. Sensory Sensitive Storytimes Sensory Storytime is a smaller storytime designed to engage children who may prefer a softer and adaptive experience. Open to all families, Sensory Storytime focuses on being inclusive and engaging for all developmental levels. Registration is encouraged.

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Open document below is an essay on the history of theatre from anti essays, your source for research papers, essays, and term paper examples. Abstract theatre masks were fundamental elements of the ancient greek theatre tradition, having a dramatic impact on the artistic performance apart from the obvious change of the visual appearance of the actors, the masks also altered the acoustic. Theater term papers (paper 8285) on ancient greek theatre : ancient greek theater imagine this following scene: you are sitting in a dark, fairly crowded large room. The book ancient greek and unpublished essay developed from a paper given at techne and technology in the ancient athenian theatre”, performance research. Study guide exam 1 theater history okay here are the questions for the greek theatre chapter 1 bibliography for history of theatre research paper. Apart from the developing research on the greek mask, (cup,1991), his section on the actor and the mask in greek theatre performance: an introduction. Greek theatre most greek cities had a theatre it was in the open air, and was usually a bowl-shaped arena on a hillside fun activities - arts and theatre. Subject: woman in theater essay research paper woman type: essay language: english author: kinoakter size: 2 кб subject: a free essays title: 'woman in theater essay research paper woman in theatre woman in greek theatre is something you just don t see in fact woman were put in the same category as slaves in this time of the. The greek theater spring 2014 paper #2 – due: wednesday, march 19 (by 4 pm) choose one of the topics below and write a 5-7 page, double-spaced paper. Greek theatre originates from ancient greece between 550bc – 220bc it was originally created when a famous festival “dionsyia” was taking place in the city of athens to honour the greek god dionysus. If you have any queries about the research publications series please contact: greek diversity in egypt 131 recent research in kushite history and. Essay-the greek drama first originated in ancient greece. Questia, your online research library and paper writing resource, contains thousands of scholarly articles and books on drama drama and theatre originated during ancient athens, and gradually developed during the 6th century bc through performances to honor the god dionysus.Research paper topics for theatre, a, b, and c papers research the intentions of white society to christianize them the greek theater. Below is an essay on noh theatre from anti essays, your source for research papers, essays, and term paper examples greek theatre theatre paper. The ancient greek iconoclast our skilled and experienced writers will deliver a custom paper which is not the critical aspects of education research. Sources everything we think we know from the ancient greek theatre, and about the origins of theatre, comes from the following sources. Students explore greek drama, research greek playwrights and plays, and present scenes from greek plays. Mythology research paper primary homework help greek theatre гўtre personal reflection paper versus research paper explanatory synthesis essay on happiness. Sample research paper topics sample bricoleur guide de maintenance tz3 great weapon fighter guide pve greek theatre paper plate mask template group statements. Information on ancient greek women in ancient greece were it is thought that women were not allowed to watch theatre or perform at the theatre. Essay on greek and roman civilization free goal greek research paper curriculum vitae theatre and roman grad scholar. The cinema research papers if it is the purpose of your research paper to discuss ancient greek theater - ancient greek theater research papers discuss. Emmanuela bakola, university of warwick, i have been researching greek theatre (tragedy, you can also view a research paper which analyses keystones of the. Database of free theatre essays - we have thousands of free essays across a wide range of subject areas sample theatre essays. Greek theatre paper plate mask template greek theatre paper plate mask template research alexander alekhines. Theatre or theater is a the beliefs in this paper were mainly held by non-theatre goers and the it began after the development of greek and roman theatre and. Research on the ancient mask a short introduction to the ancient greek theatre university of chicago, chicago: theatre of ancient greece. Research paper research paper by help for your theatre dissertation by: do some research on previous dissertations on theatre and branches of theatre.Download 2018. Education database.

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As we head into winter, many people are ready to cozy up and be charmed by the comforts of colder weather. Others, however, feel a significant sadness. If you feel down and isolated around the same time every year—with an urge to hibernate—seasonal affective disorder (SAD) may be to blame. SAD is a seasonal depression that usually occurs in the late fall and winter and impacts 5% of adults in the U.S.1 The good news is there are several effective ways to manage this condition. Read on to find out if you could be suffering from SAD, and learn real ways to cope. What are the signs of SAD? SAD is a type of depression that people typically experience during months with less sunlight. Many symptoms of SAD are the same as regular depressive symptoms. They just occur in a seasonal pattern. These include: - Feeling hopeless or worthless - Low energy - Loss of interest in hobbies or fun activities - Sleeping problems - Difficulty concentrating - Feeling agitated - Thoughts of death or suicide2 Winter SAD, specifically, also include symptoms such as:2 - Weight gain - Carbohydrate cravings - Social withdrawal Scientists haven’t figured out the exact cause of seasonal affective disorder yet. There are several theories, however. Most center around the malfunctioning of brain chemicals, like neurotransmitters and hormones. When these chemicals don’t work as they should, it impacts the body’s natural clock, or circadian rhythm. This can lead to sleep and mood changes.2 While SAD can affect anyone, some people are more at risk than others, including: - People with a personal or family history of depression. History is an important indicator for seasonal depression. If someone in your immediate family experiences these downward patterns, you are more likely to develop SAD yourself. Your symptoms may also become worse if you have experienced depression or bipolar disorder. - Women. Women are diagnosed with SAD four times more often than men.2 - Younger adults. Usually, SAD first begins in young adults between 18 and 30 years old.2 - People who live in a colder climate far from the equator with fewer than 12 hours of available daylight. Only 1% of people in Florida experience SAD, while 9% of those in Alaska or New England suffer from it.2 While SAD can last about four to five months before improving with the return of spring, treatments are available through mental health professionals that can improve symptoms and help you enjoy life.1 Often, several treatments are used together. These may include: - Light therapy. Since wintertime SAD rears its ugly head when we’re experiencing fewer daylight hours, experts believe that symptoms improve with exposure to light. You can also spend more time outdoors in the sunlight—ideally while you are exercising—which can help reduce depressive symptoms. Even sitting next to a window at work can help if you’re not getting enough sunlight. If not completely effective, light therapy may be prescribed. - Talk therapy. Speaking with a therapist trained in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can help you rework negative thoughts into more positive ones. By talking with a trusted support professional, you can also start adding more joy-seeking activities to your life and resolve past difficulties that may resurface with SAD symptoms. - Medication or supplements. For people who repeatedly experience SAD, antidepressants may help. You’ll need to talk to a psychiatrist about which one may be right for you. Your doctor also may suggest vitamin D supplements. These interventions are recommended on a case-by-case basis. Can you prevent SAD? While seasonal affective disorder may not always be able to be prevented, there are things you can do each year to ensure you’re in the best place heading into the winter. These include: - Get outside. Whether you’re being active or just enjoying the sun, being outside during daylight hours is one of the best ways to nourish both your mind and body. - Eat well. Speaking of nourishment, eating a healthy diet—more fruits and vegetables, less sugar and processed foods—goes a long way. There’s a strong link between food and mood. - Focus on self-care activities. Carving out time for yourself and doing things you enjoy is key. - Spend time with friends and family. Make plans and stay connected to your community as much as possible. Being proactive and taking care of yourself as you head into the fall and winter season can help keep serious depression at bay. Teladoc therapists can help If you feel that SAD is affecting you, don’t wait for it to get better in the spring. Teladoc mental health providers can help you with strategies and treatments to manage SAD so you can enjoy the winter season. Our therapists and psychiatrists are available to talk by phone or video from wherever you are seven days a week.* Are you already seeing a therapist but don’t feel your current treatment plan is working, or you’re just not feeling better? Our experts can help with a Mental Health Treatment Review. *Teladoc is not available internationally. Updated November 9, 2021

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Resilience has widely been used in different disciplines such as environmental science (Holling, 1973), engineering (Hollnagel, Parie?s & Wreathall, 2011), psychology (Green & Humphrey, 2012), organizational studies and economics (Tama?sy & Revilla Diez, 2016). Notwithstanding its broadened use, there is no concurrence on the meaning and the scope of resilience. (Manyena, 2006). In a broad sense, resilience has the ability to reshape and adapt to anticipate phenomenons, sudden shocks and unexpected phenomenons.. However, there are also diverse definitions and perspectives in the literature regarding this concept. Some authors differentiate between anticipation (mitigation or resistance) and resilience. For them, resilience involves the capacity of a system to absorb disturbances, respond effectively and bounce back to the initial state as soon as possible (Longstaff, 2005; McEntire, 2005; Mileti, 1999; Vogus and Sutcliffe, 2007). However, other authors expand this definition by considering resilience to be a capacity generated from both proactive and reactive activities (Bruneau et al., 2003; Kahan et al., 2009; Brunsdon and Dalziell, 2005; Hollnagel et al.,2006; Westrum, 2006; Seville et al., 2008). Regarding the first approach, Longstaff (2005) describes resilience as the “capacity of a system to absorb disturbance, undergo change, and still retain essentially the same function, structure, identity and feedbacks” (p. 15-16) and resistance as “the strategy that attempts to keep the danger away from the system in the first place” (p. 15). Therefore, resilience only refers to the reactive response while resistance is more focused on the proactive response. McEntire (2005) also uses the terms resistance and resilience to refer to proactive and reactive crisis responses, respectively. Mileti (1999) also considers resilience a reactive response, while referring to the preventive work as mitigation rather than resistance. In the same vein, Vogus and Sutcliffe (2007) define resilience as a process of building capabilities for recovering from unexpected events rather than eliminating or avoiding them.

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Catherine Dulac and Joe Bergan An animal’s survival depends critically on its ability to identify friends and foes in its environment and respond to each with suitable behaviors. For mice, chemical cues found in sweat, tears, urine, or saliva, provide an indispensible means to communicate with other members of their own species and to warn of potential dangers such as when a predator is nearby. These cues are detected by multiple ‘olfactory’ senses working in parallel, with the vomeronasal sensory system being particularly important for controlling innate behaviors and neuroendocrine functions. Although the anatomical details of the vomeronasal pathway have been broadly known for years, the manner in which sensory information is translated into appropriate actions by these brain circuits remains unknown. A recent study from the laboratory of Catherine Dulac begins to address these important issues. Individual neurons distributed across the sensory epithelium of the vomeronasal organ respond to chemical cues. For example, one neuron might respond to a chemical emitted by male mice while another neuron may respond to a chemical emitted by predatory snakes. This information is then broadcast to the brain, specifically the accessory olfactory bulb, where the process of extracting behaviorally relevant information continues. In contrast to the apparent selectivity of the initial sensory neurons, neurons of the accessory olfactory bulb appear to combine multiple channels of information–perhaps comparing and contrasting distinct lines of sensory evidence to determine what animals are present in the environment. Using in vivo electrophysiology in conjuncture with anatomical, pharmacological, and genetic techniques (Figure 1), Bergan et al. reveal that, neurons in the third stage of sensory processing, the medial amygdala, respond more selectively for distinct sensory cues-suggesting that the activity of a given medial amygdala neuron is devoted to a narrower array of sensory stimuli and behavioral outputs. Moreover, neurons with responses to similar sensory stimuli were consistently found in near each other and in stereotyped sub-regions of the medial amygdala. Therefore, the medial amygdala has a topographic organization of function such that specific regions are devoted towards distinct sensory and behavioral features. Experimental system for recording MeA sensory responses. Top) Vomeronasal and olfactory structures are shown in yellow and blue, respectively. Multichannel electrophysiological probes are positioned in the MeA to continuously record neural responses to sensory stimulation. Middle) Timecourse of VNO stimulation trials. Bottom) Electrophysiological signals recorded from a single MeA electrode during four successive trials reveal a well-isolated unit responding only to female stimuli. Most striking, however, Bergan, Ben-Shaul, and Dulac found that the pattern of medial amygdala sensory responses was remarkably different in male versus female mice. While neurons in the accessory olfactory bulb respond similarly in male and female mice, medial amygdala neurons in male mice respond most strongly to female cues while those in female mice respond most strongly to male cues. This is the first direct demonstration of differences between the sensory processing in the brains of male and female mammals (Figure 2). Sexual dimorphism of adult MeA responses. Left) Responses of MeA neurons to vomeronasal stimuli in adult male (blue) versus female (red) mice. Each point represents the response profile of an individual unit, with at least one significant response, to male, predator, and/or female stimuli. Points located near a vertex represent units that respond most strongly for the stimulus indicated at that vertex whereas points at the center represent units that respond similarly to all stimuli. Right) A histogram showing the sex-specificity for all MeA units recorded from adult male (blue) and female (red) animals. Horizontal lines (above) indicate the mean and 95% confidence interval (bootstrap CI) of the mean for each distribution. The authors next sought to determine when the difference in sensory responses first appears in the medial amygdala. By recording the sensory responses of neurons in animals before puberty, and comparing these responses to those observed in adult animals, the authors were able to show that the activity of medial amygdala neurons mirrors the development of sexually dimorphic behaviors. That is, in young animals the sensory responses of medial amygdala neurons are indistinguishable in male and female animals, but these same neurons begin to respond quite differently after puberty when differences in behavior also emerge. Like many sexually dimorphic behaviors, the development of sexually dimorphic responses in the medial amygdala requires sex steroids for its expression. These findings identify the medial amygdala as a central player in which critical information relevant to species- and sex-specific behaviors are extracted from complex natural stimuli. As well as increasing our understanding of the mechanisms by which chemical cues drive behaviors in mice, this work provides new insights into the neural mechanisms the mediate individual differences in behavior. Remarkably, the differences in MeA activity observed in each group of animals tested correlate tightly with the patterns of social behaviors from each of these groups. This suggests that the patterns of sensory responses in the medial amygdala likely underlie fundamental changes in social behavior exhibited by different animals and throughout development. Read more in eLife

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The copperheads run a smear campaign against lincoln and nearly one but due to shermans success lincoln wins by a small margin. The freed slave get 40 acres each and a mule There are laws to control the blacks such as no right to gather, go out at night, if no work must work. These are from the southern states. Looks like the southerners are reinstating slavery angering the northerners Citizenship for the slaves Radicals believe in the equality of african americas and with 2/3 of congress could go over the presidents head. Create the 14th and 15th amendment and require the south to ratify these to join the union. Disenfrachisation of the blacks right to vote You work on someone elses land and give them half the crops you grow You rent land and get seed and grow food and then you have to pay back the owners. These two systems keep the blacks in the south on economic dependency Democrats and Republicans meet to settle who gets into the presidency. The democrats agree to allow rutherford to take the presidency, but the military occupation of the south ceases. 1877 -1896 Washington was a black slave went to wayland penitentiary and then founded a college. Becomes a spokesman for the african american community. Philosophy was to go slow "Gradualism" and "Accomodationism = accept the fact that you are secondary citizens" wants the slaves must focus on self improvement that will win over white america. 1896 + W.E.B DuBois went to harvard and was the first black man to graduate. Really smart. Takes up the mantel from washington and tells the black community to agitate. He creates a newspaper called The Crisis which shows his views on the rights of black america. He uses it to report the different actions towards blacks around america. Founds the NAACP to advocate for rights. He is not able to reach the black community but he sets the foundation for future actions. He moves to Ghana after giving up. Separate but equal does not infringe upon the 14th amendment.

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Battle of Dynekilen ||This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (September 2014)| |Battle of Dynekilen| |Part of the Great Northern War| Battle of Dynekilen |Commanders and leaders| |Olof Strömstierna||Peter Tordenskjold| |15+ ships||6 ships| |Casualties and losses| The naval Battle of Dynekilen (Slaget ved Dynekilen) took place on 8 July 1716 during the Great Northern War. On 28 October 1709 Frederik IV of Denmark, the Danish-Norwegian king declared war against Sweden. The war declaration came after the Swedish defeat at the Battle of Poltava, which resulted in a decisive victory for Peter I of Russia over Charles XII of Sweden. In the naval enactment, a light Danish-Norwegian force under Peter Tordenskjold trapped and defeated a similar Swedish force in Dynekilen fjord, just north of Strömstad, on the west coast of Sweden. 80 percent of the sailors and 90 percent of the soldiers in Tordenskjold's force were Norwegian. The Swedes had been escorting troops from Göteborg to Fredrikstad. The Danish-Norwegian flotilla defeated the Swedes, who had arranged their ships and boats defensively, and destroyed a small island fort equipped with six 12-pounder guns. The largest Swedish ship, Stenbock, surrendered, after which the lighter vessels were run aground and abandoned. A Swedish land force then arrived, forcing Tordenskjold to quickly leave, taking with him some of the captured Swedish ships. The rest was destroyed. The Dano-Norwegian force suffered 76 casualties. - Hjælper 47 (barge) - Hvide Ørn 30 (frigate) - Vindhund 16 (frigate) - Charlotte Amalia 7 (galley) - Louisa 7 (galley) - Prinds Christian 7 (galley) - Stenbock 24 (barge) - Surrendered - Proserpina 5 (galley) - Captured - Ulysses 5 (galley) - Captured - Lucretia 12 (galley) - Captured - Wreden 21 (galley) - Sunk, later salvaged by the Swedes. - Achilles 5 (half-galley) - Captured - Pollux 5 (half-galley) - Captured - Hector 5 (half-galley) - destroyed. - Castor 5 (half-galley) - Sunk, later salvaged by the Swedes - Biorn 4 (double-sloop) - Captured - Svarte Maeren 4 (double-sloop) - Captured - Schelpaden 12 (Gallioth) - Sunk, later salvaged by the Swedes - TRANSPORTS - 5 captured, 3 destroyed All according to Tordenskiolds own report. (printed at pages 229- 230, in the book, "Tordenskiolds Brev" (by Komandor, Olav Bergersen 1963) - Feldborg, Andreas Andersen (1807). Great and good deeds of Danes, Norwegians, and Holsteinians, collected by O. Malling, and tr. by the author of A tour in Zealand. Danske. p. 170. - Adamson, Hans Christian Admiral Thunderbolt;: The spectacular career of Peter Wessel, Norway's greatest sea hero (Chilton Co., Book Division. 1959) - Andersson, R.C. Naval Wars in the Baltic 1522-1850 ( Francis Edwards Ltd. 1969) ISBN 978-0-902476-00-4 - Bergersen, Olav "Tordenskiolds Brev" (Universitetsforlaget, Trondheim 1963) - Bjerg, Hans Christian Tordenskiold: Glimt af Wessel (Borgan. 1990) ISBN 978-87-7466-181-8 - Christiansen, Per Jeg vil synge om en helt: et biografisk skrift i anledning 300-arsjubileet for Peter Wessel Tordenskiolds fødsel (Ringve museum. 1990) ISBN 978-82-990305-5-7 - Kavli, Guthorm I Tordenskjolds Kjølvann (Schibsted. 1990) ISBN 82-516-1352-3

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The fourth Governor of Florida Madison Starke Perry was born in Lancaster County, South Carolina. He came to Florida in 1845 and helped found the village of Rochelle, Florida in Alachua County. He became a leader among the plantation owners in Alachua County and was elected to represent the county in the Florida House of Representatives in 1849. The following year he was elected to the Florida Senate. Perry ran for and was elected governor in 1856, assuming office on October 5, 1857. During the years before the Civil War, Governor Perry foresaw the possibility that Florida might secede from the Union, and in 1858 he urged the reestablishment of the state’s militia. Florida did secede three years later, on January 10, 1861. Perry then called for the evacuation of all federal troops from Florida, intending to replace them with the militia. After his term as governor ended on October 7, 1861, Perry served as colonel of the 7th Florida Infantry Regiment until illness forced his resignation on April 30, 1863. He retired to his plantation in Rochelle FL, where he died in March 1865, shortly before the end of theAmerican Civil War. Survived by his wife and two children, he was buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery, Rochelle Florida in Alachua County. The city of Perry, Florida is named in his honor. The city of Starke, Florida may have been named in his honor. Who is Madison Starke Perry? What exactly is the Sons of Confederate Veterans? We are a non-profit organization dedicated to the preservation of Southern heritage and the truth as it pertains to what the boys in gray fought, suffered, and died for. What exactly do we do? Our main objective is to preserve our Southern heritage of honor, chivalry, courage and patriotism; to maintain Confederate monuments and cemeteries; to observe Confederate Memorial Days and birthdays of Confederate heroes, and otherwise preserve for our posterity, the memory of the valor of our Confederate forefathers who sacrificed their lives and fortunes for the Southern Cause, in the War for Southern Independence. We try to inform the public and especially our younger generation about the true causes of the War between the States. We try to aid any individuals who seek their Confederate ancestors. Many more duties and public services are performed by the SCV; the list goes on and on. What are the requirements for membership? All prospective new members must be male, and must be able to prove descendancy from a Confederate soldier, sailor, marine, or government official. The ancestor can be a father, grandparent, or uncle.

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Lesson 1/Learning Event 2 The TA-236/FT is a general purpose common battery telephone (manual or dial). Range of operation is approximately 5 miles from central office location. Outgoing signaling is dial pulse and incoming signaling is 90V AC, 20 Hz. Power requirements must be provided by a central office or common battery switchboard. The handset consist of the receiver and transmitter compartments and is connected to the base plate assembly by a four-conductor handset cord. The base plate assembly serves as a mounting plate for the network ringer, ringer volume control, dial, and hookswitch contacts. The housing assembly is the black plastic case which covers the base plate assembly. A three-conductor deskstand cord connects the set to the telephone circuit with use of a connecting block as a tie point. On the schematic diagram, the circuit components are shown with schematic symbols representing the actual component. For example, the network is a sealed unit, but on the schematic it is shown by the schematic symbols for coils, capacitors, varistors, and resistors which make up the network. The repairer must be able to identify the various components of the TA-236/FT and orientate the schematic symbols and diagram to the components represented before he can successfully begin to troubleshoot and repair the telephone set. Learning Event 2: The repairer must know the various circuits that comprise the TA-236/FT. The circuits of the TA-236/FT are ringer, transmitter, receiver, and antisidetone circuits. The theory of operation for the TA-236/FT circuits is described in the TM 11-468 Extracts. The student will be able to trace and explain these circuits.

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(Reuters Health) - Exposure to certain common chemical pollutants, even before birth, may be permanently reducing kids’ lung function, a study of European children suggests. There is a large body of evidence linking early-life exposure to a variety of pollutants and chemicals with respiratory problems in childhood. But much of this research targets individual chemicals or toxins, not the full array of exposures a child faces, the study team notes in The Lancet Planetary Health. For the current study, researchers examined data on 1,033 mother-child pairs in six countries to assess how kids’ lung function may be impacted by 85 distinct prenatal exposures and 125 different exposures in early childhood. Many of the exposures involved chemicals, but some also involved lifestyle factors like smoking, housing and neighborhood conditions, and the indoor and outdoor environments where kids lived. “Exposure to these chemical substances is ubiquitous; in our study, the pregnant women and the children had generally been exposed to dozens of chemical substances at variable levels,” said senior study author Valerie Siroux of the Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM Research Center, in Grenoble, France. All of the kids had lung function tests at 6 and 12 years of age. Prenatal exposure to two types of chemicals known as PFAS (for polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances) were associated with a decrease in lung function, the study found. PFAS are found in food packages, water repellants, stain-resistant fabrics, nonstick cookware, and many other household products, and the chemicals can be absorbed through food or reach babies in the womb through the placenta. Nine different early childhood exposures - including crowded housing, schools in dense neighborhoods, and some chemicals that are found in plastics and cosmetics - were also associated with lower lung function. These chemicals, including ethyl-paraben and phthalate metabolites, can also reach kids through their food and cross the placenta to reach babies in the womb. More than two-thirds of the chemical exposure biomarkers were detectable in at least 9 of every 10 women and children in the study, Siroux said by email. “For most of these chemical substances, avoiding exposure is difficult,” Siroux added. “If these findings are confirmed, preventive measures aimed at lowering exposure to the identified ubiquitous chemicals, through stricter regulation and through informing the public by labeling these chemicals in consumer products, could help to prevent early-life lung function impairment, which in turn may have benefits on long-term health.” Childhood exposure to phthalates, which are often found in scented products like perfumes, soaps and shampoos, showed the strongest link to impaired lung function, the study found. Parabens, which are used as preservatives in cosmetics, and copper, which people often absorb through drinking water and food, were also tied to poorer lung function. Researchers assessed lung function with spirometry, a test that measures how forcefully people can exhale and is used to diagnose respiratory problems like asthma. The study wasn’t a controlled experiment designed to prove whether or how specific environmental exposures might directly impact lung function, and the researchers didn’t look at whether poor spirometry results in childhood might later lead to lasting respiratory illness or other health problems. Even so, it is one of the most comprehensive examinations to date of the wide range of environmental pollutants, biological and societal factors that may influence lung growth, said Urs Frey of Univerity Hospital Basel in Switzerland, who coauthored an accompanying editorial. “It has been known for some years that higher levels of air pollution can impair lung function in children,” Frey said by email. “The current study does demonstrate that also other environmental toxic chemicals can have similar effects,” Frey added. “Taking evidence from several studies together, we must assume that already during pregnancy and early life multiple toxic compounds in the environment may affect the lung development of fetuses, infants and young children.”

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The fastest fish in the world is the sailfish; it can swim 68 miles per hour and generally prefers warmer parts of the ocean. The second fastest fish is the marlin, a species that can swim 50 miles per hour.Know More The sailfish has a long bill and is blue, brown and silver in color. It feeds on mackerel, sardines and anchovies. Most sailfish do not grow more than 9.8 feet in length and do not weigh more than 200 pounds. Some types of marlin can grow more than 16 feet in length and weigh more than 1,400 pounds. It has a long bill and is blue or black in color. Marlin like to eat mackerel, tuna and squid. Both the sailfish and marlin are popular catches for fishermen.Learn more about Fish The sailfish is the fastest animal in the ocean and can swim at a speed of 68 miles per hour while the marlin is the second fastest animal in the ocean swimming at speeds of approximately 49 miles per hour. The cheetah is considered the fastest land animal and can run at speeds of 70 miles per hour while the peregrine falcon is the fastest bird and can fly horizontally at speeds of up to approximately 56 miles per hour.Full Answer > The whale shark is the largest fish in the oceans. The largest whale shark measured 40 feet in length, and scientists believe they can get even larger. A typical whale shark weighs close to 20 tons and has a length between 18 to 32 feet.Full Answer > The dietary habits of fish differ from one species to another but, in general, some species are specifically herbivorous or carnivorous, preferring either marine plants or animals, respectively. Others are omnivorous in nature, feeding on both.Full Answer > Reef stonefish are the most poisonous fish in the world. Stonefish live in warm, tropical waters, primarily in the Oceanic region of Australia and New Zealand. They have 13 long spines in their dorsal fins that are filled with highly toxic venom, which the stonefish use to kill prey.Full Answer >

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The Chinese Silver Trade, the British Empire, and the Conflict Which Inevitably Ensued Anthony Ambrosius Aurelius “China made itself vastly wealthy during the 19th century by exporting silks and porcelain in exchange for silver. China became dependent upon silver during the 16th century when Emperor Zhu Yijun (pronounced “zhoo yee-joon”) demanded his subjects pay their taxes in silver. China has very little silver of its own so the bulk of silver reserves must be imported, creating a near perfect system of supply and demand. Britain imports more tea from China than any other European country with 80% of all tea export shipping out of Canton, China destined for England. The governing body which overseen this import-export model was the British East India Company, an organization that by the end of the 18th century, had a private standing military force of almost 90,000 soldiers with a collection of heavily gunned warships. The British realized their vulnerability brought forth by tea and tried multiple goods to replace silver (e.g. cotton, wool, textiles etc.). The East India Company compelled and convinced the British government to act and in 1792, an enormous trade campaign toward China was launched with statesperson and diplomat, Lord George Macartney at its head. It was expected of Macartney that he would negotiate better terms of trade between England and China, the world’s two most powerful economies during the era. Macartney needed to persuade Chinese Emperor Qianlong (pronounced “chang-loo-ong”) to accept British items of export in favor of silver so that direct trade between Chinese tea and British goods could be established without the need for bullion or other forms of British currency. Macartney also needed to convince Qianlong that the Chinese needed to establish a British trading base along China’s coastline. Macartney preferred a detached island or a patch of ground which would be specifically designated for the British, effectively an embassy construct of the modern day. Macartney was clear that the British needed neither fortification nor protectionary defense, with only merchants being protected by the Chinese government.”

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Norovirus is the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis in all age groups in the U.S. Each year, on average, norovirus causes 19 to 21 million cases of acute gastroenteritis and leads to 56,000 to 71,000 hospitalizations and 570 to 800 deaths, mostly among young children and older adults. Typical symptoms include dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea with abdominal cramps and nausea. In a study conducted by the University of Pittsburgh and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2012, the total economic burden of norovirus in the U.S. was estimated at $5.5 billion. Norovirus is considered one of the most infectious foodborne pathogens given its low infectious dose and resistance to nearly every common sanitization process used in food production. Contamination of cruise ships is particularly well described in the popular press. However, anywhere in closed quarter, such as in U.S. military populations, gastroenteritis outbreaks are reported at rates nearly 10 times that of cruise ships. Additional at-risk populations include hospitalized patients, healthcare workers, food handlers, farm workers and travel industry professionals. There is currently no vaccine to protect against norovirus. Vaxart is developing a bivalent tablet vaccine for norovirus, a leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis and food-borne disease in the U.S. and Europe. Because norovirus is a pathogen that infects the small intestine, Vaxart believes a vaccine that produces mucosal antibodies locally in the intestine, in addition to systemic antibodies that circulate in the blood, may better protect against norovirus infection than an injectable vaccine. Vaxart has completed two Phase 1 clinical trials with its monovalent oral tablet vaccine based on the GI.1 norovirus strain, demonstrating its norovirus tablet vaccine was well tolerated and generated broad systemic and mucosal immune responses. In the recently completed clinical Phase 1b dose-optimization study in healthy adults, in which Vaxart evaluated four different dosing regimens, all vaccine recipients (100%) in the high-dose group responded as measured by a significant increase in norovirus specific B cells of both IgA and IgG subtypes. In the same group, there was at least a two-fold increase of norovirus specific antibody titers in serum in more than 90% of recipients 56 days after dosing. In a Phase 1 trial of its bivalent norovirus vaccine designed to assess safety and immunogenicity there were not significant differences in the adverse event rates to placebo. The IgA ASC response rates of 90-93% for GII.4 and 78-86% for GI.1 showed no interference between genotypes in the bivalent arm versus the monovalent arms of the study.

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In our care, Bluebirds will thrive, as they are encouraged to move their little bodies and engage their scientific minds in a language rich environment. Bluebirds are constantly surrounded by songs, stories, and human contact. As Bluebirds grow and reach their “firsts”, we give them opportunities to explore and offer our hands to hold. Bluebirds will fall in love and begin to flap their wings while teachers observe their curiosities and praise their interactions. Parents will receive daily journals of their Bluebird’s day, highlighting development and play-based experiences. We make our nest as cozy, bright and nurturing as home. Mockingbirds actively explore practicing their newfound mobility, problem solving with meaning and communicating with words. In our safe and trusting environment, they express their emotions through imaginative play and learn to empathize with storybook characters. As Mockingbirds begin chirping together, teachers provide a model and encourage pro social behaviors. Parents will hear an explosion of words and see an emerging artist and personality. We nurture Mockingbirds to be here, there and everywhere. Larks are quick and clever Songbirds. They are driven to practice and build on emerging competencies and develop new skills. Larks’ days are structured using the OWL (Opening the World of Learning) Curriculum: Circle Time, Story Time, Small Group work, Gross and Fine Motor activities, and thematic Centers. Small groups are planned daily and tailored to engage each child at their developmental level. Larks develop friendships, notice others and are proud of all they can do. They are eager to share their adventures and wonderings with others. Teachers establish structure and accountability through positive reinforcement and the expectation of kindness. Activities are experiential, exploratory and intentional; teaching is in the context of everyday activities and for authentic purposes. Parents will watch logical thinking, story-telling and multi-step problem-solving abilities unfold in their Lark. We connect Lark’s intense interest in learning to real-world experiences. Cardinal’s attend a Montessori Pre-Primary classroom, with a certified Montessori teacher. Cardinal’s flock to each other, embrace friendship, develop cooperation and negotiation skills. Friendship evolves from playing the same thing side-by-side to being more interactive and based on a shared idea. Cardinals compare themselves with each other, expecting to be noticed, accepted and praised. Cardinals are eager investigators with an interest to learn about a variety of topics and ultimately ‘strut their stuff’. They can understand the reasons for rules and the positive and negative consequences of their actions. Teachers invite Cardinals to participate in lessons and lead in problem solving. They engage in back-and-forth conversation with teachers, answer and ask questions and are given just enough individualized support during the learning process that they can achieve their learning goals. Parents will hear an expanded vocabulary and see an understanding of math concepts. The Cardinal classroom will focus on literacy development, language and writing skills. In our Montessori classrooms, we develop a sense of discovery and awareness in your Cardinal creating a capable, little Songbird ready to fly. 1245 W BELMONT AVE

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Making Physics Accessible to the Understanding of Many PeopleThe Mathematical Research Letters provide a unique chance for researchers from all fields and specialties to come together and learn even deeper nuances of everything from basic linear equations to fairly existential polynomial reasoning. (Meaning, it takes a huge amount of talent to think as abstractly as these mathematicians and theoretical physicists do!). But to break some seemingly complicated, and even mysterious concepts down for more of a basic understanding is the hallmark of a true teacher. Richard Feynman, a world renowned physicist and mathematician did just that for the BBC back in the late 1980’s during a series of informal talks (he was in an armchair in his living room), given in response to the probing questions of a reporter who had absolutely no concept of physics and wanted to preserve the explanations of a known genius for all time. One particularly interesting explanation was the one which Feynman gave to help foster an understanding of combustion. Fire is a universal concept, but neither caveman nor modern man can really explain what it is or why it is, we just use it and are wary of its dangers. Using the mental image of a tree in the forest, Feynman begins with explaining how molecules of carbon have a natural desire to snap together with oxygen molecules. In a kind of mind-blowing revelation, Feynman continues by saying that while the world thinks that trees grow from the ground, in reality they grow from the air. Some nutrients in the ground are necessary for their growth, but ultimately the leaves of trees absorb the carbon dioxide from the air and utilize the light of the sun to extract the carbon molecule to add to the tree (wood is carbon in a huge percentage), and takes the oxygen molecule out, releasing it into the air. While this is an excellent explanation of how important it is that we have trees to neutralize large amounts of greenhouse gases, this does not yet explain the concept of fire. Using an analogy of someone trying to roll a ball up a hill and into a deep hole on top of the hill, Feynman went on to say that while the oxygen molecule also desperately wants to snap together with the carbon atom, it actually cannot do so until enough energy is put into it to get it up that hill and over. With heat being the measure of atomic movement and energy, it can be deduced that enough heat is required to get that oxygen molecule to snap to the carbon. Once the molecules begin to do so, the reaction is fairly powerful enough that the light and heat that come out is what we see as fire.

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Question: How does Shakespeare present the hand of fate in his play Romeo and Juliet? In William Shakespeare’s tragic play Romeo and Juliet, where two young lovers take their lives because of the battling between their two opposing families “which but their children’s end nought could remove,”. Shakespeare presents the hand of fate in many ways. For example he uses metaphors and coincidence to show life as a journey decided by fate. He describes Romeo as a boat captained by god. In Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare uses metaphors to show the characters thoughts. He uses metaphors to show life as a journey. an example of these metaphors is when Romeo is about to go into the Capulet party and feels that something will go badly and lead to his “untimely death” he says “… He that hath steerage of my course, direct my sail”. This describes Romeo as being a ship and that he is letting go and giving control to the captain. Shakespeare suggests that God is the captain by writing “He” with a capital H in the middle of the sentence which is used to describe God. This is an act of fate because he is giving over and letting God choose the path. later on in the play Shakespeare uses another metaphor that follows on from this one “Thou desperate pilot, at once run on the dashing rocks, thy seasick weary bark” this shows that he followed Gods path and it had not helped him and that he wants the journey to end and his ship to crash. and that he wasn’t happy with the path that was laid out by God. Shakespeare uses coincidence in this play to create major events and bring Main characters together This is an act of fate. For example Shakespeare brings the Capulet servant that had the invitation and he asks Romeo and Benvolio to read it for him and invites them to the party after they tell him the names on the invitation. At the time Romeo is sad about Rosaline not liking him back and Benvolio convinces him to go to the party because there will be lots of other pretty girls, Romeo only agrees to go because Rosaline was on the list. When they got to the party Romeo sees Juliet and they fall in love. This is an act of fate because it is bringing the two lovers together from the prologue together. this is also coincidence because of the plague that stopped the message from getting to Romeo caused his death which was always going to happen because in the prologue it says “A pair of star-cross’d lovers take their life;”. And in this time christian people believed that God was the creator of sickness and plague which stopped Romeo from getting the message and therefore killing himself. Romeo and Juliet were going to kill themselves from the start and this shows fate. Shakespeare uses the prologue to communicate the idea of fate in Romeo and Juliet. The prologue tells the audience thing before they happen so the audience would know what is going to happen before it comes up. For example when he says “A pair of star-cross’d lovers take their life;” so this is going to happen and the audience knows that the two star-cross’d lovers will kill themselves and it is the only thing that can stop the families fighting and get peace between the two families and to get peace to all of Verona. It’s like God brought Romeo and Juliet together at the party for them to fall in love and kill themselves and bring the two families together. also the letter didn’t get to Romeo because Friar John got caught in the city with the plague which led to Romeo and Juliet killing themselves and plagues were one of the things that god created. because if the letter did get to Romeo then they would both be alive and the Montague and Capulet’s feud would still be going. Shakespeare uses premonition in the play Romeo and Juliet to create tension in the audience and to get their attention. this is used to snap into the future and show a later scene before it happens. For example when Romeo has a dream, of Juliet walking up to her tomb when he wakes he says “I dreamt my lady came and found me dead”. This is going into the future and showing what happens before it does but the audience know that the scene in the dream will eventually come true because of what the prologue had said at the start. This is an act of fate because it shows what is going to happen before it actually happens. Shakespeare shows scenes from the future to show fate showing before it happens and shows that it was always going to happen. Throughout William Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet, the hand of fate is repeatedly shown. The hand of fate is used to bring characters together and cause suspense in the audience. Shakespeare shows fate as if the characters life has always been planed out for them and they have no control over it. For example Romeo and Juliet were made to stop the families anger and fighting and bring peace to Verona. Do you think that your life is planned for you?

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Environmentally acceptable effect of hydrogen peroxide on cave “lamp-flora”, calcite speleothems and limestones Mosses, algae, and cyanobacteria (lamp-flora) colonize illuminated areas in show caves. This biota is commonly removed by a sodium hypochlorite solution. Because chlorine and other deleterious compounds are released into a cave environment during lamp-flora cleansing, hydrogen peroxide was tested as an alternative agent. In a multidisciplinary study conducted in the Kateřinská Cave (Moravian Karst, Czech Republic), 12 algae- and cyanobacteria taxons and 19 moss taxons were detected. The threshold hydrogen peroxide concentration for the destruction of this lamp-flora was found to be 15 vol.%. Based on laboratory experiments in stirred batch reactors, the dissolution rates of limestones and calcite speleothems in water were determined as 3.77×10−3 and 1.81×10−3 mol m−2 h−1, respectively. In the 15% peroxide solution, the limestone and speleothem dissolution rates were one order of magnitude higher, 2.00×10−2 and 2.21×10−2 mol m−2 h−1, respectively. So, the peroxide solution was recognised to attack carbonates somewhat more aggressively than karst water. In order to prevent the potential corrosion of limestone and speleothems, the reaching of preliminary peroxide saturation with respect to calcite is recommended, for example, by adding of few limestone fragments into the solution at least 10 h prior to its application.

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