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He'd expected the static burst, the light, the grief. What Neku hadn't expected was for Joshua's Noise form to simply collapse to the floor unmoving, for Maya's caution as she stepped closer to get a better look, for the black markings to flare brightly as he too approached. This time, they didn't fade.
He sank to his knees. "Joshua..?" he called softly, afraid to hope.
And then, the faintest whimper of pain as the other began to glow faintly.
"H—He's still here," Maya breathed.
He gasped, unable to manage much else.
"Oh... Oh God." She sank to the floor as well. Abruptly, she seemed to snap to attention. "T—The energy of Shibuya! It's healing him!"
Neku wanted to weep for joy, but he could tell she didn't mean it as good news. "Isn't that—"
"If we don't do something quick, he'll recover completely and try to kill us again!"
"What?! You can't— I— Didn't you say I could 'cure' him?"
Maya nodded. "It's risky. And you can't make a single mistake. If you do, he won't really be himself when it's done. Do you understand?"
Neku fisted his hands in his clothes. "Just tell me!" No matter what it takes. He'd promised.
"You need to remove the corruption from his Music with your Imagination. It's like... overwriting a file. You replace the corrupted sections with what they ought to sound like."
Maya grabbed his wrist and pressed his hand to the unicorn's neck. "Listen."
He did. But even in complete silence, he couldn't hear a sound. "I don't h—"
"Focus! It's not the kind of Music you hear with your ears."
He shifted so Joshua's head rested in his lap and ran his fingers through soft fur that seemed to pass through his hand like light. The Noise made a soft sound, something akin to a whinny. Neku closed his eyes and concentrated, putting everything except Joshua out of his mind. He didn't have to try very hard.
That's when he heard it, the sweetest sound, a hauntingly familiar melody. Even as he tried to catch more of it, it was swallowed up in static.
"—is the poison's corruption," Maya confirmed. "Sometimes, it's static. Other times, it's just the wrong sound. The latter is more difficult to detect, but more easily fixed. The former you will have to forcibly break through. Hurry now. You don't have much time."
"Wait, wait. All this about the wrong sound... How will I know what the right sound is?"
She stared at him. "He's your Partner, Neku. Surely, you know what his Music sounds like."
Neku stared right back, wide-eyed. "Surely? Where would I have heard it?"
"Whenever your sync rate is at its peak?" She sounded exasperated. Taking a deep breath, she continued more calmly. "Try again. Really listen. Remember. Haven't you heard it before?"
He closed his eyes again and strained to hear the Music again. This time, he caught more of it before the static kicked in, but he still couldn't place it. Where have I...
"Don't you hear something whenever you use a maximum level Fusion attack?"
A max level Fusion? That's it! Just that day against the spiders... He thought back, trying his best to recall exactly how the Music went. Come to think of it, heck, he'd heard it sometime last night too, but that probably wasn't the best reference, since Joshua had already been poisoned by then. Now that he knew when and where he'd heard it, he could remember the melody, and yet... "Argh! I can't be sure that's how the second part goes! I know what I heard last night, but what if that isn't the right one? What if I'm wrong, Maya? What's the worst case scenario?"
"Injury. Probably some form of psychological trauma. He might never wake up, lose memories or abilities, or become a totally different person," Maya answered quietly. "Depends on the size of the error."
"Damn it... If only he hadn't gone and erased Shades..."
"He's your Partner, Neku." She grabbed him by the shoulders and shook him emphatically with each word. "I keep telling you: have a little faith. Would he let you come this far if he didn't trust you?"
"He wouldn't even tell me how to do this."
The world's going to hell, and you're afraid of yourself."
"Screw you. I'm n—"
"Look, the way I see it, you have three options. Either erase him, let him erase us, or give it your best shot. As a heads up, if you choose to give up on yourself, I'm out of here because I didn't sign up for erasure when I agreed to help out in Shibuya." She crossed her arms and waited.
Give up... on myself...? That's not...
"Tick tock, dude. Time to make up your mind."
Tightening his arms around Joshua, he did. Give up on yourself, and you give up on the world, right? I'll be damned if I let you say I never listen. He closed his eyes, picking up the strings of the other's Music. "Let's do this."
"Sweet! Now, you're going to have to listen very carefully to his Music. Every time you find a sound that doesn't match what you remember, you need to... will it to change into the correct sound. Does that make any sense?"
"Got it. What about the static?"
"You press at it till it breaks."
"Why, thank you, Princess Helpful."
"Well, gee, I'm sorry there isn't a handbook for this. Fine." Suddenly, he felt her presence close by. "I'll follow along. Every time you run into the static, I'll break it for you. For everything else, you're on your own."
He nodded. "Thanks." This time, he really was grateful.
At the sound of footsteps, Uzuki leaped to her feet. "Who's there?!" The sound faded. "Show yourself!"
Suddenly, she found herself knocked to the ground as something black and shiny zipped by overhead. Kariya was back on his feet in a flash and pulling her up with him. "You okay there, girl? Looks like work's shown up."
Cold laughter resounded in the room as two women stepped into the light. "For Reapers, they aren't too shabby, Eliza. Or perhaps you're losing your touch?" the blonde asked, taunting.
"Go on ahead, Mirabelle," replied the one with purple hair, arms crossed, refusing to take the bait. "I'll handle this."
"Not so fast, sister." Kariya moved to intercept Mirabelle as she moved towards the door, but had to leap out of the way of an attack. It was a shadow. As he made to stop the blonde again, more showed up. "Ugh, so you're the one behind these things." Mirabelle had already run through the door, so he turned back to face the shadow master. She hadn't even moved from her spot. With her dark blue strapless mini dress, stiletto heels the colour of her hair and the frosty look on her pale face, she could have been a young Caucasian version of Konishi Mitsuki. Kariya didn't like the reminder.
"Indeed, Reaper," she answered coolly, uncrossing her arms. "And I'm afraid I can't let you interrupt."
Without waiting for a reply, Eliza and her shadow army charged.
Neku thought it sounded right even if he had no way of knowing for sure. "I thi—"
"What's your confidence level?" Maya interjected.
"Uh... Eighty percent...?" he estimated as he checked it over one last time.
There was a long pause before she said, sotto voce, "That's not even statistically acceptable."
He tightened his arms around Joshua defensively. "I don't have any way to be more certain than this."
Maya sighed. "Fine. He's your Partner, Neku. Do you or do you not believe?"
Before he could even form his answer into words, she was finishing the job. "Maya!"
"You said yes!"
Just then, the Noise in his arms glowed brightly, and he had to shield his eyes with his arm. When the light dimmed, a young man lay in the unicorn's place, eyes closed as if sleeping and his silver hair in disarray. While taller and older, it was unmistakably Joshua, down to the slightly ruffled designer clothing.
To be honest, Neku still wasn't sure he dared to hope. Things with Joshua had a way of going wrong. He looked away, crossing an arm over his chest. "We don't know that."
His Partner smacked him.
"OW!" He covered his sore shoulder with his hand. "What was that for?!"
"Say it with me: have a little faith."
Maya chuckled. "But that's what gives it value. Hm?" She tensed. "Someone's coming. I'll go check it out."
As she quietly walked over to the door, the head in his lap stirred, and Neku sagged in relief when pale lilac eyes turned on him with recognition.
"Neku...?" The Composer's lips languidly curved into a smirk. "Predictable."
Joshua caught his fist, of course, but didn't stop Neku from throttling him.
"PREDICTABLE?! SCREW YOU, JOSH! WHY DO YOU KEEP DOING THIS?! I'M NOT DOING IT, YOU ASS; NOT NOW, NOT EVER!"
The other reached up to caress his cheek, soft fingertips brushing away tears he hadn't known were there, and laughed tiredly, still that infuriating devious chuckle. "So you're saying I can never retire? Tsk, and you say I'm selfish."
Neku gripped the hand on his face tightly. "Well, you can bloody well find someone else to do your job that isn't me."
Joshua turned away. "Silly Neku. Weren't you listening to anything I said?" He sighed softly. "I was hoping you wouldn't come. I'd never be able to live with myself if I let you get erased when I wasn't around to bring you back. Can't have Shibuya falling into the wrong hands, after all. But you only ever pay about one yoctogram of attention whenever it matters, so I suppose it's inevitable. Hee hee~ Fortunately, you did a bang-up job as usual, dear~"
Suddenly, a huge explosion burst forth from the door, and Maya's scream cut off anything he might have said. The blast sent her flying towards them, and she landed on the floor with a sickening crack.
"Angel..." "Scorpion... Run..."
Then Joshua was taking her hand, and everything fell into blinding white.
When he opened his eyes again, they were on Cat Street. Maya was lying unconscious on the ground, and a fiteen-year-old Joshua was doubled over in pain.
The Composer waved his hands away and straightened. "We need to work on teaching you perfect pitch."
"So now it's my fault you didn't teach me anything before this?" Neku retorted automatically before remembering the more pressing concern. "Maya!" He hurried over to her side and crouched. The singer's clothes were soaked in blood, and the position of her body was frightfully unnatural. "We have to help her, Josh. Isn't there anything you can do?"
Before Joshua could respond, a soft pop sounded behind him, and they turned.
"S—Sh—Sh—Shades?! A—Aren't you..."
"Erased?" Kitaniji Megumi, looking just as Neku remembered, adjusted his sunglasses. "I was, but through the Composer's boundless love and compassion, I was allowed to Ascend to the Higher Planes. As part of Their unified Will, I now enforce their Laws on various jurisdictions. Sir." He bowed to Joshua. "I cannot thank You enough."
Neku stared at the two former Partners and felt awful for every time he'd ever called Joshua heartless on the former Conductor's account. Of course Joshua wouldn't be sad; Shades wasn't even really gone! Even though he'd lost their bet, Joshua had given him exactly what he wanted, maintaining Shibuya and sending him to his ideal world, one in which everyone's consciousness was united in harmony. He hadn't even known. All this while, he'd been so wrong.
I'm the worst... Josh, I'm sorry. I never knew. I never even asked. And all this time, I...
"Hey! Boss?" Hanekoma Sanae ran up and skidded to a stop beside them, surprise written all over his face. "Hah, just as I've finally tracked down Megumi here, it turns out you don't need him after all. Yo Phones! Hm? What's this?"
Joshua turned to Neku and smiled to show he'd heard before returning his attention to the older man. "Megumi, perfect timing. He indicated Maya. "Do what you can for her and get her to Chiyoda fast. The last thing I need is to make an enemy of Yohan."
"As You wish, Sir." Megumi gently lifted Maya, and with a pop, they were gone in a flash of light.
"Hm?" Joshua tilted his head. "Looks like we've got company, Neku."
As he spoke, a distortion appeared in the space before them, and a tall woman with shoulder-length dark blond hair wearing a white peacoat and ankle boots over a teal suede catsuit materialized from it. Most likely the Angel that broke into the Room of Reckoning, that almost killed Maya. The thought made Neku angry, and he balled his hands into fists. She smirked coldly, cerulean eyes immediately focusing on Joshua.
"Nowhere to run, Composer. Finally, I get to make you pay for my eye."
Eye? What, she had a third one somewhere?
Joshua rubbed his chin, searching the sky as if it held the answers he sought, before finally meeting her gaze. "Hee hee~ I suppose you do have me cornered. But what's this about an eye?"
The woman's face darkened, and she snarled, "Audacious, Composer! You glanced my way and sent that pin straight at me! Now you dare feign ignorance?!"
Pin? Neku thought of Yammer. "Wait, that was you?!"
"Oh, so your little boyfriend remembers!" In a flash, she was right in front of Joshua, sneering. "My turn."
Her hand darted out, but Mr. H caught it, having suddenly moved to Joshua's side as well.
"Ah-ah-ah, sister," he sang. "Can't let you do that."
"Keep your paws out of this, Fallen Angel," she snapped, swiping at him with her other hand as Joshua leaped back easily.
The Producer deflected the blow. "My turf, my call, ya dig? M'afraid the only way to the boss is through me."
The blond Angel only screamed in frustration as they vanished into the Noise plane, and Neku hoped that Mr. H would make her pay for what she did to Maya.
"Ah, I was hoping I wouldn't have to make an appearance, but it doesn't look as if Eliza and Mirabelle will be in any condition to finish the job."
No. Please. Just...no.
Neku turned slowly at the sound of the soft voice he'd recognize anywhere to see a young boy with wavy black hair and bright green eyes behind rectangular spectacles walking towards them with his hands behind his back. It couldn't be, but it was, in a white long-sleeved dress shirt with a black fitted vest over it and matching black knee-length pants over long white socks and black oxfords. A cravat the colour of his eyes gave the look a splash of colour. He smiled wistfully.
"It's been a long time, Neku, hasn't it?" he asked, coming to a stop just a few steps away.
Below, the street seemed to give way.
"What's this? You have Angel friends too, dear? I certainly underestimated how much you get around." Joshua's teasing voice seemed to come from very far away.
"E—Enishi...?" was all Neku could manage, and it came out in a hoarse whisper. Too much. This was just too much. His heart may well have stopped for how frozen it felt in his chest.
"Enishi?" Joshua echoed. "Ah, so you're the one he's still hung up on."
Enishi turned to the Composer, still smiling. "Kiryuu Yoshiya, was it not? Shibuya's longest reigning Composer." He held out a hand in greeting. "Cyril Enishi Benoit. Perhaps you remember me? I certainly haven't forgotten you."
Joshua chuckled, shaking the offered hand briefly before returning his hands to his pockets. "Now that I'm looking at you, why yes, I do recall our last meeting! It was one of my most enjoyable Games. The youngest Player ever to erase a Game Master, and Sayuri was one of our best. You even managed to get your Partner to cooperate. Most exceptional, I must say. Neku sure knows how to pick them!"
Cyril nodded. "Excellent. That simplifies things. As for Sho and I, we simply shared relevant interests."
Sho? The Grim Heaper? Partner? It didn't— He couldn't— He clutched his head in his hands.
"Aww, you spoiled him! I think he still misses you~" Joshua sang cheerfully.
At that, the Angel laughed. "I'm afraid I prefer not being reduced to a math theorem. Speaking of which, how is he?"
"Inactive. He was going to pull a number on Neku here at a most inopportune time for me." Joshua's fingers ran through orange locks as he spoke. "Couldn't have him spoiling our climax, could we, dear?"
That broke the stupor.
"WHY?!" Neku grabbed his best friend's wrist from where he had fallen to his knees on the floor. The other didn't resist. "Enishi, why?! Why are you doing this?! Why now?!" His fringe hid his face, but his tears fell freely to the asphalt. Four years. Four years of guilt, of thinking his best friend was gone forever because of him, because he'd wanted to show him the mural he'd discovered in Udagawa, and now... THIS. "Why, goddammit?!"
"You'll have to forgive my dear, dear Partner," Joshua murmured from beside him, a hand squeezing his shoulder in an attempt to comfort. "This is turning into Judgement Day for him, I'm afraid."
"And you are as unsympathetic as always, Yoshiya," Enishi snapped, kneeling to wrap his arms around Neku. "I'm sorry we had to meet again like this, Neku. I'd hoped to avoid this... for your sake."
Neku could only bury his face in the other's shoulder. "Answer me, Enishi.
All these years spent wishing that he hadn't asked his best friend to meet him that day, that Enishi would come back, somehow, and tell him it was okay, that it wasn't his fault, that they were still friends. And here he was, in the flesh, trying to kill Joshua.
Enishi had been his only real friend at school, and when he'd died, he'd taken Neku's world with him. Neku had always been a loner; it never mattered whether or not he'd had friends. It seemed silly how everyone around him would make and break their friendships on a whim. But Enishi... Enishi got him. On a level he didn't think anyone would again until Joshua came along. It... It shouldn't have to come down to this.
Why... Why, why, WHYYYYYY?!
The Angel sighed. "Do you know what it's like Upstairs? Stagnant. All that talent, all that creativity They hone in people here, gone, wasted. You go there, Ascend as They so sweetly call it, expecting to stretch the limits of your Imagination, and instead of boundless inspiration, you lose everything. Everything! Your own thoughts, your own will, your own self. Every thought, every choice, every action... even if you are doing it of your own volition, you can't be sure it wasn't merely implanted in you as long you're connected to the hive mind, that you aren't simply a puppet of that being at the centre of it all." Enishi tightened his embrace as he looked up to face the Composer. "Isn't that right, Yoshiya? And you knew," he continued bitterly. "That's why you've held on to your throne all these decades and refused to Ascend. How he too broke his connection when he returned here? How seeing the unique individuality of Shibuya once more awakened Sanae to the realization that he was but a shade of his former self without the ability to expand his horizons through clashing with others? Isn't that why he keeps telling people to do as much of that as possible while they're here, going so far as to use command codes? Heh, you knew, and still you let the best and the brightest go there."
"I don't see how this is my fault," Joshua replied coolly. "I gave every winner the same three choices. You're the one who chose Ascension. And it can be fabulous... sometimes. Right, Megumi?"
With a pop, the former Conductor appeared in a flash of light before Joshua. "I have returned, Sir. The girl is safe."
"You did well, Megumi, as always."
"Thank You, Sir. As for you, traitor," Shades said, turning to the other Angel. "We have been looking for you. This is the eighth city you have attacked. For your crimes, I owe you only destruction!"
Enishi didn't move. "So you see, Neku, I really was gone, you know. For a time, I wasn't even myself. It was worse than death, worse even than erasure. And he sent me there. YOU sent me there."
"I'm sorry..." Neku whispered, feeling the strength drain from his body. It wasn't okay. Of course it wasn't okay. "I'm so sorry, Enishi. If only I hadn't..."
"My, my..." Joshua interrupted. "You seem like such a pro at this guilt-tripping thing, even I feel a teensy bit bad... for Neku. But since you've piqued my interest with all this talk of the Higher Planes, pray tell how we fit in."
"Do you like New York, Yoshiya?" Enishi asked, smiling. "I have Them to thank for sending me there as Producer. That was where I felt it, what I was missing through the unification of minds. I saw that instead of learning from our differences, we were homogenizing to the strongest will, retaining little of our former selves and losing our ability to progress. That is when I understood — there is only one way to bring all of creation to the next level: I'm going to break the hive mind."
"Exciting!" Joshua enthused. Distantly, Neku thought he shouldn't sound so cheery, shouldn't encourage this madness that had gripped Enishi. "And to do that, you need power, lots of it, so you're gathering it from the cities, hmm?"
"Well done. You are as sharp as they come, Yoshiya," Cyril murmured appreciatively, rising to his feet and pulling Neku up with him to stand between him and the other two. "I see now why Jude always spoke so highly of you."
Joshua stiffened. "Jude? Jude Ascott?"
Neku couldn't choke back his sob. No. NO, NO, NO...
"The same. And I see you've already realized, sharp as you are, but I may as well make it obvious. Yes, New York was the first city I took. And I couldn't bear to send a friend to the hell I'd only just escaped from, so I did the only other thing I could: I erased him."
"E—Erased...?" Neku gasped, barely audible. He could barely even breathe. This... This wasn't— His best friend had always been so kind. "How could you?" he choked out. Enishi would never— He'd never just... erase a friend in cold blood! "What happened to you, Enishi? You never used to be like this!"
Cyril's smile turned sad as he spun his old friend around to wrap his arms around Neku from behind. "Do you remember the Game, Neku? I'm sure you can't forget. You played thrice, after all." He tightened his embrace and stepped back, pulling Neku with him. "See, that's where I learned: sometimes, you just have to do what is necessary; sometimes, there are no easy choices. If it's either me or the other guy, I have to defend myself, don't I? And between a living hell and oblivion, I know which one I'd choose, so I gave dear Jude the same."
Too numb to do anything but let Enishi drag him along with surprising strength, Neku barely registered Joshua and Shades following them, taking a step forward for every step they took backward.
Madness. This was madness.
"I will not let these streets I know and love fall into your tainted hands, Cyril," Megumi warned, poised to attack.
"Now, now," Cyril replied, an iridescent knife materializing in his hand to press to Neku's ribs. "No need to get so hostile. You do know what this does?" He continued to back away down Cat Street, dragging an unresisting Neku with him. "See, I've been observing you, Yoshiya, and I am certain you wouldn't want his Soul completely dispersed to the ether."
"Don't be silly," the Composer chided derisively, but the uncertainty in his voice made Neku look up, look at him, at the hand he held out to restrain Megumi. Neku had never heard Joshua sound so unsure. "He's been your friend longer than I've known him."
Behind him, he felt Enishi nod, his voice incredibly sad when he spoke. "Yes... I never wanted to hurt you, Neku, to get you involved. I never expected— Well, I suppose it's all moot now, is it not? You should have stayed away."
"You're a monster," Neku whispered.
This was wrong. This was all wrong.
"Is that an endearment, dear?" Joshua teased, but his usual playfulness was strained. "I remember you calling me that a lot too."
Neku didn't answer. This was all WRONG, and there was nothing he could do about it. It was all his fault. Enishi buried his face in his shoulder.
"That's a horrid thing to call something you created, Neku," he whispered hoarsely. "I missed you, you know... We could have been so much together. At least, that's what I thought. But I saw you during my Game. You were better without me, Neku. You worked so much harder, drew more, were so much more creative. That was when you won your first art contest, was it not? That's why I chose not to come back."
W—What. The. HELL?! "G—Goddammit, Enishi!" Neku yelled, voice breaking as he wiped at his tears. "I— Do you know how hard it was for me?! All I could think about was how I'd killed you. I couldn't eat, couldn't sleep, could barely even function! I felt like crap, knowing it should have been me, but unable to even wish it had been because I was... I was afraid to die! I threw myself into the only thing I knew to take my mind off it, to keep from THINKING, damn it!"
"Then help me," Enishi pleaded softly without missing a beat as they kept moving. "Help me help the worlds. Tell him to cede his throne."
At that, Shades pointed a condescending finger at them, angrily declaring, "Egotists like you are not fit to judge the will of the Higher Planes! Breaking the hive mind would only unleash chaos upon the worlds. Even after sharing in Our collective wisdom, here you are staging childish rebellion." He turned to Joshua. "Composer, Sir. He is merely biding time. You cannot allow him to cross into Omotesando. We must stop him. No matter the cost."
A sigh. "Busted, I suppose." The sly smile was audible in Enishi's velvety voice. "Not that Yoshiya didn't know from the start. To be honest, I'm quite impressed. Tell me, how is it that people call you the most ruthless Composer in Japan?"
"They don't know Yohan well enough," Joshua answered, expression unreadable as he continued to follow them, lilac eyes still trained on Neku. There was a long pause, and then, expectantly, "Well, Neku?"
Neku met that carefully blank gaze and wanted to run.
Joshua couldn't afford to cede his throne; it was either Ascension or erasure for that. Enishi was beyond reason. They had to do something before they reached Omotesando (that was in Minato, out of Joshua's jurisdiction), but instead of attacking, Joshua was giving him a choice. Just like on the roof of Pork City mere days ago, looking prepared for any answer.
"I can't," he said desperately, shaking his head. "I can't." How could he? Once he chose, there would be no going back. But they had to do SOMETHING. Worlds were at stake. He turned to Shades. "No matter the cost, right?" he reminded sadly.
The older man's mouth set into a grim line. "Time be still!"
The next thing Neku knew, the laser was searing through him.
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2010,
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] |
Hardrock
Scott Brockmeir was the leading VHTRC finisher at the Hardrock 100 in Silverton, Colorado. Other VHTRC finishers included Jack Kurisky, Mike Bur, and Robert Andrulis. Leonard Martin finished, but over the time limit by two minutes. We are not sure how they are counting that, but it is an impressive achievement regardless. Live Hardrock Reports
Submitted by Anstr Davidson on July 9, 2010 - 11:13am | 101 | [
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Nov. 27, 2006
Garden City, N.Y. -
2003 Adelphi University graduate and three-time All-East Coast Conference performer Dave Harvey is going to run the ING Georgia Marathon on March 25. 2007. What makes this even more special is Harvey is running the Georgia Marathon, which will be his first, as part of Team in Training (TNT) and raising money to benefit the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society.
Over the past two and a half years, Dave has been living in Atlanta, Georgia and working for CNN, where he was recently promoted to Network Editor. He has also kept busy by competing in triathlons, completing three last summer and he also finished the Atlanta MS 150. The Atlanta MS 150 is a 150-mile bike tour of Pine Mountain, Georgia and benefits the Multiple Sclerosis society.
Dave raised $300 for the Georgia chapter of the Multiple Sclerosis society in honor of a friend and coworker who was recently diagnosed with MS. He will be running the Georgia Marathon and raising money in honor of Rebecca McCain, who was diagnosed with Hodgkin's Lymphoma in June of 2005. Dave's goal is to raise over $2,000 and to break the three-hour mark.
If you would like to support Dave and his cause please visit his team in training website at.
Adelphi Athletics Cross Country | 283 | [
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<issue_start><issue_comment>Title: High cpu usage of communicator
username_0: To better tune my application, I set name for every threads by calling _pthread\_setname\_np_ API in linux. I found that high cpu usage for Multiverso's Communicator(subclass of Actor) thread. Here is a snapshot provided by htop.
I notice some code in src/communicator.cpp. According to this code, communicator always call non-blocking send and receive. I think this is the result of high cpu usage.
```case NetThreadLevel::THREAD_SERIALIZED: {
MessagePtr msg;
while (mailbox_->Alive()) {
// Try pop and Send
if (mailbox_->TryPop(msg)) {
ProcessMessage(msg);
}
// Probe and Recv
size_t size = net_util_->Recv(&msg);
if (size > 0) LocalForward(msg);
CHECK(msg.get() == nullptr);
net_util_->Send(msg);
}
break;
}
```
This "spin lock" design is great. But most applications won't call send/recv thousand or millions times in a second, which means a cpu computation resource is wasted. Why not sleep communicator for a little while when no send/recv calls?
<issue_comment>username_1: Communicator only uses one thread. Usually it's not a big overhead for a multi-cores machine. But you could add Sleep in the code for your usage.<issue_closed>
<issue_comment>username_0: It's pretty reasonable. I think my problem is solved. | 513 | [
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] |
*monticellofiletree-core
writeCypressJsonOn: aStream forHtml: forHtml indent: startIndent
"by default ignore <forHtml> ... <forHtml> is used for Dictionary and Array, i.e., container objects and String which actually encodes itself differently for HTML"
| indent |
aStream
nextPutAll: '[';
lf.
indent := startIndent + 1.
1 to: self size do: [ :index |
| item |
item := self at: index.
aStream tab: indent.
item writeCypressJsonOn: aStream forHtml: forHtml indent: indent.
index < self size
ifTrue: [
aStream
nextPutAll: ',';
lf ] ].
self size = 0
ifTrue: [ aStream tab: indent ].
aStream nextPutAll: ' ]' | 348 | [
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] |
Multi-Level Canadian Spelling Program Grade 4-6
- Author : Scott, Barb/Turville, Joni
Improve Spelling and Editing Skills
Includes lists of the most commonly used words in children's writing.
26-word lists for primary students and 27-word lists for junior students.
Students are at increasingly diverse spelling abilities within every classroom. The ability to meet these needs is challenging but easy to do with these teacher-tested and created activities.
The words are sequenced, and alike words are together for each unit. For example, we've started with short vowel words, so the lists for short a contain five different lists from easiest to hardest.
Blank line masters enable both primary and junior writers to create their spelling dictionary. | 154 | [
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|
Careers
|
This WOW goes to Kevin Pierce, an Inside Sales Account Manager in Seattle. Following a reassessment of our local sales coverage to ultimately serve our customers better, Kevin was asked to hand off a customer account to a colleague.
To ensure the transition went smoothly for both customer and co-worker, Kevin committed to both of them to bring the new account manager up to speed and serve as a resource as long as needed. Kevin also reassured the customer of the new rep’s ability to carry the torch. The customer was grateful of Kevin's dedication to their business, and made a point of telling him how much they had appreciated working with him and looked forward to working with the new rep.
Thank you, Kevin, for turning what could have been a customer concern into a seamless and positive customer experience! | 170 | [
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] |
Watercolor Stuff To Color Eugene Easy Fun And Print
|Include In Article|
Stuff To Color And Print
|Published Date||Friday , February 21st 2020|
Coloring. Friday , February 21st 2020.
Quote from Stuff To Color And Print :
Coloring environments for animals. The kids in your class are probably used to coloring animals but they might not be used to coloring the environments in which animals live. If you want to teach the kids something about animal habitats this is a great exercise. Split the class up into groups and have each group color a large panorama of a landscape. Place different landscapes and habitats in different parts of the room. Provide pictures to the students so that they have a general idea of the appropriate colors. Then cut out the animals the children have been drawing and attach them to the habitats. The finished product is an attractive image of a wildlife scene that can teach the children a great deal about their favorite animals. It will also help to teach them the importance of preserving habitat.
It is okay to have styling products already in your hair because the color will process anyway. In fact, I use hair spray to help control it when I’m highlighting with foils. It is okay to get the tangles out of your hair with a comb beforehand; but don’t stimulate your scalp too much. Never use a brush. Mix a tiny amount of color and developer together and follow the manufacturers instructions on allergy testing.
That’s what coloring pages and coloring books do for kids. They bring the imagination to life. They entertain kids bringing out creative and artistic talents. Yet coloring book pages can also educate kids, teaching them through various themes and concepts. Coloring book pages for kids are a classic, wonderful activity that they can enjoy endlessly.
It’s always wise to follow the manufacturers directions, but don’t always assume that your hair needs to process for the full amount of time written on the box. People with gray or resistant hair need the full amount of time to process.
Any content, trademark/s, or other material that might be found on this site that is not this site property remains the copyright of its respective owner/s. In no way does LocalHost claim ownership or responsibility for such items and you should seek legal consent for any use of such materials from its owner. | 481 | [
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class Order < ApplicationRecord
belongs_to :organization
belongs_to :organization_unscoped, -> { unscope(where: :deleted_at) },
class_name: "Organization",
foreign_key: :organization_id
belongs_to :user
has_many :order_details, autosave: true
has_many :order_program_details, autosave: true
has_many :items, through: :order_details
has_many :tracking_details
include OrderStatus
def self.by_status_includes_extras(statuses, include_tables = %i[organization order_details tracking_details])
statuses = [statuses].flatten.map { |s| Order.statuses[s] }
includes(*include_tables).where(status: statuses)
end
def unscoped_organization
@unscoped_organization ||= Organization.unscoped { organization }
end
def add_tracking_details(params)
params[:order][:tracking_details][:tracking_number].each_with_index do |tracking_number, index|
shipping_carrier = params[:order][:tracking_details][:shipping_carrier][index]
tracking_details.build(
date: Time.zone.now,
tracking_number: tracking_number,
shipping_carrier: shipping_carrier.to_i
)
end
end
def sync_status_available?
external_id.present?
end
def synced?
external_id.present? && !NetSuiteIntegration.export_failed?(self)
end
def formatted_order_date
order_date.strftime("%-m/%-d/%Y") if order_date.present?
end
def submitted?
!select_items? && !select_ship_to? && !confirm_order?
end
def open?
!(closed? || rejected? || canceled?)
end
def order_uneditable?
filled? || shipped? || received? || closed? || rejected? || canceled?
end
def ship_to_addresses
organization.addresses.map(&:address)
end
def ship_to_names
[user.name.to_s, "#{organization.name} c/o #{user.name}"]
end
def organization_ship_to_names
organization.users.map do |user|
[user.name.to_s, "#{organization.name} c/o #{user.name}"]
end.flatten
end
def to_json
{
id: id,
status: status,
order_details: order_details.sort_by(&:id).map(&:to_json),
in_requested_status: in_requested_status?
}.to_json
end
def self.to_json
includes(:order_details).order(:id).all.map(&:to_json).to_json
end
def value
order_details.map(&:total_value).sum
end
def item_count
order_details.map(&:quantity).sum
end
def create_values_for_programs
transaction do
program_values = Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = 0.0 }
order_details.each do |detail|
ratios = detail.item.program_ratio_split_for(organization_unscoped.programs)
ratios.each do |program, ratio|
program_values[program] += detail.total_value * ratio
end
end
program_values.each do |program, value|
order_program_details.create!(program: program, value: value)
end
end
end
def value_by_program
order_program_details.all.each_with_object({}) do |detail, result|
result[detail.program] = detail.value
result
end
end
end
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128001
] |
<issue_start><issue_comment>Title: feature request: property aware normalization
username_0: It would be really useful to have a way to normalize values for properties. This would include doing unit conversions, string case conversion, and whitespace normalization in such a way that two values that are always equivalent in the browser are the same string value.
This would probably precipitate a property aware value ast and stringifier.
<issue_comment>username_1: As noted in the original opticss issue, postcss-colormin, or really just [colormin](https://github.com/ben-eb/colormin), already handles this for the `color` property. While normalizing all values would be great, `color` is a particularly useful property to normalize with it's many different ways of defining the same thing. | 184 | [
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By Mrs Nikki Grauman, Head of Academic Care, Junior School
Recently, both the Junior and Seniors School students at Masada College participated in a range of activities to promote National Reconciliation week. The key idea of this week is to bring together the relationship between the broader Australian community and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. As a school, Reconciliation Week resonates with us as we encourage our students to work together, to synergise and reconcile our differences when they arise and to do so with respect and sincerity.
In my role as Head of Academic Care, I often deal with students who need to work with one another to reconcile a difference of opinion or belief or to rectify a situation in order to move forward. This got me thinking about what it takes to make a sincere apology and about the process involved when we work together to try and repair a situation.
In my research I came upon this explanation of an apology: An apology is a statement that has two key elements – it shows your remorse over your actions and it acknowledges the hurt that your actions have caused to someone else. Whilst an apology appears like a simple way of making amends and we know that it is an effective way to restore trust and balance in a relationship, many of us nonetheless find it a difficult thing to do.
These are the four key steps in making an apology: 1. Express remorse, 2. Admit responsibility, 3. Make amends and 4. Take steps to ensure you do not find yourself in the same situation again.
What we need to realise is that an apology is a means of opening dialogue between the two parties. When we are willing to admit our mistake, the other person is given the opportunity to start to rebuild their trust and re-establish their relationship with you. It also gives you a chance to discuss what is and isn’t acceptable. Offering a sincere apology is a means to begin a healing process for those you hurt. However, we need to also remember that we too benefit when we make an apology as we assume responsibility for our actions. This allows us to build up our self-confidence, self-respect and reputation. When we fail to apologise we build animosity and tension and this can create a toxic environment. I found this quote I will leave you with: “You can grow flowers where dirt used to be.” Teach your children, as we try to teach our students, the art of making a sincere apology when we have hurt someone – You never know what can come out of this act of working together with courage, hand in hand. | 527 | [
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] |
<issue_start><issue_comment>Title: 商洛市山阳县哪里有真实大保健(找特色服务u
username_0: 商洛市山阳县哪里有真实大保健(找特色服务【威信IO77I9O9美女】美女商洛市山阳县哪里有真实大保健(找特色服务〖╋V:⒈O⒎⒎乄⒈⒐O⒐】月日，演员张馨比在绿洲发布自己“圣诞节礼物造型”质感大片，并配文：“礼物已打包，请签收。”三组照片中，张馨比分别呈现高难度肢体照、人像照和圣诞包裹照，将圣诞节的主题元素融合，一颦一笑好似在讲一个圣诞的故事，既高级又有质感。网友热烈回应道：圣诞魔性馨比礼包来啦；最喜欢的圣诞礼物；别具一格的大片。链蛋懈在踪勘方卣焦飞谧环毡济惺https://github.com/trailofbits/monitoring_linux_events/issues/5487?ikHM1 <br />https://github.com/trailofbits/monitoring_linux_events/issues/2165?kbwax <br />https://github.com/trailofbits/monitoring_linux_events/issues/14381?YG8ji <br />https://github.com/trailofbits/monitoring_linux_events/issues/13001?41LeP <br />https://github.com/trailofbits/monitoring_linux_events/issues/10673?hviyu <br /> | 715 | [
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] |
Tokenisation is a system that replaces sensitive data with unique identification symbols that store the same information in a safer way.
The Payment Card Industry (PCI) Council
, a global organisation overseeing payments security, defines tokenisation as "a process by which the primary account number (PAN) is replaced with a surrogate value called a token. De-tokensation is the reverse process of redeeming a token for its associated PAN value."
The PCI now requires merchants to fully secure payment data. Previously it could be stored by the merchant and used for marketing strategies.
Tokenisation helps organisations to keep financial transaction data safe whilst still adhering to government and industry compliance requirements in a cost effective way.
The way tokenisation works
Unlike encryption, tokenisation does not rely on a mathematical algorithm to turn the data into a token. Instead it puts the data into a secure database where it is encrypted, providing a token to be used. An index links the data to the token and the index can only give out the original data if the token is presented to it.
For instance, with Apple Pay, the user is identified using a fingerprint scan, the app then sends the card token and a cryptogram to the merchant’s terminal and onto the card network. The network authorises the token and the cryptogram and sends them to the bank that issued the payment card.
The bank then decrypts the token, checks its authenticity, links it to your account number and finally authorises the transaction. The merchant then receives payment and the buyer’s account is debited.
Tokenisation hides or replaces data so there is no data to breach. When you make an online purchase, the system transforms your card number into a random number which is then used for the transaction in the same way that the card number would be.
Benefits of tokenisation
The company converts credit card numbers into unique tokens and safely stores the data. The tokens give no information that can be used outside of the specific transaction. The data is meaningless to someone who gets access to it who shouldn’t.
Tokenisation provides a cost effective way to comply with financial regulations and makes it difficult for cybercriminals to get cardholders data as it’s stored in secure databases and not freely exchanged over networks.
Rob Macmillan, VP Marketing, Digital Payments at Proxama said in an October 2015 interview with PYMNTS.com, “If we look at the evolution of the international payment schemes, most recently with EMV standardization across the world, it is evident that standardization is needed to achieve interoperability and ensure that systems talk to each other.”
Tokens are generated using methods that only allow the process to be reversed with the permission of the owners.
Systems should be secured using data protection best practice to ensure that there is no way for the tokens to be reversed back to live data except by the owners.
A token cannot be turned back into the real data if the token is stolen. A thief would have to access the secure token vault, protected by further encryption, to access the real data.
Apple Pay, Samsung Pay and Android Pay use a form of tokenisation.
The use of tokenisation is rising, partly as a result of high profile security breaches. The fact that Apple and other major brands are using it will also help its use rise. Recently American Express announced that tokens can be used in the US for online transactions. Visa and Mastercard also have plans afoot which suggests tokenisation use will increase in the industry.
Primarily, tokenisation has been used for card-not-present transactions, to improve security for online payment systems because the actual card number is not being put through the payment system.
Rob Macmillan concludes: “There is clearly a need for tokenisation as a general mechanism for protecting cardholder data. The security breaches that have happened in the past illustrate how important this is.
“It’s no surprise, given the evolution of our industry, that things will continue to change; but now is definitely the time to get on board with tokenisation.”
This article represents the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of BPAY.
Published by BPAY Pty Ltd. BPAY is offered by over 150 Financial Institutions. Contact your Financial Institution to see if it offers BPAY and to get the terms and conditions. This is general advice – before using BPAY please review the terms and conditions and consider whether BPAY is appropriate for your personal circumstances. | 941 | [
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Dawn was finishing up a report when the buzzer sounded. She toggled programmes on her desktop, calling up the video feed from the lobby, but she didn't recognise the man on the monitor.
Rachel looked up from her work and shook her head. "We don't have any appointments scheduled either."
"Better see who he is then. Keep an ear open." Dawn straightened her skirt before opening the door.
The man turned at her entrance and Dawn gave him a professional once over. He was tall, dark and handsome in a way that the patients of Hollywood plastic surgeons could only dream of. He was dressed in a Zegna suit that she was fairly certain didn't come off the peg and had a haircut that would cost more than most people were paid in a week. There was also something about him that set her teeth on edge.
Many thanks to the luscious moonbeamsfanfic for volunteering as beta, any leftover weirdness is all my fault. | 204 | [
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] |
where is the bright future for us?
I wonder where did the white dove gone!
Born on October 19th, 1994, Monsif is on his second year at the University of sidi Mohammed Ben Adlallah,Taza city, Morocco. He still lives with his family. He is a young fellow with BIG vision of sharing Love and Peace in the World. He feels that humanity and all creatures have the right to live peacefully and be treated with compassion, respect and love which are visible in his writings.
Winner of the Inspirational Poet Award Pentasi B. World Friendship Poetry, AfrIca, Ghana, 2016.
Member of the selected group Pentasi B. World Friendship Poetry, founded by the Father of Visual Poetry: Dr. Penpen B. Takipsilim.
His poems have been published in different International anthologies around the world; read them on radio programs at Canada, Chicago, Argentina, Morocco and Mexico.
His poems have been translated into: Spanish, Arabic and French. | 213 | [
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<filename>admin/src/main/ts/src/app/admc/apps/roles/application-roles/resolvers/actions.resolver.ts
import {Injectable} from '@angular/core';
import {ActivatedRouteSnapshot, Resolve} from '@angular/router';
import { SpinnerService } from 'ngx-ode-ui';
import { NotifyService } from 'src/app/core/services/notify.service';
import { routing } from 'src/app/core/services/routing.service';
import { ApplicationModel } from 'src/app/core/store/models/application.model';
import { RoleActionModel } from 'src/app/core/store/models/role.model';
import { g_appStore } from '../../../admc-apps.store';
import { AdmcAppsRolesService } from '../../admc-apps-roles.service';
@Injectable()
export class ActionsResolver implements Resolve<Array<RoleActionModel> | boolean> {
constructor(
private spinner: SpinnerService,
private ns: NotifyService,
private roleSvc:AdmcAppsRolesService
) {
}
resolve(route: ActivatedRouteSnapshot): Promise<Array<RoleActionModel> | boolean> {
const app:ApplicationModel = g_appStore.applications.data.find(
s => s.id === routing.getParam(route, 'appId'));
if (app) {
return this.spinner.perform('portal-content', this.roleSvc.getApps()
.then( apps => apps.find(ar=>ar.id===app.id) )
.then( appTemplate => appTemplate.actions )
.catch(error => {
this.ns.error('user.root.error.text', 'user.root.error', error);
return false;
}));
} else {
return Promise.resolve(false);
}
}
}
| 639 | [
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Pregnant women and foetal well-being are compromised by malaria due to downregulation of normal maternal immune response during pregnancy. Consequently cell mediated immunity (Th1) is suppressed and as a result, the ...
The microbial larvicides Bacillus sphaericus and Bacillus thuringiensis have recently proven to be effective tools for integrated mosquito control programmes in Africa. This study assessed the efficacy and duration of ...
The general objective of this study was to determine the role of background music, mood, personality, work behaviour and performance of tailoring workers at the EPZ in Athi River, Kenya. The specific objectives were to ...
Background: Morbidity and mortality from malaria remains high, even with appropriate treatment. Complicating pathologies may contribute to this state. There is laboratory evidence of altered immune function at different ...
The increased use of herbal medicines has come with challenges of safety, quality and efficient utilization. This study assessed the safety of the herbal medicines with regards to microbial contamination, aflatoxins and ...
BACKGROUND: Hospital operating theatre equipment and the environment air may harbour bacteria, viruses, yeasts, and fungal spores. Susceptible patients undergoing surgery in such an environment may develop post-operative ...
Indigenous chickens are mostly raised free-range, where they scavenge around, picking their food from the environment with little or no supplementation. During periods of heavy rains, the flooding water carries different ...
A prospective study on the bacterial colonization profile of the respiratory tract was carried out on fifty-six (56) patients admitted to the Kenyatta National Hospital, Intensive- Care unit, and intubated for at least ...
Study Type: Retrospective cross - sectional study that involved the review of laboratory reports on stool culture of adults at KNH microbiology laboratory from ~ﾷI;t January 2005 to 31 st December 2009 Objectives: To ...
This is a prospective study of forty children in sickle cell crisis with suspected bacterial infections seen at the Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. Eighteen of these children were found bacteriologically positive ...
The pattern of neonatal bacterial infections in the Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH nursery was analysed over a three month period with a view of finding out the causative organisms and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern. ...
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common types of nosocomial infections encountered in the inpatient settings including intensive care unit (ICU). Amongst patients ix admitted to ICU, studies have revealed ...
Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is defined as an imbalance in the normal vaginal flora with a reduced level of the usual predominant lactobacilli and the proliferation of various anaerobic bacteria. 79 BV is associated with ...
This study aimed at determining the microbiological safety of kale (Brassica oleracea Acephala), a green leafy vegetable produced and sold in Nairobi. The assessment was carried out on kale and water (used for irrigation ...
Introduction: Access to safe drinking water is an important basic need. A large proportion of people in developing countries lack access to safe drinking water. This has resulted in high morbidity and mortality due to ...
Bacterial growth was obtained from 114 neonates from all the paediatric units of the Kenyatta National Hospital (K. N. H. ) where neonates are admitted and managed during the period January to December, 1980. The ...
Thirty samples of unheated expressed breast milk (EBM) from 30 lactating mothers, and twelve samples of unboiled Kenya Co-operatives Creameries (KCC) milk, both stored at room temperature (RT) and in the refrigerator ...
The 1990s passed as a decade in which commercial banks in Kenya experienced highs and lows in terms of profitability and asset quality. While other sectors suffered major losses due to the economic recession, the banks ... | 808 | [
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Registration is opening soon for weekly, overnight summer camp programs emphasizing outdoor skills or children ages 8-17 at Barry Conservation Camp in Berlin, New Hampshire. The camp is operated by the University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension 4-H in partnership with the state Fish and Game Department. The sessions run from June 19 through Aug. 10 and focus on 4-H shooting sports, fishing, hunter education, becoming a junior conservation officer, and other topics. Registration opens at midnight on Feb. 17. | 98 | [
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From the air, scientists map ‘fast paths’ for recharging California’s groundwater table
Climate change has transformed precipitation systems across the American West in recent decades, making some places less likely to find enough water to grow crops or water wildlife. Scientists are now mapping the potential for California to build on its water resources by tapping into subterranean aquifers that hold as much as 100 billion gallons of water, though it takes decades of pumping to recharge the aquifers and bring them above ground.
The scientists, led by Stephen Holbrook, a geologist at the University of California at Riverside, focused on the California Channel Islands, a cluster of seven islands and three smaller islets that lie about 700 nautical miles (1,260 miles) west of mainland California.
Using radar sounding from the University of California at Irvine, they identified groundwater flow pathways that could be used as a source of fresh water. To map the underground rivers, the researchers mapped the surface layers of soil in each location, so that they could figure out how much water would flow through specific underground pathways. They then drilled wells on each island to sample the water and to calculate when it could be produced aboveground.
“We went through a number of experiments to figure out how the water was coming down to the ground, and how long it was going to stay there,” Holbrook said. “How long water stays in the ground isn’t actually the important thing. What matters are the pathways through which the groundwater is flowing. We found, for instance, that the groundwater on Midway is likely to flow through a number of different pathways – maybe a few dozen pathways.”
The scientists also drilled wells near the channel islands, which have been dry for more than a century. On Midway, they found that a water supply that flowed for about 1.5 meters (5 feet) a year could recharge the aquifer from less than 1.5 meters (5 feet) of precipitation, Holbrook said. If precipitation fell at a rate | 417 | [
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Roscoe Pound, 1908
roscoe pound followed in Oliver Wendell Holmes's footsteps. In "Mechanical Jurisprudence" (1908), Pound coined the term mechanical jurisprudence to refer to the common but odious practice whereby judges woodenly applied previous precedents to the facts of cases without regard to the consequences. For Pound, the logic of previous precedents alone would not solve jurisprudential problems. The essay decries the ossification of legal concepts into self-evident truths.
In opposition to mechanical jurisprudence, Pound offered his theory of sociological jurisprudence. He acknowledged that the common law contains some constant principles, particularly in regard to methods. He gave these principles the name "taught legal tradition." Pound believed that the implementation of this taught legal tradition by wise common-law judges resulted in substantive change, which reflected changes in society. As the interpreters of the common law, judges had a special duty to consider the practical effects of their decisions and to strive to ensure that they facilitated rather than hindered societal growth.
Source: Reprinted from 8 Columbia Law Review 605.
"There is no way," says Sir Frederick Pollock, "by which modern law can escape from the scientific and artificial character imposed on it by the demand of modern societies for full, equal, and exact justice:" An Australian judge has stated the same proposition in these words: "The public is more interested than it knows in maintaining the highest scientific standard in the administration of justice." Every lawyer feels this, and every thoughtful student of institutions must admit it. But what do we mean by the word "scientific" in this connection? What is scientific law? What constitutes science in the administration of justice? Sir Frederick Pollock gives us the clue when he defines the reasons that compel law to take on this scientific character as three: the demand for full justice, that is for solutions that go to the root of controversies; the demand for equal justice, that is a like adjustment of like relations under like conditions; and the demand for exact justice, that is for a justice whose operations, within reasonable limits, may be predicted in advance of action. In other words, the marks of a scientific law are, conformity to reason, uniformity, and certainty. Scientific law is a reasoned body of principles for the administration of justice, and its antithesis is a system of enforcing magisterial caprice, however honest, and however much disguised under the name of justice or equity or natural law. But this scientific character of law is a means—a means toward the end of law, which is the administration of justice. Law is forced to take on this character in order to accomplish its end fully, equally, and exactly; and in so far as it fails to perform its function fully, equally, and exactly, it fails in the end for which it exists. Law is scientific in order to eliminate so far as may be the personal equation in judicial administration, to preclude corruption and to limit the dangerous possibilities of magisterial ignorance. Law is not scientific for the sake of science. Being scientific as a means toward an end, it must be judged by the results it achieves, not by the niceties of its internal structure; it must be valued by the extent to which it meets its end, not by the beauty of its logical processes or the strictness with which its rules proceed from the dogmas it takes for its foundation.
Two dangers have to be guarded against in a scientific legal system, one of them in the direction of the effect of its scientific and artificial character upon the public, the other in the direction of its effect upon the courts and the legal profession. With respect to the first danger, it is well to remember that law must not become too scientific for the people to appreciate its workings. Law has the practical function of adjusting everyday relations so as to meet current ideas of fair play. It must not become so completely artificial that the public is led to regard it as wholly arbitrary. No institution can stand upon such a basis today. Reverence for institutions of the past will not preserve, of itself, an institution that touches everyday life as profoundly as does the law. Legal theory can no more stand as a sacred tradition in the modern world than can political theory. It has been one of the great merits of English law that its votaries have always borne this in mind. When Lord Esher said, "the law of England is not a science," he meant to protest against a pseudo-science of technical rules existing for their own sake and subserving supposed ends of science, while defeating justice. And it is the importance of the role of jurors in tempering the administration of justice with common-sense and preserving a due connection of the rules governing everyday relations with everyday needs of ordinary men that has atoned for the manifold and conspicuous defects of trial by jury and is keeping it alive. In Germany today one of the problems of law reform is how to achieve a similar tempering of the justice administered by highly trained specialists.
In the other direction, the effect of a scientific legal system upon the courts and upon the legal profession is more subtle and far-reaching. The effect of all systems is apt to be petrifaction of the subject systematized. Perfection of scientific system and exposition tends to cut off individual initiative in the future, to stifle independent consideration of new problems and of new phases of old problems, and to impose the ideas of one generation upon another. This is so in all departments of learning. One of the obstacles to advance in every science is the domination of the ghosts of departed masters. Their sound methods are forgotten, while their unsound conclusions are held for gospel. Legal science is not exempt from this tendency. Legal systems have their periods in which science degenerates, in which system decays into technicality, in which a scientific jurisprudence becomes a mechanical jurisprudence.
Roman law in its decadence furnishes a striking example. The Valentinian "law of citations" made a selection of jurisconsults of the past and allowed their writings only to be cited. It declared them, with the exception of Papinian, equal in authority. It confined the judge, when questions of law were in issue, to the purely mechanical task of counting and of determining the numerical preponderance of authority. Principles were no longer resorted to in order to make rules to fit cases. The rules were at hand in a fixed and final form, and cases were to be fitted to the rules. The classical jurisprudence of principles had developed, by the very weight of its authority, a jurisprudence of rules; and it is in the nature of rules to operate mechanically.
Undoubtedly one cause of the tendency of scientific law to become mechanical is to be found in the average man's admiration for the ingenious in any direction, his love of technicality as a manifestation of cleverness, his feeling that law, as a developed institution, ought to have a certain ballast of mysterious technicality. "Philosophy's queerest arguments," says James, "tickle agreeably our sense of subtlety and ingenuity." Every practitioner has encountered the lay obsession as to invalidity of a signing with a lead pencil. Every law teacher has had to combat the student obsession that notice, however cogent, may be disregarded unless it is "official." Lay hair-splitting over rules and regulations goes far beyond anything of which lawyers are capable. Experienced advocates have insisted that in argument to a jury, along with a just, common-sense theory of the merits, one ought to have a specious technicality for good measure. But apart from this general human tendency, there is the special tendency of the lawyer to regard artificiality in law as an end, to hold science something to be pursued for its own sake, to forget in this pursuit the purpose of law and hence of scientific law, and to judge rules and doctrines by their conformity to a supposed science and not by the results to which they lead. In periods of growth and expansion, this tendency is repressed. In periods of maturity and stability, when the opportunity for constructive work is largely eliminated, it becomes very marked.
I have known judges, [said Chief Justice Erle] bred in the world of legal studies, who delighted in nothing so much as in a strong decision. Now a strong decision is a decision opposed to common-sense and to common convenience…. A great part of the law made by judges consists of strong decisions, and as one strong decision is a precedent for another a little stronger, the law at last, on some matters, becomes such a nuisance that equity intervenes, or an Act of Parliament must be passed to sweep the whole away.
The instance suggested in the conversation from which the foregoing extract is taken illustrates very well the development of a mechanical legal doctrine. Successive decisions upon the construction of wills had passed upon the meaning of particular words and phrases in particular wills. These decisions were used as guides in the construction of other wills. Presently rules grew up whereby it was settled that particular words and phrases had prescribed hard and fast meanings, and the construction of wills became so artificial, so scientific, that it defeated the very end of construction and compelled a series of sections in the Wills Act of 1836.
I have referred to mechanical jurisprudence as scientific because those who administer it believe it such. But in truth it is not science at all. We no longer hold anything scientific merely because it exhibits a rigid scheme of deductions from a priori conceptions. In the philosophy of today, theories are "instruments, not answers to enigmas, in which we can rest." The idea of science as a system of deductions has become obsolete, and the revolution which has taken place in other sciences in this regard must take place and is taking place in jurisprudence also. This revolution in science at large was achieved in the middle of the nineteenth century. In the first half of that century, scientific method in every department of learning was dominated by the classical German philosophy. Men conceived that by dialectics and deduction from controlling conceptions they could construe the whole content of knowledge. Even in the natural sciences this belief prevailed and had long dictated theories of nature and of natural phenomena. Linnaeus, for instance, lays down a proposition, omne vivum ex ovo, and from this fundamental conception deduces a theory of homologies between animal and vegetable organs. He deemed no study of the organisms and the organs themselves necessary to reach or to sustain these conclusions. Yet, today, study of the organisms themselves has overthrown his fundamental proposition. The substitution of efficient for final causes as explanations of natural phenomena has been paralleled by a revolution in political thought. We do not base institutions upon deduction from assumed principles of human nature; we require them to exhibit practical utility, and we rest them upon a foundation of policy and established adaptation to human needs. It has been asserted that to no small extent the old mode of procedure was borrowed from the law. We are told that it involved a "fundamentally juristic conception of the world in which all kinds of action and every sort of judgment was expressed in legal phraseology." We are told that "in the Middle Ages human welfare and even religion was conceived under the form of legality, and in the modern world this has given place to utility." We have, then, the same task in jurisprudence that has been achieved in philosophy, in the natural sciences and in politics. We have to rid ourselves of this sort of legality and to attain a pragmatic, a sociological legal science.
What is needed nowadays, [it has been said] is that as against an abstract and unreal theory of State omnipotence on the one hand, and an atomistic and artificial view of individual independence on the other, the facts of the world with its innumerable bonds of association and the naturalness of social authority should be generally recognized, and become the basis of our laws, as it is of our life.
Herein is the task of the sociological jurist. Professor Small defines the sociological movement as "a frank endeavor to secure for the human factor in experience the central place which belongs to it in our whole scheme of thought and action." The sociological movement in jurisprudence is a movement for pragmatism as a philosophy of law; for the adjustment of principles and doctrines to the human conditions they are to govern rather than to assumed first principles; for putting the human factor in the central place and relegating logic to its true position as an instrument.
Jurisprudence is last in the march of the sciences away from the method of deduction from predetermined conceptions. On the continent of Europe, both the historical school of jurists and the philosophical school, which were dominant until at least the last quarter of the nineteenth century, proceeded in this way. The difference between them lay in the manner in which they arrived at their fundamental conceptions. The former derived them from the history of juristic speculation and the historical development of the Roman sources. The latter, through metaphysical inquiries, arrived at certain propositions as to human nature, and deduced a system from them. This was the philosophical theory behind the eighteenth-century movement for codification. Ihering was the pioneer in the work of superseding this jurisprudence of conceptions (Begriffsjurisrudenz) by a jurisprudence of results (Wirklichkeitsjurisprudenz). He insisted that we should begin at the other end; that the first question should be, how will a rule or a decision operate in practice? For instance, if a rule of commercial law were in question, the search should be for the rule that best accords with and gives effect to sound business practice. In the Civil Law, the doctrine as to mistake in the formation of a contract affords an example of the working of the two methods. Savigny treated the subject according to the jurisprudence of conceptions. He worked out historically and analytically the conception of a contract and deduced therefrom the rules to govern cases of mistake. It followed, from his conception, that if A telegraphed B to buy shares and the telegram as delivered to B read sell, there was no contract between A and B, and hence no liability of A to B; and for a time it was so held. But this and some of the other resulting rules were so far from just in their practical operation that, following the lead of Ihering, they have been abandoned and the ordinary understanding of businessmen has been given effect. And, in this same connection, the new German code has introduced, as a criterion of error in the content of an expression of the will, the question, what would be regarded as essential in the ordinary understanding of business. Even better examples of the workings of a jurisprudence of conceptions, for our purposes, may be found in the manner in which common-law courts have dealt with points of mercantile law. For instance, the law of partnership is made difficult and often unjust by the insistence of the courts upon deducing its rules from a conception of joint ownership and joint obligation, instead of ascertaining and giving effect to the actual situation as understood and practiced by merchants. The legal theory does not affect the actual course of business an iota. But it leads to unfortunate results when that course of business, for some reason, comes before the courts. Again, the refusal of Lord Holt to recognize the negotiability of promissory notes proceeded upon a deduction from the conception of a chose in action. A jurisprudence of ends would have avoided each of these errors.
In periods of legal development through juristic speculation and judicial decision, we have a jurisprudence of ends in fact, even if in form it is a jurisprudence of conceptions. The Roman jus gentium was worked out for concrete causes and the conceptions were later generalizations from its results. The jus naturale was a system of reaching reasonable ends by bringing philosophical theory into the scale against the hard and fast rules of antiquity. The development of equity in England was attained by a method of seeking results in concrete causes. The liberalizing of English law through the law merchant was brought about by substituting business practice for juridical conceptions. The development of the common law in America was a period of growth because the doctrine that the common law was received only so far as applicable led the courts, in adapting English case-law to American conditions, to study the conditions of application as well as the conceptions and their logical consequences. Whenever such a period has come to an end, when its work has been done and its legal theories have come to maturity, the jurisprudence of conceptions tends to decay. Conceptions are fixed. The premises are no longer to be examined. Everything is reduced to simple deduction from them. Principles cease to have importance. The law becomes a body of rules. This is the condition against which sociologists now protest, and protest rightly.
A period of legislative activity supervenes to supply, first new rules, then new premises, and finally a systematic body of principles as a fresh start for juristic development. But such periods hitherto have not been periods of growth. Usually legislative activity has not gone beyond the introduction of new rules or of new premises, and the chief result has been a summing up of the juristic accomplishment of the past in improved form. The further step, which is beginning to be taken in our present era of legal development through legislation, is in reality an awakening of juristic activity, as jurists perceive that they may effect results through the legislator as well as through the judge or the doctrinal writer. This step has yet to be taken outside of Germany. And in the first and second stages of a period of legislation the mechanical character of legal science is aggravated by the imperative theory, which is a concomitant of legislative activity. Austin's proposition that law is command so complete that even the unwritten law must be given this character, since whatever the sovereign permits he commands, was simply rediscovered during the legislative ferment of the reform movement in English law. In the flowering-time of Papal legislation the canon law had already asserted it. Moreover, a period of legislation and codification has brought German jurists to a like conclusion. At such times, when law is felt to be positive, to be the command of the law-maker, a tendency to enact rules as such becomes manifest. Roman law, in its period of legislation, can furnish more than one example of the sort of law-making of which we complain to-day.
Before the analytical school, which revived the imperative theory to meet the facts of an age of legislation, had become established, historical jurists led a revolt. But their jurisprudence is a jurisprudence of conceptions. Moreover, they have had little effect upon the actual course of Anglo-American law. The philosophical jurists have protested also and have appealed from purely legal considerations to considerations of reason and of natural law. But theirs, too, is a jurisprudence of conceptions, and their method, of itself, offers no relief. Their service has been in connection with the general sociological movement, in giving natural law a new and a modern aspect, and in promoting a general agreement among jurists on a sociological basis. In Europe, it is obvious that the different schools are coming together in a new sociological school that is to dominate juristic thought. Instead of seeking for an ideal universal law by metaphysical methods, the idea of all schools is to turn "the community of fact of mankind into a community of law in accord with the reasonable ordering of active life." Hence they hold that "the less arbitrary the character of a rule and the more clearly it conforms to the nature of things, the more nearly does it approach to the norm of a perfect law." The utilitarian theory of Bentham was a theory of legislation. The sociological theory of the present is a theory of legal science. Probably the chief merit of the new German code lies in its conformity in so large a degree to this theory. It lays down principles from which to deduce, not rules, but decisions; and decisions will indicate a rule only so long as the conditions to which they are applied cause them to express the principle. This, and not lax methods of equitable application, into which American courts are falling so generally, is the true way to make rules fit cases instead of making cases fit rules.
An efficient cause of the failure of much American legislation is that it is founded on an assumption that it is enough for the State to command. Legislation has not been the product of preliminary study of the conditions to which it was to apply. It has not expressed social standards accurately. It has not responded accurately to social needs. Hence a large proportion has been nugatory in practice. But the difficulty is not, as some have assumed, that matters of private law are not within the legitimate scope of legislation. It is rather that legislation has approached them upon a false theory. Judicial law-making also has acted upon an erroneous theory; and its results are often quite as much disregarded in practice as are statutes. Judicial law-making, however, cannot escape, except within very narrow limits, until it is given a new starting point from without. Legislative lawmaking, on the contrary, may do so and is beginning to do so.
That our case law at its maturity has acquired the sterility of a fully developed system, may be shown by abundant examples of its failure to respond to vital needs of present-day life. Its inadequacy to deal with employers' liability; the failure of the theory of "general jurisprudence" of the Supreme Court of the United States to give us a uniform commercial law; the failure of American courts, with centuries of discussion before them, to work out a reasonable or certain law of future interests in land; the breakdown of the common law in the matter of discrimination by public service companies because of inability to make procedure enforce its doctrines and rules; its breakdown in the attempt to adjust water rights in our newer states, where there was opportunity for free development; its inability to hold promoters to their duty and to protect the interests of those who invest in corporate enterprises against mismanagement and breach of trust; its failure to work out a scheme of responsibility that will hold legal entities, or those who hide behind their skirts, to their duty to the public—all these failures, and many more might be adduced, speak for themselves. But compare these failures with the great achievements of the youth of our case-law, with Lord Mansfield's development of a law of quasi-contracts from the fictions of the common counts, with Lord Mansfield's development of mercantile law by judicial decision, with Kent's working out of equity for America from a handful of English decisions, with Marshall's work in giving us a living constitution by judicial interpretation. Now and then, at present, we see vigorous life in remote corners of our case law, as, for instance, in the newer decisions as to surface and underground waters. But judicial revolt from mechanical methods to-day is more likely to take the form of "officious kindness" and flabby equitable application of law. Our judge-made law is losing its vitality, and it is a normal phenomenon that it should do so.
I have suggested some examples of the failure of our case law to rise to social and legal emergencies. Let me point to some phases of its active operation which lead to the same conclusion.
The manner in which the Fourteenth Amendment is applied affords a striking instance of the workings today of a jurisprudence of conceptions. Starting with the conception that it was intended to incorporate Spencer's Social Statics in the fundamental law of the United States, rules have been deduced that obstruct the way of social progress. The conception of liberty of contract, in particular, has given rise to rules and decisions which, tested by their practical operation, defeat liberty. As Mr. Olney says of the Adair Case, "it is archaic, it is a long step into the past, to conceive of and deal with the relations between the employer in such industries and the employee, as if the parties were individuals." The conception of freedom of contract is made the basis of a logical deduction. The court does not inquire what the effect of such a deduction will be, when applied to the actual situation. It does not observe that the result will be to produce a condition precisely the reverse of that which the conception originally contemplated. Again, the Commerce Clause of the Federal Constitution has been taken by one judge, at least, to be a constitutional enactment of a conception of free trade among the states. Deductions from this and like conceptions, assumed to express the meaning and the sole meaning of the clause, have given us rules which, when applied to the existing commercial and industrial situation, are wholly inadequate.
Procedure, with respect to which every thoughtful lawyer must feel that we are inexcusably behind the rest of the English-speaking world, suffers especially from mechanical jurisprudence. The conception of a theory of the case, developed by the common-law forms of action, has, in nearly half of our code jurisdictions, nullified the legislative intent and made the practice more rigid than at common law. But this conception is regarded by many as fundamental. In deductions from this conception they lose sight of the end of procedure, they make scientific procedure an end of itself, and thus, in the result, make adjective law an agency for defeating or delaying substantive law and justice instead of one for enforcing and speeding them. Aristotle discusses a project of a Greek reformer for enabling tribunals to render what he called a divided judgment. At that time, the judgment had to be absolute one way or the other. If a plaintiff claimed twenty minœ: when but eighteen were proved to be due him, there was no course but to find for the defendant. The proposal to correct this and to allow a finding for the eighteen minœ: due did not meet with Aristotle's approval. He said:
A juror who votes acquittal decides, not that the defendant owes nothing, but that he does not owe the twenty minœ: claimed.
We smile now at Aristotle's hard and fast deduction, in the face of a manifestly absurd result, from his conception of the trial of an issue. But at least half our jurisdictions do the same thing essentially in this matter of the theory of a plaintiff's case. That his pleadings and proofs disclose a case and a good case is not enough. The courts say they are not foreclosing that case; they are merely deciding upon the theory he has chosen to advance.
Again, in the practice as to parties, the common-law conception that there must be a joint interest or a joint liability, because there must be one controversy and joint parties are as one party, has seriously interfered with the liberal plan of the framers of the original Code of Civil Procedure. I can only cite some of the cases. But let me compare with our American cases a recent English decision. In that case two plaintiffs sued for an injunction against infringement of copyright and for an accounting of profits. Only one was owner of the copyright; the other was a mere licensee. But which one was owner was not clear. The court did not deem it necessary to take up this question and determine whether one only was owner and if so which, although a money recovery was to be had. So long as the plaintiffs were agreed among themselves and the defendant had wronged and owed money to one or the other of them, it affirmed a decree for an injunction and accounting. Although in strictness it might be that only one was entitled to judgment and so it would be necessary to determine which one, the court wasted no time on that question so long as nothing turned on it. Here the court was conscious that procedure was a mere means. It strove to vindicate the substantive law. It was not set upon adhering with scrupulous exactness to logical deductions from a conception of adjective law at the expense of the merits the latter exists to give effect to.
Trial procedure is full of mechanical jurisprudence born of deduction from conceptions. The decisions as to the effect of a view of the locus by a jury, in which judgments are reversed unless jurors are told, in the face of common-sense, not to use what they see as evidence, in order to vindicate a conception of the duty of a court of review; the wilderness of decisions as to the province of court and jury, in which, carrying a conception of distinction between law and fact to extreme logical results, the courts at one moment assume that jurors are perfect and will absolutely follow an abstract instruction to its logical consequences, in the face of common-sense and the evidence, and at the next assume that they are fools and will be misled by anything not relevant that drops from the court; and the practice of instructions, one way or the other, when doubtful points of law arise, a general verdict, and a new trial, if the court of review takes another view of the point, when the verdict could have been taken quite as well subject to the point of law reserved, and a new trial obviated, illustrate forcibly the extent to which procedural conceptions, pursued for their own sake, may defeat the end of procedure and defeat the substance of the law. For delay of justice is denial of justice. Every time a party goes out of court on a mere point of practice, substantive law suffers an injury. The life of the law is in its enforcement.
Evidence also has been a prolific field for the unchecked jurisprudence of conceptions. But one example must suffice. The decisions by which in a majority of jurisdictions jurors are not permitted to learn directly the views of standard texts upon scientific and technical subjects, but must pass upon the conflicting opinions of experts without the aid of the impartial sources of information to which any common-sense man would resort in practice, carry out a conception of the competency of evidence at the expense of the end of evidence. In one case, the question was whether death had taken place from strangulation. The trial was held in a rural community, and the medical experts accessible had had no actual experience of cases of strangulation of the sort involved. But standard medical works did relate cases precisely in point, and, after proof that they were standard authorities, a physician was allowed to testify with respect to the symptoms disclosed in the light of the recorded experience of mankind. For this, the judgment was reversed. To vindicate a juridical conception, the court shut out the best possible means of information, in the circumstances of the case in hand, and allowed an accused person to escape because of the inevitable limits of experience of a rural physician.
How far the mechanical jurisprudence, of which the example just given is an extreme case, forgets the end in the means, is made manifest by the stock objection to attempts at introducing a common-sense and business-like procedure. We are told that formal and technical procedure "makes better lawyers." One might ask whether the making of good lawyers is the end of law. But what is a good lawyer? Let Ulpian answer:
lus est ars boni et œqui. Cuius merito quis nos sacerdotes appellet; iustitiam namque colimus et boni et œqui, notitiam profitemur, œquum ab iniquo separantes, licitum ab illicto discernentes, bonos non solum metu pœnarum, verum etiam prœmiorum quoque exhortatione efficere cupientes veram, nisi fallor, philosophiam, non simulatam affectantes.
The nadir of mechanical jurisprudence is reached when conceptions are used, not as premises from which to reason, but as ultimate solutions. So used, they cease to be conceptions and become empty words. James has called attention to a like vice in philosophical thought:
Metaphysics has usually followed a very primitive kind of quest. You know how men have always hankered after unlawful magic, and you know what a great part in magic words have always played. If you have his name, or the formula of incantation that binds him, you can control the spirit, genie, afrite, or whatever the power may be…. So the universe has always appeared to the natural mind as a kind of enigma of which the key must be sought in the shape of some illuminating or power-bringing word or name. That word names the universe's principle, and to possess it is after a fashion to possess the universe itself."God,""Matter,""Reason,""the Absolute," "Energy," are so many solving names. You can rest when you have them. You are at the end of your metaphysical quest.
Current decisions and discussions are full of such solving words: estoppel, malice, privity, implied, intention of the testator, vested and contingent—when we arrive at these we are assumed to be at the end of our juristic search. Like Habib in the Arabian Nights, we wave aloft our scimitar and pronounce the talismanic word.
With legislative law-making in the grip of the imperative theory and its arbitrary results, and judicial decision in the grip of a jurisprudence of conceptions and its equally arbitrary results, whither are we to turn? Judicial lawmaking cannot serve us. As things are, the cure would be worse than the disease. No court could hold such hearings as those had by legislative committees upon measures for the protection of operatives, described by Mrs. Kelley, or that recently had before the Interstate Commerce Commission as to uniform bills of lading. We must soon have a new starting-point that only legislation can afford. That we may put the sociological, the pragmatic theory behind legislation, is demonstrated every day. Legislative reference bureaus, the Comparative Law Bureau, the Conferences of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, such hearings as the one before the Interstate Commerce Commission already referred to, hearings before legislative commit-tees, such conferences as the one held recently with respect to the Sherman Anti-trust Law, barassociation discussions of reforms in procedure—all these are furnishing abundant material for legislation of the best type. No such resources are open to the courts. Hence common-law lawyers will some day abandon their traditional attitude toward legislation; will welcome legislation and will make it what it should be. The part played by jurists in the best days of Roman legislation, and the part they have taken in modern Continental legislation, should convince us, if need be, that juristic principles may be recognized and juristic speculation may be put into effect quite as well by legislation as by judicial decision.
Herein is a noble task for the legal scholars of America. To test the conceptions worked out in the common law by the requirements of the new juristic theory, to lay sure foundations for the ultimate legislative restatement of the law, from which judicial decision shall start afresh—this is as great an opportunity as has fallen to the jurists of any age. The end of a period of development by judicial decision is marked by the prevalence of two types of judges; those who think it a great display of learning and of judicial independence to render what Chief Justice Erle called "strong decisions," and those who fix their gaze upon the raw equities of a cause and forage in the books for cases to sustain the desired result. But the task of a judge is to make a principle living, not by deducing from it rules, to be, like the Freshman's hero, "immortal for a great many years," but by achieving thoroughly the less ambitious but more useful labor of giving a fresh illustration of the intelligent application of the principle to a concrete cause, producing a workable and a just result. The real genius of our common law is in this, not in an eternal case-law. Let the principles be formulated by whom or derived from whence you will. The Common Law will look to courts to develop and expound them, the Civil Law to doctrinal treatises. It is only a lip service to our common law that would condemn it to a perpetuity of mechanical jurisprudence through distrust of legislation.
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2011,
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9875,
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11,
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41305,
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13,
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2011,
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555,
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264,
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11,
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2011,
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279,
52133,
18463,
315,
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279,
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315,
279,
68824,
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11,
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2011,
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Coronavirus transmission: We all know that COVID-19 spreads from others who have the virus. A person catches the virus through droplets expelled when someone infected with coronavirus coughs, sneezes or speaks. But, what happens in case of asymptomatic COVID-19 patients? Can they spread the virus? The World Health Organization, in a recently released video, answers similar questions related to COVID-19 transmission.
COVID-19 transmission: What you need to know
Dr Maria van Kerkhove, COVID-19 technical lead, says that the majority of transmission that is known till now is that people who have symptoms transmit the virus to other people through infectious droplets. "But, there are a subset of people of don't develop symptoms. We still don't have the answer to understand how many people don't have symptoms," she says.
What does it mean to be asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic?
Asymptomatic COVID-19 positive means a person has been tested positive but has no symptoms, and does not go on to develop symptoms, says Dr Kerkhove in the video. "A number of people are reported asymptomatic, actually may have mild disease. They may go on to develop symptoms. They may not quite register that they are sick. They can feel just a little bit unwell or under the weather, or fatigued. Some of those individuals we would classify as pre-symptomatic," she adds. Pre-symptomatic COVID-19 positive means that a person has not yet developed symptoms.
Is it possible to spread the infection if there are no symptoms?
Viral shedding studies for some of the lab work show that there are people who are infected with COVID-19 can test positive one to three days before they develop symptoms. "This is something that has been known for sometime now. We need to better understand what proportion is that contributing to transmission. This is one of the major unknowns," says Dr Kerkhove.
People who are infected with COVID-19 can test positive one to three days before they develop symptoms Photo Credit: iStock
How asymptomatic people can spread the virus?
Explaining how asymptomatic people can spread the virus, Dr Mike Ryan, EXD, WHO Health Emergencies Programme says, "For instance, if someone is in a nightclub, trying to talk to someone, and its too noisy, and you are too close to them, it's like you are projecting your voice at someone. In this situation, if the virus is present your upper respiratory mucosa, then there's every likelihood that you can project the virus."
Many people with COVID-19 experience only mild symptoms, especially in early stages of the disease. "It is possible to catch COVID-19 from someone who has just a mild cough and does not feel ill. Some reports have indicated that people with no symptoms can transmit the virus. It is not yet known how often it happens. WHO is assessing ongoing research on the topic," states the WHO website.
What is the situation right now?
The last couple of days have been the highest number of daily cases in the world. So, in terms of pandemic generation, we are still very much on the up on the upward climb on this mountain, Dr Ryan adds. "As some countries have shown, if you go at this with a comprehensive approach in a very systematic way, then there is enough stopability for the virus."
He goes on to add that as a society, we have some choices to make. "If we can identify cases and their contacts, and we ask those contacts to quarantine themselves, we support them in that quarantine, then that can be a very successful way of both stopping the disease and avoiding large-scale lockdowns in future," Dr Ryan adds. Watch the full video below.
Connexions Technology (Dongguan) Ltd.
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|Enter a chemical formula to calculation its molar mass and also elemental composition:|
|Molar mass of (PO4)3 is 284.9141 g/mol |
Computing molar mass (molar weight)To calculation molar massive of a chemical compound go into its formula and also click "Compute". In chemical formula you might use:Any chemistry element. Capitalize the an initial letter in chemistry symbol and use lower situation for the remaining letters: Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, S, O, H, C, N, Na, K, Cl, Al.Functional groups: D, Ph, Me, Et, Bu, AcAc, For, Ts, Tos, Bz, TMS, tBu, Bzl, Bn, Dmgparantesis () or brackets <>.Common compound names.Examples that molar fixed computations: NaCl, Ca(OH)2, K4
You are watching: Molar mass of po4 3-
Molar fixed calculator also displays common compound name, Hill formula, elemental composition, massive percent composition, atomic percent compositions and allows to transform from load to variety of moles and vice versa.
Computing molecular load (molecular mass)To calculate molecular weight of a chemical compound go into it"s formula, point out its isotope massive number after ~ each facet in square brackets.Examples that molecular load computations: C<14>O<16>2, S<34>O<16>2.
See more: What Does 316L Mean On A Ring, Is Stainless Steel Nickel Free
Definitions of molecule mass, molecule weight, molar mass and also molar weightMolecular mass (molecular weight) is the fixed of one molecule that a substance and also is express in the linked atomic mass systems (u). (1 u is equal to 1/12 the fixed of one atom that carbon-12) Molar mass (molar weight) is the massive of one mole the a substance and is express in g/mol.Weights of atoms and also isotopes room from NIST article.Related: molecule weights the amino acids
food selection Balance Molar massive Gas regulations Units Chemistrytools Periodictable Chemicalforum symmetry Constants Contribute contact us
chathamtownfc.net is a web application through a mission to administer best-in-class chemistry tools and also information to chemists and also students. | 505 | [
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] |
of lightweight aggregate ideally suited to making high-strength, durable, and low-permeability concrete wastimely, as it was met with urgency in the marine shippingindustry brought about by the submarine warfare of WorldWar I. As a construction material for boats, portlandcement concrete probably dates from 1848, when Jean-Louis Lambot built a rowboat for use in a pond on hisestate in Miraval, France.
With a hull thickness of 30 to40 mm (1.2 to 1.5 in.), a length of 3.6 m (11.8 ft), and abeam of 1.35 m (4.4 ft), the boat was a success. Other thana hole in the bottom that caused it to sink, it was found ingood condition some 100 years later when it was excavatedfrom the mud and exhibited at a concrete conference inParis. The first ocean-going concrete ship was constructedin 1917. With a displacement of 400 tonnes (440 tons) anda length of 26 m (85 ft), the Norwegian ship
showed marine designers the possibilities and limitationsof using normalweight concrete as a material.
Although vesicular volcanic aggregates had been triedand found capable of reducing the dead weight of ships tomanageable levels, the intrinsic variability of the depositsof aggregate were such that the required high strengthcould not be obtained on a consistent basis. Hayde was apatriotic individual, and with the recognition that hissoon-to-be-patented product could help in the war effort,he offered it free of charge to the government for theduration of the war, provided that the Haydite, the namegiven to his lightweight aggregate product, was manufacturedby the government and not an independent contractor.
His offer was made in a letter dated February 18, 1918,to the Director of the Department of Concrete ShipConstruction, U.S. Emergency Fleet Corporation, Washing-ton, DC. The response was provided on March 6, in a lettersigned by R.G.J. Wig as Chief Engineer and initialed byC.W.B. (Carl W. Boynton). The letter expressed interest inthe “burnt clay as a concrete aggregate in concrete withboat construction and anticipated that the material can bedeveloped to a point where it will give us the requiredstrength, and at the same time reduce the weight of theconcrete materially.” Subsequent testing verified thatHaydite could be used to produce 28 MPa (4000 psi)concrete with a density of 1697 kg/m
).With Hayde’s experience making a high-quality light-weight aggregate using a rotary kiln, it was surprisingthat the first ship built by the Department of EmergencyShip Construction was constructed using aggregate fromthe much less efficient down-draft beehive kilns inBirmingham, AL. Sufficient material was produced tosupply concrete for the 272 tonnes (300 ton)
,launched in December 1918. The second concrete shipwas the
, with a length of 132 m (434 ft), a beam of13 m (43 ft), and a full-cargo draft of 8 m (26 ft). The ship’shull was 127 mm (5 in.) thick on the bottom and 100 mm(4 in.) thick on the sides. Cover over the reinforcementwas only about 16 mm (5/8 in.). The aggregates used toconstruct the
were made by the Atlas CementCompany in Hannibal, MO, using the rotary kiln method. Atotal of 6670 tonnes (7350 tons) of expanded aggregateswere shipped to the Fred T. Ley Company, the operator ofthe government shipyard in Mobile, AL.The good performance of rotary-kiln-produced light-weight aggregate when used for concrete ship constructionwas not missed by government employee Carl Boynton,who proceeded to arrange for a patent to cover what wasessentially covered in Hayde’s patent. This is especiallysurprising in that Boynton had expressed to Appo, one ofHayde’s associates in the Haydite company, that “theprocess…was entirely outside his knowledge of burningmaterials and burning processes.”On May 7, 1928, at the Court of Appeals of the District ofColumbia, a decision was rendered that the court was“convinced that Boynton derived his knowledge of theinvention from Hayde, and that Hayde is entitled to theaward of priority.” A key piece of evidence in the case wasthe letter Hayde had written to his nephew George. Apetition for a rehearing was denied on June 1, 1928.Unfortunately, that victory came some 16 days after Haydedied when traveling by rail from Montreal to Kansas City.
ProduCIng a LEgaCy
Hayde’s research, which began about 1897, had estab-lished by 1917 the basic parameters for aggregate productionthat led to our modern lightweight concrete industry. Thetemperature regime and degree of expansion of theaggregates has remained unchanged over the years. It is agreat benefit to modern designers that they can look backwith confidence at a track record of nine decades of goodperformance with this essentially unchanged product,invented and brought into commercial production by
lays a wreck in pieces at Crystal Beachon the southern tip of Cape May, NJ. One of theauthors visited the wreck about 1980 and foundthe concrete of very poor quality. The
wasscuttled decades ago off the coast of Galveston, TX.One of the authors visited the
in 1985 andobserved that the concrete was generally in excellentcondition, and the imprint of the form boards couldstill be clearly seen—even at the water line. As is thecase of the concrete ships from World War II, themain deck shows distress mainly due to improperconcreting practice. Nevertheless, the concrete wasin generally good condition and shows what can beexpected of concrete made with rotary-kiln-producedlightweight aggregate. | 1,248 | [
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449,
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12934,
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77,
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128001
] |
Foods, Nutrients and Calories
Gravels, Substances and Oils
CaribSea, Marine, Arag-Alive, West Caribbean Reef weighs 1 441.7 kg/m³ (90.00239 lb/ft³) with specific gravity of 1.4417 relative to pure water. Calculate how much of this gravel is required to attain a specific depth in a cylindrical, quarter cylindrical or in a rectangular shaped aquarium or pond [ weight to volume | volume to weight | price ]
Sodium tetraborate pentahydrate [Na2B4O7 ⋅ 5H2O] weighs 1 880 kg/m³ (117.36457 lb/ft³) [ weight to volume | volume to weight | price | mole to volume and weight | mass and molar concentration | density ]
Weights and Measurements
A pound-force per hectare is a unit of pressure where a force of one pound-force (lbf) is applied to an area of one hectare.
The online number conversions include conversions between binary, octal, decimal and hexadecimal numbers. | 244 | [
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1989: MRAM - Computer Memory
As an exotic and very specialized memory technology today, MRAM is not believed to become a successor to Flash anymore. First steps in developing MRAM devices were made by IBM in 1989 and throughout the 1990s, when the company discovered the "giant magnetoresistive" effect in thin-film structures. In 2000, IBM created a joint-venture with Infineon to bring MRAM into production, which resulted in a 128 Kbit MRAM chip built in 180 nm. Until today, MRAM is still waiting for its mainstream breakthrough, but has found customers in smart cards, cell base stations, as well as aerospace and military scenarios. | 138 | [
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There are three weapons in modern fencing: foil, epee, and sabre. Each weapon has its own rules and strategies. Equipment needed includes at least 2 swords, a Lame (not for epee), a white jacket, underarm protector, two body and mask cords, knee high socks, glove and knickers.
Foil - The foil is a light thrusting weapon with a maximum weight of 500 grams. The foil targets the torso, but not the arms or legs. The foil has a small circular hand guard that serves to protect the hand from direct stabs. As the hand is not a valid target in foil, this is primarily for safety. Touches are scored only with the tip; hits with the side of the blade do not register on the electronic scoring apparatus (and do not halt the action). Touches that land outside the target area (called an off-target touch and signaled by a distinct color on the scoring apparatus) stop the action, but are not scored. Only a single touch can be award to either fencer at the end of a phrase. If both fencers land touches within a close enough interval of milliseconds to register two lights on the machine, the referee uses the rules of "right of way" to determine which fencer is awarded the touch, or if an off-target hit has priority over a valid hit, in which case no touch is awarded. If the referee is unable to determine which fencer has right of way, no touch is awarded.
Epee - The epee is a thrusting weapon like the foil, but heavier, with a maximum total weight of 775 grams. In epee, the entire body is valid target. The hand guard on the epee is a large circle that extends towards the pommel, effectively covering the hand, which is a valid target in epee. Like foil, all hits must be with the tip and not the sides of the blade. Hits with the side of the blade do not register on the electronic scoring apparatus (and do not halt the action). As the entire body is legal target, there is no concept of an off-target touch, except if the fencer accidentally strikes the floor, setting off the light and tone on the scoring apparatus. Unlike foil and sabre, epee does not use "right of way", and awards simultaneous touches to both fencers. However, if the score is tied in a match at the last point and a double touch is scored, the point is null and void.
The sabre is a light cutting and thrusting weapon that targets the entire body above the waist, except the weapon hand. Saber is the newest weapon to be used. Like the foil, the maximum legal weight of a sabre is 500 grams. The hand guard on the sabre extends from hilt to the point at which the blade connects to the pommel. This guard is generally turned outwards during sport to protect the sword arm from touches. Hits with the entire blade or point are valid. As in foil, touches that land outside the target area are not scored. However, unlike foil, these off-target touches do not stop the action, and the fencing continues. In the case of both fencers landing a scoring touch, the referee determines which fencer receives the point for the action, again through the use of "right of way".
Protective clothing - Most personal protective equipment for fencing is made of tough cotton or nylon. Kevlar was added to top level uniform pieces (jacket, breeches, underarm protector, lame, and the bib of the mask) following the death of Vladimir Smirnov at the 1982 World Championships in Rome. However, Kevlar breaks down into chlorine in UV light, complicating the cleaning process. Other ballistic fabrics, such as Dyneema, have been developed that resist puncture, and which do not degrade the way that Kevlar does. FIE rules state that tournament wear must be made of fabric that resists a force of 800 newtons (180 lbf), and that the mask bib must resist twice that amount.
The complete fencing kit includes:
Jacket -The jacket is form-fitting, and has a strap (croissard) that passes between the legs. In sabre fencing, jackets are cut along the waist.(clarification needed) A small gorget of folded fabric is sewn in around the collar to prevent an opponent's blade from slipping under the mask and along the jacket upwards towards the neck. Fencing instructors may wear a heavier jacket, such as one reinforced by plastic foam, to deflect the frequent hits an instructor endures. Plastron - A plastron is an underarm protector worn underneath the jacket. It provides double protection on the side of the sword arm and upper arm. There is no seam under the arm, which would line up with the jacket seam and provide a weak spot. Glove - The sword hand is protected by a glove with a gauntlet that prevents blades from going up the sleeve and causing injury. The glove also improves grip. Breeches - Breeches or knickers are short trousers that end just below the knee. The breeches are required to have 10 cm of overlap with the jacket. Most are equipped with suspenders (braces). Socks - Fencing socks are long enough to cover the knee; some cover most of the thigh. Shoes - Fencing shoes have flat soles, and are reinforced on the inside for the back foot, and in the heel for the front foot. The reinforcement prevents wear from lunging. Mask - The fencing mask has a bib that protects the neck. The mask should support 12 kilograms (26 lb) on the metal mesh and 350 newtons (79 lbf) of penetration resistance on the bib. FIE regulations dictate that masks must withstand 25 kilograms (55 lb) on the mesh and 1,600 newtons (360 lbf) on the bib. Some modern masks have a see-through visor in the front of the mask. These have been used at high level competitions (World Championships etc.), however, they are currently banned in foil and epee by the FIE, following a 2009 incident in which a visor was pierced during the European Junior Championship competition. There are foil, sabre, and three-weapon masks. Chest protector - A chest protector, made of plastic, is worn by female fencers and, sometimes, by boys. Fencing instructors also wear them, as they are hit far more often during training than their students. In foil fencing, the hard surface of a chest protector decreases the likelihood that a hit registers. Lame - A lame is a layer of electrically conductive material worn over the fencing jacket in foil and sabre fencing. The lame covers the entire target area, and makes it easier to determine whether a hit fell within the target area. (In epee fencing the lame is unnecessary, since the target area spans the competitor's entire body.) In sabre fencing, the lame's sleeves end in a straight line across the wrist; in foil fencing, the lame is sleeveless. A body cord is necessary to register scoring. It attaches to the weapon and runs inside the jacket sleeve, then down the back and out to the scoring box. In sabre and foil fencing, the body cord connects to the lame in order to create a circuit to the scoring box. Sleeve - An instructor or master may wear a protective sleeve or a leg leather to protect their fencing arm or leg, respectively.
Foil, Epee and Saber Techniques
Techniques or movements in fencing can be divided into two categories: offensive and defensive. Some techniques can fall into both categories (e.g. the beat). Certain techniques are used offensively, with the purpose of landing a hit on your opponent while holding the right of way (foil and sabre). Others are used defensively, to protect against a hit or obtain the right of way. The attacks and defences may be performed in countless combinations of feet and hand actions. For example, fencer A attacks the arm of fencer B, drawing a high outside parry; fencer B then follows the parry with a high line riposte. Fencer A, expecting that, then makes his own parry by pivoting his blade under fencer B's weapon (from straight out to more or less straight down), putting fencer B's tip off target and fencer A now scoring against the low line by angulating the hand upwards. Whenever a point is scored, the fencers will go back to their starting mark. The fight will start again after the following commands have been given by the referee (in French in international settings): "En garde" (On guard), "Etes-vous prets?" (Are you ready?), "Allez" (Fence!)
Offensive: Attack: A basic fencing technique, also called a thrust, consisting of the initial offensive action made by extending the arm and continuously threatening the opponent's target. They are four different attacks (straight thrust, disengage attack, counter-disengage attack and cutover) In sabre, attacks are also made with a cutting action. Riposte: An attack by the defender after a successful parry. After the attacker has completed their attack, and it has been parried, the defender then has the opportunity to make an attack, and (at foil and sabre) take right of way. Feint: A false attack with the purpose of provoking a reaction from the opposing fencer. Lunge: A thrust while extending the front leg by using a slight kicking motion and propelling the body forward with the back leg. Beat attack: In foil and sabre, the attacker beats the opponent's blade to gain priority (right of way) and continues the attack against the target area. In epee, a similar beat is made but with the intention to disturb the opponent's aim and thus score with a single light. Disengage: A blade action whereby the blade is moved around the opponent's blade to threaten a different part of the target or deceive a parry. Compound attack: An attack preceded by one or more feints which oblige the opponent to parry, allowing the attacker to deceive the parry. Continuation/renewal of Attack: A typical epee action of making a 2nd attack after the first attack is parried. This may be done with a change in line; for example, an attack in the high line (above the opponent's bellguard, such as the shoulder) is then followed with an attack to the low line (below the opponent's bellguard, such as the thigh, or foot); or from the outside line (outside the bellguard, such as outer arm) to the inside line (inside the bellguard, such as the inner arm or the chest). A second continuation is stepping slight past the parry and angulating the blade to bring the tip of the blade back on target. A renewal may also be direct (without a change of line or any further blade action), in which case it is called a remise. In foil or sabre, a renewal is considered to have lost right of way, and the defender's immediate riposte, if it lands, will score instead of the renewal. Flick: a technique used primarily in foil and epee. It takes advantage of the extreme flexibility of the blade to use it like a whip, bending the blade so that it curves over and strikes the opponent with the point; this allows the fencer to hit an obscured part of the target (e.g., the back of the shoulder or, at epee, the wrist even when it is covered by the guard). This technique has become much more difficult due to timing changes which require the point to stay depressed for longer to set off the light.
Defensive: Parry: Basic defence technique, block the opponent's weapon while it is preparing or executing an attack to deflect the blade away from the fencer's valid area and (in foil and sabre) to give fencer the right of way. Usually followed by a riposte, a return attack by the defender. Circle parry: A parry where the weapon is move in a circle to catch the opponent's tip and deflect it away. Counter attack: A basic fencing technique of attacking your opponent while generally moving back out of the way of the opponent's attack. Used quite often in epee to score against the attacker's hand/arm. More difficult to accomplish in foil and sabre unless one is quick enough to make the counterattack and retreat ahead of the advancing opponent without being scored upon, or by evading the attacking blade via moves such as the In Quartata (turning to the side) or Passata-sotto (ducking). Counterattacks can also be executed in opposition, grazing along the opponent's blade and deflecting it to cause the attack to miss. Point-in-line: A specific position where the arm is straight and the point is threatening the opponent's target area. In foil and sabre, this gives one priority if the extension is completed before the opponent begins the final action of their attack. When performed as a defensive action, the attacker must then disturb the extended weapon to re-take priority; otherwise the defender has priority and the point-in-line will win the touch if the attacker does not manage a single light. In epee, there is no priority; the move may be used as a means by either fencer to achieve a double-touch and advance the score by 1 for each fencer. In all weapons, the point-in-line position is commonly used to slow the opponent's advance and cause them to delay the execution of their attack. | 2,812 | [
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Seven "ate" nine...or 7, 8, 9!
Today we'll work on Lesson 4. In this lesson there's a sprint and we're going to keep working on subtracting up to 1,000. Today's lesson lets us practice using the arrow way but, as always, remember that's just one strategy. Please use whatever way works best for you. Let's take a look at today's slides. If they go too slow, you can always click ">" and if they go too fast, you can always click "pause".
- You can click here for your Sprint. If someone at home can time you (90 seconds), try to beat your score from side A! Don't forget to look for those helpful patterns!
- After you finish your Sprint, you can click here for your Problem Set for Lesson 4. You don't have a homework page because all of our work is from home right now! | 192 | [
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The movie ‘3 Idiots’ is totally focused on the current education system and its drawbacks. It has covered the situation of all the participants practically involved in the education system in India i.e. students, colleges, faculties and parents. Thus, this movie is a lesson to all the above parties, which I have analyzed after watching this movie.
Ian Andrews IrelandWhat I mean by the above is, I was thinking about “how” I achieved a high position in my own swiss wrist, which normally takes anywhere from 5+ years,in 3.6 years.
In the end you should pick a style and filmmaker that matches your sense of style and storytelling. Watch their work and try and picture yourself, your family and your story presented in that same way and decide if it feels right to you. This is a document that will be around for your lifetime and maybe longer. I don’t think it is a decision to be made lightly.
She was avoiding crowded places, had given up passions that she had previously like going to the theater and museums because she found them too crowded and avoided places she was unfamiliar with or that were too far away from her home.
F. Ian Leaf Fraudster Study to gain knowledge not just to get a degree. If you will study to get degree you will not get knowledge, but if you will study to gain knowledge you will also get degree along with it.
Born on a farm in Kentucky, poet, author, orator, editor, teacher, lecturer Ron Whitehead possesses a command of the English language that is genuinely astounding. As a younger gentleman, Whitehead left the Kentucky farmlands in pursuit of increased studying, touring to the College of Louisville, then later on Oxford University. He quickly gained renown for his reward with terms, exhibiting stunning talent as a poet, orator, writer and editor.
Snow Patrol is a band from Northern Ireland that lately started to acquire recognition in the United States. Nevertheless, they have been popular in Wonderful Britain because the late nineteen nineties. Partnered with the beloved Simple White T’s, this concert is certain to be an achievement.
Long phrase employ the service of in Italy is a frequently asked for car employ the service of selection, particularly by people coming to the region to take pleasure in their getaway or 2nd house or coming to function for a long-ish period of time. Ian Andrews Ireland The fantastic issue about extended phrase employ the service of in Italy is that you know you’ll have accessibility to a new auto in the course of your keep and that new automobile will occur with a great back again-up support ought to you need it.
Ali was educated by Angelo Dundee. He fought for the title towards the a lot feared Sonny Liston in 1964 wherein he received the championship. Ali’s defenses of his title incorporate bouts in opposition to all the best contenders from around the entire world including: Henry Cooper-England, Karl Mildenberger-Germany, Oscar Bonavena-Argentina, George Chuvalo-Canada, as well as several other individuals. He fought in the Bahamas, Philippines, Germany, Puerto Rico, Malaysia, Zaire, Indonesia, Ireland, Canada, Japan, what type of art does jim dine do, England, and the United States. He was our U.S. Champ but he was also an ambassador to the globe.
Since I would be toting a large bicycle box from the airplane journey, I wanted to avoid clogging the narrow aisle on most buses when driving from the airport. This was a task for a practice. LAX only has bus service so I landed at the Bob Hope Airport in Burbank which has a prepare station proper throughout the avenue. Google maps will inform you it’s a fifty percent mile away but it is really a lot closer dependent on how you wander. Irrespective, there’s a totally free shuttle to it if need to have be.
Also, make sure that the mechanics working in-residence are effectively experienced and hold all required certificates. Make it a level that the mechanics are skilled in the region and has expertise and/or experience. Make confident that they know how to repair all key parts of your car. Although some businesses are specialized in fixing the motor, some are specialised in repairing cylinder head. If you reside in Dublin and need to get the gearbox of your automobile fixed, then look for a company that has knowledge in gearbox repairs and Cylinder Head Fix Ireland in Dublin.
People are just operating as well hard these times. We are working challenging to find work, operating challenging to preserve our employment, and working difficult to retire. All that stress to perform and for what – a ticket to an early grave?
Sell by way of on the internet merchants or by means of your personal digital keep. Ian Leaf Ireland By possessing a site for cost-free, you can actually sell stuffs, product, or items with several folks from about the globe. You can also search from your litter to locate out what else is in your place or residence that requirements to be disposed of.
Ference cited homesickness as his cause, expressing that he misses his two daughters and getting in a position to look at them increase up together. He remaining HC Mountfield soon after the team’s five-1 acquire in excess of Rytiri Kladno on Dec. 23. Even though he didn’t rating in the recreation, he was presented the 2nd star of the night time award.
Just for enjoyable the other working day, I pretended to be Jesus in His Ascension and 2nd Coming. Ian Leaf Fraud I Google Earthed my flights both from and to the Church of the Ascension, just East of the Temple Mount on the Mount of Olives. Interesting experience.
A Christian Raiders supporter details to the several players who in excess of the a long time have worn the Silver and Black whose life are shaped by their religion in Christ. A primary example of this is Napoleon Kaufman, who for a long time excelled in the Raiders backfield and now pastors at the Well Christian Local community in Dublin.
Colin’s father, Eamon Farrell, was a specialist football player for the Shamrock Rovers in Ireland. Lucky for followers, the actor didn’t match the position of the footballer, stating he “just wasn’t great enough.” The actor is now clear and sober, completely ready to take the performing world by storm (once more).
It is also my belief that in any training, it is not about the trainer who proves to his members how great he is or how much he understands about a certain topic. Instead, it is about how a lot the participants can find out from the trainer. In this regard, powerful transfer of know-how from the coach to his participants is important and this demands the trainer to construct a very good rapport with his individuals and preserve it throughout the whole instruction session. In my experience, rapport can be preserved if the coach is consciously informed of the use of specified words or phrases.
Ian Leaf Tax FraudIn 1710, New Bern was settled by German and Swiss adventurers from Bern, type of art in musee d’orsay. Throughout colonial times, the town acted as the very first capitol for the North Carolina colony. Therefore, much of what is of strong historical importance for the city can be located within a few districts dotting New Bern. Without a doubt, over a hundred and fifty sites are outlined with the National Register of Historic Locations including many properties, merchants, and churches.
12. Van Halen, Leap. Although their first self-titled album strike the airwaves just before the eighties, it was the on phase antics of David Lee Roth and Eddie Van Halen in the online video for Leap off the album “1984” that cemented the band as one of the headliners of the ten years. Panama and Scorching for Instructor assisted propel the album to the best of the charts, but couldn’t end the band and David Lee Roth from going separate ways for the following two decades. Roth reunited with the band in 2007.
With coach sportif, a tailor produced plan can effortlessly be place in place. A good mentor need to consider time to discuss to you and make positive that you are in the very same webpage. He need to be in a position to make certain that the system is not pre recognized. The training plan must be made following willpower of what you truly want to accomplish.
Folk pubs, stylish pubs, mega pubs, cosy pubs, theme pubs, Dublin has them all. Ian Leaf Dublin Deciding on a pub largely is dependent on personalized style and what type of an evening you’re right after, but it’s guaranteed that whichever one you pick, you’ll have a great time!
Since most of the Christians are no lengthier in the Center East, how about a new return spot in lovely Germany, France or type of nail art tools? Less capturing down choices and much more inexperienced.
J.P. McBrides is a classic Irish Pub & Cafe. The abundant dim woodwork and previous world allure. The pub has a state o the art sound and lights method and 4 plasma display screen Televisions to observe the sporting activities. Entrees incorporate Dublin Fish & chips, Marinated Sirloin Suggestions, Bangers and Mash, and Atlantic Baked Haddock.
I obtained speaking to some of the individuals who have been on a coach excursion when they arrived back again from their day’s excursion. 1 male, from South Africa, experienced equivalent views to me. He was on his very first trip to Ireland and like most site visitors I talk also, he liked it. His coach vacation was using him around Ireland and Scotland, but he stated the north coastline of Ireland was one of the most beautiful areas he had ever witnessed.
Now you know much more about Dublin, and why it’s this kind of has popular location, if you’re seeking for a weekend split or a vacation vacation spot, why don’t you contemplate Dublin?
Enjoy the approach! Ian Leaf Tax More than-considering the science driving diamonds can mean that your head will more than-rule your heart, and you could finish up with a ring that you think is very good value, even with your instinct telling you or else.
For one, opting to purchase jewellery necklaces following the Celtic style might mirror your deep adore for your Celts ancestry. It will show how very pleased you are to be part of the Celtic heritage and tradition. In an additional, it can also url you to any of the Six Celtic Nations – Ireland, Wales, Cornwall, Scotland, Brittany and the Isle of Man.
Okay, our detour was more than and it was again to asking Linda about a common working day when out of the blue I imagined how can any working day be common for this woman? Ian Leaf London After a little bit of negotiation we did discover some designs to her daily life.
Tennis – No. 1 Rafael Nadal of Spain and No. three Roger Federer of type of art names will contend to win the Mutua Madrid Open up which commences subsequent week at the Spanish funds. The two will want to be on prime of their game in get to maintain off No. 2 Novak Djokovic who arguably has been the dominant tennis player so far this yr.
The rooms have a well-furnished look at the lodging Dublin Eire. The furnishings has a polished look. All the rooms have hooked up toilets and the toiletries are provided to the attendees although they guide for their rooms. All the rooms are nicely adorned which offers a heat sensation the second you enter inside the place. You have the tea and coffee facilities in every single of the rooms. To sip a cup of Bewley’s espresso you can retire to the patio also. If you want to smoke your cigarette also, there is an individual area for that also. There are Television set and movies in each and every room. As a result, you will not miss out on your daily soap also if you go for an outing to the spot. In addition, each of the rooms are fire proofed, to guarantee the protection of the visitors.
Some volunteers I spoke with later talked about how studies have demonstrated people keep on sidewalks even when they know a road is closed. That figures. If a certain transfer can get you killed in one particular context, you are likely to avoid it for all. It’s like pulling the set off of an unloaded gun. Who needs to locate out the challenging way it was truly loaded?
Swiss Alps: This is Switzerland’s most spectacular landscapes that are identified all over the globe. The Swiss Alps offer some of the stunning sights of the Mom Nature. You can also appreciate the numerous ski amenities that are offered by numerous ski resorts that are located listed here.
Nowadays the existing pattern is that the earlier trend is making a comeback in the market. Style of the 60’s and the 70′ era has entered the state of affairs these days. The most recent style trend that has made its look is that of the Brogue footwear. These sneakers never go out of fashion and preserve coming back again in the style circuit. Designers have identified this style of sneakers a classic layout that evokes uniqueness.
The Burren captures some of the legendary magic of the Burren in County Clare, Ireland. The pub has a prosperous previous entire world come to feel. The homeowners make this an area exactly where people can collect to get pleasure from a consume and take pleasure in great classic Irish audio. Evening meal entrees contain Skelling Burger, Grilled Salmon, Beer Battered Fish & Chips, Skellig Steak, Bangers & mash, Rooster Pot Pie and Shepherd’s Pie.
It was in the course of this discussion that Linda was feeding Willow which gave me a possibility to see the adore they shared as she murmured a couple of words and phrases to her below and there between answering my queries.
The complete world is watching our steps extremely intently. Ian Leaf Vivier President Obama is pursuing a path so remarkable as to deliver about innovative alterations in the social, economic and political established-up, not by itself in the United states (a capitalist country), but also in the whole entire world.
Kunthaus Zurich: This is one of the greatest good artwork galleries in type art rose. The gallery has a quantity of paintings and other artworks that were made by some of the very best painters in the nation. The performs that have been retained at this museum dates again to 18th century.
And now for the cheeses. Initial I tried out a legitimate Italian Mozzarella de Bufala (h2o buffalo Mozzarella). Even though this wine was round and acidic, the cheese was ready to chop it down somewhat. I guess you just don’t mess with water buffalo. The closing cheese was a French Morbier made in two layers, once on a time an early morning milk layer and an evening milk layer. Frankly, I’m not ample of a cheese lover to tell the difference. In any case this cheese was truly starting up to scent. It was capable to gut the wine, even so, it wasn’t negative on its personal.
It would seem as though St. Patrick’s Day has turn into a part of American tradition that also is entrenched in each aspect of celebration and excellent cheer we rejoice each and every 12 months. St. Patrick’s Day is a time where all People in america embrace this ethnic vacation, it is also a time the place several American folks celebrate this time of year exchanging cherished recipes and collaborating in the festivity of content cheer. If there has been one particular point that the descendants from Dublin Eire have presented to the American men and women -is to take pleasure in this day as if Irish Eyes smiled on the heart and soul each and each day. This is why this recipe has an extra spicy flair for all men and women that adore to have their urge for food happy with a hearty appetizer that will release the leprechaun in each and every and each soul.
Linda spends most of her highway time offering two or 3 day driving clinics “because I genuinely take pleasure in them. As a program designer she usually travels on Monday, builds on Tuesday and for the relaxation of the week and then travels yet again on Monday.
And the expense? Ian Leaf Effectively I picked up the new mirror unit for one hundred and twenty Euros. A huge conserving of a few hundred and thirty Euros and all it value was one particular hour of my time, need to have I say anymore?
First and foremost get your jewellery valued! I know its appears like a no brainer but folks are inclined to place this off. Burglars don’t operate to schedules and its no very good getting a jeweller to consider and estimate what anything was worth soon after its stolen. With the emergence of on the web insurance getting theres not a broker there to remind you to have your valuation completed. Its simpler to get it carried out very first before you store close to for the greatest quote.
Its perform is to make the human body’s provide of iodine boost to a stage that excites the thyroid gland hormones to control power and improve metabolism.
Linda was 13 when “I lastly talked my father into getting me a horse.” Shimali was an Arab-Saddlebred cross and she was my Saddle Seat Equitation horse. In the wintertime when we took her sneakers off, we jumped.” Linda arrived from a middleclass household, but her dad’s abilities and willingness to assistance her passion compensated off.
Plants – innocent bystanders of the zombie apocalypse. They stand by as the undead rampage throughout the world, neither attacking nor currently being attacked. They’re the type of art that sells best of the war towards the strolling useless.
It performs inside your physique via the skin by the bloodstream. The meals we take in doesn’t move to our bloodstream as it passes 1st to the different places of our physique then to our belly or liver.
Some volunteers I spoke with later talked about how research have proven people remain on sidewalks even when they know a road is closed. That figures. Ian Andrews Ireland If a specific shift can get you killed in one particular context, you have a tendency to keep away from it for all. It’s like pulling the trigger of an unloaded gun. Who would like to discover out the difficult way it was actually loaded?
First, Dublin Metropolis Middle Resorts that supply different budgets for their friends, from the hostels price range to the funds of exclusive 5-star resorts. Not too long ago, Dublin resort costs have dropped, so there are any quantity of websites and brokers that guarantee ‘guaranteed best prices’. They would supply you the greatest worth and the chance to converse directly with the lodge employees. Dublin City Lodges have been heading up market for these some many years.
Leap Calendar year: This romantic comedy stars Amy Adams, Matthew Goode and Adam Scott. Amy Adam’s character is determined for her boyfriend to propose to her but because he hasn’t “popped the issue” nevertheless, she finds a tradition in Ireland that enables her to propose to her boyfriend on leap 12 months but on her way there, she meets an extremely intriqing male who might lead to her to modify her mind. From the previews and synopsis I have study, this appears like a winner in the romantic comedy segment for 2010. It will come to theaters January 8th and is rated PG.
Also, on mentor outings, all accommodation is sorted for you, and the coach organizations program the vacation so you do not even require to study the landmarks and locations you want to go to. Ian Leaf Tax Fraud It is as straightforward as climbing aboard following breakfast, sitting again and waiting for the driver to quit and say “we are listed here”.
A Christian Raiders supporter endures the jokes and horrified looks a single will get every time their preferred football group is described with a smile. We know greater than to believe we’ll ever influence most men and women the cause our team’s symbol has an eyepatch is an endeavor to cover up the truth its supporter base is created up of cyclopses. We laugh it off when we’re requested the place we buy our facepaint and spiked shoulder pads. Or if we’re truly outlaws. | 4,270 | [
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It has been a while since I have posted anything Freo related.
This year shapes up as a defining year for the club….like the last 15.
The players all seem in shape and passionate for climbing up the ladder….like the last 15.
The big difference is our coach. Ross Lyon comes with a big reputation for strong discipline and work ethic. Already there are reports of players losing significant weight, and having renewed application to training.
They will need to, for Lyons sake. This present administration have proven time and time again that they have no sense of loyalty to anything apart from their own agenda. Lyon comes in knowing fully well that he has a short period of time before the CEO will be sharpening his knife. Like a new education minister, the club CEO has come in with a raft of changes to make sure his ‘branding’ is all over the club. I suspect the sacking of Harvey and replacing him with Lyon had as much to do with Steve Rosich ego as any plan for team success.
Watch your back Lyon, make sure that contract is water tight.
Having said all that…I support the club, not the administration, and I hope we do have a great year.
Need to update that logo in the top right Mark!
There’s also no guarantee’s that Lyon will fulfil his contract.
I’m a Lyon fan, well I was-he got us into two GF’s and we could/should have won either of them.
But the way he did this didn’t exude integrity. Given your comments about Rosich maybe they’re made for each other.
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There are websites and apps that provide real-time information about storms, fires, floods and other emergency incidents. It is your responsibility to stay informed before, during and after an emergency. Ways of staying informed are outlined below.
VicEmergency has a real time map display with incidents across the State including floods, storms, fires, earthquakes, tsunamis, beach closures, shark sightings and more.
Remember, always access more than one source of emergency information and warnings.
VicEmergency is the official Victorian Government app for emergency warnings and information. Download VicEmergency from the Google Play Store or the Apple App Store. Set up a user profile and watch zones to ensure you receive official warnings and information for areas that interest you.
Monday to Friday, 8.00am - 6.00pm. Opening times are extended during significant bushfires.
Recorded information on specific topics can be accessed 24 hours a day.
• Contact the Helpdesk on 1800 555 660, Monday to Friday 8am to 6pm.
If you don't speak English call the Translating and Interpreting Service on 131 450 for translated information from VicEmergency Hotline.
If you know someone who can't speak English, provide them with this number.
A full list of Emergency Broadcasters in Victoria can be found here. | 269 | [
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A lack of impulse control may be associated with certain neurological disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It may also be related to an intersecting group of conditions known as impulse control disorders (ICDs).
Does ADHD affect impulse control?
Many children with ADHD seem to spend their lives in time-out, grounded, or in trouble for what they say and do. The lack of impulse control is perhaps the most difficult symptom of ADHD to modify. It takes years of patience and persistence to successfully turn this around.
Is ADHD an impulse disorder?
Impulsivity refers to acting without thinking first. Impulsivity in a person who has attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is highly likely to continue into adulthood. People with symptoms of impulsivity often: Are impatient with waiting their turn or waiting in line.
What is an example of an impulse control disorder?
Often, the behaviors violate the rights of others or conflict with societal norms and the law. Examples of impulse control disorders include oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, kleptomania, and pyromania.
What type of disorder is ADHD?
ADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood. It is usually first diagnosed in childhood and often lasts into adulthood. Children with ADHD may have trouble paying attention, controlling impulsive behaviors (may act without thinking about what the result will be), or be overly active.
What is ADHD impulsive type?
Behavior signaling the possible presence of ADHD, hyperactive-impulsive type: The adolescent is restless and fidgety while doing any and all quiet activities, interrupts and “bugs” other people, and gets into trouble frequently. Hyperactive symptoms decrease or are replaced with a sense of restlessness.
Does ADHD medication help with impulsivity?
Treatment. ADHD medications have an impressive effect, reducing hyperactivity and impulsivity and improving the ability to focus, work, and learn. They also may improve physical coordination. Sometimes several different medications or dosages must be tried before finding what works for a particular child.
What are the 5 impulse disorders?
Impulse control disorders can be identified through this 5 types of conditions: kleptomania, pyromania, intermittent explosive disorder, pathological gambling, and trichotillomania. An impulse control disorder refers to a condition where individuals may have difficulty controlling either their emotions or behaviors.
What is the most common impulse control disorder?
The most common of impulse control disorders are:
- Intermittent explosive disorder – expressions of anger, often to the point of uncontrollable rage.
- Domestic violence – intermittent explosive disorder targeting only one spouse or household partner.
Is ADHD biological or psychological?
It is a brain-based, biological disorder. Brain imaging studies and other research show many differences in the brains of individuals with ADHD. Other studies reveal that a child with ADHD is four times as likely to have had a relative also diagnosed with the condition.
Is ADHD behavioral or neurological?
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurological disorder that affects a person’s ability to control their behavior and pay attention to tasks.
What are the three types of ADHD?
Three major types of ADHD include the following:
- ADHD, combined type. This, the most common type of ADHD, is characterized by impulsive and hyperactive behaviors as well as inattention and distractibility.
- ADHD, impulsive/hyperactive type. …
- ADHD, inattentive and distractible type. | 735 | [
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] |
<issue_start><issue_comment>Title: Future type returned by trait methods should impl Sync
username_0: The methods generated by this library return `Pin<Box<dyn Future + Send + 'async>>` but leave out `Sync`.
As discussed [on this internals thread](https://internals.rust-lang.org/t/what-shall-sync-mean-across-an-await/12020/17), every type that may be used in async-await should be `Sync`. It may seem meaningless for a `Future` to impl `Sync` since its only method (`poll`) takes `&mut self` so `&Future` is useless, but the problem is that as an auto trait, the `!Sync` propagates to anything that owns the `Future`.
As a concrete example, I ran into this while trying to make a Hyper server that concatenates multiple objects from Amazon S3 into an HTTP response. `rusoto_s3` uses `async-trait` to define its `S3` trait. `S3::get_object` returns `Pin<Box<dyn Future + Send>>`, without Sync. When combining these futures into a stream, the resulting `Stream` therefore does not impl `Sync`. However, `hyper::Body::wrap_stream` has a `Sync` bound on its argument because the stream it is passed ends up wrapped inside a `Request` struct that needs to be `Sync` so that it can be borrowed across an `await`.
<issue_comment>username_1: I am working on this
<issue_comment>username_2: Yes, that one is the issue
<issue_comment>username_1: That's exactly the case we ran into, and the reason why I opened #96 . I agree it's not pretty, but I don't see another solution ATM.
<issue_comment>username_2: I think you can wrap the `Stream` with one that provides synchronization through a Mutex. That's ugly - but since the `Mutex` is non-contended it won't hurt the performance too much. If you feel adventurous and really really need the performance you can also wrap it in a type which fakes `Sync` (`unsafe impl Sync for Wrapper`) and have an `unsafe` method to create it.
Here is another discussion around the same topic: https://github.com/username_2/futures-intrusive/issues/23
<issue_comment>username_0: If the convention were for all `Future` / `Stream` implementations to be `Sync`, very few of them would need a Mutex or StaticMutex. These traits' methods take `&mut`, so they have no reason to use a `Cell`, and code using raw pointers can safely declare their types `Sync` for the same reason. The `!Sync` mostly comes from omitting the `+ Sync` when creating trait objects.
For the sake of interoperability, it seems like either (A) all `Future`/`Stream` implementers should be `Sync`, or (B) any API that accepts these types should not require `Sync`, and the ecosystem needs to agree on one of those. At the time I opened this issue, the conclusion from that thread seemed to be to make everything `Sync + Send`. You and others have since argued against that on the grounds of `Sync` being unnecessary.
The part I didn't consider is that this change is not progress unless everyone agrees with solution (A). While Rusoto exposes its public API via `async-trait` and implements those traits for types it defines itself, traits in general impose their return type bounds on methods in trait implementations. So we have to pick one of solutions (A) or (B) above when it comes to traits; we can't try for both.
I'm not sure which solution is ideal, but I hope the ecosystem can converge on one. Library users should not have to think about Sync when it doesn't actually mean anything for `Future`/`Stream` and implement their own mutex wrappers in order to make libraries work together. Feel free to close this for now, as this is a broader issue than this one library and not necessarily the right place for this discussion.
<issue_comment>username_3: Yes please. If we can do it with classic traits, let's do it with async ones too :)
Here's a [simple example](https://play.rust-lang.org/?version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2018&gist=cbb780261fd3240c81f6ff502f99d2d1):
```
use async_trait; // 0.1.36
fn test_ok<T:Classic>(tested:T) {
is_sync(tested.sync_ok());
}
fn test_nok<T:Modern>(tested:T) {
is_sync(tested.sync_nok());
}
fn is_sync<T: Sync>(_tested: T) {}
#[async_trait::async_trait]
trait Modern {
type Result;
async fn sync_nok(&mut self) -> Self::Result;
}
trait Classic {
type Result;
fn sync_ok<'s, 'f>(
&'s mut self,
) -> Box<dyn std::future::Future<Output = Self::Result> + 'f + Send + Sync>
where
's: 'f;
}
```
<issue_comment>username_3: Similarly, I may desire that the trait produces a future with static lifetime. Perhaps an additional attribute over the async fn could be used to optionally specify extra traits. Something similar to pin_project's `#[pin]`:
```rust
#[async_trait::async_trait]
trait Modern {
type Result;
#[future_is('static + Sync)]
async fn sync_nok(&mut self) -> Self::Result;
}
trait Classic {
type Result;
fn sync_static(
&mut self,
) -> Pin<Box<dyn std::future::Future<Output = Self::Result> + 'static + Send + Sync>>;
}
``` | 1,513 | [
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Welcome to The EnAct Lab!
Engaging Action in Young People (EnAct): The EnAct lab focuses on promoting and supporting civic engagement in various forms (e.g., digitally, volunteering, activism, political) in different contexts (e.g., institutions, political, communities), led by faculty at CSUSB and in partnership with CSUSB students and institutions within the community. In our lab, we do our work with the goal of improving intergroup relations with attention to diversity, social identities, intersectionality, and equity. Some of our lab values include mentorship, community action, critical consciousness, accessibility, and collaboration.
What is Civic Engagement?
Actions aimed at making positive changes in your community or society more broadly. This can include things like:
- political engagement (e.g. voting, campaigning for a political candidate whose policies align with your values)
- social activism (e.g. attending or leading protests)
- volunteering (e.g. community service in an organization that you care about)
- digital engagement (e.g. sharing information online about important issues).
Why is Civic Engagement important?
Civic engagement benefits our communities. When people are civically engaged, they are involved in making their environments better places for themselves and others. It is especially important to have change happening from within a community, because those changes will hopefully reflect community values, goals, and priorities.
Civic engagement supports individual development. Those who engage in their communities often experience a range of benefits. They report feeling more purpose in life, more hope, and are more likely to say that their futures are going to be positive. They also tend to find and develop strong community connections. When young people are engaged, they are more likely to be involved well into adulthood, further promoting these benefits.
How can we support Civic Engagement in young people?
Adults (e.g. teachers, mentors, parents, etc…) can be great supports for creating space for young people to participate in civic engagement. There are many specific ways adults can support the development of civic engagement actions, along with supporting young people valuing or viewing civic engagement as a priority. For example, one way to support engagement is through creating an open climate (e.g. in the classroom) where young people feel they can safely and bravely discuss their ideas and try out new ideas. Generally, it is important to lift up youth voices, concerns, and priorities – advocating with them, actively listening to them and learning from them, and reducing any barriers to their meaningful participation (e.g. transportation issues, other adults or systems silencing youth involvement). | 542 | [
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Tomorrow is the day turkey must be gone!
Turkey Breast - What went wrong?
So What About The Turkey?
Thermometer - where to stick it in turkey?
Roasting turkey... on the oven rack?
Roast Chicken: What Temperature?
Questions about "The Bird"
How to smoke a turkey?
Price of Goose - What Happened??? | 77 | [
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Eagle Hospitality Trust raised US$565.8 million of gross proceeds from its recently completed IPO on the Singapore stock exchange and issuance of stapled securities to cornerstone investors.
The offering comprised the issuance of 580,558,000 stapled securities priced at 78 U.S. cents apiece.
Further, Eagle Hospitality Trust issued 144,870,000 stapled securities to cornerstone investors and 142,459,998 stapled securities as part consideration for the purchase of two portfolios from vendors.
In total, the company raised US$1.18 billion of proceeds via the offering, the issuance of stapled securities and the drawdown of US$507.5 million in debt facilities. Eagle Hospitality Trust disbursed approximately US$1.16 billion for the purchase of its initial portfolio and transactions costs, and held the balance of US$23.6 million for working capital purposes.
In a news release, Eagle Hospitality noted that it completed May 24 the acquisition of its initial portfolio and commenced trading in Singapore on the same day after closing its IPO, considered to be the largest on the city-state's bourse in 2019 to date.
DBS Bank Ltd., which is also one of the trust's cornerstone investors, was the sole financial adviser and issue manager of Eagle Hospitality's IPO.
The bank is also one of the joint global coordinators, joint book runners and underwriters of the offering, along with Merrill Lynch (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. and the respective Singapore branches of UBS AG and BNP Paribas. Deutsche Bank AG's Singapore branch and Jefferies Singapore Ltd. also served as joint book runners and underwriters, according to an earlier report. | 351 | [
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This is a formatted document for the purpose of easy access, printing and distribution to students for the purpose of analyzing documents in AP World History Courses. If you teach AP World, you are familiar with the use of primary documents for the purpose of document analysis. Many times these documents are in a document source book and have to be copied for distribution to students; or there are electronic versions where students must read the document on-line and submit answers. The service that I have provided for you is to simply format the document with the analysis questions into an easy-to access and printable document that can be readily printed for easy distribution to students. Document analysis questions are also included so that documents can be read and analyzed individually, in a pair-share situation or use in a Group setting.
Utopia (1516) Sir Thomas More 1910. Utopia. Edited by R. Robinson. New York: P.F. Collier & Son.
Sir Thomas More (1478-1535) was an English statesman and philosopher most famed for his execution for refusing to acknowledge the decision of King Henry VIII and the English parliament to act contrary to Papal decisions. More was canonized as a Roman Catholic Saint in 1935. More's Utopia was modeled after Plato's Republic. In this selection More describes the religious practices of the inhabitants of this isolated island. | 275 | [
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Economics for SSC topic Money and banking
economics for ssc
Money and Banking
- Money is the commonly accepted medium of exchange
- Economic exchanges without the mediation of money are referred to as barter exchanges
- facilitation of exchanges is considered to be the principal role of money,
- Money also acts as a convenient unit of account.
- The value of all goods and services can be expressed in monetary units.
- Money is not perishable and its storage costs are also considerably lower
- Money is the most liquid of all assets in the sense that it is universally acceptable and hence can be exchanged for other commodities very easily.
- Demand for money balance is thus often referred to as liquidity preference.
- People desire to hold money balance broadly from two motives.
- The Transaction Motive:
The principal motive for holding money is to carry out transactions.
- The Speculative Motive
- Money consists mainly of currency notes and coins issued by the monetary authority of the country (RBI).
- In India currency notes are issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), which is the monetary authority in India. However, coins are issued by the Government of India.
- Apart from currency notes and coins, the balance in savings, or current account deposits, held by the public in commercial banks is also considered money since cheques drawn on these accounts are used to settle transactions. Such deposits are called demand deposits as they are payable by the bank on demand from the account holder. Other deposits, e.g. fixed deposits, have a fixed period to maturity and are referred to as time deposits
- The value of the currency notes and coins is derived from the guarantee provided by the issuing authority of these items. Every currency note bears on its face a promise from the Governor of RBI that if someone produces the note to RBI, or any other commercial bank, RBI will be responsible for giving the person purchasing power equal to the value printed on the note. The same is also true of coins.
- Currency notes and coins are therefore called fiat money. They do not have intrinsic value like a gold or silver coin. They are also called legal tenders as they cannot be refused by any citizen of the country for settlement of any kind of transaction. Cheques drawn on savings or current accounts, however, can be refused by anyone as a mode of payment. Hence, demand deposits are not legal tenders.
- Money supply, like money demand, is a stock variable. The total stock of money in circulation among the public at a particular point of time is called money supply. RBI publishes figures for four alternative measures of money supply, viz. M1, M2, M3 and M4.
- They are defined as follows
M1 = CU + DD
M2 = M1 + Savings deposits with Post Office savings banks
M3 = M1 + Net time deposits of commercial banks
M4 = M3 + Total deposits with Post Office savings organisations (excluding National Savings Certificates)
where, CU is currency (notes plus coins) held by the public and DD is net demand deposits held by commercial banks. The word ‘net’ implies that only deposits of the public held by the banks are to be included in money supply. The interbank deposits, which a commercial bank holds in other commercial banks, are not to be regarded as part of money supply. M1 and M2 are known as narrow money. M3 and M4 are known as broad money. These gradations are in decreasing order of liquidity. M1 is most liquid and easiest for transactions whereas M4 is least liquid of all. M3 is the most commonly used measure of money supply. It is also known as aggregate monetary resources
Money Creation by the Banking System
- Various actions of the monetary authority, RBI, and commercial banks are responsible for changes in the values of these items.
- The preference of the public for holding cash balances vis-´a-vis deposits in banks also affect the money supply.
- These influences on money supply can be summarised by the following key ratios
The Currency Deposit Ratio: The currency deposit ratio (cdr) is the ratio of money held by the public in currency to that they hold in bank deposits.
For example, cdr increases during the festive season as people convert deposits to cash balance for meeting extra expenditure during such periods.
The Reserve Deposit Ratio: Banks hold a part of the money people keep in their bank deposits as reserve money and loan out the rest to various investment projects. Reserve money consists of two things – vault cash in banks and deposits of commercial banks with RBI. Banks use this reserve to meet the demand for cash by account holders. Reserve deposit ratio (rdr) is the proportion of the total deposits commercial banks keep as reserves
Keeping reserves is costly for banks, as, otherwise, they could lend this balance to interest earning investment projects. However, RBI requires commercial banks to keep reserves in order to ensure that banks have a safe cushion of assets to draw on when account holders want to be paid. RBI uses various policy instruments to bring forth a healthy rdr in commercial banks. The first instrument is the Cash Reserve Ratio which specifies the fraction of their deposits that banks must keep with RBI. There is another tool called Statutory Liquidity Ratio which requires the banks to maintain a given fraction of their total demand and time deposits in the form of specified liquid assets. Apart from these ratios RBI uses a certain interest rate called the Bank Rate to control the value of rdr. Commercial banks can borrow money from RBI at the bank rate when they run short of reserves. A high bank rate makes such borrowing from RBI costly and, in effect, encourages the commercial banks to maintain a healthy rdr.
- Commercial Banks accept deposits from the public and lend out this money to interest earning investment projects.
- The rate of interest offered by the bank to deposit holders is called the ‘borrowing rate’ and the rate at which banks lend out their reserves to investors is called the ‘lending rate’.
- The difference between the two rates, called ‘spread’, is the profit that is appropriated by the banks. Deposits are broadly of two types – demand deposits, payable by the banks on demand from the account holder, e.g. current and savings account deposits, and time deposits, which have a fixed period to maturity, e.g. fixed deposits.
- Lending by commercial banks consists mainly of cash credit, demand and short term loans to private investors and banks’ investments in government securities and other approved bonds.
- The creditworthiness of a person is judged by her current assets or the collateral (a security pledged for the repayment of a loan)
High Powered Money: The total liability of the monetary authority of the country, RBI, is called the monetary base or high powered money. It consists of currency (notes and coins in circulation with the public and vault cash of commercial banks) and deposits held by the Government of India and commercial banks with RBI. If a member of the public produces a currency note to RBI the latter must pay her value equal to the figure printed on the note. Similarly, the deposits are also refundable by RBI on demand from deposit-holders. These items are claims which the general public, government or banks have on RBI and hence are considered to be the liability of RBI
The Reserve Bank of India plays a crucial role here. In case of a crisis it stands by the commercial banks as a guarantor and extends loans to ensure the solvency of the latter. This system of guarantee assures individual account-holders that their banks will be able to pay their money back in case of a crisis and there is no need to panic thus avoiding bank runs. This role of the monetary authority is known as the lender of last resort
Apart from acting as a banker to the commercial banks, RBI also acts as a banker to the Government of India, and also, to the state governments. It is commonly held that the government, sometimes, ‘prints money’ in case of a budget deficit, i.e., when it cannot meet its expenses (e.g. salaries to the government employees, purchase of defense equipment from a manufacturer of such goods etc) from the tax revenue it has earned. The government, however, has no legal authorityto issue currency in this fashion. So it borrows money by selling treasury bills or government securities to RBI, which issues currency to the government in return. The government then pays for its expenses with this
money. The money thus ultimately comes into the hands of the general public (in the form of salary or sales proceeds of defense items etc.) and becomes a part of the money supply. Financing of budget deficits by the governments in this fashion is called Deficit Financing through Central Bank Borrowing
However, the most important role of RBI is as the controller of money supply and credit creation in the economy. RBI is the independent authority for conducting monetary policy in the best interests of the economy – it increases or decreases the supply of high powered money in the economy and creates incentives or disincentives for the commercial banks to give loans or credits to investors. The instruments which RBI uses for conducting monetary policy are as follows
Open Market Operations: RBI purchases (or sells) government securities to the general public in a bid to increase (or decrease) the stock of high powered money in the economy. Suppose RBI purchases Rs 100 worth government securities from the bond market. It will issue a cheque of Rs 100 on itself to the seller of the bond i.e. if a person or institution possessing the cheque produces it to RBI. RBI must pay equivalent amount of money to the person or the institution. The seller will deposit the cheque in her bank, which, in turn, will credit the seller’s account with a balance of Rs 100. The bank’s deposits go up by Rs 100 which is a liability to the bank. However, its assets also go up by Rs 100 by the possession of this cheque, which is a claim on RBI. The bank will deposit this cheque to RBI which, in turn, will credit the bank’s account with RBI with Rs 100.
The changes in RBI’s balance sheet are shown in above Table Total liability of RBI, or, by definition, the supply of high powered money in the economy has gone up by Rs 100. If RBI wishes to reduce the supply of high powered money it undertakes an open market sale of government securities of its own holding in just the reverse fashion, thereby reducing the monetary base.
Bank Rate Policy: As mentioned earlier, RBI can affect the reserve deposit ratio of commercial banks by adjusting the value of the bank rate – which is the rate of interest commercial banks have to pay RBI – if they borrow money from it in case of shortage of reserves. A low (or high) bank rate encourages banks to keep smaller (or greater) proportion of their deposits as reserves, since borrowing from RBI is now less (or more) costly than before. As a result banks use a greater (or smaller) proportion of their resources for giving out loans to borrowers or investors, thereby enhancing (or depressing) the multiplier process via assisting (or resisting) secondary money creation.
Varying Reserve Requirements: Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) and Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) also work through the rdr-route. A high (or low) value of CRR or SLR helps increase (or decrease) the value of reserve deposit ratio, thus diminishing (or increasing) the value of the money multiplier and money supply in the economy in a similar fashion
Sterilization by RBI: RBI often uses its instruments of money creation for stabilizing the stock of money in the economy from external shocks. Suppose due to future growth prospects in India investors from across the world increase their investments in Indian bonds which under such circumstances, are likely to yield a high rate of return. They will buy these bonds with foreign currency. Since one cannot purchase goods in the domestic market with foreign currency, a person or a financial institution who sells these bonds to foreign investors will exchange its foreign currency holding into rupee at a commercial bank. The bank, in turn, will submit this foreign currency to RBI and its deposits with RBI will be credited with equivalent sum of money. What kind of adjustments take place from this entire transaction? The commercial bank’s total reserves and deposits remain unchanged (it has purchased the foreign currency from the seller using its vault cash, which, therefore, goes down; but the bank’s deposit with RBI goes up by an equivalent amount – leaving its total reserves unchanged). There will, however, be increments in the assets and liabilities on the RBI balance sheet. RBI’s foreign exchange holding goes up. On the other hand, the deposits of commercial banks with RBI also increase by an equal amount. But that means an increase in the stock of high powered money – which, by definition, is equal to the total liability of RBI. With money multiplier in operation, this, in turn, will result in increased money supply in the economy.
This increased money supply may not altogether be good for the economy’s health. If the volume of goods and services produced in the economy remains unchanged, the extra money will lead to increase in prices of all commodities. People have more money in their hands with which they compete each other in the commodities market for buying the same old stock of goods. As too much money is now chasing the same old quantities of output, the process ends up in bidding up prices of every commodity – an increase in the general price level, which is also known as inflation. RBI often intervenes with its instruments to prevent such an outcome. In the above example, RBI will undertake an open market sale of government securities of an amount equal to the amount of foreign exchange inflow in the economy, thereby keeping the stock of high powered money and total money supply unchanged. Thus it sterilises the economy against adverse external shocks. This operation of RBI is known as sterilisation. Money supply is, therefore, an important macroeconomic variable. Its overall influence on the values of the equilibrium rate of interest, price level and output of an economy is of great significance.
Exchange of commodities without the mediation of money is called Barter Exchange. It suffers from lack of double coincidence of wants. Money facilitates exchanges by acting as a commonly acceptable medium of exchange. In a modern economy, people hold money broadly from two motives – transaction motive and speculative motive. Supply of money, on the other hand, consists of currency notes and coins, demand and time deposits held by commercial banks, etc. It is classified as narrow and broad money according to the decreasing order of liquidity. In India, the supply of money is regulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) which acts as the monetary authority of the country. Various actions of the public, the commercial banks of the country and RBI are responsible for changes in the supply of money in the economy. RBI regulates money supply by controlling the stock of high powered money, the bank rate and reserve requirements of the commercial banks. It also sterilises the money supply in the economy against external shocks.
Rate of Interest
Currency Deposit Ratio
High Powered Money
Lender of Last resort
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Idk, I think it's fine to go into a relationship with the expectation that it's temporary and mostly for fun. Especially when you're young. I think they're just saying that you shouldn't try to settle down until you've taken the time to explore what's out there.
Obviously there are exceptions. If you meet someone who completely blows you away, you definitely need to lock that down while you have the chance. I think it's more trying to speak to people who would waste like 5 of their prime years on a relationship that probably won't work long term just because they think they're supposed to, not because that's what they actually want.
The best time to explore is in your twenties. If you're not taking the opportunity to do that, it should be for a good reason. | 168 | [
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the characters canonically have things happen that aren't shown on screen. we can't say that it's never brought up again, only that we don't see it brought up in the ~130 hours we see of them in a *7 year journey*
that said, I wasn't that bothered by her choice. it's a military vessel. it's well within her authority to order someone to their death to save others. no different from ordering a crewman into a fire fight or restoring critical systems at the cost of their own life. that's what everyone (minus naomi and maybe kes) signed up for. | 128 | [
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You never know with cartoon artists. Maybe it's because artists are introverted. Maybe it's because the job takes a lot of time and so they don't have time to talk to real people.
Some people above mentioned Dilbert, in the context that it's more of "old man yells at cloud" nowadays, rather than "complaining about your boss", especially since it's unclear if an artist even works at an office or has a boss to take inspiration from.
Then there's been "Stay Still Stay Silent" where the author wrapped up second arc of the cool post-apocalyptic comic, and then made a one-shot "inspired by her newfound faith" about how christians and bible-readers are oppressed and not allowed to read their favourite bible anymore and the book gets constantly revised, and so all the remaining bible-readers need to get together, take their families, and go live in a happy place in the woods, further away from civilization with its evil internet and anti-bible politics and all that.
So like, that person's in a cult now.
And then there's absolutely Sinfest, somehow staying daily updated for decades now, has managed to swerve from just comedy (wannabe casanova idiot, god and satan, cute demoness/nerd romance, world is confirmed to be fantasy, and there's a Reality Hazard Zone where magic stops working, pig-man turns into a realistic pig, etc)
to parody-tier leftist caricature (incorrigible feminists on tricycles, fighting against satan literally running the world with flying spy cameras and Sex Robots as metaphor for oppressed and abused all the women, one girl changing her haircut and immediately becoming a lesbian, the dramatic love/hate story between Uncle Sam and Lady Liberty),
to far-right caricature (satan still running the world, but now instead it's trans=demons, vaccinated people go to hell, red pill delivery devices, smoke your copium to forget about pedophilic corporate elite and the batman-inspired two-faced president)
And it does that with zero hesitation, meanwhile some apolitical subplots just keep going with 0 change through the years. | 468 | [
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Parents often find it alarmingly difficult to make contact with teachers. Many are amazed to
discover that telephone messages they leave at the school go unanswered, and often assume (not unreasonably!) that the teacher is simply ignoring their requests. Not surprisingly, parental anger at this state of affairs tends to grow by the day.
Of course, from the teacher’s perspective, things look quite different. While a phone call may be the most convenient way for a working parent to communicate, school offices are almost perfect environments for mis-communication, and parental messages are often lost, misfiled or even absconded with deliberately. The likelihood of lost or inaccurate communication is very high.
If you are fortunate enough to have a teacher's e-mail address, take full advantage of it. If not, the best way to get important information to your child’s teacher is a written message, delivered by your child in a sealed envelope. Written notes are generally well thought out and detailed (unlike the typical phone message). Teachers can read them carefully and respond to them thoughtfully at calm moments.
Always be clear about the nature of the response you hope to receive and the urgency you feel about receiving it. If you prefer to be reached in a particular way – cell phone, work phone, written mail or personal meeting – specify that as well.
How long should you wait to send a second request? Two to three days should be sufficient time for a response.
Most teachers, like most workers, want to do their jobs well and that includes working with
parents to make a student's job easier. It is in everyone's best interests to maintain good
communications skills and by doing so you set a superb example for your child. | 356 | [
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INGRID FAN Special to The Standard
Plant-based eating has become very popular. A plant-based eater consumes mostly foods that come from plants, including vegetables, fruits, whole grains, nuts and seeds, and legumes including lentils, dried beans and peas. Some people choose to eat strictly a plant-based diet, but others may choose to also include animal foods like poultry, lean meats, and low-fat dairy products. However, these animal foods will typically only make up a small portion of the overall diet.
Why go meatless or restrict animal foods? Plant-based eating has been associated with a reduced risk of heart disease, diabetes and cancer, and can be helpful in maintaining a healthy weight. Eating more plant-based foods can also help the environment! Animal agriculture is a significant contributor to global warming and environmental damage, so reducing the demand for meat production can help reduce our carbon footprint.
You can meet all your nutrient needs by eating a plant-based diet, as long as it is properly planned.
When you are ready to add plant power to your next party, try including some of these ideas:
Vegetarian burgers. It is so important to include a protein source at every meal. When eating plant-based, protein should come from plant foods like nuts, seeds and legumes. So turn those beef burgers into black bean burgers instead! Find a recipe, or grab a prepared option at the store. You can also experiment with other meat substitutes, including tofu and texturized vegetable protein (TVP).
Veggie skewers. Much more than meat can be grilled on the barbeque. Try layering chunks of colourful veggies like onion, peppers, mushrooms and zucchini on a skewer for an easy side dish. Vegetables cook quickly on the grill, and do not need any marinade to make them taste delicious.
Grill your fruit. If you have never cooked fruit on the barbeque, you are missing out! The grilling process caramelizes the sugar in fruit, creating a decadent dessert that is rich in good nutrition. It’s easy to find locally-grown produce in your local grocery stores or at Farmer’s Markets, plus it’s a great way to keep your carbon footprint small support local farmers.
Bean-based sides. Take advantage of a variety of bean dishes at your next gathering. Blend them up into a hummus dip for veggies, add them as a layer to your nacho dip, or use them as a main in a six-bean salad.
Salads are also a great dish to serve with grilled meats. A cool and refreshing summer salad can become the main attraction of your meal! If you are new to plant-based eating, give this recipe featuring grilled chicken with a corn and black bean salad a try. Brushing the smoky-sweet barbecue sauce on near the end of cooking ensures it doesn’t burn on the grill and gives the chicken a nice glossy sheen. Sprinkle with sprigs of fresh cilantro and serve with plenty of lime wedges for squeezing over top.
For more recipe ideas, or to book a free consultation or grocery store tour, visit Ingrid at the local Zehrs Uxbridge or call 905-904-0190 or email her at: Ingrid.Fan@loblaw.ca for more information! She offers complimentary services, such as personalized counseling for individuals, couples, or families with specific conditions or needs, grocery-store tours for groups of all ages, meal-planning/recipe makeovers, educational cooking classes/workshops, and much more.
We reserve the right to remove any and all comments for any reason. Comments with swearing will be deleted without exception. | 774 | [
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Kerala Assembly saw unprecedented violence on Friday as Opposition leaders clashed with MLAs of the ruling Congress-led United Democratic Front, refusing to let finance minister KM Mani present the budget because of corruption charges against him.
The ruckus came after a dramatic night when Mani and some of his colleagues locked themselves inside the assembly to thwart the Opposition’s attempts to prevent him from delivering the speech. Members of the LDF also stayed inside the assembly overnight.
UDF members and security staff had to form a strong cordon to prevent the Opposition from physically obstructing Mani.
At a press conference later, Congress MLA K Sivadasan Nair took off his shirt to show bite marks and a CPI (M) legislator alleged she was partially disrobed in the chaos.
Police used water cannons and lathis to disperse thousands of LDF workers who had laid siege to the building. An LDF supporter who had arrived for the protests died of a heart attack.
At least nine MLAs were injured in the chaos and many security personnel sustained minor injuries.
“It was a black day for the state. It is a shame the house turned a battleground. It is high time for the angry members to introspect,” said a visibly upset chief minister Oommen Chandy. Speaker N Sakthan said he would take action against the erring members who destroyed his chamber.
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<reponame>chamberone/Leaflet.PixiOverlay<filename>docs/data/leg-t2/062/06201085.json
{"nom":"Basseux","circ":"1ère circonscription","dpt":"Pas-de-Calais","inscrits":129,"abs":44,"votants":85,"blancs":3,"nuls":8,"exp":74,"res":[{"nuance":"MDM","nom":"<NAME>","voix":62},{"nuance":"FN","nom":"<NAME>","voix":12}]} | 134 | [
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Flat desk inlaid with violet wood quartets...
Flat desk inlaid with violet wood quartets in curling frames of the same species; in a moving shape, the top is surrounded by a bronze corbin; it opens with three drawers and rests on arched legs.
Havana leather tray decorated with golden vignettes. | 74 | [
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Building a Connected World
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Sallie Krawcheck (AB ’87) has experienced her share of highs and lows during her 25 years in business.
She went from being one of most powerful women on Wall Street – featured by Fortune and Forbes on their lists of influential women – to being fired twice, quite publicly, only to rise back to the top as the owner of a 30,000-woman-strong business network.
Krawcheck shared what she learned from her experiences at the eighth annual Carolina Women in Business conference at UNC Kenan-Flagler.
She began by saying that it was “good to be back home.” The Charleston native attended UNC on the oldest, most prestigious scholarship in the United States, now known as the Morehead-Cain. Attending UNC was the “biggest friggin’ deal of my life,” she said. After she graduated with a journalism degree and a second major in political science, she went to New York to work at Salomon Brothers.
She became chairman and CEO of Bernstein, and attributes her success in part to having a sponsor there who guided and invested in her. “He was my mentor, but more importantly he was my sponsor,” she said.
Sandy Weill, then head of Citigroup, hired her as chairman and CEO of Smith Barney, where she oversaw global wealth management and later served as CFO and head of strategy for Citigroup Inc. She left in 2008 after she pushed the bank to help clients who had lost money on investments sold as low risk investments.
In 2009, Bank of America named her as president to turn around the Merrill Lynch global management unit. When the CEO who hired her left the firm, she was left without a sponsor, which can be “very painful” for your career. She made her numbers and “kept her nose clean,” but the firm let her go in 2011.
Today, Krawcheck aims to help more women break into the upper rungs of business through Ellevate, a network that provides advice, connections and business opportunities. When women are in leadership roles, firms experience higher returns, lower risk, more innovation, less pay disparity, more focus – “only good things happen when a more diverse management team is in place,” she said.
Women face additional hurdles in business, she said, and “societal expectations can be huge.” Don’t take in media messages of perfection and “doing it all,” she warned. Figure out what you can let slide and recognize that your career is a marathon, not a sprint.
Krawcheck is “sick of people giving women advice,” so instead she shared 10 hard-won lessons.
Choose your husband or partner very carefully. If your home life is not set, it’s impossible to move forward.
Ask for the money. Men tend to make more money because they negotiate their salaries from the very start; women don’t.
Ask for the order. Women are often shy about pursuing business opportunities.
Get comfortable taking risks by understanding the downside.
Understand that life isn’t fair. Typically women are allowed a narrower emotional range at work. It’s not fair or right – you just have to navigate it.
But have a sense of humor about it.
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From the point-of-view of a person standing in a room where a vent is sending out warm air, there seems to be little difference between a heat pump and a furnace. The end result is the same: heated air. The two units, wherever they are housed, may make different sounds, but otherwise nothing else is.
There is an illusion however, that almost all furnaces and heat pumps are vastly different devices that operate on separate principles. We’ll go into a bit more details about the differences between the two comfort systems. We hope this will help you if you’re trying to make a choice between the two for your home. But to make a final decision, you should have expert guidance: Cool Touch Air & Heating. Our experience will help you decide if a furnace or heat pump is right for you.
Furnaces create heat and then transfer it to the air. In a general sense, they are similar to ovens in which they heat up the air using their fuel source. Most furnaces either use electricity or natural gas to create this heat. The heat is transferred to the air, and then fans blow that air into the ducts that send it through your home. Natural gas furnaces have to vent away the exhaust from combustion. All this occurs inside a single indoor cabinet.
Heat pumps do not create heat at all, however, they move heat from one place to another, using separate units: one indoors and one outdoors. The outdoor unit draws heat from the air, then transfers it indoors using refrigerant. The inside unit then releases the heat to the indoors, which blowers send through vents. Heat pumps use electrical power to run and do not create any emissions from burning fuel.
Perhaps the biggest difference between the two is that the heat pump can also serve as an air conditioner: if it reverses the direction of heat exchange, drawing heat from indoors and putting it outdoors, it will cool down the inside of a home. Furnaces will only heat, heat pumps can heat and cool.
They sound a bit too good to be true, don’t they? But heat pumps are not ideal for every home or every climate. Sometimes they have trouble providing enough heat, something at which furnaces excel. However, the easiest way to know which system will work the best for you is to consult with experts, such as those at Cool Touch Air and Heating |||PHONE_NUMBER||| ). Our specialists are devoted to bringing you the best comfort they can, and they’ll help you decide which one is best for your Phoenix, AZ home.
If your throat feels a bit dry or your skin feels itchy, scratchy and uncomfortable, it may have a lot to do with your indoor air – or what’s missing from it. Efforts to keep your home warm throughout the winter months may also remove much of the water vapor present in your home’s indoor air, effectively drying it out. Heavy use of your furnace can cause your home’s humidity to fall well below the 40 to 50 percent threshold needed to maintain a comfortable environment.
While too much moisture in your home can be a bad thing, the same goes for having too little moisture in your indoor air. A low-humidity environment not only causes dry and itchy skin, but it can also make you more susceptible to infections, as well as viruses that cause colds and flu.
Woodwork, hardwood flooring and walls can also crack, warp and shrink due to the lack of moisture in the air. The dry air also can cause an increase in static electricity, putting your electronics in danger, as well as giving you a nasty shock now and again.
Restoring your home’s humidity levels is simply a matter of adding more moisture to the air. Although everyday activities such as showering and cooking create additional moisture, installing a whole-house humidifier to your heating and cooling system is one of the best ways of managing your home’s relative humidity.
A whole-house humidifier accurately provides balanced indoor relative humidity levels based on outside temperature and indoor, allowing for just the right amount of moisture in the air for improved indoor air quality. These systems require only minimal maintenance and are relatively inexpensive to operate. If you just want to control moisture levels in a single room, a portable room humidifier is also up to the task.
For more tips on how you can improve your homes indoor air quality please visit www.cooltouch.us or call us |||PHONE_NUMBER||| .
You probably haven’t considered how important your ductwork is for your heating system. If it’s a gas furnace or a heat pump the reason people often forget about ductwork is because most of the ducts remain out of sight, hidden in walls, floors, ceilings, and rooms you rarely go in. Ductwork that suffers from leaks, bad connections, or poor construction, can have a large negative impact on your heater, possibly leading to it requiring repair.
Another problem with ductwork that can affect your heater is improper sizing. If the installers who put in your ducts in the first place picked the wrong size, too large or too small, your heater will struggle. Here are some of the heating repairs that we often encounter because of poorly sized ductwork.
If your ducts are too large, you’ll probably notice the issue right away, because the system will make noise from the restriction on the air flow. The reduced air flow from the constriction will build up pressure inside the ductwork.
If the ducts are too large for your heating system, they will cause low airflow, and this will result in uneven heating throughout your home, since the air will not reach all the vents.
Recent studies have shown that improper ductwork design can cause as much as a 60% loss in heating efficiency. This is not only bad news for your pocketbook, it’s also bad news for your heater, which will struggle to reach the temperature set for it and begin to degrade and age rapidly. This means more repairs to things such as motors, fan belts, and compressors. And it can also end up with a need for an early retirement for your heater and the expense of purchasing a new one.
Air moves from your central HVAC unit through the ducts into the rest of your house, exiting through the vents and warming or cooling your home in the process. In a perfect world, that wouldn’t be affected by anything else. Sadly, we don’t live in a perfect world. Leaks and contaminants spring up, reducing your system’s efficiency and lowering the quality of air in the process. You can address these problems with professional duct cleaning. Cool Touch has qualified technicians that can perform such operations, but it helps if you know what common duct contaminants to look for, and how they might affect your ducts’ ability to function.
Dust. The bulk of duct contaminants is dust, which gathers as air moves through the ducts. Over time, it builds up: passing into your home whenever you turn on your HVAC unit and lowering the quality of your air in the process. Dust can come from any number of places, and might include pet dander, tracked-in dirt and dust from your HVAC unit in particular. In Arizona, the sand and dust of the desert are a constant presence, and will invariably find their way into your ducts by hook or by crook.
Pollen. We don’t have as much of a problem with pollen here in Arizona as other parts of the country do, but local gardens can still produce pollen, and similar allergens can be found in duct systems as well. Check the conditions in your local neighborhood if this is a concern, and note the kinds or plants or trees likely to product airborne allergens.
Insect droppings. Bugs often thrive in out-of-the-way places in your homes, which includes the duct work. Over time, droppings from roaches, dust mites and other pests can accumulate in your ducts, then move through your household when the air blows.
Regardless of the source of contaminant, the Phoenix duct cleaning experts at Cool Touch can get rid of it with a solid cleaning. Once you know the common duct contaminants to look for, give us a call and let us get rid of them for you properly.
Just when you get through one hot summer and start thinking “thank God that’s over”….BAM, the cold winter nights hit you right between the eyes and your heater system fails.
Here at Cool Touch, there’s not one little thing we can do to brighten a cold Phoenix forecast. We can, however, make all the extra time you spend indoors that much more relaxing and stress free: and that’s with our home heating tune-up and inspection service.
Why You Need Cool Touch Home Heating Maintenance?
Since the average heating system lifespan is about 10-12 years, it needs all the help it can get to perform at its best.
Even if your system is relatively new, it still needs its annual check-up to continue to perform at the top of its game.
What Benefits Does a Cool Touch System Tune-up Provide?
We have other indoor air quality solutions we can tell you about, as well.
What Does a Cool Touch Heating System Tune-up Consist of?
For a nice and steady winter season, instead of one with lots of ups and downs, contact Cool Touch today to schedule annual heating system maintenance.
Could you imagine if air condition had not yet been invented, especially living here in the Phoenix heat during the middle of summer? It would be unbearable! I’m not one that sleeps well at night if I don’t have cool air blowing over the top of me and I certainly couldn’t stand trying to sleep in temps that exceed 80 degrees. I, and I imagine a lot of others, would be miserable.
The image below shows a home that was built in the late 1800’s. Back then people did not have the luxury of nice cold air circulating through their homes like we do today. They had to resort to other tricks to stay cool. Some homes were built with more windows and higher ceilings to allow air to flow through the house more freely and to avoid moisture from settling in rooms with no windows or low ceilings making household temps a bit sticky and warm.
Others, who did not have the luxury of owning a home with an abundance of windows and high ceilings resorted to building larger porches outside their front doors that wrapped around the house. The reason for porches, or bigger porches, was if it was a hot day, the family could spend the day in the shade on the porch and avoid their hot home until the sun set. Sometimes families would even set up cots on their porches and everyone would sleep out on the porch to keep cool.
People who had homes with no porches had other tricks up their sleeves in order to stay cool! Some did the obvious and went swimming all day to keep their body temperatures down while others decided to sleep the days heat away. They would wake up in the evening after the unbearable heat had given way to the cooler night air and be able to relax more. Many kept man made fans with them at all times trying to wave cooler air int heir faces with a flick of their wrist.
It wasn’t until around 1902 when the first machine resembling an air conditioning unit was built. The man responsible for this first version of an A/C unit was Willis Carrier. Born in Angola,NY in 1876, Carrier eventually moved to Buffalo,NY after graduating from Cornell University in 1901. As you can see Mr. Carrier dove right into his goals, and a year later, this first unit was created.
Soon afterwards, industrial buildings and hospitals started to adopt this technology in an effort to cool their works spaces and environments. The first person to air condition his private home was Charles Gates, son of industrialist and profligate gambler John Gates, who set up a cumbersome system at his house in Minneapolis in 1914.
During the 1920’s, specifically during the depression years, technology allowed A/C units to be made in smaller and safer versions. Even though this was a lot more convenient at the time, most places could not afford to have air conditioning. However, there was one type of business that saw a potential and rewarding investment in these new lines of A/C systems and that was movie theaters. Theaters across America thought since most places and people could not afford these cooling systems, if they made their theaters nice and cool, people would spend their money just to sit and watch movies all day long in the nice cool air. It was a huge success for the movie theaters.
Many of the central changes in our society since World War II would not have been possible were air conditioning not keeping our homes and workplaces cool. States like Florida, Arizona, Texas, Georgia, and Southern California all experienced significant growth during the later half of the 2oth century. It’s hard to imagine life without air conditioning.
The advent of air conditioning has shaped our homes and family lives. Houses are designed not for ventilation but for central cooling systems. Porches, where they exist, are relics of another age, and few new homes include them. Families gather inside, in the comfort of 72-degree living rooms, to watch TV. Would television have even gained its central place in American family life if the rooms from which we watch it were not so enjoyably cool?
As Americans think about reducing their energy consumption, many are considering keeping their air conditioners off. But air conditioners haven’t merely chilled the air around us — they’ve reshaped our infrastructure, our entertainment, and our habits. I don’t know about you, but thank God for Willis Carrier and those who came after him. If it wasn’t for nice, cold air flowing through our homes, I think the world would have gone mad by now.
During the summers here in Phoenix,AZ, most people spend between 60-90% of their time in-doors trying to keep cool. While spending time in the cool air conditioning, people are breathing air that is being filtered through their vents by their A/C system. Sometimes we forget to take the time and think about cleaning these vents and how important it is to breath in clean air.
Over time, dirt, dust, mold, debris and even animal droppings can begin to build up inside your home’s ventilation system. This in turn can contaminate the air from your heating or cooling system, spreading airborne particles throughout your living area. These pollutants can cause a number of health problems including aggravating allergy and asthma related symptoms. The best way to eliminate this problem is through ventilation cleaning.
Ventilation cleaning should be done on a regular basis as a part of regular maintenance. Signs that your ventilation system may be dirty include visible dirt or mold inside your ductwork, signs of pests or rodents living inside your ducts and unpleasant odors or excessive dust coming out of your heating registers.
Hiring a professional such as Cool Touch to clean and inspect the ductwork in your home can help improve indoor air quality, allowing you and your loved ones to breathe fresh, clean air. Make sure that the company you hire to handle the ventilation cleaning is fully licensed and insured. Consider asking for references from past clients, as well. The last thing you want is to hire a company that leaves your home a mess, or worse, causes damage to your ventilation system.
Along with cleaning your duct work, you may want to have the company clean and inspect the components of your heating and cooling system. Removing dirt and debris at the source is the best way to prevent it from being spread throughout your home. Blower fans, evaporator coils and air filters are all common trouble-spots for pollutants. Typically, if your vents are dirty enough to require cleaning, the rest of your system will benefit from cleaning as well.
Ventilation cleaning is an important part of making your home a comfortable, safe place to live. Taking the time to improve indoor air quality can help you and your loved ones breathe a little easier all year long.
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What Is Otosclerosis? In simple terms otosclerosis is caused by abnormal growth and development of the very delicate bone of the middle ear.Normally otosclerosis affects the very tiny stapes bone, though very occasionally the cochlea, which is found deep in the middle ear, just before the entrance to the inner ear. This bone breaks down and regenerates itself continually producing new fresh bone growth; it is thought that during the regeneration phase, a fault occurs resulting in abnormal bone growth that causes obstruction to the entrance of the inner ear.
This obstruction prevents the normal passage of sound waves through the ear compartments, which are normally flexible to sound waves, though with otosclerosis become static, resulting in hearing interference or hearing loss. This loss can be minor or severe and usually involves both ears, very rarely just one.
The main causes of this condition are largely not known, though experts believe that genetics can play a role as research has indicated that parents can pass down the condition to their offspring.Research has also indicated a link between measles and the development of otosclerosis though more research is needed in this area to confirm the exact link between the two.Otosclerosis seems to be twice as apparent in women than men, and affects mainly white middle-aged females; the reasons for this are not yet understood.
Sufferers normally present to their GP with hearing impairment that has usually deteriorated over time. The first stage of hearing loss due to this condition is the absence of the ability to hear low pitched or soft or muffled sounds.Along with the hearing loss, sufferers have also reported episodes of dizziness, lack of balance and tinnitus.
Once an ear health specialist has confirmed otosclerosis, thorough discussion will take place in order to ascertain the best treatment option. In some cases surgery will be indicated, though this is not without risks, all of which will have to be explained and considered before the patient can give informed consent. Associated risks include failure to correct the problem, long-term tinnitus or worsening of the hearing loss, in some cases total absence of the ability to hear.
If surgery is opted for, the usual procedure is called a stapedectomy during which the surgeon uses a prosthetic device to bypass the affected area allowing for sound waves to transmit throughout the ear without being obstructed.
If surgery is not considered, normally if the hearing loss is not severe, or other bony areas of the middle ear are involved, the use of a hearing aid may help to regain some hearing function. These devices should be prescribed and fitted by a trained professional, not bought from a newspaper or magazine as these are not true hearing aids, merely amplifying gadgets.
Otosclerosis can be very debilitating condition that can go unnoticed by the sufferer in its initial stages due to its development and deterioration over time.Any degree of prolonged hearing loss, especially of unknown cause, should be investigated by both a GP and a specialist in order to determine and treat the cause. | 612 | [
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] |
The Max Card is a discount card for families of children with disabilities and additional needs. It can be used at over 300 places in the UK. Just show the card when you enter to get free or discounted entry for up to 4 people. Local attractions include:
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NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms
The NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms features 8,370 terms related to cancer and medicine.
We offer a widget that you can add to your website to let users look up cancer-related terms. Get NCI’s Dictionary of Cancer Terms Widget.
- listen (jeh-NOH-mix)
- The study of the complete set of DNA (including all of its genes) in a person or other organism. Almost every cell in a person’s body contains a complete copy of the genome. The genome contains all the information needed for a person to develop and grow. Studying the genome may help researchers understand how genes interact with each other and with the environment and how certain diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease, form. This may lead to new ways to diagnose, treat, and prevent disease. | 179 | [
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] |
Aggressive Representation in Personal Injury, Accident & Wrongful Death
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Not on days, and on hours. Changes of a uterus during pregnancy of
In an organism of future mother happen numerous changes which allow to take out the child. But does not raise any doubts that the most considerable changes occur in a uterus - body in which new life develops.
A little physiology
the Uterus is a unique body which structure such is that it is capable to stretch and increase during pregnancy the sizes in tens of times and to come back to an initial state after the delivery. In a uterus allocate the most part - the body located from above and smaller part - a neck. Between a body and a neck of a uterus the intermediate site which is called an isthmus is located. The highest part of a body of a uterus is called a bottom.
the Wall of a uterus consists of three layers: internal - an endometriya, an average - a miometriya and external - perimetry (a serous cover).
Endometry - a mucous membrane which changes depending on a phase of a menstrual cycle. And in case pregnancy does not come, endometriya separates and allocated from a uterus together with blood during periods. In case of approach of pregnancy of endometriya it is thickened and provides fetal egg with nutrients on early terms of pregnancy.
the Main part of a wall of a uterus is made by a muscular cover - of miometriya . Due to changes in this cover there is an increase in the sizes of a uterus during pregnancy. Miometry consists of muscle fibers. During pregnancy due to division of muscle cells (miotsit) new muscle fibers are formed, but the main growth of a uterus happens due to lengthening by 10 - 12 times and thickenings (hypertrophy) of muscle fibers by 4 - 5 times which occurs generally in the first half of pregnancy, to the middle of pregnancy thickness of a wall of a uterus reaches 3 - 4 cm. After 20 - y weeks of pregnancy the uterus increases only at the expense of stretching and thinning of walls, and by the end of pregnancy thickness of walls of a uterus decreases to 0,5 - 1 cm
Out of pregnancy the uterus of the woman of reproductive age has the following sizes: length - 7 - 8 cm, the perednezadny size (thickness) - 4 - 5 cm, the cross size (width) - 4 - 6 cm. The uterus about 50 g weighs (at giving birth - to 100 g). By the end of pregnancy the uterus increases several times, reaching the following sizes: length - 37 - 38 cm, the perednezadny size - to 24 cm, the cross size - 25 - 26 cm. Uterus weight by the end of pregnancy reaches 1000 - 1200 without child and fetal covers. At a mnogovodiya, a mnogoplodiya the sizes of a uterus can reach still the big sizes. Uterus cavity volume by ninth month of pregnancy increases by 500 times.
What is considered norm?increase in the sizes of a uterus, change of its consistence (density), a form is characteristic
Of pregnancy.Increase in a uterus begins
in 5 - 6 weeks of pregnancy (at 1 - 2 weeks of a delay), at the same time the body of a uterus increases slightly. At first the uterus increases in a perednezadny size and becomes spherical, and then also the cross size increases. Than pregnancy term is more, especially noticeable is an increase in a uterus. In early terms of pregnancy often there is an asymmetry of a uterus, at bimanualny research protrusion of one of uterus corners is palpated. Protrusion arises from - for growth of fetal egg, in process of pregnancy progressing fetal egg fills all cavity of a uterus and asymmetry of a uterus disappears. By 8 weeks of pregnancy the body of a uterus increases approximately twice, by 10 weeks - by 3 times. By 12 weeks the uterus increases by 4 times and the bottom of a uterus reaches the exit plane from a small pelvis, i.e. upper edge of a lonny joint.by
For an assessment of situation, the sizes, density (consistence) of a uterus conducts two-handled (bimanualny) research. When carrying out bimanualny research the doctor the obstetrician - the gynecologist enters index and average fingers of the right hand into the woman`s vagina, and fingers of the left hand carefully presses on a forward belly wall towards to fingers of the right hand. Advancing and pulling together fingers of both hands, the doctor gropes a uterus body, defines its situation, the size and a consistence.
From the second trimester of pregnancy (with 13 - 14 - y weeks of pregnancy) the uterus goes beyond a small pelvis, and it is possible to probe it through a forward belly wall. Therefore since this term the obstetrician - the gynecologist measures uterus bottom height (VDM - distance between the upper edge of a lonny joint and the highest point of a uterus) and a stomach circle. All measurements register in the individual prenatal record that allows to track dynamics of growth of a uterus and to estimate growth rates. VDM is measured by a centimetric tape or a tazomer (the special device for measurement of distance between two points) in position of the pregnant woman lying on a back. Before measurement and survey it is necessary to empty a bladder.the following indicators of VDM are characteristic
Of the normal (physiological) course of pregnancy:
- in 16 weeks of pregnancy the bottom of a uterus settles down on the middle of distance between a navel and a lonny joint, VDM - 6 - 7 cm;
- in 20 weeks the bottom of a uterus is 2 cm lower than a navel, VDM of 12 - 13 cm;
- in 24 weeks a uterus bottom at the level of a navel, VDM of 20 - 24 cm;
- in 28 weeks the bottom of a uterus is 2 - 3 cm higher than a navel, VDM - 24 - 28 cm;
- in 32 weeks a uterus bottom in the middle between a navel and a xiphoidal shoot (the lower part of a breast), VDM - 28 - 30 cm;
- in 36 weeks the bottom of a uterus rises to a xiphoidal shoot and costal arches. In this term the highest arrangement of a bottom of a uterus is observed. VDM - 32 - 34 cm;
- at the end of pregnancy (in 38 - 40 weeks) the bottom of a uterus falls, VDM - 28 - 32 cm
at the same time influences height of standing of a uterus the size and the provision of a fruit, amount of amniotic liquid, polycarpous pregnancy. At a large fruit, twins, a mnogovodiya the uterus stretches more, and respectively, the bottom of a uterus will be higher. At slanting or cross VDM there can be less norm. Also it is necessary to pay attention that uterus bottom height at the same term of pregnancy at different women fluctuates on 2 - 4 cm due to specific features therefore at determination of term of pregnancy are never guided only by the uterus sizes. Also other indicators, such as date of the last periods, date of the first stir of a fruit, results of ultrasonic research are considered.
As a uterus estimates a condition?If in the first trimester of pregnancy the condition of a uterus is estimated by
at bimanualny research, then approximately from fourth month for an assessment of progressing of pregnancy and a condition of a uterus the doctor the obstetrician - the gynecologist uses four receptions of external obstetric research (Leopold`s receptions):the doctor has
- At the first reception of external obstetric research palms of both hands on the most top part of a uterus (bottom), at the same time VDM, compliance of this indicator to term of pregnancy and the part of a fruit located in day of a uterus is defined. the doctor moves with
- At the second reception of external obstetric research both hands from a uterus bottom to the level of a navel from top to bottom and has on lateral surfaces of a uterus then makes a serial palpation of parts of a fruit the right and left hand. At the longitudinal provision of a fruit on the one hand the back, with another - small parts of a fruit is probed (hands and legs). The back is probed in the form of the uniform platform, small parts - in the form of small ledges which can change the situation. The second reception allows to define a tone of a uterus and its excitability (reduction of a uterus in response to a palpation), and also a fruit position. At the first position the back of a fruit is turned to the left, at the second - to the right. by
- At the third reception the obstetrician - the gynecologist determines the prelying part of a fruit - it is that part of a fruit which is turned to an entrance to a small pelvis and the first passes patrimonial ways (more often it is a fruit head). The doctor costs on the right, face to face the pregnant woman. One hand (as a rule, right) carries out a palpation a little above a lonny joint, therefore, that the thumb is on one party, and four others - on other party of the lower part of a uterus. The head is probed in the form of dense roundish part with accurate contours, the pelvic end - in the form of the volume softish part which does not have rounded shape. At the cross or slanting provision of a fruit the prelying part is not defined.
- At the fourth reception the palpation (palpation) of a uterus is run by two hands, at the same time the doctor becomes facing the pregnant woman`s legs. Palms of both hands have on the lower segment of a uterus on the right and at the left, the extended fingers carefully palpate height of its standing and the prelying part of a fruit. This reception allows to define an arrangement of the prelying part of a fruit concerning an entrance to a small pelvis of mother (the prelying part over an entrance to a small pelvis, is pressed to an entrance, fell to a basin cavity). If the head predlezhit, then the obstetrician determines its size, density of her bones and gradual lowering in a small pelvis at the time of delivery.
very carefully and carefully as the sharp movements can cause the reflex tension of muscles of a forward belly wall and increase of a tone of a uterus.
In time carrying out external obstetric inspection the doctor estimates a tone of muscles of a uterus. Normal the wall of a uterus has to be soft, at increase of a tone of a uterus the wall of a uterus becomes firm. The raised tone (hyper tone) of a uterus is one of pregnancy interruption threat signs, it can arise on any term, at the same time the woman, as a rule, feels pains in the bottom of a stomach and a waist. Pains can be insignificant, sipping or very strong. Expressiveness of a painful symptom depends on a threshold of painful sensitivity, duration and intensity of a hyper tone of a uterus. If the raised tone of a uterus arises quickly, then pain or heavy feeling in the bottom of a stomach most often insignificant. At a long hyper tone of muscles of a uterus the painful symptom which was usually more expressed.
What is felt by the woman?Should emphasize
that at physiological pregnancy the woman most often does not feel growth of a uterus as process of increase in a uterus happens gradually and smoothly. At the beginning of pregnancy the woman can note the unusual feelings in the bottom of a stomach connected with change of structure of uterine sheaves (they “are softened“). At rapid growth of a uterus (for example, at a mnogovodiya or polycarpous pregnancy), at adhesive process in an abdominal cavity, at a deviation of a uterus of a kzada (most often the uterus is inclined kpered), in the presence of a hem on a uterus after various operations there can be pain. It is necessary to remember that at emergence of any pain the obstetrician needs to see as soon as possible a doctor - the gynecologist.many women feel by
several weeks prior to childbirth so-called fights - harbingers (Braxton`s fights - Hicks). They have character of nagging pains in the bottom of a stomach and in the field of a sacrum, have irregular character, short on duration or represent increase of a tone of a uterus which the woman feels as tension which is not followed by painful feelings. Fights - harbingers do not cause shortening and opening of a neck of a uterus and are peculiar “training“ before childbirth.
After the delivery
After the birth of the child and an afterbirth already during the first hours of the postnatal period considerable reduction (reduction in sizes) a uterus happens. Uterus bottom height during the first hours after the delivery makes 15 - 20 cm. Restoration of a uterus after the delivery is called involution. Within the first two weeks after the delivery the bottom of a uterus falls daily approximately by 1 cm
- B 1 - 2 - e days after the delivery the bottom of a uterus is at the level of a navel - VDM of 12 - 15 cm;
- on 4 - e days of VDM - 9 - 11 cm;
- on 6 - e days of VDM - 9 - 10 cm;
- on 8 - e days of VDM - 7 - 8 cm;
- on 10 - e days of VDM - 5 - 6 cm; - e days the bottom of a uterus is located
- on 12 - 14 at the level of connection of pubic bones.
to the sizes which were before childbirth, approximately in 6 - 8 weeks. The return development of a uterus depends on a set of various factors: features of a course of pregnancy and childbirth, feeding by a breast, age of the woman, the general state, the number of childbirth in the anamnesis. The uterus is reduced more slowly at women 30 years, at the weakened and multigiving birth women are more senior, later there are a lot of fetal pregnancy and pregnancies, complicated by abundance of water, at a miomematka, and also at emergence of an inflammation in a uterus (endometritis) during pregnancy, childbirth or the postnatal period. At the feeding women involution of a uterus happens quicker as when feeding the breast produces hormone oxytocin which promotes reduction of a uterus. | 3,045 | [
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This simple story, I Help by Caitlin Dale Nicholson touches on a number of core competencies including helping others and caring for the environment and well as the principles of respect for family and learning traditional knowledge from elders. Wonderful illustrations brought up lots of discussion. Kindergarten students created lego berry baskets complete with red rosehips. Our library also has the companion book I Wait.
Students in Mme. St.James’ class have been learnng about all of the dfferent ways the South Coast Salish Peoples used the Western Red Cedar and why it was called ‘The Tree of Life’. We focused on the patterns used on the baskets and were inspired by traditional designs to create our own baskets. We filled the baskets with a representation of the soft inner bark of the Yellow Cedar that was used for bedding and hung the baskets on our cedar tree.
Students in Mr. Gauvin’s Grade 4/5 class were encouraged to apply what they had learned about Coast Salish long house design to creating a much larger model in the Learning Commons. The students worked in teams with each group having different responsibilities. As the project progressed, students shifted teams so they could try different aspects of the building. It was a great success.
One team was solely responsible for cutting of tape ready to use. This made the process a lot smoother and helped prevent lost tape ends. Another team made the support poles with rolled paper and rafia.
Boxes of discarded books waiting for disposal were used as corner supports.
‘Smoke’ was added to the central post.
We did not have any good cutting tools so the cardboard was used as is.
This week, as part of our learning about ‘The Tree of Life’, some students created Coast Salish cedar boxes decorated with salmon images. We asked permission of Clayton Gauthier to draw inspiration from his wonderful book, The Salmon Run. Students painted their boxes, coloured their salmon and finished the box with Mod-Poge. We will be displaying these in the Learning Commons as part of our First Peoples in Residence week.
Painting the boxes – Dollar store and recycled cigar boxes
Colour and cut the salmon
Add the Mod-Podge. Dries clear and makes a shiny top coat.
Several classes have been working on creating these detailed Salish Long House models. After learning about the design, students were assigned individual tasks that would contribute to the whole. For example, one class contributed side panels, and another made roof panels or added entranceways. Some classes added the supporting poles with the ‘cedar’ twine and slowly the houses came together. The final class added the landscaping.
Building the roof panels.
Back and side panels.
Support poles (recycled chopsticks and raffia)
Students have been learning about some of the many ways the Coast Salish Peoples use the Western Red Cedar tree. We learned how the bark is removed from the tree and can be used for weaving. Students wove their own ‘cedar’ mat which we hung on our representative Western Red Cedar tree. (We used raffia and hung it on our Emerald Cedar tree.) | 659 | [
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Triangle Products and Square Sums
In this multiplication and addition worksheet, students find the value for each letter in the diagram using multiplication or addition to solve. Students write the values on the blank line.
3 Views 0 Downloads
Frog Garden Party! Toads and Triangles in the Math Garden
It's frog party time! With frog banners, frog juice, and a triangle hunt, your garden party is sure to be both entertaining and educational. The lesson connects geometry, earth science, and delicious snacks to teach kids about ecosystems...
4th Math CCSS: Designed
Area and Perimeter of Regular and Irregular Polygons
Extend young mathematicians' understanding of area with a geometry lesson on trapezoids. Building on their prior knowledge of rectangles and triangles, students learn how to calculate the area of trapezoids and other irregular...
3rd - 6th Math CCSS: Adaptable
Finding Areas of Polygons, Variation 1
An exercise in finding the area of polygons by decomposing into triangles and composing into rectangles is the focus of this resource. Make several copies of the worksheet for each participant. Ask learners to use colored pencils to...
5th - 9th Math CCSS: Designed | 257 | [
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That man is not the same gentleman as he was pre-timeskip. Sanji became a victim of Oda's projection of perverseness as a "funny" joke. Sanji is a lovable character and his redemption in WCI was so amazing but Oda takes 10 step back every time he writes him a pervert gag. If given the chance, I'd fight Oda in a ring match for the way he wrote Fishman arc Sanji and Punk Hazzard. Sanji telling Jinbei to kill himself and choosing to ignore the children asking for help is NOT his character. What was Oda smoking? | 130 | [
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Sierra Flora now accepts Corporate PayNow, an electronic fund transfer service that allows corporates to send and receive payments without the need to obtain or reveal any bank account numbers. This initiative provides you with a new avenue to further streamline your digital transformation via e-payments.
How do I pay Sierra Flora by PayNow?
select pay to UEN. Enter 202013343D. Do not choose mobile number or NRIC.
enter the exact order amount.
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Yes. Our QR code as seen below. Please remember to fill in your order number under the reference number.
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This is not necessary. The bank will notify us if the PayNow payment is successful. But if you did not put in your order number, please drop us a message on Facebook Messenger so that we could match your payment, and avoid unnecessary delays.
What do I do after successfully completing the PayNow payment?
Your banking app will provide you with a payment receipt or acknowledgement of completed transaction. Please kindly take a screen shot or retain a copy of the payment screen as proof of payment. | 280 | [
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What is this calculator for?
The aim in analysing split test data is sorting out
- the signal on which you can act
- the noise of random variation.
Most split testing tools give you some variation on significance testing to do this job.
There are a number of issues with null-hypothesis significance testing, this wikipedia article give some good examples and references.
This calculator takes a different approach, A Bayesian approach can give you a good estimate of the probability that A beats B given the data you have – which is, after all, the business question!
The plots show the probability distribution of conversion rates, given the data. The probabilities of being the most successful version, displayed in the table, are based on a random sample of several thousand points within the distribution (monte-carlo method). For experiments that are close, you will notice the probabilities may vary slightly if you re-calculate.
The calculations depend on a few assumptions. In particular it is assumed that each trial has equal probability of success, so if something else changed during your experiment, it may throw out the results (such changes would also be a problem for simple approaches to traditional significance testing too).
Why use it?
A Bayesian approach to analysis of AB tests has many important advantages compared to approaches for estimating statistical significance.
It can often enable you to draw useful inferences, even where conversion rates and sample sizes are low.
- A weak signal – if that is all you have – is enough for some marketing decisions – you can make your own decisions about the level of confidence you need based on the business situation.
- If you have a strong signal, the answers this calculator gives you will be the same as you get from significance testing.
Measuring conversions – not micro-conversions
One particular issue we see in significance testing for online split testing is what you choose to measure as a conversion – we’ve had clients who were advised to measure only the immediate click-through-rate relating to their variations (the micro-conversion), rather than final conversion, because the tests would “reach significance faster”.
We think that is highly dangerous – in optimising for a micro-conversion you can easily damage your ultimate conversion rate. The point of split testing is to improve conversion – statistical significance is, at best, a tool not an objective!
That’s where the approach of this calculator comes into its own – extracting business meaning from weak signals such as
- conversions too rare to reach significance
- low traffic
- optimising for a smaller segment (eg mobile)
You can use the calculator on its own, or as an adjunct and cross-check of the numbers you are getting from your split-test tool.
Reading the graph
The graphs show a probability distribution for the conversion rates of each variant.
- The horizontal axis is conversion rate expressed as a percentage.
- The area under the curve between any two points on the horizontal axis represents the probability that the conversion rate lies between those points.
- The vertical axis shows a scale that makes the whole area under each curve integrate to 1 – so that the area represents probability.
The spread of the curve represents how precisely the experiment has measured the conversion rate.
The extent to which the areas under the curves overlap corresponds with your experiment not separating the probable conversion rates.
- If the means are reasonably well separated but the curves are wide, you need more trials.
- If the means are very close together and the curves are getting quite steep, there probably isn’t much difference between A and B in terms of conversion rate.
You will see that as your number of trials and conversion increases up, the sharpness, and hopefully separation, of the peaks increases. What you are aiming to achieve is a clear signal of well separated peaks.
Assumptions and the maths
The calculation assumes that you are measuring a variable that has only two values: success and failure, and that the assumptions of a binomial distribution apply.
The posterior probability is a beta distribution.
A uniform prior probability is assumed.
Technology
The distribution is calculated and plotted using the jStat javascript statistical library.
Other References
- Bayesian A/B testing with theory and code – The Technical
- Random inequalities V: beta distributions John D. Cook
- Book: Bayesian Statistics: An Introduction Peter M Lee. (avail Amazon UK) – an approachable introduction and the the first dead-tree book I’ve been compelled to buy for while!
- Christopher Lee’s Lectures on Vimeo – a great introduction
Next steps
Looking at analysis where the variable in question is not binary, for example, spend-per-customer or time-on-site
44 thoughts on “AB split test graphical Bayesian calculator”
This is really great. Thanks for posting. I was curious if you had any thoughts on the best way to split test when revenue per view is the defining metric? Higher success rates is one part of the story, but when you have revenue differences among the treatments it ads another level of complexity. Would simply a comparison of means be sufficient?
Thanks Justin. This is a really interesting question – the calculator here only works for yes/no type variables so far, and we can expect the distribution of revenue per visit to be different.
I think you need to be careful with a simple comparison of the means, especially if your sample is not very large. Without some mathematical analysis it’s very hard to know if how much of the difference is likely to be random variation.
I’m going to need a bit of time to work up an answer. In the interim if anyone has one please post.
Thanks! Looking forward to your answer.
Would you be willing to share the math behind your calculations in the tool? Additionally, I’m interested in your thoughts on Rev/Visit as a metric and how to calculate a probability of success.
Great post and tool though.
Good questions: very happy to share. I’ve sent an email, and restored the links to sites showing the maths. (I accidentally knocked these off the post in an edit a while ago, so very glad you asked this question!)
This is very interesting. Can you please share a link or files that show all the math behind that calculator.
Hi Mayuri,
Thanks. Good question.
Here’s a few links –
Sergey Feldman shows the working here, under ‘Binary AB tests’, with some good links in there too. He’s doing things essentially the same way, and he shows the maths as well as python code for doing the numerical comparison between the beta distributions
Wikipedia has an excellent article on the beta distribution:
Finally, if you want to see the derivations, Evan Miller has a great post here:
Justin
This is very interesting. I recently studied Bayesian at Carnegie and it feels to great to see it practically implemented. Could you share the calculation behind it ?
your first link (The Technical) gives me a web site that seems to be decommissioned. Like Kartik, I am eager to compare your math to mine…
This is fantastic. Boy, would I sure love a tool that measured the statistical significance in regards to revenue/visitor. It has been a year since this post. Have you come up with any innovative and creative ways to measure the confidence in a test involving non-binomials? Thanks for this article!
Apologies for the long delay Johnny, I finally have a good answer for this, thanks to Sergey Feldman at RichRelevance and his article Bayesian A/B Testing with a Log-Normal Model.
He also has a really great explanation of the maths for Bayesian A/B Tests, which accords with the method in use in this calculator.
Thanks Justin. Super interesting.
How do you calculate the “Aprox probability of being best”?
I’ve reviewed the excellent posts you’ve referenced.
Many thanks
Mark
Thanks Mark. The ‘probability of being best’ is calculated using a monte carlo approach.
The displayed curves represent the probability distribution of the conversion rate for each version measured: A, B and optionally C & D. The code generates random points that follow the same probability distributions (using jStat). So I get it to generate one random point for each distribution, then look to see which has the highest conversion rate, repeat 5,000 times, and report the proportion of wins for each distribution. My code for this is visible in this js file.
This is the same method that Sergey Feldman implements in Python here.
Many thanks Justin! Super useful.
Justin, this is truly fantastic. I’m a bit confused about something, though. In another article, I read that the Bayesian approach used Anscombe’s method which provides a formula to determine the stopping point of an experiment. I can’t type it here, but its variables are: y is the difference between results of A and B, k is the expected number of future users who will be exposed to a result, and n is the number of users who are exposed to the test so far, and Phi-inverse is the quantile function of the standard normal.
Since you don’t use any such variables, are you using the Bayesian approach? Or is Anscombe’s method just part of the Bayesian approach that allows you determine when its ok to stop the test?
Finally…this is probably a very dumb question….am I safe to assume its ok to stop the test when your calculator “Aprox probability of being best” reads 100% and 0%?
Thanks!
Thanks Kevin – really interesting question.
As I understand it Anscombe described a method for choosing the optimal stopping time in a Bayesian trial. When to stop is a really important issue in applications such as clinical trials, and even some marketing applications, where you need to optimise quickly and balance the desire for certainty against the need for speed. I’d be interested to see the article you mention!
However, this calculator leaves the question of stopping up to you. I think in most marketing situations you want to consider quite a few business factors as well as the posterior PDFs you are seeing, for example:
I think you can stop if you get to 100%, and often before – 100% certainty is nice if you can get it, but in practice your A and B are often not all that different, and in some cases you can make a decision on much less.
The nifty thing about the Bayesian approach is, at any point in the test, that you can see the relevant probability (ie is A better than B) based on the data collected, and factor that into what’s ultimately a business decision.
Yeah, I should have given the reference. The article is at
Thank you for the comprehensive answer. So if I understand it, the Bayesian approach is to use the statistical likelihood to make a decision when to stop the test?
Sorry for my slow reply Kevin. It’s an interesting question. Probably splitting hairs, but I don’t think I would say that the Bayesian approach is to “use the statistical likelihood to make a decision when to stop the test” – although I don’t think that’s incorrect. What’s essentially Bayesian about this calculator is the maths that gets you to the probability distribution – well explained by Sergey Feldman here. There are Bayesian approaches to the question of when to stop. However, I haven’t really considered them here.
One last thing….is your calculator here similar or the same as a Chi-Squared Test?
Not really – I think Chi-Squared is generally about the sample distribution of test statistics – used for hypothesis testing and checking for fit to a distribution. This is a different approach to a related question.
How did you calculate “95% chance conversion rate between” confidence interval?
Hi Brian,
The interval is where the tails of the cumulative distribution function (CDF) are 2.5% – so jStat does all the work to get the CDF.
Justin
Tails of the CDF or the PDF (which is what you have plotted, above)?
Thanks
Hi,
Thanks for uploading this, it’s very useful. Is there any way to recreate this formula in excel? I would be very appreciative if you knew of any resource you could point me in the direction of which would show me how to set this up in excel.
Thanks
Justin —
Do you know why the calculator does not display anything if you make the trials number large? My sense is that there are some NaN or divide by zero errors occurring. Question — how would one get around this considering number of data points drives the solution.
Yes – sorry about that – it’s a problem with the jstat library not liking beta distributions with large parameters. I see that they have recently fixed this, and I am working on a new version using the latest jstat.
Hi Justin, this is a very useful tool and extremely interesting article thank you very much. I will definitely be using this tool to analyse my conversion tests. I also test where I need to compare averages rather than conversion rates, so you know of a calculator I could use for those tests that uses the same Bayesian theory you have used here?
Thanks Craig. I don’t know of a calculator that will work straight off the shelf.
If you are looking at the average of a variable where the underlying distribution is log-normal (eg revenue and time on site can often be modelled as log-normal) then Sergey Feldman’s post gives you the maths (math if you are American!) and code in python.
I am still aiming to get something working here, but struggling to get time!
Hi Justin! Thanks for this tool. Is there a way to add on a version “E”? Or any more for that matter? I have data from 5 versions and I would like to compare them all.
Hi Crystal,
Sorry for my very slow reply. There’s a version you can run locally in a browser in this Github repository:.
If you have some JS skills you can probably see how to modify the pagefunctions.js and the html file to add more test variants – it was built with that in mind.
Justin
I input 89 trials, 10 successes, and 67 trials, 1 success. If I keep clicking calculate sometimes I get 99% for the first variant, and sometimes I get 100%. So the answer keeps changing. Do you think this is a rounding issue? Thanks.
Hi Eric,
Thanks for the comment. Yes – I think this is a combination of sampling and rounding issues. The probability is computed using a monte carlo approach, so it can give very slightly different answers on different runs, when this is rounded to a whole number percentage, it can appear to move quite a long way. I suppose I could expose a couple of decimal places, but I don’t want it to look like it’s more precise than it actually is.
Justin
Sounds good. Thank you, Justin.
Thanks for building this tool, Justin. Have you considered adding options to set the priors and consider the minimum effect size? I recently built a calculator that allows users to do that (see and discussion at). It’d be great to get your feedback, given your experience supporting people who use your calculator.
Thanks Yanir – I’ve had a quick look at your calculator and it looks great! It’s so good to see this approach spreading and I think your work will really help.
I’ve been thinking of doing a version that exposes more options (as well as updating the look a bit). I’ve been trying to think of a way of gathering useful priors that doesn’t involve major conceptual leaps by the end-user – I’ve found this tricky. I’ll be keen to hear how your setup goes.
I’m also keen to get back in touch once I’ve had a closer look at your calculator
HI Yanir
Thanks for building this tool. This calculator is awesome and very flexible.
With limitations on sample size, more and more people are bending towards Bayesian approach these days. It would be great if there are options to include multiple variants.
Hi Justin!
Firstly, thanks for building this awesome tool for A/B split-testing. It has helped a lot in my work to be able to get a good estimate on how should I optimize my campaigns.
Secondly, I am facing a problem currently, which is that the cost per trials is not the same between each set. Therefore the “conclusion” calculated would not be an accurate estimation. Is there a way to work around this? I’ve seen comments above years ago talking about revenue/view. How could I use that metrics & what’s the way to incorporate into this calculator?
Looking forward to your kindest reply.
Best Regards.
Hi Zeth,
Thanks very much for the comment. Interesting problem!
If I have understood properly, then I think the general Bayesian approach is to work out a loss function for each branch of the test – this combines the expected conversion, the uncertainty around that, and the expected cost with its uncertainty, into one equation, which gives you a distribution of expected utility for each option.
Unfortunately, this is way beyond the scope of this calculator, and it’s going to depend on the specifics of your situation such as the distribution of profit (eg does the revenue per transaction vary, and in what way) as well as cost.
If you’re only seeing a small variance in conversion, and that is still going to make a substantial difference to your bottom line, then I’d suggest talking with a mathematician – email me if this is the case, and I can put you in touch with people with relevant expertise.
Otherwise, you may be able to reason through to a decision based on some simplifying assumptions – eg have a look at the observed distributions of transaction amounts and see if there is much variation between the test branches, if not, and if the conversion rates probability distributions are well separated, then it may be reasonable to simply calculate the overall cost and benefit based on the expectation conversion rates, and have a look at those. Email me if you’d like to discuss in more depth.
Justin
Hi, I have already email you through the Contact Us Form (). Would like to discuss with you in depth on the problem I’m facing and hopefully you could give me some advise on how should I proceed. Much thanks!
Zeth
Justin – this is a fabulous tool and I just love using it! Thank you for making it available! Do you think you’d be able to add a cost weighting dimension at some point? Is that even possible?
I like many others, use your tool for split testing marketing campaigns. While understanding from a small number of trials which campaign is more likely to have a higher conversion rate is incredibly useful, often the cost of each campaign per trial is different. It’s a no brainer when they cost the same or the worse CTR is more expensive. But what to do when the cost is the other way? Is there a way to factor in cost somehow in a bayesian manner?
Hi Adam – thanks! Good question. There is a way to factor in costs in a Bayesian way. In terms of the maths, it’s a very similar question to Zeth’s one about accounting for differences in revenue for split test branches, and I think a similar answer applies
In general the approach would be to produce functions that give the distribution of costs minus rewards with conversion rate as a parameter. Then see how this varies between the split test options given the evidence of the test. You arrive at a probability distribution of value for each branch of the split test, so they can be compared in terms of likely $. Fortunately, numerical approaches and tools make the maths of this approach feasible.
However, unfortunately, there are so many options for how costs and rewards could be structured that (so far) I can’t figure out how to a make a tool for it that would generic enough to cover many situations, and still be manageable to build and use.
We can do this case-by-case, but we need quite a lot of specific information about the business situation to build the model and help interpret the results.
Great tool, using it now. We use optimizely to stage our site tests – any cautions around not using their numbers instead of your calculator (which logically and through your discussion I prefer.) Tried to figure out optimizely and the best I can surmise is they use old school split tests. Thanks again for putting your work out there.
Hi Matt. Thanks!
In the years since I first published this, Optimizely have done some great work on stats and their stats engine. They now take a hybrid approach – see. I’m not qualified to comment on the quality of the maths, but I can say that they’ve published it and had it reviewed, which is more than can be said for some others. I certainly wouldn’t caution against using their numbers
Hopefully this approach gives another perspective which can be really useful in the case of low traffic or rare conversions.
Thank you for making this calculator available!
Would you explain what you mean by “A uniform prior probability is assumed.”?
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1701,
459,
653,
41540,
1413,
4972,
30,
128001
] |
Therefore, PTSD should be diagnosed only when the individual experiences impairment or distress associated with the following symptoms in the aftermath of the traumatic experience:
- Intrusions, including recurrent, involuntary, distressing memories or dreams related to the traumatic event, flashbacks in which the individual feels or acts like the traumatic event is reoccurring, intense or prolonged emotional distress in response to reminders of the traumatic event, or strong physiological reactions to reminders of the traumatic event.
- Avoidance of reminders of the traumatic event, including avoiding distressing thoughts, feelings, or memories related to the traumatic event, or avoidance of external situations (e.g., people; places) that are associated with the traumatic event.
- Negative changes in thoughts or moods following the traumatic event, including at least two of the following:
- Amnesia for important parts of the traumatic event (not explained by use of substances or head injury sustained during the trauma)
- Exaggerated and persistent negative views of oneself, others, or the world (e.g., “I can’t trust anyone,” “I’m damaged,” “the world is a dangerous and scary place”)
- Persistent and distorted blaming of oneself or others for the trauma
- Persistent negative emotional state (e.g., persistent fear, shame, or anger)
- Significant loss of interest or reduced participation in significant activities
- Feeling detached from other people
- Persistent inability to experience positive emotions (e.g., happiness, satisfaction, or love)
- Changes in autonomic arousal or reactivity following the traumatic event, including at least two of the following:
- Irritability or angry outbursts
- Reckless, impulsive, or self-destructive behavior
- Exaggerated startle response
- Impaired concentration
- Sleep disturbances (e.g., difficulty falling asleep; disrupted sleep)
Many of these symptoms are normal responses to traumatic events, and will remit over time. Therefore, PTSD is diagnosed only when the symptoms last one month or longer and lead to clinically significant distress or impairment. Symptoms do not need to occur immediately following the trauma for a PTSD diagnosis to be warranted. Some individuals experience a delayed onset of PTSD, in which symptoms do not begin until weeks, months, or longer following the trauma. The specifier “with delayed onset” is applied when symptoms do not reach full diagnostic criteria until 6 months after the trauma.
PTSD may also be specified as occurring “with dissociative symptoms.” Dissociative symptoms can include depersonalization, in which the person feels detached from him or herself or as though he or she is “out of body” in some way, or derealization, in which the person experiences his or her surroundings as dreamlike or unreal in some way. | 591 | [
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Over 30 million Americans have some degree of hearing loss, and the causes for it vary from person to person. The majority of people with hearing loss rely on hearing aids to improve their hearing. About 70% of hearing aid wearers have hearing loss in the “mild-to-moderate” range. Many of the remaining 30% have hearing loss that falls into the “severe-to-profound” category.
Measured in degrees, hearing loss is divided into levels that are based on a person's auditory thresholds, or the softest sounds (decibels), they can hear.
Although 90% of hearing loss is successfully treated with hearing aids and amplification, people living with severe-to-profound hearing loss may experience additional challenges.
|Hearing||Degree of Loss||Impact|
|Normal Hearing||0 to 25 dB||Hearing is considered normal|
|Mild Hearing Loss||25 to 40 dB||Difficulty hearing soft speech in noisy situations|
|Moderate Hearing Loss||40 to 60 dB||Difficulty hearing moderate speech when background noise is present|
|Severe Hearing Loss||60 to 80 dB||Difficulty hearing loud speech, but heard if amplified|
|Profound Hearing Loss||80 dB or more||Difficulty hearing and understanding, even with amplification|
Hearing well depends on tiny nerves called “hair cells” (because of their shape and appearance), that are found within the cochlea in the inner ear. There are two types of hair cells—inner hair cells and outer hair cells. Inner hair cells sort and transmit various frequencies, or pitches of sound, while outer hair cells enhance the transmission of soft sounds.
People living with mild-to-moderate hearing loss have lost their outer hair cells, and have trouble understanding softer speech, such as the voices of women and children.
Severe hearing loss is more complex. With the loss of both inner and outer hair cells, people lose the ability to distinguish sounds of different pitches from one another. This adds an element of distortion to the hearing loss. In fact, a common observation from patients with severe-to-profound hearing loss is that hearing aids make sounds easier to hear, but not always easier to understand.
Trained and licensed hearing care professionals can tell you whether your hearing loss falls into the severe-to-profound category. If so, hearing aids will not totally restore your natural hearing, but can be of great help. Your hearing care professional will interpret the results of your hearing test and work with you to fit a hearing device with the appropriate features. Typically, Behind-the-Ear (BTE) hearing aids are the standard choice for severe-to-profound hearing loss because they supply more power.
Digital hearing aids offer the advantage of sensing the overall acoustic environment, and automatically amplifying the sound in the right way. Additional assistance may be needed for telephone use, and it's common for those with profound hearing loss to also rely upon lip reading and/or sign-language.
If you suspect hearing loss, consult with a licensed hearing care professional to determine which treatment options are best for you.
Learn more about
the warning signs of hearing loss | 662 | [
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<issue_start><issue_comment>Title: Store block logs
username_0: **Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.**
<!-- A clear and concise description of what the problem is. Ex. I'm always frustrated when [...] -->
Import logs from block, example code:
```
// Block 89988
const { block } = await api.rpc.chain.getBlock("0xdf759b27b3ad24dcb1712bfc7461c053e46df6b59c08739040a216f81a592c7b");
block.header.digest.logs.forEach((log, index) => {
const { type } = log;
const [ [ engine, data ] ] = Object.values(log.toJSON());
console.log(JSON.stringify({
block: block.header.number,
index,
type,
engine,
data
}, null, 2));
})
```
**Describe the solution you'd like**
<!-- A clear and concise description of what you want to happen. -->
**Describe alternatives you've considered**
<!-- A clear and concise description of any alternative solutions or features you've considered. -->
**Additional context**
<!-- Add any other context or screenshots about the feature request here. -->
<issue_comment>username_0: Done<issue_closed> | 364 | [
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Prepara la pasta!
The program's goal is to introduce the historical and gastronomic foundations of the Tuscan cuisine. The day will start with the choice of the fresh and simple ingredients at the marketplace. Then, the teacher will show how to prepare the whole meal in Palazzo Borghese, via Pandolfini 27 in Florence, a lunch will be served, accompanied with local wines.
10:00 am Meeting point in front of Caffe Cibreo, close by the S. Ambrogio marketplace. Here the teacher will greet the participants and will guide them around this historical food market.
10:45 am - 11:00 am The group will walk back to the Palazzo Borghese.
11:00 am - 1:00 pm Participants will start the cooking class. They will stand around a large table, assembling flour and eggs to create the dough for "la pasta". | 189 | [
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SYDNEY FC coach Graham Arnold looks set for a double boost ahead of Saturday's A-League semi-final with Adelaide United.
Arnold has declared A-League top scorer Marc Janko (pictured) will be fit to face the Reds at Allianz Stadium, while Socceroo Terry Antonis is ready for his long-awaited return from a knee injury.
The midfielder has struggled with the injury since returning from Australia's triumphant Asian Cup campaign in January.
He hasn't played a minute since the Sky Blues' 5-4 win over Brisbane on March 15.
But Arnold has confirmed the 21-year-old has looked good on the training track and will play some part on Saturday.
Janko, who has been struggling with a shoulder complaint, is also fully fit, said the coach.
Victory's Brazilian star Gui Finkler says Friday's Melbourne A-League semi-final derby with City will be the biggest match of his time in Australia. | 203 | [
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Note: this post has been updated in February 2022.
What are Fats
Fats provide the highest amount of energy other than protein and carbohydrates and will act as an alternative source of energy in absence of carbohydrates. See dietary facts explained. Fat plays a vital role in brain development, blood clotting, controlling inflammation, cushion vital organs, provides insulation, serves as a precursor in the formation of bile salts and steroid hormones. Also, fats help in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (Vitamins – A, D, E, K). There are two groups of fats:
Saturated Fats are solid at room temperature and come from animal sources such as dairy products and eggs. Saturated fats raise LDL levels (bad cholesterol) and if you are on a plant-based diet you should eliminate all saturated fats period. Consuming saturated fats increases the risk of heart diseases, certain types of cancer and causes weight gain leading to obesity. Examples of saturated fats: butter, cheese, high-fat meat, milk products etc. Plant-based diets recommend that you use should avoid dairy and dairy milk.
Unsaturated Fats are liquid at room temperature. In plant-based diets, unsaturated fatty acids predominate. Unsaturated fat helps to lower bad cholesterol if it is used in place of saturated fats. Examples of unsaturated fats include foods that contain fats, such as seeds, nuts, seeds, avocados, olives, and oils from grains and seeds. If you are following the whole food Plant-based diet, you much be incredibly careful of oils. See the articles no more oils and olive oil myths.
Time to Act
Science confirms that a diet rich in whole, plant-based foods can help you live to the fullest. In fact, a growing number of physicians advocate a completely plant-based diet for many of their patients who suffer from diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. Two great sources:
The Forks over Knives plan shows you how to put this lifesaving, delicious diet into practice in your own life. This easy-to-follow, meal-by-meal makeover is the approach Doctors Alona Pulde and Matthew Lederman (featured in the documentary) use every day in their nutritional health practice—a simple plan that focuses on hearty comfort foods and does not involve portion control or worrying about obtaining single nutrients like protein and calcium.
Start Your Journey to Health
Join the Physicians Committee’s 21-Day Vegan Kickstart to receive meal plans, recipes, and advice from nutrition experts. This service is free and will help you take control of your health with a vegan diet The 21-Day Vegan Kickstart is supported by decades of research showing that a plant-based diet can help you reach a healthy weight and lower your risk for heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and other chronic diseases. Our low-fat plant-based recipes, developed by chefs, dietitians, and experts in vegan cuisine, provide nutritious meals that are both healthy and delicious. Within 21 days you will start to see results and won’t look back! via – 21-Day Vegan Kickstart
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Express your opinion.
If I can answer any questions or if you have an opinion that you would like to express, please let me know your thoughts by connecting with me below. | 722 | [
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Is that *really* different than before COVID? I've seen the term anti-vaxxers used for a long time before there were broad Government mandates for COVID and they often revolved around school mandates for vaccines. If you didn't get vaccinated, you didn't attend school. Some parents approved of some vaccines but not all, other parents were opposed to all of the vaccines and yet they still fell under the 'anyi-vaxx' umbrella.
So what exactly changed here that you're upset about? What are the terms to distinguish between someone who thinks ALL vaccines are bad (What I assume you think is a real anti-vaxxer) vs people who were vehemently opposed to school vaccine mandates and didn't want to get their children vaccinated?
.... I don't see this definition being anything new or different than how the term has historically been used. | 185 | [
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A Twist on Modern Instruments
Normally, you’d think that taking the strings out of a harp would be a downgrade. But in this article, Cornell student Alex Hatzis presents a system that does just that—replacing the harp strings with red lasers. Phototransistors are used to detect when the beams are intercepted by a person’s hand playing the harp, and some convincing real-time sound synthesis helps to create a new, high tech instrument.
My lab partner, Glenna Zhang, and I had the opportunity to work together on a few final projects during our time studying electrical and computer engineering at Cornell University. Even though those projects varied wildly in both design and complexity, we always tried to tie-in one thematic constant, something for which we both share a passion: music. The application of technology has already given way to a number of new ways to produce music. The unique sound of the electric guitar would not be possible without its amplifier, and computer synthesizers can replicate most instruments with remarkable accuracy, or can be used to produce entirely new sounds. Despite these advancements, we both feel that there is plenty of untapped potential for technology to change how we produce music. Our final project for the course “ECE 4760: Designing with Microcontrollers,” is now dubbed the “Laser Harp,” and it is one such attempt to tap into that potential .
Anyone equally interested in the world of technology and music will probably realize that our project is not the first device to be called a “laser harp.” While researching the idea, we found that laser harps already take on several different forms. The most common is a single unit placed on the ground that beams several coplanar, outward-fanning lasers toward the sky.
Our idea took closer inspiration from a display at a local museum, the Ithaca Sciencenter, which featured a traditional harp frame without any strings . However, if you ran your hand through the middle, sounds would play as if the strings were still present. Our project was our own take on this example. At the highest level, our harp can be broken into a few different subcomponents: the laser emitter and receiver subsystem, the string control/sound synthesis subsystem and the physical harp frame.
Our laser harp is extremely intuitive to use. A block diagram of the harp subsystems is shown in Figure 1. When powered on, the eight laser pointers built into the top of the frame illuminate. They emit visible red light, but the beams themselves are not visible without the use of a fog machine or something similar. The harp is small enough to rest comfortably in one’s lap (Figure 2). This is how we designed it to be played—instead of resting on the floor like a typical full-size harp. Each of the lasers is carefully aligned to point at its own dedicated phototransistor circuit, which allows us to tell whether or not the corresponding laser pointer is currently shining on it. These lasers represent the strings of the harp.
In the current implementation, each of the eight “strings” corresponds to one of the notes in a C major scale. By running your hand through the harp, the laser beams are intercepted, and the phototransistor circuits register this. The control system interprets which strings are being plucked, and produces the correct waveform to be played through a speaker connected externally to the harp using a standard 3.5 mm aux cable. The sounds produced have been designed to closely replicate plucked strings, and the result is quite pleasing to hear.
Not all the design choices we ended up with were obvious from the beginning, and the changes we made in response to issues we found along the way are responsible for a few of the most distinctive aspects of the final design.
Our initial design for the harp didn’t specify the use of lasers, because the display we were inspired by at the Ithaca Sciencenter didn’t have any lasers visible. Rather, our goal was simply to have invisible or intangible strings. Our first idea, and the first step we took in this project, was to try ultrasonic or infrared range sensors. This seemed like the obvious choice, because, even using units with mediocre accuracy, we would be able to easily register the presence of a hand in the harp. The issue arose when we began experimenting with the region of sensitivity, which, with most sensors of this type, extends outward like a cone. This meant that closer to the sensors, they were quite precise in telling whether a hand or finger was in front of them.
As you moved farther away from the sensors, however, the cone where the sensor could “see” became wider. For many applications, this would not be an issue, but when trying to emulate several slim strings running parallel to one another, this made differentiating among those strings very difficult. A person trying to play the middle string, for instance, might accidentally end up tripping the sensors both to its right and left. A conceptual comparison of different sensor detection areas is shown in Figure 3.
It was this concern that led us to begin experimenting with laser pointers. The pointers we chose were originally designed for pets, so they are not very high power. But their beam divergence was easily small enough for the dimensions of our harp. Each pointer we acquired was typically powered with a single AA battery, but the additional length added to accommodate the battery made it difficult to fit the pointers into the frame. We used pipe cutters to remove the section of the pointers dedicated to holding the battery, and soldered wires to the leads so they could be connected to a single power supply (Figure 4). Each pointer runs on about 150 mA at 1.5 V, and since we wired the entire string of eight in parallel, the line runs on 1.2 A at 1.5 V. In hindsight, this was not an optimal setup and required higher-gauge wire, but the power supplies in our lab still worked with this power draw.
The challenge then became that these lasers had no inherent way, as range sensors did, of telling if their beams were being intercepted, so a separate system was required for checking this. For this purpose, we opted to use BPW40 phototransistors, which have a maximum response around 780 nm light. This is slightly further than ideal from the 650 nm emitted by the lasers, but when properly aligned with the beam, we found the response from the phototransistor was still enormously pronounced. The change in the circuit’s voltage was so strong that we could almost treat it as a digital signal, but we still ended up working with it as an analog voltage for robustness. It did, however, make it much easier to differentiate between when the light on the phototransistor was on or off.
Each phototransistor was built into an extremely simple circuit with Vcc (supply voltage) connected to its collector terminal, and a 1 kΩ resistor to ground on its emitter terminal. When light shines on the phototransistor, current flows through it and the resistor, causing the voltage across the resistor to rise. This means that a high voltage at the node between the phototransistor and the resistor corresponds to a string not being plucked, since the beam is not being broken. Consequently, when a beam is intercepted, comparatively little light shines on the phototransistor, very little current flows and the voltage across the resistor falls. We correlate this with a string being plucked.
The full circuit schematic is shown in Figure 5. Each node between each phototransistor-resistor pair is connected to an eight-to-one, two-way analog multiplexer, the CD74HC4051E from Texas Instruments (TI). Analog multiplexers are much slower than their digital counterparts, but because the strings are used only for user input, this was not an issue. All eight phototransistor circuits are multiplexed to the same single ADC (analog-to-digital converter) on our microcontroller (MCU) board, which further simplified our design later on. We used simple I/O (input-output) pins to toggle the three address bits on this multiplexer and sequentially cycle through the phototransistor circuits—checking them one at a time. Using this method, the MCU was able to read more or less continuously from a single ADC, to determine which strings were being played and which were not.
We used a PIC32 MCU on a custom development board designed for our class, ECE 4760. If our software found that one of the polled strings had been plucked by the user, then the PIC would output the waveform corresponding to that string (or multiple strings) using the DAC (digital-to-analog converter) present on the development board. That DAC output would then be fed through a very simple, passive, RC low-pass filter with a cutoff frequency of a few thousand hertz. This filter was intended to reduce some of the quantization that is inherent in the DAC. Once past the filter, the signal was passed to a 3.5 mm audio jack, which could be used to play the sound on external powered speakers.
Perhaps one of the most distinctive aspects of our project is its visual design. The harp has a handmade wooden frame that is designed to house all the electronics. Spending as much time as we did on the physical aspects of the harp was certainly not our original intent, but it made for a far better result than we had anticipated.
The first prototype we created was a cardboard box with holes at the top for mounting laser pointers, and spots at the bottom for affixing the phototransistors. We quickly realized that this type of frame, or any frame made from a weak material, would not be suitable for our needs. The main issue we encountered was with aligning the laser pointers to the phototransistors. The very reason we chose to use them in the first place—their precision—was making it nearly impossible to set them up reliably. Not only did we have to align the laser pointers to have their beams land on the phototransistors, but also the phototransistors themselves have a sharp angular response curve and had to be angled precisely to get consistent, easily discernible data. The response of these particular phototransistors begins to fall off sharply after 15 degrees, and is almost nonexistent past 20 degrees.
These factors, combined, meant that the specifications we had laid out for our project demanded a much more robust frame. The frame would have to keep the parts aligned when stationary, and it should not wobble or flex significantly when held. We decided that wood was the easiest material to work with that met our requirements for strength and stability. We used a few pencil sketches and a rough idea of how large the harp should be to create a 3D CAD model of the current frame in Autodesk’s Fusion 360 (Figure 6).
We had limited woodworking experience, so we decided it would be easiest for us to represent the harp as a series of two-dimensional pieces that we could cut out of plywood. We achieved this by projecting several of the profiles on the 3D model into a flat .dxf file (Figure 7). This type of file would normally allow us to cut out the pieces using a laser cutter, but the plywood we chose was too thick to allow this.
Instead, we used the profiles we generated as guides to cut out the pieces manually with a jigsaw, and used wood glue to assemble the pieces into the full frame. We sanded the sides where the different pieces did not align well, and added wood filler, mainly to help with the aesthetics, but also to make the frame more comfortable to hold. The last step was to spray paint the entire frame gold, which again was for purely aesthetic reasons.
With the frame fully assembled (pre-assembly pieces shown in Figure 8), we were able to install the eight laser pointers into the topmost arch, which has a gap in it designed to house them. From here, they shine down to the trapezoidal sound box. Once the lasers were fixed in place, we drilled holes for the phototransistors in the sound box, permanently aligning them with the laser pointers. The rest of the electronics also fit into the trapezoidal section of the frame, making for an extremely clean final design.
Sanding and painting the frame, along with packing all the electronics inside it, made for a much more enjoyable user experience. The harp was actually quite easy and pleasant to use as a result of several of the functional decisions we made during the assembly process.
Many small components in the code ensure our harp is working as intended, but the most important parts can be broadly divided into two sections: string polling and sound synthesis.
String Polling: The string polling section’s most basic task is exactly what the name implies—it has one thread dedicated entirely to repeatedly checking the state of the laser strings. It uses the I/O pins RB3, RB10 and RB8 to set the address bits and toggle through the eight inputs to the analog multiplexer, reading the value passed through to the ADC for each address. The way this thread is written, it reads the value on the ADC before updating the address I/O pins and yielding from the thread. This gives the ADC more time to set up during the time that the thread is yielded, ensuring that each reading is accurate. When any of the strings is determined to be plucked, the polling thread sets a variable that lets the sound synthesis section of the code know which note to play. The code checks one string every millisecond, so all eight strings are checked every 8 ms, for a polling rate of 250 Hz. This is comparatively low, but more than sufficient for reading human inputs, while leaving enough CPU time for the real-time synthesis.
Sound Synthesis: The sound synthesis section is the key to our harp’s ability to create a convincing string sound in real time. We used the Karplus-Strong algorithm to synthesize our sounds. Karplus-Strong is a sort of “shortcut” for simulating an oscillating string using the wave equation .
The wave equation itself is a second-order, partial differential equation, which can be used to describe wave-like behavior in any situation by relating several of the features of the oscillating system. If we want to accurately model sound on a string, then the wave equation is the place to start.
The wave equation in this form describes the relationship among the curvature, vertical acceleration and horizontal velocity of the wave. The details of how to use or solve this equation are beyond the scope of this article, but the important takeaway is that using a solution to this equation, we can model a vibrating string.
The algorithm takes advantage of the fact that one possible solution to the wave equation is a travelling wave on a string:
Notice that the sin() function makes the wave equation periodic. When a wave travels along a string with fixed ends (that is, the ends do not move, as would be the case in a harp or other string instrument), it reflects and inverts upon reaching the end of the string (Figure 9).
We represented this behavior in the code using a circular buffer shift register, where the length of the circular buffer is analogous to the length of the string. Using this technique, we replicated the periodic nature of the travelling wave. We started with two buffers travelling in opposite directions, with a factor of -1 applied at both ends to represent the waves being inverted at a fixed end of a string (Figure 10). Any real string has a certain “resonant” frequency. When a string is plucked, energy is added to it in the form of noise comprising all frequencies. All other frequencies die out as the resonant one lingers, which gives each string its distinct tone. The resonant frequency for each of our simulated strings is defined by the length of the buffer. Because a larger buffer means that it takes more time for the travelling wave to traverse it, a larger buffer corresponds to a lower frequency.
To begin implementing this in the code, we set up a hardware timer interrupt to run at 20 kHz, which is our synthesis frequency. The buffers shift their entries each time the interrupt from the timer occurs. These multiplications at the ends of the buffer commute to form a single buffer, cycling in one direction without any inversions. To set the length of the buffer for a certain note, we divide our sampling frequency by the frequency of the note we want to play. At a high enough sampling frequency, this circular buffer could always have an integer number of cells, but for most typical synthesis frequencies—in our case 20 kHz—we require a fractional number. For example, to play a C4 note (261.6 Hz) at a synthesis rate of 20 kHz, we would need 76.45 cells. This means that in addition to the 76 integer locations in our circular buffer, we needed a fractional time delay of some kind to achieve the required 76.45 cells, to have tonal accuracy.
Finally, low frequencies die out slower than higher ones on a string, so a low-pass filter replicates this characteristic (Figure 11). Ideally, this happens to every cell at every time step, but only applying it to one transition in the circular buffer—when it loops back to the beginning—is not audibly different to a human listener, because it still happens so fast, and since mathematically these operations can commute without issue.
In the actual ISR (interrupt service routine), we do not constantly resize the buffer (represented by an array) to change the note played or shift all the entries in the buffer. Instead, we simply move two pointers every time the ISR is called, and a separate variable tracks when those pointers should roll back to zero. We change it as necessary, effectively setting the length of the buffer. At this loop back, we first low-pass filter the signal by taking the difference between the previous and current index, multiplying it by a low-pass coefficient, and then adding that value to the current index. This shifts it downward if the previous index was lower, or upward if the previous index was higher, thereby smoothing the waveform.
The next step implements the fractional time offset. The goal of the code in this section is to create a phase-shift all-pass filter, where the specified phase shift results in the required fractional delay. It takes the difference between the previous index and the current one, multiplies it by a corrector value specific to the note and corresponding to the necessary fractional component, and adds it to the previous index, to obtain the corrected current index. This corrector value does not depend on the length of the string. Instead, each time it loops through the entire buffer once, it correctly delays the waveform. This results in accurate frequency readings with a tuning app, and the notes sound correct to the ear as well. The overall string sound is quite convincing as well. You can see and listen to a sample of the results in our project video below (Figure 12).
In the final implementation of this ISR, we used fixed-point arithmetic and a few small optimizations to synthesize four strings simultaneously, with each string using about 20% of the CPU. This means that at every timer interrupt, all these steps happen separately for four different strings.
If a string is determined to have been plucked by the string polling section, then another variable is set to add drive to the plucked string. After the drive has been added, vibrations continue to pass through the string until the damping coefficient causes them to die out. This creates a convincing string sound, ringing out for some time before dying out, independent of what the other strings are doing.
We encountered a snag at this point. Eight laser strings were built into our harp, but our MCU was limited to synthesizing only four strings simultaneously. We effectively had four “slots” that could be used for producing sound. The obvious solution seemed to be mapping two strings to each synthesis slot, so that plucking either the first or second laser string would play using the first synthesis slot, the third and fourth strings would use the second synthesis slot, and so on. The problem with this idea was that playing the two strings assigned to the same synthesis slot would require one of them to stop playing, and it would be impossible for them to play simultaneously.
We also found that changing the note assigned to a synthesis slot produced an unpleasant audible cutoff sound, since this required stopping the sound altogether to change the size of the buffer. However, re-plucking a string already being synthesized did not have this issue, so we wanted to change the notes assigned to the synthesis slots as infrequently as possible. Additionally, we wanted to allow recently played notes to continue playing for as long as possible, so they could overlap realistically with other played notes, regardless of which strings were chosen.
LRU DATA STRUCTURES
To achieve these objectives, we created a system of data structures to resemble an LRU (least recently used) cache, as an expansion to the thread where we poll the laser string inputs. An LRU cache of size four, for example, remembers the four most recent unique items that were accessed. So, if you request item A, item A is also placed into the cache. If an item already in the cache is requested, that item is provided, and it becomes the most recently used. If a requested item is not already in the cache, either the least recently used item or the one that has been in the cache the longest without being used is removed, and the newly requested item is added in the first spot. This type of priority structure is exactly what was needed for the strings and synthesis slots.
We started with the cache itself, which we implemented as a 2 by 4 array. Each column of the cache is a single entry, but for each entry we require two pieces of information—the string synthesis slot being used (ranging from 0 to 3), and the note currently assigned to that slot. If, for example, you play the notes A, B, C and D, they appear in the cache in the order of D, C, B, A. If you play A again, it moves to the front of the cache, changing the order to A, D, C, B. If you then play an E note, B is kicked out of the cache, and the cache becomes E, A, D, C.
In this example, while a note remains in the cache, the synthesis slot it uses remains the same. This minimizes the number of times we switch the synthesized notes, and also ensures that, when we do switch synthesized notes, we choose the least recently used synthesis slot. This plays more softly than any of the more recently played notes, minimizing how noticeable the cut-off sound is. It makes the harp sound more realistic, and also makes it simpler to change which notes are playing.
Finally, to see if a note is in the cache—and if so, where it is located in the cache—we have a map array. This maps each of the eight notes corresponding to the laser strings, if present, to its index in the cache. Otherwise it is mapped to the value -1. An illustration of how these data structures look after the aforementioned series of events is shown in Figure 13.
The data structures used to control sound synthesis were, in some senses, overengineered for the tasks for which they were required. We even had presets left over in the code for several additional octaves of notes and half notes that were not currently implemented. These artifacts suggest how we originally intended the harp to have slightly more functionality. You could imagine how something like an octave key could be a logical addition to a harp like ours. There could even be some interactive way to set which notes are played by each string.
Most of our software was designed to be easily expandable for these features, but what really caused these trade-offs for us was the structural design and construction of the harp. Not only did the construction require a significant time investment on its own, but also our decision to package all the electronics neatly into the interior of the frame meant that adding an additional push button or something similar would require modifications to the frame. Nonetheless, adding such additional features is a logical extension of the project.
Even without these features, at a base level we achieved the goal that we set for ourselves during our project proposal. From a product standpoint it was even better than we had hoped. Our harp turned out to be an extremely enjoyable design challenge, as well as a product that is pleasant both to the eye and the ear.
Author’s Note: My sincerest appreciation and thanks to my lab partner, Glenna Zhang, without whom this project would have been impossible to create and much less enjoyable to work on.
For detailed article references and additional resources go to:
References through as marked in the article can be found there
PUBLISHED IN CIRCUIT CELLAR MAGAZINE • OCTOBER 2019 #351 – Get a PDF of the issueSponsor this Article | 5,246 | [
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Mesh systems are good because they are designed to work in teams so you can add or remove devices to fill your gaps / needs.
In your case, using them in wireless repeater mode isn't going to work great since the units will face the same RF challenges you are well aware of.
If you want it to work well, your going to need to run wires to EACH or MOST of your mesh devices to ensure good connectivity. Especially if your trying to get anywhere near that 1GB WAN link speed you got.
What do i mean by MOST, it may be hard to run a bunch of cables since you know bricks are hard to drill through so you may need to start slow and pick maybe one location per floor or zone of your home (based on actual build layout), then add a few additional units but in Wireless mesh mode.
Ie you could start with lets say a three pack or eeros, run cables to those and spread them out. Then you may find 1-2 spots that are still iffy, you grab another 2 pack and you just plop them somewhere near that one wired one and it will grab on to that one.
Its a bit of a daisy chain so if the wired one goes down the satellite one will too but in tricky old construction like you mention, ive used this tactic to get things working nicely.
Also if you happen to have COAX /CABLE in each room, you can look into MOCA for backhaul instead of ethernet for a little more cost but significantly less wiring headache since youll be using whats in the wall already. | 354 | [
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Tourism has been an important ingredient in the development of many economies. Besides economy, tourism has also helped in fostering the socio-ecological development of different countries. Tourism can be of different types such as spiritual tourism, historical tourism, medical tourism, adventure tourism, wildlife tourism and more. One of the emerging forms of tourism in the last century or so is adventure tourism. No one knows the origins of adventure tourism but it is said that merchants were the first adventure tourists who used to travel to unexplored areas to conduct their business. Similarly, explorers like Vasco Da Gama, Christopher Columbus can also be considered adventure tourists who travelled into the unknown and discovered new places.
Adventure tourism has evolved a lot in the last decade. Tourists are pushing the limits of conventional destinations and are increasingly exploring unknown places. Adventure tourism can be classified into two types – powered and non-powered activities. Powered activities could be paragliding, mountain riding, and ballooning, whereas non-powered activities could be kayaking, rappelling etc.
Adventure tourism engulfs four different qualities which makes it different from other forms of tourism. Adventure tourism is robust i.e. the tourists who indulge in adventure tourism are risk takers and passionate. Data from American Pulse: USA Adventure Traveler shows the increasing interest levels by adventure tourists overlooking any kind of setback to the tourist destination that justifies their will and passion. Let’s face it, adventure tourism is not for all. The target group for adventure tourism is limited. Mostly, physical fitness, and economically sound individuals are more inclined in taking up adventurous trips which are organized by travel companies shaped as premium packages. This form of tourism is also considered to be an enabler in terms of supporting local economies. Although most of the money goes to the operators, airline companies but it also trickles down to the local communities. This happens via homestays, selling culturally significant memorabilia, local cuisines, local guides, local festivals and more. Whereas in more commercialized forms of tourism, the profits are enjoyed by the big tour operators and agents. One of the many positives about adventure tourism is that it encourages sustainable practices. Policymakers, and other stakeholders of adventure tourism try to abide by sustainable environmental practices as they know that adventure tourism cannot sustain without pristine natural environments and meaningful cultural experiences.
Ecologically, Adventure Tourism has two different sides. As mentioned earlier, this type of tourism can only sustain through the surrounding environment. Without forests, clean water sources and hills there cannot be any adventure. The surrounding environment provides the USP factor in adventure tourism and the more unique the destination is the more people would be interested to make the trip. Another crucial ecological factor of adventure travelling is that it connects the tourists with the surrounding which ultimately raises awareness of the pristine beauty that nature is. It’s not only the environment that benefits from such form of tourism, it bolsters knowledge regarding the local communities, their relationship with nature; and significantly contributes in sustaining the local economy. Two such instances that show the influence of adventure tourism can be that of the South Luangwa National Park (SLNP), Namibia and Whale Watch from New Zealand. Adventure tourism in the form of wild safaris have developed the national park and has brought in cohesion among the local communities. With the aim of sustainable development, Luangwa Conservation and Community Fund (LCCF) has been started from 2009 and the local community has formed the South Luangwa Conservation Society (SLCS)for providing sustainable lodging and safari options which does not disturb the local flora and fauna. Similarly in New Zealand, Whale Watch has been doing a great job in making this kind of adventure a sustainable business. This nature/adventure tourism company was started by the Kati Kuri people of Kaikoura, a Maori subtribe. It is fully tribal owned and operated and shows how tourism can be a tool for empowerment of a local community and provide socio-economic benefits to the whole area. Through whale watching, the tribal company tries to provide the thrill of observing the majestic creatures up close and at the same time reflects the importance of nature and its gifts.
Although adventure tourism has contributed immensely in the conservation of the ecology and the local community, there are instances where it has also affected the natural surroundings drastically. The top five problems associated with adventure tourism and ecological damage are pollution, unregulated waste generation, deforestation, alienation of local communities, and unfettered and illegal construction activities.
Pollution is an ecological evil that transcends any form of tourism. With adventure tourism, there are many instances of high altitude littering which affects the surroundings. Bottles, plastic, oxygen tanks are some commonly found litter. Primary examples would be Mount Everest in Nepal, high altitude trekking paths in Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, India. Similarly, water adventure sports create a huge ruckus which results in sound and water pollution. Primary examples would be Goa, India; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and similar commercial coastal areas. The waste generated from the hospitality industry in the destinations generate huge amount of waste which is not regulated and managed, thus changing the natural setting. With the commercialization of adventure sports in certain locations, private commercial operators end up luring the crowd which in turn socioeconomically vilifies the local community. This is awful as it is the local community who are in sync with the ecology and without them the tourists can have an adventure which would be incomplete. As adventure tourism blooms, there would be an increase in the influx of tourists which would require increased accommodation options. To meet the hospitality requirements of the tourists, illegal or unregulated construction often happens. This is done by clearing out forested areas which result in habitat loss for the local fauna and also increases chances of human-wildlife scenarios.
Every coin has two sides, so does Adventure Tourism. There is a need for waste management in the adventure destinations since with increasing tourist influx, there will be maximum commercialization and with accelerated commercialization, there will be waste generation. If not managed properly, this will pose a serious risk of hygiene and would dampen the natural beauty. Also there is need for increased policy intervention which will enable conservation and community building. For instance, as observed in a United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) report, ‘the Adventure Tourism policy issued by The British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, regulates guided adventure tourism activities. It includes rules on concession use, crown land use, permits, and pricing’. This curbs illegal construction, permeates the profits to the locals and boosts sustainability. Other governments and tourism bodies can also use this example in developing crucial tourist destinations. It is important to realize that adventure sports and tourism and thrill seeking travelers with a zest for living on the edge will only increase in the future. Whether it will be an important tool for ecological conservation and empowerment of indigenous communities or result in drastic ecological impairment and alienation of local groups can only be ascertained in the future. For the sake of the environment, let’s focus on the former. | 1,440 | [
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It's amazing, the lies you can tell yourself. Even more amazing, the lies you can believe when you're desperate enough.
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Why do employees have to yell at restaurants?
We went to CiCi’s Pizza today (a new franchise in town) and on this first (and probably last) trip, I have one observation: Restuarant employees are being made to do some pretty ridiculous things to earn their minimum wage.
The employees had to yell “Hello! Welcome to CiCi’s!” when anyone new walks in the door. They had to yell “Thank you for coming to Ci Ci’s!” when anyone walked out the door. They had to yell little songs about the pizzas that were coming out of the oven. They had to yell little chants about how great CiCi’s pizza is about every 15 minutes.
To be completely honest, it was really disturbing to have people yelling all the time right next to where you were standing in the buffet line and close to where you were sitting. I’m sure the restaurant means for these yells to be uplifting, fun, and cheerful… but come on … if you sit there for 30 minutes eating, you quickly realize that they are yelling hello and goodbye at everyone, chanting about how great the pizza is on cue, and yelling the “pizza chants” when their manager tells them to do so. You couldn’t possibly believe that this is all spontaneous fun.
If nothing else, the desired behavior for these poor employees did spark some lively conversation between Joel and I (which is something to be grateful for when you’ve been married as long as we have). Cold Stone Creamery is another food franchise that requires “spontaneous fun” of their employees, but in this case, it actually seems a bit more spontaneous (only slightly forced). Employees sing when a particular type of ice cream combination is ordered or when a large tip is given. Thus, “spontaneous fun” results from an unusual event (not just a customer entering the building).
Organ grinders seemed to often be tone deaf and lacking rhythm.
Organ grinder = noisy presence.
Well, CiCi’s certainly won’t have people lingering at the buffet if they drive away their customers by singing the same songs over and over, offering the same comments welcoming cusomers and bidding customers a noisy goodbye. So in a sense, this could be a good business model (do you think it was intended?) – the buffet customer eats and leaves the restaurant pretty quickly. Of course, they might also not have much repeat business… but maybe families with kids would be less sensitive to the noise.
To me, it just seems degrading for the employees. They are likely working for minimum wage already in a food preparation line. Do you really have to force them to sing/yell for their money too? Are they the organ grinder… or the monkies?
What should K-12 teachers be learning about technology?
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/* ************************************************************************** */
/* */
/* ::: :::::::: */
/* main.c :+: :+: :+: */
/* +:+ +:+ +:+ */
/* By: pnuti <<EMAIL>> +#+ +:+ +#+ */
/* +#+#+#+#+#+ +#+ */
/* Created: 2022/02/11 16:28:16 by pnuti #+# #+# */
/* Updated: 2022/05/09 08:02:29 by pnuti ### ########.fr */
/* */
/* ************************************************************************** */
#include "mini_rt.h"
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
t_data data;
if (argc != 2 || ft_strncmp(ft_strchr(argv[1], '.'), ".rt", 4))
return (!berror("Error\nwrong number of arguments or file extension!"));
data.scene = reader(argv[1], data.scene);
if (data.scene->error)
{
purge_scene(data.scene);
return (2);
}
init(&data, argv);
data.scene->camera->fov_h = data.scene->camera->fov_w * \
((float)data.screen.h / (float)data.screen.w);
rotate_scene(data.scene);
loop(&data);
return (0);
}
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] |
Some Israelite Tribal Characteristics
Continued from Nordic Hebrews-2
This is the third and final portion of summary of the book by S. Gusten Olson, "The Incredible NORDIC ORIIGNS," England, 1985.
Among other matters of importance the author identified different nationalities and ethnicites with Israleite Tribes and compares their known characteristics with those of Israelite Tribes. We have done the same. Our results are similar to those of S. Gusten Olson but on some points we differ or rather diverge somewhat since the differences once one looks into them are not that great.
From the later 700s CE to ca. 900 Ce was the Viking Age.
Vikings in the New World (North Americ) ca. 1000 CE.
Sveas in Uppland (eastern Sweden) united with Goths to create Sweden.
ca. 800- 850 Swedes established a center in northern Russia, Rus, laid the foundations for Russia.
Runes show that there was a Swedish element in Viking incursions into England.
Numerous Norwegian and Danish place-names in England dating from the Viking Period.
"All five of the Niordic countries substantiate their common origin by sharing a particular family spirit."
Iceland, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland.
Icelanders have a sense of jurisprudence, very independent, acknowledge no authority,
consider themselves most in common with the Norwegians.
Swedes freedom loving, "most democratic of all peoples now living" (Laurin).
Anti-semitisim and democracy irreconcilable. Anti-Semitism was a tool of the ruling classes against democracy.
Democracy considered a Jewish invention.
Walloons. The Walloons are a French speaking mainly Catholic people from Belgium. In the 1800s many Walloons were brought to Sweden. Most apparently converted to Lutheranism.
Walloons excelled in weaving, ironwork, and steel. Identified as Levites. Individual Walloons contributed much to Sweden in education and politics, intellectuals, thirsting for knowledge, artistic talents, musicians.
Zebulon identified with the Dutch.
Issachar in Finland. courage, perseverance, and stamina. humility. forbearance.
Estonians similar to Western Finns., especially Tavastlanders (in Finland).
Tavastlanders (Finland) serious-minded, masculine, melancholy, meditating, uncommunicative, quiet, not enthusiastic, phlegmatic, slow, fatalistic, tough, and persevering, strength of will, patience.
Job came from Issachar.
Finns love reading and theoretical speculation.
"In many places in Finland, especially among Finland's Swedes, one finds persons with Jewish blood..."
Southern Ireland shows traits of Dan, so too among the Danes. Danes also show traits of Judah. Danes both farmers and merchants, scientists. Danes in Russia were called the "Jews of Siberia."
Danes analyze matters, seek out the reality.
Seems to identify Swedes as a combination from Gad, Asher, and especially Naphtali. "an ineradicabe desire to be free, liberal mindedness. "
Swedes have the nature of a deer. Swedes introverted, formal. cannot be bullied. Influences by foreigner especially French.
Historical alliances between the Goths and Franks.
Naphtali gave "beautiful words, " Swedes are eloquent.
so too, "Icelanders."
"The Swede does not crush his enemy, he wants to win him over" (Rosberg).
Goths encouraged the study of philosophy, chose their kings from among philosophers. Swedes fond of philosophy.
"Many heads of county constabularies in Norway, were of Danish origin, during the previous century."
"The goat was the tribal emblem of the Goths" ("The British Edda," p.314).
Benjamin In Norway. Norwegians feel close to British and Americans.
"... the Norwegians have a nature characterized by great variety... many of their undertakings are of a risky and intermittent nature" (Rosberg).
Scandinavians are racially conscious.
Links between the Netherlands and Scandinavia.
Resources of Scandinavia, forests in Sweden and Norway for paper, Sweden: copper, iron. | 911 | [
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] |
Unless you’ve been living under a rock for the last few months, (and let’s be honest, some people have), then you have probably heard of NFT’s. Even though they have been around for a couple of years, they really came to prominence in the early part of 2021 with some gigantic headline exploding sales. Riding on the back of blockchain technology, which make cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin possible, NFT’s have the potential to be a paradigm shifting advancement. It’s still very early in the NFT timeline, and it’s kind of like the wild wild west right now. But understanding what’s happening and how you can get involved could pay hefty dividends in the near future. Let’s dive in!
To understand what NFT’s are, you first have to understand what blockchain technology is. Many of you will know this already, so bear with me. Blockchain is a technology that allows for a decentralized method of verifying information on the internet. Think of a ledger, or accounting book. Blockchain is sort of like a ledger that is on the internet. Each block in the blockchain contains coded individual information. When a change is made to a block, such as a bitcoin ownership transfer, then that block is updated with the digital information. The block is then spread across the ledger, or chain, to different places where people can verify the information.
When you buy bitcoin, for example, this changes information on the blockchain to update your ownership of the bitcoin. This information is then spread across the network to millions of different “nodes”, or points of verification. The promise of blockchain is that it takes centralized power and gives it back to the hands of the people. In essence, you don’t have to go through central banks or governments anymore. You can transfer digital assets directly to each other, peer to peer, on the blockchain. This has profound implications for technology, finance, politics, and even the existence of the nation state. We are barely in the beginning stages of what this means for society.
OK, now that we have a better grip on blockchain, let’s take a look at NFT’s. NFT stands for Non-Fungible Token. Non-fungible means not exchangeable. Non-exchangeable means there is only one. As opposed to the traditional method of distributing digital assets, blockchain technology now allows you to create one of something. A non-fungible version of it.
Let’s take for example, a digital artwork. You create this beautiful piece of art using photoshop, illustrator, or whatever software. You then “mint” the piece, which basically means you create a unique digital signature of it and put it on the blockchain. At that point, there is only 1 real version of that artwork. Sure, you can right click and save, and still distribute it everywhere. But that one NFT, or blockchain version of the piece, is the one and only original of that work. This can be verified using the blockchain. And any changing of ownership of this piece will then be updated in its digital code on the blockchain.
What Does The NFT Market Actually Look Like?
This has profound implications for the idea of ownership of digital assets. Beeple, a famous digital artist, did an auction earlier this year of a collection of his artwork which sold for $69 million dollars. This made him the third wealthiest living artist in the world. Whoever bought those pieces now owns the unique 1 of 1 of those particular works.
You can look at it this way. There is only one Mona Lisa. Yet there are millions of prints of the Mona Lisa. Would you rather own the original Mona Lisa, or one of the prints? Owning the NFT of a work is the same as owning an actual painting from an artist.
Why Should Anyone Buy an NFT?
To add another interesting layer to all of this, secondary markets have popped up around all sorts of NFT’s. On a secondary market, an owner of an NFT can resell the work to someone else. This is all done on the blockchain and the change of ownership will be updated in the ledger. Also, the creator of the NFT, upon minting the work, can designate a certain percentage of each sale to go back to them, as a sort of royalty on the work. So say a piece originally sold for $1000, and they had a %10 royalty designation. The next time it sells, the price is $100,000. The artist then gets a 10% royalty, or $10,000. This is a very interesting thing for artists and creators, and could potentially be a revolutionary way for them to get financially compensated for their work.
I’m a musician, so the future of this technology with music assets is extremely intriguing. This opens up the possibility of an artist’s fans becoming part owners of their music. Imagine, as a musical artist, your fans having the ability to invest in your new single like a stock. If the song becomes a hit, and lots of royalties are incurred, then the fans will be able to enjoy those returns as well. Do you think the fans would be more likely to share a song on social media if they are getting paid royalties from its success? I think so.
NFT’s are getting their start in art, but I think the future of them goes far beyond that realm. When you really think about it, any contract made between humans can be minted on the block chain. This produces a non-fungible version of that agreement. Home and car sales, insurance policies, marriage agreements? I mean the future of this is wide open. Already tweets, photos, memes, and videos have become NFT’s. Even this blog could become an NFT!
If you want to get into the space, I suggest searching Twitter for some of the NFT pioneers. There are several profiles to follow that will give you an insight into the realm of possibilities. Just search #NFT and see what you find. Do research on YouTube and watch some videos. Also, check out websites like MakersPlace, SuperRare, and OpenSea to see what’s already out there.
We can’t even imagine the changes that the near future will bring about. Technology is happening so fast, and it feels like we’re riding on the back of a space turtle flying at warp speed. It seems obvious to me, however, as someone who has paid close attention to the crypto market for several years, that NFT’s are here to stay. I think they will have a huge impact on how we do business as a society going forward.
But for now, go check out CryptoPunks, MoonCats, or any other OG NFT’s. You’ll be amazed by what you find, and even more amazed at the price tags next to them. Open your mind, open your digital wallet, and enjoy the journey!
| 1,467 | [
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Geometry: Angles and Parallel lines
Here is what we attempted in class
* Looking at relationships between angles around transversals and parallel lines
* Defining Parallelogram
* Measuring angles of parallelograms
* Observing relationships between vertical angles
Here was our warm up
We talked about how we need angles to be the same (equal) in order to make parallel lines.
We watched this awesome music video:
Here was an experiment we tried:
A transversal is a line that intersects two parallel lines.
Finally we talked about vertical angles:
The homework was pages 2-3 of Ohashi’s worksheet: AnglesAndParallelLines
DUE Tuesday October 8. | 153 | [
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A lot of parents don’t know exactly when a boy or girl starts to learn, because of the cultural expectations that boys and girls learn at the same time.
But research suggests that boys can learn between the ages of 4 and 12, and girls between the age of 8 and 11.
When is a boy learning?
There are different kinds of learning, according to Dr James, who also runs the Child Development Centre at the University of New South Wales in Sydney.
“The boys’ learning may be a lot more involved, and involves learning the rules of the game,” he says.
“The girls’ learning involves learning things that are less important in the game, like what they’re supposed to do or what they can’t do.
In my experience, it’s the boys’ who learn the rules.
It’s very important that boys learn about social and emotional development.”
Dr James says a good starting point for boys and their development is to try to build their confidence and develop positive behaviours such as social interaction.
“It’s about having the confidence to play with your toys, talk to your friends, have a good social time and have a laugh,” he explains.
There’s a lot of good advice out there about what to do if you want your child to play more with dolls, but that’s not the same as making sure he’s playing with his toys, which could be dangerous for children.
Dr Williams says if you’re worried about your child, don’t be.
He says he often recommends that parents try to give your child some toys that are a little more challenging for the two-year-old to play, like a pink or blue bouncy ball or a toy called a “panda bear”.
“If they’re scared, or if they’re feeling sad or anxious, that can trigger a negative reaction,” Dr Williams says.
“So it’s best to give them something that they can play with.”
If you’re a parent and you have concerns about your son or daughter, talk it over with a specialist, who can look at what is safe and what is not, Dr Williams explains.
“That’s a very complex area and it’s really hard for families to understand, so I’ve got some resources that I can recommend to families.” | 527 | [
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] |
March Madness odds respect is as high as ever for the Duke Blue Devils as they are looking like a serious threat to repeat as champions this year.
March Madness odds respect is also high for the Arizona Wildcats as they are coming off a thrilling March Madness betting win over a highly regarded Texas team last week.
The West regional in Anaheim will pit the 1 seed Duke Blue Devils against the 5 seed Arizona Wildcats on Thursday night with a starting time of 9:45 PM ET and a telecast on CBS. Sports Gambling opened with Duke as a 9 point favorite and with total of 144.5.
The money line opened with Duke as a -500 favorite and Arizona as a +400 dog. The winner of this game will take on the winner of Thursday’s matchup between San Diego State and Connecticut on Saturday.
Arizona has a bet March Madness record of 29-7 straight up and 18-15-1 against the spread. The Wildcats are coming of a heart stopping 70-69 win against the Texas Longhorns as 5.5 point dogs. Arizona is one of the top offensive teams in college basketball as they are scoring 76.4 points per game and are led by Derrick Williams’s team leading 19.1 PPG.
Duke has a March Madness gambling record of 32-4 straight up and 20-15 against the spread. The Blue Devils are even more explosive than Arizona with 81 points per game on offense and are led by Nolan Smith’s 21 PG. Duke escaped with a 73-71 win over Michigan as 12.5 point chalks last round.
Arizona has paid out in 9 of their last 13 games in the NCAA Tournament and has gone 5-2 against the spread as a March Madness dog. The Wildcats have paid out in 9 of their last 13 non conference games but are just 1-6 against the spread versus the Atlantic Coast Conference. Arizona has gone over the total in 7 of their last 8 games as a NCAA Tournament underdog.
Duke has covered 6 of their last 8 Big Dance matchups with the March Madness odds and is 15-7 against the spread in non conference games. The Blue Devils are 15-7 against the spread in non conference action. Duke has gone under the total in 15 of their last 22 games as a Big Dance favorite. | 466 | [
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from datetime import date, datetime
import pytz
from django.test.testcases import TestCase
from robber.expect import expect
from mock import patch
from freezegun import freeze_time
from data.constants import (
PERCENTILE_ALLEGATION_GROUP,
PERCENTILE_ALLEGATION_INTERNAL_CIVILIAN_GROUP,
PERCENTILE_TRR_GROUP,
PERCENTILE_HONORABLE_MENTION_GROUP
)
from data.factories import OfficerFactory, OfficerAllegationFactory, AwardFactory
from data.tests.officer_percentile_utils import mock_percentile_map_range
from shared.tests.utils import validate_object
from trr.factories import TRRFactory
from data import officer_percentile
class OfficerPercentileTestCase(TestCase):
def test_officer_service_year_filter_no_appointed_date(self):
OfficerFactory(id=1, appointed_date=date(2010, 3, 14))
OfficerFactory(id=2, appointed_date=None)
officers = officer_percentile._officer_service_year(date(2015, 2, 1), date(2016, 7, 1))
expect(officers).to.have.length(1)
expect(officers[0].id).to.equal(1)
def test_officer_service_year_filter_service_time_less_than_1_year(self):
OfficerFactory(id=1, appointed_date=date(2010, 3, 14))
OfficerFactory(id=2, appointed_date=date(2016, 3, 14))
OfficerFactory(id=3, appointed_date=date(2010, 3, 14), resignation_date=date(2015, 12, 31))
officers = officer_percentile._officer_service_year(date(2015, 2, 1), date(2016, 7, 1))
expect(officers).to.have.length(1)
expect(officers[0].id).to.equal(1)
def test_officer_service_year(self):
OfficerFactory(id=1, appointed_date=date(2010, 3, 1))
OfficerFactory(id=2, appointed_date=date(2015, 3, 1))
OfficerFactory(id=3, appointed_date=date(2010, 3, 1), resignation_date=date(2016, 2, 1))
OfficerFactory(id=4, appointed_date=date(2010, 3, 1), resignation_date=date(2017, 12, 31))
officers = officer_percentile._officer_service_year(date(2015, 2, 1), date(2016, 7, 1))
expect(officers).to.have.length(4)
expected_dict = {
1: {
'officer_id': 1,
'start_date': date(2015, 2, 1),
'end_date': date(2016, 7, 1),
'service_year': 1.4137
},
2: {
'officer_id': 2,
'start_date': date(2015, 3, 1),
'end_date': date(2016, 7, 1),
'service_year': 1.337
},
3: {
'officer_id': 3,
'start_date': date(2015, 2, 1),
'end_date': date(2016, 2, 1),
'service_year': 1.0
},
4: {
'officer_id': 4,
'start_date': date(2015, 2, 1),
'end_date': date(2016, 7, 1),
'service_year': 1.4137
}
}
for officer in officers:
validate_object(officer, expected_dict[officer.id])
@mock_percentile_map_range(
trr_min=datetime(2014, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
trr_max=datetime(2014, 12, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc)
)
def test_compute_trr_metric_return_empty_if_date_range_smaller_than_1_year(self):
OfficerFactory(id=1, appointed_date=date(2010, 3, 14))
OfficerFactory(id=2, appointed_date=date(2015, 3, 14))
OfficerFactory(id=3, appointed_date=date(2010, 3, 14), resignation_date=date(2016, 2, 1))
OfficerFactory(id=4, appointed_date=date(2010, 3, 14), resignation_date=date(2017, 12, 31))
officers = officer_percentile._compute_metric(2016, PERCENTILE_TRR_GROUP)
expect(officers).to.have.length(0)
@mock_percentile_map_range(
trr_min=datetime(2014, 3, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
trr_max=datetime(2016, 7, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc)
)
def test_compute_trr_metric_return_empty_if_not_enough_data(self):
OfficerFactory(id=1, appointed_date=date(2010, 3, 14))
OfficerFactory(id=2, appointed_date=date(2015, 3, 14))
OfficerFactory(id=3, appointed_date=date(2010, 3, 14), resignation_date=date(2016, 2, 1))
OfficerFactory(id=4, appointed_date=date(2010, 3, 14), resignation_date=date(2017, 12, 31))
officers = officer_percentile._compute_metric(2014, PERCENTILE_TRR_GROUP)
expect(officers).to.have.length(0)
@mock_percentile_map_range(
trr_min=datetime(2015, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
trr_max=datetime(2016, 7, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc)
)
def test_compute_trr_metric(self):
officer = OfficerFactory(id=1, appointed_date=date(2010, 3, 14))
TRRFactory(officer=officer, trr_datetime=datetime(2014, 12, 31, tzinfo=pytz.utc))
TRRFactory(officer=officer, trr_datetime=datetime(2015, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc))
TRRFactory(officer=officer, trr_datetime=datetime(2016, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc))
TRRFactory(officer=officer, trr_datetime=datetime(2016, 2, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc))
TRRFactory(officer=officer, trr_datetime=datetime(2017, 2, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc))
officers = officer_percentile._compute_metric(2016, PERCENTILE_TRR_GROUP)
expect(officers).to.have.length(1)
validate_object(officers[0], {
'officer_id': 1,
'year': 2016,
'start_date': date(2015, 1, 1),
'end_date': date(2016, 7, 1),
'service_year': 1.4986,
'num_trr': 3,
'metric_trr': 2.0019
})
@mock_percentile_map_range(
internal_civilian_min=datetime(2014, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
internal_civilian_max=datetime(2014, 12, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc)
)
def test_compute_internal_civilian_allegation_metric_date_range_smaller_than_1_year(self):
OfficerFactory(id=1, appointed_date=date(2010, 3, 14))
OfficerFactory(id=2, appointed_date=date(2015, 3, 14))
OfficerFactory(id=3, appointed_date=date(2010, 3, 14), resignation_date=date(2016, 2, 1))
OfficerFactory(id=4, appointed_date=date(2010, 3, 14), resignation_date=date(2017, 12, 31))
officers = officer_percentile._compute_metric(2016, PERCENTILE_ALLEGATION_INTERNAL_CIVILIAN_GROUP)
expect(officers).to.have.length(0)
@mock_percentile_map_range(
internal_civilian_min=datetime(2014, 3, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
internal_civilian_max=datetime(2016, 7, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc)
)
def test_compute_internal_civilian_allegation_metric_return_empty_if_not_enough_data(self):
OfficerFactory(id=1, appointed_date=date(2010, 3, 14))
OfficerFactory(id=2, appointed_date=date(2015, 3, 14))
OfficerFactory(id=3, appointed_date=date(2010, 3, 14), resignation_date=date(2016, 2, 1))
OfficerFactory(id=4, appointed_date=date(2010, 3, 14), resignation_date=date(2017, 12, 31))
officers = officer_percentile._compute_metric(2014, PERCENTILE_ALLEGATION_INTERNAL_CIVILIAN_GROUP)
expect(officers).to.have.length(0)
@mock_percentile_map_range(
internal_civilian_min=datetime(2015, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
internal_civilian_max=datetime(2016, 7, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc)
)
def test_compute_internal_civilian_allegation_metric(self):
officer = OfficerFactory(id=1, appointed_date=date(2010, 3, 14))
OfficerAllegationFactory(
officer=officer,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2014, 12, 31, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=False
)
OfficerAllegationFactory.create_batch(
3,
officer=officer,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2016, 1, 16, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=False
)
OfficerAllegationFactory(
officer=officer,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2016, 7, 2, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=False
)
OfficerAllegationFactory(
officer=officer,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2014, 12, 31, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=True
)
OfficerAllegationFactory.create_batch(
6,
officer=officer,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2016, 1, 16, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=True
)
OfficerAllegationFactory(
officer=officer,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2016, 7, 2, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=True
)
officers = officer_percentile._compute_metric(2016, PERCENTILE_ALLEGATION_INTERNAL_CIVILIAN_GROUP)
expect(officers).to.have.length(1)
validate_object(officers[0], {
'officer_id': 1,
'year': 2016,
'start_date': date(2015, 1, 1),
'end_date': date(2016, 7, 1),
'service_year': 1.4986,
'num_allegation_civilian': 3,
'metric_allegation_civilian': 2.0019,
'num_allegation_internal': 6,
'metric_allegation_internal': 4.0037
})
@mock_percentile_map_range(
allegation_min=datetime(2014, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation_max=datetime(2014, 12, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc)
)
def test_compute_allegation_metric_date_range_smaller_than_1_year(self):
OfficerFactory(id=1, appointed_date=date(2010, 3, 14))
OfficerFactory(id=2, appointed_date=date(2015, 3, 14))
OfficerFactory(id=3, appointed_date=date(2010, 3, 14), resignation_date=date(2016, 2, 1))
OfficerFactory(id=4, appointed_date=date(2010, 3, 14), resignation_date=date(2017, 12, 31))
officers = officer_percentile._compute_metric(2016, PERCENTILE_ALLEGATION_GROUP)
expect(officers).to.have.length(0)
@mock_percentile_map_range(
allegation_min=datetime(2014, 3, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation_max=datetime(2016, 7, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc)
)
def test_compute_allegation_metric_return_empty_if_not_enough_data(self):
OfficerFactory(id=1, appointed_date=date(2010, 3, 14))
OfficerFactory(id=2, appointed_date=date(2015, 3, 14))
OfficerFactory(id=3, appointed_date=date(2010, 3, 14), resignation_date=date(2016, 2, 1))
OfficerFactory(id=4, appointed_date=date(2010, 3, 14), resignation_date=date(2017, 12, 31))
officers = officer_percentile._compute_metric(2014, PERCENTILE_ALLEGATION_GROUP)
expect(officers).to.have.length(0)
@mock_percentile_map_range(
allegation_min=datetime(2015, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation_max=datetime(2016, 7, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc)
)
def test_compute_allegation_metric(self):
officer = OfficerFactory(id=1, appointed_date=date(2010, 3, 14))
OfficerAllegationFactory(
officer=officer,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2014, 12, 31, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
)
OfficerAllegationFactory.create_batch(
3,
officer=officer,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2016, 1, 16, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
)
OfficerAllegationFactory(
officer=officer,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2016, 7, 2, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
)
officers = officer_percentile._compute_metric(2016, PERCENTILE_ALLEGATION_GROUP)
expect(officers).to.have.length(1)
validate_object(officers[0], {
'officer_id': 1,
'year': 2016,
'start_date': date(2015, 1, 1),
'end_date': date(2016, 7, 1),
'service_year': 1.4986,
'num_allegation': 3,
'metric_allegation': 2.0019,
})
@mock_percentile_map_range(
allegation_min=datetime(2013, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation_max=datetime(2014, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
internal_civilian_min=datetime(2015, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
internal_civilian_max=datetime(2016, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
trr_min=datetime(2015, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
trr_max=datetime(2016, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc)
)
def test_top_percentile(self):
officer1 = OfficerFactory(id=1, appointed_date=date(1990, 3, 14))
officer2 = OfficerFactory(id=2, appointed_date=date(1990, 3, 14))
officer3 = OfficerFactory(id=3, appointed_date=date(1990, 3, 14))
# officer1 have all data
OfficerAllegationFactory.create_batch(
2,
officer=officer1,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2013, 12, 31, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
)
OfficerAllegationFactory.create_batch(
3,
officer=officer1,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2015, 7, 2, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=True
)
OfficerAllegationFactory.create_batch(
4,
officer=officer1,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2015, 7, 2, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=False
)
TRRFactory.create_batch(
2,
officer=officer1,
trr_datetime=datetime(2015, 2, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc)
)
# officer2 don't have trr
OfficerAllegationFactory(
officer=officer2,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2013, 12, 31, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
)
OfficerAllegationFactory(
officer=officer2,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2015, 7, 2, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=True
)
OfficerAllegationFactory(
officer=officer2,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2015, 7, 2, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=False
)
# officer3 don't have allegation in ALLEGATION_MIN - ALLEGATION_MAX
OfficerAllegationFactory.create_batch(
2,
officer=officer3,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2015, 7, 2, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=True
)
OfficerAllegationFactory.create_batch(
3,
officer=officer3,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2015, 7, 2, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=False
)
TRRFactory.create_batch(
3,
officer=officer3,
trr_datetime=datetime(2015, 2, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc)
)
expected_dict = {
1: {
'officer_id': 1,
'year': 2016,
'metric_allegation': 2,
'metric_allegation_civilian': 4,
'metric_allegation_internal': 3,
'metric_trr': 2,
'percentile_allegation': 66.6667,
'percentile_allegation_civilian': 66.6667,
'percentile_allegation_internal': 66.6667,
'percentile_trr': 33.3333
},
2: {
'officer_id': 2,
'year': 2016,
'metric_allegation': 1,
'metric_allegation_civilian': 1,
'metric_allegation_internal': 1,
'metric_trr': 0.0,
'percentile_allegation': 33.3333,
'percentile_allegation_civilian': 0.0000,
'percentile_allegation_internal': 0.0000,
'percentile_trr': 0.0
},
3: {
'officer_id': 3,
'year': 2016,
'metric_allegation': 0.0,
'metric_allegation_civilian': 3,
'metric_allegation_internal': 2,
'metric_trr': 3,
'percentile_allegation': 0.0,
'percentile_allegation_civilian': 33.3333,
'percentile_allegation_internal': 33.3333,
'percentile_trr': 66.6667,
}
}
officers = officer_percentile.top_percentile(2016)
for officer in officers:
validate_object(officer, expected_dict[officer.id])
@mock_percentile_map_range(
allegation_min=datetime(2013, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation_max=datetime(2014, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
internal_civilian_min=datetime(2015, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
internal_civilian_max=datetime(2016, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
trr_min=datetime(2015, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
trr_max=datetime(2016, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc)
)
def test_top_percentile_with_types(self):
officer1 = OfficerFactory(id=1, appointed_date=date(1990, 3, 14))
officer2 = OfficerFactory(id=2, appointed_date=date(1990, 3, 14))
officer3 = OfficerFactory(id=3, appointed_date=date(1990, 3, 14))
officer4 = OfficerFactory(id=4, appointed_date=date(1990, 3, 14))
# officer1 have all data
OfficerAllegationFactory.create_batch(
2,
officer=officer1,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2013, 12, 31, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
)
OfficerAllegationFactory.create_batch(
3,
officer=officer1,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2015, 7, 2, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=True
)
OfficerAllegationFactory.create_batch(
4,
officer=officer1,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2015, 7, 2, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=False
)
TRRFactory.create_batch(
2,
officer=officer1,
trr_datetime=datetime(2015, 2, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc)
)
# officer2 don't have trr
OfficerAllegationFactory(
officer=officer2,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2013, 12, 31, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
)
OfficerAllegationFactory(
officer=officer2,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2015, 7, 2, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=True
)
OfficerAllegationFactory(
officer=officer2,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2015, 7, 2, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=False
)
# officer3 don't have allegation in ALLEGATION_MIN - ALLEGATION_MAX
OfficerAllegationFactory.create_batch(
2,
officer=officer3,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2015, 7, 2, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=True
)
OfficerAllegationFactory.create_batch(
3,
officer=officer3,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2015, 7, 2, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=False
)
TRRFactory.create_batch(
3,
officer=officer3,
trr_datetime=datetime(2015, 2, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc)
)
# officer4 don't have allegation in INTERNAL_CIVILIAN_ALLEGATION year range
OfficerAllegationFactory.create_batch(
5,
officer=officer4,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2013, 12, 31, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
)
TRRFactory.create_batch(
6,
officer=officer4,
trr_datetime=datetime(2015, 2, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc)
)
expected_dict = {
1: {
'officer_id': 1,
'year': 2016,
'metric_allegation_civilian': 4,
'metric_allegation_internal': 3,
'metric_trr': 2,
'percentile_allegation': None,
'percentile_allegation_civilian': 75.0,
'percentile_allegation_internal': 75.0,
'percentile_trr': 25.0
},
2: {
'officer_id': 2,
'year': 2016,
'metric_allegation_civilian': 1,
'metric_allegation_internal': 1,
'metric_trr': 0.0,
'percentile_allegation': None,
'percentile_allegation_civilian': 25.0,
'percentile_allegation_internal': 25.0,
'percentile_trr': 0.0
},
3: {
'officer_id': 3,
'year': 2016,
'metric_allegation_civilian': 3,
'metric_allegation_internal': 2,
'metric_trr': 3,
'percentile_allegation': None,
'percentile_allegation_civilian': 50.0,
'percentile_allegation_internal': 50.0,
'percentile_trr': 50.0
},
4: {
'officer_id': 4,
'year': 2016,
'metric_allegation_civilian': 0.0,
'metric_allegation_internal': 0.0,
'metric_trr': 6,
'percentile_allegation': None,
'percentile_allegation_civilian': 0.0,
'percentile_allegation_internal': 0.0,
'percentile_trr': 75.0
}
}
visual_token_percentile_groups = [
PERCENTILE_ALLEGATION_INTERNAL_CIVILIAN_GROUP,
PERCENTILE_TRR_GROUP
]
officers = officer_percentile.top_percentile(2016, percentile_groups=visual_token_percentile_groups)
for officer in officers:
validate_object(officer, expected_dict[officer.id])
@mock_percentile_map_range(
allegation_min=datetime(2013, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation_max=datetime(2014, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
internal_civilian_min=datetime(2014, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
internal_civilian_max=datetime(2015, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
trr_min=datetime(2015, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
trr_max=datetime(2016, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc)
)
def test_top_percentile_not_enough_service_year(self):
officer1 = OfficerFactory(id=1, appointed_date=date(1990, 3, 14))
officer2 = OfficerFactory(id=2, appointed_date=date(1990, 3, 14), resignation_date=date(2014, 5, 1))
officer3 = OfficerFactory(id=3, appointed_date=date(2013, 3, 14))
officer4 = OfficerFactory(id=4, appointed_date=date(1990, 3, 14), resignation_date=date(2015, 5, 1))
# officer1 have all data
OfficerAllegationFactory.create_batch(
2,
officer=officer1,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2013, 12, 31, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
)
OfficerAllegationFactory.create_batch(
3,
officer=officer1,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2014, 7, 2, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=True
)
OfficerAllegationFactory.create_batch(
4,
officer=officer1,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2014, 7, 2, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=False
)
TRRFactory.create_batch(
2,
officer=officer1,
trr_datetime=datetime(2015, 2, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc)
)
# officer2 don't have trr
OfficerAllegationFactory(
officer=officer2,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2013, 12, 31, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
)
OfficerAllegationFactory(
officer=officer2,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2014, 2, 2, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=True
)
OfficerAllegationFactory(
officer=officer2,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2014, 3, 2, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=False
)
# officer3 don't have allegation in ALLEGATION_MIN - ALLEGATION_MAX
OfficerAllegationFactory.create_batch(
2,
officer=officer3,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2014, 7, 2, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=True
)
OfficerAllegationFactory.create_batch(
3,
officer=officer3,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2014, 7, 2, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=False
)
TRRFactory.create_batch(
3,
officer=officer3,
trr_datetime=datetime(2015, 2, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc)
)
# officer4 don't have allegation in INTERNAL_CIVILIAN_ALLEGATION year range
OfficerAllegationFactory.create_batch(
5,
officer=officer4,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2013, 12, 31, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
)
TRRFactory.create_batch(
6,
officer=officer4,
trr_datetime=datetime(2015, 2, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc)
)
expected_dict = {
1: {
'officer_id': 1,
'year': 2016,
'metric_allegation': 2,
'metric_allegation_civilian': 4,
'metric_allegation_internal': 3,
'metric_trr': 2,
'percentile_allegation': 33.3333,
'percentile_allegation_civilian': 66.6667,
'percentile_allegation_internal': 66.6667,
'percentile_trr': 0.0
},
2: {
'officer_id': 2,
'year': 2016,
'metric_allegation': 1,
'metric_allegation_civilian': None,
'metric_allegation_internal': None,
'metric_trr': None,
'percentile_allegation': 0.0,
'percentile_allegation_civilian': None,
'percentile_allegation_internal': None,
'percentile_trr': None
},
3: {
'officer_id': 3,
'year': 2016,
'metric_allegation': None,
'metric_allegation_civilian': 3,
'metric_allegation_internal': 2,
'metric_trr': 3,
'percentile_allegation': None,
'percentile_allegation_civilian': 33.3333,
'percentile_allegation_internal': 33.3333,
'percentile_trr': 50.0
},
4: {
'officer_id': 4,
'year': 2016,
'metric_allegation': 5,
'metric_allegation_civilian': 0.0,
'metric_allegation_internal': 0.0,
'metric_trr': None,
'percentile_allegation': 66.6667,
'percentile_allegation_civilian': 0.0,
'percentile_allegation_internal': 0.0,
'percentile_trr': None
}
}
officers = officer_percentile.top_percentile(2016)
for officer in officers:
validate_object(officer, expected_dict[officer.id])
def test_top_percentile_type_not_found(self):
officer = OfficerFactory(id=1, appointed_date=date(2016, 1, 1))
OfficerAllegationFactory(
officer=officer,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2013, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
start_date=datetime(2014, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=False
)
with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'group is invalid'):
officer_percentile.top_percentile(2017, percentile_groups=['not_exist'])
def test_compute_honorable_mention_metric(self):
self._create_dataset_for_honorable_mention_percentile()
OfficerFactory(id=3, appointed_date=date(2015, 3, 15))
OfficerFactory(id=4, appointed_date=date(2015, 1, 1))
expected_result_yr2017 = {
1: {
'officer_id': 1,
'metric_honorable_mention': 0.625
},
2: {
'officer_id': 2,
'metric_honorable_mention': 1.875
},
3: {
'officer_id': 3,
'metric_honorable_mention': 0
},
4: {
'officer_id': 4,
'metric_honorable_mention': 0
},
}
new_percentile_map = officer_percentile.create_percentile_map()
with patch('data.officer_percentile.PERCENTILE_MAP', new_percentile_map):
honorable_mention_metric_2017 = officer_percentile._compute_metric(2017, PERCENTILE_HONORABLE_MENTION_GROUP)
expect(honorable_mention_metric_2017.count()).to.eq(4)
for metric in honorable_mention_metric_2017:
validate_object(metric, expected_result_yr2017[metric.officer_id])
# we have no data of 2018, then percentile metric should return value of 2017 instead
honorable_mention_metric_2018 = officer_percentile._compute_metric(2018, PERCENTILE_HONORABLE_MENTION_GROUP)
expect(honorable_mention_metric_2018.count()).to.eq(4)
for metric in honorable_mention_metric_2018:
validate_object(metric, expected_result_yr2017[metric.officer_id])
honorable_mention_metric_2015 = officer_percentile._compute_metric(2015, PERCENTILE_HONORABLE_MENTION_GROUP)
expect(honorable_mention_metric_2015.count()).to.eq(1)
validate_object(honorable_mention_metric_2015[0], {
'officer_id': 1,
'metric_honorable_mention': 0.6673
})
def test_compute_honorable_mention_metric_less_than_one_year(self):
self._create_dataset_for_honorable_mention_percentile()
# expect officer2 to be excluded cause he service less than 1 year
new_percentile_map = officer_percentile.create_percentile_map()
with patch('data.officer_percentile.PERCENTILE_MAP', new_percentile_map):
honorable_mention_metric_2016 = officer_percentile._compute_metric(2016, PERCENTILE_HONORABLE_MENTION_GROUP)
expect(honorable_mention_metric_2016.count()).to.eq(1)
validate_object(honorable_mention_metric_2016[0], {
'id': 1,
'metric_honorable_mention': 0.75
})
honorable_mention_metric_2017 = officer_percentile._compute_metric(2017, PERCENTILE_HONORABLE_MENTION_GROUP)
expect(honorable_mention_metric_2017.count()).to.eq(2)
validate_object(honorable_mention_metric_2017[0], {
'id': 1,
'metric_honorable_mention': 0.625
})
validate_object(honorable_mention_metric_2017[1], {
'id': 2,
'metric_honorable_mention': 1.875
})
def _create_dataset_for_honorable_mention_percentile(self):
officer1 = OfficerFactory(id=1, appointed_date=date(2013, 1, 1))
officer2 = OfficerFactory(id=2, appointed_date=date(2016, 3, 14))
AwardFactory(officer=officer1, award_type='Complimentary Letter', start_date=datetime(2013, 1, 1))
AwardFactory(officer=officer1, award_type='Honorable Mention', start_date=datetime(2014, 1, 1))
AwardFactory(officer=officer1, award_type='Honorable Mention', start_date=date(2015, 1, 1))
AwardFactory(officer=officer1, award_type='Honorable Mention', start_date=date(2016, 1, 22))
AwardFactory(officer=officer2, award_type='Honorable Mention', start_date=date(2017, 10, 19))
AwardFactory(officer=officer2, award_type='Honorable Mention', start_date=date(2017, 10, 19))
AwardFactory(officer=officer2, award_type='Honorable Mention', start_date=date(2017, 10, 19))
def test_get_award_dataset_range(self):
expect(officer_percentile._get_award_dataset_range()).to.be.empty()
self._create_dataset_for_honorable_mention_percentile()
expect(officer_percentile._get_award_dataset_range()).to.be.eq(
(
datetime(2013, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
datetime(2017, 10, 19, tzinfo=pytz.utc)
)
)
def test_honorable_mention_percentile(self):
self._create_dataset_for_honorable_mention_percentile()
OfficerFactory(id=3, appointed_date=date(2015, 3, 15))
OfficerFactory(id=4, appointed_date=date(2015, 1, 1))
new_percentile_map = officer_percentile.create_percentile_map()
with patch('data.officer_percentile.PERCENTILE_MAP', new_percentile_map):
# current year
annotated_officers = officer_percentile.top_percentile(
percentile_groups=[PERCENTILE_HONORABLE_MENTION_GROUP])
expect(annotated_officers).to.have.length(4)
expected_result = {
1: {
'officer_id': 1,
'metric_honorable_mention': 0.625,
'percentile_honorable_mention': 50.0,
},
2: {
'officer_id': 2,
'metric_honorable_mention': 1.875,
'percentile_honorable_mention': 75.0,
},
3: {
'officer_id': 3,
'metric_honorable_mention': 0,
'percentile_honorable_mention': 0,
},
4: {
'officer_id': 4,
'metric_honorable_mention': 0,
'percentile_honorable_mention': 0,
},
}
for officer in annotated_officers:
validate_object(officer, expected_result[officer.officer_id])
@mock_percentile_map_range(
allegation_min=datetime(2013, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation_max=datetime(2016, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
internal_civilian_min=datetime(2013, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
internal_civilian_max=datetime(2016, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
trr_min=datetime(2013, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
trr_max=datetime(2016, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
honorable_mention_min=datetime(2013, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
honorable_mention_max=datetime(2016, 1, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc)
)
@freeze_time('2017-07-23 12:00:01', tz_offset=0)
def test_latest_year_percentile(self):
officer1 = OfficerFactory(id=1, appointed_date=date(1990, 3, 14))
officer2 = OfficerFactory(id=2, appointed_date=date(1990, 3, 14), resignation_date=date(2014, 7, 1))
officer3 = OfficerFactory(id=3, appointed_date=date(1990, 3, 14))
officer4 = OfficerFactory(id=4, appointed_date=date(1990, 3, 14), resignation_date=date(2010, 7, 1))
# officer1 have all data
OfficerAllegationFactory.create_batch(
2,
officer=officer1,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2013, 12, 31, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
)
OfficerAllegationFactory.create_batch(
3,
officer=officer1,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2015, 7, 2, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=True
)
OfficerAllegationFactory.create_batch(
4,
officer=officer1,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2015, 7, 2, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=False
)
TRRFactory.create_batch(
2,
officer=officer1,
trr_datetime=datetime(2015, 2, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc)
)
AwardFactory(officer=officer1, award_type='Complimentary Letter', start_date=datetime(2013, 1, 1))
AwardFactory.create_batch(
3,
officer=officer1, award_type='Honorable Mention', start_date=datetime(2015, 1, 1)
)
# officer2 don't have trr
OfficerAllegationFactory(
officer=officer2,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2013, 12, 31, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
)
OfficerAllegationFactory(
officer=officer2,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2014, 7, 2, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=True
)
OfficerAllegationFactory(
officer=officer2,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2014, 7, 2, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=False
)
AwardFactory(officer=officer2, award_type='Complimentary Letter', start_date=datetime(2013, 1, 1))
AwardFactory.create_batch(
3,
officer=officer2, award_type='Honorable Mention', start_date=datetime(2014, 1, 1)
)
# officer3 don't have allegation in ALLEGATION_MIN - ALLEGATION_MAX
OfficerAllegationFactory.create_batch(
2,
officer=officer3,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2015, 7, 2, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=True
)
OfficerAllegationFactory.create_batch(
3,
officer=officer3,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2015, 7, 2, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=False
)
TRRFactory.create_batch(
3,
officer=officer3,
trr_datetime=datetime(2015, 2, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc)
)
# officer4 have all data but is out of data range
OfficerAllegationFactory.create_batch(
2,
officer=officer4,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2009, 12, 31, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
)
OfficerAllegationFactory.create_batch(
3,
officer=officer4,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2009, 7, 2, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=True
)
OfficerAllegationFactory.create_batch(
4,
officer=officer4,
allegation__incident_date=datetime(2009, 7, 2, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
allegation__is_officer_complaint=False
)
TRRFactory.create_batch(
2,
officer=officer4,
trr_datetime=datetime(2009, 2, 1, tzinfo=pytz.utc)
)
expected_dict = {
1: {
'officer_id': 1,
'year': 2017,
'metric_allegation': 3.0,
'metric_allegation_civilian': 2.0,
'metric_allegation_internal': 1.0,
'metric_trr': 0.6667,
'metric_honorable_mention': 1.0,
'percentile_allegation': 66.6667,
'percentile_allegation_civilian': 66.6667,
'percentile_allegation_internal': 66.6667,
'percentile_trr': 33.3333,
'percentile_honorable_mention': 33.3333,
},
2: {
'officer_id': 2,
'year': 2014,
'metric_allegation': 2.0055,
'metric_allegation_civilian': 1.337,
'metric_allegation_internal': 0.6685,
'metric_trr': 0.0,
'metric_honorable_mention': 2.0055,
'percentile_allegation': 66.6667,
'percentile_allegation_civilian': 66.6667,
'percentile_allegation_internal': 66.6667,
'percentile_trr': 0.0,
'percentile_honorable_mention': 66.6667
},
3: {
'officer_id': 3,
'year': 2017,
'metric_allegation': 1.6667,
'metric_allegation_civilian': 1.0,
'metric_allegation_internal': 0.6667,
'metric_trr': 1.0,
'metric_honorable_mention': 0.0,
'percentile_allegation': 0.0,
'percentile_allegation_civilian': 0.0,
'percentile_allegation_internal': 0.0,
'percentile_trr': 66.6667,
'percentile_honorable_mention': 0.0
}
}
officers = officer_percentile.latest_year_percentile()
expect(officers).to.have.length(3)
for officer in officers:
validate_object(officer, expected_dict[officer.id])
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220,
975,
705,
44734,
4257,
53331,
7,
679,
22,
11,
220,
717,
11,
220,
2148,
4489,
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284,
9640,
30983,
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1462,
28806,
42394,
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679,
21,
11,
18335,
37438,
3015,
9089,
36313,
3579,
32852,
932,
3166,
1750,
22774,
20734,
340,
286,
1755,
86203,
36080,
570,
998,
34970,
1996,
7,
15,
696,
262,
571,
17127,
30983,
458,
5489,
9897,
1021,
286,
5419,
669,
6362,
1122,
7408,
57849,
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679,
19,
11,
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18,
11,
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11,
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2801,
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24369,
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1122,
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88666,
42394,
12794,
15475,
11366,
8072,
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1807,
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11,
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37438,
3015,
9089,
36313,
3579,
32852,
932,
3166,
1750,
22774,
20734,
340,
286,
1755,
86203,
36080,
570,
998,
34970,
1996,
7,
15,
696,
262,
571,
17127,
30983,
458,
5489,
9897,
1021,
286,
5419,
669,
6362,
1122,
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1296,
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1122,
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1214,
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3702,
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1462,
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11,
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36313,
3579,
32852,
932,
3166,
1750,
22774,
20734,
340,
286,
1755,
86203,
36080,
570,
998,
34970,
1996,
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16,
340,
286,
9788,
5427,
86203,
36080,
58,
15,
1145,
341,
310,
364,
1885,
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408,
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2457,
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22,
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16,
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8095,
14987,
1232,
220,
16,
13,
21962,
21,
345,
310,
364,
2470,
8584,
88666,
669,
6362,
1122,
1232,
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18,
345,
310,
364,
16282,
8584,
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6362,
1122,
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17,
13,
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24,
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458,
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11,
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16253,
14283,
52713,
62,
16,
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1214,
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11,
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53331,
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18,
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1192,
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18,
11,
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11,
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44734,
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11,
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11,
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18,
11,
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44734,
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11,
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717,
11,
220,
2148,
4489,
286,
9808,
284,
9640,
30983,
458,
1462,
28806,
42394,
7,
679,
21,
11,
18335,
37438,
3015,
9089,
36313,
3579,
20734,
340,
286,
1755,
86203,
36080,
570,
998,
34970,
1996,
7,
15,
696,
262,
571,
17127,
30983,
458,
5489,
9897,
1021,
286,
58494,
7408,
57849,
7,
679,
19,
11,
220,
18,
11,
220,
16,
11,
43628,
2801,
28,
3368,
38692,
46497,
1350,
286,
58494,
6479,
57849,
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21,
11,
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22,
11,
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16,
11,
43628,
2801,
28,
3368,
38692,
46497,
340,
262,
1763,
262,
711,
1296,
58128,
8584,
88666,
42394,
12794,
15475,
11366,
8072,
6337,
1409,
1807,
1214,
997,
286,
20148,
4246,
3809,
28,
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11,
21489,
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53331,
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15,
11,
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18,
11,
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18,
11,
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1192,
286,
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28,
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53331,
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15,
11,
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11,
220,
975,
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44734,
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53331,
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11,
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17,
11,
220,
16,
1192,
286,
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28,
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18,
11,
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44734,
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11,
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30983,
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42394,
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11,
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37438,
3015,
9089,
36313,
3579,
20734,
340,
286,
1755,
86203,
36080,
570,
998,
34970,
1996,
7,
15,
696,
262,
571,
17127,
30983,
458,
5489,
9897,
1021,
286,
58494,
7408,
57849,
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679,
20,
11,
220,
16,
11,
220,
16,
11,
43628,
2801,
28,
3368,
38692,
46497,
1350,
286,
58494,
6479,
57849,
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21,
11,
220,
22,
11,
220,
16,
11,
43628,
2801,
28,
3368,
38692,
46497,
340,
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1763,
262,
711,
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58128,
8584,
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42394,
1214,
997,
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9640,
284,
20148,
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3809,
28,
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53331,
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4489,
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310,
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28,
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345,
310,
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565,
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2801,
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286,
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2581,
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1021,
310,
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310,
9640,
28,
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345,
310,
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565,
76111,
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21,
11,
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16,
11,
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845,
11,
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2801,
28,
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1021,
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28,
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310,
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565,
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57849,
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21,
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22,
11,
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17,
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28,
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286,
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458,
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28806,
42394,
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21,
11,
18335,
37438,
3015,
9089,
36313,
3579,
20734,
340,
286,
1755,
86203,
36080,
570,
998,
34970,
1996,
7,
16,
340,
286,
9788,
5427,
86203,
36080,
58,
15,
1145,
341,
310,
364,
1885,
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851,
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3236,
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364,
408,
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2457,
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11,
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22,
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16,
1350,
310,
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8095,
14987,
1232,
220,
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13,
21962,
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310,
364,
2470,
8584,
88666,
1232,
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18,
345,
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16282,
8584,
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1232,
220,
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4119,
24,
345,
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286,
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Austria-Hungary, also known as the Dual monarchy or as the k.u.k. monarchy), was a dualistic state (1867 –1918) in which the Kingdom of Hungary enjoyed self-government and representation in joint affairs (principally foreign relations and defence) with the western and northern lands of the Austrian Empire under the Austrian Emperors (who also reigned as Kings of Hungary) of the Habsburg dynasty. The federation bore the full name of "The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of Stephen" (Die im Reichsrat vertretenen Königreiche und Länder und die Länder der heiligen ungarischen Stephanskrone).
Austria-Hungary originated in 1867 in a compromise between the Hungarian nobility and the Habsburg monarchy in an attempt to maintain the old Austrian Empire of 1804. As a multi-national empire in an era of national awakening, it found its political life dominated by disputes between the eleven principal national groups. Although quarrelling between the groups frequently afflicted the Empire, the fifty years of its existence saw rapid economic growth and modernization, as well as many liberal reforms. The Empire eventually disappeared as a result of the First World War.
The Lands of the Empire
Many texts refer to the non-Hungarian ("Austrian") half part of Austria-Hungary as Cisleithania -- because most of its territory lay west (or to "this" side, from an Austrian perspective) of the Leitha river (although Galicia to the north-east also counted as "Austrian"). This region (consisting of more than simply Austria) strictly speaking had no collective official name prior to 1915, and hence official sources referred to the "Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council". (The Imperial Council (Reichsrat) functioned as Cisleithania's parliament.) Similarly, the Transleithanian ("Hungarian") half also consisted of more than simply Hungary, and bore the official designation of the "Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of [Saint] Stephen" -- a reference to the canonised first Christian king of Hungary.
The "Kingdoms and Lands" of the Cisleithanian half of the Empire:
The "Lands" of the Transleithanian half of the Empire:
Bosnia-Herzegovina formed a separate part of the Empire, jointly administered by both halves.
Creation of Austria-Hungary — The Compromise of 1867
The Ausgleich ("Compromise") of February 1867 which inaugurated the Empire's dualist structure in place of the former unitary Austrian Empire (1804-1867) originated at a time when Austria had declined in strength and in power -- both in the Italian peninsula (as a result of the war of 1859) and in greater Germany (culminating in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866). Other factors in the constitutional changes included continued Hungarian dissatisfaction with rule from Vienna, and increasing national consciousness on the part of other nationalities of the Austrian Empire. Hungarian dissatisfaction grew partially from Austria's suppression, with Russian support, of the Hungarian liberal revolution of 1848 – 1849. However, dissatisfaction with Austrian rule had grown for many years within Hungary, and had many causes.
In an effort to shore up support for the monarchy, Emperor Franz Joseph began negotiations for a compromise with the Magyar nobility to ensure their support. Some members of the government, such as Austrian prime minister Count Belcredi , advised the Emperor to make a more comprehensive constitutional deal with all of the nationalities that would have created a federal structure. Belcredi worried that an accommodation with the Magyar interests would alienate the other nationalities. However, Franz Joseph was unable to ignore the power of the Magyar nobility, and they would not accept anything less than dualism between themselves and the traditional Austrian élites.
In particular, Hungarian leaders demanded and received the Emperor's coronation as King of Hungary as a re-affirmation of Hungary's historic privileges, and the establishment of a separate parliament at Budapest with the powers to enact laws for the historic lands of the Hungarian crown (the lands of St Stephen), though on a basis which would preserve the political dominance of ethnic Hungarians (more specifically of the country's large nobility and educated élite) and the exclusion from effective power of the country's large Romanian and Slavic minorities.
Three distinct elements ruled Austria-Hungary:
- the Hungarian government
- the “Austrian” or Cisleithanian government
- a unified administration under the monarch
Hungary and Austria maintained separate parliaments, each with its own prime minister. Linking/co-ordinating the two fell to a government under a monarch, wielding power absolute in theory but limited in practice. The monarch’s common government had responsibility for the army, for the navy, for foreign policy, and for the customs union.
Within Cisleithania and Hungary certain regions, such as Galicia and Croatia, enjoyed special status with their own unique governmental structures.
A Common Ministerial Council ruled the common government: it comprised the three ministers for the joint responsibilities (joint finance, military, and foreign policy), the two prime ministers, some Archdukes and the monarch. Two delegations of representatives, one each from Austria and from Hungary, met separately and voted on the expenditures of the Common Ministerial Council, giving the two governments influence in the common administration. However, the ministers ultimately answered only to the monarch, and he had the final decision on matters of foreign and military policy.
Overlapping responsibilities between the joint ministries and the ministries of the two halves caused friction and inefficiencies. The armed forces suffered particularly from overlap. Although the unified government determined overall military direction, the Austrian and Hungarian governments each remained in charge of "the quota of recruits, legislation concerning compulsory military service, transfer and provision of the armed forces, and regulation of the civic, non-military affairs of members of the armed forces". Needless to say, each government could have a strong influence over common governmental responsibilities. Each half of the Dual Monarchy proved quite prepared to disrupt common operations to advance its own interests.
Relations over the half-century after 1867 between the two halves of the Empire (in fact the Cisleithan part contained about 57% of the combined realm's population and a rather larger share of its economic resources) featured repeated disputes over shared external tariff arrangements and over the financial contribution of each government to the common treasury. Under the terms of the Ausgleich, an agreement, renegotiated every ten years, determined these matters. Each build-up to the renewal of the agreement saw political turmoil. The disputes between the halves of the empire culminated in the mid-1900s in a prolonged constitutional crisis -- triggered by disagreement over the language of command in Hungarian army units, and deepened by the advent to power in Budapest (April 1906) of a Hungarian nationalist coalition. Provisional renewals of the common arrangements occurred in October 1907 and in November 1917 on the basis of the status quo.
The ethnic distribution
Czechs (the majority in the Czech lands, i.e.Bohemia, Moravia and Austrian Silesia), Poles and Ukrainians (in Galicia), Slovenes (in Carniola, Carinthia and southern Styria, mostly today's Slovenia) and Croats, Italians and Slovenes in Istria each sought a greater say in Cisleithan affairs.
At the same time, Magyar dominance faced challenges from the local majorities of Romanians in Transylvania and in the eastern Banat, of Slovaks in today's Slovakia, of Croats and Serbs in the crownlands of Croatia and of Dalmatia (today's Croatia), in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in the provinces known as the Vojvodina (today's northern Serbia). The Romanians and the Serbs also looked to union with their fellow-nationalists in the newly-founded states of Romania (1859 - 1878) and Serbia, respectively.
Though Hungary's leaders showed on the whole less willingness than their German Austrian counterparts to share power with their subject minorities, they granted a large measure of autonomy to the kingdom of Croatia in 1868, parallelling to some extent their own accommodation within the Empire the previous year.
Language constituted one of the most contentious issues in Austro-Hungarian politics. All governments faced difficult and divisive hurdles in sorting out the languages of government and of instruction. Minorities wanted to ensure the widest possibility for education in their own language as well as in the "dominant" languages of Hungarian and German. On one notable occasion, that of the so-called "ordinance of April 5, 1897", the Austrian Prime Minister Kasimir Felix Graf von Badeni gave Czech equal standing with German in the internal government of Bohemia, leading to a crisis because of nationalist German agitation throughout the Empire. In the end Badeni was dismissed. On another occasion, the Czechs lost the privilege of using their own language in everyday life, including newspapers and in the workplace: Czechs had to use German. This caused general chaos.
The Austro-Hungarian economy changed dramatically during the existence of the Dual Monarchy. Technological change accelerated industrialization and urbanization. The capitalist mode of production spread throughout the Empire during its fifty-year existence. The old institutions of feudalism continued to disappear. Economic growth centred around Vienna, the Austrian lands (areas of modern Austria), the Alpine lands, and the Bohemian lands. In the later years of the nineteenth century rapid economic growth spread to the central Hungarian plain and to the Carpathian lands. As a result of this pattern wide disparities of development existed within the Empire. In general the western areas achieved far more development than the east. By the early 20th century most of the Empire had started to experience rapid economic growth. The GNP per capita grew roughly 1.45% per year from 1870 to 1913. That level of growth compared very favourably to that of other European nations such as Britain (1.00%), France (1.06%), and Germany (1.51%). (Source: Good, David. The Economic Rise of the Habsburg Empire). However, the Empire's economy as a whole still lagged considerably behind the economies of other powers, as it had only begun sustained modernization much later. Britain had a GNP per-capita almost three times larger than the Habsburg Empire, while Germany's stood almost twice as high as Austria-Hungary's. Nonetheless, these large discrepancies hide different levels of development within the Empire.
Rail transport expanded rapidly in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Its predecessor state, the Habsburg Empire, had built a substantial core of railways in the west originating from Vienna by 1841. At that point the government realized the military possibilities of rail and began to invest heavily in their construction. Bratislava, Budapest, Prague, Kraków, Graz, Laibach (Ljubljana), and Venice became linked to the main network. By 1854 the Empire had almost 2000 kilometres of track, about 60 to 70% of it in state hands. At that point the government began to sell off large portions of track to private investors to recoup some of its investments and because of the financial strains of the 1848 Revolution and of the Crimean War.
From 1854 to 1879 private interests conducted almost all rail construction. What would become Cisleithania gained 7952 track kilometres, and Hungary built 5839 track kilometres. During this time many new areas joined the railway system and the existing rail networks gained connections and interconnections. This period marked the beginning of widespread rail transportation in Austria-Hungary, and also the integration of transportation systems in the area. To a large extent railways allowed the Empire to integrate its economy far more than previously possible: beforehand transportation had dependended on rivers.
After 1879 the Austro-Hungarian government slowly began to re-nationalize the rail network, largely because of the sluggish pace of development during the worldwide depression of the 1870s. The years between 1879 and 1900 saw more than 25,000 km of railways built in Cisleithania and Hungary. Most of this constituted "filling in" of the existing network, although some areas, primarily in the far east, gained rail connections for the first time during this period. The railroad reduced transportation costs throughout the Empire, opening new markets for products from other lands of the Dual Monarchy.
The Imperial (Austrian) and Royal (Hungarian) governments differed also to some extent in their attitude toward the Empire's common foreign policy. Politicians in Budapest particularly feared annexations of territory which would add to the kingdom's non-Hungarian populations. But the Empire's alliance with Germany against Russia from October 1879 (see Dual Alliance, 1879) commanded general acceptance, since Russia seemed the principal external military threat to both parts.
Austro-Hungarian forces occupied the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina from August 1878 under the Treaty of Berlin. The Empire annexed this territory in October 1908 as a common holding under the control of the finance ministry rather than attaching it to either territorial government. The annexation set up an anomalous situation which led some in Vienna to contemplate combining Bosnia and Herzegovina with Croatia to form a third component of the Empire, uniting its southern Slav regions under the domination of Croats (who might have proved more sympathetic to Vienna than to Budapest).
World War I
Coat of Arms of Austria-Hungary, adopted in 1915
to emphasize the unity of the Empire during World War I
On June 28, 1914, Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, heir to his childless uncle the Emperor Franz Josef (Franz Josef's only son had died under still-mysterious circumstances, and Mexican republicans had executed the Emperor's brother), visited the Bosnian capital Sarajevo where Bosnian Serb militants of the nationalist group Young Bosnia assassinated him. See: Assassination in Sarajevo
The Empire had previously lost ethnically Italian areas to Piedmont due to nationalist movements sweeping through Italy, and many Austro-Hungarians felt the threat of losing the southern territories inhabited by Slavs to Serbia as imminent. Serbia had recently gained a significant amount of territory in the Second Balkan War of 1913, causing much distress in government circles in Vienna and Budapest. Some members of the government, such as Conrad von Hötzendorf had wanted to confront the resurgent Serbian nation for some years. The leadership of Austria-Hungary, backed by its ally Germany, decided to confront Serbia militarily before it could incite a revolt: using the assassination as an excuse, they presented a list of ten demands they expected Serbia would never accept. When Serbia accepted nine of the ten demands but only partially accepted the remaining one, Austria-Hungary declared war.
These events brought the Empire into conflict with Serbia and over the course of July and August 1914, caused the start of World War I, as Russia mobilized in support of Serbia, setting off a series of counter-mobilizations.
Italy initially remained neutral, although it had an alliance with Austria-Hungary. In 1915 it switched to the side of the Entente powers, hoping to gain territory from Austria-Hungary.
Austro-Hungarian troops initially crushed Serbia, defended the routes into Hungary and repulsed Italian advances in Gorizia. The Austro-Hungarian Army suffered very serious casualties throughout the war, especially in 1914. However, they had considerable successes (albeit with German aid and direction) even advancing into enemy territory following German-led victories in Galicia (May 1915) and at Caporetto on the Italian front (October 1917). Throughout the war, the Austro-Hungarian war effort had become more and more subordinate to the direction of German planners. Supply shortages, low morale, and the high casualty rate began to seriously affect the operational abilities of the army by the last years of the war.
Dissolution of the Empire
In the summer of 1918 the tide of war turned decisively against the Central Powers. Although the leadership of the national minorities in the Empire had remained loyal to the Habsburgs throughout the war, worsening fortunes forced them to reconsider their options. As it became apparent that the Allies would win, it became politically expedient for nationalists to renounce ties to the old state and to embrace the nationalist ideology of the victorious powers. On top of that, the Empire could no longer provide an incentive for the nationalities to work together. Other groups also lost faith in the Empire. Prosperity had disappeared, disillusioning business interests, socialists became upset by the loss of the liberal policies that had characterised the pre-war Cisleithanian government. Under those conditions radical nationalists found it easy to rally support to their cause, and a rash of declarations of independence followed in September – October 1918. The war officially concluded for Austria-Hungary when it entered an armistice with the Allies on November 3, 1918.
The end of the war marked the end of Austria-Hungary. It became politically expedient for the allied victors to break the conglomeration up into various national components in accordance with Woodrow Wilson's 14 points. Note that the allied powers by no means saw the break-up of the empire as a war aim: they seriously entertained the idea only towards the end of the war. Contrary to expectations at the time, the break-up of the empire did not alleviate national problems in the area, and made the area more politically unstable than under Habsburg rule.
First to formalise the new circumstances, the Czechs proclaimed independence on October 28 1918. Hungary followed suit on 31 October, although Transylvania's majority joined Romania, taking with them a large Hungarian minority. The South Slavs had formed the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs on 29 October, soon united (1 December 1918) with Serbia and Montenegro as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
After the war the victors reorganized the borders in the area, radically changing political alignments. Different treaties affected the area, including the Treaty of Trianon (1920).
Both Austria and Hungary became republics, exiling the Habsburg family in perpetuity. A pro-monarchist revival in Hungary after the communist revolution and the Romanian intervention of 1919 led to the country's formal reversion to a kingdom (March 1920), but with the throne vacant. Attempts by the last Emperor, Charles I, to regain power in Budapest (March, October 1921) ended in his deportation to Madeira, where he died the following year. In the absence of a king, Hungary fell under the control of a regency, headed by the naval hero Miklós Horthy.
The following new states formed themselves (in part or in full) out of the former Habsburg lands:
In addition, some Austro-Hungarian territory went to Romania and Italy. Liechtenstein, which had formerly looked to Vienna for protection, formed a customs and defence union with Switzerland, and adopted the Swiss currency instead of the Austrian. In April 1919 Vorarlberg, the westernmost province of Austria, voted by a large majority to join Switzerland; however both the Swiss and the Allies ignored the vote.
Historical views of Austria-Hungary have varied throughout the 20th century:
Historians in the early part of the century tended to have emotional and/or personal involvement with the issues surrounding Austria-Hungary. Nationalist historians tended to view the Habsburg polity as despotic and obsolete. Other scholars, usually associated with the old government, became apologists for the traditional leadership and tried to explain their policies.
- Major writers from the early period who remain influential include: Oskar Jászi and Josef Redlich.
Subsequent experience of the region's inter-war "Balkanization", of Nazi occupation, and then of Soviet domination, led to a more sympathetic interpretation of the Empire, based primarily in a large exiled community in the United States. Meanwhile, Marxist historians still tended to judge the Empire in a negative way.
- Major scholars of this period include: C. A Macartney, Robert A. Kann and Arthur J. May.
One controversy among historians remains: whether the Empire faced inevitable collapse as the result of a decades-long decline; or whether it would have survived in some form in the absence of military defeat in World War I.
Alan Sked has advanced the view that, "to speak of decline and fall with regard to the Monarchy is simply misleading: it fell because it lost a major war." (The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire 1815–1918)
- David F. Good supports Sked's view.
- Others, such as Solomon Wank, remain skeptical.
Last updated: 08-22-2005 19:07:42
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] |
Myopia 101: Everything You Need to Know About Nearsightedness
Learn everything you need to know about myopia—what causes nearsightedness, how do you treat it, and some preventive measures to avoid developing one. Read on!
Are you having difficulty seeing objects from afar? This could be a sign of a blur vision problem called myopia. Read until the end of this post to learn how you can alleviate such discomfort in your vision.
What is myopia?
Myopia, also known as nearsightedness, is a type of refractive error in the eyes. It happens when one’s eyeball are too long or the corneas are too curved. Because of this, the light that passes through the eyes will not fall on the retina. People with myopia can typically see well enough to read a book or computer screen but struggle to see objects farther away.
What causes myopia?
Till date, scientists are still unsure of why the eyeball sometimes grows too long. However, they have found some risk factors that is related to myopia progression.
- 1. Genetic factors - it has been found that if both parents are myopic, there is a higher chance of the child have myopia.
- 2. Environmental factors - it has been found that children spending more time in doing near-work and lack of time spent outdoors actually increase the rate of myopia progression
This vision condition usually starts as soon as childhood. As mentioned above, children who have nearsighted parents have higher chances of developing myopia. It is often discovered in children at the age of 8 to 12 and correction is necessary to slow down the rate of progression of myopia.
What are the signs and symptoms of myopia?
Some common symptoms is when a child experiences or complains about headaches, eye strain, and fatigue when trying to focus their eyes on objects that are more than a few feet away. Sometimes, the child may rub their eyes more often or having some behaviours like watching tv at a very close distance.
Another common symptoms is blurry of vision at distance, as shown in the picture below.
How do you manage myopia?
If one is suspected having the above symptoms, he or she should get their eye tested in the optical practice. Do take note that if the child is below the age of 8 years old, you should bring your child to see an optometrist. Eyeglasses are the usual solution prescribed by opticians and optometrists should myopia be detected.
How do you prevent development of myopia?
Since myopia is usually hereditary, it can’t actually be prevented. However, there are some things you can follow to minimise its progress.
- - Get your child’s vision assessed early on, specially if your family has a history of myopia.
- - Spend long hours outside. Some studies suggested that sunlight may provide important cues for eye development
- - Take regular eye breaks using the “20-20-20” rule: every 20 minutes, shift your eyes to look at an object at least 20 feet away, for at least 20 seconds
- - Consider myopia control lenses for your child. Studies have shown that myopia control lenses actually helps to slow down myopia of up to 30%*.
- - Consider orthokeratology.
Orthokeratology, or just Ortho-K, is the use of specially designed contact lenses to gently reshape the front surface of the cornea. This can be worn overnight and works instantly in enabling clearer vision the next day.
Good candidates for Ortho-K are children and young adults who don’t want to wear glasses and are too young for normal contact lenses and laser eye surgery. Also, people who are into contact sports or are working within dusty environments may find this beneficial.
It was studied by researchers at the University of Melbourne that those who undergo Ortho-K showed a more significant stable degree of myopia. 64% of Ortho-K eyes showed an apparent total stabilization of nearsightedness. With this, it can be concluded that Ortho-K can reduced the rate of progression of childhood myopia. | 862 | [
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The. […]
A BALCONY SHIRTS EXCLUSIVE – Unbridled joy swept across the small, but perfectly formed, town of Uxbridge over the weekend as news spread that the much maligned West London suburb was to be named The European Capital of Culture 2016. Judges from across Europe were said to have been wowed by Uxbridge’s “down to earth ambiance”. […] […] | 88 | [
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It's in the science The hop plant, Humulus lupulus, is sought after in beer production for their bitterness, flavor, aroma and anti-bacterial properties. Most of these characteristics are derived from the essential oils and acids in the hop plant. With the ability to custom tailor our nutrients and dose the plants in various stages creates the ultimate hop cone. The size and quality of cones attained from hydroponics can be quite impressive! Other issues are also alleviated with the introduction of a completely climate controlled greenhouse. We are also able to stimulate the population of beneficial insects that will naturally kill any pests that happen to slip into the greenhouse.
"Spoon-fed"Hop plants are notorious for demanding large amounts of fertilizer each season, particularly Nitrogen and Potassium. In soil based growing this option is not easily available if they want to maintain their soil integrity, save money and/or not over-fertilize their plants. Hydroponics give us the ability for the first time to provide the hop plants with the full nutrient spectrum at the appropriate dosages throughout many different phases of morphology (growth). Plants require different ratios of fertilizer during different growth phases. During initial growth (vegetative) the plants require higher Nitrogen levels compared to other macro-nutrients. During final growth (flowering) the plants require lower levels of Nitrogen and higher levels of Potassium and Phosphorus. This is a more difficult and costly task to accomplish with traditional hop field growing, however with hydroponics this task is quite easy and in fact the nutrient recipe will vary through all stages of the plants life based on how the plant is responding. A special blend of micro-nutrients are also added to our hydroponics system to supply all of the known minerals that plants derive from the soil, 17 in fact. Finally we use traces of naturally occurring, organic, growth additives such as seaweed and humic acids. In summary this all means we provide the plant the best possible opportunity to thrive and we are rewarded with a harvest that is superior to any other hops in the world!
Density Yet another big advantage of Hydro Hops is the density we are able to accomplish. We can pack 2,000 hop plants into a 5,000 sqft greenhouse! That's over 17,000 plants per acre! Compared to soil, which averages 1,500 plants per acre!
Sustainable Despite a large initial investment of money and resources our methods are very sustainable. We use less water, less nutrients, less pesticides, less emissions (from minimized cross country hop shipping, no use of farm equipment, tractors, etc), take up less land, our rain water and runoff water is all collected for use on natural pasture grass. | 555 | [
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This blog post is one part of the series "learning diary" for a course at my university.
Based on the topic of this weeks course and the provided information I assume we will learn how to specify the target group of a learning environment and possibly why it is important to define a target group. Also the planning of an online course seems to be involved. The four decisions to make if one would create a online course are:
- Is face-to-face interaction needed?
- Which amount supervising is needed?
- What amount and type of peer interaction is needed?
- How will the course be delivered?
What have I learned:
In the lesson today I learned to structure a learning unit, based on the target group and various other factors. Our group had the task to plan a learning lesson on "Tree" data structure for second semester computing students. We had a task to define the target group (second semester as already written), determine the learning goals and structure the content. Also we had to think about a methodology how we can teach the learning goals to the students. Also we learned about the media usage, specifically on keeping the media local and double check if the media works (specially on new systems).
The second topic of the lesson revolved around distance education. We learned that how distance education is done in more rural areas in the world (by television or radio, and sending sheets via mail) | 290 | [
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.
Must Know Stories
Must Know Stories includes favourite tales, celebrating the diversity of our literary heritage.
Level 1 stories are told in under 500 words, for children to read independently. Level 2 stories are told in chapters of under 1000 words.
There appear to be no results for this search.
Do you wish to rerun this search with "Read, reviewed and rated" unselected? | 81 | [
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The Volkswagen e-Golf is history: the last vehicle rolled off the production line at the Transparent Factory in Dresden. With the e-Golf in Uranogrey, a total of 50,401 vehicles have been manufactured in Dresden since March 2017. At the beginning of the new year 2021, the production area of the plant.”.. | 71 | [
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Last year, I threw my daughter a birthday party large enough to rival most weddings. It was fun, I made a ton of “retro cherry” themed desserts, and everyone was impressed — but I was exhausted. I didn’t get to talk to many of my family or friends, and I felt like I couldn’t really focus on my daughter. So this year, I resolved to scale back, simplify and throw a small party with the family to celebrate her turning two years old. I did succeed in reducing the size of the party, but of course, I couldn’t resist making a giant birthday cake and some special “2” shaped cookies, even though it was just going to be a “simple” party.
It all started when I found a 2-shaped cookie cutter online. I knew I wanted to make a 2 for the top of her cake, and I decided while I was at it, I’d ask my dad to teach me how to decorate with royal icing. My parents made 150 bride and 150 groom sugar cookies for my wedding favors, so it’s safe to say they’ve got experience under their belts. I enjoyed working with them both on these!
What I was most excited about was making my 1st birthday cake. I found this amazing recipe for Marshmallow Buttercream Frosting, and I decided to pair it with lemon cake. Let me tell you this: I’ll never use another frosting recipe in my life. It was fluffy, light and tasted amazing. I really wanted the cake to have a homemade feel to it, so I iced it somewhat messily and used jumbo-sized confetti sprinkles to decorate with.
My dad had a great idea to use the royal icing as “glue” to attach two toothpicks on the back of the cookie I wanted to use as the cake topper. I used my 1-in. craft punch to cut circles out of scrapbook paper for the top, and I used some jumbo letter stickers to spell out my daughters name. It was sweet, tasty and made my little girl smile, so I consider it a huge success!
This entry was posted in Party and tagged baking, cakes, cookies, decorating, favors by Carrie Kim. Bookmark the permalink.
I am so glad that you like the frosting so much! I love that one too. Sometimes I add lemon to it or a little jam to make a berry flavor. | 522 | [
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Coaching has long been considered to be about the development of skill in a sport. It has been about acquiring, honing and transferring these skills in the pursuit of athletic achievement. Over time it has been proven that coaching means much more than that.
We'd love to hear about the impact coaching has had on your life and the wider benefits it provides you. If you would like to share your #CoachingCan stories with us please get in touch via our Twitter, Facebook, Instagram or email Sarah Mcleod.
Wesport’s Sarah McLeod catches up with local swimming teacher Jen Stoneman from Angelfish Swimmers and Caroline, the Mum of a young swimmer, Seb, to highlight this fantastic story.
Here we get a glimpse of the valuable impact #CoachingCan have within the elite sport sector as Sarah McLeod catches up with one of English Institute of Sport’s (EIS) Strength & Conditioning Leads.
Wesport’s Sarah McLeod catches up with Ebony to look at the real impact of volunteering and coaching has had on her life.
| 228 | [
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Hubble 25: A Quarter-Century of Discovery with the Hubble Space Telescope
by Dylan Steele (ed.)
Publisher: NASA 2015
Number of pages: 78
In celebration of the Hubble Space Telescope's 25th anniversary, explore 25 of Hubble’s breathtaking and significant images. From planets in our own solar system to snapshots from a time when our universe was very young, these images are presented according to their distance from Earth, from near to far. Along with companion descriptions and videos, the 25 images highlight the telescope's amazing capabilities.
Home page url
Download or read it online for free here:
by John Favill - Cornell Maritime Press
Astronomy, time, the astronomical triangle, trigonometry and reliable procedures for position finding are explained. The Primer takes into account all the stumbling blocks, and moves progressively from the simple fundamentals to the complex problems.
by Herbert Hall Turner - E. Arnold
The aim of the following pages is to illustrate the variety in character of astronomical discoveries. An attempt has indeed been made to arrange the examples into a rough sequence according to the amount of chance associated with the discovery.
by George Forbes
This book starts with the ancient Chinese, the Chaldeans, Greeks, and Arabs, then Copernicus and others of the Renaissance, and lastly the 18th and 19th centuries. Topics included are the telescope, the sun, moon, planets and the stars.
by Claus Tøndering
An overview of the Christian, Hebrew, Persian, and Islamic calendars in common use. It gives a historical background for the Christian calendar, plus an overview of the French Revolutionary calendar, the Maya calendar, and the Chinese calendar. | 345 | [
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] |
ANDERSON (Nov. 21, 2014) – This holiday season, a local veteran is thankful, as the community comes together to build him a brand new home.
Tim Senkowski lost both of his legs while serving in Afghanistan, and ever since, the community’s been working hard to build Senkowski and his family a more accessible home. They held a groundbreaking last year, but have run into delays and funding shortfalls as a network of volunteers and local companies work generously to construct the home on their own time.
This summer, they even borrowed the latest craze in viral video to raise money for Senkowski, taking part in a special ‘ice bucket challenge’ at the construction site near Anderson.
Now, the framing is in place, and soon the roof deck will be installed. But they still need help with paint, drywall and flooring.
“We really need to finish this thing off we hope everybody can step up and help us out,” said Bob Luenebrink with The Path Home.
All along, local companies and contractors have been pitching in to help.
“It kind of puts things in perspective, kind of warms the heart (and) makes you understand what’s really important in life,” said Darnel Fox with Keihin Corporation.
“I try to say what I can, but there are no words to express the thanks and the support that Indiana has given,” Senkowski said. “I just can’t believe all the help they’ve given me and I hope one day I can return all the help."
If you’re interested in donating, the group has established a web page for those who want to help.
Hoosier Heroes is an Emmy Award-winning segment that focuses on Indiana veterans. View other Hoosier Heroes stories here. | 388 | [
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] |
You are everything I’ve ever wished for.
Reveling in the shrieks and shouts.
Feeding on the flickers of my soul.
Yet I am sure of it I have never heard.
Do you plan for you and I to ever meet?
Miss Mystery-and-Intrigue that I do not know?
Perhaps, perhaps, oh how you tease me!
One day, this secrecy, I will unfold.
Written for a prompt on Instagram: write a 10-word story using “honesty”.
Your mere presence to me intoxicates.
I try to trace the smooth lines of your face.
Arms stretched out, I yearn to hold.
And you are nothing more than just a dream.
Knowing they will not hurt me?
Will you choose to love me too? | 177 | [
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] |
Depression is a common mental disorder that can significantly impact the physical and emotional health of the individual suffering from it. A variety of factors can cause depression, and symptoms vary from person to person. It is important to understand depression and the signs and symptoms of this mental disorder.
Causes of Depression
Depression can be caused by a range of factors and can affect individuals at any stage of their life. A few of the most prevalent causes of depression include:
- Genetic predisposition
- Traumatic life events
- Unhealthy lifestyle
- Hormonal imbalances
- Drug or alcohol abuse
- Certain medical conditions
- Social or family pressures
Symptoms of Depression
The symptoms of depression vary from one person to the next, but some common signs to look out for include the following:
- Sadness and/or anxiety
- Tearfulness or extreme sadness
- Feelings of hopelessness and helplessness
- Lack of motivation and energy
- Trouble concentrating or making decisions
- Loneliness and isolation
- Changes in appetite and/or weight
- Difficulties in sleeping
- Thoughts of self-harm or suicide
Treatment of Depression
The treatment of depression varies, depending on the individual and the severity of the symptoms. Common treatments include psychotherapy and medication, but many natural remedies and lifestyle changes can also be beneficial. It is important to seek help from a qualified mental health professional to get the best treatment plan.
Depression is a serious mental disorder, but with the right treatment, it is possible to manage the symptoms and live a healthy and happy life. | 326 | [
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About Gento, I remember reading something this weekend but I can't remember where. Apparently he was in Lisbon for the Champions League final with Raúl, Mijatovic and Hierro (?) and he was nervous, so he decided to go for a walk before the match. They told him to be careful because there was a lot of people in the street and he had to be in the stadium an hour before to do something but he told them to not worry, he thought nobody would recognize him... well, he was wrong, he couldn't take five steps without somebody him to ask for a picture or an autograph. | 128 | [
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] |
According to the World Health Organization, adherence is defined as:
"The degree to which the person’s behavior corresponds with the agreed recommendations from a health care provider” .
Adherence to certain therapies, such as medications, enables successful treatment of medical conditions. Nonadherence to medications has the potential to result in negative health outcomes. There are a variety of factors that can affect adherence. The medication taking behaviour of patients is complex. Therefore, identifying specific barriers to adherence is important to improve a patient’s health outcomes.
Nonadherence can be intentional or unintentional. Intentional adherence is when the patient actively decides to not take their medications as prescribed or not take them at all . Some factors that may contribute to intentional nonadherence is the patient’s lack of motivation to persist with the treatment, or their personal belief and attitude towards the treatment itself. Unintentional adherence is when the patient does not take their medications as recommended but this is a passive and unplanned process . Some factors that may contribute to unintentional nonadherence is that the patient has trouble remembering to take their doses, problems accessing their medications at the pharmacy, the individual’s physical constraints, etc. Meanwhile over-adherence refers to when the patient takes more medications than recommended, whether that be actively or passively . Understanding if a patient’s nonadherence is intentional or unintentional can help better drive accurate solutions for the particular patient.
The reason why finding solutions to help solve a patient’s nonadherence to medications is so important is because nonadherence can lead to negative health outcomes. Studies have shown that there is a higher risk of hospitalization for patients with chronic diseases who are non-adherent to their prescribed therapies . Along with that, nonadherence also leads to a wastage of medication resources. At the Patel Research Lab we hope to better understand medication adherence behaviour among patients through our research with the goal of finding solutions to these problems.
World Health Organization. Adherence to long-term therapies: evidence for action. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2003Brown, M. T., & Bussell, J. K. (2011). Medication adherence: WHO cares?. Mayo Clinic proceedings, 86(4), 304–314. https://doi.org/10.4065/mcp.2010.0575
Hugtenburg JG, Timmers L, Elders PJM, et al. Definitions, variants and causes of nonadherence with medications: a challenge for tailored interventions. Patient Pref Adhere 2013;7:675-82.
Fuso L, Incalzi RA, Pistelli R, Muzzolon R, Valente S, Pagliari G, et al. Predicting mortality of patients hospitalized for acutely exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Med 1995. Mar;98(3):272-277 10.1016/S0002-9343(99)80374-X
Patel, T. (2021). Medication nonadherence: Time for a proactive approach by pharmacists. Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue Des Pharmaciens Du Canada, 154(5), 292–296. https://doi.org/10.1177/17151635211034216 | 669 | [
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] |
Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Auctorem Fidei
A Bull issued by Pius VI, 28 August, 1794, in condemnation of the Gallican and Jansenist acts and tendencies of the Synod of Pistoia (1786). To understand its bearing, it is well to observe that Leopold II, Grand duke of Tuscany (1765-90), pursued the ecclesiastical policy of his brother, Joseph II of Austria; i. e. he practically arrogated to himself supreme authority over all ecclesiastical matters within his dominions. In 1785 he sent fifty-seven articles to each bishop in the grand duchy, with orders to consider them in a diocesan synod, as a preliminary to a national synod, in which they were finally to be discussed. Scipio de' Ricci, Bishop of Pistoia, held his diocesan synod, and approved not only the fifty-seven articles drawn up by order of Leopold, but added a number of others of similar import. Among them were the following: All ecclesiastical authority comes directly from the members of the Church at large, whose commissioned ministers the pastors are. The pope is only ministerially head of the Church. Bishops do not depend on the pope for any jurisdiction in the government of their diocese. In diocesan synods parish priests have the same right of voting and deciding as the bishop. Reserved cases should be abolished. Excommunication has only an external effect. It is superstition to have more devotion towards one sacred image than towards another. Civil rulers have the right of making impediments diriment of matrimony and of dispensing from them. Bishops are not bound to make an oath of obedience to the pope before their consecration. All religious orders should live under the same rule and wear the same habit. Each church should have only one altar; the liturgy should be in the vernacular, and only one Mass should be celebrated on Sundays. Leopold caused a national synod to be held at Florence in 1787, but he did not find the other bishops as pliant as Scipio de' Ricci. Nevertheless he continued assuming all ecclesiastical authority, prohibited all appeals to the pope, and even appointed bishops, to whom the pope of course refused canonical institution. Finally, the Bull "Auctorem Fidei" was published, in which eighty-five articles taken from the Synod of Pistoia were catalogued and condemned. After the publication of the Bull, Scipio de' Ricci submitted. In 1805 he took occasion of the presence of Pius VII in Florence, on his way to Rome from his exile in France, to ask in person for pardon amid reconciliation. He died repentant, 1810, in the Dominican convent of San Marco at Florence.
DENZINGER-STAHL, Enchiridion Symbolorum et Definit. (9th ed., Freiburg, 1899), 310-38; POTTER, Vie et Mémoires de Scipion de' Ricci (Paris, 1826, favourable to Ricci); SCADERTO, Stato e Chiesa sotto Leopoldo I (Florence, 1855); REUMONT, Geschichte von Toscana, II, 157 sqq.; GELLI, Memorie di Scipione de' Ricci (Florence, 1865); PICOT, Mémoires pour servir à l'hist eccl. du XVIIIe siècle (Paris, 1855), V, 251-62, 272-81; VI, 407-15. | 760 | [
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50 Cent and The Game’s longstanding beef came to an end in 2016, and ever since news broke of the upcoming docu-series Moment in Time: The Massacre, fans have been awaiting more details of their story. Their beef escalated beyond your typical rap beef where both emcees would trade violent bars amongst one another, yet keep the energy strictly on wax. Many compared their battle to the infamous Tupac/Biggie beef in the early 90s that resulted in the passing of both rappers.
Legendary rapper/actor Ice-T gave his opinion recently on his views on the evolution of rap and who he believed to be “gangster rappers” with Unique Access Ent. In the conversation he included both rappers, saying of Game that he definitely included him as one of the better gangster rappers, but the momentum ended within him once their beef was dissolved.
In regards to the Power executive producer, he believes 50 (who hasn’t released an album since 2014’s Animal Ambition) embodies the true essence of a gangster rapper.
It’s no secret that there is a laundry list of celebrities and public figures that 50 Cent has been involved in some type of feud with, and even in the midst of their beef, some innocent by-standers happened to catch some of the crossfire. One of those that fall in the category happens to be R&B singer Mya.
When Mya first stepped onto the scene with her debut single It’s All About Me, she was definitely one of the hottest new acts of the late 90s entering into the new decade. While churning out her hit singles and albums, she found herself being linked to various rappers with different rumors surfacing. One of the biggest rumors that involved her was a speculated 11-year affair with rapper Jay-Z, to which she has vehemently denied.
Early in her career, the singer happened to be brought into 50 and Game’s beef when in 2005, 50 included her in his diss track “Not Rich, Still Lyin’” towards the West Coast rapper, eluding that he had slept with her.
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] |
What is a domain name? All you need to know. Creating a website? There are many things you need to find before it is up and running. The prerequisites have a domain name. So … what is a domain name?
A domain name is the permanent address of your website on the Internet. What do these people type in their web browser to find your website? For example, themeisle.com is the domain name of this website and you can see it in the address bar of this page.
When you buy, register and use the domain name for your website, it will be very easy for users to remember. When visitors enter your domain name in their browser, your computer sends a request to a server called the Domain Name System (DNS). You really don’t need to know what’s behind the scenes.
All you need to know is that DNS responds with the IP address of your website’s hosting server, which can cause people to use your domain name to access your website.
Think of it this way: people remember a name in the phone contact list better than actual phone numbers.
In the same way, it is easier for people to remember domain names than IP addresses. In this post, we’ll explain more about what domain names are, how they work, and how you can register your first domain. What is a Domain name and how does it work?
What are the different parts of a domain name?
A domain name can contain one word or more. Regardless of the number of words, there is a period at the end, followed by a suffix. This suffix after the dot is called the dot ‘top-level domain (TLD).
- The words to the left of the period are called "second-level domains."
At Themeisle.com, themeisle is a second-level domain, exclusive to this website only. .Com is called a generic top-level domain (TLD) extension. A .com is not the only TLD in use. There are over 200 domain name extensions and new ones are being added all the time.
An organization called ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) oversees the creation and administration of these domain names.
However, although you can use other names, using .com is usually best for any commercial business, as most people automatically add this extension when trying to find a website. Hey?
What are the most common domain extensions?
Extensions often indicate the nature of the website. Some examples:
- .com for any type of commercial website.
- .edu for an educational website
- .org for non-profit organizations or other diverse organizations
- .gov for official web pages.
However, most companies choose .com as it is the most used extension for the company. Owners often register domain names in multiple TLDs to prevent others from purchasing the same domain name in other TLDs. You can also avoid copyright problems later. For example, Facebook also owns facebook.org (and many other TLDs).
Facebook simply redirects all the different TLDs to facebook.com. Also, some domain extensions are restricted. For example, you cannot use the .edu extension unless you are legitimately an educational institution. You will need to apply and provide proof that you meet the criteria.
What is a country level TLD?
In addition to the generic TLDs we discussed above, there are also country-level domain extensions like .us for the United States. .In for India or .jp for Japan. If you are doing a location-based business, it makes sense to register under these domains, especially if you take this .com domain.
If you are targeting visitors from a particular country, this is sometimes ideal. Examples of other top-level country domains are .ca for Canada, .uk for the United Kingdom, .hk for Hong Kong, and -au for Australia. These are based on the standard country approach according to the International Organization for Standardization.
These are all called ccTLDs (Country Code Top Level Domains).
With common domain extensions, some country-level domain names are restricted to only those who can test from that location, while other country extensions are open to the public. Some country-specific domain extensions have also become popular as more common terms.
For example, the .io extension is technically a country level TLD for the British Indian Ocean region. However, it has become more popular as an extension for technology websites and most people don’t even realize that it is a country-specific extension.
How / where to register domain names?
Once you zero in on your domain name, you need to register it with a domain registrar and make it yours. A registrar is a company accredited through ICANN (International Commitment to Assignment of Names and Numbers) to sell domain name registrations.
Once registered, you keep the name for the validity period of the registration (the default is one year, but you can buy multiple years at a time). What you like with it, you can do a lot: create a website, sell it to someone else, use it for a custom email address, or just keep it idle (called “parking”).
There are many accredited registrars available and you will need to choose one carefully. Often times, website hosts like Siteguard and Bluehost double as domain registrars. They provide domain name registration as a free / paid add-on service in addition to their usual web hosting services. When choosing a domain name registrar, keep a few things in mind:
- Cost of the domain name. Prices vary from one registrar to another.
- Do you want to buy a domain name from your web host?
- Does the domain name registrar offer high-quality support?
- Does the registrar provide additional services such as an email reminder for renewal?
- Does the domain registrar give you free WHOIS privacy?
Generally, anyone can see the owner of a domain name, but WHOIS privacy allows you to hide her information behind a proxy service. You should also be aware that there are domain name resellers who set up an account with a recognized registrar.
If you purchase a domain name from these resellers, you will need to renew your registration or deal with them for any other domain management issues.
- What is a domain registrar?
- Best best domain registrar
- How to register a domain name?
- How to choose a good domain name?
This is a tough question and you have to be extremely creative. It is difficult to find a good domain name that is not registered. Looking at the sheer number of websites on the internet, chances are that most of the names you can think of are already there, especially in space. However, it is important to find a name that is unique and matches your brand.
Fundamentally, it should be easily remembered. You can use your name for a blog or personal service. For other cases, a name that reflects the purpose of your website would be better. For more help, you can refer to this post. Before searching for a domain name, focus on a keyword that is appropriate for a website.
If you can find a domain name that contains this keyword. You can also search various online tools or blog name generators to create domain names. Once you decide to register a domain name, you can think about registering it in multiple TLDs to avoid nasty copyright issues in the future.
Now that you know what a domain name is and how to choose one, take great care in finding the right one. Changing domain names can be cumbersome. Also, your website may lose the reputation and brand recognition gained from hard work. To get started with your first domain name.
You can follow our step-by-step guide on how to register a domain name. Then to turn your domain name into a working website, check out our guide on how to create a website. Still have questions about what a domain name is? Ask us in the comments!
This post includes affiliate links, which means that if you click on a product link and then buy the product, we will receive a commission. While there is no concern, you will still pay the standard amount so there is no cost on your part.
What is a domain and how do I buy it? – Top Domain Registrar 2020. In the world, there are 1.94 billion websites available and each website also has a domain name hosting. The number of websites changes every second.
Domain name registrar
Each website can be large or small, each website has a domain name and hosting. Again, some companies host such as “blogger.com” for free. Blogger serves a subdomain to create a blog for its clients for free and you can link a personal domain whether you want to or not, but the hosting is free.
If you have a website, the website requires a domain name and you will buy the domain as a domain registrar. Now we come to our main point of why a website requires domain and hosting, if the domain really needs to develop the website, from which website do we buy the domain and fill in the answer to all our queries? Read the article.
What is a domain?
Mainly, the domain name is the identity or signature of a website, in fact, each website has a particular IP specified by the provider. Every search engine knows that a particular IP is equivalent to a particular domain. If searching on any website, the search engine matches the website’s IP.
If the IP matches, show the results. Now a question arises in your mind why IP assigns a domain name. The Internet relies entirely on IP addresses, the server also runs on DNS (Domain Name Server). The Internet understands the IPs why it assigns the domain.
What is a domain registrar?
A domain registrar is a company in which domains are sold to customers and the main function of the domain registrar is to reserve the details of the domain owner and provide the domain with an IP. In the world, there are various domain registrars available, but I will explain the top 4 domain registrars to readers.
The top domain registrars of 2021
There are many websites available in 2020 where you can buy domains and hosts for your website, but I will describe the top 10 trusted domain registrars in the year 2020.
Domain.com website was established in 2000, the company is owned by Endurance International Group. The reason behind your first choice for a domain registrar is that it offers domains at affordable prices.
In particular, it acquires domains of all types of TLD, another important service will also be available which is hosting. You will also get a premium domain.
The key feature of this domain registrar is that you get TLDs (Top Level Domains) at a cheaper price. This website also offers web hosting that starts at $ 3.75 / month. This website takes advantage of three hosting plans which are “Basic”, “Daleks” and “Ultra”.
The best feature of this website is that if you buy any hosting plan, you will get a free SSL certificate with unlimited hosting. You can contact customer service via chat or phone if you wish and they will contact customer service 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. If you are starting a new website, go to the website.
Godaddy is an American domain registration company that mainly sells domains and web hosting from this company. It is headquartered in Scottsdale, Arizona and incorporated in Delaware.
The reason behind the second best domain registrar is that you get the domain at the cheapest price, not the cheapest available at the domain level.
Domains on GoDaddy start at $ 0.99. This website is mainly advertised on television and newspapers to get to know its website. More than 17 billion people around the world use a Godaddy domain or web host.
In addition to domain registration, the company sells web hosting, domain transfer, professional mail, and various online securities to customers for a low price. If you have a popular domain and you want to know the true value of the domain or you want to sell it, Godaddy will help you with the evaluation or the sale.
You get 24/7 support from Godaddy, an attractive Godaddy support feature that lets you choose your product category directly and contact you directly. Most of the time, you will buy TLD using some coupon code that offers a discount of your purchase amount.
Buy a domain using coupon code “GDD99COM1”, then you will get 80-90 percent discount on your domain. I suggest that before buying a domain you use a discount coupon to get your product at a cheaper price.
Bluehost is primarily a hosting company, with a great reputation in the hosting field. The company was founded in 2003 and was owned by the International Group.
Bluehost offers Shared Hosting, VPS Hosting, WordPress Hosting, Cloud Hosting, and WooCommerce Hosting. According to some reports, Bluehost hosts more than 2 billion websites in the world.
The main reason for choosing this website is because if you buy hosting on Bluehost, you get a free domain name valid for life. You get between 95 and 98 percent speed on each host. Now we are looking for support. If you buy a hosting, you will get 24/7 support from the Bluehost team.
NameCheap is reputable and recognized by ICANN and this company was started in the year 2000. This company has primarily a domain registrar.
The company has 4 million domain distributions in the world. They get all the features for clients who bring hosting, security certificates, apps, and logos to market.
The main feature of this website is that you can register as a person, company and reseller. If you want to sell a domain, you can register as a reseller on Namecheap. Pricing on this website starts at $ 1.
It also offers web hosting and is shared hosting, WordPress hosting, reseller hosting, VPS hosting, and more. If you have a problem with your DNS, you will get a free DNS option on the Namecheap website. Namecheap leverages the migration option to securely fill your customers.
How can I buy a domain for my website?
If you really want to buy a domain or hosting for your website, read on. The basic requirement for purchasing a domain name or hosting an email account can be a free or personal email.
- Purchase steps
- Search for any domain registration website in your search bar.
- Open it and search for your domain name.
- If the domain is available.
- The domain status display is available and offers an option to add a cart.
- Now add to cart and create an account using your email.
The last step provides your details and uses any payment method provided by the domain registrar.
I will briefly explain the 4 main platforms from where you can buy the website columns which are domain and hosting. If you really gain some knowledge, share this article with others and give them a try. | 3,150 | [
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128001
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Hi. I have question what is blender’s camera projection model.
So I can easily transform 3D vertex to 2D pixel coordinate. To compare this matrix, I need to know how blender make camera matrix K in it’s internal rendering process. It seems that blender’s camera has 3 parameters (f (focal length), near plane, far plane. Ignoring shift x and y).
How to make blender’s camera projection matrix which transform 3D vertex to 2D image coorindate from these 3 paremeters?
you probably want to ask on IRC (#blendercoders on freenode), where the developers hang around. | 141 | [
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] |
First 406 words of the document:
1920s-1945: Tension over Stalin's support for the Chinese Nationalists and the USSR's interests in
the Chinese province of Manchuria
1950: Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance signed. Some Chinese resentment at the
unequal terms of the Treaty.
-October: Khrushchev's first visit to Beijing. Khrushchev refused to lessen Soviet ties in Mongolia or
allow China to expand its control in North Korea
1956: Khrushchev gives speech criticising Stalin and the Twentieth Congress of the Soviet Communist
Party. The policy of De-Stalinisation begins. Mao criticises Khrushchev as a revisionist.
1958: Khrushchev criticises Mao's policy of the Great Leap Forward as being impractical. Mao accuses
the USSR of being too cautious and detached during the crisis over Quemoy.
-June: USSR cancels Sino-Soviet Agreement of atomic cooperation.
-September: Khrushchev visits the USA. Mao condemns the Soviet Union's rapprochement with the
1960: The USSR pulls out all economic aid and advisers from China.
1961: China gives economic support to Albania after it splits with the USSR. China also encourages
Romania to become more independent of Soviet interference.
1963: A meeting between Party leaders of both China and the USSR fails to improve relations. China
claims that its border with the USSR is the result of `unequal' treaties.
1964: Khrushchev and Mao resort to bitter personal attacks.
-14 October: Khrushchev is dismissed as Soviet leader.
-16 October: China explodes its first nuclear bomb in a test at Lop Nor. Zhou Enlai, the Chinese Prime
Minister, visits a series of countries in the developing world to present China as the leader of the
1965: The USSR develops its policy of trying to isolate China in international affairs, by strengthening
its ties with Mongolia, North Korea and North Vietnam.
1968: Mao's attacks on the Soviet Union's leadership as revisionists increase during the Cultural
Revolution, Mao's attack on revisionist elements within China.
1969: Heavy fighting at Damansky Island on the Ussuri River in March when Chinese troops attack
Soviet border guards.
1970: Relations between China and the USSR improve slightly with the visit of Kosygin, the Soviet
Prime Minister, to China.
1971: Henry Kissinger, the US Secretary of State, visits China and paves the way for a visit by US
President Richard Nixon. Chinese relations with the USSR deteriorate. | 538 | [
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<reponame>GIRA/Mendieta
speed
speed
^ [device speed] on: Error do: [-1] | 31 | [
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Fig 1: Position of Fiducial Markson a PCB
Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) designed for assembly using automated stencil printing, pick-and-place machinery, and AOI machines, need some reference points to orient the circuit pattern to the equipment. For instance, for placing a tiny resistor of size 0201 or a chip scale micro BGA of size 2 mm x 2 mm accurately, the automated machine requires incredible precision. This machines needs to know exactly where the board is, and designers place fiducial marks on the board for just this purpose.
Therefore, fiducial marks are for the surface mount assembly machines to ensure the copper pattern on the board is oriented in the proper direction and aligned as close to perfect as possible. Most assembly machines use cameras for locating fiducial marks on the board and adjusting the component placement relative to their exact position. As board orientation is a two-axis affair, the process requires at least two fiducial marks in a non-reversible pattern. To make the arrangement non-ambiguous to the machine, IPC standards recommend three fiducial marks, although many designers often use two non-reversible marks.
Structure of a Fiducial Mark
Fig 2: Structure of a Fiducial Mark
Optimally, each fiducial mark is a filled circle of solid copper. The IPC recommends a minimum diameter of 1 mm and a maximum diameter of 3 mm, with fiducial marks on the same board not varying in size by more than 25 microns. The fiducial mark should have a clear mask-free area surrounding it devoid of any other markings or any circuit feature. At the minimum, the clear area should be of size equal to the radius of the mark. However, assemblers prefer a clearance around the mark equal to the mark diameter.
Fiducial Mark requirements
While constructing a fiducial mark, it is important the designer maintains its positional accuracy, contrast, flatness, and edge clearance. For achieving high positional accuracy, the designer typically creates fiducial marks in the copper layers that will hold SMT components. This helps in registration as the fabricator etches the copper pattern in a single operation, and therefore, the positional accuracy of any surface mount pad relative to the copper fiducial will always remain the same. In contrast, drill holes and silk screen patterns cannot be used as fiducial marks, as they are added in separate operations, which means the registration is likely to vary from board to board.
Machine cameras work best with high contrast. Therefore, the fiducial mark must be of bare copper, as solder mask or silk screen on top of the copper pad will lower the contrast, and the camera may not be able to see it. Therefore, the designer and fabricator must make sure nothing obscures the copper pad of the fiducial mark. For best results, fabricators protect the bare copper mark with a nickel or tin plating, clear anti-oxidation coating, or a solder coating (HASL).
For best results, the flatness of the surface of the fiducial mark should be lower than 15 microns. Location of the fiducial mark should be no closer to the PCB edge than the sum of the fiducial clearance and 7.62 mm.
For boards in the form of panels, designers often place fiducial marks on the panel rails. However, individual boards may also have their own fiducial marks, as this helps assembly both in the panel form or as individual boards.
Fiducial marks help the machine to recognize the orientation and positioning of the circuit pattern on the board. Most boards use three fiducial marks, as each of them serve a purpose. Usual places for the fiducial marks are in the lower left hand corner, the lower right hand corner, and the upper right hand corner.
The first fiducial allows the machine to recognize the presence of the PCB and give it a locating X and Y coordinate or a datum point.
The second fiducial allows the machine to recognize the orientation of the circuit pattern on the board, and whether the pattern is skewed while placing the board in its clamps. Most machines can calculate the rotation of the circuit pattern down to one-tenth of a degree and compensate the component placements accordingly.
The third fiducial allows the machine to calculate any shrink of stretch the board, and hence the circuit pattern, has suffered. This is specifically helpful for large boards, as variations of very small amounts over a long distance can build up to a large value, totally ruining the accuracy of component placements at the far end of the board. The presence of the third fiducial is particularly helpful to double-sided SMT assemblies, as reflowing one side of the PCB in the oven does stretch, shrink, bow, or flex the PCB to some extent, requiring compensation when mounting components on the second side.
There is no hard and fast rule as to the number of fiducial marks a designer can place on the board, as long as the automated machinery can use them in a unique way. As most automated machines use fiducial marks for orientation and registration, their presence in the PCB is a necessary step during design and a checkpoint for DFM reviews. | 1,094 | [
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] |
Home Engineering Building Acoustics
Spatial Sound Level Decay
While widely used, the reverberation time is not always suitable as a descriptor of internal acoustics; e.g., in a flat encumbered space it will feature a rather low value, sometimes similar to that for a small lounge, while people inside will find the acoustics uncomfortable. For such situations, one may use the spatial sound level decay DL2, which is the rate of sound level decay with doubling of distance . Figure 2.7 displays the stylized curve of decrease versus distance, on which it is possible to distinguish the direct field region close to the source (where the influence of the room is not yet felt) and the far field region (where one is left with the reverberant field). In between stands the intermediate region, which is controlled by the acoustic treatment of the room.
I RT and Music
Gregorian singing can be heard in various cathedrals and churches where the RT value is well over 3 s. At the opposite side of the scale, the Scala of Milano Opera features a 1.1 s RT to enable the singers of Bel Canto to display their skills of articulation.
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