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(classical music) (writing on chalkboard) - You might not want to watch this one while you're eating because today, we're talking about rotting food. Yay. So, we've all seen things go bad; last Tuesday's leftovers, Anakin Skywalker, your relationships. When most food goes bad, you'll see mold slowly eating holes in it, or maybe a film of slime as bacteria break the food down. But, milk doesn't fall apart when it goes bad, it clumps together. The simplest answer to why this happens is that bacteria have really interesting poop. Actually poop in general is pretty fascinating, by studying excrement you can learn a lot about an animal. But, the bacteria that we're interested in today are of the order, Lactobacillales. Commonly called lactic acid bacteria because they excrete lactic acid. Some species in this order, Lactococcus lactis, for example, hang out in soil, grasses, and vegetables all over the world. When milk producing animals eat that produce, (cow chewing) the bacteria pass into their milk. Even Pasteurization, which is the process where stuff like milk is gently heated to kill off bacteria, can leave trace numbers of them. These critters love to eat lactose, the natural sugar that occurs in milk. They break it down during digestion, releasing lactic acid as a by-product. It's technically a type of fermentation of the milk sugar. Milk is an emulsion, which is the science term for a mixture of things that don't usually mix. The things in this case are water and fats. Under normal circumstances, fats and water repel each other, but milk also contains complex protein chains called caseins that are made up of both hydrophilic, or water loving, and lipophilic, or fat loving, particles. When presented with both water and fats, caseins grab bits of fat and cluster up into globules called micelles, with the fat on the inside and the hydrophilic bits on the outside. The hydrophilic particles grab onto electrons in the water, meaning that each micelle winds up having a negative charge. And, since negatively charged particles repel each other, the globules suspend themselves throughout the water in order to keep their distance. Thus, milk is an emulsion. But, that changes when you add lactic acid into the mix. Acids are sour tasting compounds that react with water, releasing positively charged Hydrogen ions. So, when bacteria multiply in your milk and produce a whole bunch of lactic acid, it reacts with the water there, releasing a whole bunch of Hydrogen ions. These positively charges particles latch on to the negatively charges micelles and neutralize them. With no force keeping the micelles apart, they clump together. So you wind up with sour and lumpy, aka curdled, milk. That's pretty gross and unfortunate if you were hoping to have some milk and cereal, or some cream in your coffee. But, chemically speaking, this process is awesome. A controlled version of it is the first step in making yogurt, cheese and sour cream. We also put lactic acid bacteria to use in fermenting sugars to create lots of foods: chocolate, kimchi, pickles, miso, sourdough bread, and cured meats and sausages. So what other food science questions do you have? Let me know in the comments, and I shall endeavor to answer them in future episodes. I f you liked this video, why don't you make it official, and subscribe so that you won't miss the next one. And, of course, your source and mine for lots of curiosity quenchers is HowStuffWorks.com.

>> Sreenivasan: WHEN WE THINK OF THE SOURCE OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO CLIMATE CHANGE, TRANSPORTATION AND INDUSTRY ARE LIKELY THE FIRST THINGS THAT COME TO MIND. IN REALITY, 40% OF THOSE EMISSIONS IN THE U.S. STEM FROM THE ENERGY USED TO HEAT, COOL, LIGHT, AND POWER OUR BUILDINGS. BUT A NEW RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT IN FLORIDA IS TRYING TO SHOW THERE'S A DIFFERENT WAY. THIS STORY IS PART OF OUR ONGOING SERIES "PERIL AND PROMISE-- THE CHALLENGE OF CLIMATE CHANGE." IT TOOK THE LOCAL UTILITY COMPANY MORE THAN A YEAR TO BUILD THIS 440 ACRE SOLAR ARRAY IN SOUTHWEST FLORIDA. >> IT'S ONE OF THE LARGEST IF NOT THE LARGEST IN THE STATE. BUT MORE IMPORTANTLY IT POWERS, IT POWERS THE TOWN OF BABCOCK RANCH. >> Sreenivasan: SYD KITSON ONCE PLAYED FOOTBALL FOR THE GREEN BAY PACKERS AND DALLAS COWBOYS. NOW A DEVELOPER, KITSON IS THE MASTERMIND BEHIND BABCOCK RANCH, AN 18-ACRE PLANNED COMMUNITY. AT ITS PEAK, KITSON SAYS THE DEVELOPMENT WILL HAVE CLOSE TO 20,000 HOMES, ALL POWERED BY THE SUN. >> THE IDEA FOR US FROM THE BEGINNING WAS TO CREATE THE MOST ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE, THE MOST SUSTAINABLE NEW TOWN THAT HAD EVER BEEN DEVELOPED. >> Sreenivasan: IN 2006, KITSON'S REAL ESTATE COMPANY BOUGHT 91,000 ACRES OF LAND, THEN SOLD 80% OF IT TO THE STATE OF FLORIDA TO BE PRESERVED FOREVER. THE COMPANY IS USING THE REMAINING PROPERTY, MOSTLY FORMER FARM AND ROCK MINING LAND TO CREATE BABCOCK RANCH. THAT INCLUDES MORE THAN 8,000 ACRES FOR GREEN SPACE. THE FIRST RESIDENTS MOVED IN IN JANUARY. THE HOPE IS THAT BY 2040, BABCOCK RANCH WILL BE HOME TO 50,000 PEOPLE. AND DEMONSTRATE THAT GOING GREEN IS GOOD BUSINESS. >> IT JUST SEEMED LIKE A GREAT OPPORTUNITY TO PROVE THAT YOU CAN DO IT THE RIGHT WAY. THAT YOU CAN PRESERVE LAND, THAT PRESERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT CAN WORK HAND IN HAND. >> Sreenivasan: BUT THE AMBITION GOES BEYOND SOLAR POWER AND PRESERVATION. THE GOAL IS FOR BABCOCK RANCH TO BE A MODEL OF SUSTAINABILITY. THE DEVELOPMENT REQUIRES ALL THE HOMES AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS TO BE CERTIFIED GREEN BY THE FLORIDA GREEN BUILDING COALITION. >> BUILDERS WERE LIKE, "REALLY? YOU WANT ME TO DO WHAT? THAT'S GOING TO BLOW MY BUDGET." >> Sreenivasan: JENNIFER LANGUELL IS A SUSTAINABLE DESIGN CONSULTANT HIRED BY KITSON'S FIRM. SHE WORKS WITH THE BUILDERS AT BABCOCK RANCH, STEERING THEM TOWARDS ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY BUILDING TECHNIQUES AND MATERIALS. >> SO WHY I WANTED TO GET YOU GUYS OUT HERE TO THIS HOUSE IN PARTICULAR, WAS BECAUSE IT'S KIND OF THIS HOUSE IN HIS UNDERPANTS STAGE AND SO WE CAN KIND OF SEE WHAT'S BEHIND THOSE WALLS. >> Sreenivasan: SHE POINTS TO INSULATION IN THE ROOF, FOAM IN THE CONCRETE WALLS, AND EVEN THE THICKNESS OF WINDOWS. ALL OF THESE COMPONENTS ARE SPECIFICALLY SELECTED TO OPTIMIZE ENERGY EFFICIENCY. >> WE'RE LOOKING AT ABOUT A 27% ENERGY REDUCTION OVER FLORIDA ENERGY CODE AND THAT'S ABOUT A 40 TO 42% ENERGY REDUCTION OVER THE NATIONAL AVERAGE. >> I WANTED THE SMALLEST POSSIBLE HOME. >> Sreenivasan: RICHARD AND ROBIN KINLEY WERE THE VERY FIRST RESIDENTS OF BABCOCK RANCH. THE SEMI-RETIRED COUPLE MOVED HERE IN JANUARY FROM THE ATLANTA AREA TO ESCAPE THE CONGESTION OF THE CITY AND LEAD A MORE ECO- FRIENDLY LIFE. >> I GREW UP ON THE EAST COAST OF FLORIDA AND I SAW HOMES JUST KIND OF THROWN UP AND NOT THOUGHT THROUGH ALL THAT WELL. >> IT'S MORE OF AN INTENTION TO LIVE IN THIS KIND OF COMMUNITY. PRETTY MUCH EVERYONE THAT'S MOVED IN SEEMS TO BE A SIMILAR MIND AS FAR AS SUSTAINABILITY. >> Sreenivasan: THE KINLEYS OWN TWO CARS, ONE OF WHICH IS ELECTRIC. EVERY GARAGE IS PRE-WIRED WITH ENOUGH POWER TO EASILY CHARGE IT. BUT LIVING IN A TOWN DESIGNED TO BE WALKABLE-- BABCOCK RANCH HAS MILES OF TRAILS-- THE KINLEYS SAY THEY OFTEN GO SEVERAL DAYS WITHOUT DRIVING AT ALL. >> I LOVE THE IDEA OF GETTING AWAY FROM CARS. I MEAN I THINK CARS ARE JUST LITERALLY CHOKING AMERICA TO DEATH. >> Sreenivasan: THE TOWN IS TESTING ONE OF THE STATE'S FIRST DRIVERLESS SHUTTLE SYSTEMS, POWERED BY ELECTRICITY GENERATED FROM THE SOLAR PANELS. THE GOAL IS TO GIVE EVERY RESIDENT ACCESS TO THE VEHICLES VIA A RIDE HAILING APP. AND SYD KITSON SAYS THAT MAY BE FEASIBLE BY NEXT YEAR. >> WE'RE HOPING WITHIN TEN YEARS PEOPLE WILL HAVE NEED FOR ONLY ONE CAR AND THEN SHORTLY THEREAFTER THEY WON'T NEED A CAR AT ALL. >> Sreenivasan: IN THE MEANTIME RESIDENTS KEEP COMING, ABOUT 200 SO FAR. JASMIN AND JOSHUA DAY WEREN'T LOOKING FOR A COMMUNITY LIKE THIS. BUT JUST A WEEK AFTER DISCOVERING THE TOWN, THEY PUT A DEPOSIT DOWN ON A HOME. >> HE HAD A CONVERSATION WITH A CO-WORKER WHO WAS JOKING WITH HIM BECAUSE WE KIND OF ARE MORE, HIPPY, I GUESS MAYBE IN SOME OF THE THINGS THAT WE DO. AND THEY WERE JOKING AND THEY WERE LIKE, "OH WE HEARD ABOUT THIS TOWN IT'S LIKE THIS SUSTAINABLE CITY THERE'S SOLAR PANELS, YOU GUYS WOULD LOVE IT." AND I LOOKED IT UP AND I WAS LIKE I REALLY ACTUALLY DO LOVE THIS TOWN. >> Sreenivasan: JOSHUA, A PHYSICAL THERAPIST, GOT A JOB AT THE LOCAL HEALTH CENTER IN THE TOWN'S COMMERCIAL HUB BEFORE THEY MOVED IN. IT'S WHERE THE FIRST BUILDINGS WENT UP. THERE'S ALSO A RESTAURANT AND COFFEE SHOP, A SMALL GROCERY STORE, AND A BRAND NEW SCHOOL AND THIS IS ALL STRATEGIC. IT'S EARLY IN THE PROJECT, BUT KITSON'S GOAL IS TO BUILD A SELF-CONTAINED TOWN: PROVIDE ROBUST LOCAL BUSINESSES WITH JOB OPPORTUNITIES SO RESIDENTS WILL BE LESS LIKELY TO JUMP IN A CAR AND LEAVE. IN FACT, JOSHUA'S NEW COMMUTE IS JUST A FIVE MINUTE BIKE RIDE. >> FOR US, BEING PART OF LIKE A COMMUNITY OF PEOPLE WHO ARE ALSO THINKING THIS, IT'S NOT JUST OUR CHOICES. IT'S YOU KNOW BUILDERS, IT'S LANDSCAPERS, IT'S PEOPLE WHO ARE BUYING FROM THE FARMERS MARKET INSTEAD OF YOU KNOW X, Y AND Z. LIKE, FOR US IT'S REALLY AN ENDLESS STREAM OF CHOICES. >> Sreenivasan: THE SOLAR PANELS AND GREEN BUILDINGS MAY BE THE MOST VISIBLE SUSTAINABILITY FEATURES AT BABCOCK RANCH. BUT ACCORDING TO ENGINEER AMY WICKS, IT'S WATER CONSERVATION THAT SHAPED THE DESIGN OF THE COMMUNITY. >> IT'S REALLY A UNIQUE SYSTEM HERE AND IT'S REALLY NOT SOMETHING THAT'S BEEN DONE IN RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENTS THUS FAR. >> Sreenivasan: DRIVING ALONG THE TOWN'S ROADS YOU MIGHT NOT NOTICE THESE FLAT RIBBON CURBS. THEY ALLOW WATER TO FLOW TO WHAT ARE CALLED RAIN GARDENS, THEY'RE DESIGNED TO REPLICATE WHAT WETLANDS DO: HOLD AND FILTER WATER BEFORE IT FLOWS DOWNSTREAM. >> INSTEAD OF JUST ENGINEERING A SYSTEM TO WORK, WE'RE ENGINEERING THE SYSTEM TO MIMIC NATURE, BECAUSE REALLY WHAT WE'VE LEARNED OVER TIME IS NATURE HAD IT RIGHT ALL ALONG. >> Sreenivasan: WICKS HAS WORKED ON WATER ENGINEERING AT BABCOCK RANCH FOR MORE THAN A DECADE. SHE SAYS THIS LAND ONCE HAD SEASONAL LAKES BEFORE IT WAS DRAINED TO MAKE WAY FOR AGRICULTURE AND MINING. >> THIS HERE IS THE WEIR THAT WE'VE DESIGNED THAT'S GOING TO HOLD BACK THAT WATER TO MIMIC THAT NATURAL SYSTEM THAT WAS HERE BEFORE, THAT NATURAL LAKE SYSTEM. >> Sreenivasan: NORTH OF TOWN A DITCH THAT JUST A YEAR AGO LOOKED LIKE THIS HAS BEEN TRANSFORMED. >> THIS NOW HOLDS WATER, ALMOST THE ENTIRE YEAR. BACK TO WHAT THE NATURAL CONDITIONS WERE. >> Sreenivasan: AND WHAT BABCOCK RANCH IS DOING HERE HAS AN EFFECT ON NEARBY WATERWAYS. TOXIC ALGAE BLOOMS HAVE INCREASED IN FLORIDA. THEY TURN WATERWAYS GREEN, SMELL, AND CAN AFFECT BOTH HUMAN AND MARINE ANIMAL HEALTH. THE BLOOMS CAN NATURALLY OCCUR, BUT WORSEN WITH RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING FERTILIZER AND WASTE. >> WE'VE REALLY REALIZED THAT DEVELOPMENT HAS REALLY IMPACTED THE WATER QUALITY IN THE STATE OF FLORIDA. SOMETHING LIKE THIS IS REALLY IMPORTANT JUST TO TRY TO REDUCE THE OVERALL RUNOFF THAT'S GOING OUT TO OUR GULF ULTIMATELY, OUT TO OUR OCEANS. >> SOMETHING'S ALWAYS DOWNSTREAM FROM YOU AND YOU'VE GOT TO TAKE THAT INTO ACCOUNT. >> Sreenivasan: WIN EVERHAM IS AN ECOLOGIST AT FLORIDA GULF COAST UNIVERSITY. EARLY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BABCOCK RANCH, HE WAS CALLED IN TO HELP SURVEY THE WILDLIFE POPULATION. AND HE'S FOLLOWED THE PROJECT'S DEVELOPMENT. >> WHAT WE KNOW WILL HAPPEN IN THE FUTURE ON THIS LANDSCAPE IS MORE PEOPLE WILL WANT TO COME HERE. AND WHAT WE'RE REALLY LACKING IS BETTER MODELS FOR HOW TO PUT THEM ON THE LAND. BABCOCK RANCH COULD BE A BETTER MODEL. >> Sreenivasan: BUT FOR ALL OF THE TOWN'S SUSTAINABILITY FEATURES, THERE ARE GAPS. FOR EXAMPLE, MOST OF THE HOMES WILL BE SINGLE FAMILY. >> I THINK IT'S FAIR TO CRITICIZE SOME OF THE WAYS WE DEVELOP AND PART OF THE WAYS THAT BABCOCK'S BEEN DEVELOPED THAT THE MOST EFFICIENT WAY OF PUTTING PEOPLE ON THE LAND WOULD BE IN TALL APARTMENT BUILDINGS WHERE THE PEOPLE ARE CONCENTRATED AND YOU MAXIMIZE THE GREEN SPACE. >> Sreenivasan: AND WHILE GREEN SPACE HAS BEEN SET ASIDE AT BABCOCK, AND THE AMOUNT OF GRASS EACH HOME CAN HAVE IS LIMITED, SOME HAVE ARGUED THE DEVELOPERS COULD HAVE GONE FURTHER. FOR INSTANCE THEY COULD BAN LAWNS ALTOGETHER. >> WE'VE BEEN ASKED, YOU KNOW, WHY DON'T YOU JUST YOU KNOW SAY YOU CAN'T HAVE GRASS AT ALL AND YOU KNOW THE PRACTICALITY OF IT IS DIFFICULT. REMEMBER, WE DO HAVE TO SELL HOMES. >> Sreenivasan: KITSON SAYS HOMES ARE PRICED FOR DIFFERENT BUDGETS. THEY START AT AROUND $200,000, SLIGHTLY HIGHER THAN THE MEDIAN FOR THIS PART OF FLORIDA AND CAN GO AS HIGH AS $1 MILLION. KITSON SAYS AFFORDABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY ARE NOT NECESSARILY IN CONFLICT. >> WE NEED TO PROVE THAT BUILDING A SUSTAINABLE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE NEW TOWN MAKES SENSE FROM AN ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE. NOT JUST FROM THE PEOPLE WHO ARE DEVELOPING IT LIKE US, BUT FOR THE HOMEOWNERS WHO ARE GOING TO BUY HOMES AND MAKE THEIR INVESTMENTS WITHIN THE COMMUNITY. >> Sreenivasan: BUT KITSON ACKNOWLEDGES MAKING BABCOCK RANCH AS GREEN AS POSSIBLE IS STILL A WORK IN PROGRESS. >> ARE WE 100% SUSTAINABLE RIGHT NOW? NO. BUT CAN WE GET THERE? ABSOLUTELY.

Hello, and welcome to another ML5 neural network video tutorial. I'm following up on what I did in the previous video where I built this example. This example has this interaction where you click the mouse all over this canvas and press keys to assign each xy point a label, C, D, E-- and I added a bunch of notes since the previous video. So I have the full scale C, D, E, F, G, A, B. Then I trained the model with the inputs being the xy of all these points and the target being the actual label. And once the model is trained, it can make guesses. So in theory, I just collected this data set, trained the model. When I click into it, when I click over here, I should hear the musical note D. I should hear the musical note E, G, A. And in between, it's sort of interesting to see what I get. But it works as expected. I ran into like a pretty significant problem while working on this. Because once I've collected the data set and trained the model, if I had a bug in the code or something I needed to fix or I wanted to try a different parameter, I have to stop the sketch and run it again and sit there and do this. This highly manual process of clicking, clicking, clicking to collect the data set. So in this video, I want to look at saving the data. And I also want to look at saving the model, which, those are two pretty different things. It might seem like the same idea. I want to save the data. I want to save the model. Why would I do one versus the other? Let's pause for a second and examine all the steps of a machine learning project and where we might want to save the data versus save the model and why. Step 1, collect the data. Now, this could be a really big, complicated step. But in my scenario, in my example, it's just clicking the mouse a whole bunch of times and pressing keys on the keyboard. Step 2, train the model. Once the model has been trained, the idea is to use that model in some scenario. So that we can call step 3, deploy the model or prediction inference. So now the question is, where along the way might you want to save the state of what you're doing? So in the most traditional machine learning sense, once you've done all of this and your model is trained, you don't ever need to look back. You've got a trained model. You can save that model. So right here in between steps 2 and 3 is a point where we might want to save the model if we're done and our model is exactly the way we want it and we're ready to just use it in a project. However, you might want to try training the model a variety of different ways. And this is where you might want to, in between these two steps, save the data. We also might collect a lot of data want to take a break, reload that data, collect more data. There's a lot of different reasons why we might want to stop in between steps 1 and 2 and save where we are. And the functions in the ML5 neural network class that we want to use are saveData and save. So just save is saving the model. SaveData is saving the data. There are also functions for loading it back, which we'll look at, loadData, and load. Let's begin by just looking at saveData. So in this particular example, all of the interaction happens with key presses. And certainly as I've mentioned before, you might want to think about a more thoughtful interface for doing all this work. But for me, I'm just going to add another key press, s, for saveData. So I'm going to say elseif the key is s, then I'm going to call model.saveData. I can look up more about how the saveData function works by looking at the ML5 website. And we can see there's two optional arguments. So one argument is a file name, which I want to use because I want to set the file name. It'll just pick a date if you don't. And then a callback to know that it's done. I don't actually really need to worry about that. Because I'll know that it's done when the file is there and downloaded to the downloads directory. I'm going to give it the name mouse-notes and run the sketch and collect some data. So I'm just going to do a little bit just to make sure it's working. So now I can hit s. And look, a file has been downloaded. I can take a look at this file in Visual Studio Code. And here's what the file looks like. So I've got a data property with an array that has all the data in it. x, ys with a, label, x, y with a label. And if I reformat the JSON, you can actually see it here, and it's much more legible what's going on. So this is all of the data that I've collected. Not very much data, but there it is. So now that I've done that, I might as well take the time to collect a lot more data, knowing that I can save it. Methodically collected a large data set. Now I'm going to press s to save it. And here's what it looks like. Almost 400 data samples. Let's see how it performs. I going to train the model. Try doing some inference. It works pretty well. So now, the next thing that I want to try to do is hit stop and run the sketch again but have all of my data reappear. Let's see if I can make that happen. Now, instead of just creating the neural network, I can create the neural network and load data into it. And that's as easy as saying, model.loadData mouse-notes.json. The only thing here is that you have to remember that I'm working in client-side JavaScript only. So if I run this right now, well, it's giving me this nice error here because it's looking for a JSON object with an array called data. But it can't find it because that JSON file doesn't exist. It doesn't exist because I downloaded it to the downloads directory. And so I need, for my p5 sketch to be able to access it, I have to manually upload it back to the p5 web editor. If I were writing my own server, maybe with Node.js, I could do something where I could save the data and have it reload back automatically. But that's another example for another time. Let me do Add File and drag mouse-notes.json in here. Now, we can see that that file is part of my p5 sketch. And I should be able to run the sketch now. All right, I think the data was loaded. I don't see it, because I'm not drawing it. So this might be something I want to add in a moment, be able to draw the data that it's loaded. But in theory, there's no reason why I couldn't train the model. All right, the model is trained. And you can see, I'm not seeing the data. I'm not seeing those clusters. But it's clearly been trained based on that data. To show you how this can be useful, one thing that I might want to do is change some property that affects the training process. So I could try it multiple times. And an obvious one might be to try learning rate. So let's say I make a smaller learning rate, 0.01, and I run the sketch again. I've got to click in here so that my key press gets activated. So I'm going to add one more piece of data and hit T. So you can see, with a small learning rate, the loss is going down very, very, very, very slowly. So in this case, having a small learning rate is not super helpful. But I can say, OK, that learning rate wasn't good. Let me try a much larger learning rate, like 0.5, run it again, hit T for train. And then you can can see, with this high learning rate, that loss is going down really, really quickly. Now, I don't mean to suggest here that universally a high learning rate is better than a low learning rate. There's a lot of it depends here. But just to show you how you can now retrain the model changing all of the different kinds of options, and you could look at the ML5 neural network documentation and see what other kind of options you might want to play around with or change. You might be finding this example a little bit tricky to follow because you can't actually see the data. So let's add that feature of, once I've loaded the data, also drawing it to the canvas. So in this case, having a callback for when the data is ready would be very useful. I'm going to say, dataLoaded. I'm going to write my dataLoaded function. And let me just look at where I'm drawing stuff. I'm going to grab all this drawing code, bring it back up here. Let me comment it out. And let's actually look at what the data looks like in the neural network model. So I think I should be able to just console.log the model's data, I think. So this is what the ML5 data object looks like. And for me, the important bit here is under data under raw. This raw data is all of the actual xy coordinate with the target label. I can make a variable called data. And I can iterate over it. So here, I'm looking at the raw data, iterating over every single element, pulling out the x's into the inputs, the y's into the target. And then I can add the drawing code back in. Only here, I'm saying, inputs.x, inputs.y. And this is target.label. So I believe if I run it-- aha, I figured out what my mistake is. This is confusing, because in model-- is what I'm seeing here is model.data, and I want to look at model.data.data.raw. This leads me to think that maybe it would make sense to have something like a getData function. Because in many cases, you just want the raw data. ML5 is storing a lot of information about the data set additionally to help it when it loads it later. But for looking at it again, it might be easier just to have a function that just grabs that rather than saying data.data.raw. But take a look. Maybe by the time you're watching this, this will have been added to the ML5 library. Let's see if this works. There we go. Ooh, so it drew all the circles, but I have the label wrong. Why do I have the label wrong? Oops, I Copy/Pasted mouseX, mouseY in there. But I've got to get the actual xy coordinate. Always making silly mistakes. Let's run this again. And there we go. Now, it's loading that data. And maybe actually what I want to do also once the data is loaded is just automatically call training. So I could do all this stuff right here. I could run the sketch. And it's immediately going to train the model. And I'm ready for inference. None of this is working, I might offer an exercise suggestion. And I will try to remember to, in the video's description, linked to code that does this in addition to just the code that's here right now. So remind me in the comments if I haven't. But how could you take this example, which now loads the data set and immediately trains the model, to allow you to change the state back to data collection? So I trained the model. Then I want to add some more data, retrain the model, resave the data. How could you have a workflow that allows you to load the data you previously had and add new data, remove some of the data even-- how would you do that-- and retrain the model? And once we are there and we've got this workflow where I can collect data, train, change parameters, train again, recollect, all that kind of stuff, I'm ready for the next step-- definitely want to ring the bell for this-- which is actually save the trained model itself.

Hey guys! Welcome back :D Sorry I haven't been uploading as much recently I'm still working through getting to know my new gear and just seeing what type of video style I'd like to move forward with Thanks for all your patience while I perfect my videos. I'll be creating more creative, higher quality content very soon LET'S EAT!! First bite is all yours :)

Hello, welcome to my channel! In this video as indicated in the previous I am going to try our Formula 1 from NSR Powered by Black Arrow which is the one I normally use in my cars. The Siux motor. We will see first the magnetic attraction the both motors We put the NSR and this is the magnetic attraction of this motor, the King. 6.40 grams Now the Sioux of Black Arrow 3.24 grams Almost half of magnetic attraction I am going to mount this motor in the car and to try it and see the difference there is with the Black Arrow Ferrari Good! I want to show you a little one peculiarity from NSR Formula 1 When you have one, look they have the reverse transmission Crown to the other side and the motor mounted upside down too Let's go with the test on the track NSR Formula 1 with Siux motor by Black Arrow The same as the Ferrari. We have made the 20 laps. Minor motor magnet effect noted curved, brake go a little more, little the car is still going very well but if it shows that less effect magnet Times have been very good Somewhat older but very good. Let's see the results. Fast lap 5.903 seconds Next 5.905 seconds And next 5.910 seconds Let's look at the total time. 1 minute 59 seconds 655 thousandths At the end the difference is in 3 or 4 tenths I think I remember in 20 laps this is nothing I honestly like it better like this no magnet effect I must be allergic to the magnet! I don't like it, I prefer cars more real Tell you that their rear tires are very soft they grab a lot Conclusion, a fantastic car to take out of the box and run championships Very good for single brand racing Without doing anything Take them out of the box and run And enjoy! I liked it a lot. I hope you enjoy it as I do. And that's all thanks for follow me and until the next video.

Welcome to the Dreamit Dose. In the next five minutes, we're going to talk about how most startups get killed by usually two to three key assumptions. How to identify them, how to de-risk them, and how to make sure it doesn't happen to you. Let's dive in. In the last 30 years of being an entrepreneur and investor, I've learned that every single new idea, every sales forecast I ever look at, is always based on two to three critical assumptions. The problem is, the entrepreneurs and startups never seem to get that point. What I want you to think about is what are the two to three most critical assumptions you're making that if you're wrong you're dead. Think about that, and if you want to think more narrowly a friend of mine used to use, and still uses, a great line. What's the bet? What's the single most critical assumption you're making that your idea, your startup, your forecast, is going to work? Let's say I was going rock climbing, and imagine I'm standing there and I'm hanging off the edge of the cliff. I'm hanging there off that rope off the edge of the cliff. I've got my Scarpa climbing shoes on, I've got carabiner. Just imagine that person hanging 50 feet down on a 100 foot cliff. My question for you is, what's the bet? What's the one most critical success factor that they're not going to die that day? If you think about it their biggest bet, is the rope isn't going to break. It's not their helmet It's not their carabiner. It's not their Scarpa climbing shoes. If that rope breaks, you're done. So what I want you to think about as you're thinking about your early stage idea, what's that rope break issue for you? Let's think about it a little further and let's use an example from nineteen ninety-nine. When the team and Tony Hsieh got involved with Zappos, what was the bet? Amazon was already running they'd been up for five years. What the bet Zappos was making, is that people would buy shoes online. So what did they do? They maniacally focused on that assumption. They assumed that they weren't exactly going to be correct and that they had to figure that out. They went down to the store. They took pictures of shoes. They posted it online. They didn't even hold inventory. Because if they couldn't de-risk that critical assumption that people would buy shoes online, they were toast. They spent all their time, no leasing warehouses, no big software team, no inventory. De-risk that critical assumption. How are you going to do that for your startup? I realize I'm going quickly. Please leave your questions in the comments section below. Make sure to subscribe we have a lot more coming. So I want you to think about how do you turn assumptions into knowledge as quickly and cheaply as possible. Because remember as assumptions go down value goes up. This is all about consuming your intellectual capital before consuming venture capital. Now you've learned about this in fifth grade when you're in elementary school. You learned about something called the scientific method. Do you remember what it is? Think about it for a minute. The first step in the scientific method is you form a hypothesis. Exactly. And then you set up an experiment to prove or disprove your hypothesis. That's what assumptions and de-risking is all about. Setting up successively important critical success factors or critical assumptions and de-risking them as quickly and cheaply as possible. That's what it's about. That's what I want you to do. That's what I want you to focus on. So that works when you're really early stage startup even as you're moving to your Series A. What are those biggest assumptions? How are you going to de-risk them with your basic idea of your business? Maybe you're getting into your sales pipeline. What are your two to three most critical assumptions going into that pipeline going into that forecast? How do you de-risk them as quickly and cheaply as possible? That's it. Keep asking what are your most critical assumptions? What's the bet? What's your rope break issue? That rope breaks, your dead. Keep setting up experiments to as quickly and as cheaply as possible change assumptions into knowledge. Do that, and you're on the path to success. I look forward to answering your questions in the comments section. That's your Dreamit Dose in five minutes. See you next time.

Hello, my name’s John Curnow, I am in Immunologist, I have a research group here at the University of Birmingham and I’m the programme director for the new MSc in Immunology and Immunotherapy. The programme is delivered as a mixture of both lectures and small group tutorials of 10 to 15 students. There’s also a substantial research project carried out in one of the laboratories across the campus. Immunology impacts on every area of medicine and we have an enormous potential to control the immune response. Examples include vaccination for infectious disease but also vaccination for cancer. So why study immunology at Birmingham? Because you will be taught by scientists at the cutting edge of their discipline. These scientists study both the fundamentals of the immune system, but also there are clinical scientists who are carrying out clinical trials in the use of immunotherapy to treat disease. To complement the expertise of the teaching staff we have a fantastic range of cutting edge research laboratories and equipment available to the students, especially when they carry out their research projects. Every student on the programme will carry out a research project of around four months and they will carry these out in these internationally renowned research groups being fully integrated into those research environments. So when you’ve completed your MSc programme, what will this enable you to do? Well many of our students will go on and study at PhD, either staying at the University of Birmingham or going elsewhere in the UK or the rest of the world. In addition, however, there is of course a very large job market in this multi-billion dollar industry in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology world. Alongside that, some people may decide that they want to move slightly sideways and may go into scientific media or publishing. We welcome applications from anyone with any biological science or biomedical science degree. If you require any further information, please feel free to contact me by email and I hope to see you in September.

Santorini is probably the most famous and most popular Greek island, because of its beautiful scenery, primarily, dramatically perched on the edge of a volcano overlooking a beautiful bay. It's also famous for its mules. So what are these mules doing in a resort island like this? Santorini seems like a pretty modern and expensive place. So why are there mules walking around, right through the middle of town? Well, it's no great surprise, or secret. You savvy viewers probably already know, the mules are here to bring tourists from the water up to the village. Mules have a long history of working for the people of Santorini, well before there was ever any tourists here. They've always been an important part of the human occupation of the island because that's how goods and people got around, probably for thousands of years. Most visitors to Santorini arrive by ship and they face the challenge of getting up the hill to the village up above. You've got three choices: take the cable car, ride a mule, or walk. If you choose to walk up the 600 steps, that's going to take over an hour and it might be a little smelly, and it's exhausting. So let's take the mule. There are some ethical issues to consider about riding the mules. Many animal rights and welfare organizations discourage the riding of these mules, and if you agree with that, then by all means, take the cable car. But on the other hand, mules have been bred to do this kind of work for a long time, starting perhaps about 5000 years ago in Turkey, and spreading from there throughout the world. That's why they were bred. And the mule drivers take good care of their animals, it's their livelihood after all, and even through the long winter when these animals are not doing much work, they are well taken care of, so they get a winter vacation. The biggest issue for the animals is the amount of weight they have to carry. If they were just walking up the hill with nobody on their back, the climb would be easy for these strong animals, so the government has put a weight limit – nobody more than 220 pounds is allowed to ride on the mule. If a heavy person tries to ride, they can be fined as much is $32,000. Mules are fascinating animals with some peculiarities that belong to the mule alone. So let's consider the nature of this hard-working animal as he climbs the hill in Santorini. A mule is a offspring of a male donkey and a female horse, making it a hybrid and sterile so two mules cannot mate and give birth to another mule. You can see how this donkey on the left is smaller and looks different than the mule. The mule is valued because it has the positive characteristics of each species while minimizing their negative aspects. It's an example of hybrid vigor. Charles Darwin said the mule is superior to horse or donkey because it quote "possesses more reason, memory, obstinacy, social affection, powers of muscular endurance and length of life than either of its parents." The mule inherits from its donkey the traits of intelligence, surefootedness, toughness, endurance, gentle disposition, independence and natural cautiousness. From the horse, it inherits speed, basic shape and agility. The mule has the size and ground covering ability of a horse, yet is stronger than a horse of similar size and tends to require less food. Mules are reputed to be more patient, hearty and long-lived than horses, and more intelligent than either of their parents species. The mule is a powerful work animal, able to endure hardship and perform excellent service under adverse conditions. You've heard the phrase "stubborn as a mule." Yes, they do not like to be hurried, worried, or cuffed about. To try and force him to do things against his will is practically impossible, and only makes matters worse. The mule must be understood and gently, but firmly, persuaded to do things. They show a lot of patience under the pressure of heavy weights, and their skin is harder and less sensitive than that of horses, making them more capable of resisting sun and rain. Their hooves are harder than horses, and they show a natural resistance to disease and insects. At night when the mules are done with their long working day in Santorini, they come walking right through the middle of town on their way back to the stables. It's a big surprise for many tourists, who are walking along shopping, and all of a sudden here comes a mule train. It's an unusual event in this unique place that make Santorini all that much more interesting. It's another good reason, if you're on a cruise ship, to stay in town as long as you possibly can. The twilight in Thera is a wonderful time to be walking around shopping anyway, and then you'll have this added bonus of watching the mules parade by. Mules and donkeys have worked here for many centuries, hauling goods and people from the shoreline way up to the settlements up on top of the hill. The roads were always too rough for any kind of a cart or wagon, and later on for trucks, and so the mules and donkeys have always beared the burden of hauling the stuff up and down the hill. They are responsible for the creation of these towns because without them, no towns could've ever been built up here. Mules have long played a historical role of working for people, as far back as 3000 BC in Egypt. Christopher Columbus introduced mules to the New World. George Washington is known as the father of the American mule, with nearly 60 of them at his home in Mount Vernon. Pack trains of mules were instrumental in opening up the American west, as the surefooted animals could carry up to 250 pounds, surviving on rough forage, and could operate in the arid, high levels of the Rockies, serving as the main cargo carriers to the American west during the heyday of expansion into the frontier. There are mules in other parts of Greece, such as the island of Hydra and the town of Lindos on Rhodes, but here in Santorini, they provide a very special kind of ass transit. We have two other movies about Santorini, including an in-depth look at the town of Thera, and the cats of Santorini. Take a look at a brief sample of those two movies. For cat lovers, the Greek island of Santorini is a paradise. It seems like there are cats everywhere here, roaming around freely and they are so cute and friendly. Greece is famous for its cats, which you will find throughout the country, but especially out in the Greek islands and here in Santorini the cats are especially abundant. The best word to describe Santorini is magical, or how about a romantic? These whitewashed cubic shape houses are typical of the traditional architecture of the Greek Cyclades Islands, but here it's different because they're built on the inside rim of a volcano. We upload a new movie every week so please subscribe to our channel and click that little alarm bell so you'll be notified. And if you enjoyed the movie, how about a thumbs up, and we always welcome comments down below, or if you have questions about the destination, make note and we will answer them. Thanks for watching.

Hey everybody, welcome back to Lingua e Passione my name is Stefano and I'm very, very happy to be back! It's been quiet on this channel lately, I know.... but I am so grateful for you to be still around and I've also seen that many people have continued to subscribe to my channel even though I haven't been able to upload any videos in the last few months actually the lockdown put me in a difficult spot I was unable to record any video, let alone to upload multiple ones on the channel but thank you so much for bearing with me lately and I am back now and I'm absolutely delighted to be back! Today's topic is German, this is going to be a video completely in German with English subtitles for those of you who do not understand this language we're going to talk about how and why I learnt German and how I made it an integral part of my life This is a topic that many of you asked for after my poll video in May Just one more thing before we start: in a week or so... it's really a matter of days an epic video is coming up on my channel you really don't wanna miss that one so make sure you stick around, subscribe, and all that good stuff so that you don't miss it, right? Ok, I won't let you wait any longer let's listen to some German, and I really hope you enjoy! Hey lovely people! It is a true joy for me to be able to sit down here today and to tell you guys my German story that is to say how and why I know German and I even made this beautiful language an important part of my life I also hope that this video can be useful for all those who are learning German and who maybe would like to practise their listening and comprehension skills German is still today my strongest foreign language it was also the first language I truly felt in love with when I was in high school and started learning German, I was about 14 or 15 years old German kinda enchanted me from the very first moment It was probably my favourite subject at school together with physical education in the sports hall I loved to play volleyball and I loved to learn German I obviously had German classes just like all my classmates but I was eager to know more, to discover more maybe I studied more, I was very diligent you could have said I was a swot but I actually see it differently I believe my passion for languages was already obvious, it was showing itself already then in that - as mentioned earlier - I studied more, "crammed" more, if you will and I was really eager to know more to learn German faster and better after school I continued to study at university I studied translation and interpretation with German as a working language I also spent a winter term at the university of Heidelberg as part of the Erasmus programm and also later, when I graduated from my university in Milan I spent one more year - a bit more than one year actually - in Heidelberg where I attended Japanese courses at university among other things and I also worked as a translator back then translating a novel from German into Italian and, well, Heidelberg changed my life forever and ever I have also worked a lot as an interpreter at trade shows especially with German but also with other languages for example in Frankfurt, Munich and also in Milan So I really lived the language, I didn't just study it, but I experienced it, I used it, I worked with it I had fun with the language, in the language, with my friends that was critical, that was what really made a big, big difference I'm often asked "why can you speak German so well and why do you speak with almost no mistake?" etc. but I think the fact that I really experienced the language and not merely studied it that I didn't learn it just from the books but I used it and learnt it in everyday life that's one thing and then secondly... maybe the fact that I spent a looot of time with native speakers trying to imitate them, you know? as far as pronunciation goes, obviously I listened to them very very attentively, and then imitated them as well I think this helped me a lot to develop a good accent As I've already mentioned in my first multilingual video which btw is the video that started it all here on YouTube for me and my channel :) German is the only language in which I've had this experience that I can speak German - a foreign language - at the same level as my native language so, for a while, in the past - we're talking 15 years back or so I considered German almost as my second native language because for me it didn't really matter whether I spoke Italian or German I had this feeling that they were at the same level this is unfortunately no longer the case my German has deteriorated a bit in the meantime or it's no longer as mighty as before but oh well, just like I said at the beginning of this video I do think that German is still my strongest language or at least the language in which I feel most at ease in my element :) What I'd really like to say now is that I still make mistakes, you know? after 20 years, I still make mistakes everybody does, even native speakers do I make mistakes in Italian and German native speakers do in German, it's perfectly normal but the mistakes I make have usually to do with the articles namely masculine and neuter because I sometimes say "der" instead of "das" and viceversa and that can't really be helped :D there are some words where I tend to forget whether the article is "das" oder "der" can't do much about it but guys try not to get frustrated if you make mistakes it's completely normal, even after 20 years you can make some and... so what? it doesn't matter what really matters is that you can have fun in the language, you can work in the language you can meet people you can live unforgettable moments and... discover and conquer new worlds that is what language learning is to me Also, no matter what level you're at, always try to maintain a language for me it is now almost more important to maintain the languages that I already know than to learn 10 new languages or something because I do feel that forgetting a language is the worst thing that could happen to a language learner this is all for today many many thanks for watching this video don't forget that in a week's time a very special video is coming up with a special guest don't miss it, ok? :) See you in the next video, bye!

the buffalo fiscal stability authority ad just found that you just from buffalo new york i've spent ninety million dollars on cosmetic procedures and this is not million dollars that was supposed to be used for public schools by was looking is negotiated uh... and dot now we've been doing some stories on if teachers across countries and with uh... with a lot of our viewers for public school teachers and may be given to scrap over the so uh... i'd like to made clear that hey listen if you're of before succumbing dot uh... war or you know a facelift this perfectly okay that's what's been a little bit right that is causing a liberal position but i know you're not buying that bullshit and minimizing and i think it is not supposed to have a position that look it this union happening get better benefits and they say authenticate even a real life makes you really up that some of the outlets give credit to that the union in this case before we decide talking crap about the situation because yet they realize that this is wasteful spending they change date in this isn't gonna happen anymore ok fit there that cop it stopped it and if it's a bit okay but for the year two thousand nine these teachers five hundred teachers and school employees in buffalo new york like i said spent nine million dollars for cosmetic procedures these included face facial peels uh... tummy truck that kinda stuff at the same time this particular school district uh... for the year of twelve twenty ten to twenty eleven face a thirty four million dollar deficit which means that sixty nine percent of the funding for their arts program which means that which mean library hands were fired stop s_l_ exhibits in so unacceptable these teachers need to friend of mine that's what i want that someone acceptable please how do you do that with a good time with a conscience by the way the union says well look the numbers might be a little of plated because now they know when to stop the program direction more instead we get somebody did stop for me not let the only way this helps of the schools at all is that because you get in blue downplaying just come down today at a new job lance alright at in all seriousness mrs the most obviously greeted story right obviously shouldn't be spending kids money in having library inspired about politics ordered et cetera 'cause somebody wanted a boob job or somewhat lagata plastic surgery but luckily there fixing it for next year it's crazy you don't in year two thousand eight they spent one million dollars for cosmetic surgery and i was acceptable a million dollars right it doesn't have built a bit net he does present a wildfire i'm sure somebody got like some sort of surgery done they like you know they cover right there was a really that's exactly what happened and there because chris you know one doctor build the district four point three million dollars one doctor one what is your ready so to keep his you know you know what that means right everybody wants it back i'd like to uh... it was word of mouth these out i discovered you should go to my plastic surgeon right i guarantee you that guy put the word on the street the doctor like i a m you know he discovered demilitarized spotlight look at it as a area this area

Kim anlar halimi Sen de anlamazsan halim yaş Kim özlerki beni Sen özlemezsen ben derdimden ayyaş Geçmesin zaman Olmasın sabah Doğmasın güneş Dönmesin Dünya Esmesin rüzgar Uçmasın kuşlar Sönsün ışıklar... müzik Kolay mı öyle terkedipte gitmek böyle Kolay mı öyle terkedipte gitme böyle ! Sebebi sensin bu anlamsız hayatımın Sebebi sensin oof anlamıyosun Sebebi sensin yokluğuna dayanamam Sebebi sensin oof anlamıyosun Sebebi sensin bu anlamsız hayatımın Sebebi sensin oof anlamıyosun Sebebi sensin yokluğuna dayanamam Sebebi sensin oof anlamıyosun müzik Kim anlar halimi Sen de anlamazsan halim yaş Kim özlerki beni Sen özlemezsen ben derdimden ayyaş Geçmesin zamann olmasın sabah Doğmasın güneş dönmesin Dünya Esmesin rüzgar uçmasın kuşlar Sönsün ışıklar... Kolay mı öyle terkedipte gitmek böyle Kolay mı öyle terkedipte gitme böyle ! Sebebi sensin bu anlamsız hayatımın Sebebi sensin oof anlamıyosun Sebebi sensin yokluğuna dayanamam Sebebi sensin oof anlamıyosun Sebebi sensin bu anlamsız hayatımın Sebebi sensin oof anlamıyosun Sebebi sensin yokluğuna dayanamam Sebebi sensin oof anlamıyosun Sebebi sensin anlamıyosun Sebebi sensin oof anlamıyosun

Hi guys, today I am showing a weight loss detox drink by which you will be able to lose 5 Kgs In 3 Days (10 lbs in 3 Days). This is a very powerful drink and will help you get rid of excess water, bloating and toxins, prevent fat absorption and reduce weight by boosting your metabolism. It's a 3-day course, and you need to follow few guidelines to get desired results. So let's get started- To make this weight loss drink, we would need castor oil. Castor oil is also known as Erandel or Arandi Oil. Castor oil is easily available at most of the pharmacies and retail stores. This oil is rich in nutrients like vitamin E, minerals, monounsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants. It also has anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties Castor oil is known as a powerful laxative but do you know that it also has ricinoleic acid which boosts your metabolism and works towards weight loss. Now, let's know how to make it. To make the drink, take 1 cup of warm water. Remember, water can be hot or warm but not cold. You can also make this drink with green tea or ginger tea I recently published a video on how to make ginger tea and its video link is in the description box. I also have a detailed video on green tea. So make sure to watch both the videos to make them right. Video links are in the description box. Now add 1 tbsp of castor oil and stir well. Drink it on an empty stomach for 3 consecutive days. The drink works like a cleaning detergent inside your stomach It will clean your intestines, help get rid of toxins and detox your body completely. This process also cures irregular periods, cholesterol problems, and hormonal issues. You might have to visit washroom a few times as the body would be going through a cleaning process. Few guidelines to follow, to get the best results are - Use a good quality castor oil like cold-pressed castor oil. Do drink a lot of warm water, green or black tea or green or black coffee these 3 days as it will stimulate your body to burn more fat. Avoid eating out plus don’t have refined sugar, meat, processed carbs, artificial sweeteners and full fat dairy including butter, ghee (clarified butter), full-fat milk etc. Rest of the day be on a healthy and clean diet and eat foods like fresh fruits, vegetable salad, oatmeal, soups or khichadi which is a salty porridge made with vegetables, lentils and rice all cooked together Try adding Himalayan Pink Salt instead of regular salt. Do not have chapatis, bread, etc. Use brown rice, oats, buckwheat or quinoa to make porridge. Don’t use white rice. This weight loss drink is not for pregnant and nursing mothers or someone allergic to castor oil. Castor oil has conjugated linoleic acid which causes breakdown and oxidation of fat especially stubborn belly fat. Following this process for 3 days, will slim down your belly, detox your liver and eliminate extra water weight. Do not take this cleanse for more than 3 days. People have really benefitted from this cleanse. You can learn the success comments from my English channel "Versatile Vicky" wherein I posted this video first. I’ll also try coming up with a diet using this cleanse. For now, do try this drink and share your comments. Hit like, subscribe to my channel if you still haven’t and I will see you soon with a new video till then, drink right to stay light. Bye Bye...

[ truenos ] ♪ Díganle... ♪ ♪ Que su partida me ha dejado un mal sabor ♪ ♪ Y yo traté de llenar la ausencia que dejó ♪ ♪ Aun puedo presentir su voz ♪ ♪ Aun pienso en su respiración ♪ ♪ Y no lo he vuelto a ver no sé adónde fue ♪ ♪ Díganle que jamás yo lo volví a llorar ♪ ♪ Alguien por favor le cuente la verdad ♪ ♪ Que ya tomé un remedio pa' mi corazón ♪ ♪ Yo no lo he vuelto a ver no sé adónde fue ♪ ♪ Díganle que jamás me volví a lamentar ♪ ♪ Alguien por favor le cuente la verdad ♪ ♪ Que ya tomé un remedio pa' mi corazón ♪ ♪ Díganle ahora que su amor está en coma ♪ ♪ Y si esta con alguien ya no hay vuelta atrás ♪ ♪ Mejor estar sola ♪ ♪ Ya habrá otra persona que me erice la piel ♪ ♪ Y se lo va a perder ♪ ♪ Y no lo he vuelto a ver No sé adónde fue ♪ ♪ Díganle que jamás yo lo volví a llorar ♪ ♪ Alguien por favor le cuente la verdad ♪ ♪ Que ya tomé un remedio pa' mi corazón ♪ ♪ Yo no lo he vuelto a ver no sé adónde fue ♪ ♪ Díganle que jamás Me volví a lamentar ♪ ♪ Alguien por favor le cuente la verdad ♪ ♪ Que ya tomé un remedio pa' mi corazón ♪ ♪ Se pasan las horas, la cosa empeora ♪ ♪ Adiós bye bye aquí no hay vuelta atrás ♪ ♪ Mejor estar sola ♪ ♪ Ya habrá otra persona que me erice la piel ♪ ♪ Y se lo va perder y se lo va a perder ♪ ♪ El que se fue sin que lo boten no hace falta ♪ ♪ Ya del hospital de su amor me dieron de alta ♪ ♪ Tengo otra vida de su plano soy partícipe ♪ ♪ Besé un sapo pensando que era un príncipe ♪ ♪ Para mala compañía prefiero estar sola ♪ ♪ Soy una reina y su destino controla ♪ ♪ Quise que funcione tengo a Dios como testigo ♪ ♪ Mejor que siga su camino que yo tengo el mío ♪ ♪ Otra mejor que lo haga feliz ♪ ♪ Otra que se siente a esperarlo, otra ♪ ♪ Que ya en mi corazón no hay nada para darle ♪ ♪ Y no lo he vuelto a ver no sé adónde fue ♪ ♪ Díganle que jamás yo lo volví a llorar ♪ ♪ Alguien por favor le cuente la verdad ♪ ♪ Que ya tomé un remedio pa' mi corazón ♪ ♪ Y no lo he vuelto a ver no sé adónde fue ♪ ♪ Díganle que jamás me volví a lamentar ♪ ♪ Alguien por favor le cuente la verdad ♪ ♪ Que ya tomé un remedio pa' mi corazón ♪ ♪ Otra mejor que lo haga feliz ♪ ♪ Otra que se siente a esperarlo, otra ♪ ♪ Que ya en mi corazón ♪ ♪ No hay nada para darle ♪ ♪ No no ♪ ♪ Díganle ahora que su amor está en coma ♪ ♪ Y si esta con alguien ya no hay vuelta atrás ♪ ♪ Mejor estar sola ♪ ♪ Ya habrá otra persona que me erice la piel ♪ ♪ Y se lo va a perder ♪ ♪ Y se lo va a perder. ♪

“Where there’s a will there’s a way” is a famous proverb, meaning that if someone is determined enough to do something, they’ll find a way to accomplish it regardless of the obstacles. This is especially true as it pertains to drug cartels who will do just about anything to ensure their products get delivered to their clients in the U.S. So, what are some methods that are used to sneak drugs past border patrol? Well, let’s put it to you this way, if you can think it, odds are it has been attempted before. The U.S.-Mexican border has been increasing its security lately with the deployment of active duty troops, which reflect the budding militarization of the area. States that border with Mexico include California, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. As of 2018, two thousand National Guard Personnel guard this line with roughly half of them in Texas and the other half spread out throughout California, Arizona and New Mexico. With so much protection, it can be difficult to envision cartels delivering drugs into the country successfully. So, how on Earth do they do it? Before we delve into all the creative methods that have been used to smuggle drugs, we thought we’d first examine some research to look at why drugs are a problem and the extent of its severity to better understand what we’re dealing with. A 2015 report from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration explained that drug overdoses were responsible for more deaths in the U.S. than car accidents or gunshots. Some deaths were due to prescription drugs, others by cocaine, and many from the use of heroin. In terms of opioid overdose, Ohio ranks supreme with the highest death toll in the U.S. About 5,000 people are said to die from opioid overdoses in Ohio each year. This state also has one of the largest female prison populations in the country with 35% of charges against women being drug related. Drugs are an extremely powerful substance and can control the mind like an unstoppable force. Experiments on rats in the 1970’s provided us with a lot of information on the issue. Scientists found that, when given the opportunity, rats would choose to consume heroin or cocaine relentlessly to the point of destroying their bodies and brains until death overcame them through overdose. It can be difficult to resist because drugs trigger the pleasure center part of the brain, which reinforce an organism to consume more of the substance. This explains why campaigns that preach the slogan, “just say no,” often prove to be ineffective at stopping drug use. Drugs can magically alter our moods and shift us from feeling depressed and lonely to being happy and optimistic. Thus, it can be difficult to “just say no” to a solution for your awful feeling. Not all drugs are bad and under the right circumstances, when monitored by a medical professional, they can be extraordinarily helpful for relieving the suffering of people who are experiencing very painful medical conditions. We spoke with some clinicians who explained that if there is a high rate of abuse or suspicion of drug abuse, this can often make doctors uneasy about prescribing certain prescription medications in fear of aiding the development of addiction. This can be extraordinarily difficult for people who truly need it for moderate to severe discomfort. Drugs in the wrong hands may also lead to seizures and higher rates of crime. According to aforeverrecovery.com, “a national survey shows that more than 32% of state prisoners and 26% of federal prisoners were using drugs when they committed their crimes.” Does this imply that drugs directly cause people to commit crimes? Of course not. But it may suggest there exists a correlational relationship between the two. It is not surprising that mind-altering substances can pose as an influential factor on the thought processes that lead to certain behavioral outcomes, such as with acts of criminality. For instance, if a drug makes you feel invulnerable, you may then believe that you can get away with anything. If you take a hallucinogen, on the other hand, you may experience hallucinations or delusions that cause you to lose your sense of reality, such as having voices in your head telling you what to do. So, now you might be wondering what types of drugs are smuggled into the U.S.? For this we examined the statistics of most commonly trafficked drugs into the US as well as the percentages of offenses per drug. Going in ascending order, statistics show that oxycodone consists of 4.6%, heroin has higher rates up to 9.8%, crack cocaine is set at 13.1%, and marijuana resides at 21.5%. Cocaine and methamphetamine consist of the most commonly smuggled drugs at roughly 24%. Although Mexico isn’t the only culprit, it is said to be the source of most forbidden drugs that enter the US. Now we turn to answer the question you’ve been patiently waiting for: how do they do it? When you see how heavily guarded the border crossing is, it might appear impossible. Yet, there are a multitude of creative and ingenious ways that drugs have attempted to get across. Our first examples relate to the use of smuggling drugs by air from the ground. This includes the use of catapults. Now, we can guess what you’re probably thinking right now. A catapult, really? In multiple instances, cartels were caught using giant catapults to hurl drugs over the border into the U.S. where someone would retrieve them on the other side of the fence. Catapults have been found on numerous occasions on the Arizona-Mexican border, flinging sacks filled with drugs roughly 328 feet. To put this into better perspective, that’s further than the height of London’s Big Ben clock tower if this iconic landmark were to be propped horizontally across a large stretch of land. Talk about jumping the fence! In some instances, t-shirt cannons were also used to shoot drugs over the border. This may be unsurprising when considering that this staple of sporting events has often been used to fire contraband into prison yards as well. Mexican authorities also found and seized a homemade bazooka that was being used to launch marijuana into the United States. NPR explained that this bazooka had been adapted specifically to use a compressor for shooting out drugs. Mexican officials seized some 1,800 pounds worth of marijuana that may have reached the U.S. by use of this bazooka. Finally, it may come to no surprise that drug smugglers would utilize the advent of drones. The Washington Examiner reported data showing that 15 drones had been spotted between Tijuana, Mexico and Southern California from late 2017 to 2018. These drones carried drugs attached to them while flying over the border. Drones are also often used to spy on border patrol agents with a camera from hundreds of feet above. Since federal law enforcement agents do not yet have any tools for detecting drones, they must mostly rely on their eyes and ears. Even if they do spot one, however, they cannot shoot it down with their guns without approval, which leaves them pretty helpless to do anything about it for the most part. Also, because a person flying a drone can operate it from a few hundred feet to a couple of miles away, he may be very tough to locate. For this reason, owners of drones have often been able to avoid capture by U.S. federal law enforcement. So, the next time your curiosity consumes you and you decide to use your drone to harmlessly spy on your neighbor’s newly installed backyard swimming pool, you might consider that you’re using a device that a drug smuggler would love to have his hands on. Your neighbor, however, probably won’t be too thrilled about it and you might overhear some yelling that sounds something sort of like, “darn you crazy kids!” We hope for their sake and yours that they’re not in the middle of skinny dipping when you do this. That could be a disturbing and embarrassing scene. So, we’ve discussed methods of drug smuggling by air. What about underground? In 1990, a tunnel was discovered, which ran 273 feet under the ground from a luxurious home in Agua Prieta, Mexico to a warehouse in Arizona. Oddly, this tunnel was equipped with electrical lighting, a drainage system and a trolley for transporting the drugs. An entire, fancy operation was being conducted beneath the surface and no one had any idea. What made it even more high-tech, according to insightcrime.org, was that it possessed a “hidden switch inside the luxury home that, when activated, boosted a pool table and concrete slab below it high into the air to open the way to a narrow shaft below.” We must admit, that sounds pretty cool. One of the biggest tunnels was discovered in April 2016. It ran half a mile from a house in Tijuana, Mexica to an industrial property in San Diego. It, also, was equipped with lighting, rails and a ventilation system. The tunnel was designed to transport huge amounts of drugs – we’re talking tons! This just goes to show how far people are willing to use their ingenuity when it comes to earning profit from dealing drugs. We suppose this is what you get when you combine drugs with too much spare time. Now let’s delve into some of the most insane ways that drugs have been attempted to smuggle into the US. From cargo boxes to the inside of cars, there are many imaginative and innovative methods people have utilized in the attempt to sneak drugs into the U.S. Often, religious items, relics or associations have been used by smugglers to appear innocent, wholesome, and to try to evade suspicion. This was the case in 2013 when three women from Colombia attempted to smuggle 4.4 pounds of cocaine that was strapped to their legs while they were dressed as nuns. Crossing the Mexican-United States border into Texas in 2008, an elderly woman was found driving with a 7-pound memento, a statue of Jesus. She probably thought that, being old in combination with possessing a religious item would make her appear like the epitome of virtue, but she underestimated the powerful smelling ability of canine noses. Drug sniffing dogs went crazy over the statue’s scent, but, initially, officials didn’t find any drugs inside of it. They later found that this was because the statue itself was the drug. It was molded out of plaster that had been mixed with cocaine. We’re not entirely sure how the receivers of the statue planned on taking the cocaine from it, but we suppose they would have thought of some way to do it. Still, if you find yourself putting forth a lot of effort to erode a Jesus statue for a hit, it’s possible that it may be time to reassess what you’re doing with your life. This occasion wasn’t the first time an elderly woman was used to cross the border with drugs. On August 8, 2018, an 81-year-old woman was also driving in her car when she was stopped by CBP agents. The dogs also smelled something suspicious radiating from her vehicle, a 2011 Chrysler 200. Upon investigation, agents discovered $870,000 worth of heroin stashed inside. Now, we don’t mean inside the car in plain view like on top of the seat. We mean literally inside the car, stuffed in its rocker panels. In case you don’t know a lot about the internal structure of cars, the rocker panel is located along the sides of the vehicle between the front and rear wheel, basically below the doors. You lift your feet over this each time you climb in and out of your car. A lot of people probably don’t normally consider using this part of their car to hide things so that’s pretty creative! In October of the same year, nine people were arrested when conspiring to sneak meth into Hawaii. The drugs were disguised as decorative artifacts, such as Aztec calendars and statues. Simple souvenirs? We think not. One of the wildest attempts to sneak across the border occurred on October 30, 2012 when a makeshift ramp was created to scale the 14-foot-tall border fence. A jeep presumably containing marijuana attempted to drive over this ramp into the United States from Mexico. The perpetrators’ plot was foiled, however, when the jeep got stuck at the top of the fence. It started teetering, which made the two intruders panic and flee back to Mexico. It’s comical to imagine the reactions on the faces of officials when they first arrived at the scene. They probably mumbled something to each other like, “Well, now I’ve seen everything.” Although our next examples did not occur at the U.S. border, we think these make for honorable mentions. We must use full disclosure though and warn you that these methods may be disturbing, and we wouldn’t recommend that you continue watching if you have a weak stomach or tend to get queasy easily. As we’ve discussed, people will use just about anything to smuggle drugs, including their own bodies. The best-known method for this is to ingest tightly wrapped balloons full of drugs and transport them in the stomach. This not only disgusting but dangerous. In 2015, a 24-year-old Brazilian man was on a flight to Dublin from Lisbon. Out of nowhere, he became fiercely agitated before collapsing to the floor. He was later found dead after one out of 80 pellets, holding nearly 2 pounds worth of cocaine, burst in his stomach. In December 2012, a Colombian woman flying to Berlin tried to smuggle drugs inside breast implants. She probably figured that she’d get away with it because airport officials wouldn’t dare ask to search her there in fear of being accused of sexual harassment. She could have gotten away with it if she didn’t start complaining of severe pain. The agony became too unbearable to endure any longer, which pushed her to admit that she was carrying 2.2 pounds of cocaine in her breasts and seek help. More recently in 2018, a Brazilian man wanted to transport 2.2 pounds of cocaine into Portugal. He did this by using padded swimming trunks. The drugs were stored inside a pair of fake butt cheeks, made of two cushion-like implants that were attached to his shorts. We suppose that, like the breast implant woman, he thought he could get away with pretending to have a huge rear end. If officials grew suspicious and asked to search him, he could simply act insulted and say something like, “no, I’m not carrying anything. That’s just my butt. Hands off please.” But the man did not fool anyone, and police quickly caught on to his scheme. What do you think of our picks for examples of drug smuggling? Is there anything we missed? Here with the Infographics Show, we’re always interested to learn about your opinion, so feel free to let us know in the comments! Also, be sure to check out our other video the Insane Way El Chapo Escaped Prison! Thanks for watching, and, as always, don’t forget to like, share, and subscribe. See you next time!

English: Flor Flor? Jazmin Well, we already have something in common You are beautiful flor You deserve someone who loves you- Who really loves you Where is that someone? Oh my God Is coming That person is coming, stay calm When you love something very much you make sacrifices When you like something very much Not always everything is super cute You're very good at giving advice I like to see you happy You do not have to be ashamed to be like yourself because Because you're beautiful, and you're very special. You are perfect I'm afraid to fall in love Fear is not a good ally of love Spanish: Flor Flor? Jazmin Bueno, ya tenemos algo en comun Sos hermosa flor Vos mereces alguien que te quiera Que te quiera de verdad Donde esta ese alguien? por dios Ya va a llegar Ya va a llegar, tranquila Cuando amas mucho algo Haces sacrificios Cuando te gusta mucho algo No siempre todo es super lindo Sos muy buena dando consejos Me gusta verte bien No tenes que tener vergüenza de ser como sos porque porque sos hermosa y sos muy especial Vos sos perfecta Tengo miedo de enamorarme El miedo no es un buen aliado del amor English: I hope I ever find a guy who loves me and understands me and take care of me as much as you It's about love and when you love someone you want to be for life with that person You saw that everyone is with someone less us, we are losers No, we are accompanied by Ourselves, you and me Why are you doing this? Because I love you, flor I want you to be happy, Flor, you know? If you are going to be happy, marry Dani I want you to marry Dani Don't mess with my relationship with Jazmin Because she loves me, you know? And she wants to see me fine And when I see you I feel much better You're beautiful You always make me feel beautiful Spanish: Ojala alguna vez encuentre un tipo que me quiera y me entienda Y me cuide tanto como vos Se trata de amor Y cuando uno ama a alguien Quiere estar para toda la vida con esa persona Viste que esta todo el mundo acompañado Menos nosotras, que loser No, nosotras estamos acompañadas por Nosotras mismas, vos y yo Porque haces esto? Y porque te quiero flor Yo quiero que seas feliz Flor, sabes? Si vos, vas a ser feliz, casandote con dani Yo quiero que te cases con dani No te metas viste, en mi relacion con Jazmin Porque ella a mi me quiere, sabias? Y me quiere bien Y cuando te veo a vos me siento mucho mejor Vos sos hermosa Vos me haces siempre sentir re linda Spanish: Yo me doy cuenta cuando dos personas estan enamoradas Como flor y jazmin Me diste vuelta la vida Necesito que me expliques como es Como es el amor? Es amor? Porque no quiero que nadie nos separe Jaz Nadie nos va a separar. English: I realize when two people are in love Like Flor and Jazmin You changed my life I need you to explain to me how it is How is love? Is love? Because I do not want anyone to separate us Jaz Nobody will separate us. ♪ You taught me the courage of stars before you left ♪ ♪ How light carries on endlessly, even after death ♪ English: ♪ With shortness of breath, you explained the infinite ♪ ♪ How rare and beautiful it is to even exist ♪ ♪ I couldn’t help but ask ♪ ♪ For you to say it all again ♪ ♪ I tried to write it down ♪ ♪ But I could never find a pen ♪ ♪ I’d give anything to hear ♪ ♪ You say it one more time ♪ ♪ That the universe was made ♪ ♪ Just to be seen by my eyes ♪ ♪ I couldn’t help but ask ♪ ♪ For you to say it all again ♪ ♪ I tried to write it down ♪ ♪ But I could never find a pen ♪ ♪ I’d give anything to hear ♪ Spanish: Porque me gustas boluda Ya esta, o sea somos amigas, no creemos falsas expectativas si? Vos tambien me gustas mucho. English: ♪ You say it one more time ♪ ♪ That the universe was made ♪ Because I like you ♪ Just to be seen by my eyes ♪ ♪ With shortness of breath ♪ ♪ I’ll explain the infinite ♪ ♪ How rare and beautiful ♪ ♪ it truly is that we exist ♪ Look, we're friends, let's not give false expectations ok? I like you a lot, too.

Portuguese: Sentido da vida A resposta não é 42, e você não precisa de sandálias ou uma barba para entender Existem 4 coisas que tornam a vida significativa Primeiramente Ajudar os outros A vida com menos sentido Seria ter que ser rolar uma pedra por uma montanha repetidamente Porque o que torna a vida significativa É fazer algo útil para os outros Nós frequentemente pensamos que a melhor coisa é ser servido Mas isso não é nada perto da alegria de servir os outros Consertando seus corações, ensinando-os a trigonometria, os botando para gofar O sentido da vida.. É servir É também fazer algo melhor do que normalmente somos Somos todos um pouco bagunçados Ansiosos, furiosos, esquecidos Então existe sentido em criar algo superior O conjunto de trens que é mais organizado que nós mesmos O jardim que é mais bonito de um jeito que não somos sempre O livro que diz o que normalmente não conseguimos Descobrir como as coisas funcionam também é significativo Gravidade, uma língua estrangeira, código de computador E o melhor de tudo.. Quem somos nós, o que nos guia e onde devemos mirar O último significado vem das conexões que fazemos com os outros O oposto de conversa superficial É quando você mostra as assustadoras partes vulneráveis partes de si mesmo O melhor jeito de começar uma conversa significativa Apenas pergunte.. Do que você realmente tem medo? Vietnamese: Không phải là 42 và bạn không cần dép và râu để hiểu được rằng có 4 điều làm cuộc trở nên ý nghĩa Đầu tiên, giúp đỡ mọi người Điều vô nghĩa nhất của cuộc sống là phải lăn một hòn đá lên núi nhiều lần Bởi vì điều làm cuộc sống có ý nghĩa là làm những điều có ích cho người khác Chúng ta thường nghĩ rằng điều tốt nhất là được phục vụ Nhưng điều đó trở nên vô nghĩa khi ở cạnh niềm vui của việc được phục vụ người khác Sửa chữa trái tim họ Dạy họ toán lượng giác Giúp họ ợ được Ý nghĩa cuộc sống là phục vụ Cũng thật ý nghĩa khi tạo ra điều gì đó tốt đẹp hơn bản thân chúng ta Chúng ta đều một chút bừa bãi, lo âu, giận dữ, hay quên vậy nên có sự ý nghĩa ở việc tạo ra điều gì đó vượt trội Hệ thống tàu trật tự hơn chúng ta Khu vườn luôn đẹp theo cách mà chúng ta không có được Quyển sách nói lên những điều chúng ta không thể nói Hiểu ra mọi thứ hoạt động cũng rất có ý nghĩa Trọng lực, một ngoại ngữ, mã máy tính và hơn tất cả, con người chúng ta điều gì khiến chúng ta hành động và điều gì chúng ta nên hướng đến Cuối cùng, ý nghĩa cuộc sống đến từ sự kết nối với mọi người Điều trái ngược với cuộc nói chuyện hời hợt là khi bạn nói ra những điều làm bạn tổn thương hay sợ cho người khác Cách tốt nhất để bắt đầu một cuộc nói chuyện đầy ý nghĩa chỉ cần hỏi, "Điều gì làm bạn thật sự sợ hãi?" German: Es ist nicht 42 und du brauchst keine Sandalen und Bart um zu verstehen, dass es vier Dinge gibt, die das Leben bedeutungsvoll machen. Erstens: anderen zu helfen. Das bedeutungsloseste Leben wäre, immer wieder einen Felsbrocken den Berg hochrollen zu müssen. Denn was das Leben bedeutsam macht, ist es, Dinge für andere zu tun. Wir denken oft, dass es das Schönste ist, versorgt zu werden. Aber das ist nichts gegen die Freude, andere zu versorgen. Ihr Herz zu heilen. Ihnen Trigonometrie beizubringen. Ihnen beim Aufstoßen zu helfen. Der Sinn des Lebens ist es, zu dienen. Der Sinn liegt auch darin, etwas zu erschaffen, das besser ist als wir es normalerweise sind. Wir sind alle etwas chaotisch, ängstlich, wütend, vergesslich; daher ist es erfüllend, etwas besseres zu erschaffen. Die Modelleisenbahn, die weniger chaotisch ist als wir selbst. Der Garten, der auf eine Art schöner ist, als wir. Das Buch, das sagt, was wir normalerweise nicht sagen können. Herauszufinden, wie Dinge funktionieren ist auch bedeutungsvoll. Schwerkraft, eine Fremdsprache, Computer Code und am allerbesten, wer wir sind. Was uns antreibt, welche Ziele wir uns setzen sollten. Zuletzt entsteht Bedeutung aus der Beziehung zu Anderen. Das Gegenteil von oberflächlichem Geplauder ist, wenn du jemandem deine verletzliche, ängstliche Seite zeigst. Die beste Art ein bedeutungsvolles Gespräch zu starten ist zu fragen, "Wovor hast du wirklich Angst?" Italian: Il senso della vita Non è 42, e non hai bisogno di barba e sandali per capire che quattro cose danno senso alla vita. Primo: aiutare il prossimo. Non c'è vita più insensata che far rotolare un masso tra le montagne all'infinito, senza uno scopo. Perché ciò che dà senso alla vita è l'essere utili...per gli altri. Spesso pensiamo che essere serviti e riveriti sia fantastico in realtà non è niente in confronto alla gioia che si prova nel "servire" il prossimo: curargli il cuore, insegnargli la trigonometria, aiutarli a fare il ruttino. Il senso della vita è "servire". È anche creare qualcosa di meglio rispetto a ciò che siamo normalmente. Siamo tutti un po' incasinati: ansiosi, furiosi, rammaricati. Perciò ha senso creare qualcosa di "superiore", come i treni - meglio organizzati di noi stessi, un giardino - che è bello come noi (a volte) non siamo, un libro - che dice ciò che noi normalmente non possiamo dire. Anche scoprire come funzionano le cose dà senso alla vita: la legge di gravità, una lingua straniera, programmare al PC o ancora meglio: chi siamo, cosa ci rende motivati e a cosa dovremmo aspirare. Infine il senso della vita viene dai rapporti con le altre persone: l'opposto di far due chiacchere superficiali, è mostrare ad un'altra persona le tue parti più vulnerabili. Il miglior modo per avere una conversazione profonda con qualcuno è chiedergli quali sono le sue peggiori paure. Chinese: 現在不是西元42年的羅馬帝國，不需要穿著行軍靴或留著長鬍子，才能了解關於人生的四個意義 首先，幫助別人 最有意義的人生，是重複滾動山上的巨大石頭 因為幫助他人做些有用的事情，會帶來有意義的人生 我們經常認為接受幫助是最愉快的經驗 但其實提供幫助才是 治療心臟 教三角函数 幫助孩子打嗝 從軍也有意義 或是讓某些事物比平常的狀況更好 我們都有一點點混亂、焦慮、憤怒、健忘 讓事情改善是有意義的 火車比過去更有規律 花園比以往都更漂亮 書本上常常描述我們無法做到的事情 能找到合適自己的工作也很有意義 萬有引力、外語、電腦程式 當然最棒的是知道我是誰 動機是什麼 我們該有什麼目標 最後，意義也來自與他人的連結 相對於膚淺的對話，當你能對他人展現脆弱或疤痕 開啟一個有意義的對話，最好的方式是問： 「你真正害怕什麼？」 English: It isn't 42 and you don't need sandals and beard to understand that there are 4 things that make life meaningful Firstly, helping others The most meaningless life would be to have to roll a boulder up a mountain repeatedly Because what makes life meaningful is doing something useful for other people We often think that the nicest thing is to be served But that is nothing next to the joy of serving others Fixing their heart Teaching them trigonometry Helping them to burp The meaning of life is service It's also to make something that's better than we normally are We're all a bit of a mess, anxious, furious, forgetful so there's meaning in creating something superior The train set that's more organized than we are The garden that's pretty in a way we aren't always The book that says what we normally can't Finding out our stuffs work is also meaningful Gravity, a foreign language, computer code and best of all, who we are what drives us, and what we should aim for Lastly, meaning comes from connections with others The opposite of superficial chat is when you show the vulnerable, scared parts of you to another person The best way to kick-start a meaningful conversation just ask, "What are you really afraid of?" Korean: 삶을 의미있게 하는 네가지를 이해하기 위해 42세가 되거나, 샌들과 턱수염이 필요하지는 않다. 첫째, 다른 사람들을 돕는다. 가장 무의미한 인생은 반복적으로 산에서 바위를 굴려야 할 것이다. 왜냐하면 인생을 의미하는 것은 다른 사람들에게 유용한 무언가를 하는 것이기 때문이다. 우리는 종종 가장 좋은 것이 제공되어야 한다고 생각한다. 그러나 그것은 다른 사람들을 섬기는 기쁨 옆에 있는 것이 아니다. 마음을 움직이는 것 그들에게 삼각 측량을 가르치다. 그들이 트림하는 것을 돕는다 인생의 의미는 봉사이다. 우리가 평소보다 더 잘하는 것을 만들어 내는 것이기도 합니다. 우리 모두는 약간 혼란스럽고, 짜증 나고, 분노하고, 잊어 버린다. 그래서 뭔가 우월한 걸 창조하려는 의미가 있어요 기차가 우리보다 훨씬 더 조직적이다. 우리가 항상 그렇지 않지만 정원은 어느정도 아름답다. 우리가 평소에 할 수 없는 것을 말하는 그 책 우리의 물건을 찾는 것 또한 의미 있는 일이다. 중력, 외국어, 컴퓨터 코드 그리고 무엇보다도 우리가 누군인지 무엇이 우리를 움직이게 하는가? 그리고 우리가 목표로 삼아야 할 것은 마지막으로, 의미는 다른 사람과의 관계에서 비롯된다. 피상적인 잡담의 반대는 당신이 연약하고 두려운 부분을 다른 사람에게 보여 줄 때이다. 의미 있는 대화를 시작할 수 있는 가장 좋은 방법은 "무엇을 두려워하는가?"라고 묻는 것입니다. Spanish: El significado de la vida La respuesta no es 42, y no necesitas ser filósofo para saberlo. Hay cuatro cosas que le dan sentido a la vida. En primer lugar: Ayudar a los demás. Una vida sin sentido sería tener que rodar una roca en una montaña repetidamente, porque lo que le da sentido a la vida es hacer algo útil para los demás. A menudo pensamos que lo mejor es ser servido, pero eso no es nada comparado con la alegría de servir a otros: curar enfermedades, enseñar trigonometría, ayudarlos a eructar. El sentido de la vida es servir. También es hacer algo mejor de lo que normalmente somos. Todos somos un poco desordenados, inquietos, coléricos, olvidadizos, por lo tanto tiene sentido crear algo superior: el juego de trenes que es más organizado que nosotros, el jardín que es bonito de formas que nosotros no, el libro que dice lo que nosotros no podemos. Conocer cómo funcionan las cosas también es significativo: la gravedad, un nuevo idioma, programar computadoras. Y lo mejor de todo: quiénes somos, qué nos alienta, y cuál es nuestra meta. Finalmente, el sentido nace de nuestra conexión con los demás: lo opuesto de una conversación superficial es cuando te muestras vulnerable ante otra persona. La mejor manera de empezar una conversación significativa es preguntar: "¿Cuáles son tus temores?" Arabic: "معنى الحيَاة" إنها ليست ٤٢ ولا تحتاج إلى صنادل ولحية لتفهم أن هناك أربعة أشياء تجعل الحياة ذات معنى. أولها: مساعدة الآخرين. إن أكثر شيء يجعل الحياة بلا معنى هو حمل صخرة إلى قمة جبل مرارًا وتكرارًا لأن ما يجعل الحياة ذات معنى، هو فعلُ شيء مفيد للآخرين. فنحن غالبًا ما نعتقد أن ألطف شيءِِ هو أن نكون مخدومين. لكن لا يوجد شيءٌ يُقارن بمتعة وجمال خدمة الآخرين كمعالجة قلوبهم. وتعليمهم حساب المثلثات. ومساعدتهم على التَجَشُّؤ. إنّ المعنى الحقيقي للحياة هو الخدمة. بالإضافة إلى ذلك فعل شيء أفضل مما نفعله عادةً. فجميعنا خليطٌ من الفوضى والقلق والغضب والنسيان لذا فهنالك معنى لصنع شيء أسمى. إن لعبة القطار أكثر تنظيمًا منا. ونحن لسنا دائمًا جميلين كجمال الحديقة. وتقول الكتب ما لا نستطيع قوله. واكتشاف كيفية سيرالأمور له معنىً كذلك: الجاذبية ولغة أجنبية وشفرات الحاسوب وأفضل من هذا كله، معرفة من نحن؟ وما الذي يدفعنا وما الذي نطمح إليه؟ وأخيرًا يأتي معنى الحياة من التواصل مع الآخرين. إن خلاف المحادثة السطحية هو حينما تظهر ضعفك وخوفك لشخص آخر. والطريقة المثلى لبدء محاثة قيمة فقط طرح هذا السؤال "ما الذي تخشاه حقًا؟" Turkish: Hayatın anlamı 42 değil ve hayatı anlamlı kılan 4 şeyi anlamak için sakala ve sandaletlere ihtiyacınız yok. Birincisi, başkalarına yardım etmek En anlamsız hayat bir dağın üzerinden koca bir kayayı tekrar tekrar yuvarlamaya çalışmak olurdu. Çünkü hayatı asıl anlamlı yapan şey başkaları için yararlı bir şeyler yapmaktır Genelde biz en iyi şeyin bize hizmet edilmesi olduğunu düşünürüz Fakat bu başkalarına yardım etmenin verdiği zevkin yanında neredeyse hiç bir şey sayılmaz Kalplerini iyileştirmek Trigonometri öğretmek Geğirmelerinde yardım etmek Hayatın anlamı yardım etmek Bu ayrıca normalde olduğumuzdan daha iyi bir şey yaratmamızı sağlar Hepimiz dağınık bir haldeyiz, tedirginiz, sinirliyiz, unutkanız bu yüzden kendimizden üstün bir şey yaratmakta farklı bir anlam var. Kendimizden daha organize bir tren setini kurmak Her zaman olamadığımız kadar hoş bir bahçeyi yapmak. Normalde konuşamadıklarımızı konuşan bir kitabı yazmak Birşeylerin nasıl çalıştığını bulmakta anlamlıdır. Yerçekimi, yabancı bir dil, bilgisayar kodu ve hepsinden önemli kim olduğumuz bizi harekete geçiren şey amaçlamamız gereken şey Son olarak anlam başkaları ile kurduğumuz bağlardan gelir. Yüzeysel bir sohbetin zıddı, başka bir insana kırılgan ve korkmuş yanlarımızı göstermektir. Anlamlı bir sohbeti başlatmanın en iyi yolu sadece "Gerçekten en çok neden korkarsın?" diye sormaktır. French: Ce n'est pas 42 et vous n'avez pas besoin, de sandales et de barbe, pour comprendre qu'il y a 4 choses qui rend la vie significative Tout d'abord, aider les autres La vie, la plus vide de sens serait, de faire rouler un rocher en haut d'une montagne à plusieurs reprises parce que ce qui rend la vie significative, c'est lorsque l'on fait quelque chose d'utile pour les autres Nous pensons souvent que la chose la plus agréable c'est d'être servie, mais ce n'est rien à côté de la joie de servir les autres Réparer leur cœur Leur enseigner la trigonométrie Les aider pour roter Le but de la vie, est le service C'est aussi de faire quelque chose de mieux qu'à notre habitude. Nous sommes tous un peu anxieux, furieux, distraits alors, il a dans la création quelque chose de supérieur Le train électrique est plus organisé que nous le sommes Le jardin c'est joli, d'une façon que nous ne sommes pas toujours Le livre qui dit ce que nous ne pouvons pas normalement faire La découverte de notre travail est aussi significative La gravité, une langue étrangère, code d'ordinateur et le meilleur de tout, qui nous sommes ce qui nous conduit et ce que nous devrions viser Finalement, la signification vient des connections avec les autres le contraire de la conversation superficiel c'est quand vous montrez des parties vulnérable, qui vous font peur à une autre personne La meilleur façon de commencer une conversation qui a du sens et juste de demander, "De quoi avez vous vraiment peur?" Slovak: Nie je nim číslo 42 a nepotrebujete sandále a bradu na to, aby ste pochopili, že životu dávajú zmysel 4 veci. Po prvé pomoc druhým. Najnezmyselnejší život by bol ten, v ktorom by ste museli opakovane tlačiť balvan hore kopcom. Životu totiž dáva zmysel užitočná práca pre iných. Často si myslíme, že najlepšie je, keď nás obsluhujú, ale nič sa nevyrovná potešeniu z toho, keď obsluhujete iných, liečite ich srdcia, učíte ich trigonometriu, pomáhate im grgnúť si. Zmyslom života je služba. Zmyslom je aj urobiť niečo, čo nás prevýši takých, akí bežne sme. Všetci sme trochu popletení, bojazliví, zúriví, zábudliví, preto má zmysel vytvoriť niečo dokonalejšie: vlakovú súpravu, ktorá je usporiadanejšia než my, záhradu, ktorej kráse sa nie vždy vyrovnáme, knihu, ktorá vyjadrí to, čo my nedokážeme Objaviť zákonitosti vecí má tiež zmysel, gravitácia, cudzí jazyk, počítačový kód a najmä, kto sme, čo nás poháňa a na čo by sme sa mali zamerať. Napokon, zmysel dáva kontakt s ostatnými. Opakom povrchného pokecu je to, keď inej osobe odhalíme zraniteľnú, ustráchanú časť seba. Najlepší spôsob, ako odštartovať zmysluplnú konverzáciu je spýtať sa: "Čoho sa v skutočnosti bojíš?" Italian: Ed è questo, il senso della vita. Turkish: Evet, hayatın anlamı bu French: Alors c'est, la signification de la vie Slovak: To je teda zmysel života. Korean: 그게 바로 삶의 의미입니다. Chinese: 這就是人生的意義 Vietnamese: Và đó là ý nghĩa của cuộc sống English: So that's the meaning of life Portuguese: Então esses são os sentidos da vida German: Das ist also der Sinn des Lebens. Spanish: Ese es el sentido de la vida. SUSCRÍBETE Arabic: هذا هو معنى الحياة. ترجمة فريق أُترجم autrjim@

Ola a todos sou o Chef Marco estou de volta a Inglaterra Hoje vamos começar uma serie nova Vai ser sobre massa Decidi fazer uma serie so sobre pasta porque... Com a massa podemos fazer muitas coisas diferentes Existem tantos prontos diferentes que podemos fazer Que dicidi fazer uma serie so sobre massa O video de hoje sera um bocado diferente porque nao vou cozinhar nada Vou so ensinar a fazer massa fresca E vou mostrar todos os utensilios que precisamos para realizar a massa fresca Vou explicar 1 a 1 todos os utensilios Podemos fazer a massa se, algum destes utensílios Eles vao fazer a sua vida mais fácil E o resultado final sera melhor Mas podem sempre fazer sem eles e eu vou explicar cada vez que usar vou explicar como fazer sem eles E estes são os utensílios que vamos precisar... Este e a maquina de esticar a massa Podem fazer a massa sem ele podem usar um rolo da massa Mas para alguns tipos de massa vamos precisar da maquina Se quiserem fazer um ravioli E impossível esticar so com o rolo da massa Porque para os raviolis a massa tem de estar muito fininha Por isso vao precisar da maquina Estes sao para cortar raviolis Tenho diferentes tamanhos para diferente tipo de raviolis Este serve para cortar a massa Vai ajudar a cortar a massa quando esticada Este e um bocado esquisito mas e onde vamos secar a nossa massa, espaguete ou linguini Vou usar para secar a massa ajuda o ar a circular a volta o que para com que a massa seque mais rápido Para a massa vamos usar farinha Ovos azeite virgem e sal Vou deixar a receita na descrição em baixo para poderem ver as quantidades vamos so precisar de um garfo vamos começar por fazer um buraco na farinha Vou adicionar os ovos sal E o azeite Quando tiverem tudo no meio vamos começar a bater os ovos vamos adicionar a farinha aos poucos Esta pronto Vamos deixar descansar no frigorifico por 5 a 10 minutos E vai estar pronta a esticar A massa ja descansou vou so usar metade Agora vou fazer linguini vou cortar a meio vou começar com o rolo da massa Para facilitar Precisam de esticar um bocado antes de ir para a maquina polvilhem farinha no rolo da massa Para esticarem a massa vao precisar de trabalhar com alguma farinha para nao colar Mas nao podem adicionar farinha a mais caso contrario a farinha vai secar a massa adicionem so que chegue para nao colar mas sem expessura Adicionem um bocado na maquina também Vamos começar no numero 1 Que e o mais grosso E vamos avançar ate estarmos contentes com a grossora acho que vou ir ate ao numero 4 ou 5 Sempre que passar pela maquina passem a massa por farinha e avancem para o proximo numero A massa esta pronto estiquei ate ao numero 7 Vamos cortar com o comprimento que desejamos A minha maquina tem a função de cortar também Se nao tiverem nao se preocupem vou mostrar como cortar com uma faca Para a maioria vou usar a maquina porque e mais fácil Agora vou cortar com a faca Farinha na tábua Para nada colar Vamos enrolar a massa adicionem mais farinha Agora vamos usar isto para secar a massa Vamos tentar por amassa toda certinha E agora perguntam Marco como e que faço a massa sem essa coisa esquisita Facil Com uma vassoura Aqui esta a nossa massa Vai secar por 1 hora e esta pronta aqui esta o meu estendal de massa Agora no proximo video Vou cozinhar uma carbonara Para mim e uma das mais fáceis e simples receitas Mas e uma das mais deliciosas Por isso fiquem atentos Nao se esquema de subscrever o canal Deixem um gosto comentem O meu nome e Marco e sou o seu chefe privado

Again l say to you, the kingdom shall be taken from you and given to another. For many are called, but few are chosen. Now l'm all the more convinced. ''The kingdom will be taken from you,'' He said, ''and given to another.'' Given to the few, who are chosen. Were we few not chosen on the shores of Galilee? The weight of it all. This very temple will be His palace. Friends, do you see these walls? Yes, Master. We know what you're about to say . The day is coming when they shall fall. And there shall not be one stone left upon another . lt doesn't make sense. He rises to power , then the temple is destroyed? That can't be what He meant. There shall not be one stone left upon another. Those were His words. lt must be a parable, or a saying that means something else. Well, maybe a new temple will be built in place of the old one. Maybe there will be a battle, and we'll have to fight those Romans after all. Come, let's ask the Master . Friends, be not deceived concerning the coming day of my power. We are not deceived, Lord. We know you've come to rule over lsrael. Over the whole world. Again, l say unto you, be not deceived, For before that day many shall come in my name saying, ''l am Christ.'' And they shall deceive many. And when ye shall hear of wars, and rumors of wars, be not troubled for such things must need be. But the end shall not be yet for nation shall rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. And there shall be earthquakes in many places. And there shall be famines and pestilence. These are the beginning of sorrows. But in those days after that tribulation, the sun shall be darkened. And the moon shall not give her light. And the stars of heaven shall fall. And the powers that are in the heavens shall be shaken. Lord, when shall all this be? No man knows that day. Not even the Son of Man. Watch therefore, for you know not what hour your Lord will come. Hear this parable: For the Kingdom of Heaven is like a man preparing to travel to a distant country, who called his servants and entrusted his property to them. Quick. Quick, quick, quick. The master is setting sail tomorrow. Where to? l don't know. He just turned to me, and right out of the blue, he said, ''We're leaving in the morning on a loooonng journey.'' That's how he said it. ''Looonng journey.'' He didn't say when you would be coming back? All he said was, ''Looonng journey.'' l get seasick. l hate looonng journeys. l'm sick for a looonng time. He's leaving. How do you like that? Oh, no! Now l've got to find a new job. No. No, no, no, no. He wants each of you to stay on. You mean, l have a job working for someone who's never going to be around? Ha ha ha. Now, that is good news. Don't get too comfortable. There's supplies to load. This is a looonng journey. l'm not working through the night. He expects too much. Tell the master everything will be ready in the morning. Ah, thank you, Arad, Tola. Mmm! Good morning, Arad. Good morning, Tola. Where is -- Sorry, master. l'm -- l'm not feeling well. l'm sorry to hear that, Hod. There's something l'd like you three to care for while l'm gone. l'm entrusting you with these precious coins. You may do with them as you wish, but when l return there will be an accounting. See that they multiply. Thank you, Master. l divided these coins according to your different experience and abilities. Hod, l would expect much more from Arad and Tola when l return than l will from you. They have received more. But if you are a good steward over this one silver coin, your reward will be the same as theirs. l promise you. All l expect is for you to do your best. Each one of you is very special to me. l will miss you all. Look, Hod, l'll be happy to help you if you want. Me, too. Oh, no, l know the master too well. l'm not risking this coin. No, sir. ln fact, l'm going to bury it, right now. When master comes back, l'll dig it up and he can have his coin. He's making a big mistake. The best way to persuade him is to show him how to make these coins grow . Dear God in Heaven, l need your help making these coins grow. Give me the wisdom to know -- -- to know the best way for me to use these coins, so l can give a good accounting when the master returns. Amen. Pardon. Can you show me the shortest way to the valley? Beyond the lake? lt's this way. Ten days by foot. Ten days? But -- but l can see it from here. Ha, ha -- that's true, but the lake is very long. Ahh. No one lives in that valley, you know. Oh, l know. But the Emperor got this big idea, and says he wants people to live there now . So he sent all of us. All of who? Two hundred families, all coming this way. Two hundred families? Oh, it's a prime piece of land, that's for sure. Of course, l can't sell it cheap. Well, there's a few hard spots here and there; that's -- that's good for a house, you know . A nice, firm foundation -- ah -- But l'm going to plant wheat. Wheat? Wheat -- as -- as in wheat - wheat? Wheat that -- that grows in the ground wheat? Oh, l've met some crazy men in my life, but you are -- Well, ah -- definitely not one of them. Sold. Guess l'll go feed the horses. Then -- ah, take another nap. Oh, no! How come Arad and Tola didn't fix this? lf they think l'm going to do everything while they're off multiplying their coins, they got another thing coming. l'm take'n the day off. Hod. Zadoc? Haven't seen you ever since you got that a -- What do they call it? Ajob? Yeah, but you're going to be seeing a lot more of me from now on. Ha! You got fired again, huh? The master's gone on a long journey. Well, then, what are we waiting for? Come on! Let's go have some fun. Exactly what l was thinking. E... you're buying right? 'Cause l'm kinda broke right now. Did you haul water to the house? Yeah. You stack the firewood? Uh-huh. And you cleaned out the stables, right? Yep. lt looks like we're done. Good night. Ha, ha, ha. They're going to do it all. Ha, ha, ha, ha. Keep chopping friend. Yah, ha, ha. Whoohoo! Oh, no! Ha, ha, ha -- ho, ho, ho -- hee, hee -- Arad. Hey, Arad. Hod. Look at him. Heh, heh -- Excuse me, sir. May l help you? l - come to you on behalf of many widowed women. Could we follow behind you and gather the wheat you miss, to feed our children? How many children are there? Forty, or so. Wait! The rest of this field belongs to you and the other widows. All of it? lt takes a lot to feed forty children. But you must make a living, too. There's still time to plant again before the end of harvest. l'll be fine. Oh, thank you. Thank you! Ready! Go! [glug, glug] Just the man l was looking for. Two hundred families are moving to the valley beyond the lake. Every one of them will pay to be ferried across the lake rather than walk around it. lf you help me, you could double that one coin of yours in no time. As Hod's friend, l -- l'm not talking to you. And you're the furthest thing from a friend l could possibly imagine. Why do you and Arad keep coming here? l'm not going to risk losing that coin. But the master -- The master expects too much. This is the finest wheat l've ever seen. How much to buy back my field? Sorry. Not for sale. But you can have all of my wheat for ten coins and still make a good profit. Sold! That's all l can pay. Oh, l -- l'm grateful. lf two hundred farmers pay the same, l'll have two hundred chickens to sell. The master, he's come home. What? Oh, oh. Hello, Arad. Welcome home, master. How have you done with my five coins? l have gained five more. Well done. And because you've been faithful over these few things, l will make you ruler over many. Thank you, master. And you, Tola? You gave me two, master , and now l'm returning four. Well done, Tola. You, too, shall be made a ruler over many things. Your reward will be just as great as Arad's. Hod? Master, l -- l was afraid. l knew that no matter what l did with it, you'd never be satisfied, so l buried it. Here! At least l didn't lose it. Oh, Hod. Couldn't you have at least given it to the banker so l could have interest on it? You see. You're never satisfied. You expect too much. l only expected you to do your best. lf you had, your reward would have been no different than the others. l promised you that. Here, give this to Arad. l'm sorry Hod, you can no longer live and work here. l am sorry. He who hath ears to hear, let him hear. Then shall the Kingdom of Heaven be likened unto ten maidens, five of them were wise, and five were foolish. So what, Leah. So we forgot oil for our lamps. lt doesn't matter! l don't know why you made us bring them anyhow. We don't need them in the broad daylight! l told you, sometimes the bridegroom doesn't arrive until very late. ''Sometimes.'' You worry too much, Leah. lt'll be all right. We'll leave for the wedding at sundown. Sundown? That's a bit late, isn't it? l want to make sure that everyone has a chance to get there. Well, you needn't worry about that, Judah. The entire city is waiting to accompany you to the wedding. Do you think we could have missed him? How could we have? We've been here all day. l don't know about you, but l'm getting some rest! Wake us up when he arrives, Leah. Master Judah arrives! Master Judah arrives! Fall in line for the wedding party! Master Judah arrives! Fall in line for the wedding party! Master Judah arrives... Look! He's here! Fall in line for the wedding party! Fall in line! Master Judah arrives! Master Judah arrives... Fall in line for the wedding party... Master Judah arrives! Master Judah arrives! Fall in line for the wedding party! Fall in line for the wedding party! Master Judah arrives! Master Judah arrives! Fall in line for the wedding party! Master Judah arrives! Master... Judah arrives... Master... Judah... arrives Fall in line for the wedding party. Master Judah arrives. Fall in line for the wedding party. Oh, we've been around this part of the city several times, Judah, sir. Are you sure everyone's had a chance to hear? l should think so! l... l don't want to leave anyone behind. Master Judah arrives! Oh, no, no, no, no, no! We've given ample warning. Alright, then. Now on to the wedding. Master Judah arrives! Fall in line for the wedding party! Master Judah arrives! He's arrived! Quick, the wedding party is passing! Wait! Wait for us! Come here! Give us some of your oil! We can't see! But, then we'll all run out. Leah, hurry up! Come here! l'm sorry, Simone. l want to help you, but... but if we don't leave now, we'll all miss the wedding. We'll knock on these doors! Try to buy some! Hurry! Let us begin. Oh God, we come before thee... Judah... Judah! Who calls? Your friends! Your friends?! Do l know you? Hold up your lamps so l can see your faces. Well, we have no oil. Our light has gone out. lf you are my friends, why didn't you come when l called? Come Judah, it's time to begin. l'm... l'm sorry, l know you not. Watch therefore, for ye know neither the day nor the hour wherein the Son of Man cometh.

I'm Daniel Sullivan the founder and head instructor of worrier Arts Alliance also the founder and head instructor at OC kickboxing and mixed martial arts in Irvine California I've been involved with the combat of martial arts since 1985 was fortunate enough to meet Diana Lee Inosanto and a college class and the time I was doing Taekwondo didn't know anything about the Filipino martial arts Jeet Kun Do or Muay thai in that you know I don't like heard of karate kung-fu and those sort of you know typical martial arts yes I met her in a college class and that fateful day pretty much forever changed my life she introduced me to her dad Dan Lee Inosanto and he introduced me to several different martial arts the Filipino martial arts, Jeet Kun Do, Muay Thai, Silat, Jiu Jitsu, Shooto he's pretty much impossible although the most combat martial arts in the world you know he's a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu and he's played the man in my opinion that's done more research into the martial arts than anyone else in the world hands down there was only one that has even a quarter of the knowledge of him that I know of I always challenged people tell me someone who's got more knowledge in the martial arts than Dan Lee Inosanto I know and I i never hear a single come back so not so since 1985 I tried to follow the same path that Dan Inosanto and his best friend meant or bruce Lee we're on you know back in the sixties and early seventies basically they basically they were researching every martial art in the world to try to find you know one of the best parts you know the real world for a real street fight basically it's MMA for the real world you know you have MMA for competition of MMA for combat and the to a little bit different you know because MMA for combat includes all of the competition arts Muay Thai Brazilian jiu-jitsu and wrestling and boxing all the mainstream stuff but you know we cross train and Filipino martial arts you know if Muay Thai is the King of the Ring Filipino martial arts is the king of the streets why because almost every fight is going to involve a weapon fights will always involve a weapon especially here in Bangkok right now Southeast Asia people you know carry edged weapons it's it's accessible everyone has one you know the other thing the other difference major difference between the Combat Arts and the competition arts is that fights are never one-on-one let's be honest people travel in packs looking for trouble you know so you know we've all heard the sales sales pitch that all fights go to the ground and well you know it's true a lot of flights to go to the gun but in reality that's the last place you want to be in a real fight because it's never one on one it doesn't matter how good you are on the ground you can have beginning of submission you can be in the top position you can be ground and pounding but when the second guy comes along you're in bad trouble because I need your head Shin kick your head he's going to soccer kick you teeth in ya so you know so you know not to take away from Brazilian jiu-jitsu cause I'ma blackballed I believe Brazilian jiu-jitsu is the king of them at once you get to the floor ugh he's the best however you know we gotta realize that you know no martial arts has everything so just say can you know sport MMA you need to cross train right we know we need to cross train you know we're in the early days across all jiu-jitsu jiu-jitsu they never put a good striker in the UFC for the first five years it was never a world-class striker in the UFC then when they started to put some strikers and they start to find out that you know you need to have a striking game and you need to have a grasp of the game right so it's the same way for the real world you need to have a weaponry game and you need to go outside of the room of the rules you know and that's not what I want your Arts Alliance's my organization is all about you know cross training in the best martial arts for the real world yeah I was a kid I was as skinny surfer kid and I grew up you know in a family that kind of fell apart my mother and my father ended up marrying a hippie basically turned us into a happy family moved us to Santa Cruz California AP central you know and so you know when I got there I ran into trouble right away actually the part in Santa Cruz who they've done with the hippies want it was all the rednecks where than withers area with the hippies were and we were in the red neck area so you know I had the long hair and so as to get picked on the new kid in town you know we always move around and say I got picked on here in there and so you know I always wanted to learn self-defense so one of the things that got me really interested in the martial arts to start with the Kung Fu series of David Carradine I loved it he you know would never look for trouble are you never go looking for trouble and but trouble always found him and he would always he would never use more violence than he had to he would always see you know just diffuse the situation without hurting the guy as much as possible right and he would always try to avoid a try to avoid it you know and then there was always the message should go back to the his Sifu you know it at the Shaolin Temple and you know there's always that he'd have the flashback and you know there's that message they're the lesson you learned in every episode you know and I just loved the the message and the positive no message that the martial arts sense what really got me interested in it and then enter the dragon came out you know I was just like wow this is amazing you know you know just fascinated with bruce Lee I try to avoid conflicts at all costs I always walk away I always you know we'll try to talk my way out of it I very rarely you know get into streetlights although I have when I had when I was in Long Beach had several incidents go down when I lived in a house in a really bad area of Long Beach on over my first martial arts school but it's always been for me trying not to you know to kill the guy too much time to just get out of the situation without you know I can't have it on my conscience they give someone brain damage or you know maimed and killed them so I've had several several incidents go down and I think you know one of the great things about the martial arts is that you get confidence and when you're confident people just don't really mess cutie mark you know they don't they don't bother you that can sense that you you have something Demonstration so it's gonna show you know some possible way you might be attacked in the real world and some possible ways and dirty boxing that we might handle that situation so a lot of times in self-defense Chelsea guys who wanna finish of you are they gonna grab your clothing are they gonna grab your neck like that or they're gonna try to pull your head down she can need I can do here in Thailand right so yes so tight end if he doesn't like a double shift in Chester when he doesn't notice how is getting into here to smoke a steering wheel position so so shuts you because clinch you rap on your clothing got two hands into this position called the steering wheel thing about this home and get your butt and that's one of my favorite things sometimes we just felt they had here and this is the best time couch helpful grab onto the just set up a striking from here all your orthodox lost you want let's look at what time you shop you call the steering wheels but need short back turning his head like that get my phone down like grap head here that's a knee and stepped-up combination INTERVIEW ya wanna principles that I here to obviously is cross-training that no martial art has it all no martial arts complete and that's why we call it mixed martial arts so you know mixed martial arts for combat that's what I'm about mixed martial arts for the real world so I think anyone who is serious about learning self-defense fence needs to have a Thai boxing Muay Thai background you know some time here in bangkok right now just did a seminar on dirty boxing filipino boxing but I'm also here to out to train in Muay Thai love Muay thai and doing it since 1985 and let's be honest the best ranking system in the world you know I think anyone without a Muay Thai background is really you know not serious about learning how to defend themselves and then obviously a Brazilian jiu-jitsu is one is the best grappling art out there are probably other great ones too but I think you need you need you know they have some knowledge of Brazilian jiu-jitsu boxing you know boxing is the most sophisticated system of using the hands and all the martial arts according to Bruce Lee and I agree with them wrestling obviously is very important you know having having take downtown knowing how to defend takedowns but then what I like to do is mix and other other arts or not so in the mainstream like for example the Filipino martial arts you know which is the best with the knife the stick some of the systems have the best empty hands and I've ever seen like Inosanto I know the cross method that the Filipino martial arts includes dirty boxing or filipino boxing puntukan or suntukan on which a mix of boxing master John Lacosta learned in the central region of the Philippines to the size and then he learned the Silat in the south in Mindanao so he mixed silat with boxing and it's one of the most sophisticated the most effective efficient forms of self-defense and I've ever seen Dan Lee Inosanto taught me that you know of a thirty years of training with him several workshops within the focus just on the filipino boxing and and so yes I took what he did in kind of did my own thing a little bit with the filipino boxing and I think it's one of the best silat is one of the best I like a savate box france you know I'm a box franse one of the best striking arts but there are you know when China there are a lot of great martial arts out there however some of them with a lot of martial arts there's certain things that I like and then there's and it's going to be like that for everyone those things that you like those things that you don't like so much you know and so that's why I think it's so important to cross train another important thing about cross training is that you know when you're 20 years old you know you got Muay Thai, MMA ,Jiu Jitsu know but you know I'm I'm 53 years old so you know my my shape and injuries stuff like that and you know as you start getting older he don't cross train you're not going to be able to do it anymore you know and you get depressed and you let you know when you stopped training you know your life's just not the same so it's really important to have to be able to know have different martial arts ones that you can do like the Filipino martial arts is great because you can practice it into you sixties seventies eighties nineties like you know a lot of the Masters that grew down in a sauna learn from they were ww2 heroes they fought the first Filipino Infantry Division and they were sent to the Philippines to fight over there they fought with with live blades swords the lows against the japanese so you know I think ww2 veteran so obviously most of them are all gone now they were heroes and you know the Filipinos were no exception to the rule they were definitely heroes who fought against the Japanese and you know so by the time Groudon met these guys are already a lot of them are in their eighties you know seventies eighties some of them pushing 90 and you know they can still move you know they could still move still do that thing like Locasta for example he was in his late eighties he still train every day and the weight I get shot the back which is a sad very sad story because we all wanted to learn what he had you know but but yeah so I think it's great to cross train because it gives you that option to do you know if your body can't do the Shin kick anymore you know your hips body or whatever you have other things you can practice so that my Academy in Orange County California we specialize in beginners we love we love to take people have no martial arts experience at all and teach them how to defend themselves you know get them involved with all the different combat martial arts and normally what I like to do as I like to start people with Thai boxing with Muay Thai and there are several reasons for that one is that they're learning to use their natural weapons you know their punches or kicks their elbows on their knees and the learning basic defenses you know it'll work in the real world they're also at the same time getting fit you know I'm being fit is a very important part of being able to defend yourself Muay Thai kickboxing boxing it gives you timing it gives you read them if you distance it gives you an understanding of movement it gives you an understanding of the way that you probably gonna be attacked in the real world now that everyone does anyone does boxing everyone does mixed martial arts so yeah so I like to start people with Muay Thai or we started with MMA mixed martial arts that's we do get my academies I offer everything I hope we have a mixed martial arts program we have a Muay Thai program but usually we don't like to start people in Brazilian jiu-jitsu for example is like I said you know you need to learn how to strike first in my opinion I think it you know you don't want to go to the ground right away that's all you know you're gonna be in bad trouble in the in a real situation if that's all you know how to do is grapple is it you know it's never a one-on-one fight so we start people with Muay Thai MMA and then once they've gone through you know three months or so of Muay Thai or MMA then they become eligible to go into what we call a combat out the program and that's what we offer noJeet Kun DO Filipino martial arts Brazilian jiu-jitsu no gi Jiu Jitsu boxe française Savate so we offer all those are taught separately but we'd like you to have a base in striking first because up pretty much all the martial arts we teach our striking the boxing based like the Filipino martial arts boxing based you know Jeet Kun Do is boxing based Savate obviously boxing based Muay Thai boxing base MMA boxing based again even Brazilian jiu-jitsu you know it's even Helio Gracie believed in boxing although you know the early Jets you guys want the best boxers but you know there they've gotten a lot better now you know nowadays all the brunt brazilians know you have to do Muay Thai you have to be boxing where they used to laugh about it in the early days of the of the UFC they would laugh at Muay Thai boxing but now it is often anymore you know because they realize you have to have a foundation and striking so yeah that's why start people Muay Thai Boxing MMA you know to get used to their their tools get used to how they you know how the body moves and whatnot then later on they get into the the Brazilian jiu-jitsu and what other whatever else that they want to get involved with DEMONSTRATION other things get a lot of times another thing we get a lot of times these guys who are gonna swimming wild at your head right through it maker punch so in that type of situation you know first of all you want to know how to cover you need to be able to defend your head you know the docs way like this first got that down this week all it takes and we have what's called the water covered like this so we have a lot of times in a street fight traffic situation in self-defense situation as an individual angry gonna try to punch a lot of times it's not a nice straight punch me I punch right in that type of scenario comes with a white boy you need to know how to just cover your head up to protect your head that's what we call it type cover we call a wide cover the clothes like this right and then if you want to try to get the same time to become a political punch the clock so why were the first one and you just come in when you cover up here if you think air right now if you got simultaneous this is one of our favorites like that which are striking here whether it's tougher cuts Interview: so dirty boxing basically filipino boxing ok it's it comes from Grandmaster johnnie Juanito LaCosta John Acosta he's one of the instructors Dan Lee Inosanto know he's very unique in his approach because he traveled all over the Philippines to learn all the different Filipino martial arts the thing that he was able to do that other Filipino martial arts masters weren't able to do was to learn all the southern styles that are really in existence anymore from Mindanao you know Silat the different Filipino Silat systems so he converted to Islam the reason why most people weren't able to learn it is their Christian there from the central and northern region and Christians are not allowed to learn Silat so what he did was he converted to Islam and learn to speak twelve different Muslim dialects so he could learn all the different silat stiles which made him very unique you know so what he did is he took the the boxing did you learn in the Visayas in the central region of the Philippines you know Suntukan and and he makes that silat so it's a very effective boxing base but it's it's got all the you know the dirty techniques it's got eye got head butts needs to the groin foot stomps you know strikes to the arms we do harm destructions and clinching and you know double thumbs and grabbing you know kicking the groin go yell everybody can do that I know what everybody says but it could do that yeah but ya think about this I mean like Bruce Lee for example area finger job from any angle at lightning speed you know you wouldn't even see it coming so someone with it would skill like that you know i mean is another animal to deal with you know me and and people don't realize you know they can pick up a weapon well you know it's it's not that simple with you if you're going to get someone who has skilled with a weapon it's very very different you know so it's easy for people in the MMA world to downplay parts that aren't competition but usually that's because they don't really have an understanding they don't have an understanding of what's really out there and what you know what it's worth it you know what skills outside up their game how much that can add to you know what's going on in a real-world self-defense or street fighting situation. so filipino boxing also known as Panatukan or Suntukan in my opinion is one of the best martial arts for the real world includes striking similar to Thai boxing but it also includes had but, eye gouching all types of clinching, knees, strikes to the groin and foot stomps and over hooks, underhooks and no shots to the throat you go oh yeah well you want to do that it's not just that what makes it unique award makes it so effective is how how do you get from eye-gouching to head but he's to knees to sweeps together how do you get into it that's the thing everybody knows you can eye gouch how do you get him do it right how do you get into the other techniques how do you flow from head butts, elbows, knees and clinching great about filipino boxing it is best in the world flowing between regular mainstream type of strikes again elbows knees kicks punches into the dirty tricks that they are going to set up your strike again eye gouch for example once you get your eye gouched the best time to hit him with traditional type of boxing strikes

Korean: 감사합니다. German: DER PRESIDENT: Vielen Dank. (Applaus) Danke. Vielen Dank. Danke. Danke allen. Bitte bitte setzt euch. Danke. (Applaus) Vielen Dank, President Spar, Treuhänder, President Bollinger. Hallo, Klasse von 2012! (Applaus) Herzliche Glückwunsche zur Erreichung dieses Tages. Vielen Dank für die Ehre davon Teil zu nehmen. Es gibt so viele Menschen, die stolz auf euch sind -- eure Eltern, Familie, Fakultät, Freunde -- alle, die an diesem Erfolg teilnehmen. So bitte gebt ihnen eine große Runde Applaus. Arabic: الرئيس: أشكركم جزيل الشكر ( تصفيق) اشكركم من فضلكم من فضلكم تفضلو بالجلوس شكرا لكم (تصفيق) اشكركم الرئيس سبار, مجلس الامناء, الرئيس بولينجر مرحبا, خريجي دفعة 2012 ( تصفيق اهنئكم على وصولكم لهذا اليوم واشكركم على منحى شرف المشاركة فيه هناك الكثير ممن يفخرون بكم بشدة أبائكم وأمهاتكم, عائلتكم, أعضاء هيئة التدريس, أصدقائكم و كل من شارك فى هذا الانجاز لذا من فضلكم فلنصفق لهم بحرارة Spanish: EL PRESIDENTE: Muchas gracias. (Aplausos.) Gracias. Por favor, Por favor, tome asiento. Gracias. (Aplausos.) Gracias, Presidente Spar, síndicos, Presidente Bollinger. Hola, Clase del 2012! (Aplausos.) Congratulaciones por llegar a este día. Gracias por el honor de poder ser parte de ello. Hay muchas personas que se sienten orgullosas de ustedes - sus padres, familiares, profesores, amigos ~ todos los que participan en este logro. Así que por favor denles un gran aplauso. English: THE PRESIDENT: Thank you so much. (Applause.) Thank you. Please, please have a seat. Thank you. (Applause.) Thank you, President Spar, trustees, President Bollinger. Hello, Class of 2012! (Applause.) Congratulations on reaching this day. Thank you for the honor of being able to be a part of it. There are so many people who are proud of you -- your parents, family, faculty, friends~ all who share in this achievement. So please give them a big round of applause. Chinese: 非常感谢大家，谢谢谢谢。 （鼓掌声） 谢谢 请， 大家请坐 谢谢 （掌声） 谢谢， Spar校长，校委会 Bollinger校长。 2012届毕业生，大家好！（掌声） 祝贺你们等到这一天。 感谢你们让我能荣幸的参与其中。 有那么多人为你们感到骄傲—— 你们的父母，家人，教授们，朋友们…… 所有那些一起分享你们的成绩的人。 所以，请为他们热烈的鼓掌。 Romanian: Presedintele :Va multumesc foarte mult. (aplauze) Multumesc. Va rog, va rog luati un loc. Multumesc. (aplauze) Multumesc, Presedinte Spar, administratori, Presedinte Bollinger Bine v-am gasit Promotie 2012! (aplauze) Felicitari pentru ca ati ajuns la aceasta zi. Va multumesc pentru onoarea de a face parte din ea. Sunt foarte multi oameni care sunt mandri de voi- parintii, familia, facultatea, prietenii toti care se bucura de aceasta realizare. Asa ca va rog, aplaudati-i. French: Merci. Aplaudissement. Merci. S'il vous plaît, Asseyez-vous merci. Applaudissement. merci. Monsieur le Président Spar, membres du Conseil d'Administration, Monsieur le Président Bollinger. Bonjour à la Classe de 2012 (Applaudissement) Toutes mes félicitation d'avoir atteint ce jour. Je vous remercie de l'honneur que vous me faites de participer à cet évènement Il y a un grand nombre de personnes qui sont fiers de vous-- vos parents, votre famille, la Fac, vos amis-- tous qui partage votre accomplissement. Alors, s'il vous plaît, applaudissez-les vivement. French: LE PRESIDENT : Merci beaucoup. (Applaudissements) Merci. Prenez place, je vous prie. Merci. (Applaudissements.) Je vous remercie, Président Spar, membres du Conseil d'administration, Président Bollinger Bonjour à toute la promotion de 2012! (Applaudissements.) Toutes mes félicitations pour avoir atteint de jalon important que représente cette journée. Je vous remercie de me donner l'honneur d'y participer. Il y a tant de personnes qui sont fières de vous -- vos parents, votre famille, vos professeurs, vos amis~ tous ceux qui partagent avec vous cet accomplissement. Je vous invite à les applaudir chaleureusement. English: THE PRESIDENT: Thank you so much. (Applause.) Thank you. Please, please have a seat. Thank you. (Applause.) Thank you, President Spar, trustees, President Bollinger. Hello, Class of 2012! (Applause.) Congratulations on reaching this day. Thank you for the honor of being able to be a part of it. There are so many people who are proud of you -- your parents, family, faculty, friends~ all who share in this achievement. So please give them a big round of applause. English: (Applause.) To all the moms who are here today, you could not ask for a better Mother’s Day gift than to see all of these folks graduate. (Applause.) I have to say, though, whenever I come to these things, I start thinking about Malia and Sasha graduating, and I start tearing up and~ (laughter)~ It’s terrible. I don’t know how you guys are holding it together. (Laughter.) I will begin by telling a hard truth: I’m a Columbia college graduate. (Laughter and applause.) I know there can be a little bit of a sibling rivalry here. (Laughter.) But I’m honored nevertheless to be your commencement speaker today~ although I’ve got to say, Spanish: (Aplausos.) A todas las mamás que están aquí hoy, no se puede pedir mejor regalo del día de la madre que ver a todas estas personas graduarse. (Aplausos.) tengo que decir, sin embargo, cada vez que vengo a estas cosas, Empiezo a pensar en Malia y Sasha graduarse, y me desgarro y ~ (risas) ~ Es terrible. Yo no sé cómo ustedes están manteniendolo unido. (Risas.) Empezaré diciendo una verdad dura: Soy un graduado de la universidad de Columbia. (Risas y aplausos.) Sé que puede ser un poco de una rivalidad entre hermanos aquí. (Risas.) Pero me siento honrado sin embargo a ser su orador de hoy ~ aunque tengo que decir, Arabic: تصفيق ) الى كل الامهات الموجودات هنا اليوم أعتقد أن هذه أفضل هدية لعيد الأم من الممكن أن تطلبوها أن تروا كل هؤلاء الطلاب متخرجين تصفيق الا أنه عليّ القول أنني كلما حضرت للمشاركة بمثل هذه المناسبات, بدأ ت التفكير فى لحظة تخرج ماليا و ساشا وعندها تبدأ الدموع تنهمر مني ضحك: إنه شىء فظيع الحقيقة لا أعرف كيف أنكم أيها الرفاق تتمكنون من عدم البكاء ضحك سوف أبدأ حديثي بقول حقيقة قاسية أنا خريج جامعة كولومبيا ضحك وتصفيق أعلم أنه من الممكن وجود القليل من التنافس الأخوي ضحك: الا أنني أشعر بالفخر على الرغم من ذلك بأن أكون المتحدث في حفلة تخرجكم اليوم على الرغم من أنه عليّ القول French: (Applaudissement) A tous les mères qui sont ici présentes aujourd'hui vous ne pourriez espérer meilleur cadeau de la Fête des Mères que de voir tous ces jeunes obtenir leurs diplômes Applaudissement. Néanmoins, je dois bien le dire, lorsque je participe à ces évènements je commence à penser à Malia et Sasha obtenant leurs diplômes et la larme me vient à l'oeil (rire) --c'est terrible. Je ne sais pas comment vous tous pouvez garder votre cool (rire) Je vais commencer par vous donner la dure vérité J'ai obtenu mon diplôme à l'université de Columbia (rire et applaudissement) Je reconnais qu'il y a ici un peu de concurrence fraternelle (rire) Néanmoins, c'est un grand honneur pour moi d'être votre invité à votre remise de diplômes mais il faut bien le dire, Romanian: (apauze). Toate mamele care sunt aici astazi, nu puteati cere un cadou mai bun de ziua mamei decat sa-i vedeti pe toti acesti oameni absolvind. (aplauze) Trebuie sa va spun totusi, ori de cate ori vad aceste lucruri ma gandesc la Malia si Sasa absolvind si incep sa plang si... (rasete)-e groaznic. Nu stiu cum voi rezistati. (rasete) Voi incepe prin a spune un adevar: Sunt absolvent al universitatii Columbia. (rasete si aplauze) (rasete). Dar oricum ar fi sunt onorat sa fiu cel care incepe discursurile astazi desi trebuie sa va spun English: (Applause.) To all the moms who are here today, you could not ask for a better Mother’s Day gift than to see all of these folks graduate. (Applause.) I have to say, though, whenever I come to these things, I start thinking about Malia and Sasha graduating, and I start tearing up and~ (laughter)~ It’s terrible. I don’t know how you guys are holding it together. (Laughter.) I will begin by telling a hard truth: I’m a Columbia college graduate. (Laughter and applause.) I know there can be a little bit of a sibling rivalry here. (Laughter.) But I’m honored nevertheless to be your commencement speaker today~ although I’ve got to say, German: (Applaus) An alle Mütter, die heute hier sind, sie könnten sich kein besseres Muttertagsgeschenk erwünschen als alle diese Leute graduieren zu sehen. (Applaus) Ich muss aber sagen, wenn ich bei so Dingen bin beginne ich über Malias und Sashas Abschluss nachzudenken und mir kommen Tränen in die Augen -- (Lachen) Es ist schlimm. Ich weiß nicht, wie ihr Leute einen kühlen Kopf behalten könnt. (Lachen) Ich beginne indem ich euch eine harte Wahrheit mitteile: Ich bin ein Columbia College Graduierter. (Lachen und Applaus) Ich weiß, hier kann es ein bisschen von einer Geschwisterrivalität zu geben. (Lachen) Aber ich bin trotzdem geehrt heute ihr Abschlussredner zu sein - aber ich muss sagen, Chinese: （鼓掌声。）向所有今天在这里的母亲， 这是最好的母亲节礼物了！ 这个礼物就是，能看到这么多年轻人顺利毕业。 （鼓掌） 但是，我必须说 每当我来参加这样的活动的时候 我就想着什么时候玛丽亚和萨沙能毕业， 然后我的眼眶里就湿润了，然后…… （笑声）， 太糟糕了。 我不知道你们是 怎么能做到这一点的（取得今天的成绩）。 （笑声） 作为开始，我要讲一点不太令人喜欢的事实： 我是哥伦比亚学院的毕业生。 （笑声和鼓掌） 我知道这可能引起一点儿兄弟姐妹间敌意。 （笑声。）但是我今天 来作为演讲嘉宾，非常荣幸…… 虽然我必须说， Spanish: ustedes han establecido una meta bastante alta dado los últimos tres años. (Aplausos). Hillary Clinton-- (aplausos) ~ Meryl Streep ~ (aplausos) ~ Sheryl Sandberg ~ Estos no son actos fáciles a seguir. (Aplausos).Pero señalaré Hillary está haciendo un trabajo extraordinario como una de las mejores secretarias de estado que América ha tenido alguna vez. (Aplausos.) Dimos a Meryl la Medalla Presidencial de Artes y Humanidades.(Aplausos). Sheryl no es sólo una buena amiga; Ella también es una de nuestros asesores económicos. Como el viejo refrán lo dice~ mantenga cerca a sus amigos, y a Barnard y sus oradores de comienzo aún más cerca. (Aplausos.) Hay sabiduría en eso. English: you set a pretty high bar given the past three years. (Applause.) Hillary Clinton -- (applause)~ Meryl Streep~ (applause)~ Sheryl Sandberg~ these are not easy acts to follow. (Applause.)But I will point out Hillary is doing an extraordinary job as one of the finest Secretaries of State America has ever had.(Applause.) We gave Meryl the Presidential Medal of Arts and Humanities.(Applause.) Sheryl is not just a good friend; she’s also one of our economic advisers. So it’s like the old saying goes~ keep your friends close, and your Barnard commencement speakers even closer. (Applause.) There’s wisdom in that. Chinese: 你们把门槛儿抬得非常高 在过去的三年当中。 （鼓掌。）希拉里 克林顿—— （鼓掌）梅瑞尔斯特里普 （鼓掌）谢瑞尔 撒伯格 这些都是很难超越的人物。 （鼓掌）但是我想指出希拉里 的工作非常出色 她是美国有史以来 最好的国务卿之一。（鼓掌） 我们授予梅瑞尔总统 艺术人文奖章。（鼓掌） 谢瑞尔也不仅仅是一个好朋友； 她也是我们的经济顾问之一。 就像是那句谚语说的 要同朋友团结在身边， 并且要和毕业典礼演讲人靠得 更近。（鼓掌） 这里面是有智慧的。 Arabic: لقد وضعتم مستوى عال خلال السنوات الثلاث الماضية تصفيق) هيلاري كلينتون تصفيق) ميرلي سترييب تصفيق) شيرلي سانديبيرغ أعمالهم ليست بسيطة لتتبعها تصفيق) ولكنني سأشير الى أن هيلاري تقوم بعمل استثنائي كواحدة من أفضل وزراء الخارجية الامريكيين الذين حظيت بهم أمريكا ( تصفيق لقد منحنا ميرلي الميدالية الرئاسية في الآداب والعلوم الانسانية ( تصفيق شيريل ليست صديقة عزيزة وحسب بل هي أيضا أحد مستشارينا الاقتصاديين و كما يقال أبقي أصدقائك قريبين والمتحدثين في حفل تخرج جامعة برنارد أقرب. ( تصفيق و هناك حكمة فى ذلك French: vous avez mis la barre très haut à ce qui s'est passé ces trois dernières années (Applaudissement). Hillary Clinton -- (Applaudissement) --Meryl Streep-- (Applaudissement)--Sheryl Sandberg-- ne sont pas faciles à émuler (Applaudissement) Mais je tiens à remarquer que Hillary fait un travail extraordinaire, une des meilleures Secrétaire d'Etat que l'Amérique n'ait jamais eu. Nous avons présenté à Meryl la Médaille Présidentielle des Arts et Humanités Sheryl n'est pas simplement qu'une amie. elle est aussi une des mes conseillères pour l'économie Et, comme le vieux dicton le dit gardez vos amis près de vous et vos orateurs à Barnard encore plus près. (Applaudissement) On trouve dans ce dicton beaucoup de sagesse. Romanian: ca ridicati un standard destul de mare avand in vedere ultimii 3 ani. (aplauze). Hillary Clinton (aplauze) Mery Streep (aplauze) Shery Sandberg English: you set a pretty high bar given the past three years. (Applause.) Hillary Clinton -- (applause)~ Meryl Streep~ (applause)~ Sheryl Sandberg~ these are not easy acts to follow. (Applause.)But I will point out Hillary is doing an extraordinary job as one of the finest Secretaries of State America has ever had.(Applause.) We gave Meryl the Presidential Medal of Arts and Humanities.(Applause.) Sheryl is not just a good friend; she’s also one of our economic advisers. So it’s like the old saying goes~ keep your friends close, and your Barnard commencement speakers even closer. (Applause.) There’s wisdom in that. German: ihr setzt eine ziemlich hohe Messlatte angesichts der letzten drei Jahre. (Applaus) -- Hillary Clinton -- Meryl Streep -- (Applaus) Sheryl Sandberg -- es ist nicht leicht denen zu folgen. (Applaus) Aber ich will darauf hinweisen, Hillary macht einen hervorragenden Job als eine der besten Staatssekretärinnen die Amerika jeh hatte. (Applaus) Wir gaben Meryl das Präsidentschafts-Medal der Künste und Geisteswissenschaften. (Applaus) Sheryl ist nicht nur ein guter Freund sie ist auch ein von unseren Wirtschaftsberater. So wie das alte Sprichwort sagt -- haltet eure Freunde nahe und eure Barnard Abschlussredner noch näher. (Applaus) Da ist Weisheit in dem. English: (Laughter.) Now, the year I graduated~ this area looks familiar~ (laughter)~ the year I graduated was 1983, the first year women were admitted to Columbia. (Applause.) Sally Ride was the first American woman in space. Music was all about Michael and the Moonwalk. (Laughter.)AUDIENCE MEMBER: Do it! (Laughter.) THE PRESIDENT: No Moonwalking. (Laughter.) No Moonwalking today. (Laughter.) We had the Walkman, not iPods. Some of the streets around here were not quite so inviting. (Laughter.) Times Square was not a family destination. German: (Lachen) Jetzt, in dem Jahr in dem ich graduierte -- diese Gegend sieht mir bekannt aus -- (Lachen) das Jahr als ich graduartie war 1983 -- das erste Jahr in dem Frauen zu Columbia zugelassen wurden. (Applaus) Sally Ride war Amerikas erste Frau im Weltraum. In der Musik ging es um Michael und seinen Moonwalk. (Lachen) EIN MITGLIED DES PUBLIKUMS: Machen Sie es! (Lachen) DER PRÄSIDENT: Kein moonwalking. (Lachen) Kein moonwalking heute. (Lachen) Wir hatten den Walkman, nicht iPods gehabt. Einige Straßen hier in der Gegend waren nicht so einladend. (Lachen) Times Square war kein Urlaubsort für Familien. Arabic: ضحك) والآن, فى العام الذى تخرجت فيه من الجامعة تبدو هذه المنطقة مألوفة ( ضحك لقد تخرجت سنة 1983 وقد كانت تلك السنة الأولى التي تم فيها قبول النساء في جامعة كولومبيا سالى رايد كانت أول امرأة أمريكية تذهب إلى الفضاء وقد كانت الموسيقى دائما تدور حول مايكل [مغني مشهور] ورقصة السير على القمر ضحك) أحد الحضور: قم بها [الرقصة] (ضحك الرئيس: لن أقوم برقصة السير على القمر ضحك: لن اقوم برقصة السير على القمر اليوم ضحك: لدينا جهاز استماع [نستطيع استعماله بينما نسير], وليس أجهزة الاي باد بعض الشولرع في المناطق التي حولنا هنا لم تكن مشجعة كثيرا ضحك) فميدان التايم لم يكن المكان المفضل الذي تقصده العائلة Chinese: （笑声。） 我毕业那年 这里看起来很像今天的样子 （笑声） 我是1983年毕业的 是哥伦比亚大学招收女生的第一年。 （鼓掌）萨利 瑞德是美国第一个女宇航员。 那时候音乐总是和麦克和太空步有关。 （笑声。）走太空步！（笑声） 总统：不。 （笑声）今天不走太空步。 （笑声）我们那时候听随身听，没有iPods. 附近的一些街道 也不是很友好。 （笑声。）时代广场 还不是一个全家一起逗留的目的地。 French: (rire). Maintenant l'année où j'ai obtenu mon diplôme cet endroit me paraît familier (rire) mon année de graduation était 1983 lorsque pour la première fois, les femmes étaient admises à Columbie (Applaudissement) Sally Ride était la première femme astronaute La musqie tournait autour de Michael et le "Moonwalk" (rire). Spectateur: fait-le (rire) Le Président: non, pas de "Moonwalking". (rire) non, pas de Moonwalking aujourd'hui. (rire) Nous avions le Walkman, pas les iPods. Certaines des rues ici n'était pas très attrayantes. (rire). Times Square n'était pas une destination familiale Spanish: (risas). Ahora, en el año que me gradué ~ esta área resulta familiar ~ (risas) ~ el año que me gradué fue 1983, el primer año que las mujeres fueron admitidas en Columbia. (Aplausos). Sally Ride fue la primera mujer estadounidense en el espacio. La música era todo acerca de Michael y el Moonwalk. (Risas.) MIEMBRO DEL PÚBLICO: Hágalo! (Risas.) EL Presidente: No Moonwalking. (Risas). No Moonwalking hoy. (Risas). Tuvimos el Walkman, no iPods. Algunas de las calles por aquí no eran tan acogedor. (Risas). Times Square no era un destino familiar. English: (Laughter.) Now, the year I graduated~ this area looks familiar~ (laughter)~ the year I graduated was 1983, the first year women were admitted to Columbia. (Applause.) Sally Ride was the first American woman in space. Music was all about Michael and the Moonwalk. (Laughter.)AUDIENCE MEMBER: Do it! (Laughter.) THE PRESIDENT: No Moonwalking. (Laughter.) No Moonwalking today. (Laughter.) We had the Walkman, not iPods. Some of the streets around here were not quite so inviting. (Laughter.) Times Square was not a family destination. Romanian: Era timpul pentru o schimbare. Era timpul nesigurantei. Era timpul dezbaterilor politice pasionate. Puteti sa va relationatie de asta pentru ca asa cum incepeati sa descoperiti drumul vostru in acest campus, De atunci, cativa dintre voi probabil ati vazut parinti fiind nevoiti sa se retraga, Arabic: ضحك) لذلك أعلم بأن هذا كله تاريخ قديم ولا شئ أسوء من ان يقوم المتحدث باسم حفل التخرج بالتحدث بشكل رتيب عن الأيام الغابرة و لكن على الرغم من كل هذه الاختلافات فلقد كان لدفعة 1983 العديد من الأشياء المشتركة معكم حيث أننا كنا نحن أيضا منطلقين نحو العالم,في وقت كان فيه بلدنا لا يزال يتعافى تحديدا من أثر الركود الإقتصادى الحاد لقد كانت مرحلة تغيير لقد كانت مرحلة شك كانت مرحلة مليئة بالمناظرات السياسية الملتهبة تستطيعون أن تعزو الى ذلك لأنه بينما كنتم لا تزالون تبدؤون البحث عن طريقكم في هذا الحرم الجامعي فان أزمة اقتصادية قد وقعت وكان من شأنها أن تلغي أكثر من خمسة ملايين وظيفة قبل نهاية عامكم الدراسي الأول منذ ذلك الوقت ربما رأى بعضكم آبائهم أجلوا تقاعدهم English: (Laughter.) So I know this is all ancient history. Nothing worse than commencement speakers droning on about bygone days. (Laughter.) But for all the differences, the Class of 1983 actually had a lot in common with all of you. For we, too, were heading out into a world at a moment when our country was still recovering from a particularly severe economic recession. It was a time of change. It was a time of uncertainty. It was a time of passionate political debates. You can relate to this because just as you were starting out finding your way around this campus, an economic crisis struck that would claim more than 5 million jobs before the end of your freshman year. Since then, some of you have probably seen parents put off retirement, French: (rire) Mais je sais que tout ça n'est que de l'histoire ancienne. Il n'y a rien de pire que pour un orateur de remise de dipl^^omes qu'il se penche sur les vieux jours (rire) Mais s'il y avait beaucoup de différences au fait la Classe de 1983 avait beaucoup de choses en commun avec chacun de vous. Car, nous aussi, nous nous lancions dans un monde alors que notre pays se remettait encore d'une récession économique particulièrement sévère c'était une période de changement. C'était une période d'incertitude C'était le temps de débats politiques passionnés vous pouvez vous identifier à ces temps-là car lorsque vous commenciez seulement à trouver votre chemin dans le campus, une crise économique à frappé (le pays) qui a causé la perte de 5 millions de postes de travail avant la fin de votre première année universitaire. Depuis, vous avez probablement vu des parents retardé leur retraite English: (Laughter.) So I know this is all ancient history. Nothing worse than commencement speakers droning on about bygone days. (Laughter.) But for all the differences, the Class of 1983 actually had a lot in common with all of you. For we, too, were heading out into a world at a moment when our country was still recovering from a particularly severe economic recession. It was a time of change. It was a time of uncertainty. It was a time of passionate political debates. You can relate to this because just as you were starting out finding your way around this campus, an economic crisis struck that would claim more than 5 million jobs before the end of your freshman year. Since then, some of you have probably seen parents put off retirement, Chinese: （笑声。）我知道，这听起来都是陈年往事了。 没有什么比毕业典礼演讲者 不停的唠叨陈谷子烂芝麻了。 （笑声。）不说那些差别， 1983届的毕业生确实和你们 有很多共同点。 对于当时的我们， 也是在进入一个特殊的时期 那时候我们的国家正在从 一次严峻的经济危机中复苏。 那是一个变革的时代。 是个变化无常的时代。 那是一个充满了激情澎湃的政治辩论的时代。 你能联想到这一点，因为 就像是你能马上 从校园周围发现的一样， 一场严重的经济危机， 夺去了500万个工作岗位 在你们一年级结束之前。 从那时候开始，你们中的一些人也许 看到父母推迟了退休的年龄 Spanish: (Risas.) Así que sé que todo esto es historia antigua. No hay nada peor que oradores de comienzo disertando sobre tiempos pasados. (Risas.) Pero para todas las diferencias, de la Clase de 1983, en realidad tenía mucho en común con todos ustedes. Para nosotros, también, se dirigían en un mundo en un momento en el que nuestro país se estaba recuperando de una recesión económica particularmente grave. Fue una época de cambios. Fue una época de incertidumbre. Fue un tiempo de apasionados debates políticos. German: (Lachen) So ich weiß, das ist alles uralte Historie. Nichts Schlimmeres als ein Abschlussredner der über vergangene Tage leiert. (Lachen) Doch bei allen Differenzen, hatte die Klasse von 1983 tatsächlich viel gemeinsam mit euch allen. Denn auch wir haben uns auf den Weg gemacht in eine Welt zu einem Zeitpunkt als unser Land sich noch von einer besonders schweren Rezession erholt hat. Es war eine Zeit der Veränderung. Es war eine Zeit der Unsicherheit. Es war eine Zeit leidenschaftlichen politischen Debatten. Ihr könnt mitempfinden weil gerade als ihr gestartet habt euren Weg durch diesen Campus zu finden, traf eine wirtschaftliche Krise ein, die mehr als 5 Millionen Arbeitsplätze vor Ende eures ersten Schuljahres wegnahm. Seither haben einige von euch wahrscheinlich erlebt dass Eltern den Ruhestand beiseite legen, German: Freunde sich bemühen Arbeit zu finden. Und villeicht schaut ihr in die Zukunft mit dem gleichen Gefühl der Sorgen als meine Generation es machte, als wir hier saßen, wo ihr jetzt sitzt. Natürlich, als junge Frauen, werdet ihr euch auch mit einigen einzigartigen Herausforderungen auseinandersetzen wie ob ihr in der Lage sein werdet den gleichen Lohn für gleiche Arbeit zu verdienen; ob ihr in der Lage sein werdet die Anforderungen eurer Arbeit und eurer Familie unter einen Hut zu bringen; ob ihr in der Lage sein werdet die volle Kontrolle zu haben Entscheidungen über eure eigene Gesundheit zu treffen. Und während die Chancen für Frauen in den letzten 30 Jahren exponentiell gewachsen sind als junge Leute, in vielerlei Hinsicht habt ihr es noch härter als wir es hatten. Diese Rezession ist noch brutaler, die Arbeitsplatzverluste steiler. Politik scheint garstiger. Kongress ist mehr als je festgefahrenen. Einige Leute in der Finanzwelt waren French: des amis qui avaient beaucoup de difficultés à trouver du travail Et peut-être envisagez-vous le future avec les même craintes que ma génération a eues assis sur le même siège que vous. Evidemment, en tant que jeunes femmes vous allez être confrontées avec des défis uniques comme celui de l'égalité des salaires pour un travail équivalent ou la capacité d'équilibrer les exigences de votre travail et celles de votre famille ou si vous aurez le contrôle absolu sur vos décisions concernant votre santé. Et bien que les opportunités pour les femmes ont crût exponentiellement ces dernières 30 années, et les jeunes, dans beaucoup de choses ont la vie plus dure que nous avions. La récession a été brutale la perte de postes de travail plus importante. La politique semble être plus méchante. Le Congrès dans l'impasse plus que jamais. Certaines personnes dans le monde financier English: friends struggle to find work. And you may be looking toward the future with that same sense of concern that my generation did when we were sitting where you are now. Of course, as young women, you’re also going to grapple with some unique challenges, like whether you’ll be able to earn equal pay for equal work; whether you’ll be able to balance the demands of your job and your family; whether you’ll be able to fully control decisions about your own health. And while opportunities for women have grown exponentially over the last 30 years, as young people, in many ways you have it even tougher than we did. This recession has been more brutal, the job losses steeper. Politics seems nastier. Congress more gridlocked than ever. Some folks in the financial world have Chinese: 朋友们挣扎着找工作。 你在考虑未来的时候， 也许都有一样的忧虑，就像是 我的那一代人一样 那时候我们就像你们一样，坐着你们现在坐的地方。 当然，对于年轻的女性来说， 你们也会面临一些 独特的挑战， 比如你们（对于同样的工作）是不是能够挣得 同样的收入 你是不是能平衡 工作的要求和家庭（的需要）； 你是不是能完全掌控 自己的健康。 一方面，妇女的面临的机会 在过去的30年中取得了突飞猛进的发展， 作为年轻人， 在很多方面，你们面临的情况比我们更为严峻。 经济衰退更严重， 工作机会失去的更多。 政治更肮脏。 议会更为僵化。 金融圈里的一些伙计们 Romanian: prieteni incercand din greu sa gaseasca de lucru. Arabic: وأصدقاء يعانون لايجاد عمل ما وربما أنكم تتطلعون للمستقبل بنفس الاحساس بالقلق الذي أحس به جيلي عندما كنا نجلس حيث أنتم الآن وطبعا, بالنسبة للشابات, فأنتن أيضا سوف تصارعن بعض التحديات الفريدة على سبيل المثال اذا ما كنتن تستطعن الحصول على راتب مساو لراتب الرجل في الوظائف نفسها وعما اذا كنتن تستطعن التوفيق بين متطلبات العمل والمنزل عما اذا كنتن تستطعت التحكم بشكل تام بالقرارات المتعلقة بصحتكن الشخصية وبينما نمت فرص النساء بشكل متزايد خلال ال 30 سنة الأخيرة الماضية كشباب فأنتم أكثر صلابة مما كنا نحن عليه. أن هذا الركود هو أكثر قسوة وخسارة الوظائف هي أكثر انحدارا. تبدو السياسة أكثر ردائة والكنجريس أكثر تعقيدا للأمور من أي وقت مضى. وبعض الأشخاص في النظام المالي English: friends struggle to find work. And you may be looking toward the future with that same sense of concern that my generation did when we were sitting where you are now. Of course, as young women, you’re also going to grapple with some unique challenges, like whether you’ll be able to earn equal pay for equal work; whether you’ll be able to balance the demands of your job and your family; whether you’ll be able to fully control decisions about your own health. And while opportunities for women have grown exponentially over the last 30 years, as young people, in many ways you have it even tougher than we did. This recession has been more brutal, the job losses steeper. Politics seems nastier. Congress more gridlocked than ever. Some folks in the financial world have Arabic: لم يكونوا مثال على المواطنين المتعاونيين ضحك لا غرابة في أن الايمان بمؤسساتنا لم يكن بمثل هذا السوء من قبل خاصة عندما لا تصل الاخبار الجيدة لنفس المستوى من التخمين كما هي الحال مع الاخبار السيئة بعد الان كل يوم تتلقون سيلا من من أخبار الاثارة والفضائح والقصص مع رسائل تفضي بأن التغيير غير ممكن وبأنكم لن تستطيعوا عمل أي تغيير بأنكم لن تستطيعوا اغلاق تلك الفجوة بين الحياة كما هي حقيقة وبين الحياة التي تودونها مهمتي اليوم هي أن أقول لكم لا تصدقوهم لأنه على الرغم من صعوبة الأمور فأنا مقتنع بأنكم أقوى لقد رأيت شغفكم وقد رأيت خدمتكم وقد رأيتكم تشاركون وقد رأيتكم Chinese: 没能成为企业公民的好榜样。 (笑声) 我们大学里人们的信心 非常低迷，这一点也不奇怪， 尤其是好消息 受到的关注总是少过 坏消息的时候。 每一天，你都能听到一系列的 哗众取宠的丑闻，故事 试图说服人们，改变（现状），是不可能的。 而且你不会让局面有所不同； 或者你不能靠近那个 横在你的生活，和你梦想的生活之间的鸿沟。 我今天就是想告诉你们，不要相信这些。 虽然现实很残酷， 但是我坚信，你们，更强大。 我看到了你们的热情，看到了你们做的服务。 我看到了你们的投入，看到你们 English: not exactly been model corporate citizens. (Laughter.) No wonder that faith in our institutions has never been lower, particularly when good news doesn’t get the same kind of ratings as bad news anymore. Every day you receive a steady stream of sensationalism and scandal and stories with a message that suggest change isn’t possible; that you can’t make a difference; that you won’t be able to close that gap between life as it is and life as you want it to be. My job today is to tell you don’t believe it. Because as tough as things have been, I am convinced you are tougher. I’ve seen your passion and I’ve seen your service. I’ve seen you engage and I’ve seen German: ja nicht genau Modell Bürger. (Lachen) Kein Wunder, dass Vertrauen in unsere Institutionen noch nie niedriger war, besonders wenn gute Nachrichten nicht mehr die gleiche Art von Bewertung bekommen als schlechte Nachrichten. Jeden Tag erhaltet ihr einen stetigen Strom von Sensationsgier und Skandale und Geschichten mit der Meldung, die vorschlagt dass Änderung nicht möglich ist; dass man keinen Unterschied machen kann; dass ihr nicht in der Lage seid, diesen Spalt zwischen dem Leben, wie es ist und wie ihr es haben wollen zu schließen. Meine Aufgabe besteht heute darin, ihnen zu sagen das nicht zu glauben. Weil so schwer, wie Sachen gewesen sind, ich bin überzeugt, dass ihr härter seid. Ich habe ihre Leidenschaft gesehen, und ich habe ihren Dienst gesehen. Ich habe euch engagieren gesehen, und ich habe gesehen English: not exactly been model corporate citizens. (Laughter.) No wonder that faith in our institutions has never been lower, particularly when good news doesn’t get the same kind of ratings as bad news anymore. Every day you receive a steady stream of sensationalism and scandal and stories with a message that suggest change isn’t possible; that you can’t make a difference; that you won’t be able to close that gap between life as it is and life as you want it to be. My job today is to tell you don’t believe it. Because as tough as things have been, I am convinced you are tougher. I’ve seen your passion and I’ve seen your service. I’ve seen you engage and I’ve seen French: n'ont pas été de bons exemples dans le monde des affaires (rire) Il n'est pas étonnant que la confiance dans nos institutions n'a jamais été aussi basse, Particulièrement lorsque les bonnes nouvelles ne recoivent plus la même cote que les mauvaises nouvelles. Chaque jour, vous êtes innondés de nouvelles à sensation ou à scandal avec un message qui suggère que le changement n'est pas possible; que vous ne pouvez faire aucune différence que vous ne pourrez pas combler la lacune entre la vie telle qu'elle est aujourd'hui et celle que vous désirez. Ma tâche aujourd'hui est de vous dire: ne le vroyez pas! Car, aussi dures que les choses ont été, je suis convaincu que vous êtes encore plus coriace. J'ai vu votre passion and j'ai vu votre service. Je vous ai vu engagé et je vous ai vu English: you turn out in record numbers. I’ve heard your voices amplified by creativity and a digital fluency that those of us in older generations can barely comprehend. I’ve seen a generation eager, impatient even, to step into the rushing waters of history and change its course. And that defiant, can-do spirit is what runs through the veins of American history. It’s the lifeblood of all our progress. And it is that spirit which we need your generation to embrace and rekindle right now. See, the question is not whether things will get better~ they always do. The question is not whether we’ve got the solutions to our challenges~ English: you turn out in record numbers. I’ve heard your voices amplified by creativity and a digital fluency that those of us in older generations can barely comprehend. I’ve seen a generation eager, impatient even, to step into the rushing waters of history and change its course. And that defiant, can-do spirit is what runs through the veins of American history. It’s the lifeblood of all our progress. And it is that spirit which we need your generation to embrace and rekindle right now. See, the question is not whether things will get better~ they always do. The question is not whether we’ve got the solutions to our challenges~ Arabic: تغادرون بأعداد كبيرة. لقد سمعت صوتكم بإسهاب بإبداع واتقان الاجهزة الرقمية التي نستطيع بصعوبة نحن الجيل القديم ان نفهمها لقد رأيت تحمس الجيل وحتى قلة صبره لكي يخطو على المياه الهادرة للتاريخ ويغير مجراه. وتلك الروح ذات التحدي والتي تستطيع فعل كل شئ هي التي تجري في عروق تاريخ أمريكا انها شريان الحياة لجميع تقدماتنا وهي الروح التي نحتاج لأن يقوم جيلكم باحتضانها واعادة اشعالها الآن أترون, ان السؤال ليس عما اذا كانت الامور ستتحسن فهي دائما تفعل ذلك ان السؤال ليس اذا ما كنا نملك الحلول لمواجهة تحدياتنا French: venir ici en nombre inégalé. j'ai vu vox voix amplifiées par votre créativity et votre aisance avec tout instruments numériques que nous, de générations précédentes ont de la peine à comprendre. J'ai vu une génération, dynamique même impatiente de se lancer dans les eaux tumultueuses de l'histoire et de changer son cours. Et cet esprit qui veut et qui peut qui court dans les veines de l'histoire américaine. C'est la veine conductrice de notre progrès. Et c'est l'esprit dont a besoin votre génération afin de l'embrasser et de lui redonner une nouvelle vie, maintenant. Voyez-vous, ce n'est pas une question de voir les choses s'améliorer-- elles s'améliorent toujours. La question n'est pas d'avoir les solutions à nos défis--- German: wie ihr in Rekordzahlen euch erweist. Ich hörte eure Stimmen durch Kreativität verstärkt und eine digitale Geläufigkeit, die diejenigen von uns in der älteren Generation kaum erfassen können. Ich habe eine Generation gesehen, eifrig, sogar ungeduldig, in das rauschende Wasser der Geschichte zu treten und ihren Kurs zu ändern. Und der trotzige "kanns-tun" Mut läuft durch die Adern der amerikanischen Geschichte. Es ist das Lebenselixier aller unseren Fortschritten. Und es ist diese Stärke, die wir benötigen für eure Generation zu umarmen und gerade jetzt wieder aufflackern. Seht, die Frage ist nicht ob es besser wird -- das wird es immer. Die Frage ist nicht ob wir die Lösungen für unsere Herausforderungen haben. Chinese: 的“成绩单”。 我听到了你们被创新能力和 数字是的放大了的话语 那些我们老一代人有时候能不能理解的话语。 我看是一代摩拳擦掌， 甚至迫不及待 地投身入历史的洪流 并且改变历史轨迹的年轻人。 那种无谓的勇气， 敢于胜利的精神，是贯穿于 整个美国历史的。 它也是我们取得进步的动力之源。 你们这一代人所需要拥抱， 并且重新点燃的，就是这种精神。 看，问题不是 是否周围的情况能变得更好 它们其实总是在变好。 问题不是我们是否 得到了解决挑战的办法 German: Wir haben sie seit geraumer Zeit in greifbarer Nähe gehabt . Wir wissen, zum Beispiel, dass dieses Land besser dran wäre, wenn mehr Amerikaner imstande wären die Art Bildung bekommen könnten, die ihr hier bei Barnard erhielten, (Applaus) wenn mehr Menschen die besonderen Fähigkeiten und die Ausbildung bekommen könnten, die die Arbeitgeber heute suchen. Ihr wisst, dass wir alle besser dran wären, wenn wir in Wissenschaft und Technik investieren würden die neue Geschäfts- und medizinische Durchbrüche entfachen. Wenn wir mehr saubere Energie entwickelt würden um weniger ausländisches Öl zu verbrauchen und die Kohlenstoff-Verschmutzung, die unseres Planeten bedroht, zu reduzieren. (Applaus) Wir wissen, dass wir besser dran sind, wenn es Regeln gibt, die großen Banken zu verhindern, schlechte Wetten mit dem Geld anderer Leute zu machen und (Applaus) wenn Versicherungsgesellschaften nicht berechtigt sind, euren Schutz fallen zu lassen wenn Arabic: فنحن نملكهم بحوزتنا منذ وقت نحن نعلم, على سبيل المثال, بأن هذا البلد سيكون أفضل اذا تمكن عدد أكبر من الامريكيين الحصول على تعليم مشابه للذي حصلتم عليه في جامعة برنارد تصفيق اذا تمكن عدد أكبر من الناس على الحصول على المهارات المعينة والتدريب الذي يبحث عنه الموظفون هذه الايام نعلم بأننا سنكون أفضا اذا استثمرنا العلم والتكنولوجيا التي تثير شعلة الاعمال التجارية الجديدة والتقدم في المكتشفات الطبية اذا طورنا المزيد من وسائل الطاقة النظيفة لنستطيع التقلبل من استعمال النفط الاجنبي والتقليل من التلويث الكربوني الذي يهدد كوكبنا تصفيق) نعلم بأننا أفضل عندما توجد قوانين توقف البنوك الكبرى من اجراء رهانات سيئة بأموال الناس و تصفيق عندما لا تمنح شركات التأمين نفقات التغطية عندما English: we’ve had them within our grasp for quite some time. We know, for example, that this country would be better off if more Americans were able to get the kind of education that you’ve received here at Barnard~ (applause)~ if more people could get the specific skills and training that employers are looking for today. We know that we’d all be better off if we invest in science and technology that sparks new businesses and medical breakthroughs; if we developed more clean energy so we could use less foreign oil and reduce the carbon pollution that’s threatening our planet. (Applause.) We know that we’re better off when there are rules that stop big banks from making bad bets with other people’s money and~ (applause)~ when insurance companies aren’t allowed to drop your coverage when Chinese: 我们已经在很久之前就找到了这些答案。 比如， 这个国家会变得更好 ——如果更多的美国人可以接受 你们今天在巴诺德学院所接受的教育 （鼓掌） 如果更多的人能够具备 今天雇主们所要寻找的 技能和培训。 我们知道，如果我们为科技发展投入更多 我们的未来会更好 因为那会带来新的商机和医学的突破； 如果我们发展更多的清洁能源 我们就能少进口石油 并且减少威胁我们的地球的二氧化碳的排放。 （鼓掌）我们知道我们的处境会更好 如果我们能制定规则，阻止大银行 用别人的钱来制造坏账，而且 （鼓掌） 如果保险公司必须 在你需要的时候，合理赔偿 French: nous les possédons depuis un bon moment. On sait, par exemple, que ce pays se porterait beaucoup mieux si plus d'américains pourraient recevoir le type d'éducation dont vous avez bénéficier ici, à Barnard-- (Applause) si un plus grand nombre de personnes pouvaient bénéficier de compétences et formations spécifiques que les employeurs recherchent aujourd'hui. On sait qu'on se porterait tous mieux si nous invistissons dans les sciences et la technologie qui ouvrent le chemin à des nouvelles entreprises et des percées médicales que si nous développons les énergies renouvelables afin que notre dépendance fur le pétrole étranger s'amenuise et que la pollution au carbonne, qui menace notre planète, diminue. (Applause)On sait que nous nous porterions mieux quand il y aura des règlements qui empêchent les grandes banques d'effectuer de mauvais paris avec l'argent des autres. et-- (Applaudissement) et quand les compagnies d'assurances ne vous lâcheront pas English: we’ve had them within our grasp for quite some time. We know, for example, that this country would be better off if more Americans were able to get the kind of education that you’ve received here at Barnard~ (applause)~ if more people could get the specific skills and training that employers are looking for today. We know that we’d all be better off if we invest in science and technology that sparks new businesses and medical breakthroughs; if we developed more clean energy so we could use less foreign oil and reduce the carbon pollution that’s threatening our planet. (Applause.) We know that we’re better off when there are rules that stop big banks from making bad bets with other people’s money and~ (applause)~ when insurance companies aren’t allowed to drop your coverage when English: you need it most or charge women differently from men. (Applause.) Indeed, we know we are better off when women are treated fairly and equally in every aspect of American life — whether it’s the salary you earn or the health decisions you make. (Applause.) We know these things to be true. We know that our challenges are eminently solvable. The question is whether together, we can muster the will — in our own lives, in our common institutions, in our politics — to bring about the changes we need. And I’m convinced your generation possesses that will. And I believe that the women of this generation German: ihr ihn am meisten braucht, oder Frauen verschiedene Gebühren abzunehmen als Männern. (Applaus) In der Tat wissen wir, wir sind besser dran, wenn Frauen fair und gleichberechtigt in allen Belangen des amerikanischen Lebens -- ob es den Gehalt oder die gesundheitlichen Entscheidungen die sie machen -- betrifft. (Applaus) Wir wissen dass diese Dinge wahr sind. Wir wissen dass unsere Herausforderungen außerordentlich lösbar sind. Die Frage ist ob wir gemeinsam den Willen aufbringen können -- in unserem eigenen Leben in unseren gemeinsamen Institutionen in unserer Politik -- die Veränderung, die wir brauchen herbeizuführen. Und Ich bin überzeugt, dass eure Generation den Willen dazu besitzt. Und ich bin überzeugt, dass die Frauen von dieser Generation Chinese: 而且不会对女性征收不同的费用。 （鼓掌）确实， 我们的处境会更好，如果女性 在美国所有的领域被公平和平等的对待 ——不管是你挣得的工资收入，还是医疗。 （鼓掌）我们知道这些都是事实。 我们知道我们面临的问题完全可以被解决。 问题是我们是否能一起 承担起责任——在我们自己的生活里， 在我们的学校里， 在我们的政治里——改变现状。 我相信，你们这一代人也继承了这些愿望。 而且我相信这一代的女性 French: quand vous en aurez le plus besoin ou font payer les femmes plus que les hommes nous savons que nous nous porterons mieux lorsque les femmes seront traitées équitablement et avec égalité dans tous les domaines-- de la vie américaine--que ce soit dans le salaire que vous gagnez ou dans les décisions que vous prenez pour votre santé. (Applaudissement). On sait que ces choses-là sont véridiques. On sait que nos défis sont parfaitement résolubles. La question qui se pose est pouvons-nous rassembler la volonté--dans nos vies personnelles, dans nos institutions que nous avons en commun, dans notre politic --d'instaurer les changements dont nous avons besoin. Et je suis convaincu que votre génération détient cette volonté. Et je crois que les femmes de cette génération English: you need it most or charge women differently from men. (Applause.) Indeed, we know we are better off when women are treated fairly and equally in every aspect of American life — whether it’s the salary you earn or the health decisions you make. (Applause.) We know these things to be true. We know that our challenges are eminently solvable. The question is whether together, we can muster the will — in our own lives, in our common institutions, in our politics — to bring about the changes we need. And I’m convinced your generation possesses that will. And I believe that the women of this generation Arabic: تكونون في أمسّ الحاجة اليها أو عند التمييز بين النساء والرجال في الدفع تصفيق) في الواقع, نعلم بأننا أفضل حالا عندما تعامل النساء بإنصاف ومساواة في شتى مجالات الحياة في أمريكا- سواء أكان ذلك في الراتب الذي تحصلون عليه أو القرارات الصحية التي تتخذونها. تصفيق) نعلم أن هذه الأمور حقيقية نعلم أن تحدياتنا قابلة للحل بشكل بارز السؤال هو عما اذا كنا معا نستطيع أن نستجمع الارادة - في حياتنا في مؤسساتنا العامة في سياستنا - لإحداث التغيير الذي نتطلع اليه. وأنا مقتنع بأن جيلكم يملك هذه الارادة. وأنا أؤمن بأن نساء هذا الجيل French: --que vous toutes vont contribuer à marquer ce chemin. (Applaudissement) Maintenant, je suis conscient que cet applaudissement est de pauvre valeur quand on présente un discours à Barnard. (rire). C'est quelque chose de facile à dire. Mais, c'est vrai. C'est --partiellement, de la simple arithmétique. De nos jours, les femmes ne sont pas seulement la moitié du pays; vous êtes la moitié de sa main d'oeuvre. (Applaudissement) Il y a de plus en plus de femmes dont le salaire est plus élevé que celui de leur mari. Vous représentez plus de la moitié des diplômés universitaire et des diplômés de masters. et dec doctorats. (Applaudissement). Ainsi, vous nous surpassez en nombre. (rire) Après des décenies de progrès lents, constants estraordinaires, vous êtes prêtes à faire Arabic: - بأنكم جميعا ستساعدون في الارشاد الى هذا الطريق تصفيق) الآن, انا أدرك أن هذا كلام مبتذل قد يقدمه المتحدث باسم حفل تخرجكم في جامعة بيرنارد ضحك) انه الامر الاسهل للقول الا أنه صحيح انه - في جزء منه, انه مجرد عملية حسابية بسيطة اليوم, النساء لا يشكلن فقط نصف هذا المجتمع: بل أنتن أيضا تشكلن نصف قوته العاملة أيضا تصفيق) أكثر فأكثر فان النساء يخرجن- يتعرفن الى أزواجهن أنتن تشكلن أكثر من نصف عدد طلابنا المتخرجين وخريجي الماجستير و الدكتوراه تصفيق) لذا فقد تجاوزتمونا في العدد ضحك) بعد عقد من البطء, والثبات, في التقدم الاستثنائي عليكم الاستعداد الآن لجعل هذا English: — that all of you will help lead the way. (Applause.)Now, I recognize that’s a cheap applause line when you’re giving a commencement at Barnard. (Laughter.) It’s the easy thing to say. But it’s true. It is — in part, it is simple math. Today, women are not just half this country; you’re half its workforce. (Applause.) More and more women are out-earning their husbands. You’re more than half of our college graduates, and master’s graduates, and PhDs. (Applause.) So you’ve got us outnumbered. (Laughter.) After decades of slow, steady, extraordinary progress, you are now poised to make this the English: — that all of you will help lead the way. (Applause.)Now, I recognize that’s a cheap applause line when you’re giving a commencement at Barnard. (Laughter.) It’s the easy thing to say. But it’s true. It is — in part, it is simple math. Today, women are not just half this country; you’re half its workforce. (Applause.) More and more women are out-earning their husbands. You’re more than half of our college graduates, and master’s graduates, and PhDs. (Applause.) So you’ve got us outnumbered. (Laughter.) After decades of slow, steady, extraordinary progress, you are now poised to make this the German: -- dass ihr alle dazu beitragen werdet, den Weg zu weisen. (Applaus) Jetzt erkenne ich dass ist eine billige Applaus Linie wenn man eine Abschlussrede auf Barnard gibt. (Lachen) Es ist einfach zu sagen. Aber es ist wahr. Es ist -- zum Teil ist es einfache Mathematik. Heute sind Frauen nicht nur die Hälfte dieses Landes. Ihr seid die Hälfte von der Arbeitskraft. (Applaus) Immer mehr und mehr Frauen übertrumpfen den Verdienst ihrer Ehemänner. Ihr seid mehr als die Hälfte von unseren Universitätsabsolventen und Master-Absolventen und Doktoranden. (Applaus) So habt ihr uns zahlenmäßig übertroffen. (Lachen) Nach Jahrzehnten von langsamen, stetigen, außerordentlichen Fortschritten, seid ihr nun positioniert, dieses Chinese: ——你们所有人，会朝着这个方向走下去。 （鼓掌）现在，我发现 得到掌声是件挺容易的事儿 ——当你在巴诺德学院毕业典礼演讲的时候。 （笑声）说起来很容易。 但是，这是真的。 在一定程度上说， 是很简单的道理 今天，女性不仅是这个国家的一半 你们是整个劳动力的半壁江山。 （鼓掌。）越来越多的女性收入超过她们的丈夫。 你们在我们学院的毕业生中占到一半以上， 硕士研究生， 博士生也是如此。 （鼓掌）所以你们数量已经超过我们了。 （笑声。）在经历了数十年缓慢的 稳步地 令人震惊的发展之后， 你们做到了这一点 German: jeniges Jahrhundert zu machen, wo Frauen nicht nur ihr eigenes Schicksal, sondern das Schicksal dieser Nation und dieser Welt prägen. Aber wie weit Ihre Führung dieses Land bringt, wie weit es diese Welt bringt - na ja, das wird an euch liegen. Ihr müsst es nur wollen. Es wird nicht an euch freiwillig übergeben werden. Und als jemand, der diese Zukunft - diese bessere Zukunft - für euch will und für Malia und Sasha als jemand, der das Glück gehabt hatte der Ehemann und der Vater und der Sohn von einigen starken, bemerkenswerten Frauen zu sein, erlaubt mir ein paar Ratschläge anzubieten. Das ist obligatorisch. (Lachen) Geduld mit mir. Mein erster Ratschlag ist: Nicht nur euch beteiligen. Kämpft für euren Platz am Tisch. Besser noch, French: de ce siècle où les femmes forment non seulement leur propre destinée mais la destinée de leur pays and celle du monde entier. Mais où votre leadership mènera ce pays, jusqu'au elle mènera ce monde--eh bien, ne tiendra qu'à vous. Vous devez en vouloir. Cela ne va pas vous être donné. Et, comme étant quelqu'un qui veut ce futur --ce futur meilleur--pour vous mêmes, et pour Malia et Sasha, comme étant quelqu'un qui a eu la chance d'être le mari et le père et le fils de femmes remarquables, permettez-moi de vous offrir quelques petits conseils. C'est obligatoire. (rire). Soyez patient avec moi. Mon premier conseil est le suivant: ne limitez pas votre engagement, battez vous pour votre siège à table. Et mieux, English: century where women shape not only their own destiny but the destiny of this nation and of this world. But how far your leadership takes this country, how far it takes this world — well, that will be up to you. You’ve got to want it. It will not be handed to you. And as someone who wants that future — that better future — for you, and for Malia and Sasha, as somebody who’s had the good fortune of being the husband and the father and the son of some strong, remarkable women, allow me to offer just a few pieces of advice. That’s obligatory. (Laughter.) Bear with me. My first piece of advice is this: Don’t just get involved. Fight for your seat at the table. Better yet, English: century where women shape not only their own destiny but the destiny of this nation and of this world. But how far your leadership takes this country, how far it takes this world — well, that will be up to you. You’ve got to want it. It will not be handed to you. And as someone who wants that future — that better future — for you, and for Malia and Sasha, as somebody who’s had the good fortune of being the husband and the father and the son of some strong, remarkable women, allow me to offer just a few pieces of advice. That’s obligatory. (Laughter.) Bear with me. My first piece of advice is this: Don’t just get involved. Fight for your seat at the table. Better yet, Chinese: 女性不仅仅在塑造着她们自己的 命运，也在塑造着 这个国家，和这个世界的未来。 但是，你们的领导能力能把这个国家发展到什么水平， 能把这个世界塑造成什么样子， 那取决于你们。 你们一定想有所作为。 这些不会是让你们唾手可得的。 而且，因为有些人想得到那个未来 ——更好的未来——对于你 对于玛丽亚和萨沙， 因为有些人幸运的成为 一些优秀的女性的丈夫， 她们孩子 父亲， 请允许我给你们几点建议。 你们必须听我的。 （笑声。）请原谅我。 我第一个建议是，不要被动的参与。 要为了你的位置而斗争。 如果说得更好， Arabic: القرن هو القرن الذي تشكل فيه النساء مصيرهم الخاص بل وأيضا مصير هذه الأمة وهذا العالم. ولكن الى أي مدى ستأخذ قيادتكم هذا البلد, الى أي مدى ستأخذ هذا العالم - حسنا, ان هذا سيعتمد عليكم عليكم ان ترغبوا بذلك لن يتم تسليمها لكم و كشخص يريد هذا المستقبل - المستقبل الافضل - لكم ولماليا و ساشا كشخص لديه حسن الحظ كونه زوجا وأبا وابنا لنساء قويات ورائعات ما جعلني اود تقديم بضع نصائح سريعة انه امر واجب ضحك) تحملوني اول نصيحة هي: لا تكتفي بالانخراط بالمشاركة قاتلوا من أجل منزلتكم أفضل ومع ذلك, Arabic: قاتلوا من أجل موقع أفضل من السابق تصفيق لقد قيل بأن أهم دور في ديمقراطيتنا هو دور المواطنين و في الواقع, لقد مرت اليوم 225 سنة منذ أن أنشئ الميثاق الدستوري في فيلادلفيا ومؤسسونا, جميع المواطنين, بدأوا بصياغة وثيقة استثنائية. نعم, لديها عيوبها - التي سعت هذه الأمة جاهدة لجعلها أكثر اتقانا مع مرور الوقت قضايا مثل العرق والجنس لم تحل بعد لم يزين توقيع أي امرأة الوثيقة الأصلية - على الرغم من أننا نستطيع افتراض أن هناك أمهات مؤسسات يهمسن بأمور ذكية في آذان الآباء المؤسسين تصفيق) أعني, أن هذا أمر شبه مؤكد الأمر الذي جعل هذه الوثيقة مميزة English: fight for a seat at the head of the table. (Applause.) It’s been said that the most important role in our democracy is the role of citizen. And indeed, it was 225 years ago today that the Constitutional Convention opened in Philadelphia, and our founders, citizens all, began crafting an extraordinary document. Yes, it had its flaws — flaws that this nation has strived to protect (perfect) over time. Questions of race and gender were unresolved. No woman’s signature graced the original document — although we can assume that there were founding mothers whispering smarter things in the ears of the founding fathers. (Applause.) I mean, that’s almost certain. What made this document special Chinese: 就是，为了让自己得到那个中心的位置，而斗争。 （鼓掌。） 我们都知道，在我们的民主中， 最重要的角色，是公民。 的确， 在225年以前的今天 在费城召开的大陆会议上， 我们的先驱们，公民们， 开始起草一份异常重要的文件。 当然，它也有缺陷——那些缺陷让这个国家 始终在努力地让它完美。 种族，和性别平等就没有在里面被提到。 在原始的文件上，并没有女性的签名 ——虽然我们想象 一定会有女性的建国先驱 在我们的建国者旁边耳语过聪明的建议。 （鼓掌。）我是说， 一定会是这样。 那份文件的特殊之处在于 German: kämpft für einen Platz an der Spitze der Tabelle. (Applaus) Es wird gesagt, dass die wichtigste Rolle in unserer Demokratie die Rolle des Bürgers ist. Und tatsächlich war es 225 Jahre heute, dass der Verfassungskonvent in Philadelphia eröffnet wurde und unsere Gründer, alle Bürgerinnen und Bürger, begannen ein außergewöhnliches Dokument zu verfassen. Ja, es hatte seine Fehler - Fehler, dass diese Nation sich bemüht hat, über die Zeit zu schützen (zu perfekten). Fragen von Rasse und Geschlecht sind ungelöst. Die Unterschrift von keiner Frau zierte das Originaldokument - obwohl wir davon ausgehen können, dass dort Gründungsmütter schlauere Dinge in die Ohren der Gründerväter flüsterten. (Applaus) Ich meine, das ist fast sicher. Was machte dieses Dokument speziell, English: fight for a seat at the head of the table. (Applause.) It’s been said that the most important role in our democracy is the role of citizen. And indeed, it was 225 years ago today that the Constitutional Convention opened in Philadelphia, and our founders, citizens all, began crafting an extraordinary document. Yes, it had its flaws — flaws that this nation has strived to protect (perfect) over time. Questions of race and gender were unresolved. No woman’s signature graced the original document — although we can assume that there were founding mothers whispering smarter things in the ears of the founding fathers. (Applause.) I mean, that’s almost certain. What made this document special French: battez-vous pour le siège à la tête de la table. (Applaudissement) On dit que le role le plus important dans notre démocracie est le role du citoyen. Effectivement, il y a 225 ans aujourd'hui même que la Convention Constitutionnelle s'est ouverte à Philadelphie, et que nos fondateurs, tous des citoyens, ont entamé la création d'un document extraordinaire. Oui, il a ses faiblesses--des faiblesses que ce pays s'est efforcé de protéger (perfectionner) depuis. Des questions de race et gendre ne sont pas encore résolues. Aucune signature de femme ne se trouve sur le document original --bien qu'on puisse imaginer qu'il y avaient des mères fondatrices qui soufflaient des choses plus intelligentes dans l'oreille des pères fondateurs. (Applaudissement). Ce que je veux dire, c'est sans doute certain. Ce qui rend ce document spécial German: war dass es den Raum zur Verfügung gestellt hat - die Möglichkeit - für diejenigen, die aus unserer Gründungsurkunde ausgelassen worden waren, ihren Weg reinzukämpfen. Es bot Menschen die Sprache an zu den Prinzipien und Ideen zu appellieren, die die Demokratische Reichweite erweitern. Es erlaubte für Proteste und Bewegungen und die Verbreitung von neuen Ideen, die immer wieder, Jahrzehnt für Jahrzehnt, die Welt verändern würden - eine konstante Vorwärtsbewegung die bis zum heutigen Tag andauert. Unsere Gründer verstanden, dass Amerika nicht still steht. Wir sind dynamisch, nicht statisch. Wir schauen vorwärts, nicht zurück. Und jetzt, da neue Türen für euch geöffnet worden sind, seid ihr verpflichtet, diese Chancen zu nutzen. Ihr müsst dies nicht nur für euch selbst tun, French: est qu'il a donné la flexibilité --la possibilité-- à ceux qui avaient été exclus de la chartre de s'y trouver un chemin. Il a procuré aux gens le language permettant de faire appel aux principes et idéaux qui ont élargi l'étendue de la démocracie. Il a permis la protestation, et les mouvements et la dissémination d'idées nouvelles qui, de façon répétée, décenie après décenie changent le monde --une progression constante qui continue à ce jour. Nos fondateurs comprenait que l'Amérique ne reste pas sur place: nous sommes dynamiques, pas statiques. Nous regardons en avant, et non en arrière. Et maintenant que de nouvelles portes se sont ouvertes pour vous, vous avez une obligation de saisir ces opportunités. Vous devez le faire non seulement pour vous-mêmes English: was that it provided the space — the possibility~ for those who had been left out of our charter to fight their way in. It provided people the language to appeal to principles and ideals that broadened democracy’s reach. It allowed for protest, and movements, and the dissemination of new ideas that would repeatedly, decade after decade, change the world — a constant forward movement that continues to this day. Our founders understood that America does not stand still; we are dynamic, not static. We look forward, not back. And now that new doors have been opened for you, you’ve got an obligation to seize those opportunities. You need to do this not just for yourself English: was that it provided the space — the possibility~ for those who had been left out of our charter to fight their way in. It provided people the language to appeal to principles and ideals that broadened democracy’s reach. It allowed for protest, and movements, and the dissemination of new ideas that would repeatedly, decade after decade, change the world — a constant forward movement that continues to this day. Our founders understood that America does not stand still; we are dynamic, not static. We look forward, not back. And now that new doors have been opened for you, you’ve got an obligation to seize those opportunities. You need to do this not just for yourself Arabic: كان أن وفّت مساحة- الامكانية لأؤلئك الذين استبعدوا من ميثاقنا للمكافحة لشق طريقهم للداخل لقد وفرت للناس الاسلوب للاستئناف والمبادئ والافكار التي وسعت من مدى الديمقراطية لقد سمحت للقيام بالحتجاج, والحركات ونشر الافكار الجديدة والتي باستمرار عقدا بعد عقد غيرت العالم- حركة تتجه للأمام باستمرار والتي تستمر الى اليوم لقد فهم مؤسسونا أن أمريكا لا تقف جامدة: نحن في تغير مستمر ليست ثابتة نحن نتطلع قدما وليس للخلف والآن بما أن أبوابا جديدة قد فتحت لكم, فان عليكم واجب أن تظفروا بهذه الفرص. عليكم ان تقوموا بذلك ليس فقط لأنفسكم Chinese: 它留给我们空间——或者说可能性 让我们为了新的挑战而奋斗。 它教会了人们这样一种语言， 来追求那些让民主广泛传播 的原则和梦想。 它让人们可以用抗议， 行动 和传播信思想的言论，得以在一代一代的时间里 反复的起着作业， 改变世界——一直前进 直到今天。 我们的前辈们知道，美国不 是停滞不前的；我们充满活力， 而不是僵化被动的。 我们总是向前看， 而不是瞻前顾后。 现在，新的际遇向你们打开了大门， 迎接这些机会，也是你们的义务。 你们这样做，不仅仅是为了你们自己 French: mais pour ceux qui ne bénéfice pas encore des choix que vous avez eus, des choix que vous aurez. Et une des raisons pour laquelle un bon nombre d'entreprises ont encore des politiques d'entreprises, est que seul 3% des chefs d'entreprises des 500 entreprise de Fortune sont représentés par des femmes. Une des raisons pour laquelle nous nous battons à nouveau pour des guerres depuis longtemps gagnées sur les droits de la femme est que les femmes représente un sur cinq membres du Congrès. Maintenant, Je ne prétends pas que le seul moyen de réussir est de monter tout en haut de l'échelle du monde des affaires ou de faire campagne pour un poste politique --bien que, il faut bien l'admettre, le Congrès achèverait beaucoup plus si vous partiez en campagne, (Rire et Applaudissement). Ca c'est sur, je pense. Mais si vous décidez de ne pas vous assoir à la table, au minimum vous devez vous assurer que vous avez une voix avec ceux qui sont à table. Arabic: بل أيضا لأولئك الذين لم يتمتعوا بالخيارات التي كانت لديكم والخيارات التي ستحظون بها وأحد الأسباب التي جعلت العديد من أماكن العمل لا يزال لديها سياسات عفا عليها الزمان هو أن النساء لا تشكل الا 3 بالمئة من الرئاسة التنفيذية في 500 شركة أحد الاسباب كان حقيقة الصراع المعاد والمعركة المستقرة منذ وقت طويل حول حقوق المرأة هو بسبب أن النساء يشغلن أقل من خمس مقاعد الكونجرس الآن, لا أقول أن الطريقة الوحيدة لتحقيق النجاح هو عبر التسلق الى قمة سلم الشركات او الترشح لمنصب- على الرغم, لنواجه الأمر, سينجز الكونجرس العديد من الامور لو فعلتم ذلك. ضحك وتصفيق) هذا بإعتقادي ما نحن متأكدون منه ولكن اذا قررت أن لا تجلس نفسك على المائدة على الأقل عليك أن تحرص أن لديك رأيا بمن هو الشخص الذي سيفعل ذلك German: aber für diejenigen, die noch nicht jetzt die Möglichkeiten, die ihr habt genießen können, die Möglichkeiten die ihr haben werden. Und ein Grund, warum viele Arbeitsplätze noch veraltete Geschäftspolitik haben ist, weil Frauen immer noch nur 3% der CEOs bei Fortune 500-Unternehmen sind. Ein Grund warum wir eigentlich wieder kämpfen um längst-gewonnene Schlachten um Frauenrechte ist, weil Frauen weniger als ein Fünftel der Sitze im Kongress einnehmen. Nun, ich sage nicht, dass der einzige Weg um Erfolg zu erreichen ist an die Spitze der Karriereleiter zu klettern, oder ein Wahlkandidat zu werden - obwohl, seien wir ehrlich, Kongress würde viel mehr erreichen, wenn ihr das machen werdet. (Lachen und Applaus) Ich denke, dass sind wir uns sicher. Aber wenn ihr euch entscheidet nicht selber an den Tisch zu sitzen, zumindest stellt euch sicher ein Mitspracherecht darüber zu haben, wer dort sitzt. English: but for those who don’t yet enjoy the choices that you’ve had, the choices you will have. And one reason many workplaces still have outdated policies is because women only account for 3 percent of the CEOs at Fortune 500 companies. One reason we’re actually refighting long-settled battles over women’s rights is because women occupy fewer than one in five seats in Congress. Now, I’m not saying that the only way to achieve success is by climbing to the top of the corporate ladder or running for office — although, let’s face it, Congress would get a lot more done if you did. (Laughter and applause.) That I think we’re sure about. But if you decide not to sit yourself at the table, at the very least you’ve got to make sure you have a say in who does. Chinese: 也是为了那些没有像你们一样有这些机会， 并且会有更多的机会，的人 有些行业 过时的政策还在大行其道，是因为 女性仅仅占到世界500强公司CEO位置 的百分之三。 我们之所以又掀起 为女性权利而战的漫长斗争的新的浪潮， 是因为在议会中，女性仅仅占据着 不到五分之一的席位。 现在， 我的意思并不是，唯一能够 取得成功的途径就是 做到公司的最高层 或者去参选政治职位——但是， 我们必须面对的事实是， 如果你们真的这样做了，议会的工作会做得更好。 （笑声和掌声。）我们坚信这一点。 但是如果你决定不参与这些事， 至少，你要保证你自己发表言论的话语权 得到捍卫好保证。 English: but for those who don’t yet enjoy the choices that you’ve had, the choices you will have. And one reason many workplaces still have outdated policies is because women only account for 3 percent of the CEOs at Fortune 500 companies. One reason we’re actually refighting long-settled battles over women’s rights is because women occupy fewer than one in five seats in Congress. Now, I’m not saying that the only way to achieve success is by climbing to the top of the corporate ladder or running for office — although, let’s face it, Congress would get a lot more done if you did. (Laughter and applause.) That I think we’re sure about. But if you decide not to sit yourself at the table, at the very least you’ve got to make sure you have a say in who does. German: Es spielt eine Rolle. Vor Frauen wie Barbara Mikulski und Olympia Snowe und andere zum Kongress kamen - um nur ein Beispiel zu nennen - ein großer Teil der staatlich finanzierter Forschung über Krankheiten konzentrierte sich ausschließlich über die Auswirkungen auf Männer. Es war nicht bis Frauen wie Patsy Mink und Edith Green zum Kongress kamen und den Titel IX verabschiedet haben. Vor 40 Jahren proklamierten wir, dass auch Frauen die Möglichkeit haben sollen, zu konkurrieren und auf den Spielfeldern Amerikas zu gewinnen. (Applaus) Bis eine Frau namens Lilly Ledbetter in ihrem Büro auftauchte und den Mut hatte sich zu stellen und zu sagen: Wisst ihr was, das ist nicht richtig. Bis da wurden die Frauen nicht fair behandelt. Uns fehlten einige der Werkzeuge, die wir benötigten, um den Grundsatz des gleichen Entgelts für gleiche Arbeit aufrecht zu erhalten. Also, nicht jemandem anderen seine Konstruktion akzeptieren wie die Sachen sein sollten. Es liegt an euch, das Unrecht recht zu machen. French: Ca compte. Avant l'arrivée de femme comme Barbara Mikulski et Olympia Snowe et autres femmes au Congrès, pour prendre qu'un seul exemple, une majorité des fondsfédéraux dédiés à la recherche sur des maladies focalisaient uniquement sur les effets sur les hommes. Ce n'était que lorsque des femmes comme Patsy Mink et Edit Green ont accédé au Congrès et passé Title IX il y a 40 ans cette année, que nous avons déclarés que les femmes aussi devraient être à même de rivaliser et gagner Arabic: ان ذلك له أهميه قبل أن تصل نساء مثل باربارا ميكولسكي و أولومبيا سنوي وغيرهن الى الكونجرس فقط لأخذ مثال واحد, معظم التمويل القادم من الحكومة للقيام على الابحاث على الامراض كانت مركزة فقط على الرجال ولم يتغير ذلك حتى تمكنت نساء مثل باتسي مينك و ايديث جريين من أن يصبحن أعضاء في الكونجرس ومرروا القرار التاسع فيه, منذ 40 عاما مضت أعلنا بأن النساء أيضا يجب ان يسمح لهن بالتنافس والفوز في مواطن التنافس في أمريكا (تصفيق) حتى ظهرت امرأة تدعى ليلي ليدبتر في مكتبها وكان لديها الشجاعة لتبرز وتقول, هل تعلمون أمرا, ان هذا ليس صحيحا لم تعامل النساء بانصاف تنقصنا بعض الأدوات نحتاج لدعم المبادئ الرئيسية للمساواة في الأجر للأعمال المتساوية لذا لا تسلم بتوجيهات شخص آخر لما يجب أن تكون عليه الأمور ان الامر يعتمد عليكم لتصححوا الاخطاء English: It matters. Before women like Barbara Mikulski and Olympia Snowe and others got to Congress, just to take one example, much of federally funded research on diseases focused solely on their effects on men. It wasn’t until women like Patsy Mink and Edith Green got to Congress and passed Title IX, 40 years ago this year, that we declared women, too, should be allowed to compete and win on America’s playing fields. (Applause.) Until a woman named Lilly Ledbetter showed up at her office and had the courage to step up and say, you know what, this isn’t right, women weren’t being treated fairly — we lacked some of the tools we needed to uphold the basic principle of equal pay for equal work. So don’t accept somebody else’s construction of the way things ought to be. It’s up to you to right wrongs. English: It matters. Before women like Barbara Mikulski and Olympia Snowe and others got to Congress, just to take one example, much of federally funded research on diseases focused solely on their effects on men. It wasn’t until women like Patsy Mink and Edith Green got to Congress and passed Title IX, 40 years ago this year, that we declared women, too, should be allowed to compete and win on America’s playing fields. (Applause.) Until a woman named Lilly Ledbetter showed up at her office and had the courage to step up and say, you know what, this isn’t right, women weren’t being treated fairly — we lacked some of the tools we needed to uphold the basic principle of equal pay for equal work. So don’t accept somebody else’s construction of the way things ought to be. It’s up to you to right wrongs. Chinese: 这非常重要。 在像Barbara Mikulski， 和Olympia Snowe和其他进入国会的女性之前， 仅仅是这样一个例子， 大多数联邦政府资助的 关于疾病方面的研究，都只关注他们对于男性的影响。 这种情况直到像Patsy Mink 和Edith Green这些人进入到过会 并且通过了第九号法案， 那是在40年之前， 我们才宣传女性，也一样 应该被允许参与，并赢得 美国所有领域的活动。 （鼓掌。）一直到一位名叫 Lilly Ledbetter 的女士，在办公室里出现 而且有勇气站出来，说 你知道么， 这不对， 女性应该被公平的对待—— 我们缺少 实现基本原则的手段 这个原则就是，同工同酬。 别等待别人 改变世界的贡献 你自己要有改变错误的事情的主动性。 English: It’s up to you to point out injustice. It’s up to you to hold the system accountable and sometimes upend it entirely. It’s up to you to stand up and to be heard, to write and to lobby, to march, to organize, to vote. Don’t be content to just sit back and watch. Those who oppose change, those who benefit from an unjust status quo, have always bet on the public’s cynicism or the public’s complacency. Throughout American history, though, they have lost that bet, and I believe they will this time as well. (Applause.) But ultimately, Class of 2012, that will depend on you. Don’t wait for the person next to you to be the first to speak up for what’s right. Because maybe, just maybe, German: Es liegt an euch, auf Ungerechtigkeit zu weisen. Es liegt an euch, das System verantwortlich zu halten und manchmal es völlig umzudrehen. Es liegt an euch, euch zu stellen und gehört zu werden, zu schreiben und Lobbying zu tun, zu marschieren, organisieren, zu wählen. Seit nicht zufrieden, euch nur zurückzulehnen und zuzusehen. Diejenigen, die Veränderungen widerstreben, diejenigen, die von einem ungerechten Status Quo profitieren, haben immer auf des Volkes Zynismus gewettet, oder des Volkes Selbstzufriedenheit. Im Verlauf der amerikanischen Geschichte haben sie doch die Wette verloren, und ich glaube, sie verlieren sie auch diesmal. (Applaus) Aber schließlich, Klasse von 2012, das wird von Ihnen abhängen. Wartet nicht für die Person neben euch die erste zu sein um für das zu sprechen, was richtig ist. Denn vielleicht, nur vielleicht, Arabic: ان الامر يعتمد عليكم للفت الانتباه الى أعمال الظلم ان الامر يعتمد عليكم لان تبقوا النظام تحت المسائلة وفي بعض الاحيان الانقلاب عليه بالكامل ان الامر يعتمد عليكم بأن تبرزوا وتجعلوا صوتكم مسموعا تكتبوا الاحتجاجات و تشكلواعامل ضغط أن تقيموا المسيرات وأن تنظموا وأن تصوتوا لا تكتفي فقط بالجلوس والمشاهدة أولئك الذين يعارضون التغيير أولئك الذين يستفيدون من الظلم في الوضع الراهن كانوا دائما يراهنون على سذاجة الشعب أو تهاونه الا أن التاريخ الامريكي أثبت بأنهم قد خسروا رهانهم وأنا مؤمن بأنهم سيخسرون كذلك في وقتنا هذا كذلك ( تصفيق) الا أنه في النهاية يا خرجوا دفعت 2012 إن ذلك يعتمد عليكم لا تنتظروا بأن يقوم شخص آخر برفع صوته قبلكم للمطالبة بتصحيح الامور لأنهم ربما أقول ربما Chinese: 指出不公正，取决于你。 你们能够掌握这个系统，让它能够 被审视，检讨，甚至在需要的时候，完全颠覆它。 你们要站起来，让自己的话语被听到， 通过书写，游说， 游行 组织起来， 投票。 不要仅仅满足于坐在后面，看热闹。 那些反对革新的人， 那些从不公中获得利益的人， 总是侥幸的希望公众会奉行犬儒主义 或者沾沾自喜。 贯穿整个美国历史， 他们的侥幸从没得逞过， 我相信，这次他们也一定会重蹈覆辙。 （鼓掌。）但是最终， 2012届的同学们， 决定权都在你们手中。 不要等着你身边的人 成为第一个站出来说什么是对的那个人。 因为也许， 只是也许， English: It’s up to you to point out injustice. It’s up to you to hold the system accountable and sometimes upend it entirely. It’s up to you to stand up and to be heard, to write and to lobby, to march, to organize, to vote. Don’t be content to just sit back and watch. Those who oppose change, those who benefit from an unjust status quo, have always bet on the public’s cynicism or the public’s complacency. Throughout American history, though, they have lost that bet, and I believe they will this time as well. (Applause.) But ultimately, Class of 2012, that will depend on you. Don’t wait for the person next to you to be the first to speak up for what’s right. Because maybe, just maybe, Arabic: أنهم ينتظرونكم لفعل ذلك وذلك يدفعني لتقديم نصيحتي الثانية: لا تستخفوا أبدا بقوة أمثالكم ان الحقيقة الحية بأنكم تخرجتم ناهيك عن أن أعداد النساء اللواتي يتخرجن الان من الجامعات هن أكثر من عدد الرجال أصبح ممكنا فقط بسبب أن نساءا من الجيل السابق- كأمثال أمهاتكم وجداتكم وعماتكم وخالاتكم- حطموا خرافة أنكم لا تستطيعون ولا يجب أن تكونوا في المكان الذي أنتم فيه ( تصفيق) أفكر في صديقة لي وكانت ابنة مهاجر عندما كانت تدرس في الثانوية قال لها مرشدها الاجتماعي هل تعلمين أنت لا تصلحين لان تكوني طالبه في الكلية يجب ان تفكري بأن تصبحي سكرتيره حسنا, لقد كانت عنيدة ولذلك فقد ذهبت الى الجامعة على الرغم من هذه النصيحة وحصلت على شهادة الماجستير وترشحت لمنصب محلي, وفازت وترشحت لمنصب على مستوى الولاية, وفازت وترشحت للكونجرس, وفازت وعجبا لذلك English: they’re waiting on you. Which brings me to my second piece of advice: Never underestimate the power of your example. The very fact that you are graduating, let alone that more women now graduate from college than men, is only possible because earlier generations of women — your mothers, your grandmothers, your aunts — shattered the myth that you couldn’t or shouldn’t be where you are. (Applause.)I think of a friend of mine who’s the daughter of immigrants. When she was in high school, her guidance counselor told her, you know what, you’re just not college material. You should think about becoming a secretary. Well, she was stubborn, so she went to college anyway. She got her master’s. She ran for local office, won. She ran for state office, she won. She ran for Congress, she won. And lo and behold, German: warten die auf euch. Und das bringt mich zu meinem zweiten Ratschlag: Unterschätzet niemals die Macht von eurem Beispiel. Allein die Tatsache, dass ihr graduiert geschweige denn, dass jetzt mehr Frauen als Männer von der Universität graduieren ist nur möglich, weil frühere Generationen von Frauen - eure Mütter, eure Großmütter, eure Tanten den Mythos erschütterten ihr konntet nicht, oder ihr solltet nicht sein wo ihr seid. (Applaus) Ich denke an eine Bekannte von mir, die die Tochter von Einwanderern ist. Als sie in der Highschool war, sagte ihr deren Berufsberater weißt du was, du bist einfach nicht Universität Material. Sie sollten darüber nachdenken eine Sekretärin zu werden. Nun, sie war stur so ging sie sowieso aufs College. Sie bekam ihren Master-Abschluss. Sie wurde ein Kandidat für Kreisverwaltung, hat gewonnen. Sie wurde ein Kandidat für die Landesregierung, hat gewonnen. Sie wurde ein Kandidat für den Kongress, hat gewonnen. Und siehe da, English: they’re waiting on you. Which brings me to my second piece of advice: Never underestimate the power of your example. The very fact that you are graduating, let alone that more women now graduate from college than men, is only possible because earlier generations of women — your mothers, your grandmothers, your aunts — shattered the myth that you couldn’t or shouldn’t be where you are. (Applause.)I think of a friend of mine who’s the daughter of immigrants. When she was in high school, her guidance counselor told her, you know what, you’re just not college material. You should think about becoming a secretary. Well, she was stubborn, so she went to college anyway. She got her master’s. She ran for local office, won. She ran for state office, she won. She ran for Congress, she won. And lo and behold, Chinese: 他们也在等你。 这就说到了我的第二个建议： 永远不要低估你的榜样的力量。 你们今天毕业， 更不用提现在从大学毕业的女性 比男生数目要多了， 这些只有在你们的 先辈中那些女性——你们的母亲， 你们的祖母， 你们的姑姨（亲戚中的女性）——打破了那个神话之后才能成为现实。 那个神话就是，你们应该呆在原地，不求变通。 （鼓掌。）我想起来我的一个朋友，她是 一个移民的女儿。 当她在高中的时候， 她的辅导员告诉她， 知道么， 你不是读大学的那块料。 你该考虑谋一份秘书的职业。 她脾气很倔 所以她用尽办法，进了大学。 她读到了硕士。 她参加本地的公职选举，赢了。 她又参加州长的选举，也赢了。 她又参加国会的选举，也赢了。 你瞧 English: Hilda Solis did end up becoming a secretary — (laughter) — she is America’s Secretary of Labor.(Applause.) So think about what that means to a young Latina girl when she sees a Cabinet secretary that looks like her. (Applause.) Think about what it means to a young girl in Iowa when she sees a presidential candidate who looks like her. Think about what it means to a young girl walking in Harlem right down the street when she sees a U.N. ambassador who looks like her. Do not underestimate the power of your example. This diploma opens up new possibilities, so reach back, convince a young girl to earn one, too. If you earned your degree in areas where we need more women — like computer science or engineering — German: Hilda Solis ist am Ende doch noch eine Sekretärin geworden. - (Lachen) - Sie ist Amerikas Secretary of Labor. (Applaus) Also, denkt mal was das bedeutet, für ein junges Latina Mädchen wenn sie eine Kabinett Sekretärin sieht, die wie sie ausschaut. (Applaus) Überlegt euch, was es bedeutet zu einem jungen Mädchen in Iowa, die einen Präsidentschaftskandidaten sieht, der wie sie ausschaut, Überlegt euch was es zu einem jungen Mädchen bedeutet wenn sie in Harlem lauft, und gerade die Straße runter, erblickt sie einen UN-Botschafter, der wie sie aussieht. Unterschätzt nicht die Kraft eures Beispiel. Dieses Diplom eröffnet euch neue Möglichkeiten, deshalb, zurückblicken, ein junges Mädchen zu überzeugen, das es auch eins verdienen kann. Wenn ihr euren Abschluss in Bereichen verdient habt, in denen wir mehr Frauen brauchen - wie Informatik oder Ingenieurwesen - Arabic: انتهى المطاف ب هيلدا سوليس بأن تصبح سكرتيره Chinese: Hilda Solis最后真的成了一个秘书 （笑声）她是美国 的劳工部长（劳工部长和“秘书”用一个英文词secretary）。（鼓掌） 我觉得那对于我们意味的是 一个拉丁裔的年轻女孩会看到一个 长得像她的内阁部长。 （鼓掌。）想想 这对于爱荷华州的年轻女孩子意味着什么 当她看到一个总统候选人 看起来像她自己。 想象这又意味着什么， 当一个年轻的女孩子在黑人住宅区步行的时候， 就在街头，她看到一个联合国 大使长得像她自己。 不要低估你的榜样的力量 这个学历为你们带来了信的机会， 所以回过头来， 说服一个年轻的女孩子，也读一个大学的学位。 如果你得到的学位，是我们 急需更多女性的领域—— 比如计算机科学和工程—— English: Hilda Solis did end up becoming a secretary — (laughter) — she is America’s Secretary of Labor.(Applause.) So think about what that means to a young Latina girl when she sees a Cabinet secretary that looks like her. (Applause.) Think about what it means to a young girl in Iowa when she sees a presidential candidate who looks like her. Think about what it means to a young girl walking in Harlem right down the street when she sees a U.N. ambassador who looks like her. Do not underestimate the power of your example. This diploma opens up new possibilities, so reach back, convince a young girl to earn one, too. If you earned your degree in areas where we need more women — like computer science or engineering — English: (applause) — reach back and persuade another student to study it, too. If you’re going into fields where we need more women, like construction or computer engineering — reach back, hire someone new. Be a mentor. Be a role model. Until a girl can imagine herself, can picture herself as a computer programmer, or a combatant commander, she won’t become one. Until there are women who tell her, ignore our pop culture obsession over beauty and fashion — (applause) — and focus instead on studying and inventing and competing and leading, she’ll think those are the only things that girls are supposed to care about. Now, Michelle will say, nothing wrong with caring about it a little bit. (Laughter.) You can be stylish and powerful, too. Chinese: （鼓掌）——回过头去 也说服一个学生学习这个专业。 如果你将进入一个我们需要更多女性的领域， 比如建筑业，或者计算机工程——回过头去 雇佣一些新人。 做一个导师。 做一个榜样。 知道一个女孩儿可以想象她自己， 可以想象她自己成为一个计算机程序员， 或者一个指挥战士的指挥者， 她不仅仅是一个人。 直到有更多的女性追随她， 放弃低级趣味 放弃美容和时尚——（鼓掌）—— 而是专注于学习和 发明，竞争和成为领导者， 否则，她会觉得，这些是女孩子唯一能够 专注的事情。 现在，Michelle会说， 关注一点儿也无妨。 （笑声。）你可以同时做得时尚靓丽，又有能力。 German: (Applaus) - zurückblicken und eine anderen Schülerin davon zu überzeugen, es auch zu studieren. Wenn ihr in Bereiche geht, in denen wir mehr Frauen brauchen, wie in dem Bau oder der Technischen Informatik, - zurückblicken, jemand neuen einstellen. Ein Mentor sein, Ein Vorbild sein, Bis ein Mädchen sich selbst als Computer-Programmierer sehen kann, oder ein Kämpfer Kommandant. Sie wird es nicht werden bis es da Frauen gibt die ihr sagen unsere Pop-Kultur Besessenheit über Schönheit und Mode zu ignorieren - (Applaus) und sich anstatt auf das Studium zu konzentrieren und auf das Erfinden und das Konkurrieren und das Leiten. Dann wird sie denken dass das die einzigen Dinge sind mit denen Mädchen sich beschäftigen sollen. Nun wird Michelle sagen, da ist nichts falsch sich ein wenig daran zu interessieren. (Lachen) Man kann stilvoll und auch einflussreich sein. English: (applause) — reach back and persuade another student to study it, too. If you’re going into fields where we need more women, like construction or computer engineering — reach back, hire someone new. Be a mentor. Be a role model. Until a girl can imagine herself, can picture herself as a computer programmer, or a combatant commander, she won’t become one. Until there are women who tell her, ignore our pop culture obsession over beauty and fashion — (applause) — and focus instead on studying and inventing and competing and leading, she’ll think those are the only things that girls are supposed to care about. Now, Michelle will say, nothing wrong with caring about it a little bit. (Laughter.) You can be stylish and powerful, too. Chinese: （鼓掌。）那是Michelle的建议。 （鼓掌。） 而且永远不要忘记，对于女孩子来说最 重要的榜样， 是一个好的母亲。 玛丽亚和萨沙会成为非常 出色的女性，因为Michelle和Marian Robinson 是非常出色的女性。 所以，理解你的能力， 并且聪明的运用它。 我最好的一点建议——非常简单， 但是也许是最重要的：不屈不挠，孜孜以求。 不屈不挠。 没什么有价值的事情是唾手可得的。 没有失败，是永远没有成功的 ——有时候是灾难性的失败。 但是，她们会坚持。 他们从错误中学习。 她们不会半途而废。 你知道， English: (Applause.) That’s Michelle’s advice. (Applause.) And never forget that the most important example a young girl will ever follow is that of a parent. Malia and Sasha are going to be outstanding women because Michelle and Marian Robinson are outstanding women. So understand your power, and use it wisely. My last piece of advice — this is simple, but perhaps most important: Persevere. Persevere. Nothing worthwhile is easy. No one of achievement has avoided failure — sometimes catastrophic failures. But they keep at it. They learn from mistakes. They don’t quit. You know, English: (Applause.) That’s Michelle’s advice. (Applause.) And never forget that the most important example a young girl will ever follow is that of a parent. Malia and Sasha are going to be outstanding women because Michelle and Marian Robinson are outstanding women. So understand your power, and use it wisely. My last piece of advice — this is simple, but perhaps most important: Persevere. Persevere. Nothing worthwhile is easy. No one of achievement has avoided failure — sometimes catastrophic failures. But they keep at it. They learn from mistakes. They don’t quit. You know, German: (Applaus) Das ist Michelles Beratung. (Applaus) Und nie vergessen, dass das wichtigste Beispiel dem ein junges Mädchen folgen wird ist dass ihres Elternteils. Malia und Sasha werden herausragende Frauen werden, weil Michelle und Marian Robinson herausragende Frauen sind. So begreift eure Kraft und verwendet sie weise. Mein letzter Rat - der ist einfach aber vielleicht noch wichtiger: Durchhalten. Durchhalten. Nichts was sich lohnt ist leicht. Niemand mit Erfolgserlebnisse hat das Scheitern verhindert - manchmal katastrophale Ausfälle. Aber bleibt am Ball. Lernt aus Fehlern. Gebt nicht auf. Wisst ihr, Chinese: 当我第一次来这个校园的时候， 我只有一点点钱， 选择更少。 但我就是在这里，寻找我在这个世界的位置的。 我知道，我想与众不同， 但是我当时对于如何实现这个想法非常迷茫。 （笑声。）但是我想试一下 用自己的方式，为一个更好的世界贡献力量。 所以即使是在我毕业之后 在纽约几个令人满意的职位上工作了之后—— 我在这里一一列举了——（笑声）—— 即使是在我从一个公寓搬到另一个公寓的时候， 我依然试着接触社区中的人们。 我开始给全国各地一些社区 的组织写信 有一天， 在芝加哥南部的一个教堂的小群体给我回信了， 提供给我一个工作 这个社区受到了重创：附近的一个钢铁厂要被关闭 社区里人们赖以生存的工作岗位 English: when I first arrived on this campus, it was with little money, fewer options. But it was here that I tried to find my place in this world. I knew I wanted to make a difference, but it was vague how in fact I’d go about it. (Laughter.) But I wanted to do my part to do my part to shape a better world. So even as I worked after graduation in a few unfulfilling jobs here in New York — I will not list them all — (laughter) — even as I went from motley apartment to motley apartment, I reached out. I started to write letters to community organizations all across the country. And one day, a small group of churches on the South Side of Chicago answered, offering me work with people in neighborhoods hit hard by steel mills that were shutting down and communities German: als ich erst auf diesem Campus ankam, war es mit wenig Geld, weniger Optionen. Aber es war hier, wo ich versuchte meinen Platz in dieser Welt zu finden. Ich wusste, ich wollte einen Unterschied machen, aber es war unklar, wie ich es machen werde. (Lachen) Aber ich wollte meinen Teil dazu beitragen - meinen Teil dazu beitragen, eine bessere Welt zu gestalten. Also selbst als ich nach dem Studium bei ein paar unbefriedigenden Arbeitsplätzen hier in New York arbeitete - ich werde nicht alle aufezählen - (Lachen) ja, wie ich auch von verschiedener Wohnung zu verschiedener Wohnung ging, Ich suchte weiter. Ich fing an, Briefe zu Gemeinde-Organisationen im ganzen Land zu schreiben. Und eines Tages eine kleine Kirchengruppe von der Südseite von Chicago antwortete, bot mir einen Job an mit Menschen zu arbeiten in Nachbarschaften die hart betroffen wurden von Stahlwerken, die geschlossen haben und Gemeinden English: when I first arrived on this campus, it was with little money, fewer options. But it was here that I tried to find my place in this world. I knew I wanted to make a difference, but it was vague how in fact I’d go about it. (Laughter.) But I wanted to do my part to do my part to shape a better world. So even as I worked after graduation in a few unfulfilling jobs here in New York — I will not list them all — (laughter) — even as I went from motley apartment to motley apartment, I reached out. I started to write letters to community organizations all across the country. And one day, a small group of churches on the South Side of Chicago answered, offering me work with people in neighborhoods hit hard by steel mills that were shutting down and communities Chinese: 逐步地在消失。 社区里黑帮暴力盛行， 当我一到了那里 我们做的第一件事， 就是和社区的首领开会 商讨和黑帮打交道的方法。 我花了几个星期的时间处理这件事。 我们请来警察； 我们打了很多电话；我们去教堂；我们分发宣传材料。 开会的那天晚上 我们摆了一排又一排的 椅子，希望看到人们都来。 然后我们开始等， 一直等。 最后， 一群上了年纪的人走进了，坐下来 一个身材矮小的年长的女士举起手，问道 “这是玩儿bingo的地方么？”（笑声）这是个灾难。 没人来。 我第一个社区会议 ——没人出现。 后来， 和我一起工作的志愿者告诉我， 就这样了；我们要离开了。 他们已经这样做了两年， 在我来之前。 他们忙了这么久，什么结果都没有。 German: wo Arbeitsplätze abstarben. Die Gemeinde ist von gewalttätigen Gangs gequält worden, so als ich ankam, das erste, was wir versuchten war ein Treffen mit den Führer der Gemeinschaft zu mobilisieren, um uns mit Gangs zu befassen. Und ich arbeitete wochenlang an diesem Projekt. Wir luden die Polizei ein, wir telefonierten, wir gingen zu Kirchen, wir haben Flugblätter ausgegeben. Der Nacht des Treffens haben wir Reihen und Reihen von Stühlen angeordnet in Erwartung dieser Menschenmenge. Und wir warteten und warteten. Und endlich eine Gruppe älterer Leute kamen in den Saal und setzten sich nieder. Und diese kleine alte Dame hob ihre Hand hoch und fragte: "Ist das, wo das Bingo-Spiel ist?" (Lachen) Es war eine Katastrophe. Keiner ist gekommen. Mein erstes großes Gemeinschaft-Treffen - keiner ist gekommen. Und später, die Freiwilligen mit denen ich arbeitete, sagten zu mir das ist das Ende, wir kapitulieren. Sie hatten dies seit zwei Jahren gemacht, noch bevor ich ankam. Sie hatten nichts vorzuweisen. English: where jobs were dying away. The community had been plagued by gang violence, so once I arrived, one of the first things we tried to do was to mobilize a meeting with community leaders to deal with gangs. And I’d worked for weeks on this project. We invited the police; we made phone calls; we went to churches; we passed out flyers. The night of the meeting we arranged rows and rows of chairs in anticipation of this crowd. And we waited, and we waited. And finally, a group of older folks walked in to the hall and they sat down. And this little old lady raised her hand and asked, “Is this where the bingo game is?” (Laughter.) It was a disaster. Nobody showed up. My first big community meeting — nobody showed up. And later, the volunteers I worked with told me, that’s it; we’re quitting. They’d been doing this for two years even before I had arrived. They had nothing to show for it. English: where jobs were dying away. The community had been plagued by gang violence, so once I arrived, one of the first things we tried to do was to mobilize a meeting with community leaders to deal with gangs. And I’d worked for weeks on this project. We invited the police; we made phone calls; we went to churches; we passed out flyers. The night of the meeting we arranged rows and rows of chairs in anticipation of this crowd. And we waited, and we waited. And finally, a group of older folks walked in to the hall and they sat down. And this little old lady raised her hand and asked, “Is this where the bingo game is?” (Laughter.) It was a disaster. Nobody showed up. My first big community meeting — nobody showed up. And later, the volunteers I worked with told me, that’s it; we’re quitting. They’d been doing this for two years even before I had arrived. They had nothing to show for it. English: And I’ll be honest, I felt pretty discouraged as well. I didn’t know what I was doing. I thought about quitting. And as we were talking, I looked outside and saw some young boys playing in a vacant lot across the street. And they were just throwing rocks up at a boarded building. They had nothing better to do — late at night, just throwing rocks. And I said to the volunteers, “Before you quit, answer one question. What will happen to those boys if you quit? Who will fight for them if we don’t? Who will give them a fair shot if we leave? And one by one, the volunteers decided not to quit. We went back to those neighborhoods and we kept at it. We registered new voters, and we set up after-school programs, and we fought for new jobs, and helped people live lives with some measure of dignity. And we sustained ourselves with those small victories. We didn’t set the world on fire. Chinese: 老实讲， 我也感到非常地沮丧。 我不知道我在干嘛。 我考虑了离开。 当我们在交谈的时候， 我向外面看，看到有些 小男孩儿在 街对过的一出空地上玩儿。 他们在朝着一个简陋的建筑物投掷石块儿。 他们没有更好的东西可以玩儿——那天晚上 就只是扔石头块。 我对志愿者说， 在你们退出之前， 回答一个问题 如果你们退出了，这些孩子会怎么样？ 如果没有人为了他们争取利益，谁还会？ 如果我们不这样做，谁还能给他们一个公平的环境？ 一个一个， 这些志愿者决定不退出了。 我们回到社区，坚持了下来。 我们让新的选民登记， 我们建立起来after-school（让小孩在放学后参与的活动）项目 我们争取新的工作机会 帮助人们体面地生活。 我们用这些小小的胜利激励自己坚持。 我们没有放火 German: Und ich will ehrlich sein, ich fühlte mich ebenso ziemlich entmutigt. Ich wusste nicht, was ich tat. Ich dachte ans resignieren. Und als wir uns so unterhielten, schaute ich nach draußen und sah einige junge Burschen spielen in einem unbebauten Grundstück auf der gegenüberliegenden Straßenseite. Und sie haben nur Steine auf ein mit Brettern vernageltes Gebäude geworfen. Sie hatten nichts Besseres zu tun - spät in der Nacht, nur Steine zu werfen. Und ich sagte zu den Freiwilligen, "Bevor ihr geht, eine Frage beantworten. Was soll mit diesen Jungen passieren, wenn ihr resigniert?" Wer wird für sie zu kämpfen, wenn wir das nicht tun? Wer gibt ihnen eine faire Chance, wenn wir gehen? Und einer nach dem anderen haben die Freiwilligen beschlossen, nicht resignieren. Wir gingen zurück zu jenen Stadtteilen, und wir machten weiter. Wir registrierten neue Wähler, und wir starteten Programme nach dem Schulunterricht, und wir kämpften für neue Arbeitsplätze und halfen den Menschen ihr Leben mit einem gewissen Maß von Würde zu leben. Und wir haben uns selbst mit diesen kleinen Siegen aufrechterhalten. Wir haben die Welt nicht in Brand gesetzt. English: And I’ll be honest, I felt pretty discouraged as well. I didn’t know what I was doing. I thought about quitting. And as we were talking, I looked outside and saw some young boys playing in a vacant lot across the street. And they were just throwing rocks up at a boarded building. They had nothing better to do — late at night, just throwing rocks. And I said to the volunteers, “Before you quit, answer one question. What will happen to those boys if you quit? Who will fight for them if we don’t? Who will give them a fair shot if we leave? And one by one, the volunteers decided not to quit. We went back to those neighborhoods and we kept at it. We registered new voters, and we set up after-school programs, and we fought for new jobs, and helped people live lives with some measure of dignity. And we sustained ourselves with those small victories. We didn’t set the world on fire. English: Some of those communities are still very poor. There are still a lot of gangs out there. But I believe that it was those small victories that helped me win the bigger victories of my last three and a half years as President. And I wish I could say that this perseverance came from some innate toughness in me. But the truth is, it was learned. I got it from watching the people who raised me. More specifically, I got it from watching the women who shaped my life. I grew up as the son of a single mom who struggled to put herself through school and make ends meet. She had marriages that fell apart; even went on food stamps at one point to help us get by. But she didn’t quit. And she earned her degree, and made sure that through scholarships and hard work, my sister and I earned ours. She used to wake me up when we were living overseas~ wake me up before dawn to study my English lessons. English: Some of those communities are still very poor. There are still a lot of gangs out there. But I believe that it was those small victories that helped me win the bigger victories of my last three and a half years as President. And I wish I could say that this perseverance came from some innate toughness in me. But the truth is, it was learned. I got it from watching the people who raised me. More specifically, I got it from watching the women who shaped my life. I grew up as the son of a single mom who struggled to put herself through school and make ends meet. She had marriages that fell apart; even went on food stamps at one point to help us get by. But she didn’t quit. And she earned her degree, and made sure that through scholarships and hard work, my sister and I earned ours. She used to wake me up when we were living overseas~ wake me up before dawn to study my English lessons. Chinese: 现在一些这样的社区仍然很穷困。 还有很多黑帮势力猖獗存在。 但是我相信，正是这些小小的 胜利，帮助我 赢得我过去三年里，作为总体， 获得更大的胜利 我非常希望我能说 我的坚持，来自于 我性格里天生的坚强的一面。 但是，事实是， 这是学习得到的。 我从抚养我长大的人身上学来。 具体的说， 我从塑造了我的生活的女性身上学习得来。 我是一个单亲母亲抚养大的孩子 我母亲含辛茹苦，求学 努力赚钱维持生活。 她之前结过婚，但是离异了； 一度靠发给失业者的食品券渡过难关。 但是她从没放弃过。 她得到了学位， 努力争取奖学金，努力学习， 我的姐姐和我也读了大学。 当我们在海外生活的时候，她曾经叫醒我 在黎明之前叫醒我，让我学习英语课程。 German: Einige dieser Gemeinden sind nach wie vor noch sehr arm. Es gibt noch eine Menge Gangs da draußen. Aber ich glaube, es waren diese kleinen Siege, die mir geholfen haben die größeren Erfolge der letzten dreieinhalb Jahre als Präsident zu gewinnen. Und ich wünschte, ich könnte sagen, dass diese Beharrlichkeit von einer angeborenen Zähigkeit in mir kam. Aber die Wahrheit ist, es war gelernt. Ich habe es von der Beobachtung der Menschen die mich erzogen haben bekommen. Genauer gesagt, ich habe es von der Beobachtung der Frauen, die mein Leben geprägt haben bekommen. Ich wuchs als Sohn einer alleinerziehenden Mutter auf, die kämpfte sich selbst durch die Schule zu bringen und über die Runden zu kommen. Sie hatte Ehen, die scheiterten, ging sogar an einem Punkt auf Essensmarken, um uns zu helfen. Aber sie hat nicht aufgegeben. Und sie bekam ihr Diplom und sorgte dafür, dass durch Stipendien und hart arbeiten, meine Schwester und ich unseres verdienten. Sie hat mich aufgeweckt - als wir im Ausland lebten hat sie mich vor dem Morgengrauen aufgeweckt, um Englisch zu studieren. German: Und wenn ich mich beschwerte, würde sie nur auf mich schauen und sagen: "Für mich ist dies auch kein Zuckerschlecken, Kerl." (Lachen) Und schließlich widmete sich meine Mutter zur Unterstützung von Frauen auf der ganzen Welt, dass sie Zugriff auf das Geld hatten, das sie benötigten, um ihr eigenes Unternehmen zu gründen - sie war ein früher Pionier in der Mikro-Finanzierung. Und das bedeutete aber dass sie viel weg war, und dass sie ihre eigenen Kämpfe hatte versuchen herauszufinden wie Mutterschaft und Karriere zu balancieren. Und wen sie weg war, trat meine Großmutter ein, und hat sich um mich gekümmert. Sie hatte nur eine High-School-Ausbildung. Sie bekam einen Job bei einer örtlichen Bank. Sie traf die gläserne Decke und schaute zu wie Männer, die sie einst angelernt hat auf der Karriereleiter vor ihr gefördert wurden. Aber sie hat nicht aufgegeben. Anstatt hart und böse zu werden, jedes Mal wenn sie übergangen wurde, machte sie ihre Arbeit so gut wie sie wusste, und am Ende wurde sie Vizepräsident der Bank. Sie hat nicht aufgegeben. English: And when I’d complain, she’d just look at me and say, “This is no picnic for me either, buster. ” (Laughter.) And my mom ended up dedicating herself to helping women around the world access the money they needed to start their own businesses --she was an early pioneer in microfinance. And that meant, though, that she was gone a lot, and she had her own struggles trying to figure out balancing motherhood and a career. And when she was gone, my grandmother stepped up to take care of me. She only had a high school education. She got a job at a local bank. She hit the glass ceiling, and watched men she once trained promoted up the ladder ahead of her. But she didn’t quit. Rather than grow hard or angry each time she got passed over, she kept doing her job as best as she knew how, and ultimately ended up being vice president at the bank. She didn’t quit. English: And when I’d complain, she’d just look at me and say, “This is no picnic for me either, buster. ” (Laughter.) And my mom ended up dedicating herself to helping women around the world access the money they needed to start their own businesses --she was an early pioneer in microfinance. And that meant, though, that she was gone a lot, and she had her own struggles trying to figure out balancing motherhood and a career. And when she was gone, my grandmother stepped up to take care of me. She only had a high school education. She got a job at a local bank. She hit the glass ceiling, and watched men she once trained promoted up the ladder ahead of her. But she didn’t quit. Rather than grow hard or angry each time she got passed over, she kept doing her job as best as she knew how, and ultimately ended up being vice president at the bank. She didn’t quit. Chinese: 当我抱怨的时候， 她会看着我，说， 这对我来说，也不像吃野餐那些快活， 小混蛋。 （笑声。）我母亲最终投身于帮助为全世界的女性创业提供资金支持。她是小额信贷最早的践行者。 那意味着 当然， 她经历了很多 她也有自己的挣扎 试着寻找平衡的方法 平衡作为母亲的角色和职业发展 当她离开的时候， 我外祖母照顾我。 她只有高中的学历。 她在一家本地银行得到一份工作。 她碰到了玻璃天花板， 看着她培训出来的男同事 被提升到高于她的职位上。 但是她没有放弃。 在每次被超过的时候，她没有生气， 她只是尽最大的努力，做好自己的本职工作， 最后，她成为这家银行的副总裁。 她没有放弃。 Chinese: 然后， 我遇到了一个女同事，被分配给我， 作为我在一家律师事务所暑期工作的上司。 她给我的指导如此之好，以至于我和她结了婚。 （笑声。）Michelle和我 总是尽全力 平衡我们的工作和这个崭新的家庭。 但是，我们必须面对 不管我多么努力， 当我在出差的时候，重担就落在她的肩膀上， 当我不在的时候。 我知道，当她独自和孩子们在一起的时候， 她会觉得她没有更多的时间可以花在工作上， 当她在工作的时候， 她会为没有更多的时间可以和孩子们在一起而感到愧疚。 我们两个都希望我们能有 超能力，让我们能同时在两个地方出现。 但是我坚持下来了。 我们让我们的婚姻坚持了下来。 Michelle之所以能应付任何事情， 还能和我在一起出现在公众面前， 是因为她 一样， 也从一个从不轻言放弃的家庭里走出来。 因为她看到她的父亲，每天起床 German: Und später traf ich eine Frau, die mir zugewiesen wurde mich bei meinem ersten Sommer-Job bei einer Anwaltskanzlei zu beraten. Und sie hat mir so gute Ratschläge gegeben, dass ich sie heiratete. (Lachen) Und Michelle und ich gaben alles, was wir hatten, um unsere Karrieren und eine junge Familie unter einen Hut zu bringen. Aber seien wir ehrlich, egal wie erleuchtet, ich dachte mich selbst zu sein es fiel oft mehr auf ihre Schultern, als ich reiste, als ich weg war. Ich weiß, dass, wenn sie mit unseren Mädchen war, dass sie sich schuldig fühlte nicht genug Zeit zu ihrer Arbeit gab, und als sie bei ihrer Arbeit war, würde sie sich schuldig fühlen, dass sie unseren Mädchen nicht genug Zeit gab. Und wir beide wünschten, wir hätten eine Supermacht die uns erlauben würde an zwei Orten zugleich zu sein. Aber wir beharrteten. Wir machten diese Ehe erfolgreich. Und der Grund warum Michelle die Kraft hatte alles zu jonglieren und mich zu ertragen, und schließlich den Blickpunkt des Publikum war, weil sie auch, aus einer Familie stammte, die nicht aufgegeben hat - weil sie ihren Vater gesehen hat aufzustehen English: And later on, I met a woman who was assigned to advise me on my first summer job at a law firm. And she gave me such good advice that I married her. (Laughter.) And Michelle and I gave everything we had to balance our careers and a young family. But let’s face it, no matter how enlightened I must have thought myself to be, it often fell more on her shoulders when I was traveling, when I was away. I know that when she was with our girls, she’d feel guilty that she wasn’t giving enough time to her work, and when she was at her work, she’d feel guilty she wasn’t giving enough time to our girls. And both of us wished we had some superpower that would let us be in two places at once. But we persisted. We made that marriage work. And the reason Michelle had the strength to juggle everything, and put up with me and eventually the public spotlight, was because she, too, came from a family of folks who didn’t quit~ because she saw her dad get up English: And later on, I met a woman who was assigned to advise me on my first summer job at a law firm. And she gave me such good advice that I married her. (Laughter.) And Michelle and I gave everything we had to balance our careers and a young family. But let’s face it, no matter how enlightened I must have thought myself to be, it often fell more on her shoulders when I was traveling, when I was away. I know that when she was with our girls, she’d feel guilty that she wasn’t giving enough time to her work, and when she was at her work, she’d feel guilty she wasn’t giving enough time to our girls. And both of us wished we had some superpower that would let us be in two places at once. But we persisted. We made that marriage work. And the reason Michelle had the strength to juggle everything, and put up with me and eventually the public spotlight, was because she, too, came from a family of folks who didn’t quit~ because she saw her dad get up English: and go to work every day even though he never finished college, even though he had crippling MS. She saw her mother, even though she never finished college, in that school, that urban school, every day making sure Michelle and her brother were getting the education they deserved. Michelle saw how her parents never quit. They never indulged in self-pity, no matter how stacked the odds were against them. They didn’t quit. Those are the folks who inspire me. People ask me sometimes, who inspires you, Mr. President? Those quiet heroes all across this country — some of your parents and grandparents who are sitting here — no fanfare, no articles written about them, they just persevere. They just do their jobs. English: and go to work every day even though he never finished college, even though he had crippling MS. She saw her mother, even though she never finished college, in that school, that urban school, every day making sure Michelle and her brother were getting the education they deserved. Michelle saw how her parents never quit. They never indulged in self-pity, no matter how stacked the odds were against them. They didn’t quit. Those are the folks who inspire me. People ask me sometimes, who inspires you, Mr. President? Those quiet heroes all across this country — some of your parents and grandparents who are sitting here — no fanfare, no articles written about them, they just persevere. They just do their jobs. Chinese: 去工作，虽然 他没有大学学历， 虽然他得了多发性硬化症（MS）而变得跛脚。 她看到她母亲， 虽然她没有大学学历， 在学校里， 那个城区学校， 每天都要保证Michelle 和她的兄弟接受他们应该接受的教育。 Michelle看到她的父母从不放弃。 他们从不自哀自怜， 不管境遇多么糟糕 对对他们来说。 他们没有放弃。 他们是让我得到启发的人。 人们有时候问我， 谁给你启发，总统先生？ 那些在全国各个角落里，安静的无名英雄 ——你们一些人的父母和祖父母 坐在那儿的——从不炫耀， 没有人为他们写文章， 他们只是自己坚持。 他们只是专心于自己该做的事。 German: und geden jeden Tag zur Arbeit zu gehen, obwohl er die Universität nicht beendigt hat, obwohl er lähmende Multiple Sklerose hatte. Sie sah ihre Mutter, obwohl sie die Universität nicht beendigt hat, in dieser Schule, in dieser "inner-city" Schule, jeden Tag darauf zu achten, dass Michelle und ihr Bruder die Bildung bekamen, die sie verdient hatten. Michelle sah, wie ihre Eltern nie aufgaben. Sie haben sich nie dem Selbstmitleid hingegeben, egal wie die Chancen gegen sie gestapelt waren. Sie haben nicht aufgegeben. Das sind die Leute, die mich inspirieren. Die Leute fragen mich manchmal, wer inspiriert Sie, Herr Präsident? Diese stille Helden im ganzen Land - einige von Ihren Eltern und Großeltern die hier sitzen - keine Fanfaren, keine Artikel über sie geschrieben, sie halten nur durch. Sie tun nur ihren Job. English: They meet their responsibilities. They don’t quit. I’m only here because of them. They may not have set out to change the world, but in small, important ways, they did. They certainly changed mine. So whether it’s starting a business, or running for office, or raising a amazing family, remember that making your mark on the world is hard. It takes patience. It takes commitment. It comes with plenty of setbacks and it comes with plenty of failures. But whenever you feel that creeping cynicism, whenever you hear those voices say you can’t make a difference, whenever somebody tells you to set your sights lower — the trajectory of this country should give you hope. Previous generations should give you hope. What young generations have done Chinese: 他们承担他们的责任 他们不放弃。 因为有他们，我才成为今天的我。 他们也许没有打算改变世界， 但是通过 那些琐碎，又重要的方式， 他们做得了。 他们当然也改变了我的方式。 所以不管是创业， 还是竞选， 或者是组成一个家庭， 记得在这个世界上留下你的印记，是困难的。 需要耐心。 需要承诺。 一定会有很多的挫折 和很多的失败。 但是当你听到犬儒主义的论调， 当你听到有人说， 你不会带来任何改变， 当你听到有人让你把期望放低， ——这个国家发展的轨迹应该给你希望。 前辈们应该给你带来希望。 年轻的一代之前的成绩 German: Sie erfüllen ihre Verpflichtungen. Sie geben nicht auf. Ich bin nur hier wegen denen. Es war vielleicht nicht deren Absicht gewesen, die Welt zu verändern, aber in kleinen, wichtigen Punkten taten sie es. Die haben sicherlich meine Welt verändert. Also ob es sich um die Gründung eines Unternehmens handelt oder die Kandidatur für ein Mandat, oder eine einmalige Familie zu erziehen, denkt daran, eure Spuren in der Welt zu lassen ist hart. Es braucht Geduld. Es braucht Einsatz. Es kommt mit reichlichen Rückschritten und es kommt mit reichlichen Misserfolgen. Aber wann immer ihr den schleichenden Zynismus spürt, wann immer ihre diese Stimmen sagen hören ihr könnt keinen Unterschied machen wann immer jemand euch sagt eure Erwartungen niedriger zu setzen - die Trajektorie dieses Landes sollte euch Hoffnung geben. Frühere Generationen sollten euch Hoffnung geben. Was junge Generationen vorhehr getan haben English: They meet their responsibilities. They don’t quit. I’m only here because of them. They may not have set out to change the world, but in small, important ways, they did. They certainly changed mine. So whether it’s starting a business, or running for office, or raising a amazing family, remember that making your mark on the world is hard. It takes patience. It takes commitment. It comes with plenty of setbacks and it comes with plenty of failures. But whenever you feel that creeping cynicism, whenever you hear those voices say you can’t make a difference, whenever somebody tells you to set your sights lower — the trajectory of this country should give you hope. Previous generations should give you hope. What young generations have done English: before should give you hope. Young folks who marched and mobilized and stood up and sat in, from Seneca Falls to Selma to Stonewall, didn’t just do it for themselves; they did it for other people. (Applause.) That’s how we achieved women’s rights. That’s how we achieved voting rights. That’s how we achieved workers’ rights. That’s how we achieved gay rights. (Applause.) That’s how we’ve made this Union more perfect. (Applause.) And if you’re willing to do your part now, if you’re willing to reach up and close that gap between what America is and what America should be, I want you to know that I will be right there with you. (Applause.) If you are ready to fight for that brilliant, radically simple idea of America that no matter who you are or what you look like, no matter who you love or what God you worship, English: before should give you hope. Young folks who marched and mobilized and stood up and sat in, from Seneca Falls to Selma to Stonewall, didn’t just do it for themselves; they did it for other people. (Applause.) That’s how we achieved women’s rights. That’s how we achieved voting rights. That’s how we achieved workers’ rights. That’s how we achieved gay rights. (Applause.) That’s how we’ve made this Union more perfect. (Applause.) And if you’re willing to do your part now, if you’re willing to reach up and close that gap between what America is and what America should be, I want you to know that I will be right there with you. (Applause.) If you are ready to fight for that brilliant, radically simple idea of America that no matter who you are or what you look like, no matter who you love or what God you worship, Chinese: 也应该给你希望。 年轻人，那些经历丰富，阅历丰富 站起来，又坐下的人， 从Seneca Falls到Selma, 到stonewall, 并不仅仅是为了他们自己而奋斗；他们也为了其他人。 （鼓掌。） 这就是我们如何使得女性享有权利的。 这就是我们如何获得了投票权。 这就是我们如何保障了劳动阶层的权利。 这就是我们如何保证了同性恋者的权利。 （鼓掌。）这就是我们如何让我们这个 大家庭更加完美。 （鼓掌。） 如果现在，你愿意投身其中， 如果你想站出来， 填平那个横亘在美国的现状 和美国应该是什么样子之间的鸿沟， 我想让你知道，我会和你一起。 （鼓掌。）如果你想为了那个卓越的， 奋发向上的美国梦想而斗争 不管你是谁，长什么样子， 不管你爱谁，信奉什么样的宗教， German: sollte euch Hoffnung geben. Junge Leute, die marschierten und mobilisierten, die mutig waren, die Sit-ins inszenierten von Seneca Falls bis Selma zu Stonewall, sie taten es nicht einfach für sich selbst, sie taten es für andere Menschen. (Applaus) So haben wir Frauen Rechte erreicht. So haben wir Stimmrechte erreicht. So haben wir Arbeiter Rechte erreicht. So haben wir Homosexuell Rechte erreicht. (Applaus) So haben wir diese Union perfektet. (Applaus) Und wenn ihr bereit seid, euren Teil jetzt zu tun, wenn ihr bereit seid, hoch zu reichen um die Kluft zwischen dem, was Amerika ist und was Amerika sein sollte schließen, Ich möchte dass ihr wisst, dass ich gleich da mit euch bin. (Applaus) Wenn ihr bereit seit, für diese brillante, radikalische einfache Idee von Amerika zu kämpfen, egal wer ihr seit, oder wie ihr ausseht, egal wen ihr liebt, oder welchen Gott ihr anbetet, German: ihr könnt immer noch eurem eigenen Glück nachstreben und ich werde euch auf jeden Schritt des Weges begleiten. (Applaus) Jetzt mehr denn je - heute mehr denn jemals - braucht Amerika was ihr - die Klasse von 2012 - zu bieten habt. Amerika benötigt dass ihr hoch greift und tief hofft. Und wenn ihr für euren Sitzplatz am Tisch kämpft, und ein besseres Beispiel setzt, und beharrt seid in dem, was ihr euch entscheided mit eurem Leben zu tun, habe ich das vollstes Vertrauen, dass es euch nicht nur gelingen wird aber, dass durch euch, unsere Nation auch weiterhin ein Leuchtfeuer für Männer und Frauen, Jungs und Mädchen, in jeder Ecke des Globus sein wird. Ich danke Ihnen. Herzliche Glückwünsche. (Applaus) Gott segne euch. Gott segne die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika. English: you can still pursue your own happiness, I will join you every step of the way. (Applause.) Now more than ever — now more than ever, America needs what you, the Class of 2012, has to offer. America needs you to reach high and hope deeply. And if you fight for your seat at the table, and you set a better example, and you persevere in what you decide to do with your life, I have every faith not only that you will succeed, but that, through you, our nation will continue to be a beacon of light for men and women, boys and girls, in every corner of the globe. So thank you. Congratulations. (Applause.) God bless you. God bless the United States of America. Chinese: 你依然可以追求自己的幸福， 我会在每一步都和你在以前。 （鼓掌。）现在是最好的时机——现在，是最好的时机， 美国需要你 2012届的毕业生， 所能给予的。 ——如果美国想要发展到更高水平，更深切的憧憬未来。 如果你能为了自己的一席之地而奋斗， 你成为了一个榜样， 如果你为了自己生命中想做的事情不懈的坚持， 我完全坚信，你们不仅仅一定会取得成功， 而且 通过你们 我们的国家会继续成为一座灯塔，照亮男人，女人， 男孩儿，女孩儿， 在世界的每个角落 谢谢你们。 祝贺你们 （鼓掌）上帝保佑你们 上帝保佑美国 Romanian: Am incredere nu doar ca veti reusi dar si ca prin intermediul vostru natiunea noastra va continua sa fie un semnal luminos pentru barbati si femei, baieti si fete, din fiecare colt al globului. Asa ca va multumesc. Felicitari. (aplauze). Dumnezeu sa va binecuvanteze Dumnezeul sa binecuvanteze Statele Unite ale Americii English: you can still pursue your own happiness, I will join you every step of the way. (Applause.) Now more than ever — now more than ever, America needs what you, the Class of 2012, has to offer. America needs you to reach high and hope deeply. And if you fight for your seat at the table, and you set a better example, and you persevere in what you decide to do with your life, I have every faith not only that you will succeed, but that, through you, our nation will continue to be a beacon of light for men and women, boys and girls, in every corner of the globe. So thank you. Congratulations. (Applause.) God bless you. God bless the United States of America. German: (Applaus) English: (Applause.) Chinese: （鼓掌） English: (Applause.) Romanian: (aplauze)

(Sort of a *skwoooosh* and then perhaps a honk-like ringing ping? Yes, that.) - Welcome one and all to "Puppet History". Today we'll be taking an ever-widening look at yet another chapter in the heavy, heavy book we call history, while our guests ruthlessly compete for the coveted title of History Master. I am obviously your beloved host, the Professor. - He won't-- - I see. - Tell us what his name is. I've tried to guess it throughout all these episodes. - Wow. - If you guess it, you can win my little jellybeans. - Don't wanna know what that is. - That's not a euphemism. - Ryan Bergara, are you ready? - I'm ready. - Special guest Jenny Lorenzo, are you ready? - What's up? - Then let's crack in! (triumphant brass fanfare) (fireworks) - You guys wanna know what you're playing for? - Yes. - (laughing) Yeah. - I mean, that's, yeah, sure. - (chuckling) Yeah. - The goal of this-- - It's the Coveted Cup of the History Master! - Whoa! - Ignore the hand. - Ignore the hand. - Man, I've always wanted a trophy. - Let us first meet Violet Jessop, whose life would intersect with history in some pretty wild ways. Violet was born in October of 1887 in Argentina, where her parents had immigrated from Ireland. In her adolescent years, her dear old dad passed away, and after moving to London, Violet decided to help her mother support her siblings by taking up a job as ship's steward. - What kinda ship we talkin' here? Like a cruise ship or like a-- - I think generally cruise ships. She's applying to like liners, which are a- - Like a Carnival Cruise kinda thing? - Yeah. - Yeah. I've actually never been on a cruise. Are they fun? Have you guys been on cruises? - Yeah. - I haven't actually. - I've been around the Caribbean a couple times. If you go on like Royal Caribbean, they have like a park now on one of the damn ships. - They got lazy rivers though, now, I think. God, I love-- - They have like skating rinks and like I said, a park. - All right, let's not get the professor on his lazy river tangent. - I love lazy rivers, man. I'd love to die on a lazy river. - If he doesn't end his life face-down in a lazy river in Boca Raton, then he didn't live a life worth living. (Jenny laughing) - That's how I wanna go. Just imagine me floatin'. (bell tolls) - We're telling a history story here, right? - Oh yeah. - I'm imagining, yeah. - So she wanted to be a shit-- uh-- (cuckoo) uh, so she wanted to be a stewardess on a ship. - She wanted to be a shit. - On a shit. She wanted to be a shit stewardess. From the get-go, she had a rough time nailing her interviews. - Don't we all? (female vocals singing scat) - For some history points-- - Oh yeah! - Can you guess why? A, she was considered too attractive. B, she was considered too unattractive. C, she smelled of boiled ham. (Ryan snorts) (clock ticking) - Alright, Ryan Bergara, what have you chosen? - You don't have to say my full name. - Ryan Bergara. - I put C, boiled ham emanating from someone's pores is very funny to me, especially in a small room with high stakes. - Jenny, what'd you put? - I chose B, because the stewardess industry has always been pretty vain, especially with airlines. You have to look hot. - That is true unfortunately. - So, I would assume it applies to cruise ships, as well. - Yeah, yeah. Well, let's find out. (exclaims) (horn honks) - You made it all right! - Yeah he keeps doing that, he keeps passing out and then the curtains go down. It's very alarming. - I don't know if he was vomiting or passing out. (clattering) - [The Professor] Ugh, my jellybeans. (Ryan laughing) (dramatic piano music) - [Jenny] Vomiting or passing out... (objects clattering) (exclaims) - (slow-motion) Ugh, my jellybeans. (Ryan laughing in slow motion) - We got some technical difficulties back here. Everything's fine. - Well, alright. (Ryan laughing) If you need a hand. - [The Professor] Uh-oh my jellybeans. (doorbell rings) - Yes, come in, sit down. (ship horn blaring) I'm a crusty old sea dog. - Uh, hello, yes, I'm Violet Jessop. I'm here about the stewardess position. Are we facing each other? - Yeah. - Yeah, yes you are. - [The Professor] Okay good. (beep) - Now wait, hang on a second. You're here for the what now? - The stewardess position, sir. I'd like to be of help at sea. - A stewardess? A beauty such as yourself? Why, that's a line of work meant for old maids and miserly hags. Scuzzy old sea folk not unlike myself. - Wow. - That's very strange. This is some weird bullshit. I dunno what's going on here, but it's odd. (applauding) - She was too hot. So they wanted, what, ugly people working cruise ships? I'm sorry, is that what-- - Is that somehow more offensive? - I don't know if he was like trying to put the moves on her like, (sea captain voice) "Oh, you?" - (sea captain voice) "You're far too attractive." - (sea captain voice) "A beauty like you shouldn't be slaving away on the poop deck." (Ryan laughing) - I don't know. So, sorry, nobody got any history points for that one. (disappointment sound) - Dammit, I thought I was like-- - [The Professor] It's weird, it's weird. - Don't know enough about cruise ships, I guess. - [Ryan] I guess so. - In response, Violet and her mother put together what they called a quote "man-frightening" wardrobe. And after a couple of interviews, she found herself employed by the White Star Line, a company who was looking to corner the market in transatlantic travel with the launch of three state-of-the-art luxury cruise ships. (female vocals singing scat) Can you guess the name of these three ships? (clock ticking) (quill scratching) A lot of writing from Jenny. Ryan, what'd you put? - I didn't know, so I just put Bruce, Robin, and Alfred. - Bruce, Robin, and Alfred. - Yeah, everyone's favorite trio. - Those are the names of butlers? - Oh no, that's Bruce Wayne, Robin, (crickets chirping) and then um, Alfred is a butler... - [Jenny] Oh that makes sense, yes... (fading out) - Just what in the hell kind of answer was that? Is this a game to you, Bergara? Jenny, what'd you put? - Well, I uh, I'm totally wrong. - Sure. - But I wanted to just-- (Spanish accent) La Nina, la Pinta, y la Santa Maria. - You know what? I'm gonna give you a point for that, 'cause those are real ships. (Jenny laughing) (horn fanfare) So you're off to a great start. - Thanks, I'm so excited! - This is just, this is consistent with what he's been doing. I haven't won a single damn game. - You tied. - And this is not an assault on you, Jenny. - No, no, no, no, no. - This guy is creating points out of thin air like he's Drew Carey on "Whose Line Is It Anyway?". - I was about to say that... - It's arbitrary. It's all arbitrary. - Aw fuck, was that my phone? - I think so. - Ah, rest in peace. - Well, the ships were the Olympic, the Titanic, and the Britannic. Heard of those? - Nope. - Yes. - I've heard of the Titanic. - I was thinking Titanic, but I did not know the other two, so. - But you knew other ships, and that's worth a point, so, you know. Pat yourself on the back for that. The first of these three ships, Olympic, was put to sea in 1911 to the roar of thousands of cheering spectators. And it was this magnificent beast that Violet would come to know as her seaworthy home. The workdays were long, usually over 16 hours, and the quarters were cramped. Yet Violet truly seemed to love her experiences at sea, as it allowed her to travel and meet people from all walks of life, like her quirky-ass bunkmate, who had a strange nickname, "Go-by-the-wall-and-tickle-the-bricks". - What? - Uh, she had a habit of like, running-- - Wait, wait, can we run that back for a second-- - That was the whole nickname? - The whole nickname-- - The whole nickname, "Go-by-the-wall-and-tickle-the-bricks". - "Go-by-the-wall-and-tickle-the-bricks". - That almost sounds like something a creep would do. - I mean, at that point you just call her like The Tickler or The Brick Tickler. - Just try saying that after even "hey". (Jenny laughing) "Hey, Go-by-the-wall- and-tickle-the-bricks, come over here and look at this". Come out of the living room Go-tickle-- - You know what though? - Go-on-by-the-wall-and-tickle-the-bricks. - "Hey, it's Go-by-the-wall-and-tickle-the-bricks!" - This gig was different than others that Violet had done, because in this one she had to deal with a lot more Americans than usual. (female vocals singing scat) How did Violet find that experience? A, she found Americans surprisingly appreciative. B, she found Americans surprisingly rude. C, she was thrown overboard by William Howard Taft. - [Ryan] Oh, what? - [Jenny] That's next level. - Ryan? - I'm gonna go with the opposite of what I think actually happened. Americans are nice and lovely. Option A. - Okay, Jenny? - Bitch went overboard. - [Ryan] (laughing) Oh, and she drew her. - Well, let's find out what happened. (exclaims) (cymbals crash) (Ryan laughing) - Whoa, that was a fast one. - That was a fast wardrobe. - I'm getting better, I'm getting better. - Getting better. - Ooh! Can I help you with anything, ma'am? I love your fashionable 20th-century American clothing and that you're not a reused puppet from another episode. (Jenny laughing) - [Passenger] Oh, thank you. Yes. - Oh fuck, hang on, my computer screensaver went on. (Ryan laughing) (beep) - Yes, if you'd be a doll and get me a cup of tea. - Yes, ma'am. - But know that you are an individual. - Uh, yes, ma'am, thank you, ma'am. - And a hot towel, as well. But you are not, you hear me, you are not a cog in a wheel. - Right away, ma'am. - You are a strong-- And some fresh linens. Independent woman, and I respect you. - Very good, ma'am. - Goddammit. Damn, America, what happened to you? (trumpet fanfare) - I'm finally gonna win one. - In her memoirs, Violet said quote, "Americans seem to recognize that you were there to make their trip more comfortable and pleasant, and often observed that the work could not always be easy to accomplish." They were like kinda, you know, demanding but, chill? - But I feel like so many people nowadays... (laughs) The shit I've witnessed. - Sure, well times change. - We're all not painted with one brush, though, you know. - Times have changed. - There's shades of gray to every person. - Of course, of course. - You know, this was before America became back-to-back world war champs, so. - That's true. (Jenny laughing) - You know, we probably got real cocky and shitty after that. - That's right. (Jenny laughing) - The Olympic was outfitted with state-of-the-art safety measures. It had 15 bulkheads, each sealed off by watertight doors, which meant if part of the hull took any damage, it could be isolated to prevent the vessel from sinking. Unsinkable, you could call these Olympian ships. This was put to the-- (spinning newspaper whooshing) Stop spinning. This was put to the test on September 20th, 1911, when the Olympic accidentally collided with the British cruiser, HMS Hawk. Now it punched a big old nasty hole in the Olympic's hull, and yet the ship didn't sink. So, ya know, great. (bell dinging) After some time, Violet was offered a new opportunity by White Star, and this one, oh baby, it was juicy. Violet recalled the celebratory air as the ship pulled out of the harbor. "Gently, Titanic disengaged herself from the side of the dock, and we were off on a soft April day. Who could foretell whether it would be farce, sweet comedy, or tragedy?" (female vocals singing scat) Can you guess whether the voyage of the Titanic would be A, a farce, B, a sweet comedy, or C, a tragedy? - Feels like that's kind of more like a personality test than-- - Oh, oh, grim. (Jenny laughing) It was a laugh riot! - It was hilarious! - Uh, I'm gonna guess you're both going with tragedy on that, so I'll give you a couple points. - Oh. - Don't have to write-- - Doesn't mean anything. (trumpet fanfare) - What was the point of doing that. - Yeah, it was just a joke. (laugh track laughing) We all know that thing sinks. (laughing) Sinks like a rock, baby. - Well. - That's true. - On that fateful night of April 14th, 1912, Violet had settled into her bunk and was just about to turn in, when a thunderous ripping sound startled everyone on board. She heard faint murmurs in the hall, and turned to her roommate Anne, who said in a tone so calm that even Violet thought it was hilarious, "Mm, sounds as if something has happened." - This is when the hull was hit by the ice? - This is when Titanic hit an iceberg. - Hit the iceberg? - She recounts it in her memoirs, her roommate said that, and she just started laughing. (laughing) - Violet's account lines up with the tragic narrative. A pervading sense of calm and optimism. Passengers sort of humoring the evacuation protocol as the grim severity of the situation slowly dawned-- - Holy shit. - On the collective whole. What? - I've only known the broad strokes of what happened. Obviously the ship sank. - Yeah. - And it was a tragedy. - Sure. - But I didn't know that when it was happening people were kind of being like, "I gotta take my luggage out of my room," not realizing-- - Oh yeah, they all-- - Yeah, yeah, they were pretty confident that this wasn't gonna sink. - Well, even Violet had a hard time comprehending it. It wasn't until she was already in a lifeboat, emergency rockets sparkling overhead, (firework booming) when she realizing the actual peril she was in. Quote, "Looking along the length of the ship, I noticed the forward part of her was lower now, much lower! For a fraction of a second, my heart stood still, as is often the case when faith, hitherto unshaken faith, gets its first setback." Ugh, grim! - She didn't realize there was a bad thing happening until she was on the lifeboat? - I think even then they were like, "Get on the lifeboats, everything's fine. This thing's not going down, we just gotta get off of it." 'Cause she also, when she was out on the boats, first realized that there weren't enough boats. She started doing the math, realized things were gonna get pretty bad. - There was only like, what, 20 boats? - Uh, I don't know how many boats there were. (disappointed crowd murmuring) Sorry. So Violet ended up being one of the lucky few rescued by the Carpathia. She was no doubt rattled by the whole affair and gutted by the loss of so many of her dear friends with more than 1,500 of the 2,224 people aboard perishing. But Violet also needed to make a living. (female vocals singing scat) So what did our gal Violet do next? A, she went to work for rival ship line, Cunard. B, she sued the living hell out of White Star. Or C, she took a job on another White Star ship. (clock ticking) - [Ryan] Oh god, I really want B to be true, but... - Ryan, you're going with, what are you going with? - Okay, I'm going C. - You're going C. Jenny? - [Ryan] C. - I'm going C as well. - [The Professor] Okay. - She just doesn't sound like she had the trauma to avoid it again. - Yeah. - Alright, history points for you both. (trumpet fanfare) - Yeah. - Well, she spent her time with a few other shipping companies. And with the coming of World War I, in 1914, she even threw her hat in the ring as a nurse with the British Red Cross. But by 1916, she was back in the employ of White Star on their third Olympian ship, Britannic. - By the way, did anybody else sue White Star? - Uh, you know what? I don't know. - Maybe do a little research next time. - I would hope so. - You got any books in that satchel? - Shut up. (Ryan laughs) - Now, Britannic was meant to improve upon the Titanic in every way, including luxury and, obviously, safety. It featured a double-skin hull, an additional watertight bulkhead to prevent it from sinking in under three hours. It also boasted private guest bathrooms and a full gymnasium. Maybe for hoopin'? I dunno. Pass that rock around, you know? Bunny hoppin' through the pea patch. And one. - [Ryan] You-- - Huh? - You were right on for the first two, bunny-hoppin' through-- - What is this jargon? - He was trying to make sports references. - Ah. - I was just talking 'bout... (mumbles) - What's a sport, I don't-- - Yeah, and one. - Don't just say "and one" out of context, - And one. - That doesn't work. - And one. - Stop saying and one. - Anyway, that's cool and all, but again, war happened, so this luxury ship was very quickly converted into a hospital ship. Which kinda sucks for the ship, I guess. They just slapped some green paint on it and a big red cross. They gussied up the first class dining rooms into operating theaters. Bing-bang-boom, that ship's a hospital now. - That's pretty sick. - Operating theaters. - Operating theaters. - [Jenny] Jesus. - I never got that, by the way. That they would have theater or audiences for surgeons back in the day. - Oh yeah, well, it was generally med students-- - That was for med students, but they also, I read, let general public come in if they wanted. - Whoa, what's going on here? You're providing some facts, now? - I mean, somebody has to. - [The Professor] Oh shit. - Whoa ho! He's having a conniption. He's having a conniption. - Oh god! (laughing) He's about to take out a little pistol from that satchel. (whistle blowing) Alright. - Now, Brittanic also had a unique captain in one Charles Bartlett, who went by a very curious nickname. (female vocals singing scat) What was his nickname? A, Unsinkable Chuck. B, Iceberg Charlie. C, Buoyant Bartlett. - [Ryan] God, those are all fucking good. - Okay Ryan, what'd you put. - I put Iceberg Charlie. - You put Iceberg Charlie. - I love it. - Jen? - I put Unsinkable Chuck. - Unsinkable Chuck. It was Iceberg Charlie! (trumpet fanfare) Point for Ryan. - I'm gonna win one today, guys. - Maybe. - I can feel it. - Who knows. - I can feel it in my bones. - Yeah, he was known for his ability to steer around icebergs, so. - Do you think that was the only question they asked perspective captains? - "Can you move around an iceberg?" - "Uh, yeah." "You got it." - You're hired. On the quiet Sunday morning of November 21st, 1916, the Britannic was making its way through a channel in the Mediterranean. One of her fellow nurses was a bit under the weather, so Violet, ever the pal, was fixing her up some breakfast in the ship's saloon. (female vocals singing scat) What happened next? A, Violet's eggs gave her severe food poisoning. - [Jenny] Ugh. - [Ryan] Ugh. - [The Professor] B, Iceberg Charlie began choking on a piece of ham gristle. Or C, the ship struck a German mine. - [Ryan] Alright. - Sounds like a shit show. - Ryan, what'd you go with? - I'm gonna go with A, I think it was a shit show. - Jenny what you got? - I'm gonna go with B. A different kind of shit show, 'cause she's like trying to help her sick friend, and then all of a sudden this dude's choking on a piece of ham or whatever. - [The Professor] Sure. Sure. - Oh my god and if he dies-- - Like, ahh! - She's like an angel of death almost. Everywhere she goes. - That'd be spooky. The air of morning cheer was brought to a thundering halt with a dull, deafening roar. As the ship shuddered beneath their feet, Violet recalls that, quote, "Men dropped what they were doing and jumped over presses with the agility of a deer. In seconds, not a soul was to be seen and not a sound had been uttered." It was a German mine. (disappointed sigh) - Oh well. Why didn't she work on another ship? (laughing) - I would not hire this woman under any circumstance. - You can't deter me. - Any ship she gets on is a death trap. - A harbinger of doom. - Oooh. (Ryan laughing) - So this whole commotion contrasted starkly to her experience on the Titanic, when everyone sleepily packed up odds and ends and shuffled to the deck unhurried. But despite the frenzy, Violet felt little fear this time around, because she knew the drill. - (splutters) Someone's cocky. - "This ain't my first boat-sinking!" (laughing) First, she checked on the sick nurse she'd been preparing breakfast for. That's very sweet of her. But she was already up and out, so, great. Then she grabbed a clock, a prayer book, and a toothbrush, since she remembered desperately searching for one when she'd been rescued by the Carpathia. - Tweeting out, "'bout to sink, whooooa, see you bros later." (Jenny laughing) - You know that's exactly what would happen today. - (laughing) Oh shit, sinking bros. This may be it, ttyl. (laughing) - Once out on deck, Violet made her way to a lifeboat, and then, looking overboard, saw something that really threw her for a loop. (female vocals singing scat) What did she see? A, the ships propellers chopping up people in lifeboats like a Vitamix. - [Ryan] Holy shit! (laughing) - [The Professor] B, Iceberg Charlie beating a Mediterranean tiger shark with a lifeboat oar. Or C, a genie! - [Jenny] What! Okay. - Okay, so C's out. - This is it. A genie? Alright. - Alright. - Alright, Ryan, what'd you put? - Minced meat, baby. Option A. - Sure. Jenny. - Samesies. - You also put minced meat. - Well, it turns out old Iceberg Charlie thought that the ship was close enough to land that it was worth gunning for it. And not realizing that lifeboats had already dropped into the water, he was accidentally revving those propellers up into an inescapable death machine. Violet could hardly look away. So points for you both there. (trumpet fanfare) - Yeah. - Quote, "The propellers were having their little joke with anything in their way. Though hands were lowering boats mechanically, eyes were looking with unexpected horror at the debris and the red streaks all over the water." - Jesus Christ! - Yeah. - This lady has seen some shit, like literally. - [The Professor] Yeah, pretty rough. Well, unfortunately for Violet, her lifeboat was also dropping into the water, and as soon as it did, it was also slowly pulled in by the propeller's current. (Jenny gasping) Everyone else in the lifeboat jumped overboard as it was drawn in closer. And Violet had to now make a choice, because fun fact about her, she could not swim. (female vocals singing scat) How do you think this turns out for Violet? And I'll let you just free write this one. Ooh, I hear a lot of writing. And I see a lot of writing with my functioning eyes. - Doubtful. - Alright, Ryan. What do you got? - I think she stayed on the boat, and she beat her chest and hummed like Matthew McConaughey. - "The Wolf of Wall Street"? - Like "Wolf of Wall Street", she went (hums and beats chest). - [Jenny] Wow. - 'Cause she's a psychopath at this point. - Sure, sure, sure. Jenny, what do you got? - She just jumped into the ocean and doggy paddles her way out of this. - Okay, well, let's see how this panned out. (cymbals crashing) - I'm mortified. Hello! - Whoa! - Oh, lady, you gotta watch out. I'm no joke. - Oh, why must you do the things that you do? - [Propeller Puppet] Uh, don't blame me. Blame Iceberg Charlie. - I will. F you, Iceberg Charlie! - Splash. Zoink. A-thump-thump-thump. - (gasps) I have prevailed! - What? - What? - Wait, what? - What? - Wait, what just happened, what was the thunk, thunk, thunk noise? - She went under the propeller and somehow-- - The physics of that situation don't make any sense. - Explain. - Well, poor old Violet had no choice but to jump into the sea. And for what must have felt like an eternity, she was tossed around in the disorienting torrent. But miraculously, somehow survived. I'm gonna give a point to Jenny for that, because she called her jumping in. She said quote, "I felt myself rising and my head come into violent contact with something solid, but happily on that part where my plentiful hair was thickest. My brain shook like a solid body in a bottle of liquid. - What did she hit? - She has no idea. She may have grazed the propeller. We don't really know. - She had CTE for sure. - It's like final destination over and over again for her. - Yeah, she's really nailing it. Once she finally surfaced, she opened her eyes to a bloody sea of what she described as "human flotsam." - Jesus Christ. - That sounds disgusting. - That's a shark's fucking buffet right there. - So then she closed her eyes. (scoffing) - Now she closes her eyes? - Now she closes her eyes, because she can actually-- - Before she's like, "Ooh, look at these bodies." - She didn't like it. - And now she's actually swimming in it. - She would soon be scooped up by a rescue boat and given a cup of hot cocoa that she drank while sitting next to a surprisingly cheery man whose arm was hanging off by a piece of skin. It would be revealed that the Britannic crossed paths with a floating mine laid by a German U-boat, which damaged the hull to such a degree that the ship sank in 55 minutes flat. And that's even faster than the Titanic. But even so, due to less hazardous weather conditions and increased safety precautions, only 30 people lost their lives in the incident. Only 30. - So White Star is stock at this point. - They're not doing great. - Business ain't booming. - Oh my god. - Or it was in that moment. (rim shot hitting) - To bring this story to a close. (female vocals singing scat) One last question. - Alrighty. - After all this bad luck, how do you think things turned out for Violet in the end? A, she was killed in a roller coaster collapse on Coney Island. B, she was bitten by a rattlesnake while picnicking in Argentina. Or C, she lived well into her 80s and died a peaceful death. Ryan, what do you got? - I'm gonna go with C, I guess. - She lived well into her 80s and died a peaceful death. - This sounds like the writing of an old woman laying in bed. Just the fact that this woman-- The Titanic was a subplot in her life. Pretty interesting life. - Jenny, what do you got? - I also chose C. - [The Professor] You've also got C. Violet or Miss Unsinkable, as she was occasionally called, continued in the employ of White Star and various other lines for many years to follow and lived until the ripe old age of 83. - That's nuts. (trumpet fanfare) I just, the luck of some people. - I would encourage everyone to read her book, 'cause she, I mean, she's a great writer. She wrote a whole memoir of her life. There's a lot of details in there we didn't even cover. She had like a torrid love affair-- - Oh shit. - On one of the boats. She had a run-in with an alligator. - Every one of these stories would be the craziest thing that happened to any human. - True, yes. - And they happened to all of her. - Oh my gad. - A collection of tall tales. - Exhausting. - Quite the resume. - Well that concludes our history lesson. I'm going to go tally up the scores to see who receives the coveted cup and title of History Master. While I do that, please enjoy the special performance from a very special guest, the propeller who chopped up all the lifeboats during the sinking of the Britannic. (gentle swing music) - I get worried. - Oh hey, everybody. Well, I got a little song to sing. I hope you're ready. You remember me? I'm the propeller from earlier. - I totally, I do, I remember you. - Yeah, we remember you. - Oh, okay. - [Jenny] Very well. - I wasn't sure. - I didn't realize you had two teeth. - Huh? - [Jenny] (laughing) He has two little-- - Yeah. - [Ryan] Two little buckteeth. (Ryan and Jenny chuckling) - Here we go. ♪ Human flotsam ♪ ♪ Ain't two words ♪ ♪ That you likely like to see ♪ ♪ But a sneaky German U-boat ♪ ♪ Left a nasty little present ♪ ♪ For the ol' Britannic and me ♪ ♪ Well, I'm a propeller ♪ ♪ I ain't a violent feller ♪ ♪ Choppin' people up ain't my scene ♪ ♪ But then Iceberg Charlie put the pedal to the metal ♪ ♪ And what happened still haunts my dreams ♪ ♪ Oh well-a chop chop chop ♪ ♪ And-a scream scream scream ♪ ♪ Bodies floating in the sea ♪ ♪ I said-a chop chop chop ♪ ♪ And-a scream scream scream ♪ ♪ How'd this blood get all over me ♪ ♪ I'm a propeller ♪ ♪ An awfully sorry feller ♪ ♪ And all I ever wanted was a life of luxury ♪ ♪ But World War One, it ruined my fun ♪ ♪ My life is misery ♪ (crowd applauding) - Doesn't seem right. (laughing) Doesn't seem right. - Wow, what a singer! - Stop complimenting yourself! - What lyrics! - In the third person. Just stop-- - No, the propeller wrote that, that was his song. - [Jenny] If you think about, like my brain right now is thinking, like those people that were watching the folks getting chopped up by this propeller. If someone stopped them and said hey, one day. - You know what, honestly if any of them were still around, or relatives or anything, this is probably very therapeutic for them. (Ryan laughing) - Sure. - That was really good. Um-- - Yeah. - He's just complimenting himself. - Okay, so, we got a funny score situation here. I didn't plan for this, but, we got ourselves another tie. (gasping) So that means-- - That is impossible. - No, we do. - That is impossible. - So that means, we got ourselves a tiebreaker. - This is unbelievable. - And this is up to me, here. This is up to me. - Oh and like everything else wasn't? - So if you were to launch your own luxury cruise ship, what would you name it? - Oh my god. - Take your time. God that song was good. Very funny. - You know, I come on these little tales with you, I get invested. - Good, good. - I feel like I'm trying my best. - Yeah, you do. - And I feel like every time you take the floor out from under me. - You tied once. - Well, the other two I feel like there were arbitrary points given, - No, no. - But that's neither here nor there. - No, it's here. - I mean, we could go to the tape. - It's here and there. - I'm gonna rip that little satchel off you, that's what I'm gonna do. - I'll kill you. (Ryan laughing) - Alright. - What do you got, Jenny? (Ryan laughing) - This is so fucking Cuban, okay. The SS Colada. - Ooooh. - Oh, that's pretty good. - A colada is Cuban coffee, and it's like cocaine. - Ooh, I love coffee. - So just makes you go, go, go. - I love, I gotta try that. - I just called my Buoy Baby. - You called it Buoy Baby. - Hop aboard the Buoy Baby. - Hey, welcome to Buoy Baby. - The Buoy Baby. - Buoy Baby Liners. - You know what? It's a tough call, but I'm gonna have to give it to Jenny. - Ay! - What? - Ay! - Jenny, come on over here and claim your prize. - [Ryan] I can't believe-- - You are the History Master! - Thank you so much. - I can't believe he gave it-- Wow! - Step aside. (Ryan laughing) - Take your giant trophy. - Ah! - Well, at least you're taking it with grace, Jenny. - All yours. - Thank you. I'd like to thank the Academy and my Abuela. - Normally they're full of jellybeans, but I spilled them. (Ryan laughing) - Jenny Lorenzo, thank you for coming here, for being on this episode with us. And thank you for watching "Puppet History". We'll see you next time! ♪ I said-a chop chop chop ♪ ♪ And-a scream scream scream ♪ ♪ How'd this blood get all over me ♪ ♪ I'm a propeller ♪ ♪ An awfully sorry feller ♪

O BOX AS WELL. SO THE GIFT BOX 6 7 6 6 1 0 WE'RE GOING TO START THIS SHOW BY SUPER CHARGING IT. LET'S DO IT. EIGHTY FOUR PERCENT OFF. THAT'S HOW I LIKE TO START MY MY SHOW THIS MONTH .NEXT MONTH. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON OR TWO THOUSAND GONE .WE HAVE THE BEST PRICE EVER. NOTHING BUT PERFECT FIVE STAR REVIEWS. I THINK THAT REALLY SPEAKS VOLUMES ABOUT THE QUALITY OF THIS BRAND. YOU'RE LOOKING AT A TIME PIECE SOLID STAINLESS STEEL WITH A WONDERFULLY ACCURATE MOVEMENT ALL DONE IN A HIGHLY POLISHED FINISH YOUR CHOICE OF COLOR FOR TWENTY NINE DOLLARS AND NINETY THREE CENTS OR LET ME TAKE YOU THROUGH COLORS. THIS IS THE GOLD TONE GOLD TONE NOTHING BUT GOLD. ISN'T THAT PRETTY? THEN WE MOVE NEXT TO THE ROSE TONE ROSE TONE. IF YOU LOVE ROSE TO JEWELRY BUT DON'T YET HAVE A ROSE TIMEPIECE. PERFECT OPPORTUNITY. WE'VE A COUPLE TWO TONE OPTIONS HERE IS OUR SILVER TONE. GOLD TONE EXCUSE ME SILVER TONE TO TONE AND THEN WE ALSO HAVE A SILVER TONE SILVER SILVER TONE ROSE TONE YAY. SILVER SILVER. THAT'S GOING TO FEATURE A LITTLE BIT OF A ROSE TONE ACCENT BUT THAT THE US BRACELET IS ALL SILVER TONE ALL FOUR CHOICES AVAILABLE FOR NOW. I WILL TELL YOU THE ROSE TONE ROSE TONE WILL BE GONE IN THIS SHOW. THERE ARE JUST A COUPLE DOZEN BUT AT A TWENTY NINE DOLLAR AND NINETY THREE CENT PRICE POINT I THINK THIS IS WHERE YOU START. IF YOU'VE NEVER TRIED IN VICTOR HERE'S THE WATCH YOUR ORDERING TODAY. I WANT TO INTRODUCE YOU TO RYAN JOHNSON AND VICTOR RYAN. HE'S BEEN WITH THE NETWORK I BELIEVE TWELVE OR THIRTEEN YEARS BEEN WITHIN VICTOR QUITE A NINE YEARS AS THE WATCH EXPERT AND 15 YEARS ON TELEVISION TOTAL. SO RYAN, WHEN WE TALK ABOUT THIS BRAND AND WE TALK ABOUT VALUES LIKE THIS, I THINK THIS PARTICULAR WAY TO START THE SHOW EPITOMIZES WHAT VICTOR CAN DELIVER. YOU KNOW, WE'RE ALL ABOUT EXCEPTIONAL QUALITY AT AFFORDABLE PRICES. FETTERMAN THAT DATES BACK A HUNDRED AND EIGHTY THREE YEARS ALL THE WAY BACK TO 18 THIRTY SEVEN. THAT'S WHAT WE WERE FOUNDED AS A COMPANY AND THAT WAS OUR FOUNDING PRINCIPLE QUALITY TIMEPIECES AT MODEST PRICE. AND I THINK THIS IS A TRUE TESTAMENT TO WHO WE ARE AS A COMPANY TO BE ABLE TO GET INTO SOMETHING LIKE THIS A BEAUTIFUL WATCH STEMMING FROM OUR ANGEL COLLECTION THAT IS DEDICATED ENTIRELY FOR OUR FEMALE COLLECTORS. YOU'LL BE ABLE TO SEE THIS WATCH ON YOUR WRIST. IT'S A LITTLE BIT MORE THAT MODEST SIZE ,NOT THAT MODERN LADY SIZE BUT MORE THAT CLASSIC AT 33 MILLIMETERS OR AN INCH AND A QUARTER FOR THAT CASE DIAMETER JUST RISING UP THREE DAYS OF AN INCH FROM THE WRIST HAS A VERY, VERY NEURO PROFILE. BUT EVEN AT THIS PRICE POINT, FATMA WE INCLUDE IN HER UPGRADED FLAME FUSION CRYSTAL WHICH IS GOING THE HARDEST AND SCRATCH RESISTANCE AND LOOK AT THAT MULTI LINK DESIGN WITH THAT VERY HIGH POLISHING THAT CARRIES ALL THE WAY THROUGH. YOU KNOW AN OPPORTUNITY LIKE THIS YOU JUST DON'T THINK ABOUT YOURSELF BUT YOU THINK ABOUT OTHERS IN YOUR LIFE AND MAYBE JUST WHICH ONE YOU'RE GOING TO GET BUT HOW MANY FOR THOSE SPECIAL PEOPLE THOSE SPECIAL LADIES IN YOUR LIFE? THIS IS PERFECTLY REVIEWED AND IT'S NEVER BEEN A LOWER PRICE IF YOU'VE EVER WONDERED SHOULD I? IS IT WORTH. YES. YES, IT YES. I WANT TO READ SOME REVIEWS BECAUSE THERE ARE NOTHING BUT PERFECT FIVE STAR REVIEWS LIKE GLITTER GIRL STOCKTON I LOVE HER REVIEW. SHE SAYS BEAUTIFUL. THIS IN VICTOR WATCH WAS EXACTLY WHAT I WAS LOOKING FOR. THE FACE IS THE PERFECT SIZE. I NEED SOMETHING EASY WITH THAT. EASY TO SEE WITHOUT BELLS AND WHISTLES. THE MIXED YELLOW AND SILVER GOLD BRACELET IS STUNNING. IT FITS PERFECTLY. I DIDN'T EVEN HAVE TO ADJUST THE SIZE. I LOVE HOW EXQUISITE THE TIMEPIECE LOOKS ON MY WRIST. ALL OF THESE EXCELLENT FEATURES AND I GOT IT AT A GREAT PRICE. YOU REALLY CAN'T SHOP HQ THE SELECTION OF WATCHES AND THE CAPITAL LETTERS VALUE .SO WE'RE GONNA PUT 90 SECONDS ON THE CLOCK IN THE ROSE TONE ROSE TONE TWENTY LEFT. TWENTY LEFT. LET ME SHOW YOU THE FOUR COLORS ONCE AGAIN YOU'RE GOING TO SEE THE GOLD TONE GOLD TONE MOST POPULAR. LOOK AT THAT .LOOKS LIKE IT'S BEEN DUNKED IN ITALIAN GOLD. IT'S JUST SO PRETTY. ONLY ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY LEFT. TWENTY LEFT. THEN AGAIN IN THE ROSE JOHN ROSE STONE. THEN NEXT TO THAT WE HAVE OUR SILVER TONED SILVER TONE EXCUSE ME SILVER TONE TO TONE. SEE HOW IT'S GONNA BE ALL ABOUT THAT BRACELET. WERE YOU GOING TO GET A TWO TONE LINK DESIGN ON THE BRACELET AND THEN WE HAVE THIS SILVER TONE .SILVER TONES OVER. JOHN, THANK YOU. AND THAT'S THE ONE WHERE HAS IT ALL SILVER TONE BRACELET. I LIKE WHAT YOU SAID, RYAN, ABOUT GIFT GIVING BECAUSE FOR A PRICE OF TWENTY NINE DOLLARS AND NINETY THREE CENTS THAT IS NOT INDICATIVE OF WHAT THE VALUE OF THE WATCHES THIS IS NEARLY A TWO HUNDRED DOLLAR SOLID STAINLESS STEEL WATCH GOT A COUSIN VICTIM SHOP HQ OF SUCH A GREAT 18 YEAR RELATIONSHIP WE GET TO SUPERCHARGE TWENTY NINE DOLLARS BUT YOU REALLY WILL FEEL AND GIVE THE IMPRESSION YOU'RE GIVING IT TO HUNDRED DOLLAR WATCH .YES. I MEAN IT'S THE FEEL OF IT AND IT'S A LOOK WHETHER IT'S SOMEBODY TO ASK YOU ABOUT TO WATCH YOUR RACE OR YOUR GIFTING IT TO SOMEBODY SPECIAL IN YOUR LIFE YOU'LL I MEAN THIS IS ABSOLUTE QUALITY AT AFFORDABLE PRICE. PUSH BUTTON THE POINT NEVER BREAK IT NOW. LOVE THAT. THAT'S AN U

So at the end of the previous episode in 213, Lucifer's disappeared. Lucifer? He's basically ghosted the entire world. Chloe's trying to sort of soldier on and get back to work and do all of that. And then all of a sudden, Lucifer turns up as if nothing ever happened. Detective! Lucifer, I was really, really worried about you. Shh! On that thought, I have new? What? Lucifer! Meet Candy Morningstar, my wife. Wow. Chloe tries to hide it a little bit, but she's just, like, either fuming mad or so jealous. She's not taking it well. I know it might be a tad surprising. No, why would I be surprised that you disappeared after I almost died and then waltzed back in married to a stripper? Exotic dancer. But yes, I can explain. No. No need. I'm happy for you, really. Do you mind? Sorry. Am I bugging you? Part of the bigger plan is that he wants to find out what his mom's big scheme is. So he uses Candy to sort of gain some insider knowledge. And she becomes the perfect foil for that. You're my mom now too. We're family! [giggles] [music playing]

OK, good evening. My name is Larry Fuell, director of the Global Affairs Center. Thank you very much for coming out this evening. Before we begin, I just have two quick announcements I want to make. This evening's program is being recorded for classroom use and other uses on campus, so be aware of that. And it also means that during the question and answer, if you have a question-- we will remind you of this, but raise your hand, and somebody will run to you with a microphone. It's not just about making sure that everybody else in the room can hear you. Sometimes some of us know for a fact that we have big mouths, and that's not a problem. But the fact is the camera does a better job of picking it up without a lot of static if you're speaking into a microphone, so do that. The second announcement I want to make is if you're carrying a cell phone, please turn it off or put it on silent. And now it's my pleasure to turn the microphone over to Aura Rios-Erickson, who is ESL advisor here. And she personally knows the speaker, and she's here to do the introduction. Thank you, Larry. When I think about my country, the word that comes to mind is diversity. Peru is diverse economically, politically, geographically, and ethnically. Tonight, I cannot think of a more qualified individual to lead the discussion of my fascinating country than Consul Velasquez. Consul Velasquez is a leader in the Peruvian community in Washington state. His educational background includes a law degree from [INAUDIBLE],, [INAUDIBLE],, [INAUDIBLE],, and a graduate degree from Seattle University. He has been serving in his posts since 1997. In addition to doing that, he is dedicated to helping Peruvians [? here ?] in Washington state as well as my country, Peru. He does this by leading cultural efforts and promoting educational exchanges as well as business connections between Washington state and Peru. His list of accomplishments is too long to list tonight. I am very honored to have met Consul Velasquez. He is not only my compatriot but my friend. Please help me welcome Consul Velasquez. [APPLAUSE] I want to start with a question, as this practice in any higher education center like this one. And the question is, what is the country that is closest to heaven? And this is not a religious question, so don't get nervous, please. What is the country that is closest to heaven? Nepal. Well, that's a good answer, Nepal. Huh? Peru. Peru, no. The one that's closest to heaven is actually Brazil. We don't have the map here. Well, Brazil, because it's next to Peru that is heaven. And that's what the Incas thought of Peru, the center of the universe, center of the world at that time-- our little heaven. Let me give you some statistics about Peru that perhaps will give you an idea about the [? vast ?] of Peru's wealth. I don't know if you know that Peru has more than 3,000 kinds of potato. I like to start with that because most people think that potatoes are from Idaho, and actually, potatoes are from Peru. There's even a sentence that says, I am not more Peruvian than a potato. [SPEAKING SPANISH] Potatoes actually grow in the different altitudes of Peru. And we have all kinds of potatoes, colors, tastes, textures, all [? this ?] study about potatoes, also 55 varieties of corn. I don't know if you knew this, too. We have wonderful corn. People who have visited Peru have tried some of the best corn. And the official language of Peru-- we have three languages in Peru that shows some of the diversity that Aura mentioned before. We have, of course, Spanish, or what we used to call Castilian. Quechua comes from the Incas' time. And Aymara, which is in the border with Bolivia, where it's Puno now. Three languages. And I'm sure you know some words in Quechua already. Any volunteer with that? Not the ones who live in Peru. That doesn't count for the class. [LAUGHS] Any ideas? Do you know any words in Quechua, the language of the Incas? Quinoa, OK, that's one. We all know quinoa. Another one? If you get two right, you get a prize. [LAUGHS] This is a different kind of class. You get actually a price. Are there any other volunteers? Quinoa, and? Well, [INAUDIBLE]. But words that you use here in the English language? You have quinoa. You have the word, puma. What else? The word, alpaca, mm-hmm. What else? Condor, llama. One that is maybe not as known, but the word, jerky. Jerky comes from the word ch'arki, which means, dry meat, in Quechua. Do you know that? No. [LAUGHS] You are here to learn. [LAUGHTER] And the most most-known word, coca. Everybody knows coca-- Coca-Cola, and all other kind of coke, of course. But what is the identity of Peruvians? That's a good question, that somebody was asking me before I came. And [? half ?] Peruvians identify as Latinos. Something that we never ourselves introspect about, when we came to the United States, is [? our ?] Peruvian Latinos. Well, they don't speak Latin, so they don't qualify for being Latinos perhaps. Are they Hispanic? Well, Peruvians are not from Espana. No, they want to be associated with a word that has "panic" on it. So I don't even want to be Hispanic. We are Peruvians. We have a distinct identity, distinct culture-- distinct gastronomy, history. And it's a little bit what we're going to not discuss, but talk today. More than a lecture, I think it's a conversation about Peru-- some of the things you already know, and some things that we all want to learn today. A little bit about Peruvians' history-- but before that, I want to explain something, because we were talking about consulates. And sometimes it is good to understand our function here. The difference between a consulate or a consul, and an embassy and an ambassador. Most people have an idea there is a difference. I know some people here have worked in an embassy, so they have that very clear. But it's good to know. Consulates have a jurisdiction. Mine is Washington state, but I also help Peruvians that live in Oregon, and Idaho, and Alaska. The embassy is always located in the capital of the country. So the Peruvian embassy is located in Washington, DC, and is headed by an ambassador. And mostly, they will be dedicated about political matters and trade, because they can deal directly as a representative of our president to the federal government. My relationship here is with our local community, the business community, and the desire to promote Peru and exchanges with Peru. So my job is more local. And our ambassador's job is more national, and deals directly with the president-- because the ambassador of a country represents the president of that nation. And there is a Peruvian consulate here since 1904, believe it or not. Most consulates at that time were located in Port Townsend. And there was a reason for that. If you go to Port Townsend, you will see the old German consulate, the old Japanese consulate located there, because the Customs House of the United States was located there. We have some history buffs here. At that time, consoles were very dedicated about the trade between the countries, so they had to legalize, certify, the merchandise that was imported, exported. They have to deal with the crews of the ships. And because the US Customs House was located in Port Townsend, they needed to be close to it. And then, in 1967, they moved mostly to Seattle, and some to Tacoma. And I have read the letter that our consul at the time wrote to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in 1905, requesting to move the consulate from Port Townsend to another city. And he says, Dear Minister, it's time that we consider moving our office to a small city that is growing. Seattle, he says, because this is where we need to be located, for trade and promotion of Peru. And that was 1905. In the 1920s, our consul at that time wrote about this company that was going to probably change the history of the world-- Boeing, he said. He sent a lengthy report about Boeing, because consuls at that time, that's what they used to do. They used to be the internet, you know? They used to send information to our countries. And that's how we learned about distant places. And that's what we're trying to do-- [INAUDIBLE] to do now, is trying to show you about a distant place that is not far now. We are on the same Pacific coast, and we share many things, as you will see in a little bit. Talking about history of Peru-- well, that would take us a degree, not a class, because there is so much to talk about Peru. Before the Incas, as probably many of you know a little bit of the Incas' empire in Peru-- as the Aztecs were the two largest and most advanced civilizations in the Americas when the Spaniards arrived. The Incas were located in the southern part, and the capital-- I shouldn't get closer here. --of the Incas-- oh, thank you so much. Technology is wonderful, isn't it? One day it's going to kill us all, but before that, we should use it the best way we have. That's not the one. Here we go. Well, here it is. Oh, there's a center. You should be the one in the center. It is not a TV that you turn it on, like this, no? Here we have Lake Titicaca. But most people are not aware that before the Incas there were large cultures in Peru. We have in the northern part of Peru-- let's see-- we have the Chimus, the Mochicas. In the southern part, the Nazca, the Paracas, and the Chavin in the center-- here, with the little northern part of Peru. The cultures were very advanced, in arts, in architecture, in math, medicine. And we can talk a little bit about each one, so it gives you an idea. The Incas took advantage of that. As they were expanding their kingdom, that started in this area to the coast and the northern part of Peru, they took advantage of all that information-- and were able to have the civilization that we know now-- the Inca Empire. But for example, if you talk about the Nazca-- have you heard about the Nazca Lines? Many of you. These are not alien ships that came to Peru. Shirley MacLaine, the actor, famously one time promoted. Actually, they were the ancient Peruvians-- these wonderful signs in the sun. We don't know now for all the purposes. We have some ideas of it. But they were smart. [INAUDIBLE] that you can see only by air-- you know, the Nazca Lines that you have heard. The Paracas were nearby. The Paracas was a culture that is magnificent in medicine. They did brain surgery. And we know that people survived, because we can tell that it is grow in the bone of the head, and the portions where they performed the surgeries. They did wonderful textiles. There is some simple textiles at the Seattle Art Museum. I think someone took it as a souvenir and they forgot to return it to Peru. I'm fighting to return it, eventually. But in the meantime, you can enjoy that at the Seattle Art Museum. And the textiles that they produce, in color-- with natural colors. And maybe the ladies will help me. I don't want to be-- but the points, when you needle a sweater-- the number of points that they were able to accomplish was not able to be done until probably 80, 90 years ago. That advance, for a textile, people were very amazed how they did it. In the northern part of Peru, we have the Chimus. We have the Mochicas-- all these cultures before the Incas. if you visit Trujillo, you can see Chan Chan, the famous city of clay-- which is beautiful. And recently, it was uncovered, the Temple of the Sun and the Moon, near Chan Chan. And the good thing that it was preserved-- these temples-- is because they were covered, and they were building on top of each-- like a pyramid. And because they cover them, every platform, the colors were preserved. So now that is unearthed, you can see the beautiful colors-- how they use them, and the stories that they told in these murals. And then, of course, we have, as I said, the Incas-- the Inca Empire. We have this story of the beginning of our empire. I don't know if you have ever heard of this story. No? It's a beautiful story-- how would the children of the sun came out of Lake Titicaca and founded or started the Incas' Empire. We have probably 140 years before the Spaniards arrive in the conquest. And you can read, or you can see more of what we have of remnants of this architecture in the city of Cuzco, mainly-- because it was the capital. They used to think that it was the center of the world-- Cusco. And they built beautiful temples, and palaces, and ceramics, because the Inca used to live there. Many people have heard of Machu Picchu, of course. Machu Picchu was not recently-- I don't want to use the word, discover, because I think it would be misleading. Hiram Bingham, which was a famous US archaeologists and discoverer, working for National Geographic, was the one who I think put it in the knowledge of the world. But the people that were living there, they all knew about Machu Picchu, so it was not a mystery per se. There were a lot of families living already in Machu Picchu, when Hiram Bingham came, and what we said now, discover Machu Picchu. I would say, 1910, I believe, something like that. And it was a major discovery for National Geographic. And Machu Picchu, as most people know, there are different versions of what it was used for. Some people think it was like a spa for the Incas. Because by train, now it's four hours. Probably back then it was a couple of days or so, or three or four days for what is called now the Incas path. Inca trail, yes. Inca trail, thank you. No, no confusing with Shining Path, which is a different path. And it took around three to four days to arrive in Machu Picchu. I mean, and it was possibly because of the climate, and near to the Amazon jungle-- a really pleasant place for the Inca to spend some time there. But it was abandoned after the Spaniards came for many, many years-- almost 400, until Hiram Bingham, as I said, showed it to the world. Most people always ask, why is it that the Peruvians now live so far in the highlands? Because we have a large population-- people who live really far in the highlands of Peru. And looking at the history at the time of the Incas, they didn't have a custom to live that high. At the time of the colonization of Peru, they escape the Spaniard conquest, and they just move to the highest portion to be left alone. That is still until now. And it's hard for our nation to give services, and provide what is needed to these communities, because they are so far in the highlands. So it gives you a little idea. When the Spaniards came to Peru, they encountered a little civil war. It was the right time when they arrived, between the brothers at [INAUDIBLE] and Huascar Remember that the Incas' Empire covered Ecuador-- what is now Ecuador, parts of Colombia, Bolivia, parts of Chile, and a little bit of Argentina. Believe it or not, that was the extension of the Incas' Empire. So they arrive at the right time in history, in the sense for them-- not for us. But for them it was the right time. And they were with very few men to conquest Peru, and they stay there for 400 years-- our colonial period-- and [? blow ?] a fusion between Europe and the Incas' Empire. They found a civilization, and they were very impressed with what they found. Many of the structures that they found at that time-- and that's what some people ask me about this. I said, why are there so many structures when the Incas [INAUDIBLE] that are destroyed-- that look like piles of rocks or sand? And the answer is, that at the time of the conquest, those buildings were assigned to the different conquistadors, or part of the military groups that arrived, as mining rights. So, and Espana was given the right to mine in a certain temple, or a certain construction of buildings. And that's why they-- looking for gold, or precious things-- most of the time destroy the walls and the edification itself. And we have a lot of places that even until now we still discover because they were left as a pile of rocks or sand-- that looks from afar like a small hill, when actually we understand now there were buildings at the time. So I'll give you an idea what happened. But 400 years of colonization of Peru give us a very interesting position in South America. Sometimes people ask me, why is it that the most capitals of South America are located in the ports? And that can be answered by a teacher, or me. But Lima is by the coast, as more cities, like Santiago and the major cities, because the Spaniards wanted to take all, where they could, through the ports of the major cities in South America. So for them it was more convenient to have the capitals or the center of the administration near the sea. And that's why we have Lima, which has a horrible weather. I hope this is not being taped, but yes. [LAUGHS] Most people agree, there is other places in Peru that has such wonderful weather. We should have Lima, or the capital of Peru, and other places to enjoy better weather-- but Lima itself suffers by El Nino, and sometimes La Nina, and Los Ninos, and we have horrible weather right on the coast. But if you leave Lima-- a little bit in the south, in the north-- people who have lived there, they enjoy sun, and it's warmer, and it's nicer. But this is what we had at that time. We have two wonderful things if you visit Peru, by the way. You have Machu Picchu, is one of the wonders of the world. And you have the Amazon, which is one of the natural wonders of the world. The Amazon River does not start in Brazil. It starts in Peru, believe it or not. Do you know that? Yeah, that was me. Well, the Amazon is so big that you cannot see it, actually. [LAUGHTER] And it's true-- if you are in one side of the Amazon River, you cannot see the other side of the river. You feel like you are looking at-- this is one of the parts where the river actually is not that wider. But in many parts of the Amazon, that is that wide. So it's such experience, actually, to visit the Amazon and the jungle, when almost 13 different languages are spoken there-- completely different of each other, and in small groups. In the colonial times there is an expression that still survives until now, that is called [INAUDIBLE] Peru. Have you heard that expression? It seems you are worth a Peru. Because for the Europeans at that time, Peru's goal was wealth. And that expression, it was used until even recently in Europe, when people said, you are worth a Peru. That was the idea of the Europeans about the worth of gold and riches in Peru. Well, we jump very quickly to the independence of Peru. We could go on talking about the Incas. But General San Martin, who actually is an Argentinian, started going to Chile, to Bolivia, and arrived in Peru, declaring the independence of this country. And this is a very interesting period and the Americas and in Europe. And so people say, why was it a little easy-- not that it was that easy, but easy for General San Martin to declare independence in all these countries, and in Peru. And Peru was not that easy, for the fact that us being in the center of South America, most Spanish armies were contracting in Peru. As the rebellion and independence was growing in other parts-- in Venezuela, in Argentina-- the armies left were concentrated in Peru. And anybody's a history buff? What was happening in 1821 in Spain? Revolution [INAUDIBLE]. No, no, in Spain-- in Spain. Do we have any history professor here? [LAUGHS] Napoleon, he took over Spain, so the colonial possessions of Spain were like in a [INAUDIBLE]. What was happening, because we didn't have a king at that time in Spain. So it was a great time for us to get to be independent-- when the Spaniards couldn't get their act together at the time. They didn't know what was going on in Europe. They were under Napoleon, and it was the right time for us to become independent. And General San Martin went to the main square in Lima and declared the independence of Peru. And he's also the one that dreamed of our flag-- in red, white, and red. And you have the seal of Peru. And you see the begonia there. You see the quinina tree. Another quinoa-- the quinina tree. And the horn of plenty, or of gold, showing the richness of Peru. You know, the animal kingdom, the mineral, and also the floral of Peru. Now we took out a little of the culture, because we have here to talk about Peru now. And we cannot talk about the culture of Peru without speaking about the gastronomy in Peru. I don't know if you know that. Because Peruvians are as fanatics about food as Argentinians about soccer. [LAUGHTER] They are very fanatic about food. We decided to be good about something. India decided to be good about computers, and Hyderabad and those places [? forty ?] years ago. Peruvians decided, we have to be good about something-- food. And we already had a good gastronomy from the start, but 40 years ago, we decided to be really, really good. And we have become one of the culinary destinations in the Americas. The four best restaurants in the world is in Lima. I think two of the 40 best restaurants in the world are also located in Lima. The best in Latin America is located in Lima. So we have been very intentional about taking advantage of the fusion of our food. And that has an explanation. We have huge immigration from China. Almost 10% of our population are from Chinese origin. We have almost 5% of our population of Japanese origin. We have large Afro descendents, from Africa. And of course, we have our indigenous population, that is more than 50%-- almost 60%. And we have European influence. Italians at one time were the largest community in Lima-- and Spaniards. And we have this influence. I didn't pick this menu today. Somebody else did. But we have the ceviche, which is not like any other country's ceviche, I will tell you. It must be the lemon, I don't know. But this dish is from Asian influence, which originally was created in a wok. It has a little soy sauce on it. I will not give you the whole description of it, because you have to try. But it's called lomo saltado. And this one is called causa, I believe. And this has a name-- causa, cause-- because it was created for the independence of Peru-- for the cause of independence. It's called causa. And it was sold-- not like these. These are more sophistication of the causa. But the basic one, to get some funding for the independence of Peru. So Peruvians are very proud of it. And our gastronomy is one of the things that we're very proud. Perhaps you don't know, but we eat guinea pig. Did you know that? We love guinea pig. Guinea pig love us, because we take care of them. And then they become part of us. So they are very loved, the guinea pigs. I know guinea pigs here are pets. I know. I respect that very much. But this is the Incas' food, and it's a powerful food-- the meat of the guinea pig-- what we call cuy. I know, nobody's perfect. There is always something there. We also have the pisco sour. Have you heard about the pisco sour? Oh, that was more popular than the guinea pig, I would think. [LAUGHTER] Pisco is a brandy that is produced in Peru, in a port that is called Pisco. It started there, and we are very proud of that. It is very tasty. And we created a pisco sour, that many people have sometimes tried. In our culture we have in place, as I said, for this fusion of different groups and communities, that right now are Peru. And one of the expressions is in our current president. Our current president is Pablo Kuczynski. His father German, grandfather Polish, mother French. We have a president that was from Japanese origin-- President Fujimori. Yeah, here we have the visit of our president. Last week he was in the White House meeting with Mr. Trump. He has become the first Latin American president to visit the White House. We have a nice conversation. He has invited President Trump to visit Peru, and he has accepted. So he said he is going to be in Peru in 2018, as part of the Americas Summit of Presidents. So hopefully that will happen. It would be nice, I'm sure. We would like him to have some guinea pig and pisco sour there, too. [LAUGHTER] And we'll talk a little bit about the free trade agreement, at the end, with the United States. But I wanted to talk a little bit more about things from Peru and Washington state that are having [INAUDIBLE] to talk about. Many people perhaps don't know that one of the first Europeans-- well, he was not European, but non-- well, the description is white. But that arrive in Washington state is Juan de la Bodega y Quadra. Juan de la Bodega y Quadra was born in Lima. And at that time he was under the Spanish crown, of course. But nevertheless, to us he's Peruvian. And he was here for two years in Washington state, with an expedition from Spain. And they had a lot of contacts with the native population here. And he died on his way back to Peru, in the port of San Blas. San Blas is in Mexico, and at that time was a main port for the Spanish crown to go around the Pacific and to the Philippines. But he stayed here two years. And he's the one that established the current-- we have the current borders between Canada and the United States here, in the north in the Pacific Northwest. IT hasn't been touched since that time. At the time it was the British colony-- the crown, and the Spanish crown. He was a little upset, because he was here two years trying to get more territory and at the end he didn't get it. But nevertheless, he respected that, and then he left. And this is the borders that we have now with Canada, here in the Pacific Northwest, because of Juan de la Bodega y Quadra One of the things I wanted to mention, that perhaps people would like to know, is that Peru-- and this is kind of interesting-- has the second largest amount of shamans in the world, after India. I didn't know that either. I get a lot of inquiries about visiting Peru because of the shamans and a special practice that is called ayahuasca. Have you heard that? Where they have some-- and I am not promoting this, by the way. This is a description of a cultural activity, which is that they have like a chicha, or a drink that is done by the shamans. I know some people are taking notes. Don't. It takes a few days to get this drink. And then people have a ceremony with the shamans, and sometimes in the jungle of Peru, or in the highlands of Peru. And they go back in their lives. And it's a process of two or three days. And for some people, they're very interested in that. They do it. They think it's great therapy-- they help them. I have never seen it myself, but it's becoming a little tourist activity there for some. I personally do a lot of research before I do anything like this, because you have to be careful. But it is interesting. I didn't know that also that it was the second. The other thing that I found out that is very interesting-- I knew we have a large number of orchids. But we have 1,625 types of orchids in Peru. Did you know that? I found that out myself. Also, that Peru is a surfer's paradise, because it has a wave at 4 kilometers long. That's in Mancora in Piura, and it has the world's largest left-handed point break. That I don't know. If someone knows about those things, can you [INAUDIBLE] a little more? This I knew-- which was the Cotahuasi, which is a canyon in Arequipa-- probably visit Arequipa one time-- is I think twice as deep as the Grand Canyon here in the United States. That is interesting. Lake Titicaca is the highest navigable lake in the world. Perhaps that you knew. Half belongs to Peru, and half belongs to Bolivia now. Peru is the eighth largest producer of coffee. We have great coffee. A couple of years ago, we won the best coffee in the world. And I had a chance to meet the winner. And something that I really like to share with you is that Peru has nine different micro climates. And we are blessed with that, because we have such a diversity in our flowers, plants. And the Amazon River has become like the pharmacy of the world. And that's why we have to all work to preserve it. Because there are so many things coming out of the Amazon-- maca, which was the Viagra of the Incas. That's what they said. I don't know for sure. But this is not a joke. This is what it says officially. [INAUDIBLE] I don't know if you know of those herbs. Many things-- so we need to preserve the Amazon, because we still need to find many more cures in the Amazon jungle. But because of the climates, we have such differences in types of potato, and fruits-- from the coast way up to the highlands, and then to the Amazon jungle. One thing I wanted to also share with you regarding globalization, and Washington state, and Peru-- I was approached a few years ago by a nation. I think it's called your new tribal communities-- nations here. And they have an exchange with an indigenous community in Cuzco in Peru. And they've become really good friends. They love the exchanges and the culture. So they told me and said, Consul, we want to go there, and we want to give them a gift. So I said, well, that's a nice thought, please think your gift well. And they went and said, well, we want to ask them. So they went all the way to Cusco, to this indigenous community, and said, we want to give you a gift What is that you want here in the community for economic growth? Because we have help from our casinos, and we have some money there that we can share with you. And you know what the community asked? A taco factory. [LAUGHTER] That is globalization. Because we don't have tacos in Peru. Tacos are from Mexico and Central America. And I said, how is that that we are asking for taco factory in Peru? But it's because in Cusco there is so much demand for an American tourist for burritos and enchiladas that the people in Cusco are saying, what is this burritos, and enchiladas, and tacos? There's money to be made here. So the indigenous communities start producing tortillas, and to make tacos. That was a very interesting example of globalization, when we have that. And that was OK. They still have a great experience with that. Washington state, of course, has Costco. And Costco buys from Peru $160 million a year in produce. It buys quinoa. It buys [INAUDIBLE],, blueberries, bananas, grapes. Have you seen the balloon grapes? If you haven't seen it, try them. Magnificent. Because we are blessed, once again, with these climates. So we produce things year round-- many things, like asparagus. I had a little challenge a few years back between the Peruvian asparagus and Washington asparagus. I don't know if you know that I was in the middle of that trade war. And Peruvian asparagus, as [INAUDIBLE] any free market, the buyer is the one who imposed the needs of the market-- price and freshness. So we're doing really well with Peruvian asparagus, which is big, tasty. And because of my work with the Peruvian asparagus, the Peruvian Asparagus Association invited me to visit them in Peru, and visit the asparagus growers. And I couldn't believe it. They were producing asparagus twice a day. They would go in the morning and cut it, and they would go in the evening and cut it again. And they were producing year round. That was hard for Washington state to compete, but we always can find something in the middle. So we are in the fresh asparagus production, and Washington state is cutting it. And that's good for Washington state, too. And we were happy about that decision. That was not done by us, but it was the market itself. Because we don't place the price. It's the consumer that does. Peru signed a free-trade agreement with the United States. In 2009, it was signed finally. And I believe it's doing well for both of us. At least our president and Mr. Trump think so, that it's working for us. We are producing things that the United States needs. The United States is exporting to Peru, and so far it's working well. There are some parts of the agreement that takes care of our biodiversity, and working together, and save our biodiversity-- and taking care of it. The investors from the United States are well covered in our legal system here in the US. So we have a good agreement with the United States. Hopefully, we'll continue in that sense. But I just wanted to close with a sentence that Antonio Raymondi, which was an Italian that was in Peru studying the flowers. He said, Peru is like a pauper-- [? mandigo, ?] a poor man-- sitting in a gold bench-- because we have so much richness. But that was at that time. I think now we have learned what we have. We need to preserve it. We need to grow it. And we need to do it together with natural partners, like Washington state. Thank you very much. [APPLAUSE] Do you have any questions? Remember, if you have a question, just raise your hand and we'll bring a mic to you. There's two microphones in the room. The one thing that's not mentioned on the facts here is the education of your people-- what levels and so forth. What institutions-- how they compare with other countries in South America. Thank you. That's a great question. And that's one of the goals of the last governments in Peru, is education. We're working really hard on infrastructure that is needed. Part of it has been accomplished, but there's still a lot to be done-- especially in the rural areas and the highlands. But our curricula and our teachers, we are trying to put as much of our national budget into education now, to reflect that interest that we have in educating our children. One of the things that is good, perhaps, is that English now is becoming more compulsory, and so more people have access to learn more about the world through the internet and English. But yes, this is something that is hard. Even though we have a large population that is located-- and it's expressed here-- our community of immigrants from Peru here are mostly professional business people, trade people. And our families focus their children into education. So within the Latin American communities, perhaps Peruvians have the highest number of children in colleges, graduating from colleges, and having higher point average. We're very proud of that within the Latin American communities, because Peruvians place such high importance in education. Could you speak to politics in your country? I will. Well, as we were talking about the roles of consulates and embassies, one of the main roles of our embassies is policies and politics. And they are the ones who are more called to present those issues to you than actually myself. But if you want to talk about our recent election, we just had one in 2016. President Kaczynski was elected president. And the second candidate was Keiko Fujimori, who was the daughter of President Fujimori. So that was very interesting to see the daughter of Japanese immigrants with a son of a German immigrant in Peru competing for election. And by the anecdote of all of that is that the wife of President Kaczynski is an American. The husband of Ms. Fujimori is American. So we'll have a first lady or first husband an American anyway-- if any of them win. So that was nice. And we have now Miss Nancy Lange, who is a US citizen-- our first lady. And hopefully, she will visit us very soon. That's what we are trying to accomplish. Gracias. Can you talk a little bit about the condition of Afro Peruvians, in terms of representation in the government and politics, socioeconomic status-- maybe representation in television, and various ways that racism is manifested. It's a very simple question. Well. [LAUGHS] [LAUGHTER] I like that. I like the end of it-- a very complex, simple question. I will give you my perspective. That I can give you. We call Peru the country of all bloods, [SPEAKING SPANISH] because of our mixture and fusion. And we call ourselves one race-- the human race. Because we feel that our blood is so intermixed, that how can you describe someone from this particular group or that particular group? In the specific area of the Afro descendants, as we recall, from them we have inherited wonderful music. Afro Peruvian music is magnificent. I wish I brought some examples of music, too, because we are blessed with the music. The influence in food-- in our gastronomy. But definitely, we still need to be more inclusive of different groups. But I think the challenge will say what I said in the beginning, that we all now so intermix in that sense. Families couldn't tell exactly if they descend from one group or the other. Myself, for example, from my father's side I'm Italian and Spaniard. And from my mother's side, have indigenous and Spanish also. And sometimes people ask me, who am I? You know what they're wondering. And I am Peruvian, because Peruvian is like that. Sometimes at the consulate I have someone whose last name is Chang, or Wu. Sometimes I have a Peruvian that their last name could be Fujimori. So we have that diversity in that sense in Peru, but so intermixed together that sometimes it would be hard to-- know but definitely, as I said, yes, we need to have more inclusion. Sometimes we don't have the best models on TV, I will say. That's one of the things that we are working on it, because there were a lot of stereotypes and thinking that it was funny. But it has to be funny for both of us, not just that people who laugh on the TV. And that's something that Peruvian TV is working, because it could be demeaning to certain groups to be portrayed the way they are. I don't know, I hope I answered a little bit of your question. What representation in the government? Are there blacks in the government [INAUDIBLE] positions? Well, we don't call it black. We call it Afro descendant. And as I said, yes, in the sense that in the military, and air force, and the police-- but it will be hard to just say this person is, for their look, is Afro descendant. Yes, Afro descendent. We will say that is Peruvian, perhaps with a darker skin than other Peruvians, but it's no less Peruvian than anybody else. Our Afro descendent community is small. But it's not perhaps well represented in politics, as you said. Other questions? Wow, we all want to go eat. Well, if you want to go to Peru, give us a call. We have wonderful brochures to give to you. So what do Peruvians like to do for fun? Oh wow. Besides eat, of course. Well, if you're on the coast of Peru, there is a lot of water sports, and sliding that you can do. I don't know if you have a picture of Lima. Lima is right in the coast of Peru. We have wonderful beaches in Peru, that you can enjoy. This looks like this is the sun. But hiking-- you see, here's the coast of Lima-- very modern city. This is the Marriott hotel. A couple of years ago it was selected the best Marriott in the world to stay. Peru also has between the 25 best hotels in Cusco, and one of the best 25 hotels in the world. And in the Sacred Valley I think is one of the best to 20 small hotels, family owned, because we have a wonderful hotel infrastructure now. This is the main square in Peru. You will see this is from the colonial times-- our cathedral. In front you will see our presidential palace. That is more representative of contemporary times. And it was built in the place where Pissaro, the conquistador of Peru, had their home. Now we only see what we have seen now, this magnificent building, but it was done in the 1920s and '30s. This is Cusco. Cusco keeps more the Incas' and colonial flavors in the city. That's the cathedral that you can visit. And that's the Church of the Jesuits-- the Compania church. And around the square you will see some of the buildings from the colonial times. These are from 1600 and 1700, and they are well preserved-- now mostly hotels. If you go to Cusco be sure to check the hotel prices. They are quite pricey nowadays. You have to find a good bargain. And probably you have seen Machu Picchu in many ways. And this is Huayna Picchu, which is the mountain behind this structure. This is what we call [INAUDIBLE].. What do we say? Is it steps? Terrace. That's where they used to have the potatoes, or grow wherever it is needed for this site. And then there are some main squares, where they'll do ceremonial events. And there some is some quarters for the Inca and their family. The Incas' was not a monarchy, as the Europeans had the ambition. So [INAUDIBLE] monarchy, they pretty much designated who was the king for the Inca next. And to make it royal what they will do to the best general or to the best leader, is they will marry their ancestors. They will give them the ancestors and mummies in different temples. And when it was time to make them royal, they would just marry them-- became family with the king, or the Inca at that time, because of this kind of ceremonies. To them, of course makes sense. To us, it was a little [AUDIO OUT] clay. And it's a construction before the Incas, but the Incas used it too. Well, thank you so much. As I say, if you decide to visit Peru and you want to have a little more information, please give us a call. We are more than happy to give you some brochures, and some ideas, and what to do for fun in Peru. Good night. [APPLAUSE]

so we finally get a look at the  huawei mate 40 pro and i'll be   sharing the details right after this.   If you're new here and want to stay  up to date with the latest tech please   hit subscribe followed by the bell.  You can also keep up on facebook,   instagram and twitter by clicking the  links in the description. So today   we've got plenty of news to share  about the upcoming huawei mate 40   and the mate 40 pro we've got the design  the specs the certification and pricing   and it's not long until huawei released  the smartphone before we get started   though please like the video if you're  looking forward to the huawei mate 40   or the mate 40 pro let me know in the  comments what device you're watching   this video on but first up we've got the  sharing of a tpu case for the mate 40   and the mate 40 pro these were shared by  rodent 950 on twitter and they confirm   exactly what we expected it  from the back of the smartphone   we can see the presence of a large  circular cutout for the mate 40 pro's   rear cameras while there's no cutout  for the led flash in the top left   it's not technically required as  it doesn't protrude from the case   there are speaker marks on the top  and the bottom of the tpu case which   suggests we may see stereo speakers  on the mate 40 pro but the lack of any   large circular cutouts on the top or the  bottom confirm no three and a half mil   headphone jack we do however expect the  ir blaster rodent 950 also shared with   us a few days ago the screen protectors  showing us the main differences in size   and display curvature between  the mate 40 and the mate 40 pro   if we move on to the mate 40 tpu case  you can see it's similar to the mate 40   pro apart from it's a little bit smaller  and one big changes on the top where   you can see a large circular cutout  which is no doubt for a headphone jack   we've also had the mate 40 model numbers  appear on tenor which not only confirms   we'll be seeing a launch shortly  but also that three different models   exist we've got the oce-an00 model  which belongs to the huawei mate 40   and this is codenamed ocean we've got  the noh-an00 model which is the huawei   p40 pro and this is code named noah and  finally we've got the nop-an00 model   which at this stage is causing a lot of  confusion what we know it is going to   be the most premium model of the huawei  mate 40 we're unsure if this is the mate   40 pro plus or the kuawai mate 40 rs  porsche design we also have news from   rodent 950 that the huawei mate 40 is  going to have a 50 megapixel sensor with   liquid lens technology the liquid lens  technology was patented by huawei a few   months ago and this allows for faster  autofocus and better stabilization   earlier reports suggested that it may  be for the mate 50 but we're now pretty   certain that it's going to be making its  debut in the huawei mate 40. of course   within his tweet he's also shared many  other specs which we'll go over shortly   now with the recent leaks out of the  way we're going to run through the   full specs of the huawei mate 40 series  to help you guys decide if this is the   phone for you and if you should wait so  first up we've got the huawei mate 40   the huawei mate 40 is coming with a  6.4 inch full screen display and a   punch hole selfie camera in the top left  and this is of course an amoled display   unlike other smartphones the base model  of the huawei mate 40 is still going to   support a curved display and the mate  40 is going to have an in-display   fingerprint scanner and a dual punch or  camera in a pill shape cutout in the top   reports are suggesting that this amoled  display is going to be a 90 hertz panel   on the rear we've got a circular camera  module that houses three cameras and an   additional sensor at this moment in time  we're unsure what this sensor is for but   it could likely be a timer flight  depth sensor rodent 950 is advised   a 50 megapixel a 20 megapixel and an 8  megapixel camera but a few other sources   are claiming a 108 megapixel primary  the device will of course be powered by   the kirin 1020 system on chip the spec  sheet from pc online suggests it will   come with up to 12 gigs of ram and up  to 512 gigabytes of expandable storage   via the nm card slot it will of course  be running emui 11 out of the box and   it's going to pack a 4 300 milliamp hour  battery with 66 watt fast charge support   next up we've got the huawei mate 40  pro while very similar the mate 40 pro   is going to be larger than the standard  mate 40 with a 6.78 inch display it's   reportedly going to have a 90 or 120  hertz amoled display and as you can   see by the renders we've still got the  dual punch hole selfie camera and the   in display fingerprint scanner as you  can see we've got a physical volume   rocker as well as power buttons on the  right hand side of the phone which is a   welcome change from last year's touch  controls and the display looks to be   more curved than the standard mate 40.  on the top you can see it looks like the   ir blaster is going to be staying on the  mate 40 pro and as you can see it's got   the same circular camera module but this  time with a quad camera setup rodent 950   is advised that we'll be getting a 50  megapixel liquid camera an 80 megapixel   ultra wide a periscope lens and a timer  flight depth sensor but personally if on   leaks renders are correct then i think  we may not be getting the time of flight   the huawei mate 40 pro is of course  going to be powered up by the kirin   1020 system on chip and again it's  going to come with up to 12 gigs of ram   and up to 512 storage it's reportedly  coming with a 5 000 milliamp hour cell   with 66 watt fast charge support  and it's going to ship with emui 11.   as we touched on earlier there's also  reports of a mate 40 pro plus or a   mate 40 porsche design but with very  little information on them right now   we're going to save it until something  more solid comes to light we do however   think there's only going to be one or  the other and that we won't have both   unfortunately the same as last  year we're also going to have the   huawei mate 40 range being released  without google services so that may   put a few of you off we also don't  know at this stage if they plan on a   global launch or if they're just  going to be keeping it to china   as always though if more information  comes to light i'm going to be sharing   it with you guys straight away but  i'd like to know your thoughts in   the comments who out there is waiting  for the mate 40 does the lack of google   services put you off and what version  of the mate 40 are you waiting for   but thanks for watching the video  if you liked it smash a thumbs up   if you didn't hit the thumbs down twice  and i'll see you guys in the next one my you

Chinese: 我和一个来自MIT的 发明了从摩擦来获得能量的技术的学生团队 这项技术能实现前所未有的效率比 让学生团队激动不已 他们甚至发明了一个发电滑板 来展示他们的技术效果 从头脑风暴开始，把每一个创意都拿出来 包括那些看起来很疯狂的想法 别担心分析性的，尤其是批评性的想法 在这一点上，一定要把你的思路打开 为你的创意找到合适的潜在行业 就我们学生发明的这个摩擦能量技术来看 潜在的行业 可能是汽车行业，体育行业 电子，医疗，能源和建筑 等等 French: Voici une équipe d’étudiants de MIT qui ont inventé la nouvelle technologie pour créer de l’énergie à partir de la friction. Cette technologie promet un ratio d’efficacité sans précédent, ce qui passionne les étudiants. Ils ont même créé un skateboard autonome pour démontrer ce que peut faire la technologie. Commencez par un brainstorming, lancez toutes les idées que vous pouvez avoir, y compris les plus folles. Ne vous souciez pas de l’analyse, et notamment la critique des idées. À ce moment-là, gardez votre esprit ouvert. Identifiez les secteurs potentiels pour votre idée. Dans le cas de la technologie de l’énergie de friction inventée par nos étudiants, des secteurs possibles pourraient être le secteur automobile, le sport, l’électronique, la santé, l’énergie, et l’architecture, pour n’en citer que quelques-uns. Portuguese: Conheça a equipe de estudantes do MIT que inventaram a nova tecnologia para aproveitar a energia do atrito. Essa tecnologia promete uma eficiência sem precedentes, o que faz os estudantes muito ansiosos. Eles até criaram um skate que se move sozinho para demonstrar o que a tecnologia pode fazer. Comece pelo brainstorm, jogando ideias na parede, incluindo as loucas. Não se preocupe em analisar, e especialmente criticar ideias. Nesse ponto, deixe sua lente super aberta. Identifique potenciais indústrias para sua ideia. No caso da tecnologia de atrito inventada pelos nossos estudantes, indústrias em potencial poderia ser a automotiva, esportiva, eletrônicos, saúde, energia e arquitetura, para nomear algumas. English: Meet a team of MIT students who invented the new technology for harnessing energy from friction. This technology promises an unprecedented efficiency ratio, which makes the students very excited. They even created a self-powering skateboard to demonstrate what the technology can do. Start by brainstorming, throw every idea at the wall, including the crazy ones. Don't worry about analyzing, and especially criticizing ideas. At this point, keep your aperture wide open. Identify potential industries for your idea. In the case of the friction energy technology invented by our students, potential industries could be the automotive industry, sports, electronics, healthcare, energy, and architecture, to name a few. Spanish: ... Conozcan un equipo de estudiantes del MIT que inventó la nueva tecnología para aprovechar la energía generada por fricción. Esta tecnología promete una relación de eficiencia sin precedente, lo que entusiasma mucho a los estudiantes. Incluso crearon una patineta que se autoalimenta para demostrar lo que la tecnología puede hacer. Comiencen por reflexionar en grupo, someter a análisis general todas las ideas, incluso las locas. ... No se preocupen de analizar, y en particular de criticar ideas. A estas alturas, mantengan su mente muy abierta. Identifiquen potenciales industrias para sus ideas. En el caso de la tecnología con energía de fricción inventada por nuestros estudiantes, las potenciales industrias podrían ser la automotriz, deportes, electrónica, cuidado de la salud, energía y arquitectura, por nombrar algunas. Korean: 마찰로 에너지를 이용하는 신기술을 개발한 MIT학생들을 만나보시죠. 이 기술은 전례 없는 효율비를 약속하기 때문에 학생들을 매우 흥분시킵니다. 그들은 심지어 자가충전을 하는 스케이트 보드를 만들어 이 기술이 무엇을 할 수 있는지 보여줍니다. 우선 브레인스토밍으로 시작하여, 터무니 없는 아이디어까지 포함하여 모든 아이디어를 도출해내죠. 분석과 비판에 신경쓰지 마세요. 이 시점에서는 시야를 열어두세요. 당신의 아이디어에 걸맞는 잠재산업들을 발견해보세요. 마찰 에너지 기술을 개발한 우리 학생들의 잠재산업들을 몇가지 꼽아보자면 자동차, 스포츠, 전자기계, 헬스케어, 에너지, 그리고 건축 등이 있겠죠. Turkish: Sürtünmeden enerji elde etmek için yeni bir teknoloji bulan MIT öğrencileri ile tanışın. Bu teknoloji, öğrencileri çok heyecanlandıran, benzersiz bir verim oranı vadediyor. Bu teknolojinin neler yapabileceğini göstermek için, kendi kendini çalıştırabilen bir kaykay bile yaptılar. Beyin fırtınası yaparak, çılgınca olanlar da dahil olmak üzere, her fikri masaya yatırarak başladılar. Analiz yapmakla ve özellikle fikirleri eleştirmekle çok uğraşmayın. Bu noktada, bakış açınızı sonuna kadar açın. Fikriniz ile alakalı olabilecek, potansiyel endüstrileri belirleyin. Bizim örneğimizde, öğrencilerimiz tarafından bulunan sürtünme enerjisi teknolojisi için potansiyel endüstriler, otomotiv, spor, elektronik, sağlık hizmetleri, enerji ve mimari olabilir. Persian: می‌خواهیم یک تیم از دانشجویان ام‌آی‌تی را ببینیم که فناروی جدیدی را برای جلوگیری از هدر رفت انرژی توسط اصطکاک را کشف کرده‌اند این فناوری جدید می‌تواند ضریب کارایی را افزایش دهد که بسیار موجب خوشحال این دانشجویان شده است آنها حتی یک تخته اسکیت خودرو ساخته اند تا با آن نشان دهند که این فناوری چه می‌‌تواند بکند با بارش فکری شروع می‌کنند،هر ایده را که دارند می ریزند روی دیوار حتی ایده‌های احمقانه الان نگران تحلیل ایده و انتقاد از آنها نباشید فکرتون را کاملا باز نگه دارید صنایعی را که می‌توانند از ایده شما استفاده کنند را پیدا کنید در مورد فناوری کاهش اصطکاک که توسط دانشجویان ما کشف شده است،‌صنایع بالقوه ممکن است خودروسازی، ورزش، الکترونیک،درمان،انرژی و کشاورزی تنها چند نمونه باشند Chinese: 把每个行业再细分为对应的市场 这对你的发展也提供了一个具体的布局 以汽车行业为例 这个行业可以被细分为 三个关键市场 非机动车，混合动力车和机动车 每个市场又包括 轿车、跑车、休旅车、卡车、旅游房车 和摩托车等 把每个行业和每个细分市场的潜在的受益群体 从你的脑袋中 具体罗列出来 首先着眼于终端用户，而不是消费者 你的终端用户是使用你的产品的人 你的消费者是付钱的人 到目前为止，我们的学生创业者 识别出了两类主要的终端用户 Portuguese: Subdivida cada indústria em mercados e segmentos de mercado. Isso dá especialização e estrutura ao processo. Vamos pegar a indústria automotiva como exemplo. Essa indústria poderia ser quebrada em três mercados chave, o mercado para veículos não elétricos, híbridos, e veículos elétricos. E cada um desses mercados contém segmentos como sedans, carros esportivos, SUVs, caminhões, e motocicletas. Liste as pessoas que podem beneficiar da sua ideia em cada indústria, e idealmente no seu segmento. Foque primeiro no usuário final, não consumidores. Seu usuário final é uma pessoa que usa o seu produto, seu consumidor paga por ele. Por enquanto nossos estudantes empreendedores identificaram duas categorias principais de usuários finais Turkish: Her endüstriyi, piyasalara ve alt piyasa bölümlerine ayırın. Böylece belirlilik elde edersiniz ve süreçlerinizi yapılandırabilirsiniz. Örnek olarak, otomotiv endüstrisini ele alalım. Bu endüstri, üç ana pazara ayrılabilir, elektrikli olmayan araçlar, hibritler ve elektrikli araçlar. Tüm bu pazarların, alt pazarları da vardır, sedan, spor arabalar, SUV, kamyon, karavanlar ve motosikletler gibi. Her pazarda ve alt pazarda, fikrinizden fayda sağlayabilecek kişileri listeleyin. Öncelikle, nihai kullanıcılara odaklanın, müşterilere değil. Nihai kullanıcı, ürününüzü kullanan, müşteri ürününüze para veren kişidir. Bizim girişimci öğrencilerimiz, şimdiye kadar iki ana nihai kullanıcı kategorisi belirlediler. Spanish: Subdividan cada industria en mercados y segmentos de mercado. Esto da especificidad y estructura al proceso de ustedes. Tomemos por ejemplo la industria automotriz. Esta industria se podría desglosar en tres mercados clave, el mercado para vehículos no eléctricos, los híbridos, y los vehículos eléctricos. Y cada uno de estos mercados contiene segmentos de mercado como los sedan, los autos deportivos, los deportivos utilitarios (SUV), las camionetas, los recreacionales (RV) y las motocicletas. Hagan una lista de la gente que se beneficiaría con la idea de ustedes en cada industria, e idealmente en cada segmento de mercado. Enfóquense primero en los usuarios finales, no los clientes. Tu usuario final es una persona que usa tu producto, tu cliente paga por él. Hasta ahora, nuestros emprendedores estudiantes identificaron dos categorías principales de usuarios finales, French: Subdivisez chaque secteur en marchés et segments de marchés. Cela donne une spécificité et une structure à votre processus. Prenons le secteur automobile comme exemple. Ce secteur pourrait être réparti en trois marchés principaux, le marché pour les véhicules non-électriques, hybrides, et électriques. Et chacun de ces marchés contient des segments de marchés tels que berlines, voitures de sport, VLT, camions, camping-cars, et motos. Faites la liste des gens qui pourraient bénéficier de votre idée dans chaque secteur, et de préférence dans chaque segment de marché. Concentrez-vous d’abord sur les utilisateurs finaux, pas les clients. Votre utilisateur final est une personne qui utilise votre produit, votre client paie pour ce produit. Jusqu’à présent, nos étudiants entrepreneurs ont identifié deux principales catégories d’utilisateurs finaux, Persian: هر صنعت را به بازاهای مختلف و قسمت‌های بازار مختلف تقسیم کنید این کار موجب ایجاد ساختار و دقت در فرایند‌کاری خواهد شد به عنوان مثل بگذارید به صنعت خودرورسازی به عنوان یک مثال بپردازیم این صنعت می‌‌تواند به سه بخش اساس تقسیم شود بازار خودروهای معمولی، دوگانه، و برقی و هرکدام از این بازارهای زیربخش‌هایی دارند مثل سدان، ماشین های اسپرت،شاسی بلند، کامیون،کاروان و موتور سیکلت‌ها فهرست کسانی راکه ممکن است از این ایده شما بهره‌مند شوند را در هر بخش بازار مشخص کنید اول روی مصرف‌کنند نهایی متمرکز شوید نه مشتریان مصرف کننده نهایی کسی که در آخر از محصول شما استفاده خواهد کرد مشتری شما کسی هست که پول را پرداخت می‌کند تا حالا دانشجویان کارآفرین ما دو گروه اصلی از مصرف‌کنندگان را مشخص کرده‌اند Korean: 모든 산업을 시장과 세분시장으로 다시 쪼개어보세요. 이 과정에서 (시장의) 특이도를 알고 체계를 잡을 수 있죠. 자동차 산업을 예로 한번 들어보죠. 이 산업은 3개의 시장으로 나눌 수 있습니다. 비전기자동차, 하이브리드 그리고 전기자동차로 말입니다. 그리고 각각의 시장은 세단, 스포츠카, SUV, 트럭, RV 그리고 오토바이 세분시장으로 나뉩니다. 당신의 아이디어로 이익을 얻을 산업, 그리고 더 나아가 각 세분시장들을 나열해보세요. 우선 고객이 아닌 최종사용자에 중점을 두세요. 당신의 최종사용자는 당신의 상품을 사용하는 사람이고 고객은 돈을 지불하는 사람입니다. 지금까지 학생 기업가들은 두 부류의 최종사용자를 발견했습니다. English: Subdivide each industry into markets and market segments. This gives specificity and structure to your process. Let's take the automotive industry as an example. This industry could be broken down into three key markets, the market for non-electric vehicles, hybrids, and electric vehicles. And each of these markets contains market segments such as sedans, sports cars, SUVs, trucks, RVs, and motorcycles. List the people who might benefit from your idea in each industry, and ideally in each market segment. Focus first on end users, not customers. Your end user is a person who uses your product, your customer pays for it. So far, our student entrepreneurs identified two main categories of end users, French: ceux de l’étape de pré-production tels que les ingénieurs de conception et d’assemblage, et ceux de l’étape de post-production, tels que les ingénieurs de maintenance et les fans d’autos. Une fois que vous avez identifié les utilisateurs finaux, décrivez les diverses tâches qu’ils effectuent et comment ils utiliseraient votre produit. Votre prochaine tâche est de réduire le champ. Faites la liste des six à douze premiers segments de marché les plus intéressants. Comme pour de nombreuses choses dans la vie, votre facteur restrictif est le temps. Vous devez rechercher et analyser en profondeur les marchés potentiels. Mais votre temps est limité pour considérer toute les options, donc six à douze opportunités est plus que suffisant. Après cela, votre prochaine étape est la recherche de marché principal. En d’autres termes, aller parler à des gens réels. La théorie ne produit pas de données, mais l’action si. Chinese: 一类是前期生产者，例如设计工程师 和装配工程师 另一类是后期生产者，例如维护工程师 和汽车爱好者 你一旦识别出了终端用户 描述出他们的不同任务 以及他们如何使用你的产品 你的下一个任务就是缩小领域范围 列出最有意思的 6到12个细分市场 因为生活中的事情太过繁杂而你的时间有限 你应该对有前景的市场进行深度研究和分析 但你没有充裕的时间去考虑每一个可能性 所以6到12个机会足够了 然后，下一步就是初步市场研究 换句话说，就是要去和活生生的人交谈 理论不会产生数据，行动才会 Portuguese: os que estão na pré produção como engenheiros de design e engenheiros de produção, e os que estão no estágio de pós produção, como engenheiros de manutenção e entusiastas por carros. Uma vez que você identificou os usuários finais, descreva as várias tarefas que eles vão fazer e como vão usar o seu produto. Sua próxima tarefa é reduzir o campo. Liste os top seis a doze segmentos de mercado que são mais interessantes. Como muitas coisas da vida, seu fator limitante é tempo. Você deve pesquisar e analisar mercados prospectivos em profundidade. Mas você não tem tempo ilimitado para considerar todas as opções, então seis a doze oportunidades é mais que o suficiente. Depois disso, seu próximo passo é pesquisa primária de mercado. Em outras palavras, ir e falar com pessoas reais. Teoria não produz dados, ação produz. Turkish: Dizayn ve montaj mühendisleri gibi, ön üretim aşamasında olanlar ve bakım mühendisleri ve araba meraklıları gibi üretim sonrasında olanlar. Nihai kullanıcıları belirledikten sonra, yaptıkları çeşitli aktiviteleri tarif edin ve ürününüzü nasıl kullanacaklarını belirleyin. Sıradaki adımınız, alanı daraltmak olacak. Altı ile on iki arasında, en ilginç olan pazar bölümlerinizi listeleyin. Hayattaki birçok şeyde olduğu gibi, sizi sınırlayan faktör zaman olacaktır. Muhtemel pazarları iyice araştırmalı ve analiz etmelisiniz. Fakat tüm noktaları değerlendirecek kadar sonsuz zamanınız olmayacaktır. Bu yüzden, altı ile on iki arasında fırsat yeterli olacaktır. Bundan sonraki adım, ana pazarın araştırmasını yapmaktır. Diğer bir deyişle, gidip gerçek insanlarla konuşmak. Teorilerden veri üretilmez ama aksiyonlardan üretilir. Persian: آنهایی که در دوره پیش ار تولید مانند مهندسان طراحی مهندسان خط تولید و آنهایی که در مرحله پس ازتولید قراردارند مثل مهندسین نگهداری و ماشین‌بازها وقتی که شما مصرف کننده نهایی را شناسایی کردید کارهایی را که آنها انجام می‌دهند را توصیف کنید و این که چطوری از محصول شما استفاده خواهند کرد کار بعدی شما ریز کردن بازار است فهرست 6 تا 12 بخش بازارا را در بیاورید که از همه جذابتر هستند مثل همه چیز در زندگی باید به محدودیت زمان توجه کنید شما باید تمامی بازاهای محتمل را پیدا و به صورت عمیق تحلیل کنید ولی شما وقت نامحدودی برای بررسی تمامی احتمالات ندارید پس 6 تا 12 بخش بازار مناسب است بعد از آن مرحله بعدی تحقیق بازار اولیه است به عبارت دیگر رفتن با آدم‌های واقعی صحبت کردن است تئوری به ما داده و اطلاعات نمی‌دهد ولی عمل کردن به ما اطاعات و داده می‌دهد Korean: 사전 제작 단계에 있는 설계기사와 조립기사 등과 후반 제작 단계에 있는 보수 기사 그리고 자동차 열광팬들이 있습니다. 최종사용자를 발견하면 그들의 다양한 임무와 당신의 상품 사용에 대한 설명을 하세요. 당신의 다음 과제는 영역을 좁히는 것입니다. 가장 흥미로운 6개에서 12개의 세분시장을 나열해보세요. 인생의 수많은 것들처럼, 제한 요소는 시간입니다. 심도 깊게 유망 시장을 연구하고 분석해야합니다. 하지만 모든 옵션을 고려할 수 있는 무제한의 시간이 있는 것은 아니기 때문에 6개에서 12개의 기회(세분시장)은 충분합니다. 그 다음 순서는 1차 시장 연구입니다. 한마디로, 사람들을 직접 만나서 얘기해보는 것입니다. Spanish: aquellos en etapa de preproducción como ingenieros de diseño e ingenieros de ensamble, y aquellos en la etapa de postproducción, como ingenieros de mantenimiento y fanáticos de los autos. Una vez que hayan identificado a los usuarios finales, describan las numerosas labores que ellos ejecutan y cómo van a usar ellos el producto de ustedes. Su próxima tarea es reducir el área cubierta. Hagan una lista de los principales seis a doce segmentos de mercado que sean más interesantes. Como con muchas cosas en la vida, el factor limitante que enfrentarán es el tiempo. Deben investigar y analizar mercados prospectivos en profundidad. Pero no cuentan con tiempo ilimitado para considerar todas las opciones, así que seis a doce oportunidades bastan. Después de todo, su próximo paso es la investigación del mercado primario. En otras palabras, ir a hablar con algunas personas reales. La teoría no genera datos, pero la acción sí lo hace. English: those in the pre-production stage such as design engineers and assembly engineers, and those in the post-production stage, such as maintenance engineers and auto enthusiasts. Once you have identified the end users, describe the various tasks that they perform and how they would use your product. Your next task is to narrow the field. List the top six to twelve market segments that are most interesting. As with many things in life, your limiting factor is time. You should research and analyze prospective markets in depth. But you do not have unlimited time to consider all options, so six to twelve opportunities is more than enough. After that, your next step is primary market research. In other words, going and talk to some real people. Theory doesn't produce data, action does. Korean: 이론은 데이터(자료)를 만들어내지 않습니다. 실행만이 답이죠. Spanish: ...

This is Dr. B. We're going to look at the SCN- Lewis structure. It's a bit more of a challenging structure, but it does incorporate some of the big ideas about Lewis structures and why we draw them for a molecule. So each of the Lewis structures for SCN- that are drawn here, and they're resonance structures--each of these uses all of the 16 valence electrons that we started with. The formal charges for each one add up to negative 1, and that makes sense because we have a negative 1 up here. Let's take a look at the formal charges for each one of these and see what's going on--which one's going to be the best Lewis structure for SCN-. So let's do this one first, here. So for the Sulfur on the periodic table, 6 valence electrons. Then we look at our Lewis structure. Nonbonding, there are 6 nonbonding. Then we have 2 involved in a chemical bond. We'll divide that by 2. Six minus 6 minus 1; Sulfur has a negative one charge. The Carbon and the Nitrogen, they both have formal charges of zero. This makes sense, because if you add the formal charges up, you'll see that you have a negative one charge for this molecule, and this negative up here. That makes a lot of sense. Now let's look at the next Lewis structure here for SCN-. Let's look at this one here and calculate the formal charges. So for this Lewis structure right here for SCN-, we can see that the Sulfur and the Carbon both have formal charges of zero. The Nitrogen, on the periodic table it's in group 5, so it has 5 valence electrons. These right here and here are nonbonding, so 2 plus 2 is 4 nonbonding. And then we have 2 plus 2 again; 4 bonding electrons which we divide by 2: it has a -1 charge. So at this point, we see that both structures are pretty much identical. The only difference is, over here the Sulfur has a -1 charge. Over here, it's the Nitrogen that has the -1. So we need to make a decision about which is going to be the most likely molecule for the SCN- ion to exist. There's really not a big difference between the two structures that we can see here other than that -1 charge on the Nitrogen. That actually is going to make the difference. Nitrogen, it makes more sense for it to have a -1 charge than it does for Sulfur because Nitrogen's more electronegative. Because of that, this right here is going to be the more likely Lewis structure. So in a sample, it's more likely that you'll find this compound right here, this resonance structure of the SCN-. but it's not going to be a big difference. They're so similar, and we're only looking at an electronegativity difference here. There'll be a lot of this in the sample, but the majority will be this SCN- ion right here. This is a good structure to look at and think about because it incorporates a lot of those big ideas like looking at formal charges, resonance structures, and electronegativity. So go back and look over this again. Try to solve it for yourself and make sure you understand these concepts. This is Dr. B., and thanks for watching.

-30 years of freedom! 30 years of freedom! Hello, Berlin. Ich bin ein Berliner. What is The Hoff? Hoff is a character that was created that has become worldwide, and I'm no longer, 90% of the time, called Mr. Hasselhoff or David Hasselhoff. I'm called "The Hoff." Are you guys ready to party? ! [cheers and applause] -Does The Hoff have any insecurities? -No. -No? ♪ Here I go again on my own ♪ -No, The Hoff is not afraid of anything, and The Hoff just loves life and The Hoff falls down on his face but he gets back up and gets back in the race and he just keeps moving forward, and he seems to make people really happy. -That is, of course, David Hasselhoff, from "Knight Rider," from "Baywatch," but why is he onstage in Germany, shouting about the collapse of the Berlin Wall? -Hello! So, 30 years of freedom! [cheers and applause] -It all started with a song. ♪ I've been looking for freedom ♪ -That's the song. It actually had nothing to do with the wall. It was a cover of a song about a man who wanted to break free from his rich family. But the song went to number 1 in Germany in 1989, and it somehow morphed into an unexpected protest song. -"Looking for Freedom." -Thank you. -It only made sense for Hasselhoff to perform it on Germany's New Year's Eve TV show. -And I wore this cheesy jacket, which is upstairs. I was supposed to wear it last night. -You have the original jacket? -Yeah. And I was gonna wear it last night for the last time, and I forgot. [laughs] -Oh! In a bucket truck overlooking Brandenburg Gate, he sang to tens of thousands and who knows how many more on TV? He became an unexpected piece of Cold War history. -I was so moved and attracted to the people, I kept hanging over the railing, singing to the people, when I should have been singing to the people at home, but I didn't really care about that. -You were really into that moment. -I was into the people. It was amazing. -The song was like just more of a target and more kind of like feeling, "Okay, we're free." -It's -- I have goose bumps now when I think over 30 years ago. -This man would make the East and the West together, yeah? So we love David Hasselhoff, yeah? -Let's go. -It can be hard to understand, unless you're walking down the street with him, how popular Hasselhoff is in Germany. -Sometimes I go up there and sing "Looking for Freedom" for fun, and everyone comes over, like, "Oh, my God!" -In Berlin, people immediately move in for pictures, autographs, and to tell him how much he means to them. ♪ I've been looking for freedom ♪ ♪ I've been looking so long ♪ -Tonight on German Unity Day, the day commemorating the wall coming down, he's playing Max Schmeling Hall in Berlin, named for the boxing great. Max Schmeling Hall. That's awesome. [cheers and applause] -Well, now, that's the way we should have done that. Alright. Take a break, guys. Go have a cigarette, a Coke, a beer. Anybody drink beer anymore? -For Hasselhoff, playing in Germany wasn't just a career move. He was a star. He can still bring in thousands of people when he barely plays concerts in the United States. -Show business is how well you deal with rejection. When you're onstage, when you get the job, it's almost a gift, and I'll take that gift, whatever that is. Of course I'd like to be in a Brad Pitt movie or a superstar in films. Of course I would like to do a great song and be accepted in America. But that's not what was put in front of me. What was put in front of me was Germany. So I went to Germany, and I played that hand. Come on and jump in my car. -In Germany, this isn't just shtick. There is some of that -- fans dressed as "Baywatch" lifeguards or in goofy Hoff masks -- but it's also nostalgia. These hits from the '80s and early '90s were huge. They know the words. It's also, dare we say it, pretty good music, and Hasselhoff commits. ♪ I've been looking for freedom ♪ ♪ I've been looking so long ♪ ♪ I've been looking for freedom ♪ -If you want to go into Checkpoint, the museum is right there. -We end up at the Checkpoint Charlie Museum, named after the famous crossing point at the wall. -Let's go upstairs and see where my photo is. -Inside, you'll find objects used for escape attempts, including armored cars and hot-air balloons. -It's a little -- little KITT. -There are also photos of world leaders of the past and of David Hasselhoff. -That was me with my lighted jacket. My lighted jacket's in the hotel! -He feels a deep connection to that moment in his past. -What does it mean to see that on the wall in this museum with all this stuff? -It means that I'm a part -- It means that I'm a part of history. -[speaking German] -That celebration that night was absolutely real. People were crying. People were sharing. They were hugging. It's kind of like what my concerts are about. This is what people should do. They should celebrate, like -- And you celebrate life, you know? Last night people were just -- they were celebrating being alive. They weren't celebrating anything else but just being alive. -Yeah. -How cool is that? -Yeah. -You know, that's what these people were. They were celebrating, "Oh, I can see my sister for the first time in 20 years!" "I can see my grandparents!" "I can go to their wedding!" It was an amazing experience. Yo. We're gonna take a photo. We're gonna take a photo. We're gonna take a photo. No, no. Go over there. Go over there. Go, go, go, go, go. If I know the truth, that's all that matters to me. I know the truth about David Hasselhoff. I know the truth of how significant that moment was. Wait a minute. Hang on. Let me point to where I sang -- right there. If people want to make fun of it or they say that I brought down the wall, which is not true, and it -- I know the truth. I was singing a song about freedom. ♪ I've been looking for freedom ♪ And it became an anthem to all the people in East Germany, because here's this man singing about freedom. It was a song of hope. 30 years later, we're still talking about it.

Drop like on this video if you guys enjoyed Comment down below your thoughts in your opinions about the video. Make sure to subscribe With host indications on so you stay down fight on every single video also follow my social media So they tuned for updates for incoming videos. Thank you But God still crabs here welcome back to another reaction so we'll be reacting to best for night memes Compilation. So if the guys didn't enjoy my reaction Please make sure it's you smash the like button below this video Come down below with what are your thoughts in your opinions about the video and subscribe to my channel and turn up on occasion so of that guys Let's begin in three two one Let's go Unite challenge The thing is he spelt it wrong a good boy. Oh My god To be honest, that looks like fun. Oh My god no way no way Oh my god Oh my god, I feel so bad for the guy no way No way when you get caught in this storm, haha Alright No crisis Jason Bourne Wow, I got a gold scarf And a golden sniper What did you get Like this on All right, listen smile Wyatt wait for the men bracket Everywhere's wait for it. I fuckin rip his head off. Go ahead. Fuck. Yeah. See you later. Bitch Wow. Oh Man What in the world huh, huh, huh, that was sick that was satisfying actually Yes, yeah, yes you do I Need it I Know this episode home and I miss watching Spongebob episodes Oh My god Yo, I just realized what happened like I didn't understand what happened there now, I just like look back to it Rip a ferrell friend Also from Sponge Bob Huh How is that possible It's a real way to play oh My god, huh, you'll be in your car for in that car for like forever man Like when you're on the road trip, like especially that that's gonna be amazing I Notice you Slowly turn around slowly turn around slowly. You see them do give a shot. They're all dead a granita. Grevioux evergreen. Oh, My god That's really clever oh Wow, oh my god Oh My god that guy must be really mad right now Playing a game console. I've seen those videos I seen those videos This is the best thing I've seen you Been an employee Manager here Fucking fucking shotgun, dude Ready subscribed and I already liked it. So my playlist Alright so Other than that guys hope you guys enjoyed it. This was a really Especially the last one that was savage Well now there was other clips that used to be my favorite But now it was this one this guy playing for a night in a fast food restaurant that was So I hope you guys enjoyed make sure to drop like come down below and subscribe to the channel and ternopil Syndications so well that guys think you guys for watching and I will see you guys in the next video. Goodbye everyone

The impact of the site on the field will be substantial. The reason is because people are always seeking to find out what works and what doesn't across a wide range of areas. This website is going to bring that information together in a very systematic way, in a way that's easy for people to understand. It's very transparent; they can see kind of what we did and how we did it; and it will summarize what we know in those areas. We're in the infancy now, we're basically reviewing individual studies across the topic areas: corrections, crime prevention, policing, and so forth. My hope is that as we move into topics in more specific areas, we're not only going to review individual studies, but we're going to be able to bring together the information in a way that will help people understand the body of knowledge in an area. For example, not a question of whether a drug court is effective, but rather how effective are drug courts? What makes them more effective? Can we learn from the research who is best suited for a drug court, how long they should last, and so forth? So, I really see this as a process where we start out by reviewing studies, we eventually start to systematically pull out from those reviews, and at some point, this becomes a jumping off point for more research because we can see what gaps exist, and researchers then can start to fill in those gaps, rather than spending time plowing through territory we already know, so I'm very optimistic that this can be a very important addition to the field.

Now, let me ask you, Do you think that reality is one substance? or do you think there is more than one substance? Well, if you think that there is more than one substance, you would be called a pluralist Empedocles, who is around four fourty B.C.E, thought that there was more than one substance. He said there were four: earth, air, water and fire. Now, what change those substances were two dynamics: Eros (Love) and Thanatos (Death) Do you think this sounds familiar? Mr. Freud for a chance. The world process is circular, this is what he thought There are periodic cycles. Elements change from hot to cold, wet and dry Another pluralist named Anaxogoras thought there were many more than four substances. He thought that there were no indivisible particules. In fact, all things were together, infinite, both in number and in smallness. And when all things were together, none of them could be distinguished for their smallness He taught about something called Nous, which was Intelligence. And he said Nous is infinite and self-ruled, the finest of all things and the purest And it has all knowledge about everything and the greatest power All things are in the whole. The atomists, and we can see here a painting from the Renaissence period of Democritus. The atomists lived at four sixty B.C.E. to three seventy. Democritus said that there are innumerable worlds that arose from the collision among the infinite atoms moving in a void. Can you imagine that they thought about atoms at this early period of time. Democritus and Leucipus, his friend, also said that this small particles move and it's worth with their own free will. So he accounted not just for the determinism of the material particles, but that they swore of their own free will. Tell me what do you think. Do you think that there is one substance or many substances? It's a perennial question. What is the nature of reality? Subtitles by the Amara.org community

Hello! I'd like to welcome you here in TechCenter. My name is Jochen Krause. I'm the Product Manager for arc welding here at KUKA Robotics in the headquarters. Our TechCenter contains two typical applications in the welding business. So on the one side is spot welding and of course arc welding. So as I'm the Product Manager for arc welding I would like to show you here now the details in our arc welding TechCenter. Come on and let's have a look. Here you can see one of our ready2_use solutions, the ready2_arc Fronius package. Here on this demonstration part we show the typical general industry setup. It contains, beside the KUKA positioners or a KUKA robot like our CYBERTECH model, of course the welding equipment. So this is from welding torch, all the cabling and the power source. What we also can demonstrate here is different welding applications based on the different welding equipment but also when it comes down to the robotic sensors. So we have through the arc seam tracking. We have touch sensing. All this we typically can demonstrate here to show and prove the customer all our functionalities and benefits of our KUKA product. So that was our solution for ready2_arc on a single robot, the typical general industry application. Let's go over to the second station. Here I can show you more. On the second station we demonstrate the typical Tier one application. So it's a dual robot solution here also with positioners of course. In this application for sure we also can set up all the major power source suppliers as a ready2_use package for you. More than one robot can weld at the same time on one workpiece. This brings a simpler cycle time to get more productivity out in your manufacturing place. So with this setup here we have our two CYBERTECH nanos: the standard wrist and also hollow wrist, which has big advantages here, which gives us more freedom, flexibility and programming. It's easier. Actually on this station we already had a successful customer demo. So a customer said that he needs the weld these aluminum parts. This is the stand of a big sun umbrella, like what you can find in our lovely Bavarian beer gardens. So we solved the problem for the customer, not only in robotic programming but also in programming here at the welding parameters. So with this successful application given to the customer he decided to go on with the KUKA solution, and therefore this was our first big success right after the grand opening of the TechCenter. Thank you for watching here. I hope to see you soon and maybe we can solve your problem too.Thank you!

[MUSIC PLAYING] SPEAKER 1: Hey there, and welcome back to EDU in 90. Due to COVID-19, educators and families have had to adapt to teaching and learning from home. While distance learning can feel like a challenge for some subjects, it can be a natural fit for others, like computer science. Today we're going to take a look at CS First, a computer science curriculum from Google that uses computer coding to make learning engaging, and also explore how it can be used to teach English and Language Arts, often referred to as ELA. Let's get to it. CS First uses step-by-step videos that let students progress at their own pace while creating coding projects in Scratch. Scratch is a block-based coding platform that gives students the opportunity to code their own interactive games, stories, and more. The CS First curriculum was designed to be taught by educators, but parents and guardians can teach it at home as well. Last year, Google developed a set of CS First activities that align to the US Common Core English and language arts anchor standards. These activities help students understand computer science topics, like parallelism and debugging, while also helping them better understand ELA concepts. The first five ELA activities cover characterization, interactive presentation, dialogue, narration, and figurative language. All these activities are available in both English and Spanish. And that includes the lesson plans, the videos, as well as the Scratch coding instruction. Let's look at the interactive presentation activity as an example. In this activity, students use code to create a presentation that can have images, sound, and animation. They'll use their creativity to bring to life any topic that interests them, what they've been doing at home lately, a favorite hobby, their family pet, or anything else. To get started, students create a title slide for their presentation. Scratch makes it easy to add colored text with the choice of fonts, sizes, and background images too. Next, they'll add a sprite as a narrator. Scratch has dozens of sprites, which are characters and objects that can play a variety of roles. They can add more sprites, change the look with the costumes tab, and make sprites move or talk in word bubbles by dragging and dropping pieces of computer code called blocks from the looks menu. With the basic text in place, students can add flair with animations, movement, and even sound. And when they're done, students can share their work. And you can customize a CS First certificate for them to print at home or to share. And there's plenty more. CS First offers free virtual professional development and teacher support, too. Thanks for joining us today. If you want to learn more about the interactive presentation activity, make sure to check out the lesson plan linked below. And if you've used CS First, we'd love to hear in the comments below how you're leveraging it for distance learning and what features and lessons you'd like to see added next. Be sure to come back to our channel for more EDU in 90 and we'll see you next time. If you're looking to learn about the latest Google for Education product updates, check out our last episode for news on Classroom, Meet, Originality Reports, and more.

- I spent the past week designing an open source 3D printed gas mask. This year has been an all out assault on our respiratory systems. First, it's COVID, now it's tear gas and pepper spray. The maker community stepped up and has been 3D printing face shields to keep our nurses and doctors safe, and now I think it's time that we step up and make things to protect our brothers and sisters out in the streets. No one's voice should be silenced because they lack the necessary protective equipment, so I designed an open source gas mask that can be made using any 3D printer and a few materials from any hardware store. I had an electronics video I was gonna post last weekend, but watching everything that's been unfolding across the U.S. it just didn't feel right to post it. So I set it aside, and I've been working on this. Tear gas and pepper spray are being used to silence peaceful protesters. Not only that, they make people cough uncontrollably which dramatically increases the risk of spreading COVID. In addition, they're extremely dangerous for asthmatics, not just people protesting, but bystanders, and people who just live in the neighborhoods that tear gas is being used in. I think we're gonna see a lot more tear gas use this year, and I wanna make sure that everyone who is exposed to it has the ability to protect themselves. And just like we haven't been able to rely on commercial supply chains for face shields, I don't think we should be relying on being able to buy gas masks, you know, over the counter or through the mail. And while there are some existing DIY designs, they tend to use really specialty items like full face snorkel masks, which are being used in open source ventilators lines, and thus are in high demand. So I've designed a gas mask that can be 3D printed and only relies on other materials that can be found at any hardware store. I think it's important to point out, we don't need to equip everyone in a crowd with gas masks. We just need to equip enough people such that there can be small dedicated teams to step in and neutralize tear gas canisters as they're fired, using the techniques pioneered by the protesters in Hong Kong. Alright, so let's talk about the design a little bit. I wanted to make something that didn't look super military and scary, hence the pink color, of course, it's gonna be whatever color the person that prints it is gonna use but I didn't wanna use the traditional black. Gas masks are usually made out of rubber, so one of the downsides of 3D printing is that it's gonna be relatively rigid, and I tried to account for that. So I started with a 3D scan of my head, I needed a model to work on. So I use an iPhone app called Scandy Pro, and the immediate problem that I had is that I have tons of hair, and I was getting a model with tons of hair, and really I just wanted a shape of the skin and head and obviously the face to get the, you know, to fit on the face as good as possible. So, what would have been perfect is like a nylon stocking to pull over my head, you know, bank robber style, but I didn't have one of those so I ended up using saran wrap which was far more terrifying. (saran wrap rustling) Okay I can breathe. But worked relatively well, with some cleanup I got a pretty decent model out of it. So I think the biggest challenge is getting a good seal on the face, both around the outer edges, and then most of the designs that I looked at for commercial gas masks had a separate enclosed part around the nose and mouth so I replicated that as well. And my guess is that that's so that there's a smaller breathing area, but your eyes are still covered, but there's a separate breathing area that has a separate seal, so you sort of have two seals, you have the outer seal and then the inner seal. For the seals themselves, I decided to use that sticky backed foam, like weatherstripping, which you can find at just about any hardware store. But because that seal is so crucial, it's really important to get the exact design of the flange that that foam fits onto exactly right. And I spent a whole bunch of time, probably spent the majority of the time getting that design of those, just that flat part that would press up against your face exactly right. At least for my face, it's obviously gonna need to be tweaked for other faces. So obviously the inside layer here is that weather stripping foam and then if we hide that, you can see the actual 3D printed part, this needs a little bit of cleanup here but you get the general idea. This would then all be 3D printed. For the face shield. I envision using like a clear, two liter bottle, but I'm worried that's gonna be a little bit thin, so maybe the alternative is, you know, clear acrylic or plexiglass, that's heated over a form with a heat gun and sort of slumped into shape. This is actually cut out of a cylinder, so it's it's only bent in one direction, it's not bent in multiple directions so it doesn't need to be like cast or poured. I thought that was really important, perhaps most important is what is the filter material. So, the other DIY gas mask designs I've seen use activated charcoal which is actually what's used in the commercial designs, as well. So, they make a sandwich of like cotton batting, or cotton pads, and then crushed activated charcoal and then some more cotton batting. Activated charcoal's relatively easy to get. It's used in aquarium filters, so you can get it at pet stores, I would imagine you probably can get it at hardware stores but I don't know immediately what they sell it for. And if you don't have access to it at all it's relatively easy to make. If you saw the last video, it's pretty easy to make charcoal and you can activate it, which is really just oxygenating it, using some relatively easy to get over the counter chemicals. You obviously need straps to hold it on your face, I envisioning either a rubber or like an elastic strap, there's five hooks for straps around the outside of the mask and then something in back to sort of tie the five straps together, I didn't design that part but it would be relatively easy. You could imagine some sort of thing that has five loops for the straps to go through. So the canister where the charcoal goes has a bunch of holes in the bottom, you put cotton batting in that next and then your charcoal and then cotton batting on top and then it just screws into the mask itself. I wanna to make it clear, this is just a V1, V0.1 even, my hope is that I can enlist some of you in helping with this and helping refine this, I think this is particularly relevant, not just in the U.S., but all around the world right now. There are a number of things that need to still be done, and this design, obviously needs to be refined. I don't currently have access to a 3D printer here on the Native American reservation where I'm staying. I'm working on getting one, but obviously it needs to be test printed and the design needs to be refined. I ran it through Simplify 3D and it was estimating like 45 hours on a standard commercially available printer, which is a lot, that's a really long print. So, I'm not an expert, I'm not an expert at 3D printing, I'm not an expert mechanical engineer, so I'm hoping that other people have some ideas on both how to make the design better but also how to decrease the printing time. We obviously need to print it out and test the fit on different faces, test out the foam gasket, and make sure that that provides a sufficient seal, and then we need to actually test out the filter material and make sure that activated charcoal works. I've seen people testing DIY gas mask designs with various like aerosol air fresheners and that sort of thing where you spray a lot into a can or into a room and and see if filters those, if it filters those, then you know it'll filter other aerosols like tear gas. There's even this video where they tested a very low tech, homemade gas mask design using pepper spray, like an aerosol pepper spray that they bought off the internet. (loud coughing) - Oh man. - If you'd like to try printing one of these, or you'd like to get involved in refining the design, click on the link down in the description for more info. I wanna talk a bit about Black Lives Matter, the groundswell movement to reform the police and racism at large. I'm white, this is uncomfortable and difficult to talk about. I'm terrified about saying the wrong thing, and I know my thoughts, aren't always totally consistent. First off, I just need to say this, which is that Black Lives Matter. I resisted rallying behind this message when it first came to light in the past couple years, it was because I didn't really understand what it meant, and I didn't understand why it was all important. I think that many people think, by saying Black Lives Matter it somehow implies that other lives don't matter, or that they matter less. And it's exactly the opposite by saying Black Lives Matter, we are affirming that all lives matter, including black lives. For a very long time black lives have been treated like they don't matter by our police, by our government, by our leaders. And so by saying Black Lives Matter, we're saying we care about black people. I used to be very involved in a hackerspace in San Francisco, and a number of people in the hackerspace said that we should never call the police under any circumstance, because they were afraid that if the police showed up they'd be violent and that they would hurt someone. And I really struggled with that, I have always thought of the police has largely benevolent, and peaceful, and I don't know, I had this notion that if they came in, they would help defuse the situation, and there were some scary situations in the hackerspace because of where it was and the nature of it. We often had people who were homeless, or people who had mental health issues, or people who had substance abuse issues in the space, and often that was fine, and sometimes it wasn't, sometimes things got really out of hand and could get pretty scary. It took me a long time to realize that when people were saying, "We're afraid that someone's gonna get hurt "if we call the police we're afraid "that they're gonna show up with shotguns", which is something that happened, that it wasn't me that needed to be afraid. Because my experience with police, when I say that I'm afraid of the police what I'm afraid of is I'm afraid of getting caught speeding and getting a ticket. When I get pulled over for speeding, I don't have to worry about getting shot, or beaten, or tased, or pepper sprayed. That's just not, it's not something that I've ever experienced, it's not something that a white person I know has ever experienced. And it's taken me a while and not until recently that I've begun to understand that that's something that almost every black person is afraid of and is a very real fear and threat. And so, I've really realized that my experience with police is not everybody's experience. And now as we watch the protests grow and build across all 50 states, we can see exactly how violent police have been, not just to black people, but to anybody who stands up for them. And yet I still struggle, I want there to be someone that I can call when a situation gets out of control, and when it's more than I can handle and the people around me can handle, and that there's, you know when there's a danger of someone being violent. And I was raised to believe that the police were that person, and now as I watch these protests unfold and I watch them being so violent to so many people who are peaceful and are just speaking their mind, I began to realize and understand that we've tasked police with too many things, too many things that they're not trained to do, they don't have the mindset for, and that police departments don't have the culture for. And when I think back to the hackerspace in San Francisco, I think how much we wanted someone else we could call that was trained in mental health issues, that was trained in homeless issues, that was trained in substance abuse issues, that could come in and help defuse a potentially volatile situation in a way that we knew would be non violent, and that would get the people that needed help the resources that they needed. I don't believe this is a movement to abolish the police entirely, I believe it's a movement to take a bunch of their plate that they're not trained to deal with, that they don't have the resources to deal with, and instead give those to professionals who are. You might be asking, why am I speaking about this now, when I don't typically talk about political issues in other countries that I'm in? And this is something that I have thought a lot about in the past few years of making Strange Parts. In case you haven't been able to guess I have to be really careful about what I say in videos about other countries. I've realized the biggest impact I can have is to show you what other people's lives are actually like, people that may have grown up in completely different countries from you, completely different cultures, under completely different governments. And through that my hope is, is by watching my videos you realize that we aren't actually that different after all. There's so much hatred, and xenophobia, and racism in the world, my hope is that you come away from watching my videos with a little bit more nuance that maybe I start to make you question some of the stereotypes that you have about other people, and maybe you realize they aren't actually that different from you after all. And if I spoke up about some of these more controversial political topics, I don't know that I could really say anything that you haven't already heard from someone else. But I would only get a chance to say it, maybe once or twice before it wasn't welcome anymore. And so I'm gonna keep making videos in an attempt to bring us closer together. I'm Scotty from Strange Parts, stay safe. I'll see you again soon.

Portuguese: Este vídeo mostra umas partidas do The Ultimate Doom e do Doom II: Hell on Earth com os mods Contra Doom, EGA Doom e um pacote de monstros que fiz que não tem nome ainda. O Contra Doom é uma criação do Beed28 que adapta elementos de alguns títulos da popular franquia da Konami no FPS clássico da id Software, enquanto o EGA Doom é um patch desenvolvido pelo Sigvart que faz o jogo ficar no estilo EGA, usando apenas 16 cores. Já os monstros são apenas uma compilação de sprites ripados de jogos antigos, alguns editados, que resolvi ajuntar em um único mod para fins de aprendizado. Bom, o papo está muito bom, mas vamos começar aqui. Não se esqueça de socar os botões de curtir e de inscrição! English: This video shows some The Ultimate Doom and Doom II: Hell on Earth matches with the mods Contra Doom, EGA Doom and a monster pack I made that has no name yet. Contra Doom is a Beed28's creation that adapts gameplay elements of titles from the popular Konami franchise to the id Software's classic FPS, while EGA Doom is a patch developed by Sigvart that promotes an EGA-like style, as if it had only 16 colors. The monsters are just a compilation of ripped sprites from old games and some editions that I decided to gather in a single mod for learning purposes. Well, this chat is very good, but let's start this here. Don't forget to punch like and subscribe! English: I changed E1M1's background music to the Mega Drive's Might and Magic II city one just in this level. The port used was GZDoom 4.3.3. Portuguese: Troquei a música de fundo da E1M1 pela da cidade do Might and Magic II do Mega Drive só para essa fase. O port usado foi o GZDoom 4.3.3. English: I had to make some edits to the hitscanners enemies to be able to play with Contra Doom. The soundtrack for Might and Magic: Gates to Another World is kinda noisy, but I like it. Portuguese: Tive que fazer umas edições nos hitscanners para poder jogar de boa com o Contra Doom. A trilha sonora do Might and Magic: Gates to Another World é escandalosa mesmo, mas eu gosto. Portuguese: Como você deve ter visto anteriormente, a dificuldade estava no Ultra-Violence. Agora, fui para o Doom 2 com o pacote de músicas do Contra mesmo. English: As you may have seen earlier, the difficulty was on Ultra-Violence. Now, I went to Doom 2 with the Contra's music package. English: The intent of this crossover is to make everything as retro as possible, but, the next time I record EGA Doom, I'll use the software render mode. It's too late for that now... Portuguese: A intenção dessa mistura foi deixar a jogatina bastante retrô, mas, da próxima vez que eu for gravar o EGA Doom, vou usar o modo software de renderização, porque agora, já era... Portuguese: Este pacote de inimigos traz personagens do Might and Magic II, Heretic, WWF Royal Rumble e edições de sprites do Doom. Não penso em publicar este mod, pelo menos no momento, até porque ele não tem tema próprio nem muita coisa pronta, é só uma mistura de assets aleatórios que achei ou fiz aqui. English: This enemy pack features characters from Might and Magic II, Heretic, WWF Royal Rumble and Doom sprite edits. I don't think about publishing this mod, at least at the moment, because it doesn't have its own theme nor a lot of stuff, it's just a mix of random assets that I found or made here. English: Video thanks to supporters Alberto Balieiro, Monk's, ChoppaCast, Guaca and Campeche. As always, you can find more information and the mods' downloads in the video's description. Cheers! Portuguese: Vídeo graças aos apoiadores Alberto Balieiro, Monk's, ChoppaCast, Guaca e Campeche. Como sempre, você pode encontrar mais informações e os downloads dos mods na descrição do vídeo. Abraços!

For this video we will perform whole number subtraction using a number line. Here we are given the subtraction problem seven minus five. For review the first number in a subtraction problem is called the minuend, in this case, seven is the minuend the second number in the subtraction problem or the value we are subtracting is called the subtrahend. In this case, five is a subtrahend. The result of the subtraction is called the difference. To use a number line to model a subtraction, we first model the minuend or in this case seven. To do this we start at zero and move right seven units to seven on the number line. From here because we are subtracting five, we want to decrease seven by five, which means, from seven, we need to move left five units on the number line. So counting to the left five units we have one, two, three, four, five units to the left, which brings us back to two, which is the difference. But normally what we will do is just draw one large arrow showing the subtraction, so in this case, we would draw an arrow from seven back to two. So let's go ahead that work around the number line here. We now know seven minus five equals two. There are also several other ways to interpret the meaning of this subtraction equation. We can view this as seven decreased by five is two, five subtracted from seven is two, as well as five less than seven is two. Let's look at some more examples. Here we have 12 minus eight. We first model 12 on the number line, by starting at zero and moving 12 units to the right to 12 on the number line. From here because we are subtracting eight from 12 we're decreasing 12 by eight, we need to move left eight units from 12, so counting to the left eight units, we have one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, which brings us to four on the number line, which is the difference, but let's go ahead and draw one large arrow from 12 back to four showing the subtraction 12 minus eight equals four. The last example we have 22 minus 14, we first model 22 on the number line, we need to be careful here and notice how there are labels every five units and tick marks every unit. So if we start at zero and move right 22 units, we would be at 22 on the number line, which is here. And let's go ahead and label this 22, because we are subtracting 14, we want to move left 14 units from 22, let's go ahead and show our work along the number line, moving to the left 14 units we have one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14, notice how this brings us back to eight on the number line, which is our difference. But again let's go ahead and draw one large arrow, from 22 to positive eight, showing the subtraction, and we can go ahead and erase our work along the number line we now that 22 minus 14 equals eight. Where again 22 is the minuend, 14 is the subtrahend and eight is the difference. I hope you found this helpful.

Ay, what do you got right there? Man I don't know Shades for when it's hot outside We're EDC ready blocks out the sun really well. We're all EDC noobs actually. Yea. I've been once is gonna be a 115 today yep Yeah, and look what this guy's wearing. Zipper pockets boys. Show'em, look at this, ventilation, boom. Ventilation so you think I'm going to be hot okay? Yeah, your guys thighs are not getting ventilation, but my thighs are good No, or short. There's not this high up. Dude I don't know, but it is a push I regret bringing him back. Yes, we're going with a friend who invited us out and his name is named Alan Walker I'm faded Nice, huh, no. I hear it. You're probably not I know everybody it has over a billion views and utopia long oh My God that helped it makes you more of a policeman favorite vehicle Helicopter helicopter This is our famous Thing that we're talking about earlier So we heard you're working on something last night of Ryan yeah pinner is that secret? No, like I was a parts for something, but there we go. Oh well. Good. We prefer that Hey, my first helicopter ride ham over here I don't even know how to do this round house walking through a he's a pilot I put this on my last night because I thought my computer has that usually so Alright guys see oh, I see someone on the right and this one watch gaming videos. I'm scared turn some music here see water high huh, I Wonder if that's a hybrid would you like it Kelsey? Keep trying to us on dis. We just did to the right like this sit down the only nuts We want to go to his soundtrack. Which is kind of cool because it's like it's a show just for us Going up there Going on the stage right now Backstage, Edc Look, no one showed up Clean I feel like I'll take it over my ears. Yeah, come loose like a monkey Now I see it usually wear a sweater cute. Yeah, but I do for today you want to do it Yeah - Tyler in my house right now some of the olive older dieters Ryan this is a challenge. Oh center self get too much water. Oh interventions, but I give you that right knee - I got water and This is what artists do whether backstage. We're not dancing You're on rise to zero all practicing dare right? There's no Papi The shows about to start wedding over I came to see our performance guys look at our fan You guys are watching a live feed of the TV at EDC Michele is here That's literally right there Autograph, I'm McDonald's hamburgers. I'm a burrito let a man. He's a fan come on Mario You have more fans. You know to love you more fans guys. Oh Yeah, you ask you I mean, here's a DJ. That's why you got that wrist action you know Because it serpent why I know yeah Okay Damn one another all that is Cuckoo Bears. Sorry Our 82 trip is done Topical that is the end of our trip and I had a great have His head to let my on to the next row man of the hour hours many hours Lot about Waterford Announcer Helen walker set right here the bottle climatic self-Proclaimed bottle flip Madly Vehicle is for tonight's lester shows rather showed a perform an amount, and I'm playing for thousands of people but living a bottle multiple time of the most important, babe good food by Alan by Alex

(Rat Noises) Hello Internet! Welcome to Film Theory! The show that doesn't ask you to sit through three hours of content, with no bathroom break. I mean, don't get me wrong, you are more than welcome, nay, ENCOURAGED to watch three straight hours of content on this channel. YouTube would love me for it, and I would be rewarded with riches beyond compare. But, unlike "Endgame", if you need to run to the most in-demand throne in the universe, with me, you get the bonus of letting my soothing voice accompany you on your phone. While you're sitting there, doing whatever it is that you're doing. So, there was a lot to unpack in Avengers Endgame, and while I have plenty of thoughts on future theories, Most of them involve time travel, or 21-movie deep lore, or figuring out what size clothes the Hulk-Banner combo is wearing, because his sweaters go way beyond husky. Where's he getting those things? Half of the population was snapped out of existence. There are not enough people around to do bespoke tailoring of your monstrous new figure. So today I wanted to start off with something a bit more basic, something a bit more fundamental, to the entire premise of this movie. The fact that it's RIDICULOUS. You heard me right, the entire idea of this movie happening in the first place seems impossible to me. And no, I'm not talking about time travel, I'm not talking about Doctor Strange portal battles, or Tony Stark inventing time travel in less than 5 minutes! No, I'm not talking about his miraculous rescue from the middle of space, or Thor becoming existential crisis Santa. I'm talking about THIS moment right here. A rat walking across a keyboard and setting Ant-Man free. When I was sitting there in the theater and I saw this scene, I'm like, "Are you kidding me?" "You expect me to believe this?" I don't care how much you love the movie, this of all things is how Scott Lang is getting out of the Quantum Realm? I mean, I'm on board with everything else in this movie. Marvel, I can't get enough of character reunions! A visit to the Thanos retirement home? Beautiful. Poetic main character deaths? Heartbreaking! But you're telling me that all of that, everything that we see in the entirety of "Endgame" is based on a random rat, stepping on a random button in some storage parking garage? And I'm in no way exaggerating here, this isn't me trying to make this sound more important than it is to hype up this episode. Don't forget, this single rat button press is the ONLY thing that leads to the return of Scott Lang, aka Ant-Man, For those of you who forgot, he's been hanging out in the Quantum Realm, an interdimensional kind of space-time soup for over 5 years leading up to this movie. This rat tripping over itself on this car is the only reason he's rescued from time-space exile. Which, in turn, is the only reason that he introduces the idea of time travel as a possible solution to the Snappening. Which is the only reason Tony Stark and the rest of the Avengers get involved in the first place, the only reason he and Captain America bury the hatchet, the only reason they succeed in travelling back in time, retrieving the stones, and saving the universe, and everyone who was snapped away. It literally starts HERE. And only HERE. You have got to be kidding me! This entire 22-movie franchise, the epic conclusion to over a decade's worth of movies, ultimately hinges on an act of rodent randomness saving half the living universe. So rather than be annoyed this, which, honestly, was what I was when I left the theatre after "Endgame", I decided to put my theory where my mouth was, and figure out whether this was even remotely possible in the real world. What are the odds of that rat stepping on that panel? "And when you stop and think about it, it shouldn't seem like that weird of a thing to do," (I say to myself trying to justify my own self-imposed insanity.) But seriously, this entire movie is predicated on the whole idea of the Avengers having 1 chance in 14 million to beat Thanos. This entire franchise is just one massive statistics puzzle. "Endgame" is all about that 1 chance in 14 million to win when the odds are definitely not in the heroes' favour. But I'm telling you going into this theory, that I don't think these odds have much to do with time travel, and infinity stones, and intergalactic battles, and Tony Stark taking the infinity stones for himself, No, I think that 99.9% of those are all just wasted trying to get a single rat to step on an effin' button. But, to be sure, let's find out, shall we? The first question is: Why are you not subscribed to this channel? We cover ridiculous questions like this all the time. Secondly, though, and more to the point: How in the world do you calculate the odds of something like this? This is like the world's worst Google interview question. And, to be fair, as we go this, we need to make a couple of assumptions, that'll allow us to actually reach some conclusions, and have a hope of finishing this episode in less than 20 minutes. So, let's start with the rats. There are obviously tons in a city like San Francisco, where Scott Lang lives, but we'll need to estimate how many there are in the area around his van, how much ground they can cover, and also the odds that one would step on a particular spot over the course of 5 years, because remember, that's how long Scott waits to be rescued before the magic moment happens, and this entire plot of the movie can get underway. Luckily for Scott, and the rest of the universe, San Francisco happens to be completely overrun with rats. This is not a joke. In 2018, there were news reports that people had to wait weeks for an exterminator, because there were so many rats, and not enough people to wipe 'em all out. In fact, San Francisco is the fourth most rat infested city in America! I'm assuming number one is Washington DC- BA-DOOM, CHING! Political humour, ladies and gentlemen! Get dunked on, politicians! In New York, a 2014 survey estimated that there are about a fourth of the number of rats in New York as there are people. So, applying this ratio to San Francisco with about 900,00 residents, we get 225,000 rats, which is just a heck of a lot of rats. If you live in a big city, maybe just don't think too much about how many rats you share your block, or your apartment building with right now. The maximum range a rat is willing to travel from its nest is 50 to 150 metres. So we're gonna take average here at a 100 metres, bigger than the length of an entire football field in every direction. That translates to 31,415.9 m² when you πr² it out. That is a huge amount of ground to cover, when we want the rat to just step on a button that's like, an inch square, (or about 6.25 cm²). San Francisco proper is about 46.87 miles² (or 121.4 km²). 225,000 rats, each technically able to cover 31,415.9 m² in their territory means that they're TECHNICALLY able to cover over 7 million square metres, and as a result, could be covering the entire open space of San Francisco hundreds of times over. This is especially true when you consider that they have to stick mostly to the outdoors, sewers, and yes, storage facilities and garages. Rat ground zero is likely to be right in the area that Ant-Man was last seen in "Ant-Man and The Wasp". That last scene, where we see Dr Pym send Ant-Man into the Quantum Realm, takes place here, with the Coit Tower to the right, and the Transamerica Building due south. This gives us a pretty much 100% likelihood that Scott Lang's car actually falls within the territory of plenty of rats. Which, I already thought was a stretch when I started this theory, but I was wrong. There are a lot more rats in San Francisco than I thought. But, okay! Saying that Scott's car falls into the territory of a few rats doesn't guarantee that one will ever step on a very small button. Realistically though, we're not just dealing with one rat. You see, unlike Youtubers, rats aren't loners. They enjoy things like socializing and sharing. They live in groups. Rat colonies have a population of up to 100 rats, in fact. So if this van is in the range of some rats, it's actually gonna be in the range of a LOT of rats. But remember, that at the end of "Infinity War", half of all living beings in the universe got [SNAP] snapped away. That means that at the beginning of the five years, we're dealing with fifty-ish rats in Scott Lang's area. So how much ground are these 50 rats covering? Well, it actually depends on how fast they're going. Once we know that, we'll be able to know how many places they could randomly step in the course of a typical rat day, and then statistically, how long it would take them to step on this one button. We can estimate an average walking speed of 3.5 cm/s for a rat. Rats can actually move a lot faster than that, because their gait, (or their walking/running speed) can range from 3.5 to 8.5 cm/s depending on how exciting that 4-year-old Twinkie on the other side of the dumpster's looking, but we're interested in what it's average speed would be across its entire day. Also, knowing that a rat's stance (or the distance between its feet) is about half an inch wide, lets us take the walking speed, the linear distance covered per unit of time to the area the rat is physically covering during that time. Think of the rat as a moving rectangle, that's trying to fill in all the spaces of this giant circle, that is its territory. Right, so knowing its walking speed and knowing it's average foot placement, we're able to calculate how much area it's covering per unit of time, and that translates to 4.44 cm² per second. So the question now is: How long is a rat actually out there wandering around searching for food, versus sleeping, or doing stuff around the nest, like learning cool rat tricks, or, I dunno, giving birth to the next generation. Well, rats tend to be nocturnal, which means that they're usually taking the night shift and scrounging around for food for about 8 hours a day, from 9:00 p.m. to 5:00 a.m, no weekends off. so, calculating out how long they search, and the area that they're covering per second, on any given single rat day, a rat would cover 12.8 m². That's a teeny-tiny fraction of it's 31,415.9 m² territory in total, and the rat has a teeny tiny chance of finding Scott's button on any given day. To be exact, that rat would have a 0.0407% chance. To be clear that is not 4%, that is 0.04%. Let me pull out my Doctor Strange "looking into the future" effects, that is 1 in 2,454. If we give this rat the ultimate benefit of the doubt that we can, and say that he never goes to the same place twice in his lifetime, which isn't entirely realistic, but hey, just for the purposes of a thought experiment, it would take him or her 2454 days to completely cover the entire search area. That is 6 years, 8 months and 21 days of constant rat searching, never covering the same area twice. Now, I feel okay about this assumption because it's kind of like a big average. Realistically if the van was close to the rat's nest, well, this button would actually have an enormous likelihood of getting hit early on. If it's on the edge of a rat's territory on the other hand, well, the odds become incredibly low. So, by spreading out the area that the rat's walking, we know we're not accurately representing real traffic patterns, but instead we're averaging things out, based on the fact that we have no idea where the rat is actually starting from. So all you "but actually" people, take it easy. I'm trying to take as much into account as possible. And no, I'm not taking into account that the van is elevated, and he's got to climb up there and all that, yeah, I get it, we're talking pure surface area. So if the rat searches the whole area of it's territory, and the very last bit of it happens to be the button that he's walking over that frees Scott, it would take almost 7 years. It's a lot, but it's nowhere close to what I was actually expecting, I was expecting this to be on the probability of like, never. In order for the rat to come across Scott's button in 5 years like the movie shows, he would need to hit that button within the first 1825 days. Based on our calculations, there's actually an unbelievable 54.7% chance that it could do that. I can't believe I'm saying it, but it's better than a coin toss, that a single rat would step on a button that frees a guy from the Quantum Realm! But that's not all! If we keep factoring things in, we can actually do a lot better. Remember, Scott is not just counting on one rat, he's counting on 50 covering the same territory because they share the same nest. So if we rerun our calculations, based on the idea that 50 rats are each searching independently, our 5 year search actually gets a lot more optimistic. If a single rat's odds of randomly freeing Scott are a little over 50%, the odds of 1 of 50 rats rambling, stumbling into freeing Scott are a staggering 99.9999 7%. I suppose you could say that THE RAT IS ENEVITABLE. even if we are less optimistic about the future of the rat population, and decide to Thanos snap the number used in our previous estimate, and do the calculations based on a smaller number of rats, like 10 rats, traveling at their slowest speeds, and only hitting this spot once in their lifetime, the odds of him getting found in 5 years is STILL 99.94%. and that is with us repeatedly taking the low estimates on every step of this process. Doctor Strange might have seen 14,000,605 futures, and only one path to victory, but out of those 14,000,605 futures, 14,000,601 of those futures involves Scott being freed by a rat, and only 4 of them with Scott trapped forever in the Quantum Realm, or just freed by a hippie looking for a new van instead of a rat. I mean, this is San Francisco we're talking about. So at the end of the day, the odds might not have been on the side of the Avengers, but they were certainly on the side of Ant-Man! But hey! That's just a theory - a Film Theory! Aaaaand... looking at the Avengers lineup, you know what's missing? I mean, we've got ourselves Arrow Man, Thunder God, Tiny Man, Large Man, Living Tree, and Mr. America 2.0, it seems like you got most of your bases covered, But oh no my friends, you've got yourself one key weakness with the team as it's currently set up. You're missing a hacker! I mean we just lost our tech genius, and that sentient laser computer guy died shortly before that, 'cause here's the thing my friends, without the proper online protection, all the super strength in the world isn't gonna help, when your identity gets stolen and your bank account gets cleaned out. Luckily, you don't need to be on Earth 616 to find an appropriate hero, he already exists here, in this universe, via our sponsor for today's episode: NordVPN. Nord is a superhero in lots of different ways. Nord uses thousands of super fast servers across 60 countries, all working to circumvent firewalls, encrypt your data usage, and ultimately keep your activity invisible online, regardless of whether you're using a tablet, a phone or a computer. If you torrent, or do any sort of peer-to-peer sharing, a VPN is a must in order to de-identify your IP address. Nord is basically like Aquaman, except instead of fish, it's able to summon the power of international servers to rescue your data! But Nord is also no longer just about online protection. With the passing of Article 13 over in Europe, a VPN is actually going to become more important than ever before, because a VPN will help you get around region specific restrictions, so you can still watch content like this show, content that uses other people's IP and Fair Use-y ways, even if the Governments of their respective regions don't necessarily see it that way, Thanks to Nord VPN, a few clicks and your internet connection suddenly looks like it's in a completely different part of the world, a part of the world that's not subject to such strict rules around IP usage. One subscription to Nord gets you coverage across 6 different devices with unlimited bandwidth. So go to NordVPN.com/FilmTheory right now, and get yourself 75% off a 3-year subscription, and then, once you're checking out, you can use the code FILMTHEORY again and get yet another month completely free. It's an investment in yourself, it's an investment in your online security, and also your support of Nord is an investment in us, because it means that they still want to partner with us, which helps us cover the bills, so thank you so much, and thank you to Nord for their continued support. Now, if you'll excuse me, I have a few more thoughts on "Endgame" I got to start scripting out, 'cause like I said, this movie had a lot to cover, but more on that next episode.

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This man you see on the screen is LEE KUN HEE and he is the first human being to be dead and alive at the same time. Yes, you could say he’s something like Schroendinger’s cat but in real life! By the time we make this video, KEE KUN HEE will have spent more than 4 years hidden in a South Korean hospital, and nobody dares to reveal his condition. And you might wonder… why? Who is this man? Well, we’re talking about the president of SAMSUNG, one of the wealthiest men on the planet. The day he dies, his son will inherit between 10 and 15 billion dollars. And right after, he will have to pay 65% of this fortune to the South Korean Government. And yes, yes, I know what you might be thinking! What’s the problem? Who wouldn’t want to have 35% of 15 billion dollars? Believe me, at the end of this video, you will totally understand why his son isn’t happy about this. And you might even admit that, yeah, you don’t really want to know if Lee Kun Hee is dead or alive. Let’s get started! Money is that thing Kanye West tries to get rid of as soon as possible. Don’t believe me? Just check out this news. Kanye West & Kim Kardashian Spend Nearly $1 Million On Gold Toilets Exactly… a lot of people hate to have Money in the bank. But a lot of other people love Money. And among those who love having Money are the billionaires. The wealthiest people on planet Earth. Yes, this might be a very small Group of people but it’s growing day by day. Number of billionaires worldwide surged to 2,754 in 2017 This has an easy explanation: emerging countries. All of a sudden, countries like China and Vietnam are starting to have their own billionaires. And you might wonder… is this good or bad news? Well… it depends on who you ask! For example, according to Gabriel Zuckman, a marxist economist, this is a hell of a problem. And let me make a quick aside here. You often hear about some sort of conspiracy theory claiming that the mainstream media tries to silence all the critics of capitalism, right? And yet, both Gabriel Zuckman and Thomas Piketti are the new anticapitalist rockstars and they’ve been on the cover of Bloomberg magazine. And no, they weren’t painted as the bad guys. So… remember that the next time your smartass friend shares their mainstream media conspiracies! But let’s get back to our story. What’s the problem with billionaires according to Zuckman? They’re destroying social mobility. And what is social mobility all about? It’s the academic term for the ‘American dream’. Think about it… it’s hard to go from rags to riches if you’re competing with a guy who was born rich and went to the best universities. According to some economists, wealth in America is getting more and more concentrated in the hands of a small elite group. Are they right or not? It’s hard to tell! In fact, there is no way to effectively measure social mobility so far. So there are arguments to prove both sides. But the truth is… Zuckman’s arguments are becoming more and more influential. So today’s question is… Should we tax wealthy people more? Are there counties that already do that? Does it work? And what does the dead and alive Samsung president have to do with all of this? Today we are going to answer to all of these questions but, before we do, let’s take a look back at the history. EAT THE RICH!!! Nobody likes tax raises. But, unless you’re Larry Ellison and you’re watching this video — in which case, Hello Larry! — you probably don’t get nervous at the mention of special taxes for billionaires. Still, you might wonder… but what do billionaires think about paying more taxes? Well… you might be really surprised! Warren Buffett and Bill Gates agree that the rich should pay higher taxes Yes, you heard that right! But wait a minute because this proposal of taxing billionaires is more complicated than it seems. They don’t just want a higher income tax. We’re talking about a wealth tax. And this is very important because wealth is one thing and income is another. And pay attention because this is the key to understanding the rest of the video. Let’s hear Erik’s explanation! Let’s use Bill Gates as an example. He has a net worth of around 103 billion dollars. But make no mistake! He doesn’t have it in cash! If we could sneak into his bank account, we wouldn’t see that much Money. So then, where is all of his Money? The answer is in assets: valuable things like houses, artwork, and, of course, Microsoft shares. This means that, if Microsoft shares suddenly lost their value, Gates’s wealth would decrease. And this is why anytime you hear that this person’s net worth is this or that, it’s just an estimation. In fact, it’s really hard to measure somebody’s wealth. And this is why proposals like this generate so much debate. ‘I have a plan’: Sen. Elizabeth Warren discusses proposed wealth tax and more in Cedar Rapids So right now, rich people in America pay taxes like anybody else: whenever they get income and whenever they spend it. But with this would-be wealth tax, they would have to pay between 2 and 3% of their net worth every year. Even if they didn’t touch their Money that year. And yes, we aren’t just talking about cash, but all kinds of assets that would have to be valuated by some expert. So far, there are already four countries that have similar taxes: Switzerland, Belgium, Norway, and Spain. We’ll talk about those cases in another video. But the truth is, there is a better formula for taxing the rich and that’s with an inheritance tax. An inheritance tax is the amount we would have to pay any time we inherited Money. And it really has a similar effect to the wealth tax. It’s just that, instead of paying a percentage of your net worth while you’re alive, you pay it when you die. Many countries and American states have this kind of tax system. Yes, these taxes pose a big ethical debate. Many of you might think this is good because you think it’s unfair to be born rich. But many might think that it’s even more unfair to end up paying more than half of the wealth you’ve created to the Government. In many cases, if we combined all the taxes you paid while alive plus what you pay when you die, you might end up keeping a very small share of what you made. But, again, this is a debate for other videos. What we want to tell you today is what happens in the most extreme case of inheritance taxation. And where does this take place? Of course, in South Korea. Pay attention because now is when our good friend, Lee Kun Hee, president of Samsung, comes into the picture! THE SECRET OF ETERNAL LIFE South Korea is one of the most prosperous countries on the planet and this means they have a lot of very rich people. However, South Korean wealth is very different from American wealth. In South Korea, 74% of billionaires have inherited their fortune. If you’ve been subscribed to VisualPolitik for a long time, you already know that the South Korean economy is based on the so called CHAEBOLS. By the way, if you still aren’t subscribed to VisualPolitik, you should be. Why? Because we give you a great worldview so you can understand what is going on and make better decisions in your life. Where else would you learn about taxes in South Korea, huh? So go subscribe to this channel and hit that bell button so you won’t miss any posts. And now let’s get back to our story! Companies like SAMSUNG, LG, and HYUNDAI became the behemoths that they are Today because of their connections with the Government. And these chaebols have something in common; they are all family owned companies. For example, Samsung was founded by this man here, whose name was KEE BYUNG CHUL. When he died, his son inherited the company and the fortune. His son is our friend LEE KUN HEE. And the day he dies, his son, whose name is LEE JAE YONG will inherit the business. In fact, while the father is dead and alive at the same time, he’s who’s actually in charge of the company. In other words… Korea is not a country where you start from 0 like one of those Silicon Valley companies. This is why South Korea has the second highest inheritance tax of any country, only surpassed by Japan. In South Korea, you can end up paying up to 65% of the wealth you inherit. Yes, you heard that right… you can end up with only 35% of your inheritance. And I know what you’re thinking! 35% of a fortune is still a fortune, right? In this case, the Samsung inheritance might reach up to 15 billion dollars. Not bad, right? Well… the problem is that we’re not just talking about Money here… but also assets! And this is why having a billionaire dad in South Korea can be a hell of a problem. Korean businesses are terrified with the punitively high inheritance tax rate, which is among the highest in the world. Think about it, this 15 billion USD is not cash. Mainly, this fortune comes from shares of Samsung. BUT those 7b dollars he could end up paying will have to be in cash. In other words, he would have to sell his father’s shares in the company. And you might now wonder now… How many shares would he have to sell? It depends on two factors. The stock price at the time the father dies and the stock price at the time he wants to sell it. And oh boy! The Samsung family couldn’t be more unlucky! Rumor of Samsung Group Chairman Lee Kun-hee’s Death Raises Stock Prices Exactly! Whether we’re talking about LG, Hyundai, or Korean Air… all of their owners face the same problems. But Samsung’s situation is the most incredible of all. In this case, Samsung stocks won’t stop growing. This means that the son is going to inherit more and more wealth. But that isn’t the end of the story! If, all of a sudden, he has to sell such a large amount of stock… what will happen to the market price? Of course, it will immediately drop. This means that poor LEE YAE YONG can find himself in the situation of getting a really small share of the inheritance. This means no Money and no Rights over the family business. And this explains why he’s willing to do anything in order to keep his father alive. 11 months after Samsung Electronics chairman Lee Kun- hee entered Samsung Medical Center following a heart attack, the country’s largest business group is maintaining a veil of secrecy over its leader’s health and the future of its management. In the meantime, the Samsung son is trying to make a deal with the South Korean government in order to pay the inheritance tax little by little. But this won’t be easy. His relationship with the new Korean president, MOON JAE IN couldn’t be worse. Samsung heir sentenced to five years in jail after corruption conviction Exactly! Samsung was involved in a corruption scandal because they bribed the previous president, who was from the opposing party. And day by day, we’re learning how this corruption scandal was worse than we thought. He’ll have to go back to court and he might lose all the penalty reductions he had. And in the meantime Samsung stock prices just keep growing… since 2016, they have doubled their value. So the only solution for our friend, LEE YAE YONG is to head onto the streets of Seoul and shout: ((((CASUAL STYLE))) ‘Please!!!! STOP BUYING SAMSUNG STOCKS!!! Why don’t you invest in something else? Apple? Hyundai? Cryptocurrencies? I mean… look, Samsung is OK, sure… but it’s not the shit! Like… you’re going to end up really disappointed!’ Meanwhile, the Samsung patriarch has found the secret to eternal life. SInce a heart attack sent him to the hospital in 2014, nobody outside of the family has seen him. And he continues to be the company’s president. At least on paper. And now you might wonder… does this inheritance tax really work? Is South Korea a paradise of income equality? The truth is… not really. You see, despite the fact that we can’t measure social mobility, we can measure equality. How? With the Gini index. Here we can see how South Korea is not especially unequal, but not especially equal either. Germany, the UK, and even the Czech Republic are far more equal. But, of course, this is a topic for another video. Now the question goes to you. Would you vote in favour of a higher inheritance tax like that of South Korea? Would you vote in favour of a wealth tax like the one proposed by Elisabeth Warren? And… what do you think will happen to Samsung’s president? Please, leave your answer in the comment section below. Also don’t forget to visit RECONSIDER MEDIA.COM, the podcast that provided the vocals in this episode that were not mine. Also subscribe to VisualPolitik and hit that bell button. If you liked this video, give us a thumbs up and, as always, I’ll see you next time.

Portuguese: Espera aí. Você não está aqui pelo exercício? Não, teve uma mudança de planos. Alguém achou algo estranho em Ellesmere. - A Aircom está voando por lá a semana toda. - Aquele buraco de ratos? - Só pode ser brincadeira. - Eu sei. É loucura. Os Americanos estão lá também, muitos deles. Sabe mais? Eles estão chamando de objeto anômalo. - Seja lá o que significa. - Pra trás, Ludlow. É sério. - Qual é, Chrissy. - Deixa dessa. - Senta. - Me solta. Ei. Deixe-a em paz, cara. Senão o quê, durão? Ou vou ter que pedir que saia. Acho que eu só vou embora quando eu estiver pronto. English: Wait a second. Aren't you here for the exercise? No, there was a change in the plans. Somebody found something strange on Ellesmere. - Aircom's making runs out there all week. - That rat hole? - You gotta be kidding me. - I know. It's crazy. The Americans are there too, lots of them. Anything else? They're calling it an anomalous object. - Whatever that means. - Back off, Ludlow. I'm serious. - Oh, come on, Chrissy. - Knock it off. - Sit down. - Let me go. Hey. Leave her alone, man. Or what, tough guy? Or I'm gonna have to ask you to leave. I think I'll probably just leave when I'm good and ready. Ooh. Portuguese: Ah, aí está. Não vale a pena, querido. Ei, idiota, não esqueça a gorjeta. Strike. English: Oh, there he is. It's not worth it, sweetie. Hey, asshole, don't forget your tip. Strike. Portuguese: Obrigada. Oi. Srta. Lane. Como vai? - Bem. - Jed Eubanks, Carga Ártica. Quão longe até a estação? - O acampamento fica depois do monte. Eu te levo. - Ótimo. Joe pode levar suas malas. Joe. Ajude-a. Cuidado com isso. É pesado. Devo confessar, Srta. Lane, não sou um fã do Planeta Diário. Mas aqueles artigos que você escreveu quando estava com a 1º Divisão foram... Bem, foram bem impressionantes. O que eu posso dizer? Eu escrevo no jornal se não estiver acorrentada. English: Thanks. Hi. Miss Lane. How you doing? - Good. - Jed Eubanks, Arctic Cargo. How far to the station? - Camp's just over the rise. I'll walk you over. - Great. Joe can take your bags. Joe. Help her out. Careful with those. They're heavy. I gotta confess, Miss Lane... ...I'm not a fan of the Daily Planet. But those pieces you wrote when you were embedded with the 1st Division were... Well, they were pretty impressive. Well, what can I say? I get writer's block if I'm not wearing a flak jacket. English: Miss Lane. I'm Colonel Hardy, U.S. Northcom. Dr. Emil Hamilton... ...from DARPA. - You're early. - Hi. We were expecting you tomorrow. Which is why I showed up today. Look, let's get one thing straight, guys, okay? The only reason I'm here is because we're on Canadian soil... ...and the appellate court overruled your injunction to keep me away. So if we're done measuring dicks... ...can you have your people show me what you found? NASA's EOS satellites... ...pinged the anomaly first. The ice shelf plays hell on the echo soundings. - But there's something there. - A submarine, maybe? Soviet-era? Doubtful. That's 300 meters. Considerably larger than anything we know they built back then. But herds the spooky pan. The ice surrounding the object... ...it's nearly twenty thousand years old. Miss Lane? Try not to wander. Portuguese: Srta. Lane. Sou Coronel Hardy, Northcom Americana. Dr. Emil Hamilton, da DARPA. - Chegou cedo. - Oi. Achávamos que viesse amanhã. Foi por isso que vim hoje. Olha, vamos esclarecer as coisas, O único motivo de eu estar aqui é porque estamos em solo Canadense e o tribunal revogou sua intimação para me deixar longe. Então já que acabamos de medir o ego, pode mandar seu pessoal me mostrar o que acharam? Os satélites EOS da Nasa detectaram a anomalia primeiro. A camada de gelo engana o sonar. - Mas tem algo ali. - Um submarino, talvez? Era Soviética? Duvido. São 300 metros. Consideravelmente maior do que qualquer coisa que sabemos que eles já construíram. Mas aí vem a parte assustadora. O gelo ao redor do objeto tem quase 20.000 anos. Srta. Lane? Tente não explorar. English: Temperatures drop to minus 40 at night around here. Wouldn't find your body till after spring. And there you go. What if I need to tinkle? There's a bucket in the corner. Portuguese: As temperaturas chegam até -40ºC por aqui. Não acharíamos seu corpo até a primavera. E aqui está. E se eu precisar urinar? Tem um balde no canto.

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>> STEPHANIE SERNA: HELLO I’M >> STEPHANIE SERNA: HELLO I’M SARAH ACOSTA AND HERE TODAY’S >> STEPHANIE SERNA: HELLO I’M SARAH ACOSTA AND HERE TODAY’S TOP STORIES 2 SUSPECTS ARE IN SARAH ACOSTA AND HERE TODAY’S TOP STORIES 2 SUSPECTS ARE IN CUSTODY IN THE 30’S IN THE TOP STORIES 2 SUSPECTS ARE IN CUSTODY IN THE 30’S IN THE HOSPITAL AFTER AN ARGUMENT CUSTODY IN THE 30’S IN THE HOSPITAL AFTER AN ARGUMENT TURNS TO A CHASE AND GUNFIRE ON HOSPITAL AFTER AN ARGUMENT TURNS TO A CHASE AND GUNFIRE ON THE HIGHWAY. TURNS TO A CHASE AND GUNFIRE ON THE HIGHWAY. THIS ALL STARTED AROUND 2 THIS THE HIGHWAY. THIS ALL STARTED AROUND 2 THIS MORNING, 2 GROUPS HAD A FIGHT THIS ALL STARTED AROUND 2 THIS MORNING, 2 GROUPS HAD A FIGHT AT THE TWIN PEAKS NEAR HUEBNER MORNING, 2 GROUPS HAD A FIGHT AT THE TWIN PEAKS NEAR HUEBNER AND FREDERICKSBURG ROAD. AT THE TWIN PEAKS NEAR HUEBNER AND FREDERICKSBURG ROAD. ONE GROUP TRIED TO DRIVE OFF. AND FREDERICKSBURG ROAD. ONE GROUP TRIED TO DRIVE OFF. THE SECOND GROUP STARTED ONE GROUP TRIED TO DRIVE OFF. THE SECOND GROUP STARTED DRIVING OUT AFTER THEM THEN THE SECOND GROUP STARTED DRIVING OUT AFTER THEM THEN FIRED MULTIPLE GUNSHOTS AT THE DRIVING OUT AFTER THEM THEN FIRED MULTIPLE GUNSHOTS AT THE FIRST GROUP WHILE DRIVING ON I FIRED MULTIPLE GUNSHOTS AT THE FIRST GROUP WHILE DRIVING ON I 10 EVENTUALLY THE GROUP WITH FIRST GROUP WHILE DRIVING ON I 10 EVENTUALLY THE GROUP WITH THE GUNS PULLED UP NEXT THE 10 EVENTUALLY THE GROUP WITH THE GUNS PULLED UP NEXT THE OTHER AND THEN THE SUSPECT’S THE GUNS PULLED UP NEXT THE OTHER AND THEN THE SUSPECT’S VEHICLE CRASHED INTO THE FENCE OTHER AND THEN THE SUSPECT’S VEHICLE CRASHED INTO THE FENCE LINE OF US A A AND ON VEHICLE CRASHED INTO THE FENCE LINE OF US A A AND ON FREDERICKSBURG ROAD. ONE LINE OF US A A AND ON FREDERICKSBURG ROAD. ONE SUSPECT SUFFERED SEVERAL BROKEN FREDERICKSBURG ROAD. ONE SUSPECT SUFFERED SEVERAL BROKEN BONES AND WAS TAKEN TO SUSPECT SUFFERED SEVERAL BROKEN BONES AND WAS TAKEN TO UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL IN STABLE BONES AND WAS TAKEN TO UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL IN STABLE CONDITION. THE OTHER 2 SUSPECTS UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL IN STABLE CONDITION. THE OTHER 2 SUSPECTS WERE ARRESTED NO OTHER INJURIES CONDITION. THE OTHER 2 SUSPECTS WERE ARRESTED NO OTHER INJURIES HAVE BEEN REPORTED AND CHARGES WERE ARRESTED NO OTHER INJURIES HAVE BEEN REPORTED AND CHARGES ARE STILL PENDING. IN YOUR HAVE BEEN REPORTED AND CHARGES ARE STILL PENDING. IN YOUR LATEST CORONAVIRUS NUMBERS HERE ARE STILL PENDING. IN YOUR LATEST CORONAVIRUS NUMBERS HERE IN BEXAR COUNTY ANOTHER LATEST CORONAVIRUS NUMBERS HERE IN BEXAR COUNTY ANOTHER 208 CASES REPORTED THAT BRINGS IN BEXAR COUNTY ANOTHER 208 CASES REPORTED THAT BRINGS OUR TOTAL TO 46,000 208 CASES REPORTED THAT BRINGS OUR TOTAL TO 46,000 291 CASES THERE ARE ALSO 13 NEW OUR TOTAL TO 46,000 291 CASES THERE ARE ALSO 13 NEW DEATHS BRINGING THE DEATH TOLL 291 CASES THERE ARE ALSO 13 NEW DEATHS BRINGING THE DEATH TOLL UP TO 793 PEOPLE DYING FROM DEATHS BRINGING THE DEATH TOLL UP TO 793 PEOPLE DYING FROM COVID-19 MEANWHILE UP TO 793 PEOPLE DYING FROM COVID-19 MEANWHILE HOSPITALIZATIONS CONTINUE TO COVID-19 MEANWHILE HOSPITALIZATIONS CONTINUE TO TREND DOWNWARDS CITY OFFICIALS HOSPITALIZATIONS CONTINUE TO TREND DOWNWARDS CITY OFFICIALS REPORT 366 PEOPLE TREND DOWNWARDS CITY OFFICIALS REPORT 366 PEOPLE HOSPITALIZED WITH REPORT 366 PEOPLE HOSPITALIZED WITH 174 PEOPLE ON THE ICU AND 111 HOSPITALIZED WITH 174 PEOPLE ON THE ICU AND 111 PEOPLE ON VENTILATORS MORE THAN 174 PEOPLE ON THE ICU AND 111 PEOPLE ON VENTILATORS MORE THAN 40,000 PEOPLE HAVE COVERED PEOPLE ON VENTILATORS MORE THAN 40,000 PEOPLE HAVE COVERED LOCALLY. WELL THE TEXAS 40,000 PEOPLE HAVE COVERED LOCALLY. WELL THE TEXAS DIAPER BANK NEEDS DONATIONS TO LOCALLY. WELL THE TEXAS DIAPER BANK NEEDS DONATIONS TO HELP FAMILIES IMPACTED BY DIAPER BANK NEEDS DONATIONS TO HELP FAMILIES IMPACTED BY HURRICANE LAURA. DIAPERS AND HELP FAMILIES IMPACTED BY HURRICANE LAURA. DIAPERS AND FEMININE PRODUCTS CAN BE HURRICANE LAURA. DIAPERS AND FEMININE PRODUCTS CAN BE DROPPED OFF AT THE SAN ANTONIO FEMININE PRODUCTS CAN BE DROPPED OFF AT THE SAN ANTONIO LOCATION ON GRANT AND DRIVE DROPPED OFF AT THE SAN ANTONIO LOCATION ON GRANT AND DRIVE THAT’S OVER BY IN GUN ROAD YOU LOCATION ON GRANT AND DRIVE THAT’S OVER BY IN GUN ROAD YOU CAN ALSO MAKE MONETARY THAT’S OVER BY IN GUN ROAD YOU CAN ALSO MAKE MONETARY DONATIONS AT THE TEXAS DIAPER CAN ALSO MAKE MONETARY DONATIONS AT THE TEXAS DIAPER BANK DOT ORG. DONATIONS AT THE TEXAS DIAPER BANK DOT ORG. IF YOU ARE IN IMMEDIATE NEED BANK DOT ORG. IF YOU ARE IN IMMEDIATE NEED SEND AN E-MAIL TO REALLY FACT IF YOU ARE IN IMMEDIATE NEED SEND AN E-MAIL TO REALLY FACT TEXAS DIAPER BANK DOT ORG WITH SEND AN E-MAIL TO REALLY FACT TEXAS DIAPER BANK DOT ORG WITH A REQUEST FOR ASSISTANCE. TEXAS DIAPER BANK DOT ORG WITH A REQUEST FOR ASSISTANCE. THAT’S ALL YOU CAN FIND THAT’S

Human populations have been changing really fast during the last 20,000 years. And when we look at the genetics of people today, they've been changing at a faster pace in the last 20,000 years than at any time during our earlier evolution, in the last two million years or more. It is really a pronounced, rapid evolution that we've undergone. But when I say that, I want you to understand that we are talk about a very particular kind of evolutionary change. We are talking about changes in the frequencies of genes under strong natural selection. Human populations in the most recent part of our evolution have undergone really rapid changes in frequencies of genes. And some of those changes reflect the changes in environments that we have undergone in the last 20,000 years. Rapid, massive changes in environments including the invention of agriculture, which has involved new foods. It has also involved new ways of living, living in cities and larger accumulations of people with more connections between people and different places which means more disease. So we've had lots of challenges in our ecologies of the last 20,000 years. We've also had very large populations across the last 20,000 years. Our population has grown to an extent that was never present in humans before. And that has, itself, influenced the way that our population has been evolving. When I talk about recent changes, I just want to start off with one really stark fact. Today in Europe, the frequency of a gene that allows the digestion of lactose, that's the sugar in milk, the lactase gene that allows digestion of lactose has a new variation that is present more than 75% frequency in northern Europe. That means more than 90% of people when they're adults can digest the sugar in milk. Ten thousand years ago in northern Europe, where today that gene is common, nobody could do that. So we're talking in 10,000 years about a true transformation of the population where a trait that was literally present and on nobody is today in more than 90% of people. That is a huge change, and that is the kind of changes that I am talking about in this lecture about recent natural selection. When we look at natural selection on a gene, what are we really looking at? We're looking at the increase in frequency of an allele of that gene in the population. Alleles emerge as new mutations in our population all the time. The mutation rate is low but across a population of thousands or millions of individuals, every so often an individual will be born with a new mutation, a copy that hasn't existed in the population before. That new mutation is very, very likely to disappear by chance because think about it, if you are born with a new mutation, in order for that to become established in the population, you have to have children, and not all people do, but at least one of your children has to carry that new mutation. And after all, because you have two copies of that gene, your children, by chance, could carry the other copy from you. So that gene has to become established in your offspring, their offspring, and so on. And that process has chance involved in it. But after the allele gets to be in enough individuals, if it has an advantage, if it's causing individuals to have more offspring, that advantage becomes deterministic. The allele begins to grow in frequency because people who carry it are having more offspring than the people who don't carry it. When we talk about natural selection in populations, that's the process that we often imagine. An allele is growing in frequency over time because the people that carry it are having more offspring over time. That is really basic to the evolutionary process. Now, when we look at the evolution of traits in human populations, they don't always follow that kind of pattern. I mean, think about a trait like height or your stature, that trait in humans today is influenced by hundreds of genes. There are more than 300 genes that we know about that influence height. If I was selecting for tall people or short people in a population, I could be influencing the frequencies of hundreds of genes. But it could very well be that some of those genes will be selected as I am selecting for height, and others of them will be left alone. Some of them are free to change for some reasons, and others of them are more constrained against change. The chance changes in a few of them might have a huge effect on the selection on the trait. So for the most part when we look at traits, we have to understand that they are genetically complicated. But a trait like lactase persistence, the ability to digest milk not only as a young child but also as an adult means that you have a new mutation that has up regulated the lactase production as you've grown older. And that new mutation is something that does follow with a pattern where a new mutation emerges in the population and by chance survives long enough that natural selection can begin to increase it deterministically in frequency. Lactase persistence in Europe is one of the strongest examples of recent natural selection on a new mutation. The new mutation we think emerged only 8,000 years ago. When we look at early farmers in Europe and sequence their lactase genes, we find that they did not have the version that today is common in Europe. So we are looking at people who lived 4,000, 6,000 years ago, and we don't find that mutation there. That mutation at that time was very rare. In Roman times it was relatively more common. Today, it dominates the population, a frequency of more than 70% across northern Europe, a frequency of more than 40% across southern Europe. It is a gene that has literally gone from zero to hundreds of millions of copies in 8,000 years. That's rapid selection. But when we consider lactase, the story is even more complicated. We have a global audience of students in this class. And many of you come from parts of the world where lactase persistence is not common, where milk when you're an adult is not a common part of the diet. Northern Europe is a place where milk is a common part of the diet, and people today have a persistence of lactase. That same version of lactase persistence, the same mutation is common in north India and Pakistan, across large parts of western Eurasia, and to some extent into North Africa. One mutation spread across thousands of miles into hundreds of millions of copies today over a very short period of time. But it's not the only one. We know of at least five mutations that have caused a persistence of lactase. Three of those are found in African populations. Two East African populations and one West African population. One of those five mutations that's found today is common in Arabia and the Middle East. So we have at least five mutations, all of which have arisen recently, all of which have emerged and become common in human populations. And what those populations all share is reliance on dairy animals, cattle, goats, sheep, and camels. So every one of those populations is one that has a long history of keeping dairy animals and drinking their milk. That being said, this is an inevitable association. We can consider some populations of East Asia where dairying has also been common. Mare's milk is widely consumed across Mongolia and parts of central Asia. And those populations do not have a high frequency of any mutations that confer lactase persistence. Instead, people are relying on mare's milk by fermenting the lactose. So they drink fermented mare's milk. They also eat cheeses that are produced from the milk. Those technologies are common in other parts of the world that use dairying and have done so historically. But in East Asia, the lactase persistent allele has not yet become common. In west Eurasia and in parts of Africa and the Middle East, they have. So history, which has involved very strong selection in association with a new ecology, a new diet that people have developed has a chance element. Some populations have gotten this, other populations haven't. When we look at other genes that have been subject to strong selection in recent humans, we see similar patterns. Malaria is a good example. Malaria resistant alleles have become common in many populations around the world that have been subjected to malaria in the past. And some of these have become very strong genetic differences between populations. For example, the Duffy null allele. Duffy is a blood type. And the Duffy blood type has three types just like the ABO blood type has three types. We call them Duffy A, Duffy B, and Duffy O. The Duffy O blood type is a silent allele. It is an allele that does not produce the normal product. And Duffy null is adaptive to malaria, in particular vivax malaria. The Duffy null allele is very common in sub-Saharan Africa today. In some populations it's up to 95% frequency which means that almost everybody expresses the phenotype of this allele. But in other populations in the world, this allele is very rare. In Europe today it's less than 5%. So we're talking about a gene that is 95% in some parts of sub-Saharan African and 5% or less in many parts of the world. That's a big genetic difference. That genetic difference has all emerged within the last 30,000 years with selection on that allele in sub-Saharan Africa. It's one of the big genetic differences that we see between populations, but it's very recent in its origin. And it's all because of the history of malaria, a disease that has emerged as a very important selective factor in humans within the past 30,000 years. We see some selected alleles that are really prominent in East Asians. And some of those you may have heard about. For example there is a gene called ABCC11. That gene correlates with a very visible difference between people that you might have noticed, especially if you know people of East Asian origin or if you are of East Asian origin yourself. It's a gene that relates to earwax. Within your ears there's a natural production of wax. And in humans today there are two forms of that wax that are normal. The dry earwax form is relatively flaky and doesn't stick in balls. The sticky form is what's most common in the world today. Most populations have sticky earwax. But East Asians very commonly have dry earwax. It is a change that people have noticed in human populations for more than 100 years as they have been observing anthropometric characters in different places. We now know that the dry versus sticky earwax phenotype is caused by ABCC11. The dry version of that gene is new. It has emerged in East Asian populations within the last 20,000 to 30,000 years. And it also correlates with armpit odor. If you have stinky armpits, chances are you have the wild type, normal version of ABCC11. If you have dry earwax, chances are you have a little less odor in your armpits. We don't know exactly what the advantage that was conveyed by the new version of ABCC11 might have been. We can speculate that odor might have something to do with it. But we do know that this version has been strongly selected. So it's very common in East Asian populations today and very rare in many other parts of the world. Likewise, East Asians often today have a mutation to a gene called EDAR, E-D-A-R. That mutation makes their hair thicker. And so when you see thick dark hair on people of East Asian and Native American ancestry, you are looking at an EDAR variant which is relatively new. It has been strongly selected in the history of those populations. Why is it selected? Again, we can speculate it has something to do with either appearance, maybe sexual selection, or it has something to do with climate, you know, having hair that is well adapted to a climate that you're living in. We don't know the answer. But what we can see is that in the genome, this new mutation has become rapidly more common within the past many thousand years. Well, many of the big differences that we see among human populations that are visible to our eyes are things that have been strongly selected within the past 20,000 years. Pigmentation is a really good example of this. When we look at human populations today, we can see that some are very light-pigmented, some are dark-pigmented. And you know that that pigmentation varies with latitude. People that live near the equator tend to have darker pigmentation. People who live closer to the poles, especially in northern Europe and in northeastern Asia, but also to some extent in southern Africa have lighter pigmentation. The variation among populations in pigmentation is the result of more than two-dozen genes acting in concert in one population or another. Those genetic changes are different in different populations. For example, in Europe, one of the biggest genetic changes it to gene called SLC24A5. This gene has a frequency of a new version that's 95% in continental Europe, and it extends in its range all the way into India. Light skinned people are more likely to have this new version of SLC24A5. But not light skinned version in East Asia. There are other changes in that population. For example, a change to a gene called MC1R, which is correlated with lighter pigmentation. It's different genes in different places. The ones that we can date all date to the recent past, within the past 20,000 years. So we have changes that are correlated with red hair in Europeans and blonde hair in Europeans. Those are new. We have changes that are related to blue eyes in Europeans. A gene called OCA2 is probably regulated by a mutation in a nearby gene called HERC2. That genetic change is relatively recent within the last 20,000 years. When we looked at ancient Europeans we see that they don't carry some of the pigmentation variants that are common in today's Europeans. That ancient DNA evidence shows that natural selection has been altering this population over time. Those pigmentation changes are all new. They are all changes that have emerged in the recent past. And they are all changes that emerged presumably because people entered these new northern latitudes as modern humans and changed probably to maintain vitamin D synthesis in their skin because as sunlight hits your skin it produces vitamin D. If you are dark skinned and don't have a lot of ability for sunlight to synthesize that vitamin D, you will be low in it. So lightening your skin is one way for ultraviolet radiation to have more of an effect to create more vitamin D. That's the leading hypothesis for pigmentation. But it is also possible that as people left the tropics, the advantages of dark skin were less, and so other activities of those genes may have been more strongly selected. We don't know the full answer, but what we do know is that most of these genetic changes have emerged really recently. What's causing all of this recent selection? There are two basic factors. All of the things that we have looked at as being selected, and, in fact, when we look across our genome we see hundreds of things that look like they've been selected in one population or another. All of them make sense as adaptations to recent ecological changes. When we look at pigmentation, people have begun to live in new places at higher latitudes. When we look at high altitude populations, they've begun to live at places with lower oxygen concentrations. When we look at agricultural populations, they began to eat different foods. Looking across populations and looking at their new challenges, we are seeing ways that humans could have adapted. And in many of those cases, humans did adapt. But the other side of our recent selection is our population size. As human populations have grown, there are new opportunities for mutations in populations. Just think about it. Today in Europe there are hundreds of millions of people. In the distant past, in the upper Paleolithic of Europe, 30,000, 40,000 years ago, there were tens of thousands of people. So our population has increased by many orders of magnitude. At around the time that humans developed agriculture, this population growth really approached a maximum. So people were numbering in the millions and genetic changes that might never have occurred in the more distant past because mutations are very rare, began to happen just because there were enough people. And every one of those mutations has the chance of succeeding and being selected within the population if it has an advantage. So it was very important that there were new niches for those genes to move into and possibly be adaptive. But it was also important that there were more people allowing more mutations to happen. This is a story that is as old as Darwin who recognized that if you are going to breed animals, it is helpful to have more numbers because more numbers means more possible variations that you could breed into the population. We now know that humans have followed this principle. As human populations have spread into new ecologies and have grown, they have begun to adapt rapidly to those ecologies, and that rapid adaptation has been possible because of their large numbers. This recent selection and its rapid pace is unmatched in earlier evolution probably means that there are facts about ourselves that we're waiting to discover. As we begin to understand more evidence of this selection on our population, we'll begin to learn more about what genes do. We've learned about malaria adaptations by seeing the genes that have been selected in populations that have malaria. We will likewise learn more about the ways that humans interact with each other, the traits that have been selected in recent humans from identifying genes that are selected and identifying how those genes work together. It's one area in which understanding our evolutionary history actually allows us to uncover new things about our biology that we wouldn't have appreciated otherwise. So our recent selection is a big story. And as we look forward towards the present, we'll see that humans have continued to change and continue to change even today. This store of recent selection has given rise to variations that we can see in today's population and that are visible to us when we look around the world at the variation of people around us.

"I'm looking for an apartment. If I don't find anything that satisfies me, I'll buy a hotel." "When Guardiola started philosophizing, couldn't listen to that sh*t of blood, sweat and tears." It was rumored that failure in these games would send me into retirement, and I retired their entire country. " I didn't hurt you on purpose and you know it. If you accuse me again, I will break both your legs and that will be intentional. If the Eiffel Tower changes into my monument, I promise to stay here. " I came as a king, I leave as a legend. What do you think I gave her? Well she got Zlatan! You have already seen in the title that it is about, but even if you did not, you would recognize it by one of these statements. Of course, this is the only Ibrakadadbra or Zlatan Ibrahimovic The only player on this globe who scored a goal in every minute of the game. A footballer who played for the best clubs in the world such as Inter, Milan, Juventus, Barca, Manchester United, PSG, Ajax and others. But you are probably interested in what his story is and how he came to all this and certainly one of unanswered questions is why ibra did not play for any of the balkan country even though he had calls. it was closest to Croatia we will talk about the period spent at juventus and about quarrels with guardiola and the transfer of the decade to Barcelona. 10 sec of advertising Follow us @lazna9 if you are 18+ HAHA Thanks to all members link in desc. First, to understand the story in its entirety, we will start with Zlatan's parents. His father Šefik is originally from Bijeljina in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and his mother Jurka from Škabrnje or Croatia. In 1977, the father emigrated to Sweden where he met Jurka. Four years later or in 1981 Zlatan was born It's his childhood spent in Rosengard a suburb of Malmo known for its immigrant ghetto along with three sisters and two brothers. He started coaching football at the age of 6 for juniors clubs Balkan and Malmo. his junior career was marked by a game in which his team lost 4-0 at halftime. Zlatan scored 8 goals over the next 45 minutes and so "stuck" in the eyes of coaches. Although he had good grades in high school, he decided to leave high school and dedicate himself entirely to football. He started his professional career at the age of 18 in Malmö, where in two years he collected 40 appearances and scored 16 goals. As an above-average player he goes to ajax where he played from 2001 to 2004 and gained fame. Already in the first games for ajax he showed what he can do and scored one of the most beautiful goals in the history of football. He scattered and embarrassed the NAC’s defense from the bred and showed what we can expect from a black belt owner in taekwondo. In 74 appearances, he scored 35 goals and profiled himself as one of the upcoming stars at just 20 years old. With ajax he took 4 trophies or 2 Leagues and 2 Cups. He continues his ascending career at Juventus where he spends 2 years. Although he was one of the better players of juve, he failed to stand out too much and is in 2 years recorded 70 appearances and 23 goals. zlatan recently commented on the period spent at juventus I quote: "When I arrived at Juventus in 2004, I found a completely different mentality than that in Malmö or Ajax You were respected there, but at Juventus you were one of many. I still remember the duel of Alessandro Del Piera and Liliana Thurama. Del Piero was a star. In training, he then controlled the ball and Thuram slipped off his back. Boom! He knocked down Del Piero. I thought - if he stepped on Del Piero, the star like that, then he would kill me! I was nobody. Juventus was expelled from the match in 2006 due to a match-fixing scandal and was the club was fined 31 million euros, after which Ibra's decision to leave the club and continue his career at Milan Inter which the old lady's fans will never forgive him.

- Know why you want your score, know what score you're getting, and make sure it's relevant to the reason that you want it, because it's usually not relevant to mortgage loans. (air whooshing) Hey guys, welcome to my office. Have you ever wondered why you pull your own credit or you look at one of the apps and then you call your mortgage lender and you're like, "My score is what? "And why doesn't it match?" And also another piece of this is, have you ever wondered what mortgage credit score you actually need to be able to get approved for a loan? Those are the topics for today's video. Welcome to your one-stop shop for anything and everything mortgage education. I drop new videos every Tuesday and Saturday, I would love and appreciate if you would subscribe to the channel, give me a like if you enjoy the video, and I hope that you help me to continue to spread mortgage peace throughout the world. My name is Stephanie Weeks and I am a loan officer. I have been doing this for a 17 years, I have been recognized in the top 1% in the nation for loan officers and production for several years in a row. There are over 300,000 loan officers to choose from. I have decided to make it my mission to add an education piece to my business, where I help you understand anything and everything mortgage. So welcome to my channel, and I hope you enjoy the information. (air whooshing) I bet you're wondering, "Why should I watch this video? Why should I stay tuned till the end?" Well, not only I'm I gonna talk talk about credit scores and why they're different than what you see on these free services, I'm also gonna talk about what credit scores you generally need in order to be able to get a mortgage. And on top of that, we're even now talk about the credit scores you need to have not to get a mortgage, but to get the best mortgage at the absolute best interest rates. So if this information sounds good to you, don't forget to give me a like on the video so that more people get to see it, share it with your friends and family, and hang in there with me until the end, and I'm gonna teach you everything you need to know. (air whooshing) So let's dive in because I know that you're dying for this information and I am dying to get it out there. There's so much information on the web about credit scores and how to get them, what's good, what's bad, what you need for different loan types, what you need for different mortgages. So here's something that's very important to realize. Each program type has its minimum set of credit scores, but on top of that, then each lender that decides to stick their neck out and give these loans may have their own requirements as well. That is part of the reason for so much contradictory information on the Internet, is that, one lender might need a 640, the next lender needs a 620. But FHA says they'll take a 580. It's like, what in the world? Yes, I know. It's so confusing. So generally speaking, generally speaking, because it does vary and it does change, why does it change? Yes, especially through these last few months, it has changed; up down, up down. So generally speaking, you need a 620 for a conventional loan, a 620 for an FHA loan, a 620 for an RV loan, and a 620 for a VA loan. Again, generally speaking, because sometimes in some instances you might actually need a 640, and then sometimes in rare instances, you might actually be able to get something or get a loan shall I say, with less than that 620. What are the different credit scores? There's a Beacon score, there's a FICO score, there's a VantageScore. And those are all different. I like to say, remember when you were in high school and maybe your school was on a six point grading scale, and the school down the street was on a 10 point grading scale. Well, nobody really cared at all about what those grades were different at each school because they had their own grading scale. That's how it goes with the Beacon versus the FICO versus the Vantage. And on top of that, there's different versions of these scores. That is the reason why you might go to annualcreditreport.com, that's the one that I believe is the best to go to, annualcreditreport.com or whether you go to some of these other ones, like I've heard of Credit Sesame, I've heard of Credit Karma, you've got Experian app, Legimi apps, Equifax apps, you've got your credit card that wants to give you your credit score, right? It's from all these different sources. I could be wrong, but I don't think that I am: When you to get your credit score, why do you wanna know and why do you care? Well, you wanna know because you probably wanna know what kind of grade that you're going to get if you go to apply for a loan, and especially with a mortgage. What's that credit score gonna be? So if you're pulling from these apps or these free sites and getting a score but you don't know what score you're getting, that's why I have 15 conversations a day that go like this: "Oh, hi, I've got your application, everything looks great, I pulled your three credit scores, I have a 620, a 622 and a 645." And the phone goes silent. And you're like, "Whoa! What do you mean I don't have 700? I went on this app, and I went on this website and my credit card said that have 700." Well, that's because there's different grading scales. And that's because I'm pulling for a mortgage, which is a different type of poll than some of the other polls. It's so confusing, and it's also frustrating. And it's a big piece of information that's not being shared clearly with the consumer. So, of course track your credit, of course get your scores, of course monitor your credit on a constant basis, but know why you want your score, know what score you're getting, and make sure it's relevant to the reason that you want it, because it's usually not relevant to mortgage loans within my experience of the 15 conversations I have a day that repeat just like what I've just said, be happy to rewind if we play it for you. I wish I could just record that and just like put it out there because I talk about it so much. Because it is very confusing, don't get me wrong. (air whooshing) Another thing people ask a lot about is, what is an average credit score? And guess what? That's another moving target. Welcome to my world, mortgage industry: Today it's A, tomorrow it's B, then it's yellow, Nope, now it's green, now we want purple. It's all over the place. So, even the average credit score seems to move. I've read things that for years said it was a 680, I've more recently read things that said it was a 720. So, let's just meet in the middle. Let's just assume that a 700 is an average credit score. Anything above 740 is always considered excellent credit. So of course you wanna shoot for the moon, hit the stars, or if you could hit the moon, even better, because having great strong credit puts you in a great position when it comes to getting any type of loan that you're looking for. So make sure you work hard on that and you do a good job and you know what you're getting, what you have, and maybe where you're going. The last thing that I promised you, I promised you that I would talk about, what credit score do you want to get the best grade to get the best mortgage? Listen, the world is not rainbows and butterflies, as I'm sure you've probably figured out by now. But in the rainbows and butterflies worlds, you would get a conventional loan, you would put 20% down so you paid no mortgage insurance, and you would have over a 740 credit score so that, that be compared with some other factors can get you the best interest rate possible. But don't fret because here's some good news: Let's say you don't meet that criteria, it's okay. Rates are not dramatically different between that scenario and maybe FHA with a 660 credit score and a 3.5% down payment. But a dollar is a dollar. We work hard for our money and every penny counts. But if you don't fit in that little probably 3% window of the population, put 20% down and have an excellent credit score, your problem's still gonna be fine as long as you keep your credit up, you stay at least average or above, which will be great. Remember, I said average is 700, and I just told you a couple minutes ago that sometimes you get a mortgage loan with a 620. That's pretty below average. So pay your bills on time, keep watching all the videos, keep pulling information that you have applied knowledge because that is power, and you'll have the best mortgage transactions you can, and you'll know what to expect. My download for you today is going to be your home loan cheat sheet. Just click the link below, download that for free, and I hope that it helps you as it's helped thousands of others with figuring out the different types of mortgages. Did this video give you a much better massive understanding about credit scores and how some of this stuff works? Because if it did, don't forget to subscribe to the channel, give me a like for the video, give me that thumbs up, and drop me a comment. Let's just say, why don't you type in there, shout from the rooftops? Help me shout from the rooftops and get this information out there. (air whooshing) If you enjoyed this video, give me a like, subscribe to the channel. I'm reminding you, I drop new videos every Tuesday and Saturday, and let's connect. DM me, I answer all those personally. You can also connect with me through my website which is stephanieweeks.com, I've got weeksteam.com, and my Insta is _therealstephanieweeks.

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in effetti dal punto di vista filosofico culturale le foto scattate dallo spazio hanno avuto un significato molto profondo e incisivo almeno per chi ne ha colto il senso alludo nel primo luogo heidegger che anche in questo caso ha avuto una mostrato la straordinaria sensibilità filosofica perché è stato il fondo il primo filosofo a comprendere che quando la terra è stata inquadrata dalla luna qualcosa stava drasticamente cambiando lui commentava una foto poco nota in realtà cioè quella scattata la lunar orbiter primo nel 1166 nell'estate del 66 da una sonda automatica americana che appunto ritraeva la terra dal dallo sfondo del suo ormai rare aveva solo una real primo piano e in lontananza c'era si vedeva il pianeta terra cosa significava cosa ha visto heidegger in questa immagine da sconvolsero fino al punto di creare allo speaker di avere paura e allora compreso dal suo punto di vista certamente ci sono ci sono certi aspetti che sarebbero anche discutibili però va compreso che lì veniva in questa immagine a saldatura a un momento conclusivo la storia della metafisica che diciamo preso la sua forma nella modernità cioè l'unità tra la tecnica la tecnica che hanno consentito diciamo così di portare l'uomo fuori dall'orbita terrestre con la tipica volontà di potenza dell'obiettivo europeo perché queste due cose insieme appunto perché da un lato c'era diciamo così la scienza al servizio della tecnica che aveva creato questa macchina automatica questo option tumaticot orbitante intorno alla luna e dall'altra c'era questa pulsione scopi cache è tipica della metafisica moderna cartesiana che consiste nel portarsi davanti l'oggetto per dimostrarne la realtà è vero e reale soltanto ciò che diventa object um ciò che è posto innanzi a noi che possiamo tenere all'interno dello sguardo questa è diciamo la trasformazione del mondo un'immagine volendo è il più grande progetto della modernità che veniva compiersi e forse il segreto della metafisica occidentale avere il mondo dentro lo sguardo o avere quindi il mondo di fronte a sé che voleva dire naturalmente e portarsi fuori dal mondo come si potrebbe avere uno sguardo sul mondo e quindi oggettivare una realtà avere realtà come oggettività come ente davanti a sé come oggetto se non portandosi fuori dalla sua dimensione la tecnica adatto alla soluzione a questa questione cara d ordine teologico no naturalmente prima tradizionalmente soltanto il privilegio di un occhio di vino poteva sperare di avere poteva presumere di averla terra come oggetto come di fronte a se invece la tecnica ha usurpato diciamo questo privilegio religioso e sia sostituita diciamo così ha l'occhio di dio fino a portarsi foglio della terra deter e strizzare lo sguardo ea catturare così la terra in una testimonianza scopi ca obiettivamente cosa succede succede che da un lato i terrestri non sono più tali perché se sono diciamo hanno portato il loro sguardo finalmente sono riusciti a portare il loro sguardo fuori dalla terna cioè a demonizzare il proprio sguardo dall'altra parte la terra non è più la terra come heide garcia esprime perché diventa in sostanza un ente qualsiasi quello che è il fondamento tutte le nostre pratiche il fondamento della storia e quindi fondamento lo torce darsi dell'essere nella storia dell'umanità diventa che cosa un sasso sostanzialmente un sasso che noi possiamo contemplare da un altro sasso cioè da un altro punto nello spazio astratto da un terreno lunare quindi il percorso di secolarizzazione si compie la terra non è più la terra ma diventa un ente qualsiasi un ente qualunque nello spazio e questo diventa la sua verità e quindi il meccanismo si compie nichilismo si compie questa maniera tragica neanche la bomba atomica alla fine però è potuto realizzare lo stesso risultato cioè il fatto che la terra è un punto nello spazio e significante e questa viene diciamo così diventa la sua realtà oggettiva tutto il resto diciamo così lungo della stessa oggettività questa è la verità che è l'umanità la volontà di potenza sia infine regalato c'è un ultimo aspetto che in qualche modo ci lascia intendere cioè che questa opera di secolarizzazione connessa ai voli spaziali fa sì che il cielo innanzitutto non sia più un cielo non è che un cenno sotto i quali mortali abitano non ce lo diciamo così pieno di significati allusivo una religione allusivo a un contesto cosmico di senso fondativo il cielo diventa diciamo così lo spazio della nostra visione uno spazio neutrale uno sfondo neutrale ma allora anche la terra è chiaro no non può essere più la terra che era prima immortali non abitano più la terra abitano una realtà che a metà tra il il mondo e il non mondo per dire così quindi diciamo la conclusione della metafisica una conclusione fortemente le kg stica per heidegger non si dà più abitare la terra non è più la stessa e la tecnica promette di saldarsi nella volontà di potenza il che ci porta in un età diciamo così dell'essere del tutto sconosciuta c'è però un'altra immagine altrettanto diciamo molto più famose realtà di quella che chi ha idee che commentava che è la famosa blu marble foto scattata da harrison smith nel dicembre per mi 972 che porta invece in eredità una verità del tutto opposta a questa per che cosa si vede nella blue barbone la biglia blu ha reso smith accolto il pianeta in una foto famosissima la più venduta nel mondo la più diffusa al mondo ha colto la terra in questa sua meravigliosa rotondità blu su uno sfondo nero ed è un'immagine del pianeta come non è come non erano mai state mai state pubblicate né vista in precedenza per un filosofo come blumenberg questa immagine così forte così poetica così commovente del pianeta terra di questa biglia blu su uno sfondo desertico invertiva la verità di heidegger cioè voleva dire in primo luogo che quello che ci interessa sul serio non era la luna ma era la terra e quindi c'è un'inversione diciamo così geocentrica per cui alla fine proprio la terra che ci interessano nono più non è più uno sguardo posto su altri pianeti quello quello diciamo così del per cui si dichiarava ha finito il giorno centrismo ma non lo sguardo geocentrico e in secondo luogo come si mostra questa questo pianeta il nostro pianeta si mostra come un'oasi unica insostituibile all'interno di un universo vuoto buio desertico gelido e quindi questa immagine così potente porta con sé una suggestione unica cioè il fatto che la terra sia una eccezione nel cosmo non un sasso fra gli altri un ente fra gli enti come presupponeva heidegger commentando l'immagine del lunar orbiter ma qualcosa di assolutamente eccezionale unico un miracolo un'oasi questo è il messaggio portato dal blu marble un'ultima cosa mi sembra più significativo ricordare quell immagine anch'essa ha prodotto una fusione a suo modo ha portato la fusione dell'ecologia con il pacifismo e quindi ha inventato l'ecologia moderna in sostanza perché l'ecologia moderna e questo rispetto all'ecologia che già esisteva negli anni venti per dire la sensibilità naturalistica ha portato alla fusione di ecologia umanitarismo perché perché da un lato quell'immagine però un significato politico forte cioè significava che al di là delle divisioni ideologiche che dividevano la terra nel ai tempi della guerra fredda ricordiamoci che siamo nel 72 c'è sono gli anni decisivi della guerra del vietnam al di là della guerra al di là delle divisioni ideologiche eccetera la terra era una sola sostanzialmente manita era una sola da quella di miss da quell'altezza non si riconoscevano con fini non si riconoscevano dogane non c'erano non c'erano distinzioni di colore e di intenzionalità politiche l'umanità si trova unità diciamo così in questo biglia questa biglia che poi mister fuller battezzerà come una nave spaziale in cui tutti siamo l'equipaggio ecco quindi una netta rismo da una parte ecologia dall'altra perché è perché evidentemente si faceva avanti l'ipotesi che la terra fosse una unità vivente un bene comune dell'umanità ma soprattutto appunto qualcosa come lo blocca avrebbe definito gaia cioè appunto metà vivente che nella nostra responsabilità nella responsabilità degli uomini ecco la saldatura tra ecologismo e pacifismo che diciamo così ancora il nostro orizzonte culturale e anche diciamo la fusione tra scienza e romanticismo perché questa ricordiamoci che diciamo così questa immagine tanto forte perché ci evoca una terra perduta è preziosa perché perduta preziosa perché già perché un'immagine diciamo così di un pianeta per cui ci siamo allontanati per poterlo vedere quasi che fosse la prima volta da un punto dello spazio e quindi l'ecologia in certo senso viene dallo spazio viene da un'intuizione di noi umani che siamo figli della terra ma al tempo stesso ci prendiamo cura della terra no quindi quasi un sentimento genitoriale parentale che questa immagine ha saputo evocare in maniera potente tanto che lovelock e non solo lui vi si richiamano esplicitamente come diciamo così non soltanto il simbolo ma anche una un un momento di rottura diciamo della della coscienza planetaria che finalmente ha trovato la sua icona dunque certa c'è l'enorme fascino le norme emozione di mettere il piede su un suolo sconosciuto di un pianeta che ha attraversato come la luna mille significati simbolici culturali lungo l'arco della storia occidentale e non solo occidentale però diciamo due cose mi sembrano significative in realtà di questa missione spaziale la prima il fatto che si conclude la storia della colonizzazione europea che ha avuto origine con la scoperta dell'america diciamo così questo è l'ultimo episodio della grande storia della grande impresa di conquista e colonizzazione che si accompagna che ha accompagnato l'evoluzione della storia moderna anzi che è una storia moderna quindi è l'episodio conclusivo della modernità da un altro punto di vista appunto che quella della della storia della conquista e della presa di possesso dell'occidente di terre extraeuropee diciamo così poi l'america diretta non è europea però l'america è anche se il nuovo cedente il vero occidente no quindi una prosecuzione a suo modo della della storia della storia del colonialismo occidentale tanto è vero che se ci pensate curiosamente la targhetta che gli astronauti hanno lasciato sulla luna che ha accompagnato il modulo lunare nello sbarco porta in sé la tipica mappa del mercato re cioè è un immagine duplicata no della terra in cui da una parte l'occidente l'occidente europeo dall'altra parte le americhe e belle da tipica mappa del mercato re quindi come dire la storia del mare è diventata l'astronautica e infine ha colonizzato la luna c'è però una verità opposta questa che va va richiamata per capire la complessità politica del fenomeno cioè che è anche il primo evento l'ultimo evento del cuneo nanismo e il primo rendo del pascolo realismo perché gli americani si presentano sul pianeta come emissari dell'umanità il messaggio è veniamo in pace a nome di tutta l'umanità non era un messaggio casuale era un messaggio che da un lato aveva in polemica in antica polemica d'inghilterra cioè america che si presenta come una potenza globale e non imperiale e post coloniali sta quindi un tipo di potere totalmente diverso da quello che l'inghilterra ora incarnato fino alla seconda guerra mondiale e per altro verso il l'altro view bersaglio polemico era l'imperialismo l'imperialismo sovietico quindi c'è dicevo contemporaneamente un senso che va nella conclusione dell'epopea colonialista e qualcosa invece che eccede questo senso c'è un ultimo aspetto che va assolutamente richiamato sottointeso tutto questo parliamo dell'allunaggio come evento straordinario unico cosa che è mar ci dimentichiamo di dire che la vera cosa straordinaria è che l'abbiamo visto in diretta televisiva in mondovisione questo è diciamola sistema il supporto dell'evento non è un evento raccontato è un evento che tutta l'umanità ha visto in diretta è tutta l'umanità ha visto in diretta in cui tutta l'umanità ha partecipato quasi a verificare quel messaggio di stati uniti hanno portato sulla luna al di là della loro bandiera e che in sostanza ha creato se vogliamo dire ha inventato l'umanità nel momento stesso in cui la terra veniva abbandonata nel momento stesso in cui l'uomo ha messo piede su un altro pianeta in quel momento ha anche paradossalmente inventato l'umanità la quale ha avuto per la prima volta un'esperienza di assistere simultaneamente allo stesso evento e di patire compatire per il destino degli astronauti e per la forza straordinaria delle immagini che che che stavano acquistavano simultaneamente assistendo come spettatori quindi diciamo che l'umanità si è verificata come come una sorta di umanità in diretta televisiva on air diciamo così e anche questo mi sembra un fatto diciamo di un certo rilievo per capire più a fondo ciò che ci ha portato in dote la conquista della luna sembra in continuità con la corsa allo spazio e la colonizzazione diciamo così della luna in verità ha un significato un po diverso perché a quel quell'epoca all'epoca diciamo del dl del primo sbarco sulla luna il significato era ideologico politico involontariamente metafisico insomma c'erano le quantità di significati che non ritroviamo invece nel caso di marte marte richiama forse di più qualcosa di più preoccupante cioè il fatto che la terra non basta più a se stessa di interesse per marte al mio avviso va messo seriamente in relazione con l'attuale crisi ecologica della terra con la scarsità di risorse con la paura che possono finire le risorse più fondamentali in primo luogo quella dell'acqua e quindi diciamo a che fare a che fare anche se non viene ancora del tutto avvertito più con un istinto di sopravvivenza che non con la volontà di potenza che aveva portato l'uomo sulla luna e poi l'altro aspetto che mi sembra significativo il fatto che questa corsa a marte se così la possiamo definire è una corsa multipolare e quindi non più inquadrabile in quel conflitto fra ideologie che è stata la guerra fredda e addirittura il grado di porre in competizione e soggetti pubblici stati nazioni coalizioni interstatali con soggetti privati che hanno interesse allo sfruttamento delle risorse naturali dei giacimenti risorse naturali che potrebbero si suppone che potrebbero trovarsi sotto il suolo marziano quindi un evento secondo me è sensibilmente diverso per quello che ha accompagnato l'umanità sulla luna

Portuguese: Woo! Nós estamos no caminho, aquele fluxo luxuoso E eu não penso no que falo Mas eu falo o que sei Não espere por mim, é tarde demais pra mim Eu caminho com esse passo O ar de Cali é o que respiro E eu bebi a noite toda, então, por favor, me perdoe Se eu disser o que penso culpe o Hennessy Não pode parar, Não vai parar, baby É tarde demais, pra mim Eu festejei demais, agora, amor, fui É tarde demais pra mim German: Woo! Wir sind auf einer Welle, die luxuriös fließt Und ich achte nicht darauf, was ich sage, aber ich sage, was ich weiß Warte nicht auf mich, denn es ist zu spät für mich Ich gehe mit dem Schritt, Cali Luft was ich atme Und ich habe die ganze Nacht getrunken, also entschuldige mich bitte Wenn ich sage was ich denke, schieb es einfach auf Hennessy (Alkoholisches Getränk) Kann nicht stoppen, werde nicht stoppen, baby Es ist zu spät für mich Ich habe es zu stark gegossen und jetzt bin ich weg, baby Es ist zu spät für mich French: Woo! On est sur une vague, ce flot luxueux Et je fais pas attention à ce que je dis mais je dis ce que je sais Ne m'attends pas c'est trop tard pour moi Je marche avec ce pas L'air de Cali que je respire Et j'ai bu toute la nuit donc s'il te plaît excuse-moi Si je dis ce que je pense met la faute sur le Hennessy Peux pas m'arrêter vais pas m'arrêter, bébé C'est trop tard pour moi J'ai trop versé Maintenant, bébé je suis parti C'est trop tard pour moi English: Woo! We on a wave, that luxury flow And I don't watch what I say but I say what I know Don't wait on me, it's too late for me I walk with that step, Cali air what I breathe And I've been drinkin' all night, so please excuse me If I say what I mean, blame it on the Hennessy Can't stop, won't stop, baby It's too late, for me I poured it too strong, now, baby, I'm gone It's too late for me Korean: 우! 난 럭셔리 플로어 위에서 분위길 타고있어. 말조심같은건 하지 않지 그저 내가 아는걸 말해 날 기다리지마 난 이미늦었어 남다른 걸음 캘리포니아 공기를 들이켜 아침까지 마셨으니 좀 봐줘 내가 생각하는대로 말하면 헤네시를 탓해 못 멈춰 안 멈출 거야 너무 늦었어 나한테는 지나치게 놀아서 이젠 난 없어 너무 늦었어 나한테는 Spanish: Woo! Estamos en una ola ese flujo de lujo Y no veo lo que digo Pero sé lo que digo No me Esperes, Es demasiado tarde para mí Camino con ese paso El aire de Cali es lo que respiro Y he estado bebiendo toda la noche Así que por favor, discúlpame Si digo lo que quiero Échale la culpa al Hennesy No puedo parar No pararé, cariño Es demasiado tarde Para mí Festejé demasiado fuerte Ahora, cariño, me voy Es demasiado tarde Para mí German: Ich habe es zu stark gegossen und jetzt bin ich weg, baby Es ist zu spät Spät 3x Designer Kleidung‎ an mir, ich bin bedeckt mit Gucci Sachen Liegt Spannung in der Luft? oder Baby, bin das nur ich? Zu stark, ich bin weg .. yeah Lass mich schnell den Flow wechseln Hol sie dir, V wie Vendetta Was auch immer, ich mache es einfach besser Trendsetter, such nach dem Cheddar Kein Druck, schwebe wie eine Feder Handsamer Typ, große Bewegungen Große Bäume, wie *schnüffel* Bin wieder da Lass es mich zurück auf den Track bringen oh, yeah Kann nicht stoppen, werde nicht stoppen, yeah Es ist zu spät für mich Ich habe es zu stark gegossen und jetzt bin ich weg, baby Portuguese: Eu festejei demais agora, amor, fui É tarde demais Tarde, tarde, tarde Designer só pra mim, tô coberto de Gucci Tem uma tensão no ar? Ou baby, sou apenas eu? Demais, já fui, yeah Me deixa trocar esse flow rapidão Ousado, "V de Vingança" Tanto faz, eu apenas faço melhor Crio Trends, busco aqueles temers Sem pressão, flutuo como uma pena Cara liso, penso grande Grandes baseados, Pique Snoooooooop Agora eu voltei Me deixa voltar pra música, Oh, yeah Não pode parar, Não vai parar, yeah É tarde demais, pra mim Eu festejei demais, agora, baby, fui English: I poured it too strong now, baby, I'm gone It's too late late 3x Designer on me, I'm covered in that Gucci Is that tension in the air? Or baby, is that just me? Too strong, I'm gone, yeah Let me switch this flow up real quick Go getter, V for Vendetta Whatever, I just do better Trendsetter, search for the cheddar No pressure, float like a feather Smooth dude, big moves Big trees, like Snoooooooop Now I'm back Let me bring it back to the track, oh, yeah Can't stop, won't stop, yeah It's too late, for me I poured it too strong, now, baby, I'm gone Spanish: Festejé demasiado fuerte Ahora, cariño, me voy Es demasiado tarde (Tarde, tarde, tarde) Ropa de marca en mí, voy en Gucci ¿Esa tensión está en el aire? O cariño, soy yo? Demasiado me voy (yeah) Déjame encender éste flow rápidamente Vamos allá, V de Vendetta Lo que sea, lo hago mejor Tendencia, busca el cheddar Sin presiones, floto como una pluma Buen tipo grandes movimientos Árboles grandes, como Snoooooooop Ahora estoy de vuelta Déjame traerlo de vuelta a la cancha Oh, yeah No puedo parar No pararé, yeah Es demasiado tarde Para mí Festejé demasiado fuerte Ahora, cariño, me voy Korean: 지나치게 놀아서 이젠 난 없어 너무 늦었어 늦었어x3 디자이너의 작품을 걸치고, 구찌로 도배해 공기중에 긴장감이야? 아니면 베이베, 그냥 나야? 지나쳐 난 없어 플로우 좀 바꿔볼게 뱁새, 브이 포 벤데타 그러든가, 난 그냥 더 잘해 트렌드세터, 돈을 찾아서 부담 없어, 깃털 처럼 날아 이봐, 좀 진정하고 큰 나무들, 마치 스누ㅜㅜㅜㅜㅜㅜㅜㅜ눕 돌아 왔어 다시 원래대로 돌려놀께 오, 예 못 멈춰 안 멈춰 ,예 너무 늦었어 나에게는 난 너무 많이 놀았어, 이제, baby 난 없어 French: J'ai trop versé Maintenant, bébé j'suis parti C'est trop tard Tard, tard, tard Ce designer sur moi, je suis couvert de ce Gucci est- ce qu'il y a de la tension dans l'air ? Ou bébé c'est juste moi ? Trop fort, je suis parti yeaaahhhh Laisse- moi changer ce flot rapidement C'est parti, V pour Vendetta Peu importe, je fais juste mieux Trendsetter (?), je cherche pour du cheddar Pas de pression, je flotte comme un (?) Mec cool, grands gestes Grands arbres, comme Snoooooooop Maintenant je suis de retour Laisse moi ramener ça au track, oh, yeah Je ne peux pas m'arrêter, je ne pourrais pas m'arrêter, yeah C'est trop tard, pour moi J'ai trop versé maintenant, bébé, je suis parti Korean: 너무 늦었어 나에게는 너무 많이 놀았고, 이제, 베이비 나는 없어 너무 늦었어........ English: It's too late, for me I poured it too strong, now, baby, I'm gone It's too late..... French: C'est trop tard, pour moi J'ai trop versé, maintenant, bébé, je suis parti C'est trop tard... Portuguese: É tarde demais, pra mim Eu festejei demais, agora, amor, fui É tarde demais... German: Es ist zu spät für mich Ich habe es zu stark gegossen und jetzt bin ich weg, baby Es ist zu spät ... Spanish: Es demasiado tarde Para mí Festejé demasiado Ahora, cariño, me voy Es demasiado tarde.

Korean: 림프계의 목적이 어떻게 이렇게 혈관에서 짜낸 액체를 채취해서 결국 그 액체를 혈액으로 다시 가져와 우리가 너무 많은 액체를 잃지 않도록 하는지에 대해 이야기해왔습니다 이건 혈관입니다 이 주변으로는 혈관 덕분에 먹이를 얻었을지도 모르는 세포들이 있습니다 동시에 아무것도 없는 상태에서 시작하는 형태의 이런 림프관이 있습니다 림프관은 투과성이 있어서 혈관에서 짜낸 액체를 채취할 수 있습니다 결국 채취된 액체는 혈액 속으로 다시 들어갑니다 하지만 이 림프계는 사실 다른 목적이 있습니다 림프계는 다른 방법으로 우리를 도와줍니다 이 영상에서는 그 다른 방법 중 한 가지에 대해서 설명하겠습니다 설명하기에 앞서 감염에 대해서 짧게 설명해야할 필요가 있습니다 감염은 우리 몸이 외부의 침입자에게 공격을 받았을 때 발생합니다 Polish: Mówiliśmy, że celem układu limfatycznego jest zbieranie płynu, który wycieka z naczyń krwionośnych takich jak to, zbieranie płynu i transportowanie go z powrotem do krwi, tak aby nie doprowadzić do zbyt wielkiej utraty płynu. To jest naczynie krwionośne. Dookoła mamy komórki, które są przez nie karmione. Znajdują się tam również naczynia limfatyczne, które pojawiają się znikąd. Są one porowate, co pozwala na zbieranie płynu, który wyciekł z naczyń krwionośnych. A ostatecznie dostarczają one ten płyn z powrotem do krwiobiegu. Jednak układ limfatyczny, ma również inne zadania. Pomaga nam w innych sprawach. Porozmawiamy teraz o jednej z nich w tym filmie. Aby dobrze je omówić, musimy powiedzieć trochę o infekcji. Infekcja ma miejsce, gdy ciało jest atakowane przez obcego najeźdźcę. Ukrainian: Ми говорили про те, що головним завданням лімфатичної системи є збирати рідину, що витісняється із кровоносних судин, як ось ця ... збирати рідину, а потім повертати назад у кров, щоб ми не втрачали так багато рідини. Ось це кровоносна судина. Навколо неї розташовані клітини, які живляться з цієї кровоносної судини. Водночас, у нас є також лімфатичні судини, які, начебто, починаються нізвідки. Вони є пористі, і це дозволяє їм збирати рідину, що витісняється із кровоносних судин. А потім вони повертають цю рідину назад у кров. Та насправді, лімфатична система має і інакші завдання. Вона допомагає нам іншими способами. І про одне з цих завдань ми поговоримо у цьому відео. Перш ніж це зробити, нам потрібно сказати декілька слів про інфекцію. Інфекція - це тоді, коли ваш організм піддається втручанню чужорідного тіла. Bulgarian: Обсъдихме как целта на лимфната система е да събира течности, които са изтласкани от кръвоносните съдове като този, да събира тази течност и после да я връща обратно в кръвта, така че да не загубим прекалено много течност. Това е кръвоносен съд. Около него имаме клетки, които може би са захранвани от кръвоносния съд. В същото време имаме тези лимфни съдове които в известен смисъл започват от нищото. И те са порести, за да събират течността, която е била изтласкана извън кръвоносните съдове. И в един момент те ще върнат тази течност обратно в кръвта. Но лимфната система има и други цели. Помага ни и по други начини. В този клип ще обсъдим един от тези начини. Но за да поговорим за това, първо трябва да поговорим за инфекциите. Инфекциите се получават, когато тялото е атакувано от чужд нашественик. English: We've talked about how the purpose of the lymphatic system is to collect fluid that's squeezed out of blood vessels like this one-- to collect that fluid and eventually bring it back into the blood so that we don't lose too much fluid. So this is a blood vessel. Around it, we have some cells that are maybe being fed by the blood vessel. And at the same time, we have these lymphatic vessels that kind of start out of nothing. And they're porous so that they can collect the fluid that was squeezed out of the blood vessels. And then eventually, they'll put that fluid back into the blood. But the lymphatic system actually has other purposes. It helps us in other ways. And we're going to talk about one of those other ways in this video. And to talk about that, we need to talk a little bit about infection. So infection is when your body gets attacked by a foreign invader. Bulgarian: Този нашественик обикновено е бактерия или вирус. И в този случай ще говорим за бактерии. Нека кажем, че една бактерия нахлува в тъканта тук. Първото, което може да попиташ, е защо рисувам бактерията тук? Защо я рисувам извън кръвта? Може би трябва да я нарисувам вътре в кръвта. За да си обясним защо някой би попитал това, трябва да си представим как се получава инфекция. Понякога инфекция се получава при порязване, нали? Когато се порежеш, раната може да се инфектира. А когато се порежеш, виждаш кръв. И затова може да си помислиш, че инфекцията е настъпила в резултат на това, че бактерия или вирус са влезли в кръвта ти. Но всъщност това не е съвсем вярно. Инфекциите обикновено не са в кръвта. И всъщност има доста просто доказателство за това – когато получиш инфекция, тя почти винаги остава на мястото, където е започнала. English: And that invader will usually be a bacteria or a virus. And in this case, let's talk about a bacteria. So let's say we get a bacteria that invades this tissue here. So the first thing you might ask is, why am I drawing the bacteria here? Why am I drawing it outside of the blood? Maybe I should be drawing it here inside the blood. And one reason why I might think that, why you might think that, is because think about when you get infected. Sometimes, you get infected when you cut yourself, right? When you cut yourself, you might get an infected wound. And when you cut yourself, you see blood. So you might think that you're getting infected because bacteria or viruses or whatever are getting into the blood. But actually, that's not quite true. Infections are usually not in the blood. And actually, there's a pretty simple, you could say, proof of that, which is that when you get infected, infections almost always stay localized. Korean: 그 침입자는 보통 박테리아나 바이러스입니다 이런 경우엔 박테리아에 대해서 설명해보도록 하죠 이 조직을 침입하는 박테리아가 있다고 해봅시다 여러분이 가장 먼저 물어볼 것은 왜 여기에 박테리아를 그리냐는 것일 텐데요 왜 제가 혈관 밖에 박테리아를 그릴까요 아마 저는 박테리아를 혈관 안에 그려야할 것입니다 제가 그렇게 생각하고 여러분도 그렇게 생각하는 이유는 여러분이 감염되었을 때를 떠올리기 때문입니다 가끔 여러분은 베였을 때 감염됩니다 베였을 땐 여러분의 상처부위가 감염될지도 모릅니다 베이면 피도 나오죠 박테리아나 바이러스나 어떤 것이 혈관으로 들어오기 때문에 감염되었다고 생각할지도 모릅니다 하지만 사실 그건 진실이 아닙니다 사실 감염은 혈관에서 일어나지 않습니다 사실 꽤 간단한데요 여러분도 증명해보일 수 있습니다 여러분이 감염되었을 때 감염은 항상 한 부분에만 한정되어 있습니다 Polish: I tym najeźdźcą jest zazwyczaj bakteria albo wirus. W tym przypadku, pomówimy o bakterii. Powiedźmy, że mamy bakterie, które atakują te tkanki. Pierwsza rzecz, o jaką możesz zapytać to dlaczego narysowałem bakterię tutaj? Dlaczego narysowałem ją na zewnątrz krwiobiegu? Może powinienem narysować ją w środku? Mogę tak myśleć, Ty też możesz tak myśleć ponieważ to przychodzi nam do głowy, gdy mamy infekcję. Czasami masz infekcje, gdy się skaleczysz, prawda? Gdy się skaleczysz, możesz mieć zainfekowaną ranę. I gdy się skaleczysz, widzisz krew. Przez to możesz myśleć, atakujące Cię bakterie, wirusy czy cokolwiek innego trafiają do krwi. Jednak nie jest to tak do końca prawdziwe. Infekcje zazwyczaj nie znajdują się we krwi. Jest na to bardzo prosty dowód, ponieważ zazwyczaj, gdy masz infekcje, to miejsce infekcji jest bardzo dobrze zlokalizowane. Ukrainian: Цим тілом зазвичай є бактерія або вірус. У нашому випадку, поговоримо про бактерії. Уявімо, що ця бактерія вражає тканину. Перше, що ви можете запитати це: чому я малюю бактерію тут? Чому я зображую її поза кров'ю? Можливо, я мав намалювати її ось тут, усередині крові. Причиною, чому це може спасти на думку мені або вам є те, що, подумайте лише - ви інфіковані. Інколи, коли ви поранитеся, ви ж можете заразитися, чи не так? Коли ви поранитеся, ваша рана може бути зараженою. Поранившись, ви бачите кров. Тож ви можете подумати, що ви інфіковані через те, що бактерії або віруси чи ще щось проникли у кров. Проте, це не зовсім правда. Інфекції зазвичай не є у крові. І цьому є досить просте пояснення: коли ви підхоплюєте інфекцію, вона майже завжди є локалізованою. Ukrainian: Я маю на увазі те, що вона зазвичай знаходиться у певному місці. Згадайте про те, як ви порізалися і підхопили інфекцію. Скажімо, ви порізали палець. Інфекція залишиться на вашому пальці. Чи, скажімо, ІСШ - інфекція сечових шляхів. Ця інфекція зазвичай розташована у сечових шляхах. Чи ви підхопили пневмонію. Інфекція знаходиться у ваших легенях. Отже, якщо б інфекція була у вашій крові, вона б негайно поширилася по усьому тілу. І це деколи трапляється. Та це куди небезпечніше, ніж більшість інфекцій. Щоб найбільш точно описати типову інфекцію, потрібно зобразити інфекцію, що проникла у тканини. Отож, у нас є інфекція. Намалюємо ще місцеві імунні клітини, які розташовані у тілі для того, щоб боротися із цими бактеріями і знищити їх. Та наш організм має більш сильний захист, що складається із В - клітин і Т - клітин. Вони є частиною набутого імунітету. Bulgarian: Тоест остава на едно място. Помисли си какво става, когато се порежеш? Ако получиш инфекция на пръста, тя ще си остане на пръста. Да речем, че получиш инфекция на пикочните пътища. Инфекцията обикновено остава в твоите пикочни пътища. Или пък хванеш пневмония. Инфекцията остава в дробовете ти. Така че ако инфекцията наистина беше в кръвта ти тя щеше веднага да се разпространи из цялото тяло. И това понякога се случва. Но то е много по-сериозно от повечето инфекции. Затова най-точния начин да се нарисува обичайна инфекция е да се нарисува инфекция на тъканите. Когато имаме такава инфекция ще има локални имунни клетки, с които разполага тялото, които ще се борят срещу тези бактерии и ще се опитат да ги убият. Но тялото ти има и по-могъщи защити, които се състоят от B-клетки и Т-клетки. И тези приятелчета са част от адаптивната имунна система, което означава, Korean: 보통 감염은 한 장소에만 머무른다는 뜻이죠 여러분이 베인 곳이 감염되었다고 생각해봅시다 손가락이 베였다고 해봅시다 감염은 여러분의 손가락에서만 머무를 것입니다 혹은 여러분이 요로감염증에 걸렸다고 해봅시다 감염은 요로에만 머무를 것입니다 혹은 폐렴에 걸렸다고 해봅시다 그럼 감염은 폐에만 머무를 것입니다 만약 혈관이 감염되었다면 감염은 즉각 온몸으로 퍼지게 됩니다 가끔 그런 일이 일어나죠 하지만 이건 감염이 많은 것보다 더 심각한 일이죠 실제로 전형적인 감염을 그리기 위한 가장 정확한 방법은 조직 내에서 발생하는 감염을 그리는 것입니다 조직 내에서 감염이 발생하면 여러분의 신체는 이런 박테리아와 싸우고 박테리아를 죽이려고 애쓰는 국소면역 세포가 나타날 것입니다 하지만 여러분의 신체는 B림프구와 T림프구로 구성된 더 센 방어체계가 있습니다 B세포와 T세포는 특정한 침입자에게만 Polish: Przez to można stwierdzić, że znajduje się ono w jednym miejscu. Pomyśl o zainfekowanej ranie. Powiedźmy, że na palcu, zainfekowanej ranie na palcu. Albo powiedźmy, że masz UTI, czyli zakażenie układu moczowego. Taka infekcja zostaje zazwyczaj w układzie moczowym. Podobnie jest z zapaleniem płuc. Infekcja zostaje w Twoich płucach. Jeśli infekcja znalazłaby się w Twojej krwi, natychmiastowo rozprzestrzeniłaby się po całym ciele. Czasami pojawiają się takie infekcje. Jednak są one o wiele bardziej poważne od większości infekcji. Najbardziej odpowiedni sposób, aby narysować typową infekcje, to umiejscowienie jej w tkance. Gdy mamy taką infekcję, to niedaleko niej znajdą się lokalne komórki odpornościowe, którymi Twój organizm będzie walczył z tymi bakteriami, próbując je zabić. Twoje ciało ma również o wiele potężniejszy system obronny, składający się z limfocytów typu B i T. Limfocyty są częścią układu swoistej odpowiedzi immunologicznej, co oznacza, English: And by that, I mean that they usually stay in one place. So think about when you get an infected cut. Usually-- let's say, it's on your finger-- the infection will stay on your finger. Or let's say you get a UTI, which is a urinary tract infection. The infection usually stays in your urinary tract. Or maybe you get pneumonia. The infection stays in your lungs. So if the infection was actually in your blood, it would immediately go all over the body. And that does happen sometimes. But it's way more serious than the majority of infections. So really, the most accurate way to draw a typical infection is to draw the infection occurring in the tissues. Now, when we have this infection, there are going to be some local immune cells that your body has that's going to be fighting these bacteria and trying to kill them. But your body also has more powerful, really, defenses, which consist of B cells and T cells. And these guys are part of the adaptive immune system, which English: means that they actually sort of react to the specific invader that's there. So unlike these guys here-- which, for the most part are macrophages-- unlike these macrophages, who can fight lots of different kinds of bacteria, these B cells and T cells will react to the specific bacteria and end up having a much more powerful effect against them because of that. They're specially tailored to the invader. But the problem is that these guys don't just sit out there in the tissues where the infections start. And there are a few reasons for that. But probably the most important is that for these B and T cells to specialize against these invaders requires a very complex process that couldn't possibly occur just willy-nilly out here in the tissues. They require a special environment, which we can draw here, which is kind of like a training camp where they can develop in response to this specific invader. But now, we're faced with a problem, because we've already said that these bacteria stay here in the tissues. Polish: że ich zadaniem jest reakcja na pojawienie się specyficznego najeźdźcy. W przeciwieństwie to tych struktur, które w większości są makrofagami, w przeciwieństwie do makrofagów, które mogą walczyć z różnymi rodzajami baterii, limfocyty typu B i T będą reagowały tylko na specyficzny rodzaj bakterii i z tego względu będą wytwarzały o wiele silniejszą reakcję przeciwko nim. Specjalizują się w dostosowaniu sposobu walki do najeźdźcy. Problemem jest to, że te komórki nie znajdują się w tkance, w której rozpoczęła się infekcja. Z kilku powodów. Najważniejszym jest to, że aby limfocyty B i T były wyspecjalizowane w walce przeciwko tym najeźdźcom, muszą przejść przez bardzo złożony proces, który nie może zachodzić dokładnie w tych tkankach. Wymagają one specjalnego środowiska, które wygląda trochę jak obóz treningowy, na którym mogą rozwijać swoje zdolności w odpowiedzi na pojawienie się specyficznego najeźdźcy. Problem, z którym musimy się teraz zmierzyć jest taki, że bakterie znajdują się w tym miejscu, w tkance. Ukrainian: А це означає, що вони реагуватимуть на чужорідне тіло ось тут. Тож на відміну від цих клітин, більшість з яких є макрофагами, на відміну від макрофагів, які здатні боротися з різними видами бактерій, ці В-клітини і Т-клітини зреагують на специфічні бактерії і в кінцевому результаті справляться з ними більш ефективно завдяки цьому. Вони особливо пристосовані до чужорідних тіл. Та проблемою є те, що ці клітини не знаходяться у тканинах, де починається інфекція. І для цього є декілька причин. Найбільш важливим, напевне, є те, що боротьба В-клітин і Т-клітин проти цих чужорідних тіл передбачає дуже складний процес, який, хочеш не хочеш, не може відбуватися у тканинах. Їм потрібне особливе середовище, яке ми намалюємо ось тут. Воно схоже на тренувальний табір, де вони зможуть розвиватися для боротьби з чужорідними тілами. Зараз ми стикнулися з проблемою, тому що ми вже сказали, що ці бактерії знаходяться тут, у тканинах. Korean: 반응하는 종류를 의미하는 특이적 방어작용의 일부입니다 반응하는 종류를 의미하는 특이적 방어작용의 일부입니다 많은 다른 유형의 박테리아와 싸울 수 있는 싸울 수 있는 여기 이 대식세포와는 달리 B세포와 T세포는 특정한 박테리아에만 반응할 것이고 마침내 그 박테리아에 대해 훨씬 더 강력한 영향을 끼칩니다 왜냐하면 B세포와 T세포는 그 침입자에게 특히 잘 맞도록 만들어졌기 때문입니다 하지만 문제는 B세포와 T세포가 감염이 시작한 조직에서 끝까지 남지 않는다는 것입니다 그 이유는 몇 가지가 있습니다 하지만 아마 가장 중요한 것은 이런 침입자에 대하여 B세포와 T세포를 특성화하기 위해서는 그 조직에서 도저히 일어날 수 없는 매우 복잡한 과정이 필요하기 때문에 좋든 싫든 그 조직에서 나가야 한다는 것입니다 B세포와 T세포는 여기 그리는 것과 같이 이 특정한 침입자에 반응하기 위해서 그들이 성장할 수 있는 훈련 캠프같은 곳처럼 특별한 환경이 필요합니다 하지만 문제가 생깁니다 이 박테리아들은 그 조직에만 머무른다고 앞서 말했기 때문이죠 Bulgarian: че реагират на специфичен нашественик, който е там. За разлика от тези момчета тук, които са най-вече микрофаги, за разлика от тези микрофаги, които могат да се борят срещу много различни видове бактерии, тези B-клетки и Т-клетки ще реагират на специфична бактерия и именно затова накрая ще имат доста по-силен ефект срещу нея Те са специално пригодени за борба с нашественика. Но проблемът е, че тези другарчета не си седят в клетките, в които започват инфекциите. И за това си има причини. Но най-важната е, че за да могат тези B-клетки и Т-клетки да се специализират срещу тези нашественици, е нужно да се осъществи много сложен процес, който не може да се реализира от нищото тук в клетките. Те изискват специална среда, която можем да нарисуваме тук, която е като тренировъчен лагер, където те се развиват в отговор на специфичен нашественик. Но сега сме изправени пред проблем защото казахме, че тези бактерии остават тук, в тъканите. Ukrainian: Вони не пройшли у кров і не дісталися до В-клітин і Т-клітин. Вони залишаються у тканинах. А ці В-клітини і Т-клітини не знаходяться у тканинах. Тож як В-клітини і Т-клітини можуть помітити ці бактерії і зреагувати на них? Ось цим займається лімфатична система, тому що ці бактерії проникають сюди. Водночас ці макрофаги поглинають деякі з цих бактерій. Як тільки вони це зроблять, вони переходять у лімфатичні судини. Виявляється, що ваш організм вирішує зібрати усі ці клітини і бактерії у найближчому лімфатичному вузлі. Ось так називається ця структура. Це лімфатичний вузол. Його називають вузлом, тому що це зазвичай маленька частинка нашого організму, яка має круглу форму. Тож це вузол. А лімфатичним він є через те, що там є В-клітини і Т-клітини. Bulgarian: Не може да влязат в кръвта и просто да бъдат пренесени до B-клетките и Т-клетките. Те остават в тъканите. А тези B и Т-клетки не са в тъканите. Какво могат да направят B и Т-клетките, за да идат при бактериите и да успеят да им се противопоставят? Точно това прави лимфната система, защото тези бактерии ще бъдат понесени от нея. Междувременно, тези макрофаги може да погълнат някои от бактериите. И след като го направят, могат да мигрират в тези лимфни съдове. Оказва се, че начинът, по който нашето тяло се справя с всичко това, е да замита всички тези неща директно до най-близкия лимфен възел. И така се нарича тази структура. Нарича се лимфен възел. Нарича се възел, защото обикновено е малък обект в тялото ти и изглежда донякъде кръгъл. Затова е възел. А думата "лимфен" произлиза от това, че тук имаме B и Т-клетки. Polish: Nie znajdują się we krwi, więc nie mogą zostać przeniesione do limfocytów B i T. Tylko są w tkance. W której nie ma limfocytów B i T. W takim razie, jak limfocyty typu B i T spotykają te bakterie i z nimi walczą? Pomaga w tym układ limfatyczny, który pochłania bakterie. W tym samym czasie, makrofagi mogą również pożreć trochę tych bakterii. Gdy to zrobią, mogą migrować do naczyń limfatycznych. Okazuje się, że Twoje ciało gromadzi wszystkie te rzeczy dokładnie w najbliższym węźle chłonnym. Tak nazywamy tę strukturę. Węzeł chłonny. Nazywamy go węzłem ponieważ, jest niewielkim obiektem w Twoim ciele, który ma kształt węzła. Dlatego tak go nazywamy. Natomiast "chłonny" ponieważ, znajdują się tam limfocyty B i T. English: They're not swept into the blood and then carried to the B and T cells over there. They stay in the tissues. And these B and T cells are not out there in the tissues. So how can we get these B and T cells to see these bacteria and be able to react against them? And that is precisely what this lymphatic system does, because these bacteria are going to get swept in. And at the same time, these macrophages might gobble up some of these bacteria. And once they've done that, they might migrate into these lymphatic vessels. And it turns out that the way your body resolves all this is to sweep all these things directly to the nearest lymph node. And that's what this structure is called. It's called a lymph node. It's called a node because it's generally a smallish object in your body, and it looks somewhat circular. So it's like a node. And the word lymph has to do with the fact that we have B and T cells here. Korean: 이 박테리아들은 혈관 내로 쓸려 들어가지 않고 B세포와 T세포가 있는 곳으로 옮겨집니다 B세포와 T세포가 있는 곳으로 옮겨집니다 이 B세포와 T 세포는 그 조직에서 나오지 않습니다 그럼 어떻게 B 세포와 T 세포가 이 박테리아를 만나게 하고 박테리아들에 맞서 반응하게 할 수 있을까요 그것이 정확히 림프계가 하는 일입니다 왜냐하면 이 박테리아들은 쓸려 들어가버릴 것이기 때문입니다 동시에 이 대식세포들은 이 박테리아들 중 일부를 게걸스럽게 먹을겁니다 한 번 대식세포가 박테리아를 먹으면 박테리아들은 이 림프계의 혈관에 들어옵니다 여러분의 신체가 이 모든 것을 해결하는 방법은 이 모든 것들을 가장 가까운 림프절까지 직접 쓸어가는 것입니다 이런 구조를 그렇게 부르는 것입니다 림프절이라고 불립니다 림프 '절'이라고 불리는 이유는 이건 일반적으로 여러분의 신체에서 아주 작은 물체이고 다소 원으로 보이기 때문입니다 그래서 '절' 같다고 하는 겁니다 림프라는 단어는 B세포와 T세포가 있다는 사실과 관련이 있습니다 Ukrainian: Це також зручно, бо до нього веде лімфатична судина. Отже, ці бактерії і деякі з мікрофагів, що поглинули бактерії, проходять сюди. Вони контактуватимуть із В- і Т-клітинами, які потім подвоюються, адаптуються, після чого готові боротися з інфекцією. Ми не говоритимемо про те, як саме вони це роблять, тому що це є темою іншого відео. Та я лише хочу наголосити, що, як ми раніше говорили, першочерговим завданням лімфатичної системи, лімфатичних судин - є повертати рідину назад у кров. Тож очевидно, що поки усе це дістанеться до лімфатичного вузла, лімфатична судина не закінчиться. Лімфатична судина продовжуватиметься. Вона буде продовжуватись і врешті-решт поверне рідину назад у кров. В кінцевому результаті, рідина опиниться знову у крові. English: And it's also convenient, because what leads to it is the lymphatic vessel. So these bacteria and some of these macrophages carrying the bacteria will get swept along. And they'll be in contact with these B and T cells, who can then multiply and specialize and get ready to fight this infection over here. And we're not going to talk about how they ultimately do that, because that's a topic, really, for another video. But I just wanted to mention that, as we said, the primary purpose, really, of the lymphatic system, of these lymphatic vessels, is to carry fluid back into the blood. So obviously, by the time all this stuff gets here to this lymph node, that can't be the end of the lymph vessel. So lymph vessel is actually going to continue. It's going to continue, and it's going to eventually carry fluid and such back into the blood. So ultimately, the fluid is going to end up back in the blood. And so actually, another nice side effect Bulgarian: Също така е удобно, защото лимфните съдове водят до него. Така че бактериите и някои от тези макрофаги, които носят бактерии, ще бъдат заметени. И ще бъдат в контакт с тези B и Т-клетки, които тогава могат да се мултиплицират и специалицизират и подготвят за борба с инфекцията. Няма да се спираме на това как го правят, защото това е тема за друг клип. Но просто исках да спомена, че, както казахме, основната задача на лимфната система, на тези лимфни съдове, е да пренесе течността обратно в кръвта. И очевидно когато цялото това това нещо стигне до този лимфен възел, това не може да е краят на лимфния съд. Така че лимфният съд всъщност ще продължи. Ще продължи и в крайна сметка ще пренесе течността обратно в кръвта. Така че течността ще се окаже обратно в кръвта. И така всъщност друг хубав страничен ефект Korean: 또한 편리하기도 한데 왜냐하면 이것을 이끄는 것이 림프관이기 때문입니다 이 박테리아와 박테리아를 옮기는 이 대식세포 중 일부가 쓸리게 될 것입니다 그것들은 수를 두 배로 늘릴 수 있고 특성화할 수도 있고 이 감염과 싸울 준비가 된 이 B세포와 T세포랑 만나게 될 것입니다 어떻게 B세포와 T세포가 궁극적으로 감염과 싸우는지에 대해서는 다음 영상에서 설명하겠습니다 하지만 전 림프계의, 림프관의 주된 목적이 액체를 다시 혈관으로 옮기는 일이라는 것을 언급하고 싶습니다 언급하고 싶습니다 명백하게 시간이 지나면 이 모든 것들은 이 림프관의 끝이라고는 할 수 없는 이 림프절로 올 것입니다 림프관은 사실 계속 이어지고 있습니다 림프관은 계속 이어질 것이고 이건 결국 액체를 옮기고 혈관 안으로 다시 들어오게 할 것입니다 궁극적으로 그 액체는 결국 혈관 안으로 돌아오게 됩니다 사실 이 림프관을 통해 배치된 림프절이 Polish: Nazwa ta jest również wygodna, ponieważ do węzła chłonnego prowadzi naczynie chłonne (inaczej limfatyczne). Więc te bakterie i niektóre z tych makrofagów, które transportują bakterię zostaną przeniesione. Dojdzie do interakcji z tymi limfocytami B i T, które mogą się namnażać i specjalizować, tak, aby być gotowe na walkę z infekcją. Nie będziemy mówić dokładnie jak to robią, ponieważ jest to temat na osobny film. Ale chciałbym tylko o tym wspomnieć, ponieważ głównym celem układu limfatycznego, a tym samym naczyń limfatycznych, jest transport płynu z powrotem do krwiobiegu. Oczywiście, gdy wszystkie te rzeczy trafią do węzła chłonnego, to naczynie limfatyczne nie kończy się. Naczynie limfatyczne ciągnie się dalej. Ciągnie się, aby transportować płyn i inne rzeczy do krwiobiegu. Więc ostatecznie, płyn trafi z powrotem do krwiobiegu. Kolejny dobry efekt uboczny tego, Polish: że węzły chłonne są rozlokowane wzdłuż naczyń limfatycznych, jest taki, że filtrują one płyn, który przepływa i który trafi z powrotem do krwiobiegu. Jeśli nie miałbyś węzłów chłonnych, wciąż potrzebowałbyś naczynia limfatyczne, aby pozbyć się płynu, który odfiltrowuje Twoja krew. Bez węzłów chłonnych, te bakterie trafiłyby bezpośrednio do krwiobiegu. Mogłoby to stworzyć problem, ponieważ jak powiedzieliśmy, infekcje krwi są o wiele bardziej poważne od lokalnych infekcji tkanek. Więc węzły chłonne pełnią rolę filtra limfy, której przez nie przepływa. Mają one makrofagi, które pomagają w wyłapywaniu niektórych z bakterii, które mogą się w niej znajdować. Podsumowując, opowiedzieliśmy sobie o całkiem eleganckim systemie. Omówiliśmy system pozbywania się tych wszystkich bakterii do najbliższej komendy policji. I w tym samym czasie, rozwinęliśmy system filtracji płynu, który wycieka z naszych naczyń krwionośnych, English: of having these lymph nodes here interspersed throughout the lymphatic vessels is that they'll actually filter all this fluid that's gonna get put back into the blood. If you didn't have this lymph node here, you would still need the lymphatic vessels to get rid of the fluid that your blood is filtering. And what would happen is these bacteria would get just put directly back into the bloodstream. And that would be a problem, because as we said, infections of the blood are way more serious than local infections of tissues. So this lymph node acts as a filter for the lymph, which is passing through here. And actually, it also has some macrophages here that are going to help gobble up some of the bacteria that might be floating through. And so in sum, I think we're left with something that's really a very elegant system. What happens is we've developed a way to sweep all these bacterial invaders basically to the nearest police station. And at the same time, we've developed a system to filter the fluid that got squeezed out of these blood Bulgarian: от това, че лимфните възли тук са разпръснати по лимфните съдове, е, че те възлите всъщност пречистват цялата тази течност, която ще се върне в кръвта. Ако този лимфен възел го нямаше тук, пак щяхме да се нуждаем от лимфния съд, за да се отърве от течността, която се изцежда от кръвта. И тогава тези бактерии щяха просто да бъдат прехвърлени обратно в кръвта. И това щеше да е проблем, защото, както казахме, инфекциите на кръвта са много по-сериозни от локалните инфекции на тъкани. Така че този лимфен възел играе ролята на филтър за минаващата оттук лимфа. И всъщност тук има макрофаги, което ще помогнат с поглъщането на някои от бактериите, носещи се наоколо. И като цяло ми се струва, че накрая получаваме доста елегантна система. Реално сме развили начин, да откарваме всички тези бактериални нашественици към най-близкото полицейско управление. В същия момент сме развили система с която да филтрираме течността, която се изтласква от тези кръвоносни съдове, Ukrainian: Ще однією перевагою лімфатичних вузлів, які є розкидані по усіх лімфатичних судинах є те, що вони очищують усю рідину, яка потім повернеться у кров. Якщо у вас не було б тут лімфатичного вузла, вам все одно потрібні б були лімфатичні судини, щоб позбутися рідини, яку очищує ваша кров. А потім усі ці бактерії повернулися б безпосередньо назад у кровотік. Це було б проблемою, оскільки ми говорили, що інфекції у крові є куди небезпечнішими, ніж місцеві інфекції у тканинах. Отже, цей лімфатичний вузол є очищувачем для лімфи, яка проходить крізь нього. Він також має декілька макрофагів, які допоможуть йому поглинути деякі бактерії, що можливо там знаходитимуться. Загалом, я думаю що ця система є дуже розумною. Ми фактично винайшли спосіб відправити усі ці чужорідні бактерії до найближчого відділку поліції. Водночас ми винайшли систему, що очищує рідину, яка витісняється із кровоносних судин, Korean: 여기에 있는 것의 다른 좋은 부작용은 이것들이 사실 혈관으로 다시 들어오는 이 액체들을 걸러준다는 것입니다 이 액체들을 걸러준다는 것입니다 만약 여러분의 림프절이 여기에 있지 않는다면 여러분은 아직도 여러분의 피가 걸러주는 액체를 없애기 위해 림프관이 필요할 것입니다 다음으로 일어날 일은 이 박테리아들이 혈류 속으로 직접 다시 들어온다는 것입니다 그것은 문제가 될 수 있는데 왜냐하면 방금 말했다시피 혈관의 감염은 조직의 부분적인 감염보다 훨씬 더 심각하기 때문입니다 이 림프절이 여기를 통해 지나가는 필터의 역할을 합니다 사실 림프절은 또한 이곳을 통해 떠다니는 박테리아 중 일부를 게걸스럽게 먹어치우는 것을 도와줄 대식세포가 있습니다 요약하자면 우리는 매우 우아한 시스템을 가지고 있다고 생각합니다 일어나는 일은 우리가 개발한 방법인 이 모든 박테리아 침입자들을 기본적으로 가장 가까운 경찰서로 쓸어버리는 방법입니다 동시에 이 혈관에서 짜내어져 나온 이 액체를 여기로 통과시킴으로써 거르기 위해 Polish: tak, aby mógł być filtrowany i w momencie, gdy trafi z powrotem do naczynia krwionośnego był wolny od bakterii i innych odpadów. Zanim skończymy, pomówmy trochę o węzłach chłonnych, aby mieć pewność, że wiemy o czym mówimy. Ogólnie, są one całkiem małe. Są o wiele mniejsze od typowego organu. Więc nie są sklasyfikowane jako organy. Mają od 1 do 25 milimetrów. Są na tyle małe, że możesz ich mieć bardzo dużo w swoim ciele. I je masz. Masz ich około 600. Jest ich około 600 w Twoim ciele. Niektóre z nich są ulokowane na tyle blisko skóry, że możesz je wyczuć. Są to te większe węzły chłonne. Ciężko byłby wyczuć coś co ma 1 milimetr. Spójrzmy teraz, gdzie możemy je znaleźć w naszym ciele. Dorysujmy temu człowiekowi szyję, aby wszystko się zgadzało. Węzły chłonne są ulokowane English: vessels, to filter it as it passes through here, so that by the time it gets to the end, it's free of bacteria and other debris. So before we finish, let's talk a little bit more about these lymph nodes so we have a sense of what they're like in reality. So they're generally fairly small. They're definitely much smaller than your average organ. And so they're not considered organs. And they're about 1 to 25 millimeters. And they're small enough that you can have lots of them in your body. And so you do. You have about 600. There are about 600 in the body. And some of them are located close enough to the skin that you can feel them. And those would obviously be the bigger ones. It would be hard to feel something that's 1 millimeter. And so let's look at where some of these are located on a human body. Let's actually give this guy a neck to be generous. So the lymph nodes are, obviously, Ukrainian: очищує її, коли вона проходить ось тут. Тож наприкінці свого шляху вона буде вільною від бактерій та інших чужорідних тіл. Перш ніж ми закінчимо, поговоримо трішки більше про ці лімфатичні вузли, щоб ми мали повне уявлення про те, які вони насправді. Вони зазвичай малі. Вони набагато менші ніж ваші органи. Тож вони не відносяться до органів. Вони мають приблизно 1-25 міліметрів. Вузли такі маленькі, що їх може бути, безліч у вашому організмі. Так і є. У вас їх приблизно 600. 600 вузлів у вашому організмі. Деякі з них розташовані так близько до шкіри, що ви можете до них доторкнутися. Очевидно, що це одні з більших вузлів. І справді, важко доторкнутися до чогось, що має лише 1 міліметр. Поглянемо, де саме вони розташовані у нашому організмі. Домалюємо йому ще шию, щоб не бути такими скупими. Зрозуміло, що лімфатичні вузли Korean: 개발한 이 시스템은 액체들이 끝까지 갈 때까지 박테리아나 다른 잔해들로부터 방해받지 않도록 합니다 영상을 끝마치기 전에 이 림프절에 대해서 조금 더 이야기해 봅시다 림프절이 실제로 어떻게 생겼는지에 대해서 말이죠 일반적으로 림프절은 꽤 작습니다 림프절은 분명히 여러분의 평균 기관보다 훨씬 작습니다 그게 림프절이 기관으로 정의되지 않는 까닭이죠 보통 림프절은 약 1에서 25밀리미터입니다 림프절은 여러분의 신체 내부에 많이 있어도 될만큼 충분히 작습니다 실제로 많이 있구요 체내에 약 600개정도 있습니다 체내에 약 600개정도 있습니다 개중에 일부는 여러분의 피부 가까이에 위치해있어서 여러분이 충분히 느끼실 수도 있습니다 여러분이 느끼실 수 있는 것들은 분명 더 큰 것들이겠죠 1밀리미터보다 더 작은 무언가는 여러분들께서 느끼기 힘드실 겁니다 이 림프관들이 인체의 어디에 위치하는지 알아봅시다 이 친구한테 목을 정상적으로 그려줘야겠네요 분명 림프절은 Bulgarian: да я филтрираме, докато преминава оттук, така че когато стигне до края, тя да е изчистена от бактерии и други отпадъци. Преди да приключим, искам да поговоря малко за тези лимфни възли, за да придобием представа за това какви са те в действителност. Като цяло са доста малки. Определено са по-малки от повечето органи. И затова не се считат за органи. Те са големи между 1 и 22 милиметра. И са достатъчно малки, така че в тялото има доста от тях. И ти имаш доста. Имаш около 600. Броят им в тялото е около 600. И някои от тях са разположени достатъчно близо до кожата, че да можеш да ги докоснеш. И тези очевидно ще са от по-големите. Трудно ще е да усетиш нещо, което е 1 милиметър. Нека видим къде из човешкото тяло са разположени някои от тези възли. Нека проявим щедрост и дадем на този приятел шия. Лимфните възли са, очевидно Polish: wzdłuż naczyń limfatycznych. Jako, że jest ich około 600, są ulokowane wzdłuż większych naczyń limfatycznych, takich, które łączą wiele małych naczyń limfatycznych w jedno duże. Zacznijmy od miejsc, w których możesz wyczuć węzły chłonne. Często, możesz je wyczuć w obszarze swoich pachwin, miejscu pomiędzy udami i jamą brzuszną. Jak wiemy, znajdują się tam całkiem duże naczynia limfatyczne, które łączą się i ciągną dalej wzdłuż ciała. Wzdłuż nich można znaleźć węzły chłonne. Często podczas badania lekarskiego, lekarz może wyczuć węzły chłonne wzdłuż obojczyków. Może je wyczuć przy Twojej szyi. Jak i na twarzy oraz poniżej szczęki. Wszystkie te węzły chłonne znajdują się obok naczyń limfatycznych schodzących w dół. Naczynia limfatyczne, które znajdują się w Twoich rękach - wzdłuż nich również mamy węzły chłonne. Bulgarian: разположени по лимфните съдове. Но тъй като има 600 възли, те са разположени по по-големите лимфни съдове, които вече са събрали много от малките лимфни съдове и са ги обединили. Нека да започнем с местата, на които можеш наистина да откриеш лимфни възли по тялото си. Често можеш да усетиш лимфните възли които са в областта на слабините тук, някъде между бедрото и корема ти. И, както знаем, има големи лимфни съдове, които се събират тук и се сливат и се изкачват по тялото. И по цялото протежение тук може да имаш лимфни възли, в цялата зона тук. И често, когато докторът те преглежда, той ще потърси лимфните възли около ключицата ти. Може да ги потърси по шията ти. И може да ги потърси по лицето ти и под челюстта ти. Всичко това са лимфни съдове, които слизат надолу. А лимфните съдове, които се намират тук, по ръцете ти, те също ще имат лимфни възли. English: located all along lymph vessels. But because there are 600 of them, they're located along the larger lymphatic vessels that have already collected many of the little lymphatic vessels and consolidated them. So let's start with places where you might actually feel lymph nodes on your own body. So often, you can feel the lymph nodes that are in the inguinal region there, kind of between your thigh and your abdomen. And as we know, there are kind of large lymphatic vessels that consolidate here and merge and rise up the body. And all along here, you might have lymph nodes, all along there. And then often, when a doctor gives you a check up, he'll feel for lymph nodes along your clavicles there. He might feel along your neck. And he might actually feel on your face and below your jaw. So all those are along lymph vessels that are coming down. And then the lymph vessels that are coming here from your arms-- those will have lymph nodes along them. Ukrainian: розташовані вздовж лімфатичних судин. Та через те, що їх 600 вони розташовані вздовж більших лімфатичних судин, що складаються з менших об'єднаних лімфатичних судин. Почнемо з тих місць, де ви можете відчути лімфатичні вузли на вашому тілі. Часто ви можете відчути лімфатичні вузли, що розташовані у паховій ділянці, між вашим стегном і черевною порожниною. Нам відомо, що є великі лімфатичні судини, що зливаються ось тут, об'єднуються і розходяться по тілу. Вздовж них розташовані лімфатичні вузли, повсюди. І часто коли вас оглядає лікар, він пальпує лімфатичні вузли вздовж ваших ключиць, або ж вздовж вашої шиї. Він може пальпувати на вашому обличчі та під щелепою. Усі ці вузли розташовані вздовж лімфатичних судин, що спускаються вниз. А ще є лімфатичні судини, що знаходяться ваших руках; вони теж матимуть по собі лімфатичні вузли. Korean: 림프관을 따라 길게 자리잡고 있습니다 하지만 그 중 600개가 있기 때문에 림프절은 다수의 작은 림프관을 축적시키며 그 작은 림프관을 굳히는 더 큰 림프관을 따라서 자리잡고 있습니다 여러분이 여러분의 몸에서 실제로 느끼는 림프절은 어디에 위치하는지 지금부터 알아보죠 가끔 여러분은 여러분의 넓적다리와 배 사이인 사타구니에 림프절이 있다고 느끼실 수 있습니다 여러분도 아시다시피 여기서 통합하여 몸을 합치고 상승하는 일종의 큰 림프관이 있습니다 이곳을 길게 따라서 림프절이 있을 겁니다 이곳을 길게 따라서 림프절이 있을 겁니다 종종 의사가 여러분의 건강을 진단할 때 의사는 여러분의 쇄골에 있는 림프절을 찾아볼 겁니다 의사는 여러분의 목을 훑어볼 겁니다 여러분의 얼굴과 턱 아래도 훑어볼지도 모릅니다 이 모든 것들은 림프관을 따라서 내려오고 있습니다 여러분의 팔에서 이곳으로 오는 림프관은 림프관을 따라서 림프절이 있을 겁니다 English: And so in this way, you have about 600 of these lymph nodes sprinkled about in your body. And the cool fact to remember is that any lymph that's coming out of any tissue in your body will pass through at least one lymph node before it goes back to your blood. So even if it's out in your little pinky finger or something, the lymph vessels that carry that back will come and join a larger lymph vessel, which will pass through a lymph node. Or even if it's here in your stomach, it'll come and it'll join, and it'll pass, and it'll get into a larger one with a lymph node. So really, all the lymph that goes back into your blood is filtered. Korean: 림프관을 따라서 림프절이 있을 겁니다 이러한 방식으로 림프절이 여러분의 신체 내에 흩어져있는 겁니다 기억해야할 것은 여러분의 신체에서 어느 조직 밖으로 나오는 어떤 림프든 여러분의 혈관 속으로 들어가기 전에 최소한 한 번 이 림프절을 지나게 됩니다 비록 여러분의 새끼손가락이나 무언가에서 림프가 나오더라도 림프관은 그 림프를 다시 들어오게 하고 림프절을 통과할 더 큰 림프관을 만나게 할 것입니다 혹은 그것이 여러분의 복부에 있더라도 림프관이 와서 만날 것이며 림프절과 함께 더 큰 림프관으로 들어갈 것입니다 실제로 여러분의 혈액 속으로 들어가는 모든 림프는 걸러집니다 커넥트 번역 봉사단 | 김준호 Ukrainian: Ось так, в принципі, і розташовані 600 лімфатичних вузлів, розкиданих по вашому тілу. Варто запам'ятати, що лімфа, яка виходить із будь-якої тканини у вашому організмі, пройде щонайменше крізь один лімфатичний вузол перед тим, як повернеться назад у кров. Отже, навіть якщо вона знаходиться у мізинці, лімфатичні судини, що йдуть звідти, приєднаються до більшої лімфатичної судини, яка проходитиме крізь лімфатичний вузол. Якщо лімфа у вашому животі, вона приєднається до лімфатичної судини, а потім до більшої судини, де є лімфатичний вузол. Отже, уся лімфа, що повертається назад у кров, очищується. Polish: W taki sposób ulokowane jest około 600 węzłów chłonnych w całym Twoim ciele. Ciekawy fakt do zapamiętania, jest taki że każda limfa pochodząca z jakiejkolwiek tkanki Twojego ciała musi przejść przez chociażby jeden węzeł chłonny zanim trafi do krwi. Nawet jeśli jest Twoim małym, różowym palcu, to naczynie limfatyczne się tam znajdujące połączy się z większym naczyniem, który przejdzie przez odpowiedni węzeł chłonny. Nawet tutaj, w Twoim żołądku naczynia połączą się z większym, który przejdzie przez węzeł chłonny. Tak więc cała limfa, która wraca do Twojego krwiobiegu jest filtrowana. Bulgarian: И така имаш около 600 от тези лимфни възли, разпръснати из тялото. И готиното е, че всяка лимфа, която излиза от всяка тъкан в тялото ти, ще мине през поне един лимфен възел, преди да стигне до кръвта ти. Така че дори да е на кутрето ти, лимфните съдове, които пренасят течността обратно, ще се съберат в по-голям лимфен съд, който ще премине през лимфен възел. Или дори да е тук в стомаха ти, тя ще се събере с други, и ще стигне до по-голям съд с лимфен възел. Така че наистина всичката лимфа, която се връща в кръвта ти, е филтрирана.

Hi everyone from Anteprima Cinema! Clint Eastwood tells us about shooting of his new movie Hereafter, a supernatural thriller that tells the story of George, a man able to speak with the dead people. His life weaves with those of two very different women, who are also in contact with the dead. After Invictus, Clint Eastwood works again with the young American actor Matt Damon. Let’s see the exclusive interview with the director.

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KIDS WITH AN EXEMPTION ISSUED BEFORE THIS COMING JANUARY CAN KIDS WITH AN EXEMPTION ISSUED BEFORE THIS COMING JANUARY CAN KIDS WITH AN EXEMPTION ISSUED BEFORE THIS COMING JANUARY CAN KEEP KIDS WITH AN EXEMPTION ISSUED BEFORE THIS COMING JANUARY CAN KEEP ATTENDING KIDS WITH AN EXEMPTION ISSUED BEFORE THIS COMING JANUARY CAN KEEP ATTENDING SCHOOL KIDS WITH AN EXEMPTION ISSUED BEFORE THIS COMING JANUARY CAN KEEP ATTENDING SCHOOL UNTIL BEFORE THIS COMING JANUARY CAN KEEP ATTENDING SCHOOL UNTIL BEFORE THIS COMING JANUARY CAN KEEP ATTENDING SCHOOL UNTIL THE BEFORE THIS COMING JANUARY CAN KEEP ATTENDING SCHOOL UNTIL THE NEXT BEFORE THIS COMING JANUARY CAN KEEP ATTENDING SCHOOL UNTIL THE NEXT MILESTONE, BEFORE THIS COMING JANUARY CAN KEEP ATTENDING SCHOOL UNTIL THE NEXT MILESTONE, THAT'S KEEP ATTENDING SCHOOL UNTIL THE NEXT MILESTONE, THAT'S KEEP ATTENDING SCHOOL UNTIL THE NEXT MILESTONE, THAT'S EITHER KEEP ATTENDING SCHOOL UNTIL THE NEXT MILESTONE, THAT'S EITHER KINDERGARTEN KEEP ATTENDING SCHOOL UNTIL THE NEXT MILESTONE, THAT'S EITHER KINDERGARTEN OR KEEP ATTENDING SCHOOL UNTIL THE NEXT MILESTONE, THAT'S EITHER KINDERGARTEN OR 7th THE NEXT MILESTONE, THAT'S EITHER KINDERGARTEN OR 7th THE NEXT MILESTONE, THAT'S EITHER KINDERGARTEN OR 7th GRADE. EITHER KINDERGARTEN OR 7th GRADE. EITHER KINDERGARTEN OR 7th GRADE. BUT EITHER KINDERGARTEN OR 7th GRADE. BUT STARTING EITHER KINDERGARTEN OR 7th GRADE. BUT STARTING IN EITHER KINDERGARTEN OR 7th GRADE. BUT STARTING IN 2021 EITHER KINDERGARTEN OR 7th GRADE. BUT STARTING IN 2021 IT EITHER KINDERGARTEN OR 7th GRADE. BUT STARTING IN 2021 IT WILL GRADE. BUT STARTING IN 2021 IT WILL GRADE. BUT STARTING IN 2021 IT WILL BE GRADE. BUT STARTING IN 2021 IT WILL BE HARDER GRADE. BUT STARTING IN 2021 IT WILL BE HARDER TO GRADE. BUT STARTING IN 2021 IT WILL BE HARDER TO GET GRADE. BUT STARTING IN 2021 IT WILL BE HARDER TO GET AN GRADE. BUT STARTING IN 2021 IT WILL BE HARDER TO GET AN EXEMPTION BUT STARTING IN 2021 IT WILL BE HARDER TO GET AN EXEMPTION BUT STARTING IN 2021 IT WILL BE HARDER TO GET AN EXEMPTION AND BUT STARTING IN 2021 IT WILL BE HARDER TO GET AN EXEMPTION AND THOSE BUT STARTING IN 2021 IT WILL BE HARDER TO GET AN EXEMPTION AND THOSE THAT BUT STARTING IN 2021 IT WILL BE HARDER TO GET AN EXEMPTION AND THOSE THAT DON'T BUT STARTING IN 2021 IT WILL BE HARDER TO GET AN EXEMPTION AND THOSE THAT DON'T HAVE BUT STARTING IN 2021 IT WILL BE HARDER TO GET AN EXEMPTION AND THOSE THAT DON'T HAVE AN BE HARDER TO GET AN EXEMPTION AND THOSE THAT DON'T HAVE AN BE HARDER TO GET AN EXEMPTION AND THOSE THAT DON'T HAVE AN EXEMPTION BE HARDER TO GET AN EXEMPTION AND THOSE THAT DON'T HAVE AN EXEMPTION MUST BE HARDER TO GET AN EXEMPTION AND THOSE THAT DON'T HAVE AN EXEMPTION MUST BE BE HARDER TO GET AN EXEMPTION AND THOSE THAT DON'T HAVE AN EXEMPTION MUST BE VACCINATED AND THOSE THAT DON'T HAVE AN EXEMPTION MUST BE VACCINATED AND THOSE THAT DON'T HAVE AN EXEMPTION MUST BE VACCINATED TO AND THOSE THAT DON'T HAVE AN EXEMPTION MUST BE VACCINATED TO ATTEND AND THOSE THAT DON'T HAVE AN EXEMPTION MUST BE VACCINATED TO ATTEND SCHOOL. EXEMPTION MUST BE VACCINATED TO ATTEND SCHOOL. EXEMPTION MUST BE VACCINATED TO ATTEND SCHOOL. AND EXEMPTION MUST BE VACCINATED TO ATTEND SCHOOL. AND THE EXEMPTION MUST BE VACCINATED TO ATTEND SCHOOL. AND THE NEW EXEMPTION MUST BE VACCINATED TO ATTEND SCHOOL. AND THE NEW LAW EXEMPTION MUST BE VACCINATED TO ATTEND SCHOOL. AND THE NEW LAW ASKS EXEMPTION MUST BE VACCINATED TO ATTEND SCHOOL. AND THE NEW LAW ASKS FOR EXEMPTION MUST BE VACCINATED TO ATTEND SCHOOL. AND THE NEW LAW ASKS FOR A EXEMPTION MUST BE VACCINATED TO ATTEND SCHOOL. AND THE NEW LAW ASKS FOR A LOT TO ATTEND SCHOOL. AND THE NEW LAW ASKS FOR A LOT TO ATTEND SCHOOL. AND THE NEW LAW ASKS FOR A LOT OF TO ATTEND SCHOOL. AND THE NEW LAW ASKS FOR A LOT OF INFORMATION TO ATTEND SCHOOL. AND THE NEW LAW ASKS FOR A LOT OF INFORMATION INCLUDING TO ATTEND SCHOOL. AND THE NEW LAW ASKS FOR A LOT OF INFORMATION INCLUDING HOW AND THE NEW LAW ASKS FOR A LOT OF INFORMATION INCLUDING HOW AND THE NEW LAW ASKS FOR A LOT OF INFORMATION INCLUDING HOW LONG AND THE NEW LAW ASKS FOR A LOT OF INFORMATION INCLUDING HOW LONG THE AND THE NEW LAW ASKS FOR A LOT OF INFORMATION INCLUDING HOW LONG THE DOCTOR AND THE NEW LAW ASKS FOR A LOT OF INFORMATION INCLUDING HOW LONG THE DOCTOR ISSUING AND THE NEW LAW ASKS FOR A LOT OF INFORMATION INCLUDING HOW LONG THE DOCTOR ISSUING THE OF INFORMATION INCLUDING HOW LONG THE DOCTOR ISSUING THE OF INFORMATION INCLUDING HOW LONG THE DOCTOR ISSUING THE EXEMPTION OF INFORMATION INCLUDING HOW LONG THE DOCTOR ISSUING THE EXEMPTION HAS OF INFORMATION INCLUDING HOW LONG THE DOCTOR ISSUING THE EXEMPTION HAS BEEN OF INFORMATION INCLUDING HOW LONG THE DOCTOR ISSUING THE EXEMPTION HAS BEEN TREATING LONG THE DOCTOR ISSUING THE EXEMPTION HAS BEEN TREATING LONG THE DOCTOR ISSUING THE EXEMPTION HAS BEEN TREATING THE LONG THE DOCTOR ISSUING THE EXEMPTION HAS BEEN TREATING THE CHILD, LONG THE DOCTOR ISSUING THE EXEMPTION HAS BEEN TREATING THE CHILD, AND LONG THE DOCTOR ISSUING THE EXEMPTION HAS BEEN TREATING THE CHILD, AND WHY LONG THE DOCTOR ISSUING THE EXEMPTION HAS BEEN TREATING THE CHILD, AND WHY THEY LONG THE DOCTOR ISSUING THE EXEMPTION HAS BEEN TREATING THE CHILD, AND WHY THEY NEED EXEMPTION HAS BEEN TREATING THE CHILD, AND WHY THEY NEED EXEMPTION HAS BEEN TREATING THE CHILD, AND WHY THEY NEED TO EXEMPTION HAS BEEN TREATING THE CHILD, AND WHY THEY NEED TO BE EXEMPTION HAS BEEN TREATING THE CHILD, AND WHY THEY NEED TO BE EXEMPT EXEMPTION HAS BEEN TREATING THE CHILD, AND WHY THEY NEED TO BE EXEMPT FROM EXEMPTION HAS BEEN TREATING THE CHILD, AND WHY THEY NEED TO BE EXEMPT FROM EACH THE CHILD, AND WHY THEY NEED TO BE EXEMPT FROM EACH THE CHILD, AND WHY THEY NEED TO BE EXEMPT FROM EACH SPECIFIC THE CHILD, AND WHY THEY NEED TO BE EXEMPT FROM EACH SPECIFIC VACCINE. TO BE EXEMPT FROM EACH SPECIFIC VACCINE. TO BE EXEMPT FROM EACH SPECIFIC VACCINE. IT TO BE EXEMPT FROM EACH SPECIFIC VACCINE. IT ALSO TO BE EXEMPT FROM EACH SPECIFIC VACCINE. IT ALSO REQUIRES TO BE EXEMPT FROM EACH SPECIFIC VACCINE. IT ALSO REQUIRES A TO BE EXEMPT FROM EACH SPECIFIC VACCINE. IT ALSO REQUIRES A DOCTOR TO BE EXEMPT FROM EACH SPECIFIC VACCINE. IT ALSO REQUIRES A DOCTOR TO SPECIFIC VACCINE. IT ALSO REQUIRES A DOCTOR TO SPECIFIC VACCINE. IT ALSO REQUIRES A DOCTOR TO CERTIFY SPECIFIC VACCINE. IT ALSO REQUIRES A DOCTOR TO CERTIFY THE SPECIFIC VACCINE. IT ALSO REQUIRES A DOCTOR TO CERTIFY THE INFORMATION SPECIFIC VACCINE. IT ALSO REQUIRES A DOCTOR TO CERTIFY THE INFORMATION SHE SPECIFIC VACCINE. IT ALSO REQUIRES A DOCTOR TO CERTIFY THE INFORMATION SHE OR IT ALSO REQUIRES A DOCTOR TO CERTIFY THE INFORMATION SHE OR IT ALSO REQUIRES A DOCTOR TO CERTIFY THE INFORMATION SHE OR HE IT ALSO REQUIRES A DOCTOR TO CERTIFY THE INFORMATION SHE OR HE IS IT ALSO REQUIRES A DOCTOR TO CERTIFY THE INFORMATION SHE OR HE IS PROVIDING IT ALSO REQUIRES A DOCTOR TO CERTIFY THE INFORMATION SHE OR HE IS PROVIDING IS IT ALSO REQUIRES A DOCTOR TO CERTIFY THE INFORMATION SHE OR HE IS PROVIDING IS TRUE, CERTIFY THE INFORMATION SHE OR HE IS PROVIDING IS TRUE, CERTIFY THE INFORMATION SHE OR HE IS PROVIDING IS TRUE, ACCURATE, CERTIFY THE INFORMATION SHE OR HE IS PROVIDING IS TRUE, ACCURATE, AND CERTIFY THE INFORMATION SHE OR HE IS PROVIDING IS TRUE, ACCURATE, AND COMPLETE, CERTIFY THE INFORMATION SHE OR HE IS PROVIDING IS TRUE, ACCURATE, AND COMPLETE, AND HE IS PROVIDING IS TRUE, ACCURATE, AND COMPLETE, AND HE IS PROVIDING IS TRUE, ACCURATE, AND COMPLETE, AND THE HE IS PROVIDING IS TRUE, ACCURATE, AND COMPLETE, AND THE LAW HE IS PROVIDING IS TRUE, ACCURATE, AND COMPLETE, AND THE LAW SAYS HE IS PROVIDING IS TRUE, ACCURATE, AND COMPLETE, AND THE LAW SAYS THAT HE IS PROVIDING IS TRUE, ACCURATE, AND COMPLETE, AND THE LAW SAYS THAT PROVIDING ACCURATE, AND COMPLETE, AND THE LAW SAYS THAT PROVIDING ACCURATE, AND COMPLETE, AND THE LAW SAYS THAT PROVIDING FALSE ACCURATE, AND COMPLETE, AND THE LAW SAYS THAT PROVIDING FALSE INFORMATION ACCURATE, AND COMPLETE, AND THE LAW SAYS THAT PROVIDING FALSE INFORMATION COULD ACCURATE, AND COMPLETE, AND THE LAW SAYS THAT PROVIDING FALSE INFORMATION COULD GET THE LAW SAYS THAT PROVIDING FALSE INFORMATION COULD GET THE LAW SAYS THAT PROVIDING FALSE INFORMATION COULD GET THAT THE LAW SAYS THAT PROVIDING FALSE INFORMATION COULD GET THAT DOCTOR THE LAW SAYS THAT PROVIDING FALSE INFORMATION COULD GET THAT DOCTOR IN THE LAW SAYS THAT PROVIDING FALSE INFORMATION COULD GET THAT DOCTOR IN LEGAL THE LAW SAYS THAT PROVIDING FALSE INFORMATION COULD GET THAT DOCTOR IN LEGAL TROUBLE. FALSE INFORMATION COULD GET THAT DOCTOR IN LEGAL TROUBLE. FALSE INFORMATION COULD GET THAT DOCTOR IN LEGAL TROUBLE. ALSO FALSE INFORMATION COULD GET THAT DOCTOR IN LEGAL TROUBLE. ALSO THE FALSE INFORMATION COULD GET THAT DOCTOR IN LEGAL TROUBLE. ALSO THE STATE FALSE INFORMATION COULD GET THAT DOCTOR IN LEGAL TROUBLE. ALSO THE STATE WILL FALSE INFORMATION COULD GET THAT DOCTOR IN LEGAL TROUBLE. ALSO THE STATE WILL CREATE FALSE INFORMATION COULD GET THAT DOCTOR IN LEGAL TROUBLE. ALSO THE STATE WILL CREATE A THAT DOCTOR IN LEGAL TROUBLE. ALSO THE STATE WILL CREATE A THAT DOCTOR IN LEGAL TROUBLE. ALSO THE STATE WILL CREATE A STANDARDIZED THAT DOCTOR IN LEGAL TROUBLE. ALSO THE STATE WILL CREATE A STANDARDIZED SYSTEM THAT DOCTOR IN LEGAL TROUBLE. ALSO THE STATE WILL CREATE A STANDARDIZED SYSTEM TO THAT DOCTOR IN LEGAL TROUBLE. ALSO THE STATE WILL CREATE A STANDARDIZED SYSTEM TO CREATE ALSO THE STATE WILL CREATE A STANDARDIZED SYSTEM TO CREATE ALSO THE STATE WILL CREATE A STANDARDIZED SYSTEM TO CREATE NOT ALSO THE STATE WILL CREATE A STANDARDIZED SYSTEM TO CREATE NOT ONLY ALSO THE STATE WILL CREATE A STANDARDIZED SYSTEM TO CREATE NOT ONLY IMMUNIZATION ALSO THE STATE WILL CREATE A STANDARDIZED SYSTEM TO CREATE NOT ONLY IMMUNIZATION LEVELS STANDARDIZED SYSTEM TO CREATE NOT ONLY IMMUNIZATION LEVELS STANDARDIZED SYSTEM TO CREATE NOT ONLY IMMUNIZATION LEVELS IN STANDARDIZED SYSTEM TO CREATE NOT ONLY IMMUNIZATION LEVELS IN SCHOOLS, STANDARDIZED SYSTEM TO CREATE NOT ONLY IMMUNIZATION LEVELS IN SCHOOLS, BUT STANDARDIZED SYSTEM TO CREATE NOT ONLY IMMUNIZATION LEVELS IN SCHOOLS, BUT WHICH STANDARDIZED SYSTEM TO CREATE NOT ONLY IMMUNIZATION LEVELS IN SCHOOLS, BUT WHICH DOCTORS NOT ONLY IMMUNIZATION LEVELS IN SCHOOLS, BUT WHICH DOCTORS NOT ONLY IMMUNIZATION LEVELS IN SCHOOLS, BUT WHICH DOCTORS ARE NOT ONLY IMMUNIZATION LEVELS IN SCHOOLS, BUT WHICH DOCTORS ARE SUBMITS NOT ONLY IMMUNIZATION LEVELS IN SCHOOLS, BUT WHICH DOCTORS ARE SUBMITS HIGH NOT ONLY IMMUNIZATION LEVELS IN SCHOOLS, BUT WHICH DOCTORS ARE SUBMITS HIGH NUMBERS NOT ONLY IMMUNIZATION LEVELS IN SCHOOLS, BUT WHICH DOCTORS ARE SUBMITS HIGH NUMBERS OF IN SCHOOLS, BUT WHICH DOCTORS ARE SUBMITS HIGH NUMBERS OF IN SCHOOLS, BUT WHICH DOCTORS ARE SUBMITS HIGH NUMBERS OF EXEMPTION IN SCHOOLS, BUT WHICH DOCTORS ARE SUBMITS HIGH NUMBERS OF EXEMPTION FORMS. ARE SUBMITS HIGH NUMBERS OF EXEMPTION FORMS. ARE SUBMITS HIGH NUMBERS OF EXEMPTION FORMS. MANY ARE SUBMITS HIGH NUMBERS OF EXEMPTION FORMS. MANY MEDICAL ARE SUBMITS HIGH NUMBERS OF EXEMPTION FORMS. MANY MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS ARE SUBMITS HIGH NUMBERS OF EXEMPTION FORMS. MANY MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS SAY EXEMPTION FORMS. MANY MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS SAY EXEMPTION FORMS. MANY MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS SAY IT EXEMPTION FORMS. MANY MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS SAY IT KEEPS EXEMPTION FORMS. MANY MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS SAY IT KEEPS KIDS EXEMPTION FORMS. MANY MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS SAY IT KEEPS KIDS SAFE EXEMPTION FORMS. MANY MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS SAY IT KEEPS KIDS SAFE AND MANY MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS SAY IT KEEPS KIDS SAFE AND MANY MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS SAY IT KEEPS KIDS SAFE AND HEALTHY, MANY MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS SAY IT KEEPS KIDS SAFE AND HEALTHY, BUT MANY MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS SAY IT KEEPS KIDS SAFE AND HEALTHY, BUT FOR MANY MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS SAY IT KEEPS KIDS SAFE AND HEALTHY, BUT FOR MANY MANY MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS SAY IT KEEPS KIDS SAFE AND HEALTHY, BUT FOR MANY ON MANY MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS SAY IT KEEPS KIDS SAFE AND HEALTHY, BUT FOR MANY ON THE IT KEEPS KIDS SAFE AND HEALTHY, BUT FOR MANY ON THE IT KEEPS KIDS SAFE AND HEALTHY, BUT FOR MANY ON THE OTHER IT KEEPS KIDS SAFE AND HEALTHY, BUT FOR MANY ON THE OTHER SIDE, IT KEEPS KIDS SAFE AND HEALTHY, BUT FOR MANY ON THE OTHER SIDE, IT'S IT KEEPS KIDS SAFE AND HEALTHY, BUT FOR MANY ON THE OTHER SIDE, IT'S PERSONAL. HEALTHY, BUT FOR MANY ON THE OTHER SIDE, IT'S PERSONAL. HEALTHY, BUT FOR MANY ON THE OTHER SIDE, IT'S PERSONAL. WE HEALTHY, BUT FOR MANY ON THE OTHER SIDE, IT'S PERSONAL. WE SPOKE HEALTHY, BUT FOR MANY ON THE OTHER SIDE, IT'S PERSONAL. WE SPOKE WITH HEALTHY, BUT FOR MANY ON THE OTHER SIDE, IT'S PERSONAL. WE SPOKE WITH THEM HEALTHY, BUT FOR MANY ON THE OTHER SIDE, IT'S PERSONAL. WE SPOKE WITH THEM TODAY. OTHER SIDE, IT'S PERSONAL. WE SPOKE WITH THEM TODAY. OTHER SIDE, IT'S PERSONAL. WE SPOKE WITH THEM TODAY. >> OTHER SIDE, IT'S PERSONAL. WE SPOKE WITH THEM TODAY. >> REPORTER: OTHER SIDE, IT'S PERSONAL. WE SPOKE WITH THEM TODAY. >> REPORTER: 7-YEAR-OLD OTHER SIDE, IT'S PERSONAL. WE SPOKE WITH THEM TODAY. >> REPORTER: 7-YEAR-OLD OLIVIA WE SPOKE WITH THEM TODAY. >> REPORTER: 7-YEAR-OLD OLIVIA WE SPOKE WITH THEM TODAY. >> REPORTER: 7-YEAR-OLD OLIVIA AND WE SPOKE WITH THEM TODAY. >> REPORTER: 7-YEAR-OLD OLIVIA AND HER WE SPOKE WITH THEM TODAY. >> REPORTER: 7-YEAR-OLD OLIVIA AND HER PARENTS WE SPOKE WITH THEM TODAY. >> REPORTER: 7-YEAR-OLD OLIVIA AND HER PARENTS CAME WE SPOKE WITH THEM TODAY. >> REPORTER: 7-YEAR-OLD OLIVIA AND HER PARENTS CAME FROM WE SPOKE WITH THEM TODAY. >> REPORTER: 7-YEAR-OLD OLIVIA AND HER PARENTS CAME FROM THE >> REPORTER: 7-YEAR-OLD OLIVIA AND HER PARENTS CAME FROM THE >> REPORTER: 7-YEAR-OLD OLIVIA AND HER PARENTS CAME FROM THE REDDING >> REPORTER: 7-YEAR-OLD OLIVIA AND HER PARENTS CAME FROM THE REDDING AREA >> REPORTER: 7-YEAR-OLD OLIVIA AND HER PARENTS CAME FROM THE REDDING AREA TODAY >> REPORTER: 7-YEAR-OLD OLIVIA AND HER PARENTS CAME FROM THE REDDING AREA TODAY TO >> REPORTER: 7-YEAR-OLD OLIVIA AND HER PARENTS CAME FROM THE REDDING AREA TODAY TO PROTEST AND HER PARENTS CAME FROM THE REDDING AREA TODAY TO PROTEST AND HER PARENTS CAME FROM THE REDDING AREA TODAY TO PROTEST AT AND HER PARENTS CAME FROM THE REDDING AREA TODAY TO PROTEST AT THE AND HER PARENTS CAME FROM THE REDDING AREA TODAY TO PROTEST AT THE CAPITOL. REDDING AREA TODAY TO PROTEST AT THE CAPITOL. REDDING AREA TODAY TO PROTEST AT THE CAPITOL. >> REDDING AREA TODAY TO PROTEST AT THE CAPITOL. >> WE REDDING AREA TODAY TO PROTEST AT THE CAPITOL. >> WE LISTENED REDDING AREA TODAY TO PROTEST AT THE CAPITOL. >> WE LISTENED TO REDDING AREA TODAY TO PROTEST AT THE CAPITOL. >> WE LISTENED TO A AT THE CAPITOL. >> WE LISTENED TO A AT THE CAPITOL. >> WE LISTENED TO A PEDIATRICIAN AT THE CAPITOL. >> WE LISTENED TO A PEDIATRICIAN WHO AT THE CAPITOL. >> WE LISTENED TO A PEDIATRICIAN WHO SAID AT THE CAPITOL. >> WE LISTENED TO A PEDIATRICIAN WHO SAID IT AT THE CAPITOL. >> WE LISTENED TO A PEDIATRICIAN WHO SAID IT WAS >> WE LISTENED TO A PEDIATRICIAN WHO SAID IT WAS >> WE LISTENED TO A PEDIATRICIAN WHO SAID IT WAS IN >> WE LISTENED TO A PEDIATRICIAN WHO SAID IT WAS IN HER >> WE LISTENED TO A PEDIATRICIAN WHO SAID IT WAS IN HER BEST >> WE LISTENED TO A PEDIATRICIAN WHO SAID IT WAS IN HER BEST INTEREST >> WE LISTENED TO A PEDIATRICIAN WHO SAID IT WAS IN HER BEST INTEREST TO >> WE LISTENED TO A PEDIATRICIAN WHO SAID IT WAS IN HER BEST INTEREST TO HAVE PEDIATRICIAN WHO SAID IT WAS IN HER BEST INTEREST TO HAVE PEDIATRICIAN WHO SAID IT WAS IN HER BEST INTEREST TO HAVE HER PEDIATRICIAN WHO SAID IT WAS IN HER BEST INTEREST TO HAVE HER VACCINATED PEDIATRICIAN WHO SAID IT WAS IN HER BEST INTEREST TO HAVE HER VACCINATED AT PEDIATRICIAN WHO SAID IT WAS IN HER BEST INTEREST TO HAVE HER VACCINATED AT 2 PEDIATRICIAN WHO SAID IT WAS IN HER BEST INTEREST TO HAVE HER VACCINATED AT 2 MONTHS, IN HER BEST INTEREST TO HAVE HER VACCINATED AT 2 MONTHS, IN HER BEST INTEREST TO HAVE HER VACCINATED AT 2 MONTHS, AND IN HER BEST INTEREST TO HAVE HER VACCINATED AT 2 MONTHS, AND SHE IN HER BEST INTEREST TO HAVE HER VACCINATED AT 2 MONTHS, AND SHE WAS IN HER BEST INTEREST TO HAVE HER VACCINATED AT 2 MONTHS, AND SHE WAS VACCINATED IN HER BEST INTEREST TO HAVE HER VACCINATED AT 2 MONTHS, AND SHE WAS VACCINATED AND IN HER BEST INTEREST TO HAVE HER VACCINATED AT 2 MONTHS, AND SHE WAS VACCINATED AND SHE HER VACCINATED AT 2 MONTHS, AND SHE WAS VACCINATED AND SHE HER VACCINATED AT 2 MONTHS, AND SHE WAS VACCINATED AND SHE HAD HER VACCINATED AT 2 MONTHS, AND SHE WAS VACCINATED AND SHE HAD A HER VACCINATED AT 2 MONTHS, AND SHE WAS VACCINATED AND SHE HAD A TERRIBLE HER VACCINATED AT 2 MONTHS, AND SHE WAS VACCINATED AND SHE HAD A TERRIBLE REACTION. AND SHE WAS VACCINATED AND SHE HAD A TERRIBLE REACTION. AND SHE WAS VACCINATED AND SHE HAD A TERRIBLE REACTION. WE AND SHE WAS VACCINATED AND SHE HAD A TERRIBLE REACTION. WE SPENT AND SHE WAS VACCINATED AND SHE HAD A TERRIBLE REACTION. WE SPENT THREE AND SHE WAS VACCINATED AND SHE HAD A TERRIBLE REACTION. WE SPENT THREE WEEKS AND SHE WAS VACCINATED AND SHE HAD A TERRIBLE REACTION. WE SPENT THREE WEEKS IN AND SHE WAS VACCINATED AND SHE HAD A TERRIBLE REACTION. WE SPENT THREE WEEKS IN THE HAD A TERRIBLE REACTION. WE SPENT THREE WEEKS IN THE HAD A TERRIBLE REACTION. WE SPENT THREE WEEKS IN THE ICU HAD A TERRIBLE REACTION. WE SPENT THREE WEEKS IN THE ICU AND HAD A TERRIBLE REACTION. WE SPENT THREE WEEKS IN THE ICU AND ALMOST HAD A TERRIBLE REACTION. WE SPENT THREE WEEKS IN THE ICU AND ALMOST LOST HAD A TERRIBLE REACTION. WE SPENT THREE WEEKS IN THE ICU AND ALMOST LOST HER. WE SPENT THREE WEEKS IN THE ICU AND ALMOST LOST HER. WE SPENT THREE WEEKS IN THE ICU AND ALMOST LOST HER. SHE WE SPENT THREE WEEKS IN THE ICU AND ALMOST LOST HER. SHE ENDED WE SPENT THREE WEEKS IN THE ICU AND ALMOST LOST HER. SHE ENDED UP WE SPENT THREE WEEKS IN THE ICU AND ALMOST LOST HER. SHE ENDED UP HAVING WE SPENT THREE WEEKS IN THE ICU AND ALMOST LOST HER. SHE ENDED UP HAVING A WE SPENT THREE WEEKS IN THE ICU AND ALMOST LOST HER. SHE ENDED UP HAVING A BRAIN ICU AND ALMOST LOST HER. SHE ENDED UP HAVING A BRAIN ICU AND ALMOST LOST HER. SHE ENDED UP HAVING A BRAIN INFECTION ICU AND ALMOST LOST HER. SHE ENDED UP HAVING A BRAIN INFECTION AND ICU AND ALMOST LOST HER. SHE ENDED UP HAVING A BRAIN INFECTION AND BLOOD ICU AND ALMOST LOST HER. SHE ENDED UP HAVING A BRAIN INFECTION AND BLOOD INFECTION. SHE ENDED UP HAVING A BRAIN INFECTION AND BLOOD INFECTION. SHE ENDED UP HAVING A BRAIN INFECTION AND BLOOD INFECTION. >> SHE ENDED UP HAVING A BRAIN INFECTION AND BLOOD INFECTION. >> REPORTER: SHE ENDED UP HAVING A BRAIN INFECTION AND BLOOD INFECTION. >> REPORTER: I SHE ENDED UP HAVING A BRAIN INFECTION AND BLOOD INFECTION. >> REPORTER: I ASKED SHE ENDED UP HAVING A BRAIN INFECTION AND BLOOD INFECTION. >> REPORTER: I ASKED IF SHE ENDED UP HAVING A BRAIN INFECTION AND BLOOD INFECTION. >> REPORTER: I ASKED IF THEY INFECTION AND BLOOD INFECTION. >> REPORTER: I ASKED IF THEY INFECTION AND BLOOD INFECTION. >> REPORTER: I ASKED IF THEY WERE INFECTION AND BLOOD INFECTION. >> REPORTER: I ASKED IF THEY WERE ABLE INFECTION AND BLOOD INFECTION. >> REPORTER: I ASKED IF THEY WERE ABLE TO INFECTION AND BLOOD INFECTION. >> REPORTER: I ASKED IF THEY WERE ABLE TO PINPOINT INFECTION AND BLOOD INFECTION. >> REPORTER: I ASKED IF THEY WERE ABLE TO PINPOINT EXACTLY >> REPORTER: I ASKED IF THEY WERE ABLE TO PINPOINT EXACTLY >> REPORTER: I ASKED IF THEY WERE ABLE TO PINPOINT EXACTLY WHAT >> REPORTER: I ASKED IF THEY WERE ABLE TO PINPOINT EXACTLY WHAT CAUSED >> REPORTER: I ASKED IF THEY WERE ABLE TO PINPOINT EXACTLY WHAT CAUSED THE >> REPORTER: I ASKED IF THEY WERE ABLE TO PINPOINT EXACTLY WHAT CAUSED THE REACTION? WERE ABLE TO PINPOINT EXACTLY WHAT CAUSED THE REACTION? WERE ABLE TO PINPOINT EXACTLY WHAT CAUSED THE REACTION? >> WERE ABLE TO PINPOINT EXACTLY WHAT CAUSED THE REACTION? >> WE WERE ABLE TO PINPOINT EXACTLY WHAT CAUSED THE REACTION? >> WE HAD WERE ABLE TO PINPOINT EXACTLY WHAT CAUSED THE REACTION? >> WE HAD A WERE ABLE TO PINPOINT EXACTLY WHAT CAUSED THE REACTION? >> WE HAD A COUPLE WERE ABLE TO PINPOINT EXACTLY WHAT CAUSED THE REACTION? >> WE HAD A COUPLE OF WHAT CAUSED THE REACTION? >> WE HAD A COUPLE OF WHAT CAUSED THE REACTION? >> WE HAD A COUPLE OF SPECIALISTS WHAT CAUSED THE REACTION? >> WE HAD A COUPLE OF SPECIALISTS THAT WHAT CAUSED THE REACTION? >> WE HAD A COUPLE OF SPECIALISTS THAT DID WHAT CAUSED THE REACTION? >> WE HAD A COUPLE OF SPECIALISTS THAT DID TELL WHAT CAUSED THE REACTION? >> WE HAD A COUPLE OF SPECIALISTS THAT DID TELL US >> WE HAD A COUPLE OF SPECIALISTS THAT DID TELL US >> WE HAD A COUPLE OF SPECIALISTS THAT DID TELL US THEY >> WE HAD A COUPLE OF SPECIALISTS THAT DID TELL US THEY HAD >> WE HAD A COUPLE OF SPECIALISTS THAT DID TELL US THEY HAD SORT >> WE HAD A COUPLE OF SPECIALISTS THAT DID TELL US THEY HAD SORT OF >> WE HAD A COUPLE OF SPECIALISTS THAT DID TELL US THEY HAD SORT OF FELT >> WE HAD A COUPLE OF SPECIALISTS THAT DID TELL US THEY HAD SORT OF FELT THAT >> WE HAD A COUPLE OF SPECIALISTS THAT DID TELL US THEY HAD SORT OF FELT THAT IT SPECIALISTS THAT DID TELL US THEY HAD SORT OF FELT THAT IT SPECIALISTS THAT DID TELL US THEY HAD SORT OF FELT THAT IT WAS SPECIALISTS THAT DID TELL US THEY HAD SORT OF FELT THAT IT WAS THE SPECIALISTS THAT DID TELL US THEY HAD SORT OF FELT THAT IT WAS THE VACCINES, SPECIALISTS THAT DID TELL US THEY HAD SORT OF FELT THAT IT WAS THE VACCINES, AND SPECIALISTS THAT DID TELL US THEY HAD SORT OF FELT THAT IT WAS THE VACCINES, AND FOR SPECIALISTS THAT DID TELL US THEY HAD SORT OF FELT THAT IT WAS THE VACCINES, AND FOR US THEY HAD SORT OF FELT THAT IT WAS THE VACCINES, AND FOR US THEY HAD SORT OF FELT THAT IT WAS THE VACCINES, AND FOR US TO THEY HAD SORT OF FELT THAT IT WAS THE VACCINES, AND FOR US TO NOT THEY HAD SORT OF FELT THAT IT WAS THE VACCINES, AND FOR US TO NOT VACCINATE. WAS THE VACCINES, AND FOR US TO NOT VACCINATE. WAS THE VACCINES, AND FOR US TO NOT VACCINATE. AND WAS THE VACCINES, AND FOR US TO NOT VACCINATE. AND SO WAS THE VACCINES, AND FOR US TO NOT VACCINATE. AND SO WE'VE WAS THE VACCINES, AND FOR US TO NOT VACCINATE. AND SO WE'VE STUCK WAS THE VACCINES, AND FOR US TO NOT VACCINATE. AND SO WE'VE STUCK TO WAS THE VACCINES, AND FOR US TO NOT VACCINATE. AND SO WE'VE STUCK TO OUR WAS THE VACCINES, AND FOR US TO NOT VACCINATE. AND SO WE'VE STUCK TO OUR GUNS TO NOT VACCINATE. AND SO WE'VE STUCK TO OUR GUNS TO NOT VACCINATE. AND SO WE'VE STUCK TO OUR GUNS AND TO NOT VACCINATE. AND SO WE'VE STUCK TO OUR GUNS AND NOT TO NOT VACCINATE. AND SO WE'VE STUCK TO OUR GUNS AND NOT VACCINATED TO NOT VACCINATE. AND SO WE'VE STUCK TO OUR GUNS AND NOT VACCINATED SINCE. AND SO WE'VE STUCK TO OUR GUNS AND NOT VACCINATED SINCE. AND SO WE'VE STUCK TO OUR GUNS AND NOT VACCINATED SINCE. >> AND SO WE'VE STUCK TO OUR GUNS AND NOT VACCINATED SINCE. >> REPORTER: AND SO WE'VE STUCK TO OUR GUNS AND NOT VACCINATED SINCE. >> REPORTER: DR. AND SO WE'VE STUCK TO OUR GUNS AND NOT VACCINATED SINCE. >> REPORTER: DR. BLOOMBERG AND SO WE'VE STUCK TO OUR GUNS AND NOT VACCINATED SINCE. >> REPORTER: DR. BLOOMBERG IS AND NOT VACCINATED SINCE. >> REPORTER: DR. BLOOMBERG IS AND NOT VACCINATED SINCE. >> REPORTER: DR. BLOOMBERG IS CHIEF AND NOT VACCINATED SINCE. >> REPORTER: DR. BLOOMBERG IS CHIEF OF AND NOT VACCINATED SINCE. >> REPORTER: DR. BLOOMBERG IS CHIEF OF PEDIATRIC AND NOT VACCINATED SINCE. >> REPORTER: DR. BLOOMBERG IS CHIEF OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS >> REPORTER: DR. BLOOMBERG IS CHIEF OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS >> REPORTER: DR. BLOOMBERG IS CHIEF OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES >> REPORTER: DR. BLOOMBERG IS CHIEF OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES FOR >> REPORTER: DR. BLOOMBERG IS CHIEF OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES FOR THE >> REPORTER: DR. BLOOMBERG IS CHIEF OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES FOR THE CHILDREN'S CHIEF OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES FOR THE CHILDREN'S CHIEF OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES FOR THE CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL. DISEASES FOR THE CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL. DISEASES FOR THE CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL. >> DISEASES FOR THE CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL. >> VACCINES DISEASES FOR THE CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL. >> VACCINES ARE DISEASES FOR THE CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL. >> VACCINES ARE SAFE. HOSPITAL. >> VACCINES ARE SAFE. HOSPITAL. >> VACCINES ARE SAFE. THERE'S HOSPITAL. >> VACCINES ARE SAFE. THERE'S NO HOSPITAL. >> VACCINES ARE SAFE. THERE'S NO QUESTION HOSPITAL. >> VACCINES ARE SAFE. THERE'S NO QUESTION AMONG HOSPITAL. >> VACCINES ARE SAFE. THERE'S NO QUESTION AMONG MAIN >> VACCINES ARE SAFE. THERE'S NO QUESTION AMONG MAIN >> VACCINES ARE SAFE. THERE'S NO QUESTION AMONG MAIN STREAM >> VACCINES ARE SAFE. THERE'S NO QUESTION AMONG MAIN STREAM DOCTORS >> VACCINES ARE SAFE. THERE'S NO QUESTION AMONG MAIN STREAM DOCTORS AND >> VACCINES ARE SAFE. THERE'S NO QUESTION AMONG MAIN STREAM DOCTORS AND SCIENTISTS THERE'S NO QUESTION AMONG MAIN STREAM DOCTORS AND SCIENTISTS THERE'S NO QUESTION AMONG MAIN STREAM DOCTORS AND SCIENTISTS ABOUT THERE'S NO QUESTION AMONG MAIN STREAM DOCTORS AND SCIENTISTS ABOUT THAT. STREAM DOCTORS AND SCIENTISTS ABOUT THAT. STREAM DOCTORS AND SCIENTISTS ABOUT THAT. BUT STREAM DOCTORS AND SCIENTISTS ABOUT THAT. BUT THERE STREAM DOCTORS AND SCIENTISTS ABOUT THAT. BUT THERE ARE STREAM DOCTORS AND SCIENTISTS ABOUT THAT. BUT THERE ARE THOSE STREAM DOCTORS AND SCIENTISTS ABOUT THAT. BUT THERE ARE THOSE SKEPTICS ABOUT THAT. BUT THERE ARE THOSE SKEPTICS ABOUT THAT. BUT THERE ARE THOSE SKEPTICS OUT ABOUT THAT. BUT THERE ARE THOSE SKEPTICS OUT THERE ABOUT THAT. BUT THERE ARE THOSE SKEPTICS OUT THERE THAT ABOUT THAT. BUT THERE ARE THOSE SKEPTICS OUT THERE THAT DON'T ABOUT THAT. BUT THERE ARE THOSE SKEPTICS OUT THERE THAT DON'T BELIEVE BUT THERE ARE THOSE SKEPTICS OUT THERE THAT DON'T BELIEVE BUT THERE ARE THOSE SKEPTICS OUT THERE THAT DON'T BELIEVE THAT BUT THERE ARE THOSE SKEPTICS OUT THERE THAT DON'T BELIEVE THAT AND BUT THERE ARE THOSE SKEPTICS OUT THERE THAT DON'T BELIEVE THAT AND BELIEVE BUT THERE ARE THOSE SKEPTICS OUT THERE THAT DON'T BELIEVE THAT AND BELIEVE THAT BUT THERE ARE THOSE SKEPTICS OUT THERE THAT DON'T BELIEVE THAT AND BELIEVE THAT VACCINES OUT THERE THAT DON'T BELIEVE THAT AND BELIEVE THAT VACCINES OUT THERE THAT DON'T BELIEVE THAT AND BELIEVE THAT VACCINES ARE OUT THERE THAT DON'T BELIEVE THAT AND BELIEVE THAT VACCINES ARE NOT OUT THERE THAT DON'T BELIEVE THAT AND BELIEVE THAT VACCINES ARE NOT SAFE, OUT THERE THAT DON'T BELIEVE THAT AND BELIEVE THAT VACCINES ARE NOT SAFE, AND OUT THERE THAT DON'T BELIEVE THAT AND BELIEVE THAT VACCINES ARE NOT SAFE, AND IT OUT THERE THAT DON'T BELIEVE THAT AND BELIEVE THAT VACCINES ARE NOT SAFE, AND IT CAN OUT THERE THAT DON'T BELIEVE THAT AND BELIEVE THAT VACCINES ARE NOT SAFE, AND IT CAN BE THAT AND BELIEVE THAT VACCINES ARE NOT SAFE, AND IT CAN BE THAT AND BELIEVE THAT VACCINES ARE NOT SAFE, AND IT CAN BE CONFUSING THAT AND BELIEVE THAT VACCINES ARE NOT SAFE, AND IT CAN BE CONFUSING FOR THAT AND BELIEVE THAT VACCINES ARE NOT SAFE, AND IT CAN BE CONFUSING FOR A THAT AND BELIEVE THAT VACCINES ARE NOT SAFE, AND IT CAN BE CONFUSING FOR A PARENT. ARE NOT SAFE, AND IT CAN BE CONFUSING FOR A PARENT. ARE NOT SAFE, AND IT CAN BE CONFUSING FOR A PARENT. >> ARE NOT SAFE, AND IT CAN BE CONFUSING FOR A PARENT. >> REPORTER: ARE NOT SAFE, AND IT CAN BE CONFUSING FOR A PARENT. >> REPORTER: STATE ARE NOT SAFE, AND IT CAN BE CONFUSING FOR A PARENT. >> REPORTER: STATE SENATORS CONFUSING FOR A PARENT. >> REPORTER: STATE SENATORS CONFUSING FOR A PARENT. >> REPORTER: STATE SENATORS DISCUSSING CONFUSING FOR A PARENT. >> REPORTER: STATE SENATORS DISCUSSING THE CONFUSING FOR A PARENT. >> REPORTER: STATE SENATORS DISCUSSING THE BILL CONFUSING FOR A PARENT. >> REPORTER: STATE SENATORS DISCUSSING THE BILL BEFORE CONFUSING FOR A PARENT. >> REPORTER: STATE SENATORS DISCUSSING THE BILL BEFORE THE >> REPORTER: STATE SENATORS DISCUSSING THE BILL BEFORE THE >> REPORTER: STATE SENATORS DISCUSSING THE BILL BEFORE THE VOTE >> REPORTER: STATE SENATORS DISCUSSING THE BILL BEFORE THE VOTE TODAY >> REPORTER: STATE SENATORS DISCUSSING THE BILL BEFORE THE VOTE TODAY HAD >> REPORTER: STATE SENATORS DISCUSSING THE BILL BEFORE THE VOTE TODAY HAD THIS >> REPORTER: STATE SENATORS DISCUSSING THE BILL BEFORE THE VOTE TODAY HAD THIS TO >> REPORTER: STATE SENATORS DISCUSSING THE BILL BEFORE THE VOTE TODAY HAD THIS TO SAY. DISCUSSING THE BILL BEFORE THE VOTE TODAY HAD THIS TO SAY. DISCUSSING THE BILL BEFORE THE VOTE TODAY HAD THIS TO SAY. >> DISCUSSING THE BILL BEFORE THE VOTE TODAY HAD THIS TO SAY. >> WE DISCUSSING THE BILL BEFORE THE VOTE TODAY HAD THIS TO SAY. >> WE SHOULDN'T DISCUSSING THE BILL BEFORE THE VOTE TODAY HAD THIS TO SAY. >> WE SHOULDN'T VILIFY DISCUSSING THE BILL BEFORE THE VOTE TODAY HAD THIS TO SAY. >> WE SHOULDN'T VILIFY PARENTS VOTE TODAY HAD THIS TO SAY. >> WE SHOULDN'T VILIFY PARENTS VOTE TODAY HAD THIS TO SAY. >> WE SHOULDN'T VILIFY PARENTS WHO VOTE TODAY HAD THIS TO SAY. >> WE SHOULDN'T VILIFY PARENTS WHO ARE VOTE TODAY HAD THIS TO SAY. >> WE SHOULDN'T VILIFY PARENTS WHO ARE ACCUSED VOTE TODAY HAD THIS TO SAY. >> WE SHOULDN'T VILIFY PARENTS WHO ARE ACCUSED OF VOTE TODAY HAD THIS TO SAY. >> WE SHOULDN'T VILIFY PARENTS WHO ARE ACCUSED OF ONLY >> WE SHOULDN'T VILIFY PARENTS WHO ARE ACCUSED OF ONLY >> WE SHOULDN'T VILIFY PARENTS WHO ARE ACCUSED OF ONLY WANTING >> WE SHOULDN'T VILIFY PARENTS WHO ARE ACCUSED OF ONLY WANTING THEIR >> WE SHOULDN'T VILIFY PARENTS WHO ARE ACCUSED OF ONLY WANTING THEIR CHILDREN >> WE SHOULDN'T VILIFY PARENTS WHO ARE ACCUSED OF ONLY WANTING THEIR CHILDREN TO >> WE SHOULDN'T VILIFY PARENTS WHO ARE ACCUSED OF ONLY WANTING THEIR CHILDREN TO BE WHO ARE ACCUSED OF ONLY WANTING THEIR CHILDREN TO BE WHO ARE ACCUSED OF ONLY WANTING THEIR CHILDREN TO BE HEALTHY. WANTING THEIR CHILDREN TO BE HEALTHY. WANTING THEIR CHILDREN TO BE HEALTHY. WHY WANTING THEIR CHILDREN TO BE HEALTHY. WHY WOULD WANTING THEIR CHILDREN TO BE HEALTHY. WHY WOULD ANY WANTING THEIR CHILDREN TO BE HEALTHY. WHY WOULD ANY PARENT WANTING THEIR CHILDREN TO BE HEALTHY. WHY WOULD ANY PARENT WANT WANTING THEIR CHILDREN TO BE HEALTHY. WHY WOULD ANY PARENT WANT TO HEALTHY. WHY WOULD ANY PARENT WANT TO HEALTHY. WHY WOULD ANY PARENT WANT TO NOT HEALTHY. WHY WOULD ANY PARENT WANT TO NOT IMMUNIZE HEALTHY. WHY WOULD ANY PARENT WANT TO NOT IMMUNIZE THEIR HEALTHY. WHY WOULD ANY PARENT WANT TO NOT IMMUNIZE THEIR CHILDREN WHY WOULD ANY PARENT WANT TO NOT IMMUNIZE THEIR CHILDREN WHY WOULD ANY PARENT WANT TO NOT IMMUNIZE THEIR CHILDREN AGAINST WHY WOULD ANY PARENT WANT TO NOT IMMUNIZE THEIR CHILDREN AGAINST A WHY WOULD ANY PARENT WANT TO NOT IMMUNIZE THEIR CHILDREN AGAINST A DISEASE WHY WOULD ANY PARENT WANT TO NOT IMMUNIZE THEIR CHILDREN AGAINST A DISEASE THAT WHY WOULD ANY PARENT WANT TO NOT IMMUNIZE THEIR CHILDREN AGAINST A DISEASE THAT COULD NOT IMMUNIZE THEIR CHILDREN AGAINST A DISEASE THAT COULD NOT IMMUNIZE THEIR CHILDREN AGAINST A DISEASE THAT COULD KILL NOT IMMUNIZE THEIR CHILDREN AGAINST A DISEASE THAT COULD KILL THEIR NOT IMMUNIZE THEIR CHILDREN AGAINST A DISEASE THAT COULD KILL THEIR CHILDREN?

English: If you look at the way that the women's reproductive system is organized it's I think one of the single best pieces of evidence against God. It's just terribly put together. Hello dear Casuals, this is Immanuel Tolstoyevski and our guest today is Dr Diana Fleischman, an American evolutionary psychologist at the University of Portsmouth. We talked about all kinds of fun stuff such as jealousy, murder, porn, racism, monogamy, disgust and also a bit about humor and effective altruism, I hope you enjoy it. And also a special thanks to Switch and Board who organized this interview. So I've been interested in evolutionary psychology for quite some time but I have no idea how you actually do it, how "you people" do what you do. Yeah so evolutionary psychology, we would say that it's actually not a theory so much as it is a lens, a way of looking at the human mind Turkish: Kadınların üreme sisteminin nasıl tasarlandığına bakarsanız, bu sanırım Tanrı inancına karşı en iyi kanıtlardan biri. Korkunç bir şekilde bir araya getirilmiş. Merhaba sevgili Fularsız Enteller, ben Immanuel Tolstoyevski ve bugünkü konuğumuz Dr. Diana Fleischman, Portsmouth Üniversitesi'nde çalışan Amerikalı bir evrimsel psikolog. Türlü türlü eğlenceli şeyden bahsettik: kıskançlık, cinayet... porno, ırkçılık, tekeşlilik, iğrenme ve ayrıca mizah ve etkili fedakarlık... Beğenmenizi ümit ederim. Ayrıca Switch and Board'a özel teşekkürler bu röportaj onların sayesinde oldu. Bir süredir evrimsel psikoloji ile ilgileniyorum ama şu konu hakkında hiçbir fikrim yok: Nasıl oluyor bu iş, sizler bu işi nasıl yapıyorsunuz? Evet, evrimsel psikoloji aslen bir teoriden ziyade insan zihnine bakmanın bir yolu. English: so it's a way of considering how psychology, aspects of psychology could be useful and just kind of basics: There's two main ways that evolutionary psychologists often come up with hypotheses to test. There's many others but two of the ones that you can think of would be a way of looking at something that you see ubiquitous in human psychology, let's say something like jealousy and then you think about what kinds of functions it might serve and if it arose to serve that function, what kind of design features might it have. So you think about the human mind as designed to achieve a certain goal and jealousy is a good one. So if we see jealousy all around the world what functions might it serve and when might we expect jealousy to come online. So one interesting thing is you know people who are very young, they don't necessarily experience jealousy. And so for some people they don't actually really experience jealousy until they're in their first serious relationship. Turkish: Psikolojinin bazı yönlerinin nasıl faydalı olacağını düşünmenin bir yolu. Evrimsel psikologların genellikle test edilecek hipotezler yaratmada izledikleri iki yol var. Birçok yol var aslen ama aklınıza gelebilecek iki tanesinden biri İnsan psikolojisinde her yerde gördüğünüz şeyleri düşünmek olur. Kıskançlık gibi mesela. Sonra ne tür işlevleri olabileceğini ve bu işleve hizmet etmesi için ortaya çıktıysa, ne tür tasarım özelliklerine sahip olabileceğini düşünürüz. Yani insan aklını belli bir hedefe ulaşmak için tasarlanmış olarak görüyorsun. Kıskançlık iyi bir örnek. Eğer tüm dünyada kıskançlık duygusunu gözlemliyorsak hangi işlevlere hizmet edebilir ve ne zaman kıskançlığın ortaya çıkmasını bekleyebiliriz. İlginç bir şey: Genç insanlar kıskançlık yaşamazlar. Yani bazı insanlar aslında kıskançlığı tecrübe etmiyorlar, ilk ciddi ilişkilerine gelene kadar. Turkish: Genç erkeklerin ilk cinsel ilişkilerine kadar kıskançlığı gerçekten anlamadıklarını gösteren bir araştırma var. Kıskançlığı anlayan insanlar gibi cevaplayamıyorlar bazı soruları. İnsan zihnine bakmanın ikinci bir yolu da şu soruyu sormak: İnsanın evrim tarihinde çok sık karşılaşılan bir sorun var mı? İnsanların çözmesi gereken bir sorun var mıydı ve bunu nasıl çözerdik. Neredeyse hiç kimsenin üzerinde çalışmadığı ilginç bir problem var ve birkaç yıl önce ben bir çalışma yapmıştım: Ektoparazitler. Bunun hakkında fazla düşünmüyoruz çünkü etrafımızda fazla sayıda kene veya bit yok ama insan olmayan hayvanlarda bu çok yaygın, ciltlerinde her zaman parazitler oluyor. Bu koronavirüs döneminden geçerken, yüzünüze dokunmamak zor, herhangi bir kaşıntı hissedersek çünkü öyle bir ortamda evrim geçirdik ki English: There's a study that showed that, you know, young men until they're in their first sexual relationship they don't really understand jealousy, they don't answer questions as people who understand jealousy do. And then there's another way of looking at the human mind which you would think, okay what's a problem that happened very commonly in human evolutionary history. What's a problem that people would have had to solve and how would we have solved that. So one interesting problem that almost no one worked on and I did a study on a few years ago is on ectoparasites. So we don't think about this much because there's not very many ticks and lice and things running around but it's very common in non-human animals that they have these parasites on their skin all the time. And that's why in part you know we're living through this time of coronavirus, it's hard not to touch your face if you feel any twinge or anything from the environment on you because we evolved in an environment English: where if an organism got in your eye or in your nose or in your ear it was really bad and you wanted to prevent that. Now we don't live in an environment with these microorganisms as much and so touching your face is more dangerous than not touching it but that's not how it was all of our evolutionary history. So the study that i did was, okay if we have skin sensitivity that is evolved for parasites then we should expect it will be increased when we're disgusted and so that's what we found is that skin sensitivity increases when people are disgusted, looking at pictures of maggots or something. So those are two ways that you can find possible evolutionary psychological mechanisms. Another way is to look at non-human animals. So what are some things that we see in non-human animals and how might that manifest in humans. And you also have to think about problems and how frequent they were. So there's very low level frequency problems, so one problem Turkish: bir organizma gözünüze, burnunuza veya kulağınıza girerse gerçekten kötü olurdu ve bunu önlemek isteriz. Şimdiyse bu mikroorganizmaların yaygın olduğu bir ortamda yaşamıyoruz ve bu yüzden de yüze dokunmak, dokunmamaktan daha tehlikeli. Ama evrim tarihimiz boyunca böyle değildi. Yaptığım çalışmada şunu inceledik: Tamam, eğer cilt hassasiyetimiz parazitler için evrimleşmişse bu hassasiyet tiksintiğimizde artacaktır ve hakikaten de gördük ki, cilt hassasiyeti iğrendiğimizde mesela kurtçukların resimlerine baktığımızda artıyor. Yani bu iki yöntem olası evrimsel psikolojik mekanizmalarını incelemenin yollarıdır. Başka bir yol, insan olmayan hayvanlara bakmaktır. İnsan olmayan hayvanlarda gördüğümüz bazı şeyler nelerdir ve bunlar insanlarda kendini nasıl gösterir. Ve ayrıca sorunların ne sıklıkta olduklarını düşünmek zorundasın. Çok seyrek problemler var, mesela Turkish: bir erkeğin bebeği oluyor, onunla ilgileniyor ama kendi bebeği olduğundan emin değil. Bu çok sık olan bir problem değil, her zaman bunun olmasını beklemezsiniz, yani yiyecek bulmak gibi bir sorun değil, ama çok önemli bir problem. Öte yandan çok sık olmayan problemler ve o kadar da önemli değiller, ve sonra her zaman meydana gelen ve önemli olan sorunlar var ve her zaman meydana gelen ama pek önemli olmayan sorunlar var. Ektoparazit konusuna dönersek, nerede yaşadığınıza bağlı olarak bu hayvanlar için çok büyük bir problem. Hayvanlar üstünde bu konuda geniş bir literatür var ama insanlar üstünde çok az var. Büyük bir literatür incelemesi yaptım, konu da burun veya kulak karıştırma gibi iğrenç şeylerdi, insanlara bunlar hakkında soru soruyorduk, ama bu soruları pek az insan soruyor çünkü bu davranışlar hayvan alemine çok yakın. İşte evrimsel psikoloji hakkında sevdiğim şey de insanları anlamaktan ve hayvanları anlamaya çalışmaya doğru yaşanan kesintisiz geçiştir. English: that's not very frequent is for a man to have a baby born that he's taken care of and he's not sure is his. That's not a very high frequency problem, you wouldn't expect that to happen all the time, it's not like finding food, but it is a very important problem, whereas there's problems that don't happen that much and they're not that important either, and then there's problems that happen all the time and they're very important and there's problems that happen all the time and they're somewhat lower on importance. So in terms of the ectoparasites thing, I mean depending on where you live, but this is a huge problem for non-human animals and there's a vast literature about this in non-human animals and very little in humans. I did a big literature review of disgusting stuff like nose picking and ear picking and asking people about stuff like that which very few people do, because it is just so close to the animal realm, and that's one thing I love about evolutionary psychology is that seamless transition of trying to understand humans and to understand animals. English: Now I do feel the urge to pick my nose, couldn't control myself.. So this is interesting but I always thought that this is still kind of a guesswork because you could come up with a really good reason that makes sense and I wonder if there's a way for you to know what is an actual adaptation and what is just a happy coincidence. Yeah there are different standards of evidence for this, so there is a book called Adaptation and Natural Selection and they talk about how you have to see evidence of design and it has to have evidence of design to serve a specific function. So something that happens, there's three main products of evolution: there's adaptations, there's byproducts and there's noise. And there have been discussions about whether or not some aspects of human psychology are simply byproducts and whether some are just noise. Turkish: Şimdi burnumu karıştırma dürtüsünü hissediyorum, kendimi kontrol edemedim .. Bu ilginç ama hep şunu düşünmüştüm: Bu hala tahmine dayalı bir iş çünkü kulağa mantıklı gelen gerçekten iyi sebepler bulabilirsin o yüzden merak ediyorum, neyin gerçek bir adaptasyon olduğunu, neyinse bir tesadüf eseri geliştiğini ayırt etmenizi sağlayan bir yol var mı? Evet, bunun için farklı kanıt standartları var, örneğin Adaptasyon ve Doğal Seleksiyon adlı bir kitap var, ve nasıl tasarımsal kanıtları görmeniz gerektiğinden bahsediyor, ve bu tasarım öğelerinin belirli bir işlevi yerine getirme zorunluluğu var. Genel olarak evrimin 3 ana ürünü vardır: Adaptasyon, yan ürünler ve gürültü (rastgele değişimler). Bir çok tartışma dönüyor, insan psikolojisinin bazı yönlerinin yan ürün mü, gürültü mü olduğu yönünde. Turkish: Örneğin en büyük gürültü örnekleri şizofreni veya obsesif kompulsif bozukluk gibi şeylerdir. Belki gençken çok yüksek ateş olduğunda bu mekanizmalar bozuluyor, veya şizofreni... Yani evrimsel psikoloji topluluğunun, şizofreni gibi şeylere getirdiği çok çeşitli yorumlar var: Belki şizofreni frekansa bağlı bir stratejidir, amacı da belli kültürlerde büyülü güçlere sahipmiş gibi davranarak statü elde etmektir ya da her neyse. Veya diyebilirsiniz ki annede viral bir enfeksiyon varsa zihin teorisi ile ilgili sorunlara yol açabilir ve diğer psikolojik mekanizmalar ters gidebilirler. Yani herhangi bir amaç yok ortada, çünkü şizofreni gibi bir şeye sahip olmanın hiçbir olası faydası yok. English: So the biggest examples of noise for example are things like schizophrenia or obsessive-compulsive disorder. They said okay maybe this is just what happens when you have a very high fever when you're young that these mechanisms get overturned or they are not working correctly or with schizophrenia. So the evolutionary psychology community, their interpretations of things like schizophrenia run the gamut from okay actually schizophrenia is a frequency dependent strategy to gain status in a particular way of having magical powers or whatever, in specific kinds of cultures. Or you can say if there's a viral infection in the mother and then it actually causes these problems with theory of mind and with other psychological mechanisms they go awry and there's no goal directiveness there's no possible positive benefit for having something like schizophrenia. Turkish: Veya bir başka teori de, şizofreninin, diğer faydalı psikolojik adaptasyonların bir yan ürünü olmasıdır. Bugün blogumda yayınlayacağım bir şey var, cinayet hakkında. Evrimsel psikolojide Cinayet bir adaptasyon ya da bir yan ürün olup olmadığı hakkında bir tartışma var. Başkalarını belli bir hedefe yönelik bir şekilde öldürmek gibi, ya da bu konulara kafayı takıp düşünmek gibi şeyler, bence bunların sadece gürültü olduğunu söyleyemezsiniz. Yani bazı insanlar diyorlar ki bazı özelliklerin genetik temelini bilmediğimiz sürece onlara bir adaptasyon diyemeyiz. Veya diyorlar ki, belli bir özelliğin zaman içinde değişen gen frekansına bakmadığınız sürece, bunun evrimin ürünü olduğunu söyleyemezsiniz. Buna karşın şunu söyleyebilirim ki English: Or schizophrenia is a byproduct of other good psychological adaptations. Something I'm going to publish on my blog today talks a little bit about murder, so in evolutionary psychology there's been a controversy about whether or not homicide is an adaptation or whether it's a byproduct but something like killing others like in a goal-directed way or motivated reasoning, motivated cognition, ruminating about these things, I think you can't say that that's just noise or it's just something that happened because it is goal directed like many other, like trying to find food or considering engaging in courtship with somebody. So some people would say unless you actually know the genetic basis of some characteristic you can't say that it's an adaptation or unless you look at the gene frequency over time for some specific characteristic you can't say it's the product of evolution. And I would say that English: that's a very very high bar to clear and there's lots of things that we take for granted that are adaptations or byproducts of adaptations without actually knowing what the genetic basis of those things are. I am curious about this murder issue... Oh yeah, I'll carry on about murder. So in evolutionary psychology there's a couple of famous couples. There's Leda Cosmides and John Tooby and there's Margo Wilson and Martin Daly. And Margo Wilson and Martin Daly wrote a book in the 1980s called Homicide and they investigate all these different kinds of homicide from an evolutionary perspective. And from their perspective homicide is a byproduct. So we have evolved to inflict costs on each other physically but sometimes when we inflict costs on each other physically we accidentally kill each other. And they also talk about infanticide, which is the most common form of homicide. Turkish: bu karşılanması çok zor bir kanıt yükümlülüğüdür. Bugün adaptasyon veya yan ürün olarak kabul ettiğimiz birçok şey var ki bu şeylerin genetik temelinin ne olduğunu hala bilmiyoruz. Bu cinayet konusunu merak ediyorum ... Ah evet, cinayete devam edelim. Evrimsel psikolojide birkaç ünlü çift vardır. Leda Cosmides ve John Tooby var, Margo Wilson ve Martin Daly var. Margo Wilson ve Martin Daly, 1980'lerde Cinayet adlı bir kitap yazdılar ve bütün bu farklı cinayet türlerini evrimsel bir bakış açısıyla araştırıyorlar. Ve onların bakış açısına göre cinayet bir yan üründür. Birbirimize fiziksel maliyet yüklemek için evrilmişiz ama bazen bu maliyetler aşırıya kaçıyor ve yanlışlıkla birbirimizi öldürüyoruz. Ayrıca, en yaygın cinayet biçimi olan bebek öldürme hakkında da konuşuyorlar. English: So women often kill their babies especially in hunter-gatherer societies women kill their babies a lot. When you say "this is the most common form", this is based on data they actually observed in these societies and counted... Yeah if you look at various different cultures, infanticide is very common, the most common form, although in other cultures men kill each other also at much greater rates, I want to say in the Yanomami and in other places like that one in 20 men are killed by homicide that's a very common form of death and so they do actually imply that infanticide might be adaptive. Because almost all mammals commit infanticide. If you've ever seen a hamster or a gerbil or whatever, those animals kill their babies all the time. There was there was a laboratory that Turkish: Kadınlar bazen bebeklerini, özellikle de avcı-toplayıcı toplumlarda öldürüyorlar. "Bu en yaygın biçimdir" dediğinizde, bu verilere mi dayanıyor? Evet, eğer çeşitli kültürlere bakarsan, bebek öldürme çok yaygın ama diğer bazı kültürlerde erkekler birbirlerini çok daha büyük oranlarda öldürüyorlar. Yanomami ve bunun gibi başka yerlerde 20 erkekten biri cinayete kurban gidiyor. Sonuç olarak çok yaygın bir ölüm şekli ve bu yüzden aslında bebek öldürmenin adaptif olması mümkün. Çünkü neredeyse tüm memeliler çocuklarını öldürüyor. Eğer bir hamster ya da bir fare görmüşseniz, bu hayvanlar bebeklerini sürekli öldürürler. English: I used to work in and there was this woman who came in, she forgot to wash her hands after she petted her cat at home and she worked with the hamsters in this laboratory and then the next day she came in the hamsters had freaked out because of the smell of the catö they decided that it was not a good time to breed and she came in and they had all eaten all their young, all the females were there alone without their young. So in humans infanticide is very common and it can happen for a variety of reasons. There's not enough investment, the woman is very young, something is wrong with the infant, any variety of reasons. And so David Buss came along and did a bunch of studies and said actually homicide is an adaptation we actually have an adaptation to kill each other because if you ask people, when they ruminate about somebody, they don't ruminate or think about how much they want to physically hurt that person as much as they often consider killing Turkish: Eskiden çalıştığım bir laboratuvar vardı ve bir gün buraya bir kadın geldi, evde kedisini okşadıktan sonra ellerini yıkamayı unutmuş. Bu laboratuvarda hamsterlarla çalışınca hamsterlar o kedi kokusu yüzünden epey korktular, bunun üremek için iyi bir zaman olmadığına karar verdiler ve hepsi yavrularını yedi, tüm dişiler tek başına oturuyorlardı. İnsanlarda da bebek ölümü çok yaygındır ve çeşitli nedenleri olabilir: Yeterli yatırım yoktur, kadın çok gençtir, bebekle ilgili bir şeyler yanlıştır, çeşitli nedenleri var. Daha sonra David Buss bir sürü çalışma yaptı ve aslında cinayet bir adaptasyon dedi. Aslında birbirimizi öldürmek için bir adaptasyonumuz var çünkü insanlara sorarsanız, birileri hakkında uzun uzun düşündükleri zaman, onları fiziksel olarak ne kadar incitmek istediklerini düşünmezler, ama onları tamamen öldürmeyi epek sık düşünürler. English: that person completely and so he did a popular book about this as well. But there was a a bit of a dialogue between them and Martin Daly and Margo Wilson at the time did say that potentially infanticide could be an adaptation itself. My next question would be, still staying on this topic but not about the animals, but more about let's say shifting to humans and I want to understand if in your lifetime or during your career, it got harder to study evolutionary psychology. Do you have to sidestep a lot more mines, landmines? I've said many times that, I mean people just don't think that you have bad ulterior motives as much if you are a woman as if you are a man. I think that I get away with more. Turkish: Buss bu konuda popüler bir kitap yazdı, Martin Daly ve Margo Wilson ile bu konuda konuşuyorlardı, 0:11:05.200,0:11:08.720 ki onlar da o sırada potansiyel olarak bebek öldürmenin bir adaptasyon olabileceğini söylemişlerdi. Bir sonraki sorum şu, hayvanlardan insanlara geçelim, şunu anlamak istiyorum, yaşamınız boyunca veya kariyeriniz boyunca, evrimsel psikolojiyi incelemek daha da zorlaştı mı? Etrafta daha mı çok mayın var, bastığınız yere daha fazla dikkat etmek zorunda mısınız artık? Bunu birçok kez söyledim, eğer bir kadınsanız, genelde insanlar kötü amaçlarınız olduğunu düşünmüyorlar, erkeklere kıyasla. Sanırım daha fazla şeyi daha rahatça söyleyebiliyorum. Turkish: Bir erkek olsaydım ve bir alanda kadınların veya erkeklerin üstün olduğunu söyleseydim, entelektüel açıdan, bilişsel açıdan, her neyse o zaman insanlar diyecekti ki erkekleri kadınlara göre daha iyi göstermeye çalışıyorum, ya da cinsiyetçiyim vs. O açıdan daha kolay bir konumdayım. Aynı zamanda son 10 yılın çoğunda İngiltere'de bulundum ve orada politik doğruculuk daha zayıf ABD'ye kıyasla. Ama evrimsel psikoloji açısından bence çok müstehcen olmak istemezsin. Bir profesör vardı kadınların kalan doğurganlık yıllarından bahsediyordu Yani bir en yüksek doğurganlık noktası var, 25-26 yaşlarındadır bu, bir de geriye kalan doğurganlığının zirve noktası var, yani önlerinde en çok doğurganlık şansı olan kadınlar, ki bunlar 18 19 yaşında oluyorlar. Ve sanırım bu slaytlarında bikinili kızların resimleri vardı ve bunun için başını belaya soktu ama onları bir kadın evrimsel psikoloji hocasından almıştı. Tek yaptığı şey onun slaytlarını kullanmaktı. English: I can say more things. If I was to say women or men were superior in one domain or another, intellectually, cognitively, whatever then people would say that I was trying to I don't know, that I was trying to make men look better compared to women or that I was sexist or something so I think that's somewhat easier. I also was in Britain most of the last 10 years and in Britain there's less of a politically correct kind of climate. But in terms of evolutionary psychology, I think you don't want to be too salacious. So there was one professor who was talking about how women who are in the prime of their, you know, peak residual fertility. So there's women who are peak fertility which is like around 25-26 years old and then there's women who have their peak residual facility, they have the most fertility ahead of them which are like 18 19 years old. And I think he had pictures of girls in bikinis in his slides and he got in trouble for that but he had gotten them from a female evolutionary psychology professor, he just used her slides. Turkish: Kadının başı belaya girmemişti hiç. Genelde evrimsel psikologlar olarak biraz saygısız olma eğilimindeyiz. Biraz dalga geçebilmek lazım, çünkü bu konulardan bazıları o kadar tartışmalılar ki, eğer çok açık fikirli olmasaydık ve tartışmalara karşı oldukça bağışıklı olmasaydık, daha baştan bu konulara hiç girmezdik. Yani başkalarının hassasiyetlerini veya öfkelerini pek ciddiye almıyoruz evrimsel psikologlar olarak. Herkes için konuşamam ama daha zor bir hale gelip gelmediğinden emin değilim. Tabii Twitter'da artık evrimsel psikolojiden nefret eden, gerçekten hoş olmayan insanlar var. Ama onlar soru sormaktan bile nefret ediyorlar, yani evrimsel açıdan soru sormaktan bile. Eğer kadınların neden kendilerine zarar veren erkeklerle yaşadığını anlamaya çalışan bir çalışma tasarlamaktan bahsetseydim, ve bunu evrimsel açıdan inceleseydim, bu sorunun kendisi bile onlara hakaret gibi geliyor. English: She never got in trouble for it. So there are certain things, you know, evolutionary psychologists, we tend to be a little bit irreverent. There's a certain playfulness about it because some of these topics are so hot button that I think if we weren't highly open and pretty immune to controversy, we wouldn't get into things in the first place so there's a kind of playfulness about outrage among many evolutionary psychologists. I can't say for all of them but I don't know if it's gotten harder to be an evolutionary psychologist. Certainly on Twitter now there are some really unpleasant people who hate evolutionary psychology but they hate even asking questions from this perspective. If I was even to say okay I'm gonna design a study trying to figure out why women stay with men who abuse them from an evolutionary perspective, even that question itself is offensive to them. English: So even asking questions from a kind of adaptationist perspective, so really anything you come up with is going to be offensive to such people. Yeah, people do ask me silly things like you know as an evolutionary psychologist just trying to represent the status quo.. Oh, one funny interaction I had was this woman who said evolutionary psychologists, they never studied brown people they just studied white undergraduates in the West and they never studied LGBT people, they never look at like non-heterosexuals. There's a famous researcher who looks at Samoans and the Samoans have a third gender sort of, they're called the fa'afafine so they're men they dress like women but they have sex with men and they take care of their their nieces and nephews and that's the one inclusive fitness reason for homosexuality. Basically the idea is that if you have a brother who's a fa'afafine, Turkish: Yani adaptasyon açısından soru sormak bile bu insanlar için sorunlu, ortaya koyduğunuz her şey bu tür insanlara hakaret oluyor. Evet, insanlar bana evrimsel bir psikolog olarak aptalca şeyler soruyor Ah, komik bir etkileşim aklıma geldi: Bir kadın vardı, şunu diyordu evrimsel psikologlar, koyu tenli insanları hiç çalışmadılar sadece Batı'daki beyaz lisans öğrencileri üstünde çalışıyorlar, daha önce hiç LGBT insanlar üzerinde çalışmadılar vs. Ünlü bir araştırmacı var, Samoalıları inceliyor ve Samoalılarda üçüncü bir cinsiyet var fa'afafine denen, kadın gibi giyinen erkekler, ve erkeklerle seks yapıyorlar ve onlarına yeğenlerine bakıyorlar. Zaten bu da kapsayıcı uygunluk (inclusive fitness) açısından eşcinselliğin var olma sebebi. Yani temel olarak fikir şudur, fa'afafine olan bir erkek kardeşiniz varsa, English: you can have way more kids because they babysit all the time and they love their nieces and nephews. So they're a very big asset and this is one common hypothesis about homosexuality it's been floating around forever but it's only really ever been shown to work in the fa'afafine. And then when I posted about this people were like, oh you know you're putting your terrible evolutionary psychology on these people, you're interpreting them in your own western colonial lens and so there's really no winning at all. And the woman blocked me immediately after I was like oh look there's some people who are non-western that are being studied by evolutionary psychologists and she said, get the fuck out and she blocked me. It's very difficult to tell how widespread the outrage is. If you see how popular evolutionary psychology is it just seems to be a small minority of people who are really aversive to evolutionary psychology Turkish: daha fazla çocuğunuz olabilir çünkü her zaman bebek bakıcılığı yaparlar ve o çocukları severek bakarlar. Yani çok büyük bir avantaj. Ve bu çok uzun zamandır yaygın bir hipotez eşcinsellik konusunda ama ancak fa'afafine'de işe yaradığı gözlendi. Ve sonra bu topluluklar, bu insanlar hakkında konuştuğumda, işte efendim siz korkunç evrimsel psikoloji görüşlerinizi bu insanlara uyarlıyorsunuz, bunları sömürgeci Batılı merceğinden yorumluyorsunuz, yani kısacası bu insanları tatmin edemezsiniz, kazanamazsınız. O kadın da zaten hemen beni engellemişti, bakın Batılı olmayan insanları da inceliyoruz dediğimde, kısacası sittir git buradan dedi ve beni engelledi. Öfkenin ne kadar yaygın olduğunu söylemek çok zor. Evrimsel psikolojinin ne kadar popüler olduğunu görürseniz sadece küçük bir azınlık gibi görünüyor bu evrimsel psikolojiye karşı gerçekten düşmanca davranan insanlar. English: and I think it's because they don't want their behavior explained. I'm working on something right now, which is basically about the psychology of control, about how people don't want to be controlled and about this outrage of things like sex differences or ethnic differences is actually a way that people are trying to fight against the understanding of human psychology itself because they don't want to be understood. If you look at all of these debates about LGBT and trans people even you know polyamory Geoffrey's been interested in looking at polyamory, you'll say okay, what do you identify as? Put yourself in a category. People don't want to be put in a category, they don't want to actually... They have problems with all the measures that you give them, they don't like to say that they do things one way or another they feel one way consistently or another way because I think fundamentally right now as psychology progresses, you're going to see more and more that Turkish: Ve bence bu düşmanlığın sebebi şu ki kendi davranışlarının açıklanmasını istemiyorlar. Şu anda bir şey üzerinde çalışıyorum, temel olarak kontrol psikolojisi ile ilgili, insanların nasıl kontrol edilmek istemedikleri ve cinsiyet farklılıkları veya etnik farklılıklar gibi şeylerin öfkesinin aslında insanların bizzat insan psikolojisini anlamaya karşı verdikleri savaşın birer ürünü olmalarıyla ilgili. Tüm bu tartışmalara bakarsanız LGBT ve trans insanlar hakkında, hatta çoklu ilişki hakkında, tamam diyeceksiniz, kendinizi ne olarak tanımlıyorsunuz? Kendinizi bir kategoriye koyun. İnsanlar bir kategoriye girmek istemiyor, Onlara verdiğiniz tüm ölçütlerle sorunları var, bir şeyleri istikrarlı biçimde öyle ya da böyle yaptıklarını söylemek istemiyorlar. Temelde düşünüyorum ki psikoloji ilerledikçe, bu mücadeleyi daha fazla şey göreceksiniz. Turkish: insanlar anlaşılmaktan kaçınmaya çalışıyor. Ve bence bu non-binary cinsiyet tartışmasının yükselişinin bir parçası da bu. Eğer cinsiyetler arası farklılıkları olduğunu söylerseniz, erkeklerin ve kadınların farklı davrandıklarını görüyorlar ve diyorlar ki ben bu denklemin dışındayım, bu cinsiyet kalıplarına girmiyorum, sonuçta non-binary doğal bir tür değildir. Acaba, temel bir inançları olduğu için mi, yani insan doğasının akışkanlığına dair inançları olduğu için mi yapıyorlar yoksa hiç böyle felsefi bir tutum değil, sadece kişisel egoları için mi, yani ben kategorize edilemem, formüllerinize indirgenemem veya araştırma makalelerinize indirgenemem mi diyorlar. Kısacası ideolojik bir şey mi, yoksa çok daha basit bir ego tribi mi? İdeoloji, ego güdümlü perspektiften geliyor. Erkekler ve kadınların English: people are trying to avoid and fight against being understood. And I think that's part of the rise of the whole non-binary thing, is that okay if you say that there's sex differences you see men and women are different in these particular ways and they have these different attitudes, I'm going to opt out. I don't want to be understood in that way so I'm going to say that I'm non-binary because non-binary is not a natural kind. I wonder, is it because they have a fundamental belief that the human nature is malleable or is it even not philosophical like that, but simply just their personal egos that oh I can't be categorized like that, I can't be reduced to your formulas or your research papers. So I wonder if it's an ideological thing or just much more simple, ego driven? The ideology comes from the ego driven perspective. You're saying that that men and women English: on average have certain aptitudes, have certain characteristics, have certain personality, I am non-binary, you can't actually categorize me but also I'm showing you that human nature is really really complex and that you won't be able to understand me or anybody else. So it's a way of signaling that you're too complex to be understood by science where it is now but also yeah, a way of evading control. And people don't read BF Skinner that much. Skinner is like not popular at all anymore, in 1950s 1960s he was very popular but he talked about this as well, that people are averse to being controlled. And the reason that we can send men to the moon but we can't figure out how to get people to wash their hands with soap is partly because people are are evading control and it's difficult to understand people when you listen to their narratives about what they're like rather than just observing their behavior. Turkish: ortalama olarak belirli yeteneklere sahip, belirli özelliklere sahip, belirli kişiliğe sahip, olduklarını söylüyorsunuz. Oysa ben size insan doğasının gerçekten çok karmaşık olduğunu gösteriyorum ve beni ya da başka birini anlayamayacağınızı. Bu, bilim tarafından anlaşılamayacak kadar karmaşık olduğunuzu göstermenin bir yolu. Aynı zamanda kontrolden kaçınmanın bir yolu. İnsanlar BF Skinner'ı çok fazla okumuyor. Skinner artık popüler değil, 1950'lerde 1960'larda çok popülerdi ama bundan da bahsetti, insanlar kontrol edilmekten kaçınırlar. Ve insanları aya gönderebilmemizin, ancak ellerini sabunla yıkamalarını sağlayamamızın sebebi kısmen insanların kontrolden kaçmaları. Kendileri hakkındaki anlatılarını dinlediğinizde, davranışlarını gözlemlemek yerine anlatılarına baktığınızda, insanları anlamak çok zordur. English: Some time ago, I think it was a couple of years ago, I got into some trouble with the Red Pill people and I guess who hasn't and I was simply trying to tell them, I don't really have a dog in that fight in any case, but I was simply trying to tell them look, you're trying to categorize people more rigidly than you should and human behavior fits probably into some kind of not probably, it does fit into some kind of a distribution, right? And the distributions between men and women overlap to a great extent. So my idea was that if I could somehow convey these ideas visually, like show them visually how these distributions overlap, it would be a lot more powerful in convincing people. But listening to you it almost is futile, they would Turkish: Bir süre önce, sanırım birkaç yıl önce, Kırmızı Hap meraklılarıyla bazı sorunlar yaşadım, zaten kim yaşamadı ki. Onlara söylemeye çalıştığım, ki herhangi bir tarafı tutmak için büyük bir sebebim de yok, ama basitçe onlara anlatmaya çalıştığım şuydu: İnsanları gerekenden daha katı bir şekilde kategorize etmeye çalışıyorsunuz, insan davranışı muhtemelen bir çeşit dağılıma oturuyor. Ve kadın-erkek dağılımları arasında büyük ölçüde örtüşme var. Düşünüyordum ki, eğer bu fikirleri bir şekilde görsel olarak aktarabilirsem, bu dağılımların nasıl üst üste geldiğini onlara görsel olarak göstermek gibi, insanları ikna etmek çok daha mümkün olurdu. Ama sizi dinleyince, neredeyse boşuna bir çaba olduğunu düşündüm, English: come up with another rationalization that would reject that. Yeah I think that's interesting that there's this other aspect of so there's people who say there are no categories, you can't categorize people you know everything is very very complicated. If you look at something like Cordelia Fine's "Delusions of Gender" or you look at Angela Ceni or you look at all of this you know the current debates about race science and things people like oh everything is incredibly complicated there's no way of categorizing people everything is fluid. And you look at like the Red Pill people, they're like hyper reductionists. All men are either like alphas or betas because of two characters of men and all women are like Beckys or Stacys, I can't remember that there is Stacy and there's another one or they're ranked by how attractive they are on a scale of one to ten or whatever the case may be. Turkish: ne olursa olsun, her halükarda fikirlerini rasyonalize edecek insanlar. Evet bence bu ilginç, yani olayın başka bir yönü daha var, yani hiçbir kategorinin olmadığını söyleyenler de var, her şeyin çok çok karmaşık olduğunu söyleyenler, Cordelia Fine'ın "Cinsiyet Delilyonları" gibi bir şeye bakarsanız ya da Angela Ceni'ye, bunları görürsünüz, yahut ırk bilimi hakkındaki güncel tartışmalar... İnsanları kategorize etmenin hiçbir yolu yoktur, her şey akıcıdır, vs. Öte yandan Kırmızı Hapçılara bakıyorsunuz, onlar da tam tersine hiper indirgeyiciler. Tüm erkekler alfa ya da betadır gibi, tüm kadınlar "Becky"ler veya "Stacy"lerdir gibi, tam hatırlamıyorum şimdi, Stacy ve başka bir şey daha vardı, neyse, veya onları ne kadar çekici olduklarına göre sıralıyorlar bir ila on arasında bir ölçekte... Turkish: Evet, bu hiper indirgemecilik ve bir çeşit ukalalık, "dünyayı çözdüm" sanrısı. Bu komik çünkü "Erkek Arkadaşını Nasıl Eğitirsin" diye bir kitap yazıyorum, davranışçılık ve evrimsel psikoloji hakkında, ve bazen Kırmızı Hap meraklıları videolarım hakkında yorum yapıyorlar, "bunları bizden çaldın ve yeniden önümüze sürüyorsun" diyorlar, "zaten kadınlar her zaman erkeklerden fikir çalıyorlar" diyorlar. Ve aslında bugün yayınlayacağım bir şey var, 2007 yılında yazmıştım, o zaman bu fikirleri araştırmaya yeni başlamıştım ama evet bence de bu tam ters yönde bir problem. Evet, ikisi de sanırım aynı yetenek eksikliğini veya hayatın siyah-beyaz olmadığını anlama isteksizliğini gösteriyor, aynı zamanda o kadar da özel olmadığımız fikrinin zor olduğunu. Evet, belki bir birey olarak zor anlaşılabiliriz ama sizin ve çoğu bilim insanının yaptığı şey English: And so yeah that's hyper reductionism and that's sort of a smug "I have an understanding of the world"... And it's funny because I've been writing this book called How To Train Your Boyfriend which is about you know behaviorism and evolutionary psychology and occasionally I get Red Pill people commenting on my videos saying you're just taking the stuff that Red Pill people said and recycling it, women are always stealing ideas from men. And actually what I'm going to publish today is something I wrote back in 2007 where I started investigating these ideas but yeah that's I think the opposite problem. Yeah I think they both show the same lack of maybe the ability or the willingness to understand life is not so black or white and also you're not that special that you cannot be understood by science. Maybe as an individual it's hard but what you do and what most scientists do English: isn't actually about "you" anyway right? We're just talking about populations. Are you still working on disgust? I have a couple of things on disgust that I have to publish in the next year or so. One of them is on the disgust sensitivity of people who are asexual. So one interesting thing about men and women is that women are more disgust sensitive than men but women are much more disgust sensitive in the sexual domain. If you look at the three domains of disgust which is one common way of looking at disgust: Pathogen disgust which is things like disease and mold on food, stuff like that. Moral disgust. Disgusting things like stealing or taking advantage of people who are vulnerable. And then there's sexual disgust which is things like disgusting someone you're not attracted to Turkish: aslında illa da "sen" ile ilgili değil, değil mi? Genel popülasyonlardan bahsediyoruz. Hala tiksinme duygusu üzerinde mi çalışıyorsun? Evet, tiksinti ile ilgili birkaç şeyim var bir sonraki yıl yayınlamak zorunda olduğum Onlardan biri iğrenme hassasiyetinin aseksüel insanlardaki seviyesi. Erkekler ve kadınlar hakkında ilginç bir şey, kadınların tiksinti duygusu erkeklerden daha hassastır özellikle de cinsel alanda hassaslar. Eğer tiksinmenin üç alanına bakarsanız, ki bu yaygın bir bakış açısıdır: İlkin, hastalık gibi şeylerle alakalı olan patojen tiksinmesi, örneğin küflenme gibi şeylerel. İkincisi ahlaki tiksinme. Yani çalmak veya savunmasız insanları istismar etmek gibi şeyler. Ve son olarak da cinsel tiksinme var ilgi duymadığınız birinden iğrenmek gibi şeyler English: fantasizing about you or overhearing people have sex. If you look at women they tend to be more disgust sensitive than men but way more in the sexual domain and so we were wondering if people who were asexual are also more globally disgust sensitive or if they're really just more sexually disgust sensitive and it turns out they're really just more sexually disgust sensitive. And we also looked at like gay men and lesbians and so we have a big sample of people. And you know what, this is a controversial thing to say I don't know why but, gay men have more feminine aspects of their psychology than straight men do on average, so another thing we were wondering about is are gay men going to look more like women when it comes to their disgust sensitivity or are they going to look more like straight men. Okay it's going to be, they're going to be somewhere in the middle is your guess... I thought they would be. Actually for what I remember gay men are very sexually disgust insensitive but slightly more pathogen sensitive than Turkish: veya insanları seks yaparken duymak. Kadınlara bakarsanız, erkeklerden daha duyarlılar genelde ama bu fark cinsel alanda çok daha fazla. Biz de merak ettik, aseksüeller de genel olarak iğrençliğe duyarlılar mı yoksa sadece cinsel açıdan mı daha duyarlılar. Görünüşe göre gerçekten sadece cinsel açıdan daha duyarlılar. Ayrıca eşcinsel erkeklere ve lezbiyenlere de baktık, yani büyük bir örneklemimiz var. Neden olduğunu bilmiyorum ama bunu söylemek de tartışmalı, eşcinsel erkeklerin psikolojilerinde, hetero erkeklere göre kadınsı yönler daha baskın, bu yüzden merak ettiğimiz başka bir şey de şuydu, eşcinsel erkekler, kadınlara mı benzeyecekler tiksinme hassasiyetleri söz konusu olduğunda yoksa heteroseksüel erkeklere mi benzeyecekler. Herhalde ortada bir yerde olacaklardır diye tahmin ettiniz Öyle olacağını düşündüm. Aslında hatırladığım kadarıyla eşcinsel erkekler cinsel tiksinme bakımından hiç hassas değiller ama biraz daha patojene duyarlılar English: straight men are and then lesbians tend to be somewhat masculine. So if you take it for granted as I do that gay men are somewhat more feminized on average than straight men and gay women are somewhat more masculinized on average than straight women, bisexual women are not really that easily, they're not generally more masculinized, just somewhat, that's something I work on disgust at the moment which I have to write that up. I wouldn't have guessed that, as far as pathogen disgust is concerned, pathogen related disgust, why would there be any difference between the sexes? I mean it's just as important for either sex to not to eat something that's rotten and die Yeah there's a few possible reasons why women might be more pathogen disgust sensitive. One of them is that women show Turkish: hetero erkeklere göre. Lezbiyenler biraz erkeksi olma eğilimindeler bu konuda. Benim yaptığım gibi kabul edersen, yani eşcinsel erkeklerin ortalama olarak biraz daha dişileşmiş olduğunu ve eşcinsel kadınların ortalama kadına göre biraz daha erkeksi olduğunu kabul edersen (bu çalışmalar anlaşılır oluyorlar). Bu arada biseksüel kadınlar o kadar kolay değil, genellikle daha erkeksi değiller çünkü. İşte şu anda tiksinti üzerinde çalıştığım şeyler bunlar. Şunu tahmin etmezdim, patojen tiksinti söz konusu olduğunda, patojene bağlı iğrenme bakıından neden herhangi bir fark olabilir cinsiyetler arasında? Her iki cinsiyet için de çürümüş bir şeyi yiyip ölmemek önemlidir. Kadınların daha fazla patojen tiksinmesi duymasının birkaç olası nedeni var Bunlardan biri kadınların gösterdiği Turkish: bağışıklık sistemlerindeki döngüsel değişiklikler. Yani kadınlar hamileyken patojen almanın riski daha yüksektir. Patojenli gıda alırsan ve bir erkeksen, birkaç gün boyunca hasta olabilirsin, değil mi? Ama eğer bir kadınsan ve hamileysen ve patojenleri sindirirsen hamileliğini kaybedebilirsin, ki bu senin için çok daha büyük bir kayıp. Böylece potansiyel patojenlerin maliyetleri kadınlar için hamilelik sırasında erkeklerden daha fazladır. Dahası kadınlar doğal olarak döngüdeyken, yani adet döngüleri olduğunda, bağışıklık fonksiyonlarının farklı olduğu dönemler var çünkü vücutları hamile kalmaya hazırlanıyor. Ben de bunun üstüne doktoramı yapmıştım. Kesin olmayabilir, çalışma halen tekrarlanmalı, ama adet döngüsünün ikinci yarısında kadınlar iğrenmeye daha duyarlılar. English: cyclic changes in their immune system that men do not. So when women are pregnant the stakes for ingesting pathogens are higher, so you ingest something with pathogens you get a foodborne illness and you're a man, you might be sick for a couple days right? But if you're a woman and you're pregnant and you ingest pathogens then you might lose your pregnancy which is a much greater loss for you. So the costs of potential pathogens are greater for women than they are for men during pregnancy. And then also when women are naturally cycling, when they have menstrual cycles there's some evidence that there's periods where their immune functioning is different because their body is getting ready to get pregnant. And that was what I did my PhD on. It may not be true, it has to be replicated, the study that I did shows that women in the latter half of their menstrual cycle are more disgust sensitive English: and some people have found it and some people have not and so I'm doing a collaboration with some people, a big disgust researcher called Josh Tybur who actually is Geoffrey's [Miller] former graduate student as well. And we're doing a collaboration to look at that, so I mean it could be that my whole dissertation's wrong. It's too late now you're already a doctor so they're not gonna take away that They can't take away my PhD. I took a note here because I remember you were talking about this topic and you mentioned a study when men were aroused they don't feel as much disgust as women Is there a reason for that? Yes, so the other reason that women might be more disgust sensitive just simply in the sexual domain so now we're just going back to the sexual domain, is that women and men...just think about women and men's genitals. Turkish: Bazı insanlar bu bulguları buldu, bazı insanlar bulamadılar ben de bazı insanlarla işbirliği içindeyim bir yandan, Geoffrey'in [Miller] eski öğrencisi Josh Tybur ile. Bir işbirliği yapıyoruz, bakalım, yani bütün tezim yanlış olabilir. Artık çok geç, bir doktorsun, bunu geri alamazlar Evet doktoramı geri alamazlar. Burada bir not almıştım çünkü bu konu hakkında konuştuğunuzu hatırlıyorum, erkeklerin uyarıldığı bir çalışmadan bahsettin, cinsel olarak uyarılmış haldelerken kadınlar kadar tiksinti hissetmiyorlar. Bunun bir sebebi var mı? Evet, kadınların cinsel tiksinti için daha duyarlı olmalarının bir diğer sebebi de... Kadınları ve erkeklerin cinsel organlarını bir düşünün. English: Women have basically a pocket and that pocket is not exposed to the air it's interior, internal pocket and then men have a penis that sticks out. This is all very common knowledge but you have to kind of spell it out if you're gonna really understand it. So what happens is just purely by function of what the sexual act, what intercourse is like, women are more likely to get tissue damage and then also any pathogens they get will not be exposed to the air, they have a long time that they can invade the body. So if you look at like even mice having sex, a male mouse has sex with a female mouse she'll groom herself afterwards. So she'll lick herself he'll lick himself but he can basically get everything from her off of himself in a matter of seconds, she cannot just by virtue of her physiology and the same thing is true of humans. So that's one very simple reason why women are more sexually disgust sensitive. Turkish: Kadınlar temelde bir cebe sahiptir ve bu cep havaya maruz kalmaz, içtedir ama erkeklerin dışarı doğru uzanan penisleri vardır. Bunların hepsi çok yaygın bilgier ama eğer gerçekten anlayacaksanız, tekrarlamak zorundasınız. Dolayısıyla cinsel birlikteliğin doğasının bir sonucu olarak kadınlar daha fazla doku zararı görür ve aldıkları patojenler de havaya maruz kalmayacaklar, vücudu istila edebilecekleri uzun bir süre var. Çiftleşen farelere bile bakarsanız, çiftleşmeden sonra kendilerini temizlerler. Erkek kendini yalar, dişi de kendini yalar ama erkek, dişiden kendine geçen her şeyi temizleyebilirken, hem de saniyeler içinde, dişi bunu yapamaz. Aynı şey insanlar için de geçerlidir. Bu yüzden kadınların cinsel açıdan daha çok tiksinti duymaları normal. English: Women are also more sexually disgust sensitive because there's a lot more things that can go wrong with the reproductive system in women. So if a woman gets chlamydia and it's untreated she can become sterile and all sexually transmitted infections have a greater bad effect, what they call disease burden, on women than they do on on men. And if you look at HIV, women are more likely to get it from a man who's positive for example, than a man is to get it from a woman who's positive. So in all these cases because of just pure physiology... So that's one major reason, another major reason is that women have on average, they can have maybe six to eight children on the high end in their lives, men can have hundreds of children potentially and so for a woman each and every time that she chooses to engage in sex there's a bigger portion of her reproductive success invested in that Turkish: Bunun üstüne, kadınların üreme sisteminde ters gidebilecek daha çok şey var. Yani bir kadın klamidya enfeksiyonu olursa ve tedavi edilmezse kısır olabilir. Ve tüm cinsel yolla bulaşan enfeksiyonların kadınlar üzerinde hastalık yükü dediğimiz etkisi daha fazladır erkeklere kıyasla. Mesela HIV'e bakarsanız, kadınların bunu pozitif olan bir adamdan alma olasılığı, bir erkeğin pozitif olan bir kadından alma olasılığına göre daha yüksektir. Tüm bunlar fizyolojimizin sonuçları. Bu önemli bir sebep, bir başka önemli sebep ise kadınlar ortalama olarak, belki en fazla 6 ila 8 çocuk yapabilirler, erkeklerse yüzlerce. Dolayısıyla bir kadın için seks yapmayı seçtiği her zaman üreme başarısının daha büyük bir kısmını ortaya koyuyor. English: particular time. If a man has sex with a woman and she's low genetic quality and he's high genetic quality, what does it matter? He doesn't have to invest at all. But if a woman is by virtue of her physiology must invest completely and so that's another reason why each shot that a woman takes, there's more associated with it. So for women there's no good reason for them to have sex just because... there is for men. So for men, if they have sexual opportunity their just sensitivity is going to be lowered because the cost of getting disease is lower relative to the benefit that they can gain getting another chance of reproduction. Whereas for women the cost of getting disease or reproducing with somebody who's bad is huge, relative to their investment. I'll just tell you that the studies that are involved since I worked on this for a long time. Turkish: Bir erkek bir kadınla seks yaparsa ve kadın düşük genetik kaliteye sahipse ve erkek yüksek genetik kaliteye sahip, ne önemi var? Çocuğuna yatırım yapmak zorunda değil erkek. Ama eğer bir kadın fizyolojisi sebebiyle her yavrusuna tamamen yatırım yapmalı, işte bu yüzden kadın her denemesinde daha büyük risk alıyor. Yani kadınlar açısından, sırf seks yapmış olmak için yapmanın iyi bir sebebi yok, erkekler için olduğu gibi. Erkekler için, eğer cinsel bir fırsat varsa iğrenme hassasiyetleri azalacaktır çünkü hastalığa yakalanmanın maliyeti, başka bir üreme şansı elde etmenin yararlarına kıyasla daha düşüktür. Oysa kadınlar için hastalık kapmanın ya da kötü bir eşle birlikte olmanın maliyeti, yatırımlarına kıyasla çok büyük. Uzun zamandır bunun üzerinde çalıştığım için birkaç çalışma paylaşayım. English: So there's a Dan Ariely study, which is called "in the heat of the moment" and they actually did something pretty intense, which is they had young men come into the laboratory and they had to masturbate in the laboratory but not to completion. They just have them keep themselves aroused and answer questionnaires while they touch themselves. So I think people call Dan Ariely the masturbation guy for years and years that they did He got paid for that? That's great Professors get paid for all kinds of stuff. And they ask men all kinds of questions like, would it be exciting to have sex with a woman who, these are men who are in their 20s, would it be exciting for women to have sex with a woman and he's in her 60s. Do you want to see a woman urinate? Would you like to have sex with someone extremely fat? Would you like to have sex with somebody underage? Would you like to have sex with an animal? In all these cases men were more excited or more willing to do these things when they were aroused then when they were not. Now the exact same study has not been done in women but the study that I did and some other people did is you show women Turkish: "Anın sıcağında" isimli bir Dan Ariely çalışması var ve aslında oldukça zorlayıcı bir şey yaptılar. Genç erkekleri laboratuvara getirdiler ve mastürbasyon yaptırtılar, ancak tamamlatmadılar. Kendilerini erekte halde tutarken birtakım sorular cevapladılar. Sanırım insanlar Dan Ariely için "mastürbasyon adam" diyorlar yıllardır. Bunun için para mı aldı, ne güzel. Profesörlere her türlü iş için para ödeniyor. Bu erkeklere türlü türlü sorular sorular. Bu arada bu erkekler 20'li yaşlardalar, mesela 60'larındaki bir kadınla beraber olmak heyecan verici olur mu? Yahut, bir kadının işemesini izlemek ister misin? Yahut, aşırı şişman biriyle seks yapmak ister misin? Reşit olmayan biriyle seks yapmak ister misin, bir hayvanla seks yapmak ister misin... Bütün bu senaryolarda, erkekler daha heveslilerdi, ya da uyarıldıkları zaman, normale göre çok daha isteklilerdi. Tam olarak aynı çalışma kadınlarda yapılmadı, ama benim ve diğer bazı insanların yaptıkları çalışmada, English: pornography, you see how aroused they are and then you ask them how disgusted they are in various different scenarios. And I also did a study where we had women watch pornography and we had them rate how likely they would be to kiss somebody who had a rash, like a guy who's very attractive but who has a rash on his face. And women who are aroused really didn't show much difference from women who were not aroused. So it doesn't seem like, when a man is aroused it's an indicator that there is a clear and present opportunity for him to reproduce, whereas for women those opportunities are so easy to come by that their psychology doesn't really make sense that they would change fundamentally. But you could check out Peter Dejong is this guy who did a study where they did this amazing study where they had women watched pornography and then they had them do like sexually disgusting tasks. So they said here's a pair of dirty women's underwear. They weren't really dirty underwear, they put coconut milk in them. This is a Turkish: kadınlara porno izletiyoruz, ne kadar uyarıldıklarını görüyoruz ve çeşitli senaryoların onları ne kadar iğrendirdiğini soruyoruz Ayrıca kadınlara porno izletiğimiz bir çalışma yaptım, daha sonra onlara sorduk, cilt sorunu olan birini öper misin diye mesela, çok çekici olan ama uçuk veya siğil sahibi birini öper misin. Fark ettik ki uyarılmış olan kadınlar fazla fark göstermediler. Yani erkeklerdeki gibi değil, erkeklerde uyarılmış olmak üreme fırsatı demek kadınlar içinse bu fırsatların gelmesi o kadar kolay ki, psikolojileri onları o kadar büyük bir değişime zorlamıyor. Peter Dejong'a bakabilirsiniz, şahane bir çalışma yaptılar, kadınlara porno izlettikten sonra onlara iğrenç görevler verdiler. Mesela dediler ki burada bir kirli iç çamaşırı var, Tabii gerçekten kirli iç çamaşırı değildi, içlerine hindistan cevizi sütü koymuşlar, English: very gross study actually. Will you pick them up and put them in a hamper? And women were more likely to do that when they were aroused than when they were not. Right, I just realized that you know there's that phrase "post nut clarity" I just realized this is related to that. You suddenly realize, oh my God what was I watching! Yeah I think that people talk about that as well, you know you're watching something or somebody watching pornography, they'll have an orgasm, they close their computer, then they open it the next day and they're like oh my gosh okay that's where I was. You know you don't even need that much time, I mean right after, 30 seconds later the shame comes. Yeah so it is true that arousal tends to reduce negative emotions generally and that was another thing we looked at too. We also tried to scare women and make them feel fearful Turkish: aslında çok iğrenç bir çalışma. Neyse, "onları alıp bir çamaşır sepetine koyar mısınız" diye sordular. Ve cinsel açıdan uyarılmış kadınların bunu yapması daha muhtemeldi. Şu anda fark ettim ki, hani şöyle bir kalıp vardır "orgazm sonrası berraklık", bununla ilgili olduğunu fark ettim. Aman Allahım, ne izliyorum ben diye bir anda kendine gelirsin Evet insanlar bunu da söylüyorlar, birisi porno izler, orgazm olur sonra bilgisayarını kapatır, ertesi gün tekrar açar ve aman Tanrım der O kadar zamana bile gerek yok, hemen sonrasında, 30 saniye sonra utanç duygusu gelir Evet genelde şunun olduğu doğrudur, uyarılma genellikle olumsuz duyguları azaltır, bu da baktığımız başka bir şeydi. Ayrıca kadınları korkutmaya da çalıştık English: and see if that had a change in their arousal. Weird thing about women, if you scare them they become more aroused. So I had this uh professor called Devendra Singh who sadly died right after my dissertation, very well known professor from India and he said that if you want to turn on your wife you should chase around the kitchen table several times. It's weird but true that if you show women like a thrilling film, like a man chasing a woman down a dark alleyway, they will become more aroused to pornography afterwards. There's two different ways that we measure women's arousal and men's arousal: You could just ask people how aroused are you but with women it doesn't work quite the same way. So women will say that they're not aroused at all but they will show arousal in their vaginas. Basically in the study that we did we flashed light inside we had a probe we flashed light in the women's vaginas Turkish: ve bunun uyarılmalarında bir değişiklik yaratıp yaratmadığına baktık. Kadınlar hakkında garip bir şey, eğer onları korkutursanız daha fazla tahrik olurlar. Devendra Singh adında bir profesörüm vardı, tezimden hemen sonra ne yazık ki öldü, tanınmış Hintli bir profesördü ve şunu derdi: Karınızı tahrik etmek isterseniz mutfak masasının etrafında onu birkaç kez kovalamalısınız. Tuhaf ama doğrudur, eğer kadınlara heyecan verici bir film gösterirseniz, mesela karanlık bir sokaktan bir kadını kovalayan bir adamı, akabinde bir pornoyu daha tahrik edici buluyorlar. Kadınların uyarılmalarını ve erkeklerin uyarılmalarını ölçmenin iki farklı yolu vardır: İnsanlara ne kadar tahrik olduklarını sorabilirsiniz ama kadınlarda bu pek işe yaramaz. Yani kadınlar hiç uyandırmadıklarını söyleyecekler ama vajinalarında uyarılma göstereceklerdir. Yaptığımız çalışmada içeriye ışık tuttuk Kadınların vajinalarında ışık yakan bir sondamız vardı English: and then if they had more vasocongestion, if there was much blood flow to that area and that was the way that we measured arousal because women will say they're not aroused subjectively and when you use a measure there's a difference between those two things, whereas with men, men's objective or with the the measurement of their penis, it actually very closely tracks what they say, they're aroused and not aroused... I mean you can't lie anyway Yeah women have no way of, they can't see what's going on in there. So that's the best way? So the way I understand, this is not that important but because I used to be an engineer, it kind of.. Yeah you would like it, it's really cool. It's called a vaginal photoplethysmograph. There's like a tampon-shaped device, there's a big cable going towards it and then what it does is Turkish: ve eğer daha fazla damar kalınlaşması olursa, yani o bölgeye kan akışı artarsa, uyarılmayı ölçmenin yolu buydu. Çünkü kadınlar uyandırılmadığını söyleyecekler ama bir ölçüt kullandığınızda söyledikleriyle fizyolojileri arasında bir fark olacak, oysa erkeklerde size söyledikleri ile penisin ölçümü birbirine çok daha yakın sonuçlar veriyor Ne de olsa yalan söyleyemezsin. Evet kadınlarsa tam olarak neler olduğunu göremiyorlar. Peki bu en iyi yol mu? Anladığım kadarıyla, bu arada bu o kadar önemli değil ama eskiden mühendistim, o yüzden ilgimi çekiyor... Evet sen seversin bunu, gerçekten harika. Buna vajinal fotopletismograf denir. Tampon şeklinde bir cihaz var, büyük bir kablo ona doğru gidiyor ve sonra Turkish: ışık yolluyor. Işığa duyarlı da bir alıcı var pleksiglas üzerinde, veya artık neyse, kan damarları ne kadar genişlerse o kadar az ışık geri gelir. Yani kan ışığı emiyor mu yoksa damarlar büyüdüğü için... Şişmiş bir kan damarı daha fazla ışık emer. Gayet güzel, acaba bunu nasıl akıl ettiler. Aslında, korkudan bahsettiğinizde şunu hatırladım, tiksinti hakkında konuşuyordun ve diyordun ki, yani genel fikir sanırım tiksinmenin bir araç olduğu idi, bizi hayatta tutan, bize yardım eden bir araç. Başka araçlarla birlikte...Hayatta kal, çoğal, yavrulara bak, tüm bu şeyler. English: it shoots out light and then there's a light sensitive diode on the plexiglas, whatever it's called, and then the more the blood vessels are expanded the less light comes back. Because the blood actually absorbs the light or the vessels enlarge and that the cavity is... the blood vessels, an engorged blood vessel absorbs more light okay yeah cool, I wonder how they came up with that, it's pretty cool. Well actually, when you mentioned fear, it just reminded me that when I was listening to you on disgust, you were saying, I guess the general idea is of course that disgust is a tool to keep us alive, that it helps us. Among others. Survive, reproduce, take care of our offspring, all that stuff. Turkish: Özellikle de patojen türü tiksinti, değil mi? Ama sonra düşünüyordum, tamam ama neden gerekli çünkü korku da aynı işleve sahip değil mi? Yani çok güçlü, seni hayatta tutuyor Kurtlanmış bir yiyeceğe baktığımızda neden korku hissetmiyoruz? Ya da iğrenç bir adama? "İğrenç adam" diyorum ama "korkutucu adam" da diyebilirdik. Evet bir koca bir tartışma var bu konuda, yaygın olarak kabul edilen şu tiksinti sadece insana özgü, yani diğer hayvanlar tiksinti hissetmez. İnsan olmayan hayvanlarda da tiksinti olduğunu söyleyebilirsin ama bir süre şempanzelerle çalıştım. ve tiksintiye en çok yaklaştıkları zaman yağmur yağdığındaydı, ıslanmayı sevmiyorlar. Yılanları da sevmezler, o kadar. Kendi dışkıları ile oynarlar bütün gün boyunca, bunu ummursamazlar. English: Especially the pathogen kind of disgust, right? But then I was thinking, okay why does it even exist because fear, doesn't fear have the same function? I mean it is very strong, it keeps you alive Why don't we feel fear when we look at a worm infested food or a disgusting guy? I'm saying disgusting guy but we could have said fearsome guy. Yeah there's a whole controversy around this, it's widely considered that disgust is human only so that other animals do not experience disgust. Now you could say that there is disgust in non-human animals but I worked with chimps for a while, the closest thing that you can see them looking disgusted by is rain, they don't like to get wet and they don't like snakes, that's basically it. They'll play with their own feces all day long, they don't mind. English: So they really have no disgust sensitivity. With humans disgust is different from fear. It actually has some of the similar physiological responses, disgust is similar to fear in some ways but we have our own facial expression for disgust, that's different than for fear. And the idea is that we want to communicate to each other when something is disgusting. So there are other animals and they avoid things that are disgusting but they don't convey to each other that something is contaminated the way that we do and yeah the idea is that disgust is a human specific emotion. Now doesn't fear work just as well? Potentially. There's some ideas that disgust is pretty new. So one possible bit of evidence for that as I just told you, is that chimps and bonobos and gorillas and orangutans, there's no evidence of disgust in those animals. Another one is that children don't really talk about things being disgusting or express disgust reliably Turkish: Yani gerçekten iğrenme duyarlılıkları yok. İnsanlarda iğrenme korkudan farklıdır. Aslında benzer fizyolojik tepkilerden bazıları var, iğrenme bazı yönlerden korkuya benziyor ama tiksinme için ayrı bir yüz ifademiz var, bu korku için olandan farklı. Fikir şu ki, iğrenç bir şey olduğunda birbirimizle iletişim kurmak istiyoruz. Yani başka hayvanlar var ve onlar iğrenç şeylerden kaçınıyorlar ama birbirlerine haber vermiyorlar bir şeyin kirlendiğini haber vermiyorlar. Yani öyle gözüküyor ki tiksinti insana özgü bir duygu. Peki korku da benzer bir işlevi göremez mi? Evet, olası. Tiksinmenin epey yeni olduğuna dair bazı fikirleri var Bunun için olası bir kanıt az önce söylediğim gibi şempanzeler, bonobolar ve goriller ve orangutanlarda, tiksinmeye dair bir kanıt yok. Bir diğer kanıt da çocukların gerçekten iğrençlik hakkında konuşmaları, onu güvenilir bir şekilde ifade etmeleri için English: until they're 9 years old. So kids might say that's yucky, I don't want that, they have neophobia, they don't want to try new foods, which is very common among all kinds of animals, but if you ask a child, what is that face, to say something is a disgust face or to make a disgust face or to say that is disgusting, in a consistent way, they're pretty old before they can do that. So for other emotions they can, for other expressions they're pretty good? Kids show fear and happiness and anger way earlier than they show disgust. Is that kind of a consistent thing, that if something happens, comes online later in the developmental stage, does it mean that also it evolved later? Is it always closely matching? It's a little bit complicated because there's emotions that we don't have that come online until, because they're sexual emotions, so like jealousy and sexual arousal. Sexual arousal is super old, I wouldn't say that because you don't experience sexual arousal until you're 12, that means it's a new thing. But because disgust is a Turkish: 9 yaşına kadar gelmeleri lazım. Yani çocuklar bir şeyin "pis" olduğunu söyleyebilirler, yeni şeylere karşı korkuları vardır, yeni yemekeler denemek istemezler, ki bu da her türlü hayvan arasında çok yaygındır, fakat bir çocuğa sorarsanız, "tiksinti duyan bir yüz nasıl olur" diye, veya bir şeyin istikrarlı bir şekilde iğrenç olduğunu ifade etmelerini beklerseniz, bunu ancak epey büyüdükten sonra yaptıklarını görürsünüz. Öte yandan diğer duygular için bunu erken yaşta yapabiliyorlar mu? Çocuklar tiksintiden çok daha önce korku, mutluluk ve öfke gösterirler. Bu tutarlı bir şey mi, yani eğer bir şey gelişim sürecinde daha sonraları ortaya çıkıyorsa, evrimsel açıdan da daha sonra geliştiği anlamına mı geliyor? Her zaman eşleşiyor mu bu ikisi? Biraz daha karmaşık çünkü bazı duygular var ki mesela cinsel dürtüler veya kıskançlık gibi, biraz geç ortaya çıkıyorlar. Fakat cinsel dürtüler evrimsel açıdan çok eskidir. Yani sırf 12 yaşına kadar cinsel uyarılma yaşamadınız diye, bu evrimsel açıdan yeni bir şey demek değil. English: survival emotion and it comes on so late that's my implication for it. Not everybody would agree with me about that though. That's a kind of ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny, that the order in which you see things happen in the human cognition, like moral stages, indicates how much of your brain, your new brain, your human brain needs to be developed before you can experience it. Right, and also does it mean that if you leave the kids to their own devices they would just play with their crap, and they don't get disgusted, they think it's okay? There's a very interesting hypothesis about toddlers. Okay so toddlers, they put everything in their mouths. They mouth lots of things and one hypothesis for this is that toddlers, in our ancestral past, children would have been breastfed until about 3 or 4 years old. And when you're breastfed you don't just Turkish: Ama tiksinme bir hayatta kalma aracı ve çok geç ortaya çıkıyor, dolayısıyla bu benim çıkarımım. Herkes benimle aynı fikirde değil tabii. Buna "ontojeni, filojeniyi yeniden ifade eder" denir. Yani insan bilincinde olan biten şeyleri görme sırası ahlaki aşamalar gibi örneğin, beyninizin ne kadarının özellikle de yeni beyninizin, yani insan beyninizin ne kadar gelişmiş olması gerektiğini ima eder. Öyleyse bu demektir ki çocukları kendi haline bırakırsak kendi pislikleriyle mi oynayacaklar, onlardan iğrenmeyecekler, bunun normal olduğunu düşünecekler, öyle mi? Bebekler hakkında çok ilginç bir hipotez var. Her şeyi ağızlarına koyarlar değil mi? Bir çok şeyi çiğnerler be bunun için bir hipotez şunu diyor: Evrimsel geçmişimizde, çocuklar 3-4 yaşlarına kadar emzirilirler. Ve emzirdiğinizde anneden sadece süt almazsınız Turkish: onun antikorlarını da alırsınız, bağışıklık hücrelerini alırsınız. Yani her şeyi ağzına koymanın iyi bir yönü annenizin bağışıklık hücrelerinin o şeylere saldıracak olması ve bu sayede bağışıklık kazanacak olmanız. Yani kendini aşılamış gibi oluyorsun ortamdaki yaygın patojenlere karşı. Bunu da ağzına bir şeyler alıp, annenin sütünü onlara karşı aşı olarak kullanarak yapıyorsun. Bu bir olasılık. Bir diğeri de, "hassas dönem" diye bir şey var, çocuklar bu dönemde önlerindeki her şey yerler ve insanlar dünyanın her yerinde hayatta kalabildikleri için yeterince esnek olmamız önemlidir, her türlü farklı yemeğe alışmak önemlidir. Hepimiz küçük yaşlarda maruz kaldığımız gıdaları severiz, yeni yiyeceklere alışmak zordur. Kısa süre önce bir ay Çin'de geçirdim ve ben genellikle veganım ama Çin'de vegan değildim çünkü imkansızdı ve her çeşit tuhaf şeyi yiyordum English: get milk from your mom but you also get her antibodies, you get her immune cells. So one possibly good thing about putting everything in your mouth is that your mom's immune cells are going to attack those things and then you're going to have an immunological memory. So it's like you're vaccinating yourself against common pathogens in the environment by sticking stuff in your mouth and then using your mom's milk to vaccinate you against all the stuff that you're sticking in your mouth. That's one possibility. Another one is that there's a so-called sensitive period, where children eat basically anything that you put in front of them and because humans survive all over the world, it's important that we're flexible enough in order to learn to eat all kinds of different foods. So all of us like foods more that we were exposed to when we were younger. It's hard to like new foods. I was just in China for a month and I'm usually vegan but I was not vegan in China because it was impossible and I was eating all kinds of weird shit English: and so it's much more difficult because of that sensitive period. So yes children, there might be an adaptive reason why disgust doesn't come online since you can learn to like foods that are nutritious in your environment. Because if we were locked in to eat specific foods we wouldn't be successful all over the world the way that we are. I guess it's a delicate balance between risk and reward but it only takes, I mean even if 90% of people would die and 10% would succeed they can just, you know, by taking that risk, they can repopulate that part of the world with the new diet. I can't remember if it's been debunked or what but Jared Diamond who's written Guns Germs and Steel, and Collapse, and other people have talked about, there are people who colonized parts of the world, I think that the people who colonized Greenland and they didn't eat fish and so they died because they didn't eat fish. Turkish: ve bu hassas dönemden dolayı çok daha zor. Evet, yani çocuklarda tiksinmenin geç ortaya çıkmasının adaptif bir sebebi olabilir, zira bu sayede etrafınızdaki besleyici yemekleri tanımış oluyorsunuz. Çünkü eğer belli yemeklere tamamen bağlı olsaydık, Dünyanın her yerinde bu kadar başarılı olamazdık. Sanırım hassas bir denge bu, risk ve ödül arasında, yani %90'ımız ölse ve sadece %10'umuz hayatta kalsa belli riskleri aldıkları için, yeni diyetleri sayesinde gezegenin o kısmına kısa süre içinde yayılabilirler. Şimdi hatırlayamıyorum çürütüldü mü ama Jared Diamond, Tüfek Mikrop ve Çelik kitabının ve Çöküş kitabının yazarı, ve başkaları da bir benzerini söylediler, sanırım Grönland'ı kolonileştiren insanlardan bahsediyorlardı, onlar balık yemiyorlardı ve bu yüzden de öldüler. English: They starved to death because there was a very bad winter, they started eating their calves you know their very young livestock and if they had just gone fishing, but they thought fish was poison. I think this is in Collapse by Jared Diamond. And this kind of thing happens when people colonize new places, is that they're too scared to eat what's nutritious there. There's a theory that racism could be related to these diseases that could be introduced to the group by the outgroup, and I don't think you like this opinion, this theory that much. I used to love it, I used to think it was the best possible example. The first idea was that outgroup members might carry novel pathogens that you're not prepared for and that's why you would be disgusted by them. The other possibility is that disgust is not really an emotion that's always specifically for disease, so you might be disgusted Turkish: Çok kötü bir kış sonrası aç kaldılar, önce buzağılarını yemeye başladılar, genç hayvanlarını yani, ama eğer balık tutmayı deneselerdi başaracaklardı ama balıkların zehirli olduğunu düşünüyorlardı. Sanırım Jared Diamond'ın Çöküş kitabında var. Bu tür şeyler insanlar yeni yerleri kolonileştirdiğinde olur, orada besleyici olan yeni şeyleri yemek için çok korkuyorlar. Irkçılık hakkında bir teori var, dışardan gelebilecek olası hastalıklara karşı grubu korumayı öngörüyor, bu görüşü artık beğenmiyorsunuz sanırım, Eskiden çok seviyordumm, eskiden en iyi cevabın bu olduğunu düşünürdüm Buradaki ilk fikir dış grup üyelerinin hazırlıklı olmadığımız yeni patojenler taşıyabilmeleri ve bu yüzden onlar bizi iğrendiriyorlar. Diğer bir olasılık, tiksinmenin belli bir hastalık için gelişmiş olmaması, onun yerine mesela Turkish: farklı gelenekleri, farklı uygulamaları vardır diğer grubun, ama bunlar mevcut çevresel şartlara göre ideal değidirler. Yani tiksinti illa da patojenlerle alakalı olmak zorunda değil. Tabii bu geleneğin bir kısmı patojenle de alakalı oluyor, yemek pişirme yöntemleri örneğin kendi grubumuzun şartları için pek ideal olmayabilir. Onların kültürel geleneklerini özümsemek istemezsiniz. Josh Tybur bunun üzerinde de çalışıyor ve onun gerçekten harika bir konuşma yaptığını gördüm bu konuda, diyor ki yeni bir grupla uğraşıyorsanız insanların size önemli ölçüde yatırım yapma olasılıkları daha düşüktür ve tiksinme duygusu, onlara çok fazla yatırım yapmamanın bir yolu olabilir, onlara çok yaklaşmamanın bir yolu. Ama bu konu gerçekten belirsiz, epey karmaşık bir hikaye ve şu anda etnosentrizm ve yabancı düşmanlığı, ilk başta sandığımız ölçüde bir korelasyona sahip değiller iğrenme hassasiyeti ile. English: because they have different practices like traditions that might not be optimal in the current environment. So rather than disgust necessarily at pathogens, it's like disgust. It has also to do with pathogens like the way they cook food in the environment might not be the best way of doing so. You don't want to take on their other cultural traditions. Josh Tybur has been working on this as well and I saw him give a really great talk about this, essentially saying that if you're dealing with a new group of people, they're less likely to invest in you significantly and disgust might be a way of not investing too much in them, so not getting too close to them, but it's really unclear, it's quite a complicated story still at the moment and there's not a great indicator of ethnocentrism and xenophobia don't seem to be as correlated with disgust sensitivity as we thought. English: If a woman is ovulating, are they more disgust sensitive to strangers or is it more of a fear response? It's more of a fear response. I did work on this as well, it's more of a fear response and then you know we were interested in, is there like almost a preference for the outgroup. So there's this thing called "hybrid vigor" where you want somebody who's got different genes from yourself to mate with, because potentially your offspring will have better outcomes and we were curious if women were more attracted to men who were like mixed race. When they were ovulating, we just asked women about this and no we didn't find that. We actually found that they were more afraid of them but this was a study back in... this is like a 15 year old study, I think, that I did with Carlos Navarrete and Dan Fassler. The ovulation stuff is another area that's been like really in flux where we thought we had a pretty consistent story about ovulation Turkish: Bir kadın yumurtlama dönemindeyse, yabancılara karşı daha fazla tiksinti mi duyar, yoksa bu daha çok bir korku tepkisi mi? Daha çok bir korku tepkisi. Bunun üzerinde de çalıştım, bu daha çok bir korku tepkisi ve o zaman ilgilendiğimiz soru şuydu, grup dışındakiler sandığımızın aksine tercih mi ediliyor? Yani "melez canlılık" diye bir kavram var kendinden farklı genleri olan birini istiyorsun çünkü potansiyel olarak yavrularınız daha dayanıklı olacaktır, biz de merak ediyorduk, acaba kadınlar karışık ırktan ereklere daha mı ilgililer diye. Yumurtlama dönemindeki kadınlara bunu sorduk ve hayır böyle bir etki bulmadık. Aksine onlardan daha çok korktuklarını fark ettik, ancak bu 15 yıllık bir çalışmaydı, Carlos Navarrete ve Dan Fassler ile yapmıştım. Yumurtlama dönemiyle ilgili araştırmalar da epey değişiyorlar zamanla. Eskiden bu konuda oldukça tutarlı bir hikayemiz olduğunu düşünürdük, English: and then a bunch of people came along with with bigger data sets and with more sophisticated methods and said you know, women are not necessarily advertising when they're ovulating and the evidence that women are avoiding dangerous men or men that might be dangerous when they're ovulating, is actually somewhat better than that women are advertising their fertility when they're ovulating. When you talk about dangerous men, I just remembered this "bad boy" effect yeah I talk about this, one way of looking at the distilled preferences of men and women is to look at the media that's made for men and women. If you look at pornography what are some very common themes? Common themes in pornography are women with very sexually exaggerated features, women who are very interested in having sex without any signs of commitment and women who are interested in doing sexually adventurous things with whoever comes along, right? Turkish: daha sonra bir grup insan daha büyük veri kümeleriyle ve daha gelişmiş yöntemlerle çıkageldiler ve dediler ki Kadınlar yumurtlama dönemlerinde illa da bunun reklamını yapmazlar, etrafa duyurmazlar. Kadınların tehlikeli erkeklerden kaçındıklarına dair kanıtlar veya tehlikeli olabilecek erkeklerden kaçındıklarına dair kanıtlar, kadınların doğurganlıklarının reklamını yapmalarına dair kanıtlardan biraz daha kuvvetli. Tehlikeli erkekler hakkında konuşunca, "kötü çocuk" etkisini hatırladım Evet, bunun hakkında konuşuyorum sık sık. Erkeklerin ve kadınların damıtılmış tercihlerini anlamanın bir yolu, erkekler ve kadınlar için tasarlanmış medyaya bakmaktır. Mesela pornodaki bazı ortak temalar nelerdir? Pornografide ortak temalar cinsel açıdan abartılı özellikleri olan kadınlardır, seks yapmaya çok hevesli olan ve hiçbir bağlılık isteği olmayan, önüne kim gelirse cinsel açıdan maceraperest olan kadınlardır, değil mi? English: And if you look at women's pornography, romance novels and genres like that, things like slash fiction, like things Katherine Salmon studies, what you'll see is that yes women actually do really like certain kinds of characteristics in the protagonists, the male protagonists. Well you know, what's a vampire like? Vampires are kind of a narcissistic, sociopathic character but a vampire like in Twilight loves the protagonist, is very kind to her, but is really terrible to other people and really imposes himself on other people. And there's other taboo stuff that, I haven't looked into this very deeply but there seems to be evidence that violent pornography like pornography where women get slapped and have really rough sex and stuff is actually being disproportionately consumed by women. Turkish: Ve kadınlara yönelik pornoya bakarsanız, aşk romanlarına veya benzer şeylere Katherine Salmon'ın üstünde çalıştığı şeylere mesela, göreceğiniz şey şu, aslında belli bazı özellikleri tercih ediyorlar erkek kahramanlar sözkonusu olduğunda. Mesela bir vampir nasıldır? Vampirler bir çeşit narsisistik, sosyopatik karakterlerdir ama Alacakaranlık (Twilight) serisindeki gibi bir vampir kadın kahramanı sever, ona karşı çok naziktir, ama diğer insanlara karşı korkunç davranır, ve kendini diğer insanlara dayatır. Başka birtakım tabular da var, pek derin bir şekilde incelemedim ama öyle görünüyor ki şiddet içeren pornolar, mesela kadınların tokatlandığı veya çok sert seviştikleri pornolar orantısız bir şekilde kadınlar tarafından tüketiliyor. English: Nobody likes to hear about that but that seems to be the case, so these things are not really in keeping with the consistent narrative about what women want. But I think that it's very interesting to look at what preferences are like when nobody's watching. Yeah I don't know if we can tie this to evolutionary psychology in some way but I noticed that recently, when I look at porn sites, the dominant theme is sister-in-law, brother-in-law type of stuff... it's just a fad There's always fads in pornography that just appealed to... so one thing that you'll see in any context where humans are neophilic, so we're neophilic in that we like newness, we like variations on a theme. A song that you've listened to for a long time, you're going to love the remix. Turkish: Kimse bunu duymayı sevmiyor ama öyle görünüyor yani, bu şeyler kadınların ne istediğiyle ilgili tutarlı bir anlatıya yol açmıyor. Ama bence, kimse izlemiyorken tercihlerin neye benzediğine bakmak çok ilginç Evet, bilmiyorum bunu evrimsel psikoloji ile bağlayabilir miyiz, ama son zamanlarda fark ettim ki porno sitelerindeki baskın tema üvey kardeş tarzı şeyler... Bu sadece dönemin modası. Pornoda her zaman böyle geçici modalar olmuştur İnsanların neofilik olduğu herhangi bir bağlamda görebileceğiniz bir şey var, yani biz yeniliği, özellikle de bilindik bir temadaki varyasyonları seviyoruz. Uzun zamandır dinlediğiniz bir şarkının remixini seversiniz. Turkish: Ve sanırım üvey kardeş teması da bir nevi remix, tabu olan cinsel ilişkilerin remiksi. Yıllardır popüler olan şey vardı, kadınlar video oyunu kostümleri giyiyorlardı. Yani belli bir alanda beğendiğiniz bir şey var ve başka bir alandan bir şeyle birleştiriyorsunuz ve en sevdiğiniz şarkının remixi gibi oluyor. Bence bu benzer bir şey. Çok derin anlamlar çıkarabileceğinizi sanmıyorum sadece eski bir temanın yeni bir varyasyonu. Ensestten kaçınmaya bakan Deborah Lieberman isimli bir araştırmacı var ve erkeklerin yüzlerine bir kamera yerleştirdiği büyüleyici bir çalışma yaptı. Kız kardeşinizi Frasız usülü öpmek ister misiniz gibi sorular sordu. Eğer erkeğin bir kız kardeşi varsa tiksinti gösteren bir yüz ifadesinde bulundu ama bir kız kardeşi yoksa... "Neden olmasın?" "Ya kız kardeşimle yapsaydım?" English: And I think that sister-in-law stuff is just a remix of basically taboo sexual encounters or a novel way of looking at it for many years what was popular, uh women dressed in like video game costumes so that was like something you liked in one domain and smashed together with something from another domain and then it was like a remix of your favorite song. I think this is a kind of similar thing. I don't think you could necessarily read too much into the specifics of it just that it's a new variation on an old theme. Deborah lieberman who looks at incest avoidance and she did a fascinating study where she put a camera on men's faces and she said how much would you like to french kiss your sister. And if a man had a sister he made a disgust face but if a man didn't have a sister he was like... "Why not?" "What if I did it with my sister?" Turkish: Yani karşı cins kardeşi olan insanlar bu tür düşünce deneylerinden çok daha fazla tiksiniyorlar, diğerlerine kıyasla, dolayısıyla belki de kardeşi olmayan erkekler tarafından bu tip temalar talep ediliyor. Bunu biraz heyecan verici ve tabu buluyorlar çünkü tiksinti duymuyorlar. Bence gerçekten de beraber büyüdüğün bir üvey kızkardeşin olsaydı ilgi duymadığın bir kardeşin olsaydı, heyecan verici bir tür olarak görmezdin bunu. Bu "kötü çocuk" temasıyla ilgili bir sorum var, not almıştım, bu yüzden ona geri döneceğim. Sanırım röportajlarından birinde diyordun ki tehlikeli ve düzensiz ortamlarda, pislik biriyle ittifak kurmanızın bir avantaj getireceği yönünde bir teoriden bahsediyordunuz. English: So people who have a opposite sex sibling are more disgusted by these kinds of thought experiments than people who do not have an opposite sex sibling and so it's possible that men who don't have an opposite sex sibling are driving the demand for this. They find it a little bit exciting and taboo because they don't have any disgust associated with it. I think if you really did have a stepsister that you had been raised with whom you were not attracted to this would like potentially be not very exciting as a genre. Well I got one question here related to this bad boy theme and I noted it down, I really wanted to ask you so I'll go back to that. I think you were saying in one of these interviews that maybe there's a theory that in volatile environments, basically having an asshole in your corner is an advantage, right? Turkish: Diğer insanları kazıklayarak, onları aldatıp yiyeceklerini çalarak, bir avantaj sağlamak mümkün. Ama şu an gerçekten tehlikeli ortamlarda değiliz, yasalarımız ve kurallarımız var, Şu anda ittifak kurmak için o kadar büyük bir teşvik yok. Başka bir deyişle, eğer bir pisliksem, hayatımı yaşayabilirim Tatminkar bir hayat olmayacak tamam, ama açlıktan ölmeyeceğim. Bir işim olacak, markete gideceğim, yasalar var, kimsenin yardımına ihtiyacım yok çünkü mevcut bir sistem var. Ancak dengesiz ve tehlikeli bir ortamda, doğal bir ortamda, gerçekten bir ittifaka ihtiyacınız var değil mi? Çünkü sayı üstünlüğü önemli, yani neredeyse ters bir teşvik var çünkü ittifak kuracağınız, birliklte olacağınız adam iyi, güvenilir, dürüst biri olmalı, en azından daha az bir sosyopat olmalı ki English: You will just screw the other people, cheat them out of their food whatever, it will bring you some advantage. But I was thinking that we're not really now in volatile environments, we have laws and rules regulations things like this. We don't have as much of an incentive to form alliances right now. In other words if I'm an asshole I can just live my life pretty much okay. It won't be an enriching life but I won't starve to death. I'll just have a job, I'll go to the supermarket, there are laws, I don't need anybody's help because there's a system in place. But in a volatile environment, in a natural volatile environment, you really need an alliance right? It's a numbers game so it's almost an inverse incentive for me because the guy has to be even nicer or at least less of a sociopath English: to be able to form an alliance in that kind of an environment so that he can take care of his offspring better. So when people talk about a volatile environment and if you look at real volatile environments, places in the developing world for example where there are no contracts, yes alliances and loyalty are very important but so too is it important to not invest too much in people who you're not really allied with. And you take as a cue of your environment how often people for example renege. So you were talking, there's some stuff about father absence nowadays people think the father absence effect is potentially, is more likely to be genetic so rather than you're growing up your father leaves, it's a cue to you that people don't stick around and that alliances are ephemeral or they're not long-lasting, rather than that, you just have the same genes Turkish: öyle bir ortamda ittifaklar kurabilsin yavrularına daha iyi bakabilsin. İnsanlar tehlikeli bir ortam hakkında konuştuğunda yani gerçekten böyle ortamlara bakarsanız, gelişmekte olan dünyadaki yerler mesela, sözleşmelerin bir anlam ifade etmediği yok, evet ittifaklar ve sadakat çok önemli ama sizle gerçekten yakın olmayan insanlara fazla yatırım yapmamak da önemlidir. Ve şartları ölçmenin bir yolu, insanların ne sıklıkta sözlerinden döndüklerine bakmak olur Günümüzde baba eksikliğinin genelde genetik bir kökeni olduğu düşünülüyor. Yani babanın sen daha büyümeden evden ayrılması ortamdaki güvensizlik ve ittifakların geçiciliği hakkında bir ipucu vermesinden ziyade basitçe aynı genlere sahipsin Turkish: kaçıp giden kişiyle, dolayısıyla senin de köklü ilişkiler kurma ihtimalin daha zayıf, uzun süreli bir evlilik gibi. Senin sorunu da anlıyorum ama bu tip ortamlarda gözlenen şey, psikopati, sosyopati ve tezahürlerinin artışıdır. Tabii ki her zaman insanların küçük bir yüzdesinin psikopat olduğunu göreceksiniz Sosyopati daha çevresel olarak kabul edilir psikopati ise daha genetik. Şu anda bunun üzerinde çalışan insanlar var. Ama bir fikir şu ki, modern bir ortamda bir yerden bir yere gitmek kolay ve yeni bir gruba geçebilir ve yeni bir gruptan yararlanabilirsiniz psikopatların bir ailesi var bir kadınla seks yapıyorlar, onunla bebek yapıyorlar, sonra onları bırakıp devam ediyorlar ve aslında modern bir ortamda daha başarılı olabilirler, English: as the person who ran off and therefore you're less likely to form long-standing committed relationships like a long-lasting marriage. So I see what you're saying about volatile environments, but what you actually do see in these volatile environments is an increase in things like psychopathy, sociopathy and their manifestations Now you're going to see some small percentage of people all the time who have psychopathy. Sociopathy is considered to be more environmentally mediated whereas psychopathy is considered to be more genetic, there's still people working on that right now. But one idea is that, in a modern environment where it's easy to go from place to place to place and you can move on to a new group and exploit a new group these men who are psychopaths they have one family they have sex with a woman they make babies with her, then they move on and they're actually able to be more successful in a modern environment English: which has like less word of mouth about who's bad and who's good and so it's possible that there's a greater percentage of psychopaths even though it's still quite a small percentage but there's a greater percentage in the modern environment than there would be in an environment where it was more difficult to exploit a community because of more face-to-face interactions and more word-of-mouth. I don't know if that answered your question at all. I understand it, but this is quite interesting that you touched upon fathers, who are absentee fathers, because I guess a lot of people are thinking that it's something that could be fixed by social policies and emphases on family values and things like. Whereas you're saying that the research is more like well that's kind of destiny It's too bad, it's too bad. The research says "it's too bad" Turkish: çünkü kimin kötü olduğu ve kimin iyi olduğu hakkında kulaktan kulağa yayılan bilgi daha az, dolayısıyla psikopatların yüzdesinin artk daha yüksek olması olası hâlâ oldukça küçük bir yüzde tabii ancak daha modern bir ortamda daha fazla çünkü eskiden yüz yüze etkileşim nedeniyle bir topluluğu sömürmek zordu. Soruna cevap verdim mi bilmiyorum. Şuna değinmek ilginç oldu babalara, daha doğrusu babasızlığa, çünkü sanırım birçok insan bunun sosyal politikalar ve aile değerlerine yapılan vurgularla düzeltilebileceğini düşünüyor. Halbuki siz diyorsunuz ki araştırmalara göre bu daha ziyade bir tür "kader" Çok kötü, çok kötü. Turkish: İnsanlar bu konuda gerçekten üzülüp sinirleniyor çünkü kötü sonuçlar doğurur. ABD'deki muhafazakar sağcılar diyor ki bazı insan grupları var örneğin siyahlar arasında erkekler orantısız bir şekilde hapse atılıyor ve çocuklar baba figürü olmadan yetiştiriliyor ve çözüm olarak düşündükleri fikir şu ki, eğer bu babaları etrafta tutabilirsek, eğer insanlara evlenmeleri için bir teşvik verirsek, devlet teşvikleri gibi, eğer baba etrafta kalırsa çocuklar üzerinde büyük bir olumlu etkisi olur ve çocuklarının ilerde suçlu olma olasılığını düşürür, kızların genç yaşta hamile kalma olasılığı düşürür, bu toplulukların sahip olduğu tüm sorunlara faydası olur. Fakat bu çalışmalara baktığında... Yani özellikle siyahilar arasında böyle bir çalışmanın yapılıp yapılmadığını bilmiyorum, Twitter'da takip edebileceğiniz bir kadın var, gerçekten harika bir evrimsel psikolog olan Nicole Barbaro English: People do get really upset about it because it has bad ramifications so what the conservative right in the United States is saying is that there are some groups of people for example African Americans where men are disproportionately put in prison and children are raised without a father figure and the one idea that they were thinking of is if you just were able to keep these fathers around, if you gave people an incentive to stay married, for example government incentives to stay married, if the father stuck around then that would actually have a huge positive influence on these kids and that their kids would be less likely to be criminals and girls would be less likely to get pregnant at a young age, all the problems that these communities have. Then when you actually look at these studies it doesn't seem.. I mean I don't know if the study has been done specifically in the African-American community I know that there's a woman who you guys can follow on Twitter called Nicole Barbaro who's a really great evolutionary Turkish: o bu konulara derin bir dalış yaptı ve basitçe diyor ki babasızlık etkisi abartılıyor, bunun kısmen bir sebebi bu kötü şeylerden bazılarını sosyal polikalarla değiştirebileceğimiz inancı Burada neler olduğunu tam olarak anlamak gerçekten zor Genetik yapısı iyi bir ebeveyn olmaya uygun olmayan bazı insanlardan bahsediyoruz, muhtemelen tek eşli olmak, bir ilişkide kalmak, iyi baba ve iyi koca olmak, bir standart, bir norm. Din tarafından da desteklenen ve tarım devrimi sonrası yerleşen bu norm faydalı bir şeydi, çünkü erkekleri bir aileye bağlamak, English: psych person and she's really done a deep dive into this and she basically thinks that the whole father absence effect has been overblown in part because of the positive ramifications it has that we can change some of these bad outcomes with social policy. It's just really difficult to figure out exactly what's going on here We are talking about certain people not having the genetic makeup to be good parents or good fathers, let's say, that's probably because monogamy and staying in a relationship, being a good father and good husband, and i'm talking from the guy's perspective mostly, is the standard. And is it because this is a cultural norm due to religion and post agricultural revolution, that was a good thing to do to have people in families so that single men English: don't go around and cause trouble? Yeah so there's a lot of different ways of making a living as a man and as a woman. I think as a woman there's somewhat fewer ways of making a living so for men, there are men who are very high status and the you know 80% of societies if you do a survey have been to some extent polygamous. And polygamous means more than one wife for those men who are very high in status. Now in many places in the world children survive much better if they have provisioning from their father. That means both that they're kept safe from other men but also that they're given resources and food and other things that they need in order to grow up and safety. So in our species it's not, these masculine ideals of taking care of your children adhere very well to one very successful Turkish: bekar erkeklerin sağda solda belaya neden olmalarına göre tercih ediliyordu, öyle mi? Evet, erkek ve kadın olarak geçimini sağlamanın birçok yolu var fakat kadın geçimini sağlamanın biraz daha az yolu var yani öyle erkekler var ki, çok yüksek statüdeler ve toplumların %80'inde bir dereceye kadar poligami var. Ve poligami, yüksek statülü erkekler için birden fazla eş anlamına gelir. Şimdi dünyanın birçok yerinde babalarından destek alan çocuklar daha iyi yaşıyorlar. Bu, hem diğer erkeklere karşı korunmaları anlamına geliyor, hem de kaynak anlamına geliyor, yani güvenli bir biçimde büyümek için gerekli şeyler. Bizim türümüzde değil, çocuklarınıza iyi bakmayı öğütleyen eril idealler, English: strategy as a man which is to provision his offspring. One very good strategy for a man to pursue is with one woman or maybe more than one woman to take care of his kids as carefully and studiously as you can. There's another strategy which is to kind of spread your genes around and that's a strategy that can't be pursued by everybody. It can be pursued by "Chads" if we want to get back to the red pill. That's the kind of thing that you can do if you're very attractive and somebody's willing to exchange the chance of raising your offspring with the gamble of not having enough provisioning but there are many places in the world in which children need very little provisioning where you know there's like ample food and there's not really a whole lot of reason for men to stick around. There are some places where there's not a huge amount of difference between a kid who has a father figure around and one when he doesn't. So if you look at these cultural tropes about what a good dad is Turkish: belli bir başarılı stratejiye sadık kalıyorlar. Yani bir erkeğin izlemesi gereken çok iyi bir strateji, bir kadın ya da belki birden fazla kadından olan çocuklarına dikkatle ve gayretle bakmaktır. Başka bir strateji daha var: Genlerinizi mümkün mertebe etrafa yaymak. Bu herkes tarafından takip edilecek bir strateji değil, "Chad"ler tarafından takip edilebilir Kırmızı Hap terimlerine geri dönersek. Eğer çok çekiciyseniz bunu yapabilirsiniz. Yani birileri kumar oynar ve yavrularınızı büyütme şansı karşılığında yeterli kaynaklara sahip olmamayı riske eder. Ama dünyada çocukların çok az kaynağa ihtiyaç duydukları yerler var. Bol yiyecek var ve bu tip yerlerde erkeklerin yuvaya bağlı kalmalarını gerektirecek kuvvetli bir sebep yok. Baba figürü ile büyüyen bir çocuk ile buna sahip olmayan arasında çok büyük bir farkın olmadığı yerler var. İyi bir babanın ne olduğuna dair kültürel klişelere bakarsanız Turkish: ya da iyi bir koca klişelerine, bunların belli bir başarılı stratejiye uygun olduğunu görürsünüz. Örneğin eğer balıklara bakarsanız dişiler yavrularına daha az dikkat ederler, erkeklerden daha bile az. Erkekler yavrulara daha fazla bakarlar, neden böyle? Çünkü dişiler yumurtalarını bırakır ve erkekler bu yumurtaları döller ve dölleme bitene kadar dişi çoktan gitmiş olur ve eğer biri yumurtaları savunacaksa bu erkek olmalıdır. Yani erkekler bu stratejiyi güdüyorlar çünkü yumurtalar onlarla birlikte kaldı. Kültürel mühendisliğe bakarsak, bence hepsi biyolojiden kaynaklanır. English: or what a "Cat" is or what a good husband is they follow fairly closely to what a particular successful strategy looks like when pursued by by men. If you look at fish for example in the in the kingdom, among fish females take care of their offspring less often, often times than males do. Males take care of the offspring more why is that? Well because the females lay their eggs and then the males fertilize those eggs to sperm and by the time they're done fertilizing those extra sperm the females are gone and so if anybody's going to defend the the clutch it's going to have to be males. So males have evolved this provisioning just because they're the ones left holding the bag of eggs as it were and so if you look at culture and you look at cultural engineering, in my view it's all downstream from biology. English: And you think that, let's say, this world was a simulation and we ran it like 10,000 times and in each of them would it be a deterministic result so to speak, that we would end up with this current setup? Oh no, there's all kinds of random things that happen. If you look at the way that the women's reproductive system is organized it's I think one of the single best pieces of evidence against God it's just terribly put together or maybe it's the sin of Eve, I don't know but something happened along the way, so there do seem to be some kinds of accidents. If we did external fertilization if there was some kind of accident along the way there or we didn't evolve a certain way, but you know there does seem to be a lot of convergence on this two sex model, male and female And the way that male and female is defined all over the animal kingdom is that the female's the one who has the bigger gametes and more Turkish: Diyelim ki, bu dünya bir simülasyondu ve bunu 10.000 kez çalıştırdık. Her biri deterministik bir şekilde şu anki kurulumla mı sonuçlanırdı? (cinsiyet rolleri ve üreme stratejileri bağlamında) Hayır, bir çok rastgele şey var. Kadınların üreme sistemine bakarsanız, Bence Tanrı'ya karşı en iyi kanıtlardan biri bu. Korkunç bir şekilde bir araya getirilmiş, belki de Havva'nın günahıdır, bilemem. ama bir noktada bir şey oldu, öyle görünüyor ki bazı tesadüfi gelişmeler var. Mesela dış döllenme yapsakydık, belli bir şekilde evrilmeseydik, ama bu iki cinsiyet modeline doğru bir yakınsama var yine de. Ve erkek ve dişilerin hayvanlar aleminin her yerinde tanımlanma şekli o ki dişiler daha büyük gametlere sahip English: often than not invests more. If you were to run a simulation and I do enjoy the idea of running a simulation where you evolve humans over and over and over again I think that you would come up with these sex roles and similar psychologies in terms of sexual psychology and child rearing psychologies quite many times, because it has been the way that other animals have also evolved, even really weird ones. So what I have in mind is let's keep biology constant, let's say the mate selection strategy or your basic biology is the same but as far as I know you can correct me on this there are different strategies within primates within higher primates right? So in certain groups for instance women are more dominant, females are more dominant because they have more alliances and three or four women can gang up on a guy and then guys Turkish: ve genellikle daha fazla yatırım yapıyorlar. Bir simülasyon yapacak olsaydık ki bu fikir hoşuma gidiyor, insanları defalarca evrilttiğimiz bir sistem, sanırım eninde sonunda varacağımız nokta benzer cinsiyet rolleri, benzer bir cinsel psikoloji ve çocuk yetiştirme psikolojisi olurdu. Çünkü diğer hayvanlar da bu şekilde evrilmişler, gerçekten garip olanlar dahil. Aklımdaki şey şuydu, biyolojiyi sabit tutalım eş seçim stratejisi veya temel biyolojiniz aynı ama bildiğim kadarıyla ki beni bu konuda düzeltebilirsin yüksek primatlar içinde farklı stratejiler var değil mi? Örneğin bazı gruplarda dişiler daha baskındır, çünkü daha fazla ittifak kurabiliyorlar üç ya da dört dişi bir erkeği alt edebiliyor Turkish: ve nedense erkekler ittifak oluşturmada iyi değiller, oysa insan toplumunda, neredeyse her toplumda, uzun zamandır kontrolde olanlar erkekler. Evet, bonobolara bakarsanız bonobolarda bir çeşit anaerkillik var, bu kısmen kadınların birbirleriyle seks yaparak ittifaklar kurup erkekleri alt etmelerinden kaynaklı, zira erkekler daha büyük ve daha güçlü. Ama bonobolar aslında cinsel açıdan çok açıktırlar. Yani erkekler birbirlerini döverek dişiler için yarışmak yerine erkekler dişilerin içinde rekabet ederler, zira büyük testisleri vardır ve sperm rekabeti yaparlar, birden fazla erkek dişilerle seks yapar. Bazen mücadele olur ama birbirlerini dövmek esas rekabet yolu değildir dişilere erişim için. Oysa gorillerde ve diğer hayvanlarda, birincil rekabet yolu budur. Yani bir kez o evrimsel yola girmişseniz, English: are just not good at forming alliances for some reason, they're idiots, whereas in a human society, in every society almost, it's the guys that were in charge for a long time. So yeah if you look at bonobos there's this idea that in bonobos there's kind of matriarchy, in that partly because females have sex with each other they form alliances and then they can overpower males, so males tend to be bigger and stronger. But bonobos they're actually very promiscuous so instead of males beating each other up for access to females what happens instead is that males compete inside of females, they have big balls they do sperm competition and many males have sex with females. They do change each other off sometimes but beating each other up isn't the primary way that they compete for females, whereas in gorillas and other animals that's the primary way that they do, and so when you're on that kind of track where males actually use their English: physical force to beat each other up, then you also get on a track towards patriarchy, because that makes meals bigger and stronger than females and size and strength are the foundational power and the ultimate power, so it's not the size and strength that occurs in a vacuum it is also comes with that ambition and motivation to have the leadership position because that's the most sexually successful position. Then I would modify my previous question as such: Let's say we have our current biology, could we have gone the route of the bonobos? As in maybe we would have a society, way in the beginning where everybody would have sex with each other and I wouldn't know who's my son and daughter that's why I would just invest in everybody so the whole group... There are models like that I don't know I mean so these other species they're young, Turkish: erkeklerin rekabet için dövüştükleri bir yola, o zaman da ataerkilliğe doğru gidersiniz aynı zamanda, çünkü bu erkeleri kadınlardan daha büyük ve daha güçlü yapar ve boyut ve güç, temel iktidar öğesidir. Yani boyut ve güç bir boşlukta gelişmiyorlar, aynı zamanda bir hırs ve motivasyonla birlikte geliyorlar, liderlik pozisyonuna sahip olmak için, çünkü cinsel açıdan en başarılı konum bu. Öylese önceki sorumu şu şekilde değiştireyim: Diyelim ki mevcut biyolojimiz sabit, bonoboların rotasında gidebilir miydik? Belki de öyle bir toplumumuz olurdu ki, ta en başında, herkesin birbiriyle seks yaptığı, hangisinin benim oğlum veya kızım olduğunu bilmezdim, bu yüzden her yavruya yatırım yapardım Bunun gibi modeller var Bu diğer türlerin yavruları, English: are better formed and less needy they grow up faster than our young do so I don't know if there has something to do with that where if you have young that take a long long time to develop and that are born so helpless and also those all those organisms live in very warm and tropical places, where it's fairly easy to make a living compared to like under the arctic or other colder places, you can imagine that these would cause disparities such that between those species in our species in which investment was really absolutely necessary. So as I said there are some cultures in which it doesn't matter that much if kids don't know who their dads are, it's pretty safe and there's pretty plentiful food and there are some places where if you don't have safety or there's nobody to provision you you will die. And so I think that by virtue of us Turkish: daha erken yaşta gelişiyorlar, daha az muhtaçlar bu yüzden bununla ilgili bir şey olup olmadığını bilmiyorum. Eğer gelişmesi uzun süren ve tamamen savunması olarak doğmuş olan gençleriniz ve bu arada tüm bu organizmalar çok sıcak ve tropikal yerlerdeler, geçim sağlamak oldukça kolay kutup bölgelerine ve diğer soğuk yerlere nazaran, Bunların farklılıklara neden olacağını hayal edebilirsiniz, özellikle de ciddi bir yatırımın kesinlikle gerekli olduğu türlere kıyasla. Dediğim gibi bazı kültürler var ki çocukların babalarını bilmeleri o kadar önemli değil, oldukça güvenli oldukça bol yiyecek var. Bazı yerlerdeyse eğer güvenliğiniz yoksa veya sizi besleyecek kimse yoksa ölürsünüz. Bence, her yere yayılmış olduğumuza bakarak, English: being all over the world as a species we've converged on something that's pretty stable in terms of investment, investment differs from place to place though, but I find it difficult to imagine other ways that it could work all over the world especially in very resource depleted environments and dangerous environments. What about the future? So I don't know how much you guys speculate on the future rather than checking out the evolutionary path. We are kind of moving towards this universal basic income structure, especially now with the coronavirus you know people are experimenting, so it's almost like the government has become the father figure in full because now our protection comes from there and all the resources are provided by that right? So let's say this runs for the next 50 years. Do you think it would change the basic Turkish: tür olarak öylle bir stratejiye yakınsamışız ki yatırım açısından oldukça istikrarlı. Yatırım miktarı yer yer farklı olsa da, başka yollar hayal etmekte zorlanıyorum özellikle çok seyrek kaynak bulunan tehlikeli ortamlarda işe yarayacak başka bir strateji düşünmek zor. Gelecek hakkında ne düşünüyorsun? Gelecek hakkında ne kadar spekülasyon yaptığınızı bilmiyorum evrimsel geçmişimize bakmaya kıyasla. Evrensel temel gelire doğru ilerliyoruz özellikle de koronavirüs zamanlarında insanlar bunu deniyorlar, bu yüzden neredeyse hükümet tam bir baba figürü oldu, zira artık koruma oradan geliyor ve tüm kaynaklar sağlanıyor. Diyelim ki bu sistem önümüzdeki 50 yıl boyunca devam etti. Turkish: Sence temel erkek kadın dinamikleri değişir mi yoksa bu çok kısa bir süre mi ve evrimsel yükümüz fazla mı kuvvetli? Daha önce söyleyenler olmuştu, mesela bekar annelerin sosyal yardımlar alması sonucu kadınlar erkeklere daha az bağımlı oluyor ve kadınların boşanmaların %75'ini başlatmaları yüzünden kadınlara ayrılmak için teşvik sunuyoruz, yani aslında kadınları bekar anne olmaya teşvik ediyoruz. Durum böyle olabilir. Aslında insanların finansal teşviklere ne kadar duyarlı olduklarını bilmiyorum ilişkiler söz konusu olduğunda. Sanırım çok farklı faktörler işin içinde olabilir. ETG açısından, öjeninin mirası nedeniyle insanlara kaç çocuğa sahip olabileceklerini söylemek çok zor ve kiminle çocukları olması gerektiğini de. Gelecek yıl çıkacak bir şey yazdım bununla ilgili, English: male female dynamics or is it just too short of a time and our evolutionary baggage is too strong I think people have already said that for example single mothers getting welfare benefits makes it such that women are less reliant on men and because women initiate something like 75% of divorces, that you offer women huge benefits for separating from from fathers, that you're actually incentivizing women to be single mothers. That could be the case. I don't actually know how responsive people are to financial incentives when it comes to relationships. I think there there could be many different things at play. In terms of UBI, I think that because of the legacy of eugenics people are very averse to telling people how many kids they can have and who they should have children with. I've written something about this which will come out probably in the next year Turkish: ve bence olacak olan şu: Embriyo seçimi yapan insanlar olacak en iyi çocuklara sahip olmak için paralarını kullanacaklar ve hükümetin aslında bu işe müdahale etmesine gerek kalmayacak, teknoloji varsa insanlar daha iyi genetik yavrulara sahip olmayı seçecektir, ve tabii ki yeterince ucuz olduğunda. Bence bu büyük bir değişiklik olacak Eğer ETG varsa, insanlar çocuk sahibi olmamayı tercih edebilir çünkü kısmen dünyanın birçok yerinde insanlar geleceklerini sigortalamak için çocuk yapıyorlar, onlara bakacak biri olması için. Ama evet, çok karmaşık çünkü gerçekten ne kadar bu tür teşviklere yanıt veriyoruz bilmiyorum. İskandinavya'da bazı şeyleri teşvik etmeye çalıştılar, annelik izni almayı ve sonra işe geri dönmeyi teşvik ettiler ama çoğu zaman kadınlar English: but what I think is going to happen is that there's going to be people doing embryo selection potentially they're going to be using their money to have the best children possible and that the government's actually not going to have to intervene, people are going to choose to have better genetic offspring if they can when the technology's there and when it's cheap enough. So i think that that's going to be a major change in the future. If you have UBI, I also think that people might not might choose not to have children if they have UBI because in part in many places in the world people have kids as insurance for their future, there would be somebody to look after them. But yeah, it's very complicated because I really don't know how much these kinds of decisions do respond to incentives. They've tried to incentivize certain things like in Scandinavia they've tried to incentivize women taking maternity leave and then coming back to work and then oftentimes women are choosing Turkish: çocuklarıyla kalmayı seçti, yani doğal bir itki var erkeklerin ve kadınların binlerce yıldır yaptıkları şeyleri yapma yönünde. Tahmin etmek zor. Sanki toplum yeterince ilerici olunca bir eşik aşılıyor, insanların tüm temel ihtiyaçları karşılanıyor, ve temel ihtiyaçlarınız karşılandığında, doğal önceliklere meylediyoruz. Şunun olacağını düşünüyorum, korkunç olduğunu düşündüğüm bir şey var her zaman bunun hakkında konuşuyorum, insanlar çekirdek aileler halinde veya yalnız yaşıyorlar ve bence ETG ile çok çocuklu kocaman bir grup insan için bir araya gelip büyük bir evde yaşamak bahçeli bir arazide yaşamak kolay olur. Bu, çok iyi bir yaşam sürmelerine yol açabilir English: to stay with their children instead so it does seem like there's a natural pull for people to do what men and women have been doing for thousands of years so it is difficult to predict. Yeah it's almost like if the society gets progressive enough it turns a corner where all the basic needs of the people are met and then when your basic needs are met, then you kind of go back to your natural priorities. What I think is gonna happen is that, something I think is terrible and I talk about this all the time is that people live in like nuclear families and they live all alone and I think with UBI it would be very easy for a huge group of people with many children to form a group and live like in a large house on an allotment, place with gardens something like that where their money pulled together. It could lead to them having a very good life English: with a lot of very natural communication camaraderie, affiliation, cooking meals together stuff like that. And I think that everybody working and everybody making money has led to this kind of runaway consumer culture where everybody has their own homestead and their own stuff, so I really do hope that some people will come along and say look I'm going to make a UBI apartment complex, a place for all these people to live together communally where your UBI will, given that everybody's making the same amount of money, will mean that everybody can have a really good lifestyle. But yeah UBI's a real game changer. If you look at the history of kind of communist countries when there was very little difference between what a mechanic made and a professor made, then people tried to stick out by consuming in various different ways, by buying difficult to buy things by collecting unusual art when they could. Everybody always wants to try and signal that they're Turkish: doğal iletişim ile, dostluk ile dolu bir hayat olabilir, birlikte yemek pişirme gibi şeyler yaparlar. Ve bence herkesin çalışıp para kazandığı bu düzen öyle bir tüketim kültürüne yol açtı ki herkesin kendi evi ve kendi eşyası var, bu yüzden umarım bazı insanlar çıkar ve "bir ETG apartman kompleksi yapacağım, tüm bu insanlar için bir yer yapacağım" der Burada herkes aşağı yukarı aynı parayı kazandığı için, ETG sayesinde, herkes iyi bir yaşam tarzına sahip olabilir. Evet ETG gerçekten büyük bir değişim. Eğer komünist ülkelerin tarihine bakarsanız, bir tamirci ile bir profesörün maaşları arasında az fark olduğu yerlere, insanlar kendi farklılıklarını gösterebilmek için acayip şeyler tüketmeye başlıyorlar, Zor bulunan şeyler, farklı sanat eserleri topluyorlar. Herkes her zaman farklı olduğunu sinyallemek ister English: different from everybody else and that I think will carry on but I think it would be wonderful if people would take their UBI and live a really full human life, full of communicating, making art, being creative enjoying people's company, something more close to how our primate relatives live than how we live now. I was also thinking because of this relative comfort maybe traditionally male associated, masculine associated properties or characteristics would be devalued. I don't have to be a manly man anymore to be in demand. Well, there's a certain ambition that women like, you know, somebody who wants to make a lot of money, in certain subcultures people with a flashy car or whatever but there's certain very conventional and traditional manly virtues like being able to build a house or do Turkish: ve bunun devam edeceğini düşünüyorum ama insanların ETGlerini alıp dolu dolu yaşamalarının, iletişim, sanat, birliktelik, yaratıcılık ile dolu bir hayat yaşamalarının, bir anlamda şu anki yaşamımıza kıyasla primat akrabalarımıza daha yakın bir yaşamın harika olacağını düşünüyorum. Ben de düşünüyordum ki bu göreceli konfor yüzünden belki geleneksel olarak erkeklikle ilişkili, eril özellikler değer kaybeder. Artık gözde olmak için çok erkeksi bir erkek olmak zorunda değilim. Yine de kadınların sevdiği bir hırs var, çok para kazanmak, mesela bazı alt kültürlerde gösterişli araba sahibi olmak ya da her neyse ama çok geleneksel bazı eril erdemler var, bir ev inşa edebilmek veya Turkish: kendi tesisatınızı yapabilmek veya çiftliğinizi idare edebilmek gibi, bu tip daha da eski eril özellikler geri dönüş yapacaklardır çünkü bunlar paha biçilmez değil mi? Gösterişli tüketimden bağımsız şeyler Evet doğru, bu anlamda küreselleşmeyi biraz geri sararsak, Amazon'dan her şeyi alamıyorsanız mesela, daha fazla kendi kendinize yetmeye çalışıyorsunuz Tamam, başka bir sorum daha var ve konumuzla alakası sıfır, iyi bir geçiş bulamadım. Mizah ile ilgili: Mizah, veya genel olarak zeka diyelim, tavus kuşu kuyruğu gibi bir şey, temelde bir sinyal değil mi? Ve bu pahalı bir sinyal, ve bunu duyduğumda düşünüdüm, Zekanın bir dereceye kadar hayatta kalma güdüsüyle ilişkili olduğunu anlıyorum, ebeveynlik yeteneğiyle ilişkili olduğunu anlıyorum English: your own plumbing or farm or grow food or whatever, those kinds of even older masculine virtues that I think are going to make a comeback because those are things that are priceless right? Those are things that don't have to do with conspicuous consumption. Yeah that's true if you dial back on the globalism in that sense and if you cannot get everything from Amazon you try to be more self-sufficient yeah.. Okay so I got another question with zero segway and it's about humor:. It's something like, or even human intelligence as a whole, is something like a peacock tail, it's basically a signal right? And it's a costly signal, and I was thinking when I heard this okay, I understand that to a certain extent intelligence correlates with your survival ability and also you know parental ability but Turkish: ama bu ilişkinin bir sınırı yok mu? Yani bir noktada zeka neredeyse sana karşı çalışıyor, bazen depresyona giriyorsun ya da belki daha gerçekçi olursak, yeterince zeki olduğumuzda bir grup oluşturmak zorlaşıyor çünkü beynin kolayca yıkanmıyor, bir grup uyumu olmuyor. ve bir topluluk olarak kuvvetli olmuyorsun. Benim duyduğum kadarıyla, çok yüksek seviyelerde IQ'nun ciddi dezavantajları olduğu fikri bence herhangi bir şekilde kanıtlanmamış. Bu sadece bizim yorumumuz çünkü biriyle tanışırsan, gerçekten akıllı olan biriyle tanışırsan, ve bunlar normallerse dahi olmak dışında, o zaman bunu bilemezsin. Size anlayamayacağınız şeyler söylemezler. Tanıştığın ve dahi olarak aklında kalan insanlar genelde aynı zamanda başka English: is it correlated indefinitely? I mean at some point intelligence always almost actually works against you, it makes you depressed sometimes or maybe more realistically if you're intelligent enough then it's harder for you to form groups because you're not going to be indoctrinated as easily. So you don't have this group cohesion, so you're not as strong as a society. From what I've heard the idea that at very high levels IQ has serious drawbacks i think has not been proven in any way shape or form. It's just our interpretation because if you meet somebody, if you meet somebody who's really really smart and they are neurotypical other than being a genius, then you won't know. They're not going to say stuff to you that you can't possibly understand. The people that you meet who stick out like a sore thumb because they're geniuses are also people who have other English: psychological problems. So your kind of sample size about people who are very very smart is skewed to those people who are very smart that you've met who are also very eccentric. Because otherwise you wouldn't even notice unless you watch somebody do math or something that they happen to be very very smart. Yeah I mean humor is a practical signal in a variety of ways yeah it's about theory of mind but also says how much somebody understands you. So somebody can't really make you laugh that well unless, they have to have a sense of you There's some jokes that I tell to some kinds of people, some jokes I tell other kinds of people. Also, I'm sure you guys do this in Turkey as well, when you tease somebody you have to know how close your relationship is before you can make fun of somebody, in a way that they might find endearing and if you do it too soon, it's really off-putting. So these are kind of high-stakes social interaction games that people play and it is a conspicuous signal because Turkish: psikolojik problemlere sahip oluyorlar, senin hatırlamanı kolaylaştıracak. Yani zeki insanlar örneklemin çok eksantrik olan insanlara doğru kayıyor. Çünkü aksi takdirde, birisinin matematik işlemi yapmasını izlemediğiniz sürece çok akıllı olduklarını fark etmezsiniz bile. Evet, mizah pratik bir sinyal, zihin teorisi ile ilgili ve aynı zamanda birisinin sizi ne kadar anladığını da söyler. Yani birisinin sizi gerçekten çok güldürmesi için, seni anlamış olması lazım bir dereceye kadar. Bazı insanlara bazı tür şakaları yaparım, diğerlerine ise diğer tür şakalar. Eminim ki siz de Türkiye'de bunu yapıyorsunuz, birisiyle dalga geçtiğiniz zaman önce ilişkinizin ne kadar yakın olduğunu bilmelisiniz ki bu hareketinizi sevimli bulsunlar. Eğer ilişkiniz sırasında bunu çok erken yaparsanız, gerçekten rahatsız edici olur. İnsanların oynadığı yüksek ödüllü sosyal etkileşim oyunları bunlar. ve mizah göze çarpan bir sinyaldir çünkü English: there's so many things that can possibly go wrong, absolutely. Are gay women funnier than straight women? Some people say so. If you look at stand up, there's a disproportionate number of women who are gay or bisexual whatever. There's a stand-up series on Youtube that I really like which is called "This is not happening" where people tell personal stories and I have to say that on those I thought women's stories were on average better than the men's stories so I think that part of it is that stand-up has not been that much about personal narratives. it is to some extent but if you have something specifically about "I'm going to tell you a story that happened in my life", women have better autobiographical memory and they're way funnier in my view in this domain of humor than men are. Whereas most of my other favorite stand-up comedians are men. The idea of effective altruism, Turkish: kesinlikle yanlış gidebilecek çok şey var. Eşcinsel kadınlar düz kadınlardan daha mı komik? Bazı insanlar böyle söylüyor. Standup komediye bakarsan eşcinsel veya biseksüel olan orantısız sayıda kadın var. Youtube'da sevdiğim bir stand-up serisi var "Bu olamaz" (This is not happening) insanlar kişisel hikayelerini anlatıyor ve şunu söylemeliyim ki kadınların hikayeleri erkeklerinkinden genelde daha komikti Standup komedide bu tip kişisel anlatılar o kadar baskın değil normalde, bir dereceye kadar sadece. ama özellikle "Size başıma gelen bir hikaye anlatacağım" diye başlarsanız kadınların daha iyi otobiyografik hafızaları var ve bu mizah alanında benim görüşüme göre çok daha komikler. Oysa diğer favori komedyenlerimin çoğu da erkektir Etkin fedakarlıkta English: what is the actual goal? Is the actual goal the maximum amount of sentient beings experiencing the maximum amount of happiness? When you put it in an abstract way like that it sounds crazy but yeah, the optimal thing is that there are as many beings experiencing as much pleasure and as little suffering as possible. So for most people their intuition is that reducing suffering is more important than increasing pleasure and there's so much suffering right now that our work is really cut out for us so if you think about effective altruism, yeah the objectives are to increase the number of years or number of days of well-being in humans and other sentient beings So okay, one of the ideas you had is eat less chicken and eat more cows instead, okay because 200 chicken provides the same amount of nutrition as one cow and a chicken and cow are not that different Turkish: asıl hedef nedir? Maksimum mutluluk yaşayan bilinçli varlıkların miktarı mı? Mutluluk mu? Böyle soyut bir şekilde koyduğunuzda çılgınca geliyor ama evet, en uygun şey, en fazla zevki ve en az acıyı çeken mümkün olduğunca canlı olması. Çoğu insan için ıstırabı azaltmak, hazzı arttırmaktan daha önemlidir ve şu anda o kadar çok acı var ki, işimiz gerçekten zor. Etkin fedakarlığı düşünürsek, evet hedef, kaliteli geçen yıl sayısını veya gün sayısını artırmaktır insanlarda ve diğer bilinçli canlılarda. Tamam, sahip olduğunuz fikirlerden biri daha az tavuk yemek ve bunun yerine daha fazla inek yemekti, çünkü 200 tavuk bir inekle aynı miktarda beslenme sağlıyor ve bir tavuk ve inek o kadar farklı bilinçlere sahip değil. Turkish: Dianaverse'te yakında bir blog yazısı olacak çünkü ve bu konunun üstünde epey durdum. Eğer et yiyeceksen ya da herhangi bir şey yiyeceksen, yemeğin üretiminde sebep olunan toplam acı dolu günü düşünmek zorundasın. Tabii bir dereceye bunu düşünmek karmaşıktır, yani bir balık ne kadar acı çekiyor, bir tavuk ne kadar acı çeker, bir inek ne kadar acı çeker... Ve sürdürdükleri yaşam biçimi hakkında da düşünmek zorunda ama bence, yemek için yetiştirilen bir tavuk çeşitli sebeplerden dolayı gerçekten korkunç bir hayat sürüyor. Amonyak dolu barakalarda yetişiyorlar, bacakları genellikle ağırlıklarını taşıyamaz, çünkü özel olarak yetiştirilmişlerdir, bazılarının gagaları birbirlerini gagalamamaları için kesilmiştir, ve hayatları gerçekten çok korkunç, hayatlarında pek mutluluk olduğunu sanmıyorum. Halbuki bir sığıra bakarsanız anneleriyle kalırlar, başkalarıyla birlikte olurlar, English: I'll have a blog post coming out on this soon on Dianaverse because I wrote a whole chapter and this features very prominently in the chapter. But if you are going to eat meat or if you're gonna eat at all you want to think about the number of days of suffering that go into the food. So it's complicated to some extent to think about how much does the catfish suffer, how much does the fish suffer, how much does a chicken suffer how much does a cow suffer. And you also have to think about the kinds of lives that they lead but by my view a chicken that's raised for food has a really terrible life for a variety of reasons. They're raised in these kind of ammonia filled sheds, their legs are often cannot withstand their weight because they're specially bred, some of them have their beaks cut off in order that they don't peck each other and their lives are really pretty terrible and I don't think that they have much happiness in their lives. Whereas if you look at a beef cow they're raised, they stay with their mother, they're with others, English: they graze, then the last two weeks of their life they're on what's called a feedlot where they're eating as much green as they can to fatten them up and people like Temple Grandin and others have said for a beef cow, they have one bad day. The bad day is the day they get slaughtered. And so if you think that suffering is important which I think most people do intuitively you want to try and reduce the number of days of suffering per kilo of meat or calorie that you eat. If you found out tomorrow that all of the people who pick the chocolate that you enjoy in chocolate bar were slaves and then you found out that there was another chocolate bar that tasted similar or at least had the same pleasure that it could give you, where everybody was paid a living wage, and there weren't that big difference in cost then you would choose to eat the one that involved less suffering I should hope. And similar when you think about meat or other animal products, for example Turkish: otlanırlar, sonra yaşamlarının son iki haftasında mümkün olduğunca yeşillik yerler ve şişmanlatılırlar. Temple Grandin ve başka insanlar bu hayvanların tek bir kötü günü olduğunu söylerler. O kötü gün de kesimhaneye gittikleri gündür. Ve eğer acı çekmenin önemli olduğunu düşünüyorsanız ki sanırım çoğu insan sezgisel olarak bunu hissediyor, kilo veya kalori başına acı çekilen gün sayısını azaltmak istersiniz Yarın diyelim öğrendiniz ki keyif aldığınız çikolatanın üretiminde emeği geçenler köleymiş ve sonra başka bir çikolata olduğunu öğrendiniz benzer bir tadı var ya da en azından aynı zevki veriyor ve üretiminde herkese normal ücret veriliyor, ve bu çikolataların fiyatları arasında büyük bir fark yoksa daha az acı içereni yersiniz diye umuyorum Ve benzer şekilde et veya diğer hayvansal ürünleri düşünün, Turkish: örneğin sütün içerdiği acı düşüktür. Bir inek milyonlarca ve milyonlarca kalori üretebilir ancak yumurtaların acı miktarı çok yüksektir. Tavuklar yumurta bıraktıklarında çok acı çekiyor ve hayatları boyunca çok acı çekiyorlar artı tüm erkekleri öldürüyorlar. Yediğiniz hayvanları kontrol edin sadece yaşamları değil aynı zamanda ne kadar büyük oldukları de önemli. Hayatı iyi olan bir tavuk bir sığırın hayatı kadar iyi bir hayatı olan bir tavuk, hala size sığırın vereceği etin 200'de birini sağlayacaktır. Bunu bana ilginç kılan şey iklim değişikliği bağlamında, sığır tüketmek genelde pek sevilmez çünkü daha az verimliler. Hayvan büyüdükçe daha az verimli hale gelir. Yem oranı gibi bir parametre var hayvana ne kadar yem verdiğinizi ve ondan ne kadar kalori aldığınızı ölçüyor. English: milk is very low on suffering. A cow produces millions and millions of calories in her life but eggs are very high on suffering. Chickens suffer terribly when they lay eggs and they suffer terribly during their lives as egg laying hens and plus they kill all the males. So do check out the animals that you eat not just their lives but also how big they are makes a big difference. A chicken whose life was was pretty good, as good as a cow's life would still only give you one two hundredth of the meat that the cow would give you. So the thing that makes this very interesting for me is, in the context of climate change, usually a cow is not eating... you know, consuming cows is not promoted because it's less efficient when the animal gets bigger it becomes less and less efficient. I think there's something called the feed ratio, you know how much feed you put in the animal and how much calories Turkish: Bu bakımdan balık en iyisi. Neredeyse 1:1 oranı var, çok verimli. Tavuklar ineklerden ve sığırlardan daha iyi, domuzlar ineklerden daha iyi yani bu bir yönde olan bir teşvik ama sizin söylediğiniz tam tersi yöne gidiyor, endişe etmemiz gereken tek şey iklim değişikliği değil, canlı varlıkların refahı da önemlidir. İklim değişikliğini düşünerek, genellikle buna girmem çünkü çok tartışmalı ama ben "ılık" denebilecek bir konumdayım. Yani insanların iklim değişikliğine neden olduğuna inanıyorum, antropojenik iklim değişikliğini kabul ediyorum. Bu iklim değişikliğinin tam olarak etkilerinin fayda-zarar dengesini bilmiyorum örneğin bazı yerleri ısıtmak gibi bazı faydaları olacak Tarihte bazı dönemlerde Avrupa'nın bir kısmı daha sıcaktı ve üzüm yetiştirebiliyordun şu anda onları yetiştiremeyeceğiniz yerlerde. English: you get out. Fish are the best. It's almost 1:1 and then chickens are better than cows, pigs are better than cows, so that's one incentive and this goes in the opposite direction, wait you know climate change is not the only thing we should be worrying about, well-being of sentient beings is also important. Thinking about climate change, I don't usually go into this because it's so controversial but I'm what you would call a lukewarmer so I believe that humans are causing climate change, anthropogenic climate change, I agree that it's happening. I just don't know exactly if that climate change is going to have some benefits like for example making some places warmer than they are now. There has been periods in history where parts of Europe were much warmer than they are now where you could grow grapes where you can't grow them at the moment but also I'm just not sure in terms of English: sentient beings, like in terms of the world if climate change is going to make everything suffer so much that I should eat something that has 200 times the suffering now. Obviously the best of all worlds is that you become vegetarian and you stop eating eggs, that you drink milk and eat cheese if you want to but otherwise that you're vegan, that's obviously the lowest suffering footprint and also the lowest carbon footprint way to eat. And if that's what you care about that's great. For me I encourage people to eat beef over chicken because I think that the influence of climate change is not going to increase the amount of suffering in the world relative to how much suffering you increase in the world by deciding to eat chicken over beef. I understand, so then i wrapped this up with kind of a crazy question, okay it's not that crazy but it's related to this, so I was wondering what are the limits of this Turkish: Bilinçli canlılar açısından da emin değilim, yani iklim değişikliği ilerde o kadar büyük bir acıya sebep olacak ki, şu anda 200 kat daha acı içeren bir diyete geçeyim, bundan emin değilim. Açıkçası en iyisi tabii ki vejeteryan olmanız, yani yumurta yemeyi bırakıyoruz, süt ve peynir tüketiyorsun istersen, ama onun ötesinde vegan oluyoruz, bariz biçimde en az acı içeren ve aynı zamanda en düşük karbon ayak izine sahip olan yol bu. Ve eğer önemsediğin buysa, bu harika. Ben insanların tavuk yerine sığır yemesini teşvik ediyorum çünkü iklim değişikliğinin sebep olacağı acı artışı, şu anda diyetimiz sounucu sebep olacağımız, yani sığır eti yerine tavuk yiyerek sebep olacağımız acı artışı kadar değil diye düşünüyorum. Anlıyorum, o zaman bunu çılgınca bir soruyla bitirelim, tamam o kadar da çılgın değil ama konumuzla ilgili. Faydacı bilinççiliğin (utilitarian sentientist) sınırlarının ne olduğunu merak ediyordum Turkish: Oh evet süper kolay soru, çok kolay Tamam, şu şekilde ifade edeyim: Tavuk yetiştirme yeteneğimiz olsaydı tavukların acı çekmediği bu sonsuz tavuk çiftlikleri olsaydı, acı yerine diyelim ki onlara eroin veriliyor yanni onları mutlu edecek bir şey. Matris tavuklardan da bahsediyorlar veya yapay etlerden bahsediyorlar yakında et hücrelerini yetiştirebileceğiz. Ama aslında Matrix tavukları daha da ilginç çünkü o zaman neredeyse etkin fedakarlık taraftarı biri olarak, hedefin mutluluğu artırmak olmalı, ve şimdi de madem ıstırabı ortadan kaldırdın, artık zevki arttırmaya yoğunlaşmak gerekir Ve eğer tavukları Matrix'e -veya herhangi bir simülasyona- bağlayacak bir teknoloji varsa trilyonlarca ve trilyonlarca tavuk English: utilitarian sentientist.. Oh yeah super easy question so easy Okay let me put it this way: If we had this ability to grow chicken have this unlimited chicken farms where chicken are not suffering but instead they're let's say they're injected with heroin, something that makes them happy. They talk about matrix chickens too, like where you keep them in the Matrix or you know we're gonna have in vitro meat or clean meat soon, you're gonna be able to grow their cells. But actually the Matrix chickens are even more interesting because then it's almost like as an effective altruist your goal should be to increase the happiness, now that you have eliminated the suffering and now there's only the upside, and if you have the technological ability to hook up the chickens to the Matrix or whatever, you should have trillions and trillions English: of chickens having happy lives. I just don't think that.. I mean not that I've known very many chickens but I think that the deepest happiness of chicken experience is much less than the deepest happiness that, I don't know, like a dog can experience. Chickens are just not, they just don't have a huge range. Happy chickens are happy but a happy chicken that has the run of my backyard is not going to be that much less happy than a chicken that I spend all day toasting corn seeds for whenever. Right, but you could apply this question to humans: If we had the ability to, if you could choose to have like 20 billion humans or even virtual minds connected to Matrix, then would you stop being an effective altruist at that point or say no you know go for it let's just max out Yeah I'm happy to bite bullets. Turkish: mutluluk içinde yaşamalı. Pek fazla tavuk tanıdığım söylenemez ama bence tavukların tecrübe edebileceği en derin mutluluk bir köpeğinkine nazaran çok daha azdır. Tavukların çok geniş bir duygu yelpazesi yok Mutlu tavuklar mutludur ama arka bahçemde koşturan bir tavuk bütün gün mısır tohumlarını kızartıp önüne koyarak şımarttığım bir tavuktan daha az mutlu olmayacaktır. Doğru, ama bu soruyu insanlara uygulayabilirsiniz: Eğer imkanımız olsaydı, Matrix'e bağlı 20 milyar insan veya hatta sanal zihin yaşatacak bir imkanımız olsaydı, o noktada etkin fedakarlığı, faydacılığı bırakır mıydın? Tabii ki, nerede duracağını bilmek lazım. English: That's an American idiom, to bite a bullet is to take on a bad outcome or a potentially unpalatable outcome of some thought experiment. Yeah I'm happy to bite bullets. I don't think there's very much that would make me a non effective altruist or not sympathetic to that cause. Certainly there's things that I feel emotionally against, even though I know they're okay. So I know several people who agree with the vegetarian and vegan message but instead of being vegetarian or vegan themselves they pay money to vegan outreach so other people will be vegan instead of themselves. The first time I heard that I thought that was sociopathic and the worst thing I've ever heard, like buying indulgences, I thought it was really terrible. And now I think that's probably fine, we just gotten used to it. So yeah I think that if you have a real consistent philosophical view, you're going to run into problems because your evolutionary psychology, your evolved psychology is not intended to be consistent. It's going to have lots of, Turkish: Bir düşünce deneyinin potansiyel olarak hoş olmayan sonuçlarıyla yüzleşebilmek lazım. Fakat beni etkin fedakarlıktan caydıracak çok bir şey olduğunu sanmıyorum. Elbette iyi olduklarını bilmeme rağmen duygusal olarak karşı olduğum şeyler var. Mesela vejeteryanlık ve veganlık fikrine katılan birkaç insan tanıyorum ama kendileri vejetaryen ya da vegan olmak yerine farkındalık kampanyaları için para ödeyerek, diğer insanların vegan olmalarını sağlıyorlar. Bunu ilk duyduğumda sosyopatik olduğunu, şimdiye kadar duyduğum en kötü şey olduğunu düşünmüştüm, Ortaçağ'da kiliseden günah affı satın almak gibi. Ama şimdi o kadar da sorunlu olarak görmüyorum, buna alıştık. Yani gerçekten tutarlı bir felsefi görüşünüz varsa, problemlerle karşılaşacaksınız, çünkü evrimsel psikolojiniz, evrimleşmiş psikolojiniz tutarlı olmak için gelişmemiş. English: you're going to have lots of feelings of disgust or fear or revulsion or contempt or happiness or sympathy in places that don't align with your consistent philosophy. Listen, thanks a lot, you have stuck around for almost two hours... You can follow Dr Fleischman on Twitter and on her blog, Dianaverse. This talk was made possible by Switch and Board podcast studios, a Washington DC based production company trying to make quality podcasting as accessible as possible. Casual Intellectual is the English language counterpart to a popular Turkish podcast/blog called Fularsız Entellik. We have interesting topics, accessible language, no distractions and a few lame jokes here and there. Follow us for more English language content. Turkish: Çok fazla tiksinti, korku, hor görme veya mutluluk ya da sempati duygusu ile karşılaşacaksınız, felsefi tutarlılığınızın zorlandığı yerlerde. Çok teşekkürler, neredeyse iki saattir bizimlesin Dr Fleischman'ı Twitter'da ve blogu olan Dianaverse'den takip edebilirsiniz. Bu konuşma Switch ve Board podcast stüdyoları tarafından mümkün kılındı. Switch ve Board kaliteli podcastleri erişilebilir kılmaya çalışan Washington DC merkezli bir prodüksiyon şirketidir. "Casual Intellectual", Fularsız Entellik ismindeki popüler bir Türkçe podcastin İngilizce kardeşidir. İlginç konular ve erişilebilir bir dil var, dikkat dağıtıcı bir şey yok, ve birkaç dandik şaka da oraya buraya serpilmiş. Daha fazla İngilizce içerik için takip edin. English: Switch and Board. Turkish: Switch and Board

the Large Hadron Collider is the highest energy particle accelerator ever built CERN the organization behind the LHC concedes in its report that micro black holes are a possible outcome of this unprecedented experiment the creation of theoretical micro black holes could destroy our planet could you actually create a black hole on earth you wouldn't want to okay but you could yeah yeah yeah and in a lab I mean in principle you can create a region of matter so dense and small that it would classify as a black hole that right now with the Large Hadron Collider is it possible that a larger machine will be created and human beings can recreate a black hole yes it's possible and it's possible you would produce little black holes so my next question is about the Large Hadron Collider is it gonna create I mean do you have any idea of what's gonna come out afterwards are we gonna be around to see it because you know I've been hearing stories about a black hole that's gonna eat all of you know everything in principle it could create many black holes there's a chance that the Large Hadron Collider could create little microscopic black holes there's also the question of when you make a black hole you know when matter collapses to make a black hole inside the black hole you get a singularity and we don't yet know what happens there it could be that's the birthplace of a new universe we we don't know enough but scientists have calculated that a mysterious new particle could be created a killer estrangement in theory strangelets have the power to devour the earth millions of times heavier than gold they have a gravitational force so great but nothing can resist it everything that that strangelet touches changes into a strangelet so if you make one in a room for example then all the atoms in the room will start falling inwards towards the strangelet and the strangelet will suck in that matter then grow and get bigger and bigger so physicists will go ahead with those experiments playing a cosmic game of Russian roulette with us all it's a tiny miny chance which would be exciting actually that you can create these mini mini black holes so you might ask the question is it possible that by colliding particles in an accelerator you could actually produce little black holes but could we create a mini black hole right here on earth perhaps with a particle accelerator like the Large Hadron Collider in Europe that's what just an L from Salt Lake City Utah wanted to ask the universe so he texted us can a super collider cause a black hole Justin great question a lot of physicists would like to know whether the Large Hadron Collider will produce mini black holes in principle it can if it compresses a lot of material into a sufficiently small volume then it'll produce a black hole and it's possible that we might produce a black hole at the LA some scientists believe they may be able to create one at a new and more powerful system in Europe called the Large Hadron Collider what if you could produce collisions this powerful in an Earthbound lab and under controlled conditions actually create a black hole it's hoped that taking to very high energies small pieces of a very fast proton and collided with each other you can put enough energy into a small enough space that you can actually create the conditions by which a black hole would form true this might allow the formation of many black holes in the LHC collisions how exciting is that and in fact if all goes well the production rate might be as much as one miniature black hole per second something like a hundred thousand per day miniature black holes and also hypothetical particles called strangelets that would cause earth to turn into a bunch of strange quarks well don't worry fear not physicists don't worry and I especially hope that miniature black holes will indeed be created they could provide evidence for other dimensions as well as for the hawking of evaporation process the last you know Collider may be able to pay black hole and what not what the fear is finding is that this is a possibility we have not seen but is it gonna then swallow the earth equivalent of hurt any other dimension well that's a quite quite of a question however that's not going to happen so amongst the experts who look at these questions so they're still in hockey with a black hole expert and what Hawking tell us tell us is that quite amusing dr. Hawking I'm Stein is laughing because mr. Hawking's evaporating black holes break most of the known laws of science which according to the scientific principle of Correspondence is a proof of falsity evaporating black holes have also been disproven experimentally after 30 years of unsuccessful searches for them in the cosmos could we harness power from many black holes that's the question theoretical physicists are pondering at the moment according to Stephen Hawking's the answer is yes but could come at a price the price of extinction Arty's Brigitta santos joins me now live from LA to discuss this brigitte of black holes our stars that have burned out and collapsed under their own gravity even light gets trapped inside so explain how a black hole could be tapped for its energy if this is the case as Stephen Hawking seems to be suggesting well so Stephen Hawking says you know what would be ideal is if you could take the black hole put it on the earth and use it as a sort of like energy station but again a black hole would suck up the earth and everything in it kill everybody then you'd have nothing so he says the best thing to do is eventually one day way way down in the future to get a black hole to actually orbit the earth and then be able to take energy from it in that form now right now the scientists at CERN which is one of the it is the largest Nuclear Research Center in the world in Geneva they have scientists there using the Hadron Collider which is the largest atom smasher in the world to look for and create potentially their own black hole and go out into the universe and try to find these mini black holes down the line in the future there's no reason why they couldn't look to black holes to do the same but again right now it is just a theory I heard of particle colliders would create high enough energy conditions that for some reason a tiny black hole might spontaneously create which could be very dangerous in Juris there are two questions there so the first question was or statement was that you've read one might produce small black holes and that's true otherwise respectable physicists have suggested that kind of thing I've never been so confident though of making a prediction as when I was called to sit on a panel about the possibility of an accelerator turning on and ending the world predicting that it won't is very safe because if your prediction is wrong the second safety assurance refers to baby black holes which will be theoretically possible to form in 2015 when the Large Hadron Collider doubles the potency of its collision definite risk that this machine will create catastrophic scenarios that threaten the existence of our planet miniature black holes could be produced at the rate of one per second it is important to note that the creation of black holes at CERN is considered probable at those new energy regimes by both promoters and opponents of these colliders black holes could be created by smashing a proton into an antiproton with enough energy if when we were created in your a large concentration of mass and if it started to absorb a that mass before exploding black hole could reach a relatively stable half-life and this continued to grow when the accelerator crashes these masses together it liberates the quarks which then form a liquid vortex or strangelet that could theoretically start a chain reaction by attracting the much lighter energy mass in its environment and crunching the planet into a strangelet biggest questions in all of science these answers cannot be obtained by provoking huge blasts of quark matter here on earth given the obvious risks for the inhabitants of this planet a few scientists have warned mankind of the risks of extinction inherent to those quark explosions both in scientific magazines and through litigation in American and European courts Frank will check an expert in the strong force that glues quarks together warned that the new energy regimes obtained in Brookhaven x' relativistic heavy ion collider could create strangelets Otto Roessler one of the founders of chaos theory and Walter Wagner a safety officer of accelerators at Livermore the birthplace of the industry cautioned on the risks of creating black holes the experiment on little black holes that they are doing is so dangerous it's so dangerous

It’s a cold autumn night, sometime in the late 1870s, somewhere in the Western District of Arkansas. The West just cannot get Wilder here. You are on the run from the law, with a sentence hanging on your neck, issued by none other than infamous Federal Judge Isaac Parker, also known as “The hanging Judge”. He has dispatched his most effective and relentless enforcer to bring you back to justice. A lawman so feared and respected that he haunts criminals in their nightmares. How would you picture him in your head? You are probably thinking about your typical cowboy, complete with Stetson hat, six-shooter and star-shaped badge, popularised by Hollywood. Tall like Gary Cooper, strong like John Wayne, rugged like Clint Eastwood and full of grit like Jeff Bridges. You got most of it right, except one detail. You nemesis is a freed former African-American slave: Bass Reeves, the first black Deputy US Marshal to ride for justice west of the Mississippi River. Early life Bass Reeves was born into slavery on the 16th of July 1838 in Crawford County, Arkansas. Bass got his first name from his grandfather, Basse Washington, and his surname from the Arkansas state legislator William Steele Reeves, who owned Bass Reeves and his family. In 1846, his master moved to Grayson County, Texas where young Bass first worked as a stable hand and a blacksmith's apprentice, before becoming a manservant to the son of his master, George Reeves. This George Reeves was quite a high-profile character, being the Speaker of the House in the Texas legislature and later a Confederate Colonel during the American Civil War. Bass did actually follow him everywhere, joining him in several battles. Bass himself claimed to have fought at Pea Ridge in March 1862, Chickamauga in September 1863 and Missionary Ridge, November 1863. Now, we will see later on how Bass Reeves achieved some outstanding accomplishments in his later life. And yet, the man must have felt the need to “fluff up” his military record in newspaper interviews. According to his great-grandnephew, Federal Judge Paul Brady, Bass did fight at the Pea Ridge battle, which by the way was a major Confederate defeat, but he disputes Bass’ participation in the other battles. You see, sometime after Pea Ridge, Bass had a disagreement over a game of cards with Col Reeves. Bass terminated his work relationship with the Colonel with the only available means he had at that time: a punch in the face. That was the beginning of Bass Reeves’ legend. Escape to freedom With the serious prospect of death by lynching, Bass fled north to the Indian Territory, modern day Oklahoma, not far from Pea Ridge. During this period, he lived with the Cherokee, Seminole, and Creek Indians, becoming fluent in the Muskogee language as well as learning languages spoken by other tribes. He did not entirely escape from the war, though: historian Dr Art Burton suggests that Bass may have become a Unionist sergeant after joining a unit made up of former slaves and Native Americans fighting against tribes allied to the Confederacy. The Emancipation declaration was issued in 1863, followed at the end of the Civil War by the ratification of the 13th Amendment to the US constitution, which definitely abolished slavery. Bass was now a free man and was able to settle in Arkansas, becoming a farmer near Van Buren. It was here that he met and married his first wife, Nellie Jennie, from Texas, with whom he had ten children, five boys and five girls. Reeves and his family farmed in Van Buren until 1875. What was life like for an African American family in the Southern states at that time? Not easy, unfortunately. The early post-war years were promising for African Americans. The federal Freedmen’s Bureau ensured that by 1870 more than 240,000 black pupils were enrolled in more than 4,000 schools. Then, the 15th Amendment granted all males the right to vote, regardless of "race, colour, or previous condition of servitude." Within a few years, every Southern state legislature had African American members, and 11 African Americans had been elected to the U.S. Congress by 1875. Unfortunately, when Federal troops left the occupied Southern States, former Confederates returned to power and rescinded many of the rights gained by African Americans: these were forbidden to vote, to testify in court against a European American, to enrol in school, to travel freely, to disobey an order, or to leave a job without permission. In many states, any African American traveling alone could be arrested or sentenced to forced labour. New codes of social segregation came into being, as European and African Americans were forced into separate accommodations to an extent even greater than during slavery. This harsh social order became infamous as the "Jim Crow laws", enforced by new vigilante organizations like the Ku Klux Klan, which terrorized African Americans and tortured and killed those who violated the new codes. Lynching became common place. The District of Kansas, must have been a dangerous, precarious World for Bass and family back then. However, Reeves had a very valuable talent. You see, the near-by Indian Territory, was the favourite hiding place for hundreds of desperados, bandits on the run from Federal and local lawmen. It was an expanse of land so lethal and lawless that historian Art Burton compared it to Afghanistan post-insurgency. "You could just lose your life over your hat, your horse, your gun, your woman, any damn thing.” Well, Bass Reeves was literally at home in this hell-on-earth. He knew the territory, he was on friendly terms with the native tribes and he could speak their language. Soon, this talent was recognised, and he was hired as a guide by the US Marshals stationed in Van Buren when venturing into the Indian Territory. The U.S. Marshals Those of you who are not watching from the US may be asking “But who exactly are these US Marshals they keep talking about?” The office of US Marshals was created in 1789 by the first ever American Congress, their function being to support the federal courts within their judicial districts and to carry out all lawful orders issued by judges, Congress, or the President. In practical terms, this included some pretty bad-ass and life-threatening activities such as Paying expenses to the court clerks Hiring court janitors Ensuring witnesses were on time, or even – oh, the horror! - Filling water pitchers for the Judges, Attorneys and jurors But their life was not all thrills. In fact, US Marshals were given the power to appoint Deputies, who had to carry out the most mundane and clerical tasks, like Apprehending murderous fugitives Escorting prisoners across dangerous territories Carrying out arrest warrants Arresting criminals on the spot Supporting local law enforcement in their normal duties I may have gotten those lists in the wrong order, but my point is: the US Marshals had, and still have, huge and varied responsibilities and were often in the front line of the war against crime in the lawless lands west of the Mississippi river. Especially in a period in which they, and the private detectives from Pinkerton, were the only law enforcement agencies with a Federal jurisdiction. Let’s hear it from Burton again: “The Indian Territory was where the majority of deputy U.S. Marshals had been killed in the line of duty in the history of the Marshals Service. You're looking at a little over 200 who have been killed in the line of duty to this date right now. On record, over 130 were killed in the Indian Territory. You also had Indian policemen getting killed. You had town municipal policemen getting killed. It had to be the greatest battleground between crime and law in the history of the United States of America." Reeves: Deputised In 1875 former US Congressman Isaac Parker was appointed federal judge for the Indian Territory. Parker became known as “The Hanging Judge” for his propensity to hand out death sentences – a harsh man, but apparently that’s what Western Arkansas and the Indian Territory needed. Parker appointed James F. Fagan as U.S. Marshal, directing him to hire 200 U.S. Marshal Deputies. Fagan had heard about Reeves, who knew the Indian Territory and could speak several Indian languages and decided to deputise him. It is tempting to celebrate Bass Reeves as the first African American U.S. Deputy Marshal, but he was not. He may have been the first, or maybe even just one of the first, west of the Mississippi. Our expert Dr Burton in fact claims that the presence of black lawmen and soldiers in the old West has been grossly under-represented by historians and popular culture alike: “If we look at the real Western frontier … you also found blacks who were in law enforcement across the West, in Montana and Colorado and New Mexico. Twenty percent of the military on the Western frontier were African Americans” For example “The majority of the federal workers for the Fort Smith court, Arkansas, in 1878 were African Americans.” So why do we celebrate and remember Bass Reeves today? Not only because he was one of those who had overcome barriers imposed by prejudice, by segregation, and sometimes even by laws which today would count as a crime against humanity. Not only that, but because he was simply one of the damn best US lawmen, ever. Period. [TA1] 3000 Arrests and some unlucky hats And in the role of one of the finest lawmen ever, Bass Reeves certainly did look the part. He cut an impressive figure, standing at 6 foot 2, or 188 cm, sporting an epic handlebar moustache, black Stetson hat and dark polished boots. He was an accomplished horseman and marksman, due to his hunting and military experience, and life as a blacksmith and farmer had made him incredibly strong. But Reeves was not all brawn. Even though he remained illiterate his whole life Deputy Reeves had a prodigious memory so he just learnt by heart the warrants and court orders as he received them. He could also be very cunning, preferring to use guile instead of guns in many occasions, and had reportedly developed some impressive detective skills. His track record speaks for itself. Over the course of his career as a Deputy Marshal, from 1875 to 1907, Bass Reeves carried out 3000 arrests – that’s an average of 94 per year! He also shot and killed 14 criminals in self-defence, but was never seriously wounded, despite his hat being shot in two several times. But let’s take a closer look at some of his most famous adventures. In September 1884 Deputy Reeves was in The Indian Territory, with arrest warrants for two horse rustlers, Frank Buck and John Bruner. Two local men had volunteered to guide him, but unbeknownst to him these guys were Buck and Bruner! While camping for dinner, Reeves noticed Bruner reaching for his pistol. The Marshal would not have it. He quickly grabbed Bruner’s gun and pulled his own six-shooter. Behind his back, Buck was getting ready to shoot. Quick as a flash, and still holding Bruner’s weapon, Reeves turned around and shot Buck dead. In another case, Reeves had to face the famous three outlaw brothers, the Brunters. But this time, it seemed like the criminals had the upper hand: they ambushed Reeves and held him at gunpoint, taunting the man who was already known as the “Indomitable Marshal”. Fearless as usual, Reeves calmly asked for the date. When the brothers asked why, Reeves explained that their arrest papers needed to be dated. After all, they were coming with him – dead or alive. In a scene worthy of a Hollywood action movie, the outlaws burst out laughing. Reeves took advantage of their distraction, turning away from him the barrel of the closest gun. The other two brothers aimed at him, but Reeves was quicker on the draw and shot them both dead. As per the third brother … some accounts tell us that Reeves took him into custody. According to others, the remaining Brunter still had some fight left in him, until Reeves disarmed him and cracked his skull with his own gun. But as I mentioned earlier, Reeves was not just about fists and bullets, he could be sly as a fox. During the pursuit of two outlaws in the Red River Valley, Reeves and his colleagues thought the criminals were seeking refuge at their mother’s cabin. Approaching old momma’s house on the open terrain was too dangerous, but Reeves had a plan: he dirtied up his clothes, ditched his polished boots for an old pair of shoes and shot three holes in his hat. (We like to think that Bass’ hat-maker was a very rich man at this point of his career …) He then walked 28 miles to the cabin and knocked on the door. When mum opened the door, Reeves impersonated an outlaw on the run form the Marshals, thirsty, hungry and tired. Of course, the old lady sympathised and took him in. Later that night, her naughty boys showed up and she whistled to them, indicating that the coast was clear. As if. When the other Marshals arrived the morning after, they found Reeves keeping watch on the two brothers, still asleep and safely handcuffed. Without firing a shot, nor risking anyone’s life, Reeves had scored a resounding victory, collecting a $5,000 reward – that’s about $121,000 in today’s money. And yet, despite Reeves’ undisputed effectiveness, some white lawmen still believed a black man had to be beneath them. Judge Brady, Reeves’ great-grandnephew, reports one incident in which a white police officer threatened to shoot the Marshal with his gun, guilty of ordering around some white federal prisoners – in other words, guilty of doing his job! Only the intervention of a senior Marshal could avoid a shootout amongst fellow lawmen. Legend of the Lone Ranger Bass Reeves’ fame grew with each arrest, fuelled by local newspapers in search of heroes to celebrate. His reputation as a fearless, indomitable, incorruptible lawman, eventually became a deterrent enough to prevent criminals from escaping justice. Just listen to this story from the summer of 1903. One night, a man called Jerry Mcintosh had dragged his wife out of bed during a drunken rage. He had doused her in oil and set her on fire, leaving her alive but in critical condition. McIntosh was quick to leave town, but while on the run, he had a dream, or rather, a nightmare. According to the July 16, 1903 edition of The Daily Ardmorette: “McIntosh says he dreamed last night that Deputy Marshall Reeves came upon him in the brush and when he jumped up to run the deputy shot and killed him. When he awoke and realized that it was only a dream he decided to come to town and give up immediately…” Bass Reeves steely dedication to upholding the law did not hold back from friends or even family. He famously arrested the minister that had baptised him, on charges of selling illegal liquor. And even more famously, he went after his own son, Bennie. Here is from the Daily Ardmorette again: “A warrant for the arrest of the younger Reeves for murdering his wife had been issued and Marshal Bennett said that perhaps another deputy had better be sent to serve it. Old Bass was in the room and quietly said, “Give me the writ.” He went out, arrested his son, brought him into court and saw a jury try him, convict him, and sentence him to life imprisonment…” Bennie Reeves was eventually freed from his life sentence for being a “model prisoner”, and he reportedly never committed another crime again. So far we looked at the highlights of Reeves’ career, but in his tenure as Marshal there was at least one shadow. In April 1884, Reeves had in fact been involved in the death by shooting of his camp cook, William Leech. An initial inquest ruled that this had been an accident and no charges were filed against Deputy Reeves. But two years later, a former Confederate took over the local US Attorney’s office and the sentence was over-ruled: Bass was now charged with murder, stripped of his badge and held in jail for more than three months. Reeves and others testified that the shooting was accidental, with his rifle going off while Reeves was trying to clear a faulty cartridge from the chamber with a knife. He was eventually acquitted, but the legal expenses left him financially ruined, as he was forced to sell his home. According to Judge Jim Spears, a member of the Bass Reeves Legacy Initiative, the charges against the Deputy Marshal were politically and racially motivated. However Reeves' strength of character is shown by the fact that he decided to continue his career after his acquittal. And so, the Lone Marshal rode again, and became the legend we know of today. For some time he was believed to be the inspiration behind the character of the Lone Ranger, a masked lawman in the old West, first appearing in a 1930s radio show, then a 1950s TV series, comics, cartoons and several movies. Well, I am afraid to say that this myth can be safely debunked as it was circulated by none other than our friend Dr Art Burton, who hinted at this connection without any proof. The Lone Ranger was actually inspired by the myth of Robin Hood and by Tom Mix, a star of early Western films. Rather than claiming that Bass inspired some masked white dude in a lame 2013 movie, shouldn’t he deserve a proper, well-written, well-produced and non-straight to video biopic? Morgan Freeman as the old Reeves narrating in flashback, Chadwick Boseman as younger Bass and John Lithgow as ‘Hanging’ Judge Parker. Story credit to Whistler! If producers are watching right now - consider this a pitch. End of an era The Wild West lost much of his wildness in the early XXth Century, as America fulfilled its Manifest Destiny and the Pacific Coast was conquered by settlers. By 1907, Kansas, Arkansas and Oklahoma had officially become States within the Union and the Indian Territory with its ongoing war against the law was but a memory. Bass Reeves was now aged 68, time for him to leave the U.S. Marshals. But he did not retire yet, preferring to serve for a further two years as a Police Officer in the Muskogee police department. In 1909, the tireless Reeves finally did retire, due to a kidney condition, called Bright’s disease. He died a year later on January 12, 1910, being remembered in his obituary as a “universally respected US Deputy Marshal who was absolutely fearless and had known no master but duty”.

This video is brought to you by Curiositystream. Get access to Curiositystream and my streaming service Nebula, and check out my Nebula exclusive video, Debater Theater, when you sign up for curiositystream at curiositystream.com/sarahz with the coupon code SarahZ! So when I was 13, I was cast as the narrator in a summer camp production of 101 Dalmatians, and I needed to learn how to do a posh English accent. I searched up tutorials on YouTube, and ended up on a very helpful channel called Videojug where an acting coach taught me some great tips for how to sound like Wallace and Gromit. Once I was finished watching that video, I clicked on the channel to see more content, and within an hour I was down at least five separate rabbit holes of 9 11 conspiracy theories, werewolf hunting, and pretending to be French… all from the same channel. What. So, Videojug is a channel that claimed to offer tens of thousands of how-to videos on various topics, from animal care to dating advice to accent lessons to politics. The channel boasted nearly 750 thousand subscribers and over half a billion views. Back in the early 2010s, they would post dozens of videos a day, often narrated by experts in various fields. At the same time, under the surface of helpful tutorials and expert opinions was a massive collection of truly bizarre content waiting to be unearthed. But in 2013, the channel underwent a serious overhaul that caused them to severely rebrand and stop uploading on their main channel in what they didn’t realize would be the end of their how-to empire. How did we get here? [How to destroy a how-to empire] In 2006, Videojug was founded by three British creators: entrepreneur David Tabizel, entrepreneur Dan Thompson, and journalist Danny Kelly. Although he wasn’t mentioned by most news sites as being one of the founders, documentary filmmaker James Peak, who worked on the writing for many original Videojug videos, also claims to be a founder on his website. The channel was founded in the really early days of Youtube, before they were even owned by Google, and they really were trying to do something new. On top of the YouTube channel itself, they also created a website, Videojug.com. The URL now redirects back to the channel, but at the time, Videojug.com was basically a centralized hub for all of their tutorial videos. The site provided captions and text versions of the videos that could be easily printed out if need be. When Videojug started out as a bastion of the YouTube how-to community, they likely didn’t intend to be a host for low-budget hospital dramas, conspiracy theorists, and deeply disturbing music videos. Rather, they were trying to fill a niche that, while commonplace now, didn’t really exist at the time of Videojug’s creation. Youtube was still in its infancy, there wasn’t a general central hub for video content, and internet advice and knowledge was often hard to find and unreliable. Videojug wanted to fill that hole by making a trustworthy service to inform people of whatever they might need, be it advice on golf, advice for job interviews, car maintenance, or dating tips. Lots and lots of dating tips. But of course, hiring experts on such a broad range of topics, renting out studio space and equipment, hiring editors, and hosting thousands of videos wasn’t cheap. Videojug was going to need money. In their first year, they acquired 30 million dollars in startup capital from two different investors: Jeremy Coller, an investment firm owner worth 320 million pounds, and a recently defunct London-based hedge fund called Sloane Robinson that was known mostly for its stock trading in Asia. Knowing now the amount of bizarre content hiding under Videojug’s smooth and polished exterior, it’s baffling to me that they got this much money right off the bat. But an idea like this had never really been done before, and the idea of having one place to go to learn how to do almost anything was probably pretty exciting. As it turns out, according to some Linkedin comments from one of its former CEOs, the company failed to turn a profit until 2016, an entire decade later. And even then, the company was essentially gone by next year. A couple people basically just put 30 million dollars into a jug, and this company just kept taking from the jug for ten years until someone dropped some more coins in, and then it turned into a ghost jug. [Step 2: The Start of the Jug] Okay, so they had their money. They had 30 million dollars to lose. The company was able to open an office in Los Angeles and began doing sponsored tutorial videos for Microsoft. [With the help of a couple of nifty features in Microsoft Office's new bits of kit,] [you don't need to be away from the parties for too long.] They also set up a deal with the Yellow Pages website not too long after that linked their videos to the Yellow Pages search engine. And with this, Videojug was ready to get started and make their impact on the world. Their first few videos started out fairly normally. The first video still up on their channel, and incidentally, still one of their most popular, is a tutorial on “how to kiss passionately”. After that, it was a mix of golf, card tricks, sponsored tech videos, and Michael Jackson dance tutorials. They’re… okay? I mean, none of them are shot very well, and there’s a decidedly awkward quality to all of them. But they do technically inform people on how to do things. In 2011, then CEO Tom Laidlaw gave a talk about the goals and aims of Videojug and it's really bizarre to watch now, almost a decade later, with the knowledge of how the internet will evolve and Videojug’s final fate. Tom states that the main focus of Videojug is to create short form, sponsored content that viewers find primarily via searches. In his own words, it was less about becoming a destination site, but rather producing content that other users would find on their online journey. Additionally, Videojug videos need to have a long shelf life. Viewers would need to be able to utilize these videos for years to come. Anyway so here’s a video about how to add a photo background for your Zune. Tom really places emphasis on Videojug’s reliance on short-form content, even bragging that they found the “boutique” video length of 2-5 minutes. If you’ve ever watched video essays on Youtube, which I’m fairly confident you have, you’ll know that Youtube has started to favor longer and longer videos in recent years, often prioritizing them in the algorithms and encouraging them with higher viewer retention rates. While Tom may be talking about what makes Videojug succeed, he’s also inadvertently referencing the very thing that contributed to its downfall. Also Tom ends this video by saying that Videojug prioritizes quality sound and video, because if the sound isn’t good, viewers are more likely to close the video in the first five seconds. Three things: 1. We know that’s not true. 2. This whole presentation has some god awful fuzz behind it and 3: *horrible feedback* [But you win by frightening other team. WATCH VIDEOJUG!] The first sign on their channel that things were going a little strangely was a video titled “how to be a Hogwarts student”, which was half-tutorial, half… not very funny comedy video? In which viewers were encouraged to try starting arguments with their friends until they got mad enough to curse each other and unlock their psychic powers, murmuring random words into their casserole until they mastered potions, and tormenting friends by levitating various objects. It’s worth mentioning here that VideoJug allowed user-submitted content, which was supposedly vetted for quality before being allowed on the website and channel. As I’ll talk about later, it’s… questionable… how well-vetted these videos actually were. In any case, according to the founders, user-submitted tutorials made up about 5% of Videojug’s content, and “how to be a Hogwarts” student may well have been one of these. It’s worth mentioning, though, that a lot of these videos are written by and star the exact same people, and very quickly, a LOT more than 5% of their content gets very bizarre. It’s all a very strange mix of genuinely helpful tutorials and just videos of dudes d*cking around and trying to be funny. For example, “How To Clown About Whilst Being Pursued”, a video that teaches you how to be a discount Vaudeville protagonist, stars the same actor as the serious tutorial, “How To Avoid Credit Card Fraud”. [How to clown about whilst being pursued] The Vaudeville guy was also an official writer for Videojug, according to the Wikipedia page of his comedy partner who most certainly wrote this page himself. The two of them were also featured in a Huffington Post article from 2012 teaching people how to give compliments as part of Videojug. My point being… a lot of these weird videos weren’t being submitted by random trolls, but by the Videojug team themselves. This weird incongruity is further exemplified by the insane view discrepancy on Videojug. You’d have a video with 4 million views right next to a video with 400 views, some having as many as 35 million and some having as few as 12. Like, not 12 million or 12 thou- like... 12! And whenever these weird, pseudo-comedy videos showed up on the channel, the commenters who *did* see it would respond with a mix of bafflement and anger at what they were watching. Even their most popular videos have weirdly high dislike ratios, showing incredible dissatisfaction towards Videojug. Given their weirdly inconsistent content, you’d think they wouldn’t be nearly as popular as they were. I mean, anyone going to the channel for genuine help would likely be put off by videos like “How To Intimidate The Opposition” where a guy in a fake Russian accent just screams for three minutes, and people who wanted them to go full HowToBasic would likely get bored with the large swaths of fairly helpful and mundane videos. According to the founders, the most popular advice categories on the channel were job tips and dating advice, and the sheer volume of romance tutorials on the channel is evidence of this. Looking at their top 10 videos, three of them were some flavour of dating tip. Given the thousands of topics discussed on the channel, that’s a lot. Based on their most popular videos, it seems like their more mainstream collections of romance, money advice, and dance tutorials were supplementing weirder things like “How To Survive A Werewolf Attack”. Despite the bizarre nature of everything going on here, it seems like the founders really believed in VideoJug as a project. The ‘Founders’ Blog’ section on the now-gone website includes this oddly poetic 2006 entry from founder David Tabizel. For me, Videojug used to have another name: “The Wisdom Project”. ... The wisdom of the older generations is often discarded, and so is lost forever when they die. This is such a waste. There are numerous historical, practical and personal life events that repeat themselves, generation after generation. Sadly, it is a strange fact that today, in a multi-media world, that so much experience and understanding is unavailable on a universal basis. Our task at Videojug is to collect and succinctly film world-class experience and know-how. By making and sharing tens of thousands of films we can eventually produce a living, breathing, collaborative video encyclopaedia to surviving and prospering in the face of the common challenges found in modern life. An ever evolving searchable source on how to live well and achieve success, wealth, health and happiness. It’s also worth mentioning that when it comes to the weirder variety of Videojug tutorials, a lot of them were sequels that followed ongoing narratives from earlier videos, like some sort of Videojug Cinematic Universe. So, if you were wondering how to stay friends with your ex and ended up on a tutorial for it on Videojug, you would find yourself not on a straightforward tutorial video, but on a f*cking hospital set with the words “last time on Broken Hearts” blaring at you. It’s not even a tutorial. It’s just a three minute episode of an ongoing hospital drama series courtesy of Videojug, framed as a “how-to”. Hospital sets are incredibly expensive. If you don’t have this stuff already, you’re going to have to rent it, and that’s going to rack up a lot of money. At the same time, the quality of the video is absolutely terrible, even for something that came out in 2008. It’s just really not shot well, yet this must have cost a ridiculous amount of money for VideoJug to make. It’s the perfect indicator of a channel that clearly had a lot of money, but not a lot to actually do with it. Another odd thing about these continuous narratives is that they’re notoriously hard to find. Almost all of their videos are formatted as “How To Do This” even when they’re not really tutorials, and it’s not like their multi-video stories have a playlist or anything. We know they exist, partly because I’ve stumbled upon a few and because James Peak, the filmmaker from earlier who describes himself as a founder, still advertises that he wrote an ongoing love story for Videojug. But they’re very difficult to actually look for, and the only real way to find one is to accidentally stumble across them while searching for a straightforward tutorial. Also, I have to say that one of my favourite VideoJug videos that’s part of an overarching narrative is called “How To Know The Lyrics To ‘Baby I Love You’”. It’s just a music video by a band supposedly called Go 4 It, which was originally created for another parody VideoJug video, “How to Start a Boy Band.” Not only is the title incredibly awkward, being weirdly forced into the “How-To” title style, but despite being about how to know the lyrics, the lyrics are not listed either in the video or in the description. And just to add another layer of weirdness, halfway through the video it just… stops. Like deadass stops. [I can see you through your blinds] [Just to feel you] [And to kiss you] [I just love the way you taste] [Silence] I didn’t pause or edit that. That’s legit how it was uploaded. And the bizarre thing is that you can find a proper version of this video on their Dailymotion page, meaning this wasn’t just an intentional sh*tpost, but rather some sort of rendering error that happened in the Youtube upload process. Which begs the question of what oversight did this channel have? How did nobody catch this after nearly 10 years? And why did nobody seem to care? A lot of these videos weren’t even tutorials and didn’t purport to be: for example, the aforementioned conspiracy theory video was just a guy unironically talking about how jet fueI can’t meIt steel beams. There was no tutorial or how-to; it was just a random conspiracy guy talking about controIled demoIitions. Or this video here, that I’m not going to name because I don’t want to get demonetized, but was, once again, just a guy talking about how it’s a “phenomenon” of science. And these are two of their earliest videos. Beyond the fact that their whole channel was a bizarre mix of genuine tutorial videos and this stuff, even a lot of their actual tutorials aren’t very good. For example, this video, “How To Sound Like Donald Duck”, is meant to be a genuine piece of information about improving your voice work. Except that the advice is bad, and at no point does the “expert”, an actor named Roisin, ever actually sound like Donald Duck. [noise vaguely resembling a quack] [Once you've mastered the quack, move on to some simple phrases.] [oh boy oh boy oh boy] Side note, but Roisin’s videos are some of my favourite on VideoJug, and when I first fell in love with this channel in like 2012, they were the ones that really got me hooked. There’s “How To Cry On Cue”, where at no point do any tears come out of Roisin’s eyes. There’s “How To Be Impossibly French”, where Roisin teaches you how to pretend to be French by stringing garlic around your neck and making up a fake French town where your bad French accent is from, “How To Fake A Sickness”, where she suggests carrying a can of vegetable soup wherever you go with your friends in case you want to pretend to throw it up to get out of a social interaction, and finally possibly my favourite Roisin video, “How To Act Like A Vampire”, with a bit about walking that feels like something out of What We Do In The Shadows. [Gothic piano music] [Thunder] Nadja could never. I went on a bit of an Internet rabbit hole when I first found this video so many years ago, and I have this really distinct memory of tweeting to Roisin and her replying, but I can find no evidence of this ever actually having happened and I can barely find anything about her now. Wherever she is, I hope she’s doing well and messages me on Twitter. We don’t have time to cover every bizarre video Videojug released- believe me, I desperately want to, but I put it into a web tool and it told me it would take a full week without sleeping breaks to watch every Videojug video, and according to the site’s ethos, short videos are key for good SEO. I estimate this is already probably at least four Videojugs long by now. Maybe for a charity stream one day, I dunno. That being said, a lot of these titles are just so choice, so I would absolutely recommend choosing at least one off of this list that speaks to you and looking it up yourself, because no matter which one it is, you’re going to find something absolutely incredible. There’s this one where they just interview random people at Comic Con and creep on cosplayers, there’s How To Seduce A Celebrity, How To Butch Up Your Male Dog, How To Manipulate Men: Mind Games For Bad Girls, and a whole bunch more beautifully bizarre content for your viewing pleasure. But a good(?) thing can’t last forever. And eventually as views dropped and subscription counts stagnated, it was time for Videojug to adapt to a changing internet. So in 2013, Videojug began the process of an intense rebranding. Fortunately for us, it was no less weird. [Step 3: How To Not Succeed At Business While Really Trying] So around 2013, another website founded in 2006 began to grow in popularity. The site hosted hundreds upon thousands of articles, guides, lists, quizzes, celebrity news, stolen Twitter posts, and something vaguely resembling journalism. While criticized heavily at the time, the site would soon grow into prominence and it wasn’t long before the name Buzzfeed was on everybody’s mind. You might’ve heard of it. I dunno. One of the keys to Buzzfeed’s success, on top of the sheer *volume* of viral content they put out and/or aggregated without credit or compensation, is that, much like Videojug, their content is clearly divided into a wide variety of nicely categorizable and highly shareable content. If you’re into food, there are entire channels like Buzzfeed’s Tasty that focus entirely on that. If you’re into DIY, look no further than Nifty. You can find sub-channels of Buzzfeed’s for virtually every topic that could possibly go viral, and the massive media network that they own has been a major key to their success. Well, for a channel like Videojug that- while successful- has never once been profitable, and seems to be struggling to define itself, this kind of formula is extra desirable, and Videojug likely very quickly wanted in. So they stopped focusing on their main channel and instead started up a collection of side channels, each focused on their own topic, while giving their website a drastic remodel. This wasn’t the first time Videojug had attempted something like this; back in 2012, they attempted to start up a channel called Videojug Gaming to focus specifically on video game-related content. The channel only ever ended up getting just under 8 thousand subs, a small fraction of Videojug’s 700 thousand, and most of their tutorial content was not only extremely low-budget, but also just… bizarre? For example, take this tutorial, ostensibly a guide on how to play Zelda: Ocarina of Time. You’d think it would teach you how to fight, or where to progress, or useful tips for the game itself, but the actual tutorial is literally just a guide on turning on your console, selecting the save file, and booting it up. And the video just ends there, before you ever get a chance to actually play any Zelda. The video has a singular comment, incredulously asking whether this is a troll channel. Once again, though: it super wasn’t. This was one of their real ones. The rest of the channel is mostly like this, with a few guides on evolving specific Pokemon somewhere in the mix. When VideoJug decided to set up a series of more specific channels for their network a year or two later, Videojug Gaming was unsurprisingly not resurrected. Instead, Videojug set up a series of network channels focusing on various topics, like makeup, comedy, and DIYs. They initially named these channels along the lines of “VideoJug Beauty”, “VideoJug Food And Drink”, and “VideoJug DIY Gardening”, but shortly afterwards, renamed them to Buzzfeedier sounding names like Pose, Scoff, Deco Bliss, and my favourite channel, Quipstar, which focused on short form comedy content that could be watched in single sittings. Wait. This feels familiar. These channels weren’t not popular, but they also never really caught on. Subscriber counts would range from 395,000 on one channel to as little as 100 subscribers on another. For example, one of their network channels “Statosphere”, had just under 800 subscribers, and despite the fact that all these channels were rebranded to be sleek and Buzzfeedy, wasn’t any less bizarre than its Early Videojug counterparts. Statosphere purported to focus on listicles in video form; such as “7 facts you need to know about Pluto”, “Superb Five-Word Tombstones”, or my favourite: “Jared Leto’s Facts And Rumours That Prove He’ll Be Terrifying”. Which not only aged beautifully, but I just love the weirdly clunky way they named it. It doesn’t even mention the Joker or the movie. Jared Leto is just rumoured to be terrifying. Which if you follow Hollywood rumors, he is. A lot of this just genuinely feels like Clickhole stuff, like this one where babies’ faces are photoshopped into pizza and it just lists the babies. [Who will be the baby of the year?] [Look at their rolls!] At the same time, again… it wasn’t like this was pure parody and they leaned fully into it. A lot of this stuff was just completely serious and felt like an almost cynical attempt to capture Buzzfeed energy, making the weird stuff even weirder. And this was true for all of their channels. For example, Pose, their associated beauty channel, was mostly full of very basic hair and makeup tutorials that had a lot of mainstream appeal. And then they also had stuff on there like “How To Read A Man By His Lounge Lizard Boots”, which was again, a pseudo-comedy video about how you shouldn’t trust a man who wears leather boots. By the end, most of the Pose videos were fairly basic and typically featured a couple of distinct personalities, but the weird, oddly inconsistent content was always lurking just below the surface. The bizarre nature of the channel had never stopped Videojug from getting moderately popular in the past, and these new network channels were no exception. Based on those CEO Linkedin comments, this was the first time VideoJug had ever been profitable, and they seemed to find a business model that worked for them. Luckily, information on how this happened is pretty readily available because of another side channel, VideoJug Networks, where they advertised their company and encouraged creators to be a part of it. They state that they can connect creators to branded content and help them with audience engagements. They proudly boast that they receive a total of “over 60,000 likes, comments and shares a month” which is a number that seems really impressive until you realize that, just moments later, they said that they were basing this off of over 30 channels worth of content. Even just pausing the clip, you can see a screenshot from one of their advertised videos and see that it has only 2,381 views and only 32 likes. On top of producing content for Videojug’s own affiliated channels, the network also advertised itself as a sort of… early MCN? Basically, they tried to attract independent creators to make sponsored content on their *own* channels while affiliated with Videojug. Which, to be fair, has been a successful business model for other networks in the past. Except some of these affiliated channels are linked on Videojug’s main page, and they’re just… not very successful. Their most popular affiliated channel is a magician with 12,000 subscribers who later on went to appear on some morning talk shows and do some pretty cool magic tricks. Everyone else has fewer subscribers than him, including affiliated channels with as few as 100. For example, there’s a makeup channel on here with 100 subs that released six videos ever and never uploaded again. Based on their showreels made to advertise to other creators, sponsored videos seemed to be typically commissioned in series of six, so several of these channels were created for Videojug, made content once, and then never again. And they’re still listed on Videojug Networks’ page! Also, I googled the woman who made these makeup videos and she’s a verified Instagram influencer now with a website, a podcast, and 50,000 subscribers! She was also highlighted in BBC and the Daily Mail. It’s not that the talent they hired wasn’t good- it’s that they seemed to have no idea what to do with it. And this is a common thing when it comes to Videojug: they started out with a lot of money and clearly had access to a lot of talented people. One of the earliest videos they uploaded is William Shatner showing off a bad celebrity impression. They were able to secure interviews with several celebrities at the 2008 Teen Choice Awards such as Brenda Song, Shailene Woodley and director Jon Chu. Yet once again this video has an absurdly low view count at only 175 views. And the actual talent they hired was, once again, often made up of some genuinely skilled people. Remember that guy from earlier who wrote a bunch of VideoJug videos and very obviously wrote his own Wikipedia page? Yeah, he won two BAFTAs and was one of the writers for Shaun the Sheep and both Paddington movies. The problem wasn’t the people Videojug had access to. The problem was something with Videojug itself. Something just wasn’t quite working. The jug wasn’t empty. The jug had all the right ingredients for a tasty pitcher of content. They just didn’t know how to mix any of it together. So, what’s wrong here? [Step 4: Learn WTF Arcuro Is] Despite, or maybe because of, the lack of significant material success coming out of VideoJug Networks, they were going through a lot of changes behind the scenes in the mid-2010s. They initially hired a CEO named Nancy Cruickshank, who stepped down to work at Telegraph. They had originally planned to simply go CEO-less, but that plan quickly fell through, them instead hiring Tom Laidlaw, the CEO from that video before. This unfortunately didn’t work out, and he was terminated as part of the rebranding. They went through an insane number of CEOs in a very short amount of time, from Nancy to Tom to their former head of commercial Gareth Mugford to a woman named Nina Harrison-Bell to their current CEO, a man named Nick McAlpine. Once again: Nina Harrison-Bell was the first person *ever* to make VideoJug profitable, and she only worked at the company for less than a year, leaving in 2016. But this is where things get very confusing. In October 2015, Videojug acquired a firm called Bladonmore that consults for clients like banks, big airlines, and Uber. Bladonmore’s founder, Richard Rivlin, became Videojug Networks’ chairman. Videojug is still listed as the parent company of Bladonmore in several places, which is really interesting to me because although Bladonmore isn’t a massive company, they’re clearly much more engaged than Videojug and are doing a lot more professional work. Videojug also created a company called Arcuro in late 2016, which they listed on their Networks page and in the descriptions of their videos as the company to email for B2B inquiries for Videojug. The Arcuro website no longer exists and the company was formally dissolved in November 2018, but according to their website: “Specialists in three distinct areas, arcuro is a group of award-winning film makers and digital experts helping our international client base to best use the power of film, online video and digital technologies to connect, inform and engage with the audiences that matter most.” Whatever the f*ck that means. The website also states they specialize in “building sustainable businesses,” which is, well, y’know. Arcuro’s mission statement and everything on their website is *exceptionally* vague and full of corporate jargon, but based on what parts of this webarchive from 2017 will still load, Arcuro did some degree of work helping to produce corporate films for investment firms and medical companies, as well as apparently the NHS. None of these films will actually load nowadays, but googling things like “corporate film Investcorp” pulls up the fact that Bladonmore… also produced a corporate film for them. For a period of about two years, Arcuro, Bladonmore, and Videojug were deeply intertwined. For instance, Nina Harrison-Bell, the CEO of Videojug who brought the company into profitability, was the head of Bladonmore’s video department throughout most of 2015, then worked for Videojug throughout 2016, and then after she left, became the CEO of Arcuro in 2017. She now works for another company that, while full of jargon and corporate-speak, also seems to make films for corporations. So I mean, good for her. A lot of their clients are the same as well- Phillips is listed as a Bladonmore client, and they were also one of the only listed sponsors of Videojug networks. Also, of the few listed clients on Arcuro that we can still find on WebArchive, there’s a *lot* of overlap with Bladonmore. Not to mention, this shuffling of employees between the three companies isn’t limited just to Nina. Nick McAlpine started working for Bladonmore in 2005 and was there until 2015. After that, he became director of Videojug, where his LinkedIn said he worked until July 2017. Earlier that year, in January of 2017, he became a “Director/Executive Producer” at Arcuro, a title his LinkedIn says he still holds to this day. So between January and July, he was the director of Videojug and Arcuro at once. Then, in August of 2017, after seemingly leaving Videojug, he became Director/Executive Producer of Bladonmore. Based on a blog post about lockdown this April, this is still the case, and he currently heads a film team at Bladonmore that produces films for its corporate clients. If this is confusing to you, you’re not alone. My cowriter Emily and I ended up sending an email to Nick, hoping to disentangle some of whatever is going on between these three companies, and ended up receiving a response from Nick saying he currently oversees Videojug, and that he worked with Videojug from the very start, before YouTube was even owned by Google. So he may have been working with VideoJug and Bladonmore at the same time starting as far back as 2006, and still is. We sent two follow-up emails explaining what this channel is and a few other questions about what VideoJug’s deal was, but as of now, we haven’t gotten anything back. I want to remind everyone once again, since a lot of these videos from Bladonmore look extremely sleek and corporate, that they came from the same people who produced “How To Clown About Whilst Being Pursued”, “How To Intimidate The Opposition” and “How To Know The Lyrics To Baby I Love You”. To further add to the confusion, although Videojug seems to have acquired this very serious media company in 2015 and constantly passed its employees back and forth between the three companies for several years, and although Videojug is listed as Bladonmore’s parent company in multiple places, this no longer seems to be the case. The public records for things like acquisitions are all available for Videojug online, and apparently they went through some kind of… downstream merger in 2017, and Bladonmore now controls Videojug. A venture capital group called MC 50 bought a whole bunch of Videojug shares in 2016, and a year later, Bladonmore bought them back, and are now Videojug’s owners. This is further confirmed by the brief email exchange we had with Nick, in which he says he’s currently Videojug’s director, and oversees it on behalf of its current owner, Bladonmore. We also looked further into the financial records available for Videojug, because although they don’t seem to like… actually do anything any more, they technically still exist and are registered as an active company. We also googled the office address on VideoJug’s LinkedIn page, and it leads back to the Bladonmore office. They currently have an average of zero employees, 14 thousand pounds in current assets, and 3.9 million pounds in liabilities, meaning they’re worth around negative four million in money right now. Their “fixed assets”, meaning stuff like equipment and studio space, also went down by 80 thousand dollars between this year and last year. Which means they seem to be essentially just… sitting around losing money for Bladonmore. Once again, we emailed Nick to ask if Videojug is actually even still doing anything any more, but have yet to hear back. As far as we know, Videojug just exists solely as a ghost jug, dead but still around, haunting the place. [Step 5: Try to Figure Out What Went Wrong] Looking back on Videojug, it’s hard to see why this company is even worth remembering or what its purpose was to begin with. How can a company with such a simple business plan as “make how-to videos” turn into… this? And what was it that made them die out so harshly? The easiest thing to blame is how the foundation of Youtube itself has changed. As Youtube developed and changed over time, so did its algorithms and its culture. This is evidenced by the fact that the early VideoJug Networks showreel straight up told people that most of their traffic came from people who were searching for them. That’s great if you’re working with an algorithm that prioritizes short videos, but as we now know, it super does not. As mentioned before, Videojug boasted about the importance of short form video, something that would become discouraged by Youtube’s changed algorithm, which promotes long form videos more in recommendations and search results. I mean, this video alone is probably gonna turn out to be at least 9 Videojugs, or 4 Quibis, long. For a company dedicated almost entirely to SEO, that had to be a significant wound. The general culture shift of Youtube was also a pretty big factor. As the site became more and more mainstream, the prominence of Youtube personalities grew more and more. Gone were the days where people would mostly just discover videos by Googling. Now they wanted to follow individual creators not just because they want tips, but because they enjoy the people on camera. This is going to be a significant blow to Videojug, because again- searches are where most of their traffic came from. This is really evident with the popularity of beauty bloggers. Which would you rather watch for make-up advice, some random how-to video made by someone you’re not sure you can trust from a generic sounding company, or a video made by a creator you know and find enjoyable and you can trust to provide entertaining content? And just look at me. I don’t call my channel “Sociological Media Criticism.” I call it Sarah Z because Sarah Z is me. So on the “connecting with people” side of things, Videojug is naturally going to fail, because a lot of being a successful YouTuber these days and having people come back to your channel is making people like not only your content, but like *you* as a person. And although late VideoJug made some efforts with hiring recurring personalities for their network channels, it was really just too little too late. And for people who are browsing the Internet looking for vaguely bizarre and eye-catching instructional content, the truth is, they’re not going to be looking for something like Videojug. With 5 Minute Crafts being one of the most successful channels of all time, the rise of content farms has definitely put a dent in the success of more straightforward tutorial channels. Channels like 5-minute Crafts are bright and colourful, appealing to kids, often cycle through the same content over and over again, meaning they take very little time and effort to make, and as demonstrated by YouTube personalities like Ann Reardon, often literally fake their tutorials, because they produce so much content that very few people will ever try out everything they make to see if any of it actually works. That means that, as unfortunate as it is, content farms like 5 Minute Crafts and Blossom can produce more visually appealing tutorials with less time, money, and effort. The rise of content farms has had a negative effect on all kinds of creators and producers. There’s been a lot of talk about how independent cooking channels get forced out of YouTube because of recipes that don’t even work but can get way more views with way less effort. But I think this is especially the case for things like Videojug’s now defunct DIY channel. There’s no one to connect to, so people aren’t going to repeatedly come back to this channel. There are tons of reasons the algorithm isn’t going to like Videojug, so no one is going to come across it organically or in their recommendations, either. That means, at best, they’re going to have people finding them through one-time searches for one very specific need, and that’s just not enough to keep people hooked. This is true not just for Videojug, but for the culture of How-To videos in general. I mean, it’s telling that right now, the most popular ostensible How-To channel is a guy who makes fake tutorial videos where he just smashes eggs around. Even if you’re doing everything right, the way YouTube is currently structured just isn’t very friendly to regular short uploads that aren’t from personalities you can really connect to. For example, the most popular *actual* how-to channel right now is called HowCast, with 8.1 million subscribers. Yet, despite those massive numbers and regular, continual uploads to this day, they’re still not pulling very big numbers, getting only a few thousand views per video on average. All their heaviest-hitting videos came out somewhere between 2010 and 2013, and they don’t have a single video in their top 200 uploads that came out less than five years ago. HowCast has its fair share of strange and awkward videos as well, like this video about How To Kiss Like Twilight, but by and large, the channel seems much more professional and consistent, and the videos are shot well and seem fairly high-quality. They’re still really not doing great. All this to say, you can do everything right as a current how-to channel and still fail, because of the way YouTube culture is nowadays. Even HowToBasic, who again is a parody YouTuber making fun of these channels, isn’t doing as well as he used to- I mean, he’s still pulling a million or more views per video, that's a lot, but all his really viral content is several years old, and it’s been a while since the channel really struck gold. I think this is in part because the joke relies on recognizing the structure of a How-To video. The first few seconds are designed to look like an old VideoJug or HowCast video, which makes it funny when you recognize the pattern and it suddenly turns into eggs. That joke really only works if you know what a high-budget How To video is supposed to look like, so it’s no surprise that HowToBasic’s heyday was around the same time that most real tutorial channels were at their most popular. Though, these comparisons would imply that Videojug was running perfectly fine up until they went defunct. As you can tell by their large amount of dislikes and widely varying view counts, bad signs were there from the start. The real problem seems to be the company's lack of quality control. Videojug seemed to have a substantial identity crisis: did it exist as a helpful informational provider, or as a comedy sh*tpost channel? Both of these have potential for an audience, but they can’t earnestly coexist. People who want to see wacky comedy videos aren’t going to subscribe for boring education vids, and people who want to see pure educational material aren’t going to appreciate the more surreal and humorous videos that would also be uploaded. This isn’t helped by the standardization of the channel titles. Because of the way Videojug operated, almost all of its content followed the formula of “How to .” This seems simple enough but it also means there’s not much to determine if the video is meant to be serious or if it's meant to be funny unless the title is hilariously absurd. Their upload rate couldn’t have helped things either. Videojug seemed to prioritize quantity over quality, which would make sense when you’re focusing primarily on SEO. The more things you make, the more likely people will find you via search engine. But once again, this leads to a massive bulk of content, most of it either not good or just not indistinguishable from one another. There are five videos just on how to mess with telemarketers. You can’t make over 125,000 videos without double dipping, sure, but at a certain point, you start to dilute the market with your own content. And going back to the subscriber model, it keeps people from wanting to follow Videojug directly. With people primarily paying attention to their subscription feeds nowadays, do you really want to subscribe to a channel that uploads videos in bursts of dozens? Most of which are videos you won’t even watch because, well, you don’t need to learn about how to send a wedding invitation to a male military officer. Well, why not follow the Videojug site then? After all, it was clear that’s where the majority of their attention went to and clearly what they wanted people to see. And to that there’s no easy answer except to say that websites aren’t what they used to be. Youtube won the video market and people don’t like to watch videos on sites that aren’t youtube. For something as expensive as video hosting, you need a wide amount of traffic to continue being profitable and I can’t imagine that many people were going to Videojug.com relative to the amount of people who watched them on Youtube. [Step 6: Find a Way to Wrap Up Your Youtube Video] VideoJug is fascinating because it feels like such a time capsule of an era of the internet that doesn’t exist anymore. It’s this strange, surreal mess of a channel with more content than anyone could ever reasonably expect to watch. It’s a lesson about how a company can stray so far away from its original intention in pursuit of popularity and how that ultimately led to their downfall. I’ve always been a fan of weird content online, whether it’s this guy who’s made thousands of videos imitating pop culture content with baffling titles or a family band that makes really awkward viral songs. But one thing that’s particularly interesting about the brand of weirdness at VideoJug is how entrenched it is in this very formal How-To framework. Videos about stalking around and hissing to be more like a vampire coexist with things like Bladonmore’s deeply commercial energy and high-budget content in a way that’s incredibly fascinating to me. The mix of earnest creativity and corporate cynicism at Videojug is both what made me love it and, very likely, a large part of what destroyed them. That’s not even mentioning how much of their work is just misguided talent. Like for every video made by an actual expert or every video made by a funny comedian, there’s one that blurs the line between both solely because of the low quality of the presenters and the production. I feel like nowadays, even a lot of “weird” content is polished and consistent in its weirdness. This isn’t necessarily a bad thing: if you’re in the mood for some strange offbeat sketch comedy or a guy throwing eggs at the wall, it’s generally a good thing to know you’re going to get the exact brand of oddity you expect, and it’s the reason these things are able to be relatively successful. At the same time, there’s something unique about the feeling of unpredictability you get from the kind of raw, unfiltered, often accidental peculiarity that Videojug has to offer. And as much as it’s fun to watch and make fun of, there’s something kind of delightful about that. It makes the process of watching a Videojug video feel like getting a prize from a cereal box. You’re not sure what you’re going to get when you click on it. Will it be something low-key and normal, will you get some wild and strange, or will you get something that’s just downright bad? I mentioned earlier a list of VideoJug videos that we’ve discovered that are particularly funny or strange, but there’s over 150 hours worth of content currently on that channel, and there are bound to be some fantastic videos we haven’t even discovered yet, especially taking into account how many side channels the network boasted. I would highly encourage everyone to check the channel out, and see if you can find one for yourself that’s truly special or bizarre. And if you do, please Tweet them at me. I want to see all of it. We’ve talked about a channel that ended up being more bizarre entertainment than education, but if you *are* looking to learn something real and cool, especially given how hard it is to wade through so much content to get to the good stuff, I can’t recommend Curiositystream and Nebula enough. Curiositystream, my sponsor for this video, is a really fantastic streaming service that offers thousands of really interesting and informative documentaries on a broad range of subjects, like science, nature, and technology, and I find myself always learning something new on there. Curiositystream has also partnered with Nebula in order to help creators like me make some really cool content. Nebula is a collaborative streaming platform between me and tons of other creators like Tierzoo, Lindsay Ellis, LegalEagle, and many more. It’s a really great platform for educational and informative content, especially content that isn’t best suited for YouTube because of copyright or monetization issues. For example, I was able to make a video called Debater Theater specifically for Nebula, and it’s something I’m really proud of. In Debater Theater, I talk about how to better use arguments to persuade others, with lots of cool examples like how people use debating skills in movies, the news, and even award acceptance speeches. It was a really fun video to do, and as someone who used to teach debate to a lot of novices at university, these kinds of tools are a really fun way to get better at persuasiveness and critical thinking, and how to notice when other people are trying to use those same tricks on you. And the best part is, signing up for Curiositystream with my code also includes full, unlimited access to Nebula! It’s the only place where you can watch Debater Theater, and lots of other cool original content for Nebula. Just head to curiositystream.com/sarahZ and use my code “sarahz” at signup. That’s curiositystream.com/sarahz. I can’t stress enough how grateful I am to have a platform like Nebula where educational creators can make this kind of content, and it’s great to be a part of it.

JUST JUST START THE PRESENTATION THAT YOU'LL SEE TODAY. THE PRESENTATION THAT YOU'LL SEE TODAY IS A LITTLE BIT DIFFERENT FROM PAST QUARTERS. WE UPDATED SOME OF THE FORMATTING AND SOME OF GOOD DETAIL OF THE INFORMATION JUST TO MAKE IT A LITTLE BIT MORE RELEVANT. EASY TO READ AND TO GIVE A LITTLE BIT MORE INFORMATION. IN SOME OF THE SECTIONS. SO I WILL WALK THROUGH THAT TODAY. THE LAST TIME I SPOKE I WAS BACK IN JUNE AND THAT REALLY WAS STILL IN THE HEART OF CODED UNKNOWN. >> SO WE HAD SOME EARLY INFORMATION ON WHAT Q1 PERFORMANCE WOULD LOOK LIKE. BUT DIDN'T HAVE IT FINALIZED TODAY. WE OBVIOUSLY AND I WILL BE PRESENTING THE Q 1 INFORMATION BUT WE OPTED TO HAVE A PRETTY GOOD IDEA OF WHERE Q2 PERFORMANCE WILL LOOK AND SO IT WILL TO THE FIRST PAGE WHICH IS ACTUALLY PAGE TO THIS GIVES GOOD OVERVIEW OF THE PRIVATE EQUITY INVESTMENTS WITHIN YOUR PORTFOLIO. FIRST CALL BEING THE LEGACY INVESTMENTS WHICH ARE ALL THE PRIVATE EQUITY INVESTMENTS THAT WERE DONE PRIOR TO THE STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP THAT WE'VE DEVELOPED WHICH WE HAVE IN THE MIDDLE CALL AND MANY COMBINED. SO JUST SO I'LL JUST GIVE YOU A FEW KEY KIND OF POINTS THAT THE MARKET QUICKLY WHEN YOU'RE LOOKING INTO THE PRIVATE EQUITY AND PRIVATE MARKETS OBVIOUSLY IT DOES KIND OF RELATE TO PUBLIC MARKETS BUT IT IS DIFFERENT. >> SO WHAT WE'VE SEEN SO FAR IN TERMS OF DIEP FLOW AND PRIVATE EQUITY INVESTMENTS COMING TO MARKET THERE WAS OBVIOUSLY A VERY PULLBACK IN APRIL AND MAY BE HELPFUL TO BE VERY MUCH DID SLOW DOWN. HOWEVER, WE HAVE SEEN A PRETTY QUICK RECOVERY IN THAT PART OF THE MARKET. DIEP HAS REMAINED AND AND COME BACK TO KIND OF ROBUST FORMAT. WHAT I WOULD SAY IS THERE IS VERY MUCH A BIFURCATING KIND OF COLOR CODED WINNERS AND LOSERS IN COMPANIES. SO A COMPANY THAT HAVE PERFORMED WELL DURING THIS ENVIRONS AND HAVE REALLY PROVEN THEMSELVES THEY STILL ARE KIND OF AT THAT HIGHER PRICE POINT VALUATION AND EVEN SIMILAR TO WHAT WE WERE SEEING PRIOR TO CODED. AND THEN OF COURSE PE COMPANIES THAT ARE YOU KNOW, THEY HAVEN'T PERFORMED AND MAYBE THE CLOSE IT KIND OF BROUGHT OUT THE WEAKNESSES WITHIN THE COMPANY. OBVIOUSLY THOSE THOSE TYPES OF COMPANIES ARE NOT HAVING TO MARKET RIGHT NOW. SO THERE DEFINITELY VACATION. BUT I'VE DONE WELL AND THOSE THAT HAVE NOT DONE WELL. SO HOW THAT'S PLAYED OUT IN YOUR PORTFOLIO FOR YOU WON THE PORTFOLIO WAS DOWN. HAWKINS TYPICALLY ABOUT ME OVER ABOUT 8 PERCENT OVERALL. SO IF YOU LOOK AT THE NET MULTIPLE CURRENTLY AT A ONE POINT ONE TIMES. IF YOU TAKE OUT ANOTHER DECIMAL IT IS ONE POINT EIGHT TIMES AND AT THE END OF 2019 COMPARING TO THE QUARTER PREVIOUS IT WAS ONE POINT ONE FOUR TIMES. SO OBVIOUSLY STILL ROUNDING TO ONE TO ONE POINT ONE. BUT THERE WAS DIFFERENCE THERE. 4 TO 1. NOW FOR Q2 WE'VE ACTUALLY SEEN A VERY QUICK REBOUND WITHIN THE PORTFOLIO. THIS HAS BEEN SOMETHING THAT HAS BEEN VERY DIFFERENT. I WOULD SAY THAT HISTORICAL EXPRESSIONS OR DOWNTURNS SIMILAR IN THE GFC IT YOU KNOW A YEAR AND A HALF TO THREE YEARS FOR PORTFOLIOS TO REBOUND. VALUATIONS COME COME BACK AND PERFORMANCE HAS COME BACK FAIRLY QUICKLY. SO FOR Q2 WE'RE ACTUALLY ESTIMATING THAT OUR PORTFOLIO COULD BE UP AROUND 10 PERCENT WHICH WOULD ACTUALLY BRING IT BACK TO ABOUT SIXTY FOUR POINT NINETY PERFORMANCE. TURNING TO THE NEXT FEW PAGES PAGES PAGE 3 THIS SHOWS THE UNDERLYING INVESTMENTS WITHIN OUR PORTFOLIO OF MEDIA LEGACY INVESTMENTS AND REALLY HIGHLIGHTS THE BENCHMARK AND HOW THOSE FUNDS HAVE PERFORMED AGAINST THEIR PEERS. IF YOU LOOK ON THE FAR RIGHT YOU'LL SEE IN TERMS OF R AND AND WE'LL SEE WHICH IS MULTIPLE INVESTING CAPITAL AND KIND OF WHERE THOSE FUNDS ARE PERFORMING. BASED ON THEIR PEERS. SO THIRD SECOND FOURTH ADVERSE COURT FILING THAT IS THE SAME FOR PAGE 4. AND I WON'T I WON'T GO THROUGH IT SPECIFICALLY ON PAGE. LET'S SEE ON PAGE 5 AND 6. THIS IS THE NEUBERGER PORTFOLIO. AGAIN YOU WILL SEE THE CORE TITLING METRICS. ONE THING I WOULD POINT OUT IS ALL OF THE PERFORMANCE ON THESE PAGES ARE FOR THE FUNDS THEMSELVES FOR THE INVESTMENTS ARE AS LARGE 34. SO YOU ARE SEEING THAT THOSE MARKDOWNS WITHIN THE PORTFOLIO THE BENCHMARK IS ACTUALLY AS WELL 31 19 SIMPLY BECAUSE THAT'S THE PAST IS THAT BENCHMARK COMES OUT AND IS A LAGGING BENCHMARK WHICH MEANS THE PORTFOLIO IS ACTUALLY BEING BENCHMARK. IN THE PAST QUARTER DID IT HAVE BETTER RETURNS AT THAT POINT? SO YOU'LL SEE IT'S NOT QUITE APPLES TO APPLES AND THAT'S KIND OF INDUSTRY STANDARD. UNFORTUNATELY THE BENCHMARKS LAG A LITTLE BIT AND IT TURNS TO THE NEXT PAGE 46. YOU'LL SEE THERE ARE SOME INVESTMENTS THAT STILL DO NOT HAVE BENCHMARKS. >> THOSE ARE STILL TOO EARLY IN THE LIFE OF THE FUND AND THEN HAVEN'T MADE AN INVESTMENT YET. THERE MAY BE ONLY, YOU KNOW, NINE MONTHS INTO THE FUND AND HAVE NOT QUITE ENTERED THAT PERIOD WHERE YOU CAN BENCHMARK THEM. SO WE WILL ADD THOSE AS THAT TIME COMES. PAGE 7. THE NEXT PAGE IS ACTUALLY A PAGE THAT WE ADDED FOR THIS NEW FORMATTING THAT I THINK IS VERY HELPFUL TO SHOW YOUR EXPOSURE EXPOSURES BASED ON COMMITTED CAPITAL AS WELL AS INVESTED CAPITAL. SO AS YOU ALL KNOW WE COMMIT CAPITAL TO FUNDS AND THEY THEN INVEST CAPITAL OVER TIME TO TWO YEARS, THREE YEARS, EVEN FOUR YEARS. SO LET HE ACTUALLY HAVE COMMITTED MAYBE DIFFERENT THAN WHAT HAS BEEN INVESTED TODAY AND YOU'LL SEE THAT IN THE FIRST THE FIRST LINE WHICH IS BASED ON INVESTMENT TYPE. SO A PRIMARY FUNDING INVESTMENT WHERE WE'RE INVESTING INTO MY PRIVATE EQUITY FUND SHOW THAT ON THE PART OF LEFT WE SHOW THAT COMMITTED AND THEN TO SEE ON THE INVESTED CAPITAL PIE CHART IN THE MIDDLE. THE PRIMARIES ARE ACTUALLY ONLY ABOUT 50 PERCENT OF THE CAPITAL THAT HAS ACTUALLY BEEN INVESTED INTO THE PORTFOLIO COMPANIES CALLED INVESTMENTS. ARE INVESTMENTS GOING DIRECTLY INTO A COMPANY SO THAT CAPITAL IS DEPLOYED AND INVESTED IMMEDIATELY. SO THAT'S THE DIFFERENCE YOU'RE SEEING THERE. I WOULD POINT OUT THAT ON THE COMMITTED CAPITAL, THE COAL INVESTMENTS AND SECONDARIES THOSE CURRENTLY ACCOUNT FOR ABOUT 22 PERCENT OF THE PORTFOLIO. WE STILL HAVE ADDITIONAL CAPITAL TO COMMIT THERE. SO IT WILL GET CLOSER TO 30 PERCENT WHICH IS KIND OF WHAT WE HAVE BEEN FOCUSED ON AND THAT CAPITAL DEPLOYMENT. >> AND THEN ON THE FAR RIGHT YOU'LL SEE THE COMBINATION, THE LEGACY AND BRAND NEUBERGER PROGRAM THE BOTTOM SHOWS WHAT THE BREAKOUT IS AN EXPOSURE IS BY GEOGRAPHY. AGAIN YOU CAN SEE THE DIFFERENCE THERE BUT WE'VE COMMITTED EUROPE TO THE WORLD IS ABOUT 5 PERCENT ON A COMMITTED BASIS WHICH IS PRETTY MUCH IN LINE WITH WHAT WE WOULD EXPECT IF MAY GO UP TO 30 OR 35 PERCENT. BUT IN TERMS OF INVESTED US IT'S A LITTLE BIT LESS IN THE NEXT PAGE. >> IT IS ANOTHER PAGE WE ADDED ON PAGE 8 AND REALLY TO GIVE A GOOD OVERVIEW OF PERFORMANCE AND WE'VE ALSO ADDED THE BENCHMARK WHICH IS THE SECOND TABLE ON THE BOTTOM. NUMBER ONE IN THIS BENCHMARKS THE ACTUAL NEUBERGER PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM AGAINST AGAINST ITS PEERS. SO WE'VE SHOWN TWO THING TO PERFORMANCE METRICS. WE'VE SHOWN Q1 WHICH IS THE CURRENT PERFORMANCE. WE'VE ALSO SHOWN Q4 YOU CAN SEE THE DIFFERENCE THERE BETWEEN QUARTERS AND THEN WE'VE SHOWN THE CORE TILING AT THE BOTTOM AND YOU CAN SEE THAT WHEN YOU COMPARE THE Q4 2019 PERFORMANCE TO THE BENCHMARK WHICH IS ALSO Q4 TO A 19 IT IS CURRENTLY AT A SECOND QUARTILE AND ON AN IRR BASIS IN A FIRST QUARTILE AFTER TBI BASIS YOU CAN SEE WE JUST MISSED THE IRR FIRST QUARTILE BY 2 PERCENT. SO WE WILL WORK TO GET THAT UP TO FIRST QUARTILE AND HOPEFULLY WE'LL SEE THAT RELATIVELY SOON . SO THE NEXT COUPLE PAGES 19 OR SORRY 9 AND 10 I WON'T GO THROUGH THOSE SPECIFICALLY IT'S VERY DETAILED INFORMATION AT THE PORTFOLIO LEVEL OF ALL THE INVESTMENTS LEXI AND NEUBERGER AS WELL AS KIND OF THE SPLIT OUT BETWEEN THOSE TWO AND IN THE PERFORMANCE FOR EACH ONE OF THEM AND WITH THAT I WILL OPEN IT UP TO QUESTIONS SYSTEM IT'S ALREADY AS I WAS ON MUTE. >> LET'S GO AHEAD ON MY VIEW ON THE ROLE FOR ANY QUESTIONS. ANDREW, DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS FOR K.C. AND NOT AT THE MOMENT. >> THANK YOU. GREAT. >> SUNITA, ANYTHING YOU WANT JUMP IN WITH? YEAH. SORRY, I THINK I JUMPED ON MIKE BUT I DO HAVE A QUESTION FOR CASEY. I GUESS I'M JUST CURIOUS IF YOU I FOLLOW THE PUBLIC MARKETS WITHIN THE PRIVATE MARKETS AND THE PUBLIC MARKETS. IF YOU LOOK AT YEAR TO DATE VALUE FUNDS HAVE REALLY OR VALUE INDICES HAVE REALLY UNDERPERFORMED. I IMAGINE THAT DIEP PRIVATE EQUITY PORTION OF THIS PORTFOLIO IS MORE MORE CORRELATED TO THAT. HOW DO YOU EXPLAIN THAT IN Q2 YOU'RE EXPECTING THAT YOU'RE BACK TO A Q1 END OF YEAR TYPE OF RETURN? YES. >> SO IT'S THE PERFORMANCE OVER Q1 AND Q2 HAS BEEN VERY DIFFERENT ACROSS THE BOARD I WOULD SAY. SO IF YOU KIND OF WHEN WE WHEN WE BROKE DOWN THE PERFORMANCE AND LOOKED AT TO DIFFERENT AVENUES, IT WAS DIFFERENT. SO WHEN WE LOOKED AT THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GEOGRAPHIES AND AS YOU KNOW IN THE PRIVATE MARKETS THE FUNDS ARE PRODUCING VALUATIONS. THEY OBVIOUSLY GO THROUGH WITH THEIR AUDITORS AND KIND OF FIGURE THOSE OUT. OBVIOUSLY Q1 MOST OF THEM DON'T HAVE AN OFFICIAL AUDIT BUT THEY DO TYPICALLY USE THIRD PARTY VALUATION COMPANIES THAT HELP THEM VALUE. WHEN WE LOOKED BY GEOGRAPHY, EUROPE WAS DOWN MORE THAN THE US. THAT IS WAS PRIMARILY DUE TO SOMETHING THAT THE REGULATIONS THEY HAVE IN PLACE IN EUROPE WHERE PRIVATE EQUITY FUNDS WERE MORE CONSERVATIVE AND THEY NEEDED. AND THEN YOU WOULD ALSO SEE A DIFFERENCE IS BETWEEN LARGE CAP BUYOUT VALUATIONS COMPARED TO SMALLER BUYOUT VALUATIONS. SO OBVIOUSLY LARGE CAP FIRMS IN THE PRIVATE MARKET ARE MORE HEAVILY TIED TO PUBLIC MARKETS AND THEREFORE WHEN THEY WERE DOING VALUATIONS THEY WOULD MOSTLY BE USING PUBLIC COMPARATIVELY. AND THEREFORE THEIR VALUATIONS WOULD BE MORE TIED TO THAT. HOWEVER MID-CAP BUYOUT IS IS A LARGE PART OF OUR PORTFOLIO AS WELL AND IN THOSE COMPANIES ARE SMALLER COMPANIES, MORE FAMILY OWNED COMPANIES THAT AREN'T AS TIED TO THE LARGER KIND OF PUBLIC MARKET AND THEREFORE SOME OF THOSE MID-CAP BUYOUT FUNDS WERE MARKING DOWN BUT PROBABLY NOT QUITE TO THE EXTENT THAT SOME OF THE LARGE CAP FUNDS WERE MARKING DOWN. SO I GUESS THE OVERALL SUMMARY IS PRIVATE MARKET VALUATIONS ARE NOT ALL CONSISTENT. WHILE EACH PRIVATE EQUITY FUND NORMALLY IS SOMEWHAT CONSERVATIVE, THEY ALSO ARE MAKING SURE THAT THEY ARE NOT OVERLY WRITING DOWN THEIR COMPANIES JUST BECAUSE OF AN EVENT NOT NECESSARILY BECAUSE THE COMPANIES WERE PERFORMING THE AP AND SO WE DO BELIEVE THAT A LOT OF THE COMPANIES HAVE PERFORMED WELL. A LOT OF OUR PORTFOLIOS ARE VERY HEAVILY WEIGHTED TOWARD TECHNOLOGY WHICH IN THIS TIME PERIOD HAS NOT SEEN MUCH OF DECLINE. SO I THINK THERE'S A LOT OF FACTORS BUT IT IS SOMETHING WE WERE NOT EXPECTING WE DID NOT EXPECT FOR IT TO RETURN QUICKLY. BUT WE YOU KNOW, WE DO FOLLOW VERY CLOSELY AND MAKE SURE THAT WE AGREE WITH WHERE A GP IS OR ARE MARKETING THEIR COMPANIES. MAYBE THIS IS IT, BRIAN. MAYBE THERE'S SOMETHING ALL I'LL JUST ADD TO THAT WHEN WE LOOK AT JUST ANALYZING THE HISTORICAL PERFORMANCE OF PRIVATE EQUITY VS. PUBLIC EQUITY INDICES, WE DON'T NECESSARILY SEE A GREATER CORRELATION TO VALUE INDICES THAN GROWTH INDICES. >> I THINK THAT WHAT PRIVATE EQUITY IS GENERALLY TRYING TO DO IS FIND THOSE SUBSECTORS THAT CAN ACHIEVE HIGHER TOP LINE GROWTH THAN GDP LEVEL OR VALUE TYPE COMPANIES. AND WHILE CERTAINLY EVERYONE WOULD LIKE TO PAY LOWER MULTIPLES AND GET THOSE DISCIPLINED COMPANIES I THINK IN PARTICULAR THE WAY WE'VE STARTED TO CONSTRUCT THIS PORTFOLIO IS TOWARDS THOSE HIGHER GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES WITHOUT GOING TOO FAR OUT ON THE RISK SPECTRUM. SO THAT'S PROBABLY WHY IN ADDITION TO THE THE VALUATION METHODOLOGIES THAT THE JEEPS ARE USING, WE COULD EXPECT SOME BOUNCE BACK GRADED AND NOT A PUBLIC MARKET VALUE INDEX. >> OK, THANKS. THAT'S HELPFUL. >> I MEAN I DO APPRECIATE WHAT CASEY'S POINT THAT PERHAPS Q1 VALUATIONS FOR SOME OF THE MID-CAP WERE NOT AS STEEPLY DOWN AS THE REST OF THE MARKET AND ALSO THE POINT YOU MADE ABOUT GROWTH. THE REST OF IT I'M NOT SURE I AGREE. YOU'RE RIGHT. PERHAPS IN THE LONG TERM IT MAY NOT BE MUCH CORRELATION BUT I'D IMAGINE THAT'S THE ONLY VALUATION BENCHMARK OUT THERE AT THIS POINT. BUT THE POINT. THANKS. I'LL SEND IT. NO, THAT'S IT FOR ME. THANKS. >> I'M TRUSTEE LEE HOWARD. EVERYTHING. DREW, CAN I JUMP IN REAL QUICK? I COULD. CASEY, I APOLOGIZE FOR THIS. SOME OF YOUR MESSAGES COMING BACK PRETTY GARBLE JUST TO TRY AND PLAY WITHIN TRYING TO FIX IT UP. DO YOU MIND TAKING OFF YOUR VIDEO FEED TO SEE IF THERE IS A BANDWIDTH ISSUE AND THAT MAYBE THAT'LL CLEAR UP DURING YOUR YOUR CONVERSATIONS? SURE. >> THANK YOU. THANKS, DREW. OH, SURE. NO WORRIES. ANDREW. HOWARD, DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTION I ASK? NO. CASEY, THANK YOU. I'M GOOD FOR NOW. >> SRT EVERYTHING YOU'RE ON JAPAN WITH. YEAH. THANK YOU, DREW. A COUPLE OF QUESTIONS. SO ONE IS YOU KNOW, I THINK YOU MENTIONED DIEP PERFORMANCE NUMBERS Q1 MINUS 8 AND Q2 PLUS 10. THE PRESENTATION THOUGH YOU SHOW IT MORE AS A THE CUMULATIVE IRR AND NYC AS IT MAKES SENSE TO KIND OF YOU KNOW WHEN YOU'RE DOING THE QUARTERLY REPORT TO KIND WEREN'T THE AGGREGATE PERFORMANCE NUMBER JUST SO YOU CAN SEE IT OTHERWISE SOMEBODY READS IT HAS TO REALLY GO BACK TO THE LAST QUARTER AND LOOK AT THIS QUARTER AND KIND OF BACK OUT THE NUMBERS. SO WE DO HAVE THE THE PERFORMANCE BOTH QUARTERS ON PAGE 8 AT A NET BASIS BUT THE OVERALL PORTFOLIO IS BUT HAPPY TO ADD ADD TO THAT IF IT'S HELPFUL I'M THINKING JUST LIKE THE QUARTERLY PRINT FOR THE PRIVATE EQUITY PORTION OF IS YOUR OWN SAYING LIKE THERE IS A MINUS 8 TO YOU KNOW IN THIS PRESENTATION I DON'T SEE IT ANYWHERE. >> YEAH WE WE DON'T HAVE THAT NUMBERS THAT TYPICALLY BUT WE CAN GET THAT. >> I MEAN I THINK IT'S USEFUL ESPECIALLY WHEN YOU GO THROUGH THIS VOLATILE ENVIRONMENT. BUT YEAH I COULD JUST MENTION THE SECOND QUESTION. YOU KNOW I GUESS BOTH FOR YOU AND BRIAN YOU KNOW IF I YOU IN SOME SEMINARS THAT I'VE TAKEN YOU KNOW IN SOME SEMINARS THAT I'VE TAKEN PART MONTH AGO, YOU KNOW, EVERYBODY WAS TALKING ABOUT 20, 20 AND MAYBE EVEN 20 21 BEING VINTAGE YEAR FOR PRIVATE EQUITY BECAUSE YOU KNOW ,VALUATIONS ARE PROBABLY ATTRACTIVE. BUT JUST GIVEN THAT THINGS HAVE BOUNCED BACK, HAVE THOSE OPPORTUNITIES DISAPPEARED OR ARE THINGS STILL IN INTERESTING FOR NEW INVESTMENTS WE'RE MAKING? SO FROM MY POINT OF VIEW AND VERY MUCH STILL INTERESTING. SO ONE THING I DID MENTION EARLIER WHICH I THINK IS VERY TRUE IS YOU KNOW, THERE THERE DEFINITELY HAVE BEEN WINNERS AND LOSERS. THE WINNERS ARE STILL VERY MUCH YOU SELLERS OR THOSE WINNING COMPANIES ARE STILL VERY MUCH EXPECTED PAYING HIGHER MULTIPLES AND HIGHER VALUATIONS FOR THE COMPANIES WHICH WE HAVE FOUND AS WE'VE BEEN DOING DILIGENCE ON THOSE QUOTE UNQUOTE WINNERS IS THEY THEY ARE VERY GOOD COMPANIES. SO I THINK THE VALUATION EXPECTATION IS IS EXPECTED AND IS IN LINE WITH WHAT YOU WOULD PAY FOR A GOOD COMPANY. WHAT I THINK HAS HAPPENED IS THAT WE'LL BE GOOD. MOVING FORWARD ARE SOME OF THOSE COMPANIES THAT DO NEED MORE WORK INSTEAD OF PAYING THAT HIGHER VALUATION THAT WE KNOW THAT PEOPLE ARE ASKING FOR. PREVIOUSLY I THINK THOSE WILL COME DOWN A LOT OF THOSE COMPANIES. IT TAKES MORE WORK BUT PRIVATE EQUITY FIRMS TODAY ARE VERY MUCH VALUE BUYOUT FIRMS THAT HAVE HUGE OPERATING COMMITTEES AND OPERATING TEAMS THAT CAN HANDLE THAT. SO IT'S VERY MUCH MAKING SURE THAT THE COMPANY YOUR PURCHASING REALLY WARRANTS A HIGHER VALUATION AND MAKING SURE THAT THE COMPANIES THAT NEED A LITTLE BIT MORE WORK YOU'RE PAYING A FAIR VALUE FOR. SO I THINK THERE ARE GOING TO BE GREAT OPPORTUNITIES IN THE NEXT COUPLE VINTAGES WHICH FALL IN LINE WITH A LOT OF HISTORICAL PERFORMANCE OF 2009 2010 BEING GOOD VINTAGES AS WELL. WE GENERALLY ECHOED THAT SENTIMENT. I THINK YOU KNOW, THIS IS WHERE THE DILIGENCE ON A PARTICULAR MANAGER BECOMES VERY IMPORTANT ALSO BECAUSE YOU KNOW THERE ARE MANAGERS OUT THERE WHO MIGHT GRAVITATE TOWARDS TOWARDS BUILDING PORTFOLIOS THAT I WOULD SAY ARE SIMILAR TO TWO PUBLIC MARKETS INCENTIVE CHASING THINGS THAT HAVE NOT BEEN AS AFFECTED BY COVID OR BOUNCED BACK RAPIDLY AND THERE WILL BE THOSE WHO ARE REALLY LOOKING FOR THOSE AFFECTED INDUSTRIES. AND I THINK THAT AS WE CONSTRUCT PORTFOLIOS. BUT ON A PRIMARY FUND BASIS AND THROUGH COM INVESTMENTS WE'LL BE MAKING SURE THAT WE HAVE A BALANCED APPROACH TO TO OUR EXPOSURES. >> AGAIN, LAST QUESTION ARE THERE MORE CO-INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES THAN USUAL JUST GIVEN MAYBE SOME COMPANIES HAVE THAT EXTRA FINISHED FINANCING NEED NOW? >> I WOULD SAY I MEAN IF WE IF WE LOOK AT OUR DEAL FLOW FOR YEAR TO DATE 20 20 OVERALL IT HAS BEEN DOWN BUT THAT SIMPLY BECAUSE OF THE THE SLOWDOWN IN KIND OF APRIL AND MAY WHEN WE LOOK AT WHAT WE HAVE RECEIVED IN TERMS OF DEAL FLOW FOR COAL INVESTMENTS STARTING IN EVEN JUNE, JULY, AUGUST OUR AVERAGE DEALS PER WEEK IS ACTUALLY UP. SO IN Q1 2020 WE HAD APPROXIMATELY SIX DEALS PER WEEK AND RECENTLY IN THE LAST FEW MONTHS IT'S BEEN EIGHT DEALS PER WEEK. SO IT'S A COMBINATION OF THE MARKET BUT IT'S ALSO A COMBINATION OF THE FACT THAT THAT FOR YOU KNOW FOR US AS A PLATFORM RIGHT NOW PRIVATE EQUITY FIRMS WANT TO PARTNER WITH CO-INVESTMENT PARTNERS THAT THEY KNOW CAN FULFILL TRANSACTIONS AND DO THAT IN A QUICK AND EFFICIENT MANNER AS WELL AS PROPERLY DILIGENCE. >> AND SO THERE THEY ARE GOING SPECIFICALLY TO PARTNERS THAT CAN DO THAT. SO IF YOU FURTHER BREAK DOWN OUR DEAL FLOW THE KIND OF RUN OF THE MILL CO-INVESTMENT IS A CO-INVESTMENT THAT IS HANDED TO A CO-INVESTMENT PARTNER POST TRANSACTION. THAT'S YOUR TYPICAL TRANSACTION . THAT AMOUNT OF DEAL FLOW HAS GONE DOWN. THE DEAL FLOW WE HAVE SEEN INCREASE IS ACTUALLY IN THE WHAT WE CALL CO UNDERWRITING TRANSACTION WHERE WE ARE ACTUALLY PARTNERING WITH A PRIVATE EQUITY FUND PRIOR TO THE TO THE INKING IN CLOSING OF THE DEAL. SO WE'RE ABLE TO DO DILIGENCE ALONGSIDE OF THEM PRIOR TO THE DEAL CLOSING AND WE'RE BEING BROUGHT INTO EVEN MORE OF THOSE PROCESSES BECAUSE THEY REALLY WANT ASSURANCE THAT THEY WILL BE ABLE TO CLOSE. SO I THINK PARTS OF THE MARKET ARE DOWN. PART OF PART OF THEM PART OF THE MARKETS ARE UP AND LUCKILY FOR US THROUGH OUR PLATFORM AND RELATIONSHIPS WE'VE BEEN ABLE TO CAPITALIZE ON THAT PART OF THE MARKET THAT IS UP OKAY. THANK YOU GUYS. THAT'S ALL. ANDREW, THANKS. AS FOR NICK, YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS FOR CASEY EUROPEAN MEDIA, OLYMPIC. >> BUT AS YOU KNOW,, DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS FOR CASEY? >> NO, THANK YOU. GREAT. VINCE, AS YOU KNOW BEFORE JOINING US AT SOME POINT, FRANCO, DO YOU HAVE A HAIRCUT FOR NOW? >> NO QUESTIONS NOW. >> GREAT. AND I DON'T EITHER. CASEY, THANK YOU. THAT WAS PROBABLY RIGHT. >> YEAH. SORRY I HAD A QUESTION I WANTED TO ASK. SORRY AM I OUT OF ORDER? I KNOW WHETHER YOU'RE DOING THIS EXACTLY RIGHT. >> OKAY, GREAT. CASEY OR OR BRIAN, I HAD A QUESTION. I WAS I WAS ACTUALLY LOOKING AT THE NIKITA DATA I GUESS FOR THE OVERALL PLAN AND THEY MENTIONED IN ONE OF THE SLIDE CAMBRIDGE ASSOCIATES HAD THEIR P INDEX FOR Q2 20 AS MINUS 7 POINTS 6 PERCENT. SO IT'S DOWN. BUT CASEY, YOU MENTIONED EARLIER THAT YOU ESTIMATE IT TO TO THE PORTFOLIO TO BE UP 10 PERCENT. IS THERE A WAY TO UNDERSTAND WHAT THE DIFFERENCES JUMPING IN THERE? SO I ADMITTEDLY DON'T KNOW WHICH DATA POINT I'M GOING TO KEEP PRESENTATION THAT YOU'RE TALKING ABOUT. I IMAGINE WE'LL SEE THAT NEXT AND HOPEFULLY I'LL BE ABLE TO ANSWER IT AT THAT POINT. >> OKAY. YEAH, IT WAS IT WAS ONE OF THE BENCHMARKS ON SLIDE 20 OF THE MARKET PRESENTATION. IT TALKS ABOUT ALL THE BENCHMARKS AND IT MENTIONS CAMBRIDGE ASSOCIATES AS OTHER. YEAH. WHERE MAYBE WE CAN GET TO IT THEN AND HOLD OFF. THANKS. >> GREAT. THANKS ERIC. BACK TO YOUR ON MUTE PER VIEW. I WAS THINKING GRUTTER RIGHT. AND SO THAT TAKES US TO ITEM 2 C. EVERETT MARKETS REPORT WITH NIKITA. I'M GOING TO TURN THIS OVER TO LAURA ERIC. >> THANK YOU. GOOD MORNING, EVERYONE. HELLO. >> THANK WELL I'M GOING TO SHARE MY SCREEN HERE. CAN EVERYONE SEE IT? YES. OKAY, GREAT. >> THANKS, LAURA. >> GREAT. THANK YOU. OKAY. SO I'LL BE RELATIVELY QUICK SINCE THAT WAS A GREAT PRESENTATION BY CASEY OF NEUBERGER AND LOTS OF GOOD QUESTIONS AND TAKING A LOOK AT PAGE TWO. YOU CAN SEE HERE WHERE WE SHOW THE ACCOUNT TYPE SO LEGACY PRIVATE EQUITY BEFORE NEUBERGER CAME ON BOARD AND THEN THE NEUBERGER BERMAN FUND WON THE PRIVATE DEBT PROGRAM REAL ESTATE AND REAL ASSETS. AND ONE THING THAT'S RELATIVELY NEW ON THIS SLIDE IS SOMETHING THAT SOME OF OUR CLIENTS HAVE REQUESTED FOR SOME TIME WHICH IS IN THE FAR RIGHT COLUMN. IT'S A PUBLIC MARKET EQUIVALENT IRR. >> SO IF YOU TAKE A LOOK HERE THAT'S TAKING INTO ACCOUNT DAILY VALUATIONS IN THE PUBLIC MARKETS WHEN THESE PRIVATE MARKET UNDERLYING PARTNERSHIPS CALLED AND DISTRIBUTED CAPITAL . >> SO THE PNB IS WHAT YOU WOULD HAVE EARNED IN THE PUBLIC MARKETS IF YOU PUT YOUR CASH FLOWS TO WORK AT THE SAME TIME AND THEY WERE DISTRIBUTED AT THE SAME TIME. SO YOU CAN SEE HERE REALLY A STORY OF THE INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN FOR YOUR PROGRAM BEING STRONGER THAN WHAT YOU WOULD HAVE EARNED IN THE PUBLIC MARKETS ACROSS ALL ASSET CLASSES WITH THE EXCEPTION OF PRIVATE DEBT WHEREAS IT'S PRETTY CLOSE TO WHAT YOU WOULD HAVE EARNED IN THE PUBLIC MARKETS. BUT IF YOU RECALL PRIVATE DEBT STARTED OUT WITH THREE VERY LARGE COMMITMENTS THAT WERE DESIGNED TO REALLY BE OPPORTUNISTIC BACK IN 2009 AND NOT EVEN REALLY BE PRIVATE DEBT. BUT NOW THEY'RE CLASSIFIED AS PART OF THAT PROGRAM AS WELL AND MORE RECENT PRIVATE DEBT COMMITMENTS HAVE BEEN PERFORMING MUCH MORE STRONGLY. TAKING A LOOK AT PAGE THREE, WE STARTED OUT WITH THE PRIVATE PROGRAM HERE A NICE GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF YOUR DIVERSIFICATION ESPECIALLY IN THE PAST FEW YEARS WITH COMMITMENTS SCALING UP OVER TIME SO THAT WE DON'T PUT TOO MUCH TO WORK AT ONCE AND HAVE EXPOSURE TO DIFFERENT MARKET ENVIRONMENTS. >> AND I WILL SKIP AHEAD TO TAKE A LOOK AT THE UNDERLYING PARTNERSHIPS HERE IN PRIVATE DEBT. AND AS I MENTIONED, THOSE TOP THREE GSO MEDLEY WHITE OAK. WE'RE COMMITTED TO BY A PRIOR STAFF AS SORT OF AN OPPORTUNISTIC ALLOCATION COMING OUT OF THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS AND YOU CAN SEE THEY'VE HAD POSITIVE RETURNS BUT THEY HAVE NOT BEEN NEARLY CLOSE TO THE . THESE ARE MORE DIRECT LENDING FUNDS RATHER THAN OPPORTUNISTIC PRIVATE DEBT. BUT IF YOU TAKE A LOOK AT THE PRIVATE DEBT FUNDS THAT HAVE BEEN COMMITTED TO NOW HAVE MEANINGFUL PERFORMANCE SAVE FROM TWO THOUSAND AND FIFTEEN TO 2017 UNDER YOUR CURRENT STAFF OCTAGON CROSS OCEAN ARAMARK THOSE FUNDS ARE PERFORMING QUITE WELL AND EXCEEDING THEIR PEER BENCHMARK RETURNS. YOU CAN SEE THE EXPOSURE FOR THE PRIVATE DEBT PROGRAM ON PAGE 7 AND YOU CAN SEE A DECENT AMOUNT OF VERSUS VACATE DIVERSIFICATION BY VINTAGE YEAR WHICH IS WHAT WE WANT TO SEE AND WHY WE PUT IN PLACE PCM PLANS THAT THE BOARD APPROVES EACH YEAR. YOU CAN SEE A BIT OF A GEOGRAPHIC FOCUS BENT TOWARDS WESTERN EUROPE BECAUSE OF A COUPLE OF RECENT COMMITMENTS BUT ALSO SIGNIFICANT EXPOSURE IN NORTH AMERICA AS WELL IN THE REAL ASSETS PROGRAM STARTING ON PAGE 8. >> YOU CAN SEE HERE THAT THERE WERE SOME COMMITMENTS BACK IN 2016 AND THEN A SMALL ONE IN 2017 AND A BIT OF A LAG UNTIL 2019. THIS IS A PROGRAM THAT IS RELATIVELY IMMATURE BUT HAS BEEN SCALING UP RECENTLY. AND I'LL TAKE A LOOK AT THE PARTNERSHIPS THAT YOU HAVE HERE IN REAL ASSETS ON PAGE 11. THE FIRST ONE BEING BROOKFIELD WHICH IS SIGNIFICANTLY OUTPERFORMING ITS PURE INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN FOR OTHER SIMILAR FUNDS IN THAT VINTAGE YEAR GBP 3 WHICH WE STILL HAVE CONFIDENCE IN. NOT YET POSTING TOO MUCH OF A RETURN. AND THEN WE HAVE LIME ROCK, KIM RIDGE AND GLOBAL INFRASTRUCTURE PARTNERS FOR ALL OF WHICH ARE TOO NEW TO BE POSTING MEANINGFUL PERFORMANCE YET. SO A RELATIVELY IMMATURE PROGRAM BUT ONE THAT WE'RE STILL WORKING ON PUTTING TOGETHER ALONG WITH YOUR STAFF . >> YOU CAN SEE HERE THAT MOST OF THE EXPOSURE WAS IN 2016 FROM THOSE TWO INFRASTRUCTURE FUNDS. BROOKFIELD, G.I. PETE MOST OF THE EXPOSURE IS GLOBAL AND THEN WE TAKE A LOOK. MOVING ON TO REAL ESTATE. SO REAL ESTATE IS A PROGRAM THAT HAS BEEN COMMITTED TO REGULARLY OVER TIME BUT THERE WAS REALLY JUST ONE NEW FUND EVERY TWO OR THREE YEARS THAT WAS VERY DIVERSIFIED. BUT WITH YOUR CURRENT STAFF IN PLACE NOW WE'VE BEEN SCALING UP THE PROGRAM WITH MORE SPECIFIC ALLOCATIONS WHICH YOU CAN SEE HERE ON PAGE 16 YOU SEE FOR FUNDS THAT ARE ALL NEW. AS 20, 19 AND 20 20 WE DON'T YET HAVE MEANINGFUL PERFORMANCE. PRIOR TO THAT WE OFTEN WE'RE DOING SORT OF A DNA DIVERSIFIED FUND DIEP A 9 HERE IN TWENTY HEAD PERFORMANCE OF ALMOST DOUBLE THE BENCHMARK. THUS WE THEN MOVE INTO EXPOSURE . MOST OF THE REAL ESTATE EXPOSURE IS IN NORTH AMERICA. IT IS RELATIVELY DIVERSIFIED BY VINTAGE YEAR AND THAT'S SOMETHING WE'RE PLANNING TO CONTINUE TO MAINTAIN. BASED ON THE PACING PLANS APPROVED BY THE BOARD, THE LAST SECTION OF THE REPORT HAS A LOT OF INFORMATION ON THE MARKET ENVIRONMENT OF COURSE BECAUSE THIS IS THE LAGGED REPORT AS YOU KNOW PRIVATE MARKETS POST THEIR PERFORMANCE AT LEAST A QUARTER AFTER PUBLIC MARKETS AND THE MARKET ENVIRONMENT HAS CHANGED. BUT I WILL LET YOU PERUSE THE PRIVATE MARKETS ENVIRONMENT SLIDES AT YOUR LEISURE. SHOULD YOU BE INTERESTED? >> I'M HAPPY TO TAKE ANY QUESTIONS ON THE PRIVATE MARKETS REPORT. >> GOOD. THANKS, LAURA. ANDREW, DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS? NO QUESTION. THANK YOU, LAURA. GREAT. SUNITA, DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS FOR LAURA? >> THANK YOU, HOWARD. DO YOU WANT A ASKED THAT QUESTION AGAIN? NO, I CAN. I'LL ASK IT'LL SHOW UP ON THE NEXT THAT I DO. >> THAT'S RIGHT. YEAH, MY BET. ANY OTHER QUESTIONS NOW? I GET ON THIS ONE WITH EITHER LAURA OR MAYBE PRABHU OR BRYANT WITH RESPECT TO THE DISTRESSED DEBT OR DISTRESSED SITUATIONS. >> IS THERE ANY ANY POINT OF VIEW ON HOW THAT HOW THAT MIGHT PLAY OUT FOR THE PORTFOLIO? BECAUSE I THINK IN AT THE CONFERENCE LAST WEEK A PENSION BRIDGE THERE WAS A LOT OF TALK ABOUT SHIFTING FROM DISLOCATIONS TO THE DISTRESSED OPPORTUNITIES. AND IF YOU HAVE A POINT VIEW ON THAT OR ARE THERE ANY TRIGGERS THAT YOU SEE GOING FORWARD? LOOK, I GAVE YOU FIRST. >> SURE. YEAH. YOU KNOW, I THINK I THINK OVER THE PAST PROBABLY 10 YEARS THERE'S BEEN A LOT OF TALK ABOUT THE STRESS COMING BACK AT SOME POINT. ONE SEEN AS SORT OF CONTINGENT FUNDS WHERE CLIENTS COMMIT AND THE MANAGER ONLY CALLS CAPITAL IF THEY FIND OPPORTUNITIES. YOU DO DEFINITELY HAVE SOME EXPOSURE IN YOUR PORTFOLIO TO MANAGERS THAT CAN TAKE ADVANTAGE OF DISTRESSED SITUATIONS BUT I'LL LET BRIAN SPEAK TO THE SPECIFICS HERE. >> SO TO BE HONEST, I'VE SPENT A LOT OF TIME OVER THE LAST FEW YEARS DOING EXACTLY THIS AS RESEARCHING OBVIOUSLY PUBLIC CREDIT MARKETS HAVE LOOKED MISPRICED FOR SOME TIME AND THAT CONTINUES TO BE FORGIVEN. >> AND THERE WAS A MOMENT IN MARCH OBVIOUSLY WHERE ALL MARKETS DISLOCATED AND LOOKED LIKE WE ARE GOING TO GO THROUGH ONE OF THE BETTER PERIODS IN THE RECENT PAST FOR A DISTRESSED CREDIT ONLY TO FIND THAT MARKETS BOUNCE BACK FAIRLY RAPIDLY. WHAT HAPPENED DURING THAT TIME AS IT STARTED TO BECOME VERY CLEAR THAT THERE WAS A BUY VACATION BETWEEN MANAGERS WHO WERE LARGELY PURSUING LIQUIDITY DRIVEN STRATEGIES SO THEY WOULD BUY THAT WAS MORE OR LESS EXPECTED TO RESTRUCTURE AND MORE AND JUST DEPRESSED IN PRICING BECAUSE OF A NEED TO SELL. >> HISTORICALLY THE WAY I'VE APPROACHED DISTRESSED STRATEGIES FOR THE POLICE AND FIRE PRIVATE PORTFOLIO IS TO TARGET MANAGERS WHO ARE OPERATING IN SMALLER CAPITAL STRUCTURES AND HAVE THE EXPERTISE TO ACTUALLY SIT IN A CREDITOR COMMITTEE AND TRY AND GET A COMPANY THROUGH A PROCESS RATHER THAN JUST TRADE CREDIT ANYBODY ELSE AND JUMP IN ON THAT ANYTHING ELSE. >> OUR YOU KNOW HOWARD, I THINK ALL WE'RE HEARING IS IS STATIC SO I'LL ASSUME THAT YOU'RE DONE. >> ASH-HAR, DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS FOR LAUREN? YES. >> YEAH, THANKS TO YOU. SO LAURA, IF I LOOK AT PAGE TWO, I JUST WANT TO CLARIFY WHAT YOU SAID AND LET'S TAKE THE NEUBERGER FUND A 1 INR OF EIGHT POINT ONE WHICH IS A PUBLIC EQUITY YOU EQUIVALENT OF MINUS THIRTEEN POINT THREE. >> DOES THAT MEAN THAT IF AT THE SAME TIME YOU INVESTED IN. I'M ASSUMING IT'S THE RUSSELL 3000. THE RETURN WOULD BE AN EITHER OR MINUS THIRTEEN POINT THREE. >> THAT MEANS THAT EVERY TIME THAT ONE OF THESE UNDERLYING FUNDS CALLED CAPITAL IF MONEY WAS INVESTED IN THAT INDEX AND EVERY TIME THEY DISTRIBUTED CAPITAL MONEY WAS TAKEN OUT OF INDEX. SO IT'S REALLY A DAILY VALUATION THAT THAT'S WHAT OUR RETURN WOULD BE. >> AND THEN IS IT APPLES TO APPLES IS THE THE FUND A 1 VALUATION END OF MARCH OR IS IT THE END OF 2019? END OF MARCH. OKAY. >> AND THEN. SO QUESTION FOR DINESH MAYBE. I MEAN I THINK PEOPLE TALK ABOUT THE KICKER IN TERMS OF WHAT'S GOING ON IN THE ECONOMY AND I THINK IT'S MOST APPARENT IN THE REAL ESTATE. RIGHT. I MEAN I SPENT SOME IN SUBURBAN HOMES DOING WELL IN NEW YORK, SAN FRANCISCO NOT SO WELL. HOSPITALITY IS CLEARLY IN A BIG DOWNWARD. MAYBE MULTI-FAMILY IS OK. AND WHAT DO YOU HOW DO YOU ASSESS THE OPPORTUNITIES IN TERMS OF BOTH SIDES OF THAT CAKE RIGHT NOW OR YOU KNOW AND ARE NOT THINKING SHORT TERM BUT OVER THE NEXT FIVE TO SEVEN YEARS? >> YEAH, AND I THINK THAT'S SOMETHING THAT THERE'S STILL A LOT OF QUESTION MARKS AND THINGS THAT ARE YET TO BE SEEN. >> SO WE'RE STILL MONITORING HOW THESE TRENDS ARE GONNA PLAY OUT AND I THINK THERE IS SOME DATA THAT SHOWS THAT THERE IS A FLIGHT OUT OF URBAN CITIES TO MORE SUBURBAN AREAS AND IT'S STILL YET TO BE SEEN IF THAT'S GOING TO BE A LONG TERM TREND OR TEMPORARY. SO I THINK WITH THE WAY THAT WE'RE APPROACHING IT IS TO LOOK AT MORE DIRECT OPPORTUNITY WHERE THERE'S SOMETHING THAT'S MORE UNIQUE TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF AN OPPORTUNITY SET SUCH AS BUYING ASSETS CHEAPER THAN THAN WHAT THEY'RE WORTH AND HAVING MULTIPLE OPPORTUNITIES TO TO PROFIT FROM IT. SO NOT JUST MAKING A BET ON SUBURBAN VERSUS URBAN FOR EXAMPLE, THANK YOU. THAT'S IT. THANKS GUYS FOR IT. NICK, DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS FOR LAURA? >> NO SECOND NO. >>, DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS FOR LAURA? THANK YOU. BRANKO NOW NO I DON'T I DON'T HEAR LAURA USUAL GREAT JOB BACK TO YOU PROVOKE. THANK YOU, MR. CHAIRMAN. AND THEN WE WILL MOVE ON TO ITEM TWO DIEP. I WILL TAKE THE BATON FROM LAURA AND GET BACK TO HER. >> SEE HERE YOU FIND THIS REPORT, RIGHT? >> CAN EVERYONE SEE THIS? ALL RIGHT. >> OK, SO THE QUARTERLY REVIEW. SO THIS IS AS OF JUNE 30TH AND LOOKING AT THE WORLD MARKETS HERE JUST THE WAY SORT OF BACKDROP YOU HAVE ALL ASSET CLASSES, POSITIVE WHICH WAS OBVIOUSLY A MAJOR CONTRAST TO THE FIRST QUARTER WHEN WE HAD A MAJOR CORRECTION. >> LAURA. LAURA, HANG ON A I THINK ARE YOU NOT SEEING IT YET NOW? >> RIGHT. ALL RIGHT. WE'LL SEE. I BET I CAN FIND A DIFFERENT WAY HERE. >> FINE. >> YEAH, I THINK IT'S A BROADCASTING THE PREVIOUS YEAR. YEAH. I MEAN TO SEE TO BACK JUST G ON THE RIGHT SIZE HERE. I NORMALLY HAVE MY MY TRUSTY SIDEKICK CHRIS THEODORE TO HELP OUT. HE IS ON VACATION THIS WEEK SO I'M ON MY OWN. >> SO IN TERMS OF WORLD MARKETS, IF WE TAKE CAN EVERYONE SEE THE THE COLORED FEBRUARY 19TH. TODAY WE HAVE SOME MORE VOLATILITY. MARKETS ARE DOWN WHERE WE SIT RIGHT NOW. BUT IF WE LOOK THROUGH THE END OF JUNE, SMALL CAP STOCKS WERE UP 25 PERCENT IN THE QUARTER. THE RUSSELL 3000 WHICH IS ALL U.S. STOCKS A BROAD SWATH OF U.S. STOCKS WAS 22 PERCENT FOLLOWED BY THE S&P 500 UP OVER 20 PERCENT. EMERGING MARKETS STOCKS DID BETTER THAN DEVELOPED MARKETS. IF YOU SEE THE ORANGE EMERGING MARKETS FAR WITH UP EIGHTEEN POINT ONE PERCENT IN THE SECOND QUARTER, THE EFA INDEX WHICH WAS DEVELOPED INTERNATIONAL STOCKS WAS UP JUST UNDER 15 PERCENT AND THEN YOU HAVE THAT FOLLOWED BY RATES HIGH YIELD BONDS, EMERGING MARKETS BONDS AND THEN HEDGE FUNDS EVEN COMMODITIES HIGH GRADE BONDS WERE UP ALMOST 3 PERCENT. ONE THING THAT I THINK IS INTERESTING ON THE NEXT SLIDE IS THE HUGE DIFFERENCE IF WE LOOK ESPECIALLY AT THE ONE YEAR PERIOD BETWEEN CAPITALIZATIONS AND STYLES. IF YOU TAKE A LOOK IN THE ONE YEAR COLUMN AT THE RUSSELL 2000 GROWTH INDEX THAT'S LARGE CAP GROWTH STOCKS THAT WAS UP TWENTY THREE PERCENT FOR YOUR FISCAL YEAR. THE RUSSELL 2000 VALUE SMALL CAP VALUE STOCKS WAS DOWN SEVENTEEN POINT FIVE PERCENT FOR THE FISCAL YEAR. SO THAT'S JUST AN ENORMOUS DISPERSION BETWEEN LARGE CAP GROWTH WHICH AS YOU ALL KNOW INTIMATELY AND MANY TECH STOCKS SORT OF LEADING THE WAY IN THAT SPACE AND FROM SMALL VALUE. >> I WILL SKIP AHEAD. >> I MEAN THE INTEREST TIME TO YOUR PERFORMANCE SPECIFICALLY WE HAVE THE WATCH LIST AS YOU KNOW NOTHING IN PARTICULAR NOTE THERE DIMENSIONAL VALUE HAS BEEN UNDERPERFORMING AS I JUST MENTIONED. YOU KNOW, VALUE STOCKS HAVE BEEN BEAT UP SORT INORDINATELY BLUE BAY AND THAT IS A MANAGER THAT WE'RE EVALUATING ALONG WITH STAFF. WE'RE TALKING ABOUT A COMPOSITION OF EMERGING MARKET THAT IN DEPTH LATELY AND I WOULD EXPECT TO SEE SOME UPDATES THERE SOON. SO I WILL SKIP TO YOUR FUND'S SPECIFICALLY WHICH HAD A MARKET VALUE OF THREE POINT SEVEN BILLION AS OF THE END OF JUNE. I THINK YOU ALL ARE REALLY A SORT OF POSTER CHILD TAIL FOR REBALANCING AT THE RIGHT TIME. MARCH 18TH AND THEN EXECUTING IT IN A FEW DAYS AFTER THAT COULD NOT HAVE HAD BETTER TIMING. IF YOU TAKE A LOOK AT THE CURRENT ALLOCATION IT'S VERY CLOSE TO THAT NEW POLICY THAT YOU ADOPTED IN MARCH WITH WITH MORE EQUITY LOOKING AT INDIVIDUAL FUND PERFORMANCE . SO YOUR FUND YOUR PLAN WAS UP NEARLY 10 PERCENT IN THE SECOND QUARTER OF NINE POINT SIX PERCENT FOR THE FISCAL YEAR WHICH I'LL FOCUS ON BECAUSE THAT'S OBVIOUSLY A MAJOR IMPORTANT TIME PERIOD FOR YOU ALL. THE TOTAL FUND WAS UP THREE POINT ONE PERCENT AND OUTPERFORMED EVERY BENCHMARK THAT YOU SEE HERE. SO OUTPERFORMED THE INVESTABLE BENCHMARK PORTFOLIO WHICH IS WHAT YOU COULD HAVE GOTTEN IN PUBLIC MARKETS WHICH WAS AT TWO POINT FOUR PERCENT OUTPERFORMED THE LOW COST PASSIVE PORTFOLIO WHICH BARELY WOULD HAVE BEEN POSITIVE AND THE 60 40 BLEND WHICH WOULD HAVE BEEN UP TWO POINT NINE LIABILITY BENCHMARK PORTFOLIO IF YOU RECALL IS LONG TERM GOVERNMENT BONDS WHICH HAVE DONE QUITE WELL FOR THE FISCAL YEAR. >> SO THAT DIDN'T HAVE A RETURN OF 25 PERCENT. AND THEN IF YOU LOOK AT THE PEER MEDIAN RETURN IT WAS ONE POINT THREE PERCENT. SO YOU HAD MORE THAN DOUBLE RETURN OF THE PURE MEDIAN AND THAT PLACED THE POLICE AND FIRE PLAN IN THE 17TH PERCENTILE WITH 1 BEING BEST AND 100 BEING WORSE TOP QUARTILE PERFORMANCE FOR THE YEAR TO DATE PERIOD FOR THE FISCAL YEAR TO DATE. AND THAT ALSO BROUGHT THE THREE YEAR NUMBERS BACK CLOSER MEDIAN. AND WE REALLY SAW A LOT OF BROAD OUTPERFORMANCE ACROSS ASSET CLASSES PARTICULARLY IN PUBLIC EQUITY. IF YOU TAKE A LOOK DOWN THIS PAGE AND ON THE NEXT ONE AND WE REALLY SAW ALSO PRIVATE EQUITY RETURNS QUITE STRONG THE EIGHT POINT THREE PERCENT RETURN ON THE SLIDE. PART OF THAT IS BECAUSE THE RUSSELL 3000 IS HOLDING ASSETS FOR YOUR PRIVATE EQUITY PROGRAM AND THEN WE SAW A VARIETY OF OTHER ASSET CLASSES DO WELL IN PARTICULAR EMERGING MARKET DEBT HAD A RETURN OF EIGHT POINT SEVEN PERCENT RELATIVE TO NEGATIVE ONE POINT ONE FOR YOUR BENCHMARK. SO THAT PLACE IT IN THE FIRST PERCENTILE AND A LOT OF THAT IS BECAUSE YOU HAVE A LONG, SHORT EMERGING MARKET MANAGER CALLED WELLINGTON. WAS YOU IN THAT ASSET CLASS? AS I MENTIONED, YOU KNOW, MOST OF YOUR MANAGERS PERFORMED QUITE WELL. >> YOU HAD VERY GOOD STOCK SELECTION. SO I'M NOT GOING TO GO INTO INDIVIDUAL MANAGER PERFORMING. I'D RATHER SKIP TO TOTAL FUND STRATEGY WHICH IT'S EASIER TO SCROLL ON MY OTHER SHEET BUT I WILL LOOK AT OVERALL CASH FLOWS. IF YOU TAKE A LOOK THERE IS A NET INVESTMENT INFLOW OF ABOUT SIXTY THREE MILLION BUT ALSO TWO HUNDRED AND FIFTY MILLION IN NET INVESTMENT CHANGE. SO YOU HAD INVESTMENT EARNINGS JUST FROM MARCH THIRTY FIRST THROUGH JUNE 30TH OF TWO HUNDRED AND FIFTY MILLION DOLLARS IN THE PLAN AND THEN LOOKING AT ATTRIBUTION YOU CAN SEE ON SLIDE FORTY SIX HERE. >> SO THIS IS THE ONE YEAR ATTRIBUTION AND YOU CAN SEE REALLY STRONG STOCK SELECTION AND ALLOCATION EFFECTS ACROSS YOUR FUND FOR OUTPERFORMANCE RELATIVE TO THE BENCHMARK BEING UNDER ALLOCATED TO INVESTMENT GRADE BONDS RELATIVE TO YOUR POLICY GAVE YOU A STRONG ALLOCATION EFFECT SINCE INVESTMENT GRADE BONDS DIDN'T DO AS WELL AS EQUITIES. AND THEN YOU'VE HAD REALLY STRONG MANAGER SELECTION AND OUTPERFORMANCE ACROSS THE TOTAL AS WELL. I'M TAKING A LOOK AT SOME OF OUR ADDITIONAL METRICS HERE. ONE THING THAT I'D LIKE TO POINT OUT. I MENTIONED THAT THE TOTAL FUND PERFORMANCE OF THREE POINT ONE RELATIVE TO ONE POINT THREE FOR THE PURE MEDIAN. ONE THING THAT'S ALSO IMPRESSIVE ABOUT THAT IS THAT OVER THAT ONE YEAR PERIOD THE TOTAL FUNDS STANDARD DEVIATION OR VOLATILITY WAS MUCH LOWER THAN THE PURE MEDIAN AS WELL. AND THE FUND'S VOLATILITY WAS TEN POINT FOUR RELATIVE TO TWELVE POINT ONE FOR THE PURE MEDIAN. >> SO THERE THERE OBVIOUSLY IS A LOT OF OTHER INFORMATION IN THIS REPORT AS WELL. I WANTED TO FOCUS ON ON THE HIGHLIGHTS AND I'M HAPPY TO TAKE ANY QUESTIONS. >> THAT'S GREAT, LAURA. ANDREW, ANYTHING FROM YOU CAN YOU COME BACK TO ME MY PRIOR I HAVE A QUESTION ON SECOND. >> YEAH. ALL RIGHT. NO WORRIES. THAT THEN TAKES SUNITA. DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS YOU NEED TO KNOW? >> THANK YOU. GREAT. HOWARD? >> YEAH. >> SO MY APOLOGIES FOR MY AUDIO CUT ON THE LAST LAST SESSION BUT YEAH, IF WE CAN GO BACK TO SLIDE TWENTY SIX NOW SORRY TO SLIDE 20 WAS MY ORIGINAL QUESTION SLIDE 20 UNDER THE OTHER CATEGORY NEAR THE BOTTOM. CAMBRIDGE ASSOCIATES P INDEX THAT'S WHERE IT SHOWS A MINUS SEVEN POINT SIX AND THAT'S WHY I WANTED TO UNDERSTAND HOW I GUESS FROM OUR PERSPECTIVE THE ORIGINAL NEUBERGER BERMAN SLIDES HOW Q2 MIGHT BE UP FOR PRIVATE EQUITY. >> YEAH IT'S A GOOD QUESTION. >> SO WITH PRIVATE EQUITY BENCHMARKS THE CAMBRIDGE BENCHMARK IS JUST ESSENTIALLY A PURE MEDIAN. SO CAMBRIDGE NEEDS TO WAIT FOR ALL OF THE FUNDS IN THEIR UNIVERSE TO REPORT TO PUT OUT A NUMBER. SO THIS NUMBER IS ALWAYS GOING TO BE A QUARTER LAG. SO EVEN THOUGH THIS SHOWS SECOND QUARTER OF 20 20 THIS IS ACTUALLY THE RETURN FOR THE FIRST QUARTER, OK? >> YES. SORRY I'VE MISSED THAT. OK. GOT IT. THAT MAKES SENSE. THANKS. AND THE AND THE OTHER QUESTION WAS WITH RESPECT TO CASH, DO WE HAVE A POINT OF VIEW ON WHETHER OR NOT WE NEED TO ADJUST OUR CASH POSITION GIVEN THE LOW INTEREST RATE ENVIRONMENT? >> SO CASH IS NOT A TARGET IN THE PLAN SO MUCH AS SOMETHING THAT WE USE TO BE ABLE TO USE THE OVERLAY AND AND MOVE AROUND. AND SO THE CASH THAT'S THE CURRENT ALLOCATION HERE IS REALLY AN ARTIFACT OF HAVING SOME THINGS THAT WE'RE FUNDING AND MOVING AROUND MORE THAN I THINK THE STRATEGIC ALLOCATION. SO I DON'T BELIEVE THAT WE OR STAFF PLAN TO HOLD CASH FOR LONG TERM. >> ANY OTHER QUESTIONS THERE? >> OUR NO THANK YOU. >> THAT'S GREAT. AS FAR AS IF I MAY JUST FOLLOW UP AND WOULD HUBBARD ASK SO. >> SO CASH POLICY BENCHMARK IS ZERO. SO I SEE AN INVESTMENT GRADE BONDS YOU KNOW YOU SHOULD BE A 12 YEAR AT 9. SO IS THE GOAL TO MOVE THE CASH TO INVESTMENT GRADE BONDS? >> HI, THIS IS J. IS EXACTLY RIGHT. CASH IS NOT PART OF THIS STRATEGIC ASSET ALLOCATION AND I THINK THE REPORTING HERE IS KIND OF AN ARTIFACT OF THE WAY THE OVERLY NOTIONAL BALANCES ARE ACCOUNTED FOR. SO WE TYPICALLY IN TERMS OF ECONOMIC EXPOSURE AT THE CLAN LEVEL HAVE CASH BALANCES OR CASH. >> ACTUAL CASH FLOWS YOU'RE A PERCENT OR LESS BECAUSE ANY EXCESS CASH IS BEING OVERLAID AT ANY GIVEN TIME. I THINK MOST OF OUR EARLY BALANCES ARE IN THE 1 TO 3 YEAR GAP CREDIT OR THE AG AND THAT'LL CHANGE AS WE SELECT PROBABLY AN ACTIVE CORE BOND STRATEGY LATER ON. >> BUT TO SUMMARIZE THAT THE CASH BALANCE ISN'T ACTUALLY CASH EXPOSURE IT'S BEING OVERLAID THROUGH A BASKET OF FUTURES AND THE KIND OF UNDERWAY TO AIG BOND OR ACTUALLY THE FIXED INCOME PORTFOLIO RIGHT NOW IS ACTUALLY BEING COVID BY THE OVERLAY. >> OKAY. >> THANK YOU. ONE MORE QUESTION FOR TURN TO PAGE 15 AND I THINK YOU KNOW SO WE VERY CONSERVATIVELY POSITIONED YOU KNOW, WE'VE ADDED TO GROWTH. >> AND I THINK BASED ON SOME DATA THAT YOU KNOW, I GUESS WE PRESENTATION WHICH YOU'LL HAVE SEEN. IS IT FAIR TO SAY THAT OUR GROWTH EXPOSURE IS MAYBE IN LINE WITH OUR PEER GROUP? >> I THINK IT'S FAIR TO SAY THAT THE GROWTH EXPOSURE IS IN LINE WITH THE PEER GROUP MAYBE VERY SLIGHTLY HIGHER. >> OKAY. OKAY. SO THEN THE QUESTION IS. SO IT WAS A GOOD QUARTER PLUS NINE POINT SIX BUT WE SEEM TO BE LAGGING THE PEER MEDIAN RETURN OF TEN POINT ONE AND THE INVESTMENT BENCHMARK PORTFOLIO WHICH SEEMS TO BE MUCH HIGHER. I MEAN WHAT WHAT MIGHT EXPLAIN THAT? >> I THINK WHAT WE EXPLAINED THAT IS IS THE MOVEMENT THAT TOOK PLACE DURING THE QUARTER AND SOME SORT OF TILTS IN THE PORTFOLIO. SO YOU KNOW, THERE IS MORE EXPOSURE MAYBE TO NON U.S. SECURITIES AND TO VALUE WHICH YOU KNOW, EVEN THOUGH YOU HAD A REALLY STRONG MANAGER SELECTION RELATIVE TO THEIR BENCHMARKS, IF YOU HAD BEEN 100 PERCENT US OR MORE GROWTH FEE THAT WOULD HAVE HAD A HIGHER QUARTER RETURN. >> SO WOULD YOU SAY THAT U.S. EXPOSURES TO LAX A PEER GROUP OR I CAN ACTUALLY SHOW YOU THAT SOMEWHERE NEAR THE A? >> CAN I ADD SOMETHING START TO KIND OF KNOW. OKAY. SO BECAUSE WE HAVE A HIGHER ALLOCATION TO THE EMERGING MARKETS IN INTERNATIONAL EQUITY THAN OUR PEERS AND IF YOU LOOK AT THE CORE OF YOUR RETURN YOUR HAS OUTPERFORMED EMERGING MARKETS AND INTERNATIONAL MIND YOUR. SO THAT'S I THINK THE REASON WHY IT'S SLIGHTLY WALESH 10 PERCENT MEDIUM TERM. OKAY. THANK YOU. THAT'S ALL ANDREW. OH THANKS. AS FOR NICK, DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS FOR LAURA BECAUSE NO DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS FOR LAURA? >> NO, I DON'T THINK FRANCO I'LL TAKE THAT AS NO. >> BACK TO YOU, ANDREW. YEAH. >> THANKS, DREW. I THINK AS WE ARE AND BROUGHT UP A GOOD POINT AND TOUCHED ON AND SO DID HOWARD REGARDS TO THE CASH. SO THOSE QUESTIONS WERE ASKED AS I WAS LOOKING AT THE CASH BALANCE PLUS THE YOU KNOW, THE LOW BETA IT SEEMS LIKE THEY'RE BOTH IN SORT OF THAT BASICALLY 90 DAY T BILLS. AND SO I THINK YOU GUYS HAVE ANSWERED THAT QUESTION AND AND CUT THAT. SO I APPRECIATE IT. THANK YOU. GREAT. SO BEING ONE OF THE OLD GRAY HAIRS ON THE BOARD, I'M GONNA WEIGH IN. VINCE IS IN HERE. SO FIRST OF ALL, LAURA, LET ME PERSONALLY THANK YOU FOR JOINING US ON THAT LITTLE FIRED DRILL BACK IN MARCH AND MAKING IT SUCH A BIG SUCCESS BOOST CERTAINLY TO YOU AND ROBERTO AND YOUR STAFF. I'M A VENTURE CAPITALIST AND I GUESS YOU THINK OF STARTUPS AS MOVING FAST. BUT ACTUALLY OF COURSE VENTURE CAPITAL IS WHAT WE CALL PATIENT CAPITAL AND I THINK ONE OF THE LESSONS I'VE LEARNED IN MY LIFE IS THAT YOU CAN MAKE A LOT OF MONEY IF YOU SET A PLAN AND YOU KEEP IT TRACKS AND YOU MODULATE THE PLAN BUT YOU JUST STICK WITH THE PLAN. >> AND SO WHAT HAPPENED IN MARCH THAT LAURA WAS SO SUCCESSFUL FIRST BEGAN AN OFF SITE IN THE WINTER OF 2011 WHEN VINCENT ZARE STOOD UP AND SAID HEY, AUBREY KEEPS TELLING US WE'RE DIFFERENT SO LET'S BE DIFFERENT. >> SO I CAN PUT YOU ON THE SPOT STAFF AND I CAN BUT I'D REALLY APPRECIATE IT. LAURIE, IF YOU'D COME BACK NEXT BOARD MAYBE TO BOARD ME FOR NOW AND GOD HELP ME I'M GOING TO ASK THIS LAURA BUT COME BACK AND KIND OF LOOK AT PERSPECTIVE AND SAY YEAH, IT WORKED WELL. LAURA, WHAT COULD WE HAVE DONE BETTER? I'LL PUT YOU ON THE SPOT BUT MAYBE YOU AND STAFF COME AND SAY BOY, WE WAITED NINE YEARS TO PULL THE TRIGGER. IT CLEARLY WORKED. MIGHT BE ANOTHER SIX, SEVEN, EIGHT YEARS FOR WE PULL THAT TRIGGER AGAIN. LAURA SO LET'S CAPTURE THE LEARNING FROM FROM THIS EXPERIENCE SO THAT THE NEXT BOARD CAN BE HANDED A PIECE OF PAPER THAT SAYS THIS IS WHAT WE DID WELL AND WHAT WE COULD'VE DONE BETTER AND NOW IT'S YOUR TURN. IT MAKES SENSE, RIGHT? LAURA IT DOES. >> I THINK I. I WOULD PUT THAT BACK ON THE BOARD AND THE STAFF TO SAY THAT THE BOARD CHANGED ITS GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE WHICH WAS INCREDIBLY SUCCESSFUL. AND THEN YOU HAD THE RIGHT STAFF IN PLACE AND THE RIGHT CIO WHO CALLED THE MEETING AT THE RIGHT TIME AND WAS WILLING TO GO OUT ON A LIMB AND CHANGE THE ALLOCATION QUICKLY. SO I THINK IT WAS A SUCCESS ON THE BOARD AND STAFF'S PART QUITE A BIT BINGO LEARNS FROM IT. >> MAYBE YOU AND LAURA CAN KIND OF LINK ARMS AND A BOARD MEMBER OR TWO FROM NOW AND LET'S CAPTURE THIS LEARNING FOR ANY FUTURE BOARD. YEAH. I THINK YOU'RE EXACTLY RIGHT, LAURA. >> SO. SO THE LEARNING WILL BE LEARNING TO THE CIO TO THE CEO OF THE BOARD TO FUTURE PEOPLE IN YOUR ROLE. LAWRENCE ON THIS WAS A PRETTY BIG INSANE PRESIDENTS. ARE THERE ANY QUESTIONS FROM THE CROWD IF NOT PURVIEW? >> BACK TO YOU. THANK YOU, MR. CHAIRMAN. THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND COMMENTS AND CERTAINLY THIS SOME LEARNING HERE. AND WE WILL COME BACK TO YOU IN A QUARTER OR SO. AND WITH THAT I'M GOING TO TURN THIS BACK TO LAURA FOR TWO E! >> ALL RIGHT. OKAY. CAN EVERYONE SEE THE HEALTH CARE TRUST'S PRESENTATION THAT WE'VE GOT? THANKS, LAURA. BY THE THIRD ONE I'VE FIGURED IT OUT. >> SO IF WE TAKE A LOOK AT A HEALTH CARE TRUST, IF YOU RECALL YOU HAVE SORT OF THE SAME ALLOCATION EXCEPT FOR IT BEING LIQUID RELATIVE TO THE PENSION TRUST. WE ACTUALLY ARE TALKING TO STAFF ABOUT HOW WE MIGHT WANT TO MODIFY ASSET ALLOCATION IF AT ALL TO BE MORE LIKE THE PENSIONS AS THAT WAS CHANGED RECENTLY. SO EXPECT SOME MORE INFORMATION ON THAT AT FUTURE MEETING. AND YOU CAN SEE HERE THE CURRENT ALLOCATIONS ARE VERY CLOSE TO POLICY GROWTH IS STILL SORT OF SOMEWHAT LOWER IF YOU RECALL. MOST HEALTH CARE TRUSTS TEND TO BE PRETTY CONSERVATIVE. YOUR HEALTH CARE TRUST HAS THE SAME ACTUARIAL ASSUMED RATE OF RETURN AS YOUR PENSION TRUST WHICH IS NOW SIX POINT SEVENTY FIVE. SO THIS ASSET ALLOCATION IN THE HEALTH CARE TRUST I WOULD SAY IS STILL CLOSER TO PEERS THAN IF YOU WERE TO ADJUST THE GROWTH UPWARD. BUT WE'RE GONNA BE TALKING ABOUT BEING INTENTIONAL ABOUT THAT IN COMING QUARTERS. SO BECAUSE THE HEALTH CARE TRUST ASSET ALLOCATION TENDS TO BE RISKIER THAN SOME PEERS, YOU SEE A RETURN IN THE 20TH PERCENTILE OF THE PEER GROUP OF SIMILAR HEALTH SIMILARLY SIZED HEALTH HEALTH CARE TRUSTS WITH A RETURN FOR THE QUARTER OF ELEVEN POINT FIVE PERCENT RELATIVE TO TEN POINT SEVEN FOR THE POLICY. AND IF YOU LOOK AT THE FISCAL YEAR YOU HAVE A RETURN OF TWO POINT TWO PERCENT RELATIVE TO ONE POINT SIX FOR THE POLICY BENCHMARK BUT BECAUSE BEING A BIT RISKIER AND CAPTURING A BIT MORE OF THOSE THE DOWNSIDE IN THE FIRST QUARTER THEN MORE CONSERVATIVELY POSITIONED HEALTH CARE TRUSTS YOU SEE A WEAKER PEER RANK FOR THE FULL FISCAL YEAR. >> ALL OF THE MANAGERS IN THIS PORTFOLIO ARE THE SAME FOR THE MOST PART PUBLIC MANAGERS AS YOU HAVE ON PENSION YOU CAN SEE IN PARTICULAR EMERGING MARKETS EQUITY OUTPERFORMED ITS BENCHMARK AND AND GROWTH AS A WHOLE WAS IN LINE WITH BENCHMARKS. MOST OF THIS PORTFOLIO IS INDEXED AS YOU CAN SEE IN THE UNDERLYING MANAGERS. YOU HAVE THE RUSSELL 3000 INDEX, THE MSCI IFA INDEX AND THE INDEX AND THEN JUST ACTIVE CORE REAL ESTATE AND THOSE MANAGERS OUTPERFORM FOR ALL TRAILING TIME PERIODS HERE EXCEPT FOR THE THREE YEAR. >> THERE IS STILL COMMODITY USE IN THIS PLAN. COMMODITIES WERE DOWN IN GENERAL FOR THE FULL YEAR UP QUITE FOR THE QUARTER AND YOU CAN SEE THE CREDIT SQUEEZE RISK PARITY BENCHMARK MORE THAN DOUBLED THE QUARTERLY PERFORMANCE OF THE BENCHMARK. >> SO I'M HAPPY TO TAKE ANY QUESTIONS ON THE HEALTH CARE TRUST. >> BUT OBVIOUSLY THAT SMALLER POOL OF CAPITAL AND AND IS INVESTED VERY SIMILARLY JUST IN PUBLIC OPTIONS AS THE PENSION TRUST. THANKS FOR ANDREW AND THE QUESTIONS NO QUESTIONS SUNITA. >> ANY QUESTIONS? >> I'M SORT OF THE NEWEST MEMBER OF THE BLOCK SO CAN YOU JUST HELP ME UNDERSTAND WHAT THE HEALTH CARE TRUST IS MIGHT BE A BASIC QUESTION. >> YEAH, ROBERTA. DO YOU WANT TO TAKE THAT ONE? >> SURE. I'M HAPPY TO DO THAT. TO ADD THE TO RETIREMENT SERVICES ACTUALLY ADMINISTERED TWO THINGS. ONE IS THE PENSION BENEFIT FOR WHICH WE HAVE THE PENSION PLAN THAT WE HAD JUST BEEN DISCUSSING THE OTHER RETIREMENT BENEFIT THAT IS AFFORDED BY THE EMPLOYER TO ITS MEMBERS IS WHAT IS KNOWN AS OLDER RETIREMENT BENEFITS ALSO KNOWN AS HEALTH CARE. AND SO THEY NEED TO WORK 15 YEARS AND THEY SEE TO BE ABLE TO EARN THAT BENEFIT. >> THESE BENEFIT IS NO LONGER AFFORDED TO MEMBERS A SORT OF A CLOSED PLAN. BUT WE DO HAVE MANY MEMBERS THAT ARE STILL ENTITLED TO A BENEFIT. AND JUST LIKE THE PENSION PLAN, WE DO HAVE ALSO HEARD CARRY OUT PLANS UNDER A DIFFERENT CODE SECTION 115 WHERE WE INVEST THE FUNDS AND THAT'S WHAT WE ARE REFERRING TO HERE. THE HEALTH CARE PLAN IS VERY HELPFUL. NOW THANKS JUST SAY THAT IT WAS IT WAS SOMETHING THAT WAS PUT ON IN MY TENURE HERE. I DON'T REMEMBER IS A CHANGE IN LAW OR POLICY BUT IT WASN'T SOMETHING WE DURING 10 YEARS. >> WAS IT GUTTENBERG? NO, I WAS JUST GOING IT WAS A IT WAS A CHANGE TO BE AND BY GAB TO. >> OH, THAT'S RIGHT. THAT'S RIGHT. AND DID THEY WERE YOU KNOW, THERE WAS A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OFFERING A BENEFIT AND AND WHERE THE MEMBERS HAD INVESTED BY ANY BENEFIT TO THE TO THE HEALTHCARE AND IN THIS PARTICULAR CASE THAT WAS THE CASE. >> SO YOU REQUIRE THE IMPLEMENTATION. I DON'T KNOW IF IT WAS JUST A GAP. I KNOW COUNSELING SO THE MEETING OR WHETHER IT WAS A FEAR THAT A LOW BUT IT REQUIRED IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PATIENT PLAN AND THAT'S HOW IT CAME ABOUT. YOU'RE CORRECT SOME 18 YEARS AGO. >> YEAH IT WAS IT WAS IT WAS A FUNDING GAP BEAT THE GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD TO REQUIRE PREFUNDING BECAUSE PRIOR TO THAT IT WAS A PAY AS YOU GO. >> YEAH I'M PRETTY PRETTY FUNDING THINGS THIS BIG ALWAYS MAKES A LOT SENSE SINCE ANY OTHER QUESTIONS? NO. THANK YOU VERY MUCH. >> HOWARD, ANY QUESTIONS NOW? >> THANK YOU. VERY GOOD. >> YEAH. AS FAR AS ANY QUESTIONS. YEAH, A COUPLE OF QUESTIONS. ONE IS DO WE DO FORMER ASSET ALLOCATION FOR THIS? WE DO. >> IT'S OFTEN IS SORT OF ON THE BACKBURNER. THEN BEHIND THE PENSION TRUST YOU KNOW MAINLY BECAUSE OF THE DIFFERENCE IN ASSET SIZE THAT ALMOST 4 BILLION VERSUS LESS THAN 200 MILLION. AND SO THAT'S SOMETHING THAT WE'RE WE'RE TALKING STAFF ABOUT RIGHT NOW. THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION BECAUSE WE'D LIKE IT TO BE ON THE SAME CYCLE ANNUALLY AROUND THE FIRST OR SECOND QUARTER. BUT OFTEN THE PENSION TRUST ASSET ALLOCATION SORT TAKES, YOU KNOW, SEVERAL MEETINGS. AND BY THAT POINT WE'RE ALMOST TO THE NEXT SORT OF ASSET ALLOCATION REVIEW THAT HAPPENS ANNUALLY. SO WE'RE CURRENTLY TALKING, YOU KNOW, AS I MENTIONED WITH THE ACTUARIAL ASSUMED RATE OF RETURN BEING THE SAME AS THE PENSION WE'RE CURRENTLY TALKING TO THE ACTUARY. WILL THERE BE ANY CHANGES THERE OR SHOULD WE GO AHEAD AND UPDATE THIS ASSET ALLOCATION NOW SORT MID CYCLE TO MAKE IT MORE LIKE THE PENSION? SO I WOULD EXPECT TO HEAR MORE ON VERY SHORTLY. >> OKAY. >> OKAY. YEAH. I MEAN I GUESS IDEALLY MAYBE YOU PUT IT IN THE SAME CYCLE. NO ASSET ALLOCATION IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE BOARD. AND MAYBE IF YOU SINK IT TOGETHER YOU'RE MORE LIKELY TO DO IT. >> YES, THAT IS OUR GOAL. YEAH. >> THE SECOND IS IS. I KNOW YOU WANT TO BE LIQUID BUT IS IT A RECENT WE DON'T USE ACTIVE MANAGERS KNOW YOU'VE TALKED ABOUT CERTAIN AREAS WHERE ACTIVE MANAGERS CAN ADD VALUE. >> WE HAVE USE ACTIVE MANAGERS IN THIS TRUST IN THE PAST. ONE OF THE ISSUES IS THAT THE SMALL ASSET SIZE OFTEN MEANS THAT WE CAN'T ACCESS THE SAME VEHICLES. SO YOU OFTEN IF YOU GO ACTIVE HAVE MUCH HIGHER FEES TO DO SAY A MUTUAL FUND BECAUSE YOU DON'T NECESSARILY GET THAT SAME BENEFIT OF THE LARGE ASSET SIZE AND YOU KNOW IF MANAGERS ARE ABLE THEY WILL TREAT BOTH FUNDS AS SORT OF THE SAME CLIENT AND BE FLEXIBLE BUT SOMETIMES THEY DON'T HAVE THAT FLEXIBILITY IF WE HAVE TO USE A DIFFERENT PUBLICLY REGULATED VEHICLE. SO IT'S BEEN A LITTLE BIT MORE DIFFICULT TO USE ACTIVE AND GET THE SAME LOW FEES THAT WE DO ON THE PENSION. IS IT SOMETHING YOU'RE EXPLORING WHERE YOU KNOW IF YOU IF YOU HAVE A LARGE ALLOCATION FROM THE FUND MANAGER THAT THEY CONSIDER THE TREATIES JUST ON AND ON AND GIVE YOU THE SAME FEE IF THEY CAN DO THAT THEY WILL. >> BUT SOMETIMES THERE'S NOT FOR EXAMPLE, A SEPARATE ACCOUNT OR A COMMINGLED FUND MIGHT HAVE A VERY LOW MINIMUM THAT YOU KNOW, THEY CAN'T ACCEPT A LOWER AMOUNT AND SOME MUTUAL SHARE CLASSES ARE REGULATED IN TERMS OF WHAT ASSET SIZE CAN GO INTO THEM. SO WE HAVE HAD SOME ACTIVE MANAGERS HERE IN THE PAST AND ARE NOT OPPOSED TO DOING IT IN THE FUTURE BUT IT'S BEEN A LITTLE BIT TRICKIER FROM THE MINIMUM INVESTMENT PERSPECTIVE . THANK YOU. THAT'S ALL I. THANKS FOR NICK. ANYTHING QUESTIONS FROM YOU BECAUSE NO. >> ANY QUESTIONS FROM YOU? >> NO THANK YOU FRANCO. ANY QUESTIONS? NO, NONE FOR ME. AGAIN, LAURA, USUAL THOROUGH JOB. THANKS VERY MUCH. >> THANK YOU ALL VERY MUCH. TAKE CARE. YEAH. OKAY. YOU TOO. I'M PAUL BOOTH AT SANDERS SECTION. ANY FINAL THOUGHTS? NO FURTHER THOUGHTS. MR. CHAIRMAN, THANKS AGAIN TO LAURA AND CASEY FOR THEIR EXCELLENT PRESENTATIONS. THANK YOU TOO. CASEY VERY MUCH. THAT BRINGS US TO SECTION 3 WHICH IS THE OLD BUSINESS CONTINUED DEFERRED ITEMS REVERSED AND TURN THIS OVER TO YOU. I NOTICE THE MEMO IS FROM JENNIFER AND I SEE CHERYL'S HI CHERYL. I CHERYL THERE TOO. SO GOOD. ROBERTA, WON'T YOU TAKE THIS ONE? >> TAKE HIM TO CHANGE. SO AS YOU KNOW, DATE CHERYL IS UNDER MEETING. WE'LL TURN THIS OVER TO CHERYL IN A SECOND. >> THE THE MEMORANDUM CAME FROM THIS SEEDY DIEP SCHEMBRI AND CHERYL AGREED TO SPEAK TO ME. JUST A SHORT REMINDER, A QUICK REMINDER THIS HAVE TO DO WITH A PRIOR BOARD DECISION REGARDING TIER 1 WE HIRE AS THESE OUR MEMBERS THEY HAVE PRIOR TIER 1 MEMBERS OF THE PLAN LEFT DIEP PLAN FOR THE JOB AND THEN CAME BACK AND WHERE IF WE HIRE BY THE CITY AND AND SO THAT'S WHY THIS PARTICULAR END AND WHEN THEY CAME BACK INITIALLY IN SOME CASES THEY WORK THE TIER 2 AND SO NOW THEY'RE ALLOWED TO PURCHASE THAT TIME AS TIER 1 MEMBERS AT TIME THAT THEY HAVE ALREADY WORKED. >> AND SO OF COURSE THERE'S A COST ASSOCIATED WITH THE DIFFERENCE IN TERMS OF THE BENEFIT STRUCTURE WE CAN TIER 1 AND 3 2 AND SO THEY WEREN'T ALLOWED TO JOIN SO LONG AS ALSO THEY PAY FOR THE DIFFERENCE SO THAT TO US THAT THEY CAN GET TIER ONE TIME AND BENEFITS AND SO YOU MAY RECALL THIS WAS A LONG DISCUSSION THAT SOMETIME BACK AND SO THAT'S REALLY THE SORT OF THE BASIC PREMISE FOR THE DISCUSSION WITH THAT I'LL TURN IT OVER TO CHERYL FOR THE LADIES REQUEST THE SEATING CHART. >> WELCOME. >> THANK YOU SO MUCH. GLAD TO BE HERE TODAY. SO YEAH. SO ROBERTO REALLY DID A GREAT JOB OF SUMMARIZING WHY WE'RE HERE TODAY AND THERE'S TWO THINGS WE WANT THE BOARD TO KNOW ABOUT. >> ONE IS THAT THE ORDINANCE THAT YOUR BOARD REVIEWED IN JUNE WAS APPROVED BY THE CITY COUNCIL FOR A SECOND READING AT THE BEGINNING OF AUGUST. SO WHAT THAT MEANS IS THAT YOUR ACTUARY, KYRA, AND HAS BEEN WORKING ON A COUPLE OF THINGS. ONE IS THAT WE'RE STOPPING THE FUTURE FUTURE INTEREST ACCRUAL FOR OUR TIER 1 RE HIRES AS YOU MAY RECALL THAT INTEREST RATE WAS THE SAME AS THE DISCOUNT RATE SIX POINT SEVENTY FIVE. WE'RE STOPPING THAT AS OF SEPTEMBER 3RD. SO WHAT THAT MEANS IS WE NEED TO CALCULATE WHAT THE PAYMENT IS GOING TO BE FOR THE CITY BECAUSE YOU MAY RECALL THAT THAT ORDINANCE SAID THAT THE CITY WILL BE PAYING THE ESTIMATED FUTURE INTEREST COSTS. AND SO KYRON IS CURRENTLY RUNNING THAT CALCULATION BEHIND THE SCENES. AND THEN THE SECOND THING IS THAT KYRON ALSO PRODUCES AN ANNUAL REPORT FOR OUR TIER 1 REHIRED EMPLOYEES SO THAT THEY KNOW WHAT THEIR OUTSTANDING BALANCES BECAUSE AS ROBERTO SAID, EACH INDIVIDUAL PERSON HAS A PAYBACK AMOUNT FOR THEIR TIME THAT USED TO BE TIER 2 NOW IS TIER 1. NOW WITH THAT I'M GETTING TO THE SECOND PART OF MY MEMO WHICH ACTUALLY ASKED THIS BOARD FOR ACTION. SO AS I SAID, KYRA, ONE DOES DO AN ANNUAL REPORT SO THAT EACH PERSON DOES KNOW HOW MUCH THEY HAVE LEFT OVER THE YEAR. BUT WITH THE OFFICE OF RETIREMENT SERVICES MEMBER DIRECT PORTAL, THESE MEMBERS ACTUALLY HAVE THE ABILITY TO VIEW THEIR AMOUNT, THEIR OUTSTANDING BALANCE ON A PAY PERIOD BY PAY PERIOD BASIS WHICH IS ACTUALLY A MORE UP TO DATE MORE REAL TIME SCENARIO. >> SO WHAT WE'RE HERE TO ASK TODAY IS THAT THE BOARD RECOMMENDS OR APPROVES THAT INSTEAD OF DOING AN ANNUAL STATEMENT WE ACTUALLY MOVE TO COMMUNICATE MEMBERS TO GO VIEW AND SIGN UP FOR A MEMBER DIRECT PORTAL SO THAT THEY HAVE THESE UP TO DATE OF YOU KNOW, THEY'RE ABLE TO VIEW THESE OUTSTANDING BALANCES MORE ON AN UP TO DATE BASIS. SO WE'RE HERE TODAY TO ASK THAT INSTEAD OF AN ANNUAL STATEMENT THAT WE JUST DIRECT MEMBERS TO GO TO THE MEMBER DIRECT PORTAL INTEREST WAS ACTUALLY NOT INCLUDED BEFORE BUT KYRON IS WORKING TO INCLUDE INTEREST IN THOSE MEMBER DIRECT PORTAL. SO ONCE THEY GET THOSE. EXCUSE ME CALCULATED THEY'LL BE IN THERE. AND THAT'S WE'LL BE COMMUNICATING WITH THOSE TIER 1 HIRES TO SOLELY USE THAT THAT TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCE, IF YOU WILL FOR THAT PURPOSE. SO I'M HERE TO ANSWER ANY QUESTIONS BUT WE WE ARE ASKING THAT THE BOARD DOES APPROVE >> AND THEN IN CLOSING, BARBARA, I JUST WANT TO CONFIRM THAT AS SARAH INDICATED WHEN WE TURN THIS OVER TO THEM, A REPORT ON ONCE WE GET THE DOWNLOAD FROM THE CBD AND THE MAIN REPORT IS GONNA BE ABLE TO BUY UP TO DAY BALANCES FOR THE MEMBERS ONCE THEY MAKE THEIR WHATEVER BIWEEKLY PAYMENTS FROM THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS. >> IS THAT CORRECT? THAT'S CORRECT. >> YES. SO WITH THAT SAID, I'M PERFECTLY FINE IMPLEMENTING RECOMMENDATION THAT REQUIRES BY THE CITY I'M I WONDERED IF YOU SEE MAYBE I KNOW COUNCIL HAS A COMMUNAL THESE WONDERED IF YOU WILL MAKE IT WILL BE HELPFUL MAYBE FOR THE FORESEEABLE FUTURE, MAYBE FOR THE FIRST COUPLE OF YEARS TO IN ADDITION TO HAVING THE MEMBER PORTAL MAYBE WE DO IS TO PROVIDE SOME KIND OF AN ANALYST DAY MINUS 30 IT'S EARLY ON AND THEN WE CAN DROP OFF THAT ONCE WE FEEL THAT EVERYTHING IS WORKING CORRECTLY IT'S JUST THAT THAT WE DON'T REALLY HAVE TO DO IT FOR WE'LL FEEL MORE COMFORTABLE. >> WE'RE HAPPY TO DO THAT AS WELL. >> HARVEY ANYTHING OR COMMENT? WELL, I WAS GOING TO ASK THAT QUESTION THAT ROBERTO POSED. >> IT SEEMS TO ME THAT WOULD BE MY POSSIBLY A GOOD SERVICE NOT ONLY TO GIVE THE MEMBERS ACCESS TO THE MEMBER PORTAL BUT ALSO TO GENERATE THE YEAR END STATEMENT THAT WOULD GO TO THEM THAT WAY. BUT THEY'LL RECEIVE THAT THE WAY THEY WOULD W-2 FORM OR SOMETHING AT THE END OF THE YEAR THAT WILL HAVE THE THE YEAR AN ANNUAL INFORMATION ON IT. SO I'M JUST WONDERING WHETHER OR NOT MUST THAT'S A BURDEN TO STAFF. WHY DON'T WE DO BOTH AND GIVE THE MEMBER AS MUCH INFORMATION AS WE CAN IN TWO DIFFERENT WAYS. >> SO RIGHT HARVEY, I THINK OBVIOUSLY WE'LL ADD TO IT PART OF A FURTHER WORK BUT GIVEN THAT IT'S ONLY ABOUT 20 MEMBERS, I DON'T THINK IT'S GOING TO BE REALLY COSTLY OVERBEARING. SO UNLESS BARBARA HAS ANY OTHER THOUGHTS I WOULD SAY AND THEN OF COURSE CHERYL I WAS THINKING THAT THE CITY WOULDN'T OBJECT TO OUR OFFICE PROVIDING AN ANALYST TEAM IN AT LEAST FOR THE EARLY COUPLE OF YEARS UNTIL YOU KNOW, WE EVERYBODY MAKES SURE THAT THIS IS WORKING AS INTENDED. >> I DON'T BELIEVE WE HAVE ANY OBJECTIONS TO THAT. I AGREE THAT MORE INFORMATION IS HAVING KYRA ON TO DO THE WORK FOR THE BOARDS OR FOR THE EMPLOYEES BUT WE'RE HAPPY TO CONTINUE WITH THAT FOR FOR THE FORESEEABLE FUTURE AND WE CAN DEFINITELY TALK IN THE NEXT YEAR AND SEE HOW SUCCESSFUL HAS BEEN. >> MAYBE WE CAN DO THAT AND I DO THAT JUNE 30 TO STAY IN BALANCE. WE'LL MATCH IT BECAUSE IT IS EXCITING TO REPORT A FAMILY THAT'S THAT'S ALWAYS GOOD. >> SO. OK. ANY OTHER FINAL THOUGHTS? NO, BUT HE DID JUST MENTION SOMETHING IN 30TH JUNE 30TH ISN'T ALWAYS THE END. THE PAY PERIOD. AND SO IT WOULD BE, YOU KNOW, THE PAY PERIOD THAT'S CLOSEST TO THE END OF THE YEAR FISCUS TO BE CLEAR. >> YEAH, WELL UNDERSTOOD. >> I WOULD MAKE IT CLEAR TO IN THIS STATEMENT THAT'S FINE. >> SO JEAN, THIS TO BE CLEAR BECAUSE WE DO ALSO SEND EVERY SINGLE MEMBER MEMBER STATEMENTS FOR THE CALENDAR YEAR AND WE DO THAT USUALLY IN AROUND JANUARY FEBRUARY AND THAT THE INFORMATION ON BALANCE FOR THESE THESE GROUP OF PEOPLE COULD BE INCORPORATED INTO THAT ANNUAL STATEMENT. >> SO YEAH, I MEAN I'M NOT OPPOSED TO THAT. >> I THINK WE I THINK WE'LL WE'LL TAKE THE DIRECTION FROM THE BOARD BUT WE'LL MAKE IT IN WHICHEVER WAY MAKES THE MOST SENSE FOR FOR THE MEMBERS. BUT LET ME ASK A QUESTION. CURRENTLY THE STATEMENT THAT IS PREPARED BY K RUN WAS PREPARED AS OF JUNE 30TH WAS A CALENDAR YEAR THAT WAS JUNE 30TH. SO THAT'S WHERE I WAS COMING FROM. SO WHY DO WE HAVE DISCUSSION WITH CAROLYN? I'M ASSUMING THERE WON'T BE ANY NEED FOR FURTHER CAROLYN CALCULATIONS BECAUSE WE'RE NOT GOING TO BE CREATE ANY FURTHER INTEREST. >> YES, THAT'S CORRECT. MISS BUT. BUT NEVERTHELESS, LET'S WORK IT OUT WITH KYRON THEN WE CAN DECIDE AND LET THE BOARD KNOW WHETHER WE WIN WITH THE JUNE PERIOD OR DECEMBER 3 FOR. BALANCE. IS THAT OK? >> YES. OK. VERY WELL. SO I THINK YOU KNOW AGAIN WE ARE FINE WITH THE REQUEST AND EXCEPT FOR THE FACT THAT WE'LL COME BACK TO YOU MORE WITH LETTING YOU KNOW WHETHER WE ENDED UP WITH A JUNE ISSUE DECEMBER 23 FIRST NUMBER. IF THAT'S THE DIRECTION BY THE BOARD, WE'RE HAPPY TO PROCEED IN THAT FASHION. >> GREAT. THANKS TO YOUR WELL BEING YOUR PSYCHIC. CHAIRMAN, I'M. I'M SENSING A REAL KUMBAYAH MOMENT HERE AND SINCE OUR COUNSEL AND I GOT AN CLASSES WHERE I CAN VOTE HOW ABOUT WE TAKE A BOOK FROM THE WEDDINGS, TAKE A PAGE FROM THE WEDDING PLAYBOOK? IF ANYONE HAS ANY ACTIONS, SPEAK NOW OR FOREVER. HOLD YOUR PEACE HEARING NONE. >> I NOW DECLARE THE CITY AND OUR STAFF TO BE A HAPPILY WEDDED COUPLE WALESH REPURCHASE AS I COME BACK TO US IN NEAR FUTURE. >> YOU GUYS MISS ME WHEN I WAS CHAIRMAN DIDN'T YOU? >> HOW YOU'RE GONNA TURN OVER TO YOU FOR A FOR A THROUGH DIEP AND THEN YOU CAN TURN BACK TO ME FOR 4C AND FOR DIEP THE VOTES AND SHELL. >> THANKS. GREAT TO SEE YOU. >> YOU SAID OVER YOU HAVE A GREAT RESCUE MEETING GENERAL THANKING ME TO SHARE. >> I SAW IT BE QUICK UPDATE AND THEN OF COURSE FOR B WE'LL GO TO THE CITY COUNCIL. LISTEN, I JUST WANT TO REMIND YOUR STAFF CONTINUES TO WORK REMOTELY. PLEASE KNOW THAT BOARD MEETINGS WILL BE HALE BE ASSUME CLEARLY THROUGH THE END OF THE CALENDAR YEAR. QUITE POSSIBLY ALTHOUGH HE DECIDED YET QUITE POSSIBLY THROUGH THE END OF THE FISCAL YEAR IN. ALSO I WANTED TO LET YOU KNOW I HAD SPOKEN ABOUT THIS BEFORE IN THE MANNER OF DAY BUT WE CONTINUE WORKING REMOTELY PERFORMING ON OUR CORE DUTIES AND ISIS THING. THERE'S A GOOD CHANCE THAT WE'RE NOT WE'RE NOT GOING TO BE COMING BACK TO THE OFFICE UNTIL POSSIBLY 2020. SO IT'S NOT A FIND THAT SHOOT. BUT KEEPING THAT IN MIND, WE RECENTLY PRODUCE A CHECK. OUR PROCEDURES, OUR EQUIPMENT FOR STAFF. WE HAD A KIND OF A QUARTERLY STAFF MEETING LAST FRIDAY WHERE WE INTRODUCE THE NEW FORMS TOO SO WE CAN HAVE STAFF TAKE OUR MONITORS OR CHAIRS OR ANYTHING THAT WILL HELP THEM PERFORM THEIR WORK FROM FROM HOME TO EASIER. >> I ALSO WANT TO LET YOU KNOW THAT THE BENEFITS HEALTH FAIR WHICH IS USUALLY TAKE PLACE IN NOVEMBER AND OCTOBER AND NOVEMBER WILL BE HILL RITUALLY THIS YEAR WILL NOT BE OBVIOUSLY AT THE OFFICE AS WE'VE BEEN IN THE PAST IN IF I WILL BE RITUAL. DURING THAT HILL FAIR WE USUALLY PROVIDE FLU SHOTS THAT ARE FREE AND OF COURSE WE ARE NOT GOING TO BE HAVING THE ACTUAL IN-PERSON L'AFFAIRE CRUCIAL WOULD NOT BE PROVIDED. AND OF COURSE RETIRING MEMBERS HAVE THE WHOLE MONTH OF NOVEMBER TO MAKE THE THEIR DECISIONS IN TERMS OF HEALTHCARE. AND LASTLY I'D SHARE WITH YOU SOMETIME BACK THAT OUR SENIOR TENANT AUDITOR LAUGH THE DAY OFF IS LATE JUNE. >> FRONT OF THE POSITION BETWEEN THE CITY AND WE WENT AHEAD AND REQUESTED FROM THE CITY TO UNFREEZE THE POSITION TO DO A SEARCH. THAT SEARCH CLOSE YESTERDAY AND SO WE DIEP GET THE 5 TO 8 THE KIND OF DAYS WHICH WE GOING TO BE REVIEWING AND HOPEFULLY INTERVIEWING SHORTLY SO WE WILL KEEP YOU POSTED. THAT CONCLUDES MY COMMENTS. MR. CHAIR, I'M HAPPY TO ANSWER ANY QUESTIONS. >> BEFORE I CALL THE ROLL CALL, LET ME LET ME JUMP IN NUMBER TWO. I THINK YOU'RE SMART ABOUT SORT OF WE'RE WORKING DIFFERENTLY SO HOW CAN WE HELP OUR WORKERS AND WE RUN A PROCESS IN ALMOST EVERY STARTUP AT THE THREE THINGS WE FOUND THAT WE CAN HELP PEOPLE WITH AND I KNOW I KNOW YOU GUYS THINK ABOUT THIS, BARBARA TO SEE FASTER INTERNET. I KNOW YOU'VE TALKED ABOUT LAPTOPS AND MONITORS AND IT'S TURNING ALL OUR STARTUPS ACTUALLY GIVING PEOPLE BETTER INTERNET, FASTER COMPUTERS AND MONITORS PACED BACK PAGES OR BACK IN A MONTH OR TWO OR THREE WITH THE INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY. SO YOUR RESPOND TO THAT. REGINA, YOU BROUGHT IT UP. I JUST WANT A LITTLE BIT THAT'S INPUT FROM STARTUP WORLD. ANDREW, ANY QUESTIONS FOR ROBERTO? >> IT'S PRETTY SUNITA. >> ANY QUESTIONS FOR ROBERTO? THAT'S PROBABLY HOWARD. ANY QUESTIONS FOR ROBERTO? ONE QUESTION ABOUT HOW IT'S JUST GENERALLY HOW IS THE MOOD ,MORALE AND EVERYTHING ON THE STAFF? >> THAT'S A GOOD QUESTION. HOW ARE YOU? IT IS HARD TO SAY TO BE HONEST . AND I'M GOING TO TAKE THIS OPPORTUNITY TO SAY THESE OBVIOUSLY WHICH I WAS MENTIONED AT THE END. >> I WANT TO TAKE THIS OPPORTUNITY TO PUBLICLY THANK STARS FOR THEIR ENGAGEMENT AND THEIR WORK THROUGH THESE PANDEMIC AND WORKING REMOTELY AS I INDICATED BEFORE WE CONTINUE PERFORMING OUR CORE DUTIES. YOU KNOW, THAT'S REALLY NOT AN EASY TASK IN FRONT THE GAME GO STAFF HAVE BEEN VERY ENGAGED WITH THEIR WORK SO I DON'T I SAID YOUR QUESTION BUT WE CONTINUE MOVING FORWARD. I THINK IT IS E I WOULD EXPECT THAT LIKE ANY OTHER PERSON AFTER SO MANY MONTHS AND ALSO UNDERSTANDING THAT THESE MAY BE THE STAY OF THE GAME FOR THE NEXT SAID YOU KNOW THREE TO SIX MONTH THEY MAY BE GAINING FATIGUE AND YOU KNOW CLEARLY WE HAD OUR QUARTERLY MEETING LAST FRIDAY AND WE HAVE FULL PARTICIPATION WHICH WAS ALWAYS A PLAN C E E TELLS ME THAT THEY STILL ENGAGEMENT KNOWING AS MANY PICTURES OF ZOOM MEETINGS. >> RIGHT. IT WAS A ZOO MEETING SO I ALWAYS LIKE TO SEE THEIR FACES SO THEY WERE NOT AS MANY SHOWING THEIR FACE. SO IT'S HARD FOR ME TO TO REALLY GET A SENSE ON HOW THEY'RE FEELING. BUT I CAN TELL YOU THAT ONE OF THE THINGS THAT CAME OUT OF THAT MEETING IS THAT THEY AGREE AGREED GOING FOR THEIR FROM TIME TO TIME THEY'RE EITHER GOING TO GET YOU IN LUNCH HOUR ON SOME OF THEM OR EVEN A SOCIAL HOUR AFTER 5 O'CLOCK AS WELL. >> SO BOTTOM LINE IS I THINK THERE'S STILL A FULL ENGAGEMENT ALTHOUGH I CAN TELL YOU PERSONALLY THERE IS SOME FATIGUE ABOUT CONTINUED WORK REMOTELY AND GETTING THE WORK DONE WHICH IS ONE OF THE REASONS THIS IS A VISE CHAIR AS I INDICATED WE'RE TRYING TO TO BE MINDFUL OF THAT AND BE HELPFUL TOO TO HELP IN WORKING FROM HOME WITH ALLOWING TO GET EQUIPMENT FROM THE OFFICE. >> IT'S NOT EASY. I THINK YOU'RE DOING A GOOD JOB TRYING TO KEEP TOGETHER. THANKS. GREAT. >> AS FAR AS QUESTIONS, ROBERTO, I'M NOTHING FROM ME. THANK YOU. ALL RIGHT. NICK, ANY QUESTIONS? >> CAN YOU HEAR ME NOW? YEAH. GAME ANY CHRISTMAS. >> THANK YOU FOR THE SECOND. WE CAN ALWAYS SEE REVIEWS. YOU WERE THERE? YEAH. NO, NO QUESTIONS. THANK YOU, ROBERTO. >> THE DECK. ANY QUESTIONS FOR ROBERTO? >> NO, THANK YOU. GREAT. AND FRANCO I'LL TAKE THAT TO BE A NO NEXT TIME ON THE AGENDA. >> COUNCIL MEMBER FOLEY. >> HOW IS THE CITY DOING? >> OH, WE'RE DOING SO GREAT. >> UH, A COUPLE. JUST A COUPLE OF THINGS FIRST. I WANT TO THANK ALL OF THE FIREFIGHTERS FOR THEIR TREMENDOUS EFFORTS IN FIGHTING THE WILDFIRES THAT ARE SURROUNDING AS A MAN IN THE WORK WITH CAL FIRES AND THE MUTUAL AID SO MANY FIREFIGHTERS FROM SAN JOSE ARE OUT THERE HELPING IN ANY WAY THEY CAN AND ALSO PROTECTING OUR OWN ENVIRONMENT, OUR OWN CITY. SO I JUST WANT TO GIVE A SHOUT OUT AND THANK YOU TO ALL THE FIREFIGHTERS FOR ALL OF THEIR ENERGIES AND I KNOW SOME HAVE WHO LIVE UP IN THE SANTA CRUZ MOUNTAINS HAVE LOST THEIR HOMES OR HAVE THEIR HOMES THAT VERY THEIR PERSONAL HOMES ARE AT RISK TOO. SO THE THE COMMITMENT AND PERSONAL COMMITMENT THEY HAVE MADE AND SACRIFICES THEY MADE. I AM TRULY GRATEFUL FOR AND I KNOW OUR COMMUNITY IS GRATEFUL FOR. SO I WANTED TO START WITH THAT AND SAY THANK YOU. JUST A COUPLE OF THINGS AT THE COUNCIL MEETING ON TUESDAY WE PASSED A COMMERCIAL LEAKAGE FEE AND NOT TO GET TOO MUCH IN THE WEEDS ON IT BUT THIS IS A FEE THAT WILL BE IMPOSED ON DEVELOPERS OF A VARIETY OF DIFFERENT PROFIT PROPERTIES IN ORDER TO FUND AFFORDABLE HOUSING. SO THIS WE'VE BEEN TALKING ABOUT IT I GUESS FOR MANY YEARS . I'VE BEEN TALKING ABOUT IT FOR A YEAR AND A HALF ON THE COUNCIL AND WE DID IMPLEMENT A FEE THAT WILL BE IMPLEMENTED ON RESIDENT OUR COMMERCIAL HIGHRISE DOWNTOWN. ALL TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT SOME DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ARE EXEMPT SUCH AS RETAIL. AND THE REASON FOR THAT IS THAT WE'RE VERY CONCERNED ABOUT THE SUCCESS OF OUR RETAIL BUSINESSES RIGHT NOW. BUT WE WILL ALSO TAKE A LOOK AT THIS IN A COUPLE OF YEARS TO SEE HOW THE LINKAGE FEE IS WORKING, WHETHER WE'RE DEVELOPING WHETHER WE'RE CREATING FUNDS FOR AFFORDABLE HOUSING. BOTTOM LINE IS WE NEED TO BUILD MORE AFFORDABLE HOUSING AND THIS IS A WAY THAT WE CAN ADD FUNDS TO HELP NONPROFIT DEVELOPERS BUILD AFFORDABLE HOUSING. THE OTHER THING I WANTED TO TALK ABOUT IS IS COVID AND WHERE WE STAND AND IN RELATION TO OUR BUSINESSES AS YOU PROBABLY ALL KNOW WE'VE BEEN NOW MOVED INTO DIFFERENT TIER COLORS AND SANTA CLARA COUNTY IS IN PURPLE WHICH MEANS MANY OF OUR BUSINESSES ARE OPEN. SOME OF THE PLACES THAT ARE NOT THAT WE HAVE BEEN HEARING A TREMENDOUS AMOUNT FROM ARE OUR FAITH BASED OUR PLACES OF WORSHIP. WE'RE GETTING LETTERS AND COMMENTS FROM PEOPLE CONSTANTLY PASTORS AND REALLY ARE MISSING THEIR OPPORTUNITY TO WORSHIP IN PERSON. PERSONALLY I AM AS WELL SO I BRING IT UP AS ONE AS ONE OF YOU MENTIONED. HOW'S THE STAFF DOING AT THE RETIREMENT SERVICES? AND I WORRY ABOUT OUR STAFFS AND I WORRY ABOUT OUR INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE HOME ISOLATED, SHELTERING IN PLACE AND NOT ABLE TO MAKE THAT COMMUNITY CONNECTION THAT THEY REALLY NEED SO MUCH. >> SO TODAY I AUTHORED A LETTER TO WAS SENT TO DR. SARAH CODY ENCOURAGING HER TO ALLOW PLACES OF WORSHIP TO OPEN. OF COURSE IMPLEMENTING OUR PROTOCOLS. BUT I TRULY BELIEVE THEY CAN DO THAT. I TRULY BELIEVE THEY HAVE THE CAPACITY AND UNDERSTANDING HOW IMPORTANT IT IS AND WE NEED TO GET BACK TO CHURCH AND WORSHIP HOWEVER YOU WORSHIP SO MANY PEOPLE REALLY NEED THAT. IT'S THEIR CONNECTIVITY. SO I AGREE WITH WITH ROBERTO THAT WE ARE NOT LIKELY TO BE BACK AT CITY HALL IN FULL FORCE CERTAINLY NOT THROUGH THE END OF THE YEAR. MANY PREDICTING THROUGH JUNE OF NEXT YEAR HAVING HEARD THAT FOR SURE YET. BUT IT'S VERY HARD TO WORK REMOTELY HARD TO BE COLLABORATIVE IN WHEN YOU'RE WHEN YOU'RE SO IT'S SO IMPORTANT TO BOUNCE IDEAS OFF VERY QUICKLY AND YOU CANNOT DO THAT. IT'S HARD TO BE INNOVATIVE AND CREATIVE. SO I KNOW WE'RE DOING THE BEST WE CAN. WE'RE STRUGGLING THE BEST WE CAN. SOME OF THE CITY SERVICES HAVE TAKEN A BACK SEAT TO COVID BUT WE ARE ALSO LOOKING AT HOW WE CAN BRING BACK BEAUTIFY SANTO ZAY AND DOING OUR LARGE TRASH PICKUPS AGAIN AND OTHER WAYS THAT WE CAN PICK UP TRASH ON OUR STREETS AND THAT SORT OF THING. SO WITH THAT, YOU KNOW, I COULD GO ON A LAW A LONGTIME ABOUT COVID BUT THE NEW GOVERNOR'S PROPOSALS SEEMS TO PUT US IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION. OF COURSE WE WANT OUR RESIDENTS TO BE SAFE AND HEALTHY BUT THAT INCLUDES MENTAL HEALTH AS WELL AS THEIR PHYSICAL PHYSICAL HEALTH AND WELL-BEING. WITH THAT I'LL CLOSE A GREAT OCCUPATIONS CERTAINLY ON BEHALF OF OUR ACTIVE MEMBERS. >> THANK YOU FOR THE COMPLIMENT. YOU'RE PAID TO OUR FIREFIGHTERS CERTAINLY ON BEHALF OF THE BOARD. THANK YOU. I LIVE IN PORTOLA VALLEY WHILE IN CORPORATE SANTA CLARA COUNTY AND I'M ON THE HILL AND IT CAME WITHIN TWO, THREE MILES. SO THANK YOU GENTLEMEN AND LADIES FOR KEEPING US SAFE. AND YOU KNOW, PAM. THANK YOU FOR THE THINKING ABOUT THE WHOLE. THE WHOLE BODY AND SPIRIT NOT JUST CAN WE GET OUR HAIR CUT. SO GOD BLESS YOU. I THINK THAT IS VITALLY IMPORTANT. YOUR PORTION OF THE STARTUP COMPANIES HAVE KIND OF REOPENED BECAUSE THERE ARE A LOT OF PEOPLE IN THIS YEAR HAVE THEIR OWN SMALL SPACES. BUT I CAN TELL YOU THAT EVERY BOARD MEETING OUR PEOPLE ARE SAYING PUT IN REALIZE HOW NUTTY GONE. BUT GET BACK TO WORK AND I REALIZED I REALLY DID MISS THIS. SO I THINK YOU'RE RIGHT. I THINK PEOPLE WANT TO WANT TO TOUCH AND FEEL AND SEE. SO ANDREW, OVER TO YOU. DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS FOR COUNCIL MEMBER FOLEY WHO MIGHT BE OFF UNIQUE TO DO ANYTHING? >> I JUST WANTED TO ECHO YOUR THANKS TO THE TO THE FIREMEN TO SORT OF HELP US HELP KEEP ALL OF US VERY SAFE. THANK YOU. GREAT. >> HOWARD, ANY QUESTIONS FOR COUNCILMEMBER FOLEY? >> NO, NO. >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH. COUNCILMEMBER FOLEY, I APPRECIATE ALL YOUR WORK AND ESPECIALLY OF THE FIREMEN AND FIRE WOMEN WHO ARE FIGHTING FIRES HOWARD. >> I WAS THERE WAS OUR TOUR SFR. YEAH. THANK AND I SO YOUR HONOR CODE . MY OTHER TRUSTEE SAID AND WHAT YOU SAID WHICH IS I APPRECIATE ALL THE THE THE EFFORTS OF THE FIREMEN FIVE HIM AND ALL THE FIRST RESPONDERS. >> RIGHT NICK? NO, SIR. THANK YOU. I'M VERY MUCH. >> GREAT. THANK YOU. COUNCIL MEMBER FOLEY, APPRECIATE THE COMMENTS FOR ALL OUR FIRST RESPONDERS AND THANK YOU FOR THE JOB YOU DO. THANK YOU. >> THANKS. AND FRANCO NOW NOTHING. >> OKAY, GREAT. >> BACK TO YOU, ROBERTO. THE NEXT TWO ITEMS TO REMIND THE BOARD WE WILL HAVE A VOTE. DR. ROBERTO PRESENTS I'LL TAKE I'LL TAKE IT BACK ONGOING. >> NO. I'M A MUTE. THANK YOU, MR. CHAIR. SO ACTUALLY THIS ITEM IS AT GREEN STREET FOR. I'LL TURN IT OVER TO KATHY SCHAEFER. AND WHAT IF IT'S MANAGER FOR TO INTRODUCE THE ITEM FOR REQUEST FOR THE BOARD? KATHY? YES. >> GOOD MORNING TO THE BOARD AND I WOULD LIKE TO SECOND, THIRD, FOURTH. ALL THOSE AT FIREFIGHTERS. I LIVE IN MONTEREY COUNTY ON THE EDGE OF THE RIVER FIRE AND THEY ARE STILL OUT HERE WORKING CUTTING FIRE LINES AROUND OUR SUBDIVISION. SO YAY TO THEM. THIS REQUEST IS A REQUEST FOR AN APPROVAL ON THE FOURTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONTRACT BETWEEN THE CITY OF SAN ASSAY OFFICE OF RETIREMENT SERVICE'S AND DR. CHAIRMAN WHO IS THE BOARD MEDICAL ADVISER. DR. TIMMERMAN IS THE ONE WHO READS AND ADVISES THE COMMITTEE ON THE INDEPENDENT MEDICAL EVALUATORS REPORTS MOST OF US ARE NOT MEDICAL PEOPLE AND WE DO NEED SOMEBODY TO DECIPHER IT FOR US WHICH SHE DOES VERY WELL . SO THIS IS A REQUEST TO INCREASE FUNDING TO THE CONTRACT. MAY I ANSWER ANY QUESTIONS FOR ANYBODY SOLVABLE BY ME TO APPROVE? >> WELL, THOSE GO DO THAT. >> WE DO HAVE A SECOND TO THE MOTION. I DO HAVE A QUESTION BUT HANG ON LOVELL LET ME GET A SECOND AND THEN WE'LL BOTH THE QUESTIONS. >> NO. FINE. IF YOU WANT IT. WOULD YOU LIKE SECOND SUNITA NOT ONLY MY QUESTION IS ANSWERED. OKAY. THAT'S GOOD. >> I WOULD REALLY WANT TO SECOND THE MOTION. >> I'LL GO GOING AND SECOND WE HAVE A MOTION BY DICK'S ANSWER. SECOND, MY DRAW LINES ARE TO IMPROVE THE EXTENSION. THE FOURTH CENTURY DR. HERMAN'S CONTRACT ANDREW IS NOT WITH US ANYMORE NOW SEEM TO GO AHEAD. SORRY. THERE WAS A LITTLE OUT OF ORDER BUT IT'S ALL GOOD. >> I GUESS AGAIN I CAN KEEP USING THIS BEING THE NEWEST MEMBER THE BLOCK FOR MAYBE A COUPLE OF MONTHS BUT CAN I CAN I UNDERSTAND? I MEAN IT SEEMS A LITTLE SORT OF OPTICALLY ON THAT WE'RE INCREASING THIS EVERY YEAR BY A HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLARS. IS IT JUST THAT THE THE DEMANDS ON HER TIME HAVE GONE UP OR ARE WE. ARE THERE OTHER OPPORTUNITIES TO ENGAGE WITH OTHER PHYSICIANS MIGHT BE ADVISORS. I JUST DON'T KNOW WHAT THE PROCESSES. >> WELL, THERE WAS AN EFFORT TO BRING IN A MEDICAL ADVISOR BOARD AND WE HAD PUT I BELIEVE TO RFP FEES OUT TO WHICH NOBODY BONDED. NUMBER ONE NUMBER TWO, THE REASON WHY THIS IS INCREASED IS EACH YEAR SHE READS REPORTS, SHE SENDS US BILLS EVERY MONTH AND THE AMOUNT GETS USED UP ON NOW DOWN TO ABOUT FORTY FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS LEFT ON THE CONTRACT. >> AND SHE IS CONTINUING TO WORK FOR US CONTINUING TO PROVIDE ADVICE SO SILLY TO ME. >> LET ME ADD TO CATHERINE GROSS JUST MENTIONED THIS PARTICULAR SERVICE IS IS VERY, VERY SPECIFIC AND IT IS NOT EVERY DOCTOR HAS THE ABILITY TO PROVIDE THIS SERVICE. >> SO THERE ARE NOT MANY OPTIONS OUT THERE FOR MEDICAL ADVISORS FOR DISABILITY CASES REQUIRE ON THE TIME AND LAW OF THE SERIOUS AND SAY SO. SO TO ANSWER YOUR QUESTION, YES, WE ARE VERY LIMITED TO OPTIONS SINCE I'VE BEEN THERE. WOULD SAVING YEARS IN THE PAST THIS CDE ACTUALLY HAD A DOCTOR THAT PROVIDED SOME SERVICE TO THE MEMBERS OF THE PLAN AND ALSO SERVE AS THE MEDICAL ADVISER FOR THE DISABILITY COMMITTEE BOARDS. THIS CDE ACTUALLY DECIDED TO DISCONTINUE THAT KIND OF SERVICE WHICH PUT US IN THIS SITUATION TO DO AN RFP TO SEEK MEDICAL ADVISORS. WE FOUND SOMEONE AT WORK ONE MONTH AND THEN QUIT. AND SO WE WERE ABLE TO FIND THESE TWO MEN WHO ACTUALLY SIR IN IN THE CAPACITY OF THE DOCTOR FOR THE CITY MANY, MANY, MANY YEARS AGO BEFORE SHE WENT PRIVATELY. >> AND SO SHE'S THE ONLY ONE AVAILABLE RIGHT NOW IN THE AREA TO PROVIDE THIS SERVICE. SO WE DO HAVE MANY CASES. AND SO THIS IS WHY, YOU KNOW, SHE IS THE ONLY ONE THAT CAN ADVISE AND AVAILABLE TO WAS TO REVIEW ALL THE CASES AND THESE PARTICULAR REQUIRES IS JUST STRICTLY THROUGH THE FIRE AND AND AS SOON AS WE CONTINUE HAVING CASES. AND I THINK IF YOU I DON'T KNOW IF YOU IN THIS BOARD MEETING BUT WHEN WE GET OUT OF THE COMMITTEES WE ACTUALLY ALSO PROVIDE SOME STATISTICS ON WHAT THE CASES THAT ARE IN THE PIPELINE. ARE QUITE A FEW CASES IN THE PIPELINE. AND SO WE NEED TO MAKE SURE THAT SHE CAN CONTINUE PROVIDING THE SERVICES. THAT'S THAT'S WHY WE'RE COMING BEFORE YOU BOARD TO MAKE SURE THAT YOU CAN CONTINUE THEIR WORK. >> THANKS. CATHERINE RETRO SANTA , ANY OTHER QUESTIONS? >> HAVE THE CASES JUST BEEN GOING UP EVERY YEAR? IS THAT WHY WE. BECAUSE I'M ASSUMING THAT THE CASES THAT IN ALL CASES DON'T GET FREE REVIEW. I MEAN I KNOW LAST TIME WE HAD ONE BUT IT'S THE INCREASE. I'M NOT SAYING I'M NOT QUESTIONING THE SERVICE. I JUST HEARD HER LAST TIME. SHE WAS TERRIFIC. IT'S JUST I'M WONDERING IF THAT NUMBER STABILIZE A POINT OR EVEN US FUNDED THOUSAND DOLLARS INCREMENTALLY, YOU KNOW, FOR THE FORESEEABLE FUTURE. I WOULD I WOULD NOT EXPECT THE NUMBER OF CASES TO DIMINISH IN THE FUTURE. I THINK THE REASON THERE ARE SO MANY IN THE PIPELINE RIGHT NOW IS THAT WE HAVE SOME FIRST OF ALL WE PUT SOME OF THIS WORK ON THE BACKBURNER WHEN THE PANDEMIC CAME. >> SO WE IMMEDIATELY MEET FOR QUITE A FEW MONTHS. WE STARTED MEETING LAST MONTH SO THAT ADDED TO THE NUMBER OF CASES IN THE PIPELINE. BUT INTENSIVE CASE IS COMING IN THE FUTURE. IT IS MY EXPERIENCE THAT IS PRETTY CONSISTENT. SO I WILL NOT EXPECT THE NUMBER OF CASES TO DIMINISH IN THE FUTURE. >> ROBERTO, LET ME ADD TO THAT AT LEAST ON THE POLICE SIDE WE HAVE A WE HAVE A PROGRAM THAT WAS REFERRED TO AS EXEMPT EMPLOYEE WHICH ALLOWED OFFICERS THAT WERE INJURED AND CAN NO LONGER DO FULL DUTY TO WORK IN DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE POLICE DEPARTMENT. >> THAT PROGRAM HAS BEEN CHANGED. ONCE YOU BECOME PERMANENT STATIONARY YOU HAVE TO EXIT THE PROGRAM AND THAT'S GOING TO PUT THEM INTO A DISABILITY RETIREMENT WHETHER YOU KNOW IT'S AN ON DUTY OR OFF DUTY RETIREMENT. >> SO THAT PIPELINE IS GOING TO START UNLOADING RIGHT NOW AND THERE IS I BELIEVE OF 26 PEOPLE IN THAT PROGRAM. >> SO YOU'RE GOING TO SEE A KIND OF A BIG RUSH PROBABLY THROUGH THE REST OF THE YEAR MAYBE INTO NEXT YEAR BECAUSE THEY'LL HAVE ONE YEAR TO KIND OF GET THAT THING GOING. >> SO THAT'S GOING TO BE PART OF IT. THANK YOU. ANY OTHER QUESTIONS? THOSE ARE ALL REALLY GOOD QUESTIONS. THE DISABILITY PROCESS IT TURNS OUT IS VERY TIME PEOPLE ARE OFTEN SITTING IN THE QUEUE FOR THREE OR FOUR YEARS WAITING FOR THEM TO BECOME PERMANENT STATIONARY. >> YES, I'M DISABLED STUFF. SO IT'S AN EXCELLENT QUESTION. I'M HOWARD. ANY QUESTIONS CATHERINE OR ROBERT? >> I'LL JUST JUST A QUESTION IS THE ORIGINAL AGREEMENT HAPPENED AND THEN THERE BUNCH OF EXTENSIONS. IT IS EACH EXTENSION BY TIME OR IS IT JUST BY AMOUNT OF MONEY THAT NEEDED FOR THE FORECASTED NUMBER OF CASES COMING UP BECAUSE THIS ONE LOOKS LIKE IT IT'S GOOD UNTIL THERE'S ENOUGH FOR JULY 21 1 AT HOW THE DEBATE BY TIME OR BY JUST 10 IT'S IT'S FIVE FUNDS WE ASKED FOR AN AMENDMENT AND THEN WHEN THE FUNDS GET LOW I GET NOTIFIED BY ACCOUNTING AND THEN I PUT IN A REQUEST FOR AN AMENDMENT. >> ALL RIGHT. THANK YOU. RIGHT. >> AS FAR NOTHING FOR ME. THANK YOU. NICK, I THINK QUESTIONS FOR DEREK. >> ANY QUESTIONS? IT'S JUST A COMMENT TO THE NEW MEMBERS. I CAN TELL YOU THIS WITH ALL MY EXPERIENCE AND I'VE BEEN INVOLVED FOR YEARS I CAN TELL YOU IT IS WE'RE SAVING MONEY WITH DR. OH YEAH I'D SAY IT'S A VERY I ECHOED SAYS VERY TYPE PROCESS IN TIMMERMAN IS SORT OF THE CENTER HUB OF THE SYSTEM FRANCO. >> ANY COMMENTS NOW? >> ALL RIGHT. THERE IS I MEAN I MEAN IT'S BIGGER THAN ME SAYING THERE IS A MOTION FROM SANTOS TO SECOND FROM LANDS ON FOR C TO AUTHORIZE THE EXTENSION. DR. CHAIRMAN'S CONTRACT. SEEM TO HAVE A VOTE. >> I HOWARD. HOW DO YOU VOTE? YES, SVR. HOW DO YOU VOTE? HI, NICK. I. . >> YES. FRANCO I MEAN I VOTE I AS WELL. SO THE FINAL ITEM IN SECTION 4. DON'T TAKE THAT ONE ROBERTA. YES. THANK YOU. MR. MY SHARE. SO YOU MAY BE CALL LATE LAST YEAR WE BROKE FOR. AFTER WE IMPLEMENT QUARTERLY NEWSLETTER STRATEGIC COMMUNICATION PLAN AND THAT WAS ADOPTED AND APPROVED BY YOU BORE AND WHAT YOU HAVE BEFORE YOU THIS MORNING IS ACTUALLY A PLAN TIMELINE FOR THE NEXT 24 MONTHS ATTEMPTING TO IMPLEMENT THAT COMMUNICATION PLAN AND WITH THAT I'LL TURN IT OVER TO BARBARA WHO WILL BE WILL BE PRESENTING THE TIMELINE FOR THE COMMUNICATIONS PLAN. >> THANK YOU. SO YES. AND I SHALL SEE THE PLAN GOES THROUGH TO JUNE 30TH, 2020 AND ALL THE ACTIVITIES THAT ARE OUTLINED IN THE PLAN FOR THIS FISCAL YEAR, THIS CURRENT FISCAL YEAR. THEY WERE INCLUDED IN THE BUDGET. >> SO THE ANNUAL BUDGET AND THEN IN FUTURE YEARS THE COSTS WILL BE INCLUDED IN IN THE ANNUAL BUDGETS THAT GO TO THE BOARDS FOR APPROVAL. SO JUST LOOKING HERE AT THE PLAN WE'RE STARTING RIGHT BY YOU KNOW, OBVIOUSLY THE REDESIGN AND RELAUNCH OF OUR WEBSITE THAT PROJECT IS IS ONGOING. IT STARTED INITIATED AND WE'RE WORKING ON THAT. AND THEN OF COURSE THE THERE'S A PUSH TO PROVIDE MORE TRAINING AND USEFUL TOOLS TO OUR MEMBERSHIP BOTH RETIREES AND ACTIVES AND BY PROVIDING, YOU KNOW, RETIREMENT APPLICATION PLANNING AND WEBINARS SHORT VIDEOS EASILY DIGESTED AND YOU KNOW, WITHIN 2 3 MINUTE VIDEOS AND ON TOPIC PACIFIC MOST IMPORTANTLY OUR UPCOMING OPEN INVOLVEMENT WE'RE GOING TO HAVE A VIDEO ON THAT ON HOW TO FILL IN THE FORM ON TRANSITIONING MEDICARE. >> AND THEN IN ADDITION TO TRAINING VIDEOS AND INFORMATION RESOURCES WE'RE WE'LL CONTINUE TO PUBLISH THE NEWSLETTER THE RETIREMENT CONNECTION AND THAT INCORPORATE MORE E-MAIL BLASTS TO OUR RETIREES SO THEY GET INFORMATION IN A VARIETY OF WAYS AND IN A TIMELY MANNER. >> AND THEN GOING ON LATER ON IN THIS YEAR TOWARDS MORE LIKE DECEMBER WE'RE HOPING TO BE LAUNCHING OUR FACEBOOK TWITTER . WE ACTUALLY ALREADY DID INCORPORATE OUR SUBMISSION FUNCTION INTO THE MEMBER DIRECT PORTAL. SO MEMBERS EITHER ACTIVE RETIREES CAN GET INTO THE PORTAL AND SEND A QUESTION AND START TO CONNECT WITH OUR STAFF AND THEN WE'RE JUST GOING TO BE BUILDING ON MAPS AS YOU'LL SEE THE PLAN KIND OF BUILDS ON A THEME TO IT TO SEE IF WE CAN BUILD OUT RESOURCES FOR OUR FOR THE MEMBERSHIP. >> HAVE YOU ANY QUESTIONS ON THE TABLE? >> SO SO I UNDERSTAND THIS CORRECTLY, BARBARA. THIS IS DISCUSSION AND ACTION IF I'M READING THIS RIGHT YOU'RE SAYING RYAN BUDGET DOES NO, ACTUALLY WE TAKE OUT THAT. BUT I'M GUESSING AFTER QUESTIONS COME IN YOU'RE LOOKING FOR A MOTION TO APPROVE THE TIMELINE. AM I HEARING THAT RIGHT? YES, YEAH. >> GREAT. >> OKAY. LET'S GO AHEAD AND THEN GO NATIONALIST. SUNITA, ANY QUESTIONS FOR BARBARA? >> QUESTION JUST TO COMPLEMENT THIS LOOKS GREAT. >> YEAH. >> BOB BARR THE BORDER KNOWS WHAT I THINK ABOUT BARBARA HOWARD. ANY QUESTIONS? >> HI, BARBARA. JUST ONE QUESTION. HOW ARE THINGS GOING SO FAR? I KNOW THIS PLAN STARTED IN JULY. >> HOW ARE THINGS GOING SO WELL THAT THEY'RE THERE? THEY'RE GOING WE'VE GOT THE WEBSITE PROJECT AND WE'RE WORKING ON THAT AND DESIGNING THE WIRE I MEAN ETC. AND THEN AS I SAY WE WE KIND OF PLUCKED A LOW HANGING FRUIT SO WE THERE WAS AT FUNCTIONALITY WITHIN THE MEMBER DIRECT FOR SWITCHING ON THAT MESSAGE CENTER. SO WE WENT AHEAD AND DID THAT AND WE WERE RELUCTANT TO DO THAT IN THE VERY BEGINNING OF MEMBER DIRECT ONLY BECAUSE OUR STAFF WERE VERY THE APPLICATION ITSELF WAS VERY NEW . THE WORKFLOWS THAT WERE INCORPORATED INTO THE APPLICATION WERE VERY NEW AND WE JUST FELT IT MIGHT BE A LITTLE OVERWHELMING AND AT THE VERY START TO OPEN UP ANOTHER PIPELINE. BUT BUT NOW OUR STAFF ARE COMFORTABLE WITH THE WITH THE APPLICATION AND THEIR GETTING WAY VERY COMFORTABLE WITH THE MEMBER DIRECT AND SO HAVING WORK COME IN THROUGH THE APPLICATION IS JUST ANOTHER WAY THAT WE CAN SERVE OUR MEMBERS AND AND WITH THE COVID SITUATION AND WORKING REMOTELY IT ALSO JUST MADE SENSE AND IT WAS JUST THE RIGHT TIME TO ENABLE IT. AND SO THAT'S BEEN WORKING REALLY NICELY. IT ACTUALLY THE WORK ACTUALLY COMES INTO THE WORK OR THE APPLICATION AND SOMEONE CAN GET ASSIGNED SO EVERYBODY CAN SEE WHAT WHO IS WORKING ON WHAT AND WHAT MEMBERS HAVE OUTSTANDING QUESTIONS. SO SO FAR I THINK WE'RE DOING REALLY WELL AND WE'VE BEEN TALKING TO SOME OF THE VENDORS FOR THE SOCIAL MEDIA SO SO YEAH, WE'VE BEEN BUSY AND I THINK I THINK THIS IS ACHIEVABLE RIGHT. >> PRETTY GREAT. GOOD. THANK YOU. THANK YOU. >> AS FOR QUESTIONS NO, I'M GOOD. THANK YOU FOR THE UPDATE, BARBARA. YEAH, NICK. >> WELL THANK YOU, BARB. NO, SIR. THANK YOU. DECK. THANK YOU. FRANCO. WELL WELL AS THOSE THAT HE DID IT OSGOOD COMPLETE IT. >> I. I MOVE THAT WE APPROVED THE TIMELINE THAT BARBARA JUST PRESENTED. DO I HAVE A SECOND I CAN ASK FOR IT. >> OK. SO ITEM FOR DIEP ON THE STREETS COMMUNICATION PLAN WE HAVE A MOTION VISE CHAIR LANZA AND A SECOND BY SUNITA. SO LET'S GO DOWN THE LIST. SUNITA, HOW DO YOU VOTE? >> HOWARD HOW DO YOU VOTE YES AS FAR RIGHT. >> NICK HI. YES. FRANCO YES. GREAT. AND THIS IS THE CHAIR OF VISE CHAIR LINDSAY I VOTE. I AS WELL THAT KIND OF WRAPS UP YOUR SECTION. ANY FINAL THOUGHTS OR ANYTHING YOU WANT TO ADD? ROBERTA NO. >> I MEAN IT'S YOU TWO THINGS ACTUALLY DIFFERENT. >> ONE IS OBVIOUSLY AS WE PREPARE TO START WORKING ON THE FISCAL BUDGET FOR THE FOLLOWING YEAR. >> WE KNOW THE FISCAL JUST DONATED FOR 21 22 CERTAINLY WE WILL LOOK AT THE TIMELINE AND IF THERE ARE ANY FURTHER CAUSE THAT NEED TO BE ADDED TO THE BUDGET TO KEEP WITH THE LIMITATION ON THE COMMUNICATIONS PLAN. >> CERTAINLY WE WILL ADDRESS THAT DURING THE BUDGET DISCUSSION. THE SECOND ONE IS THAT WE PLAN ON KEEPING YOU BORE APPRISED HOPEFULLY ON A QUARTERLY BASIS ON WHERE WE STAND IN TERMS THE TIMELINE AS PRESENTED FOR THE COMMUNICATIONS PLANS. THAT'S COMMITTEE CHAIR GREG BACK TO WORK. >> I THINK I I I I I I ECHO WHAT YOU JUST SAID. I THINK THAT EVERYBODY ON THIS BOARD REALLY IS A BIG BACKER OF THIS AND GOOD JOB BARBARA AND ROBERTO. I KNOW COMMUNICATIONS PLANS ARE VERY INTIMATE, VERY DETAILED AND HARD DENTAL AND HARD TO IMPLEMENT. BUT YOU GUYS ARE DOING A GREAT JOB. ALL RIGHT. ITEM FIVE SERVICE RETIREMENTS CHAIRMAN OF PAUL COOK POLICE LIEUTENANT POLICE DEPARTMENT EFFECTIVE SEPTEMBER NINETEEN TWENTY TWENTY WITH TWENTY SEVEN POINT ONE FIVE YEARS SERVICE THE SERVICE TRAUMA OF RUBIN DAILY DELAYS AND SORRY IF I MISS FRANCE AND A POLICE OFFICER POLICE DEPARTMENT EFFECTIVE SEPTEMBER NINETEEN TWENTY TWENTY TWENTY FOUR POINT FIVE TWO YEARS OF SERVICE SERVICE TRAUMA OF MARTIN A LA MALI FIRE ENGINEER FIRE DEPARTMENT EFFECTIVE SEPTEMBER 5TH TWENTY TWENTY TWENTY EIGHT POINT FIVE SERVICE THESE GUYS ARE ALL UP UP IT GO ONLY DELAYS NO MADE TWENTY FIVE YEARS AND THE DEFERRED VESTED REGINALD WILLIAMS ASSISTANT FIRE CHIEF FIRE DEPARTMENT EFFECTIVE AUGUST 11TH TWENTY TWENTY WITH TWENTY FIVE POINT TO SEVEN TWENTY FIVE TO SEVEN YEARS OF SERVICE. >> DO I HAVE A MOTION TO PROVE THOSE THREE SERVICE RETIREMENTS IN THAT ONE DEFERRED BEST AT MOTION DEVOTION TO APPROVE? >> GREAT. I'VE GOT A MOTION FROM SANTOS AND I'LL TAKE IT AS A SECOND FROM YOU FRANCO GET OPM. LET ME GET ANALYST SNEAK TO HEIDI VOTE. >> HI HOWARD. >> YES, SFR. ALL RIGHT, NICK. HI,. >> YES, FRANCO, I AND I OF COURSE WILL VOTE. >> I AM. ANY COMMENTS YOU WANT TO MAKE ON THOSE PEOPLE YOU EVER WORK FOR THEM? FRANCO OR DO YOU KNOW THESE FOLKS? >> YEAH, I WORKED AROUND THOSE GUYS ARE GOOD PEOPLE. IT'S I JUST THINK UNDER THE CURRENT ENVIRONMENT THAT'S GOING ON RIGHT NOW, WE'RE JUST GOING TO SEE A LOT OF A LOT OF THESE GUYS PULL THE PLUG AND DECIDE THAT IT'S JUST NOT NOT WORTH IT TO DO THIS JOB AND THAT'S UNFORTUNATE. BUT AGAIN, LOSING SOME GOOD EXPERIENCED SHARE I WORKED WITH BOTH OF THE FIREFIGHTERS IN WISH THEM NOTHING BUT THE BEST. >> THANKS. THANKS A LOT. ,I WOULD NOW LIKE TO ANNOUNCE THE DEATHS OF TWO OF OUR MEMBERS AND WE'LL HAVE A MOMENT . SILENCE AFTERWARD. THE DEATH OF RONALD LEDESMA, POLICE SERGEANT WHO RETIRED ON MAY 1ST OF 1990 9 AND DIED JUNE 9TH OF CHAUNCEY 20 WITH NO SURVIVOR SCHIP BENEFITS AND THE DEATH OF WILLIAM MCQUADE, FIREFIGHTER RETIRED. A JANUARY 4TH 2001 AND DIED JUNE 17TH 2020 SURVIVOR BENEFITS BENEFITS TO BONNIE MCQUADE, HIS SPOUSE AND I HAVE A MOMENT OF SILENCE. I DON'T I DON'T KNOW IF ANY OF YOU NECK DECK FRANK WOULD LIKE TO MAKE COMMENTS ON EITHER OF THESE GENTLEMEN. >> WELL, AWAY FROM FRANCO FIRST HE WAS PEACE OFFICERS FIRST MAKING A COMMENT IN NICK. YEAH, I I WORKED WITH RYAN YEARS AGO AND I'D JUST LIKE TO EXTEND ON BEHALF OF THE BOARD OUR CONDOLENCES TO HIS FAMILY AND FRIENDS. >> MR. CHAIR. I KNEW IT DOES MY FAMILY KNEW SERGEANT DESMOND AND BILL MCQUAID AND HIS BROTHER BOB. THEY'RE BOTH VETERANS OF THE COUNTY AND THE CITY OF SAN JOSE AND I KNEW BOTH OF THEM BUT I KNEW BILL BEFORE I CAME ON. SO AS A FRIENDSHIP AND WILL MISS HIM DEARLY IN THE BEST OF HIS FAMILY. THANK YOU. >> THANK THANK YOU, GENTLEMEN. ALL RIGHT. NOW WE'RE IN THE COMMITMENTS, REPORTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. INVESTMENT COMMITTEE S FA OK, SO THE LAST MEETING WHICH WAS ABOUT A WEEK AGO AUGUST 25TH. >> THE THINGS WE DISCUSSED. SO CHRISTINA, YOU KNOW, INVESTMENT OFFICER CHRISTINA MADE A GREAT PRESENTATION ON OUR PUBLIC EQUITY EXPOSURES AND THE DIFFERENT MANAGERS. WAS WAS WAS A VERY GOOD PRESENTATION. VARIOUS DID A RISK PRESENTATION AND THAT'S GOING TO QUARTERLY FEATURE FROM NOW ON. >> AND THEN WE HAD WE REVIEWED ALL THE MANAGER DECISIONS AS PRESENTED. >> AND THEN FINALLY WE HAD A DISCUSSION ON ASSET ALLOCATION PARTICULARLY IN TERMS OF OUR EMERGING MARKET EXPOSURE. THERE HAD BEEN SOME CONCERNS ABOUT THAT EXPOSURE MAYBE BEING A TAD HIGH COMPARED TO OUR PEER GROUP AT THE END OF YOU KNOW, WE DIDN'T HAVE CONSENSUS IN TERMS OF REDUCING IT SO WE DEFERRED TO THE CEO'S VIEW THAT MAYBE DIEP PUT IT AS PART OF A FEATURE AND MAKE IT AS PART OF THAT DISCUSSION WHICH COMES IN A FEW MONTHS. GREAT. I SEE THERE NO ACTION ITEMS HERE. ANY QUESTIONS FOR AS FAR QUESTION TIME? >> SURE. THE ALLOCATION SORT OF BENT IS GIVEN THE SUCCESS OF THE PORTFOLIO AND THE GROWTH ORIENTATION AND UNDERPERFORMANCE OF VALUE ANY THOUGHT AROUND FOR TAKING A LITTLE BIT OR IS THAT TOO SHORT TERM IN NATURE? YEAH. >> YOU DIDN'T GET TO THAT. AND THAT MAY BE SOMETHING THAT YOU KNOW WE SHOULD DISCUSS. YOU KNOW, I MEAN I THINK WE HAD BRIEFLY TOUCHED ON IT, YOU KNOW, WHICH IS THAT, YOU KNOW, VALUATION ON THE MARKETS ARE BACK TO WHERE THEY WERE BEFORE, YOU KNOW, THE SELL OFF. AND THE QUESTION IS, YOU KNOW, IS THERE MORE RISK THAN THERE WAS? AND DOES IT MEAN WE NEED TO TAKE ANY ACTION? BUT WE DIDN'T GO MUCH DOWN THAT THE DOWN THAT LANE AND I THINK AS WE BRING UP ASSET ALLOCATION AGAIN AT THE BOARD, THAT MAY BE SOMETHING THAT WE SHOULD CONSIDER. BUT IF YOU HAVE ANY PARTICULAR VIEWS IN TERMS OF , YOU KNOW, THINGS THAT WE SHOULD TALK ABOUT, WHETHER IT'S GROWTH HAS VALUE, WHETHER IT'S OVERALL RISK ALLOCATION, LET ME KNOW AND YOU KNOW, WE CAN CLEARLY NOT PART YOU KNOW PART OF THAT. I SEE. BUT WE CAN MAKE IT PART YOU KNOW, MAYBE PART OF THE BOARD AGENDA AT SOME POINT AND I'M HAPPY TO ADD TO THAT QUESTION. >> SO WE MADE A TACTICAL WE MADE A DECISION NOT TO ENGAGE IN TACTICAL ASSET ALLOCATION. SO FOR A NUMBER OF YEARS THE BOARD'S STAFF DID ENGAGE IN A AND A COUPLE OF YEARS AGO WHEN I TOOK OVER AS CIO, ONE OF THE FIRST THINGS THAT WE DID WAS TO ENGAGE NOT ENGAGE IN ANY T.A. BUT TO BE FOCUSED ON STRATEGIC ALLOCATION. AND WE ALSO SORT OF NEUTRALIZED ANY GROWTH VALUE EXPOSURES. SO THAT WAS ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WAS PRESENTED BY VARIOUS. SO IF YOU LOOK AT OUR PORTFOLIO COMPARED TO THE BENCHMARK, THERE ARE REALLY NO ACTIVE BETS IN TERMS OF EXPOSURES AND WE DON'T FEEL CONFIDENT IN MAKING THOSE KINDS OF TACTICAL SHIFTS. I THINK IT'S IMPORTANT TO GET OUR STRATEGIC ALLOCATION RIGHT AND THAT'S WHAT WE ARE FOCUSED ON. >> ANY OTHER QUESTIONS? THANKS FOR FRANCO. ANYTHING ON AUDIT RISK? YOU BRING UP MISS CHAIR INTENSIVE AUDIT RATES. >> LET ME LET ME TALK TO REVERSE THE FIRST OF ALL JUST A MENU REVIEW AND IF HE'S EVEN FILED THE MINUTES FORWARD THE POLICE HAVE FOR THE ICY MEETINGS, FINE. >> YOU CAN DO THAT LATER. SO THEY ONLY RAISE ACTUALLY WE DO THEY HAVE A QUORUM AT THE LAST MEETING SO WE COULDN'T REALLY HAVE THESE IDEAS DISCUSSED WITH THE WITH YOUR COMMITTEE. SO AGAIN, YOU WILL BE HELPFUL THAT YOU APPROVE FOR THE MINUTES OF THAT WERE PRESENTED TO THEIR COMMITTEE BECAUSE AGAIN THAT COMMITTEE MEET I THINK THE QUARTERLY TRAVEL AND ATTENDANCE IF I REMEMBER CORRECTLY. OBVIOUSLY THERE HASN'T BEEN ANY KIND OF TRAVELING SO HE WAS AT ZERO COST BUT I WANTED TO KEEP KNIGHT IN SEVEN POINT TWO DIEP AND SEVEN POINT TWO EA EADS. I DON'T KNOW IF SOMEONE IS IS DIRECTING THEIR PRESENTATION OR WHETHER IT'S MICHELE OR WHETHER CLEANED UP BUT IF HE CAN GOING TO DIEP THE CITY AUDITOR RECOMMENDATIONS. WE HAD NOT UPDATED THIS DOCUMENTING AND WHILE AND I MADE THE POINT AND WE HAD AN INTERNAL MEETING. SO WHAT YOU HAVE BEFORE YOU IS THESE THE MOST RECENT UPDATE OF THE OF THE METRICS AND SO YOU RECALL THAT THE CITY AUDITOR CAME OUT WITH 20 FIVE RECOMMENDATIONS FIVE WHERE FOR THE CITY AND 28 RECOMMENDATIONS WHERE FOR OUR OFFICE OF THE 20 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR OUR OFFICE WE HAVE ACTUALLY COMPLETED AND IMPLEMENT 17 OF THEM. SO THEY ARE THREE THAT ARE STILL OUTSTANDING AND WHILE MARTY GOES TO GET THOSE ITEMS, LET ME TELL YOU WHERE THERE IS RECOMMENDATION NUMBER FIVE WAS PARTIALLY IMPLEMENT THAT ADDED ADDITIONAL 15 IS PARTIALLY IMPLEMENTED AND RECOMMENDATION 24 IS PARTIALLY IMPLEMENTED. SO I'LL TAKE THAT ONE AT A TIME RECOMMENDATION OF 5 IS HAVE TO DO WITH THE TIMING BOARD WHICH SHOULD ESTABLISH A FORMER BUDGET ADOPTION POLICIES AND PROCEDURES THAT INCLUDE CLEAR DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY TO STAFF TO SPEND PLAN ASSETS SUBJECT TO CERTAIN LIMITS DEFINED BY THE BOARDS IN SO THAT PARTICULAR ITEM IS PARTIALLY IMPLEMENTED. >> YOU HAVE BEEN MOST IF YOU HAVE BEEN THROUGH THE LAST TWO YEARS DEMONSTRATED BUDGET THEME. WE HAVE MADE GREAT STRIDES IN MAKING SURE THAT NOW WHAT IS PRESENTED YOU BORE IS ALSO PRESENTED TO THE CITY COUNCIL. ALL THE DOCUMENTS THAT YOU RECEIVE I RECEIVE THE CITY COUNCIL AND THE DOLLAR FIGURES THAT YOU APPROVE. I ALSO RECEIVED BY THE CITY COUNCIL WHERE THESE PARTICULAR I AM INDICATES PARTIALLY IMPLEMENT AND YOU SEE THE TARGET. THEY INDICATE TO BE DETERMINE THERE IS ONE POINT OF CONTENTION BETWEEN OUR OFFICE AND THE CITY AUDITOR'S OFFICE. AND AS YOU CAN READ IN THE DOCUMENT IT HAS TO DO THE RECOMMENDATION BY THE AUDITORY INDICATED THAT INVESTMENT FEES SHOULD BE PART OF THEM ANY TURNING EXPENSES ON THIS AS YOU CAN SEE THERE ARE AREAS WELL UPDATED BY THE POLICY TO REFLECT THIS. THE GOVERNOR'S COMEDIAN BOARD TRUSTEES APPROVED THIS CHANGING POLICY. >> MANY OF YOU KNOW THAT THIS ACCOMMODATION BY THE CITY AUDITOR WAS MOSTLY ALSO BAZ ON ELEGANT ANALYSIS BY THE BY THE CITY ATTORNEY'S OFFICE WHICH INDICATES THAT INVESTMENT FEES SHOULD BE PART OF THEM INITIATIVE EXPENSES. >> YOU BOAR ALSO RECEIVED A LEGAL ANALYSIS BY YOU GENERAL COUNSEL INDICATING THAT INVESTMENT FEES ARE NOT PART OF ANY EXPENSES AND IN FACT THEY ARE JUST DEDUCTED DIRECTLY FROM THE INVESTMENT FOR THE BUSINESS OF THE PLAN. AND SO THAT'S A BIG DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO APPROACHES. WE AS YOU ALL KNOW WE HAVE MADE GREAT STRIDES MAKING SURE THAT WE ARE AS TRANSPARENT AS POSSIBLE NOT ONLY IN THE NOT ONLY DO WE INCLUDING THE ANNUAL BUDGET DOCUMENTS TO THE CITY COUNCIL A AN ESTIMATED AMOUNT OF POSSIBLE EXPENSES DIEP. THE MOST CURRENT ASSET ALLOCATION ASSUMING THAT THE PLAN IS GOING TO EARN THEIR SCENARIO RETURN. BUT ON TOP OF THAT WE PRESENT TO YOU BORE AND TO THE CITY COUNCIL A VERY COMPREHENSIVE INVESTMENT EXPENSE REPORT THAT IS PRODUCED ANNUALLY BY BUSINESS STAFF AND IN FACT IS COMING TO YOU NEXT MONTH. >> AND WE DO THAT BECAUSE YOU KNOW, WE ARE AWARE THAT IN BUSINESS FEES ARE IMPORTANT TO EVERYONE AND STAKEHOLDERS. AND EVEN THOUGH THEY ARE NOT REALLY PART OF THE MONETARY EXPENSES DEMONSTRATING A BUDGET THAT YOU APPROVE, WE WANT TO MAKE SURE THAT WE ARE TRANSPARENT FOR WHATEVER REASON THE CITY AUDITOR IS NOT WILLING TO CHECK THESE PARTICULAR ITEM OFF UNTIL WE INCLUDE THE INVESTMENT FEES AS PART OF ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES. AND SO THERE YOU HAVE IT. I DON'T SEE HOW WE ARE GOING TO BE ABLE TO RECONCILE THAT DIFFERENCE. BUT I WANTED TO GIVE YOU SOME BACKGROUND. I'M NOT SURE IF COUNCIL HAVE ANY COMMENTS ON THAT BECAUSE OBVIOUSLY HE WROTE THE ANALYSIS FOR YOU. BUT BEFORE HE DOES IF I MADE THAT THE NEXT TO A PRETTY STRAIGHTFORWARD YOU JOY SENATE A COMMITTEE HAS BEEN WORKING ON PERFORMANCE THAT OF PERFORMANCE MEASURES FOR THE ANNUAL EVALUATION OF THE CIO AND CEO. THE RECENT THIS IS BEING PARTIALLY IMPLEMENTED AND A TARGET DATE OF JUNE 2021 IS NOTED HERE IS BECAUSE WE ARE GOING TO HAVE TO THEN RECONCILE THAT WORRY BY THE DP. WE WITH THE DOCUMENT THAT IS INCLUDED IN THEM AND HE CHAIRED A BUDGET THAT ACTUALLY ADDRESSES THOSE PERFORMANCE MEASURES NOW FOR PURPOSES OF THE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE CEO AND CFO BUT BOOK PURPOSES A PERFORMANCE BY THE OFFICE EVERY TIME AND SERVICES SO HEAVILY HAS BEEN PARTIALLY IMPLEMENTABLE. WE'RE STILL WORKING THROUGH IT. AND THE LAST ONE I THINK BARBARA JUST SPOKE TO YOU AT THE LAST ITEM. WE'RE STILL WORKING THROUGH THEY UPGRADE THEIR WEBSITE. WE FOLEY EXPECT THEIR WEB SITE UPGRADE TO BE COMPLETED BY THE END OF THIS CALENDAR YEAR. AND SO THAT'S WHY AS PRESIDENT IMPLEMENTED AND THAT'S WHERE YOUR TARGET DATE DECEMBER 2020 THAT MR. CHAIR I JUST CONCLUDED MY COMMENTS ON THOSE THREE ITEMS THAT ARE STILL OUTSTANDING MARCHING COME IN AND I'M HAPPY TO ANSWER ANY QUESTIONS AND QUESTIONS FOR OUR REPORT OR FRANCO. >> HEY, THANKS FOR VIRTUE. I'VE BEEN A LITTLE RUSTY HERE. >> GOING BACK TO THE INVESTMENT COMMITTEE MAKE NOTE FOR THE RECORD THAT WE RECEIVE AND FILED THE MINUTES OF BOTH THE JOINT INVESTMENT COMMITTEE AND THE POLICE FOR INVESTMENT COMMITTEE OF MAY 26 AND ON THE AUDIT RISK COMMITTEE TO THE FACT THAT WE RECEIVE AND FILE THE MINUTES TO ON THE 1ST 2020 GOVERNANCE COMMITTEE REPORT DUE YOUR SORRY LET ME I'M SORRY I APOLOGIZE. I JUST WANTED TO ALSO MENTION THE NEXT ITEM ON THE AGENDA ON THE AUDIT COMMITTEE. THAT WAS THE LAST I INTEND THAT ORDERS THAT WERE PERFORMED BY THE SENIOR AUDITOR THERE WERE DISCUSSED AT THE COMMITTEE LOVE JUNE BUT WE HAD NOT FOLLOWED WELL WITH THE ACTUAL WRITTEN RESPONSE AND WHAT YOU HAVE BEFORE YOU IS JUST THE WRITTEN RESPONSE THAT WAS ACTUALLY PUT IT IN WRITING THE DISCUSSION AND THE PRESENTATION OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS THAT WERE DISCUSSED AT THE COMMITTEE LEVEL AT THE LAST BUT THE LAST MEETING JUNE. AND SO SINCE YOU COMMEDIA WAS NOT ABLE TO MEET THIS PAST MONTH, I WILL AS THAT YOU BORE ACTUALLY TAKE THESE FOUR ITEMS AND I WILL HAVE THE AGENDA FROM YOU RIGHT NOW. BUT WHICHEVER IDEAS NEED TO BE APPROVED, I WILL I WILL ASK THAT IF YOU BOUGHT AND APPROVED THAT THAT WOULD BE HELPFUL. SO I'M SURE APPROVAL ON THE MINUTES WHICH YOU'VE ALREADY DONE AND ON THE QUARTERLY TRAVEL BUT THE OTHER ONES ARE JUST UPDATES. OKAY. YES, THAT'S RIGHT. SO IF YOU DO THAT THEN WE'LL SET OUT. >> SO LET'S GO BACK TO THE WEDDING CEREMONY. >> DOES ANYBODY HAVE ANY ISSUES LIKE TO ROBERTO ON ANY OF THOSE FOUR ITEMS A HEARING? >> NONE. I THINK THAT THAT COULD MEAN THAT WOULD NORMALLY MEAN APPROVAL RATE OF CARRYING THAT IS THAT THAT COVERS AUDIT. YES. THAT GO OUTSIDE OF YOUR CURRENT. >> YES. YES. THANKS. THANK YOU, RACHEL. I'M NICK. ANYTHING TO REPORT ON GOVERNANCE? >> NO. OUR MEETING TODAY HAS BEEN CANCELED. OUR NEXT ONE IS SCHEDULED FOR DECEMBER AND THERE ARE NO MINUTES TO APPROVE. >> GREAT. THANKS SO MUCH. ,ANYTHING FROM THE DISABILITY COMMITTEE? YES. >> THE ONE THING WILL BE THE MEETING HAS BEEN CHANGED TO SEPTEMBER 8TH WHICH WILL BE NEXT WEEK, NOT MONDAY WHICH SHOULD BE LABOR DAY. >> SO MAKE SURE BARRY KNOWS AND THE COMMITTEE WE HAVE WITH DR. CHAIRMAN AND OUR MEMBER DREW LANZA, WE'RE DOING A VERY, VERY GOOD JOB. THIS WAS A DIFFICULT DISCUSSION . BUT TOGETHER WE ADDRESS THEM ALL AND WE WITHIN THE LAW. I HAVE TO SAY EVERETT IS DOING A FINE JOB. THANK YOU. THANK YOU,. AND FOR THE RECORD, NOTE THAT WE RECEIVE AND FILED THE MINUTES FROM THE MARCH 9, 2020 POLICE DISABILITY COMMITTEE. THE LAST COMMITTEE IS JOINT PERSONNEL AND ANDREWS NIGHT EVENTS IS NEAR I KNOW AS FAR ANYBODY ANY COMMENTS OR JOINING HANDS NEEDS NOW? YEAH. >> I MEAN IF A CHAIR IN FACT YOU JOIN THE SENATE COMMITTEE IS GOING TO MEET AGAIN ON SEPTEMBER 8 IN SO I THINK WE'LL HAVE A MORE COMPLETE UPDATE AT YOUR MEETING IN OCTOBER BECAUSE THE IDEAS THAT WE'VE BEEN DEALING WITH AT YOUR MEETING NEXT WEEK. I JUST CONTINUATION FROM THE IDEAS THE AGASSI LEVIN. SO THERE'S STILL FOR THEIR WORK TO BE DONE ON FINALIZING THE PERFORMERS MEASURES FOR THE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR THE CEO CIO AND ALSO SO FOR THEIR WORK ON THE WAITING TO BE INCLUDED IN THOSE DETERMINATIONS. SO AGAIN FOR THE DISCUSSION TO BE TO BE HELD AT THE MEETING NEXT WEEK. SO I THINK YOUR COVER MEETING YOU HAVE A MORE BIG UPDATE ON WHAT THE END RESULT WILL BE AND OF COURSE EVERYTHING THAT IS RECOMMENDED BY THE APC WILL ULTIMATELY HAVE TO COME BEFORE YOU BOARD FOR APPROVAL. >> ANYTHING TO ADD, ASH-HAR NOW ROBERTA, COVER IT. ALL RIGHT. THEN FOR THE RECORD, LET'S NOTE THAT WE RECEIVED AND FILED THE MINUTES OF THE JOINT PRESS COMMITTEE FOR MAY 13, 2012. THAT CONCLUDES OUR AGENDA. THIS HAS GOT TO BE SOME KIND OF A NEW SPEED RECORD. >> I'M NOT SURE. >> PLEASE, PLEASE. I'M SORRY. I WAS SOMETHING FRANCO SAID WHEN WE WERE TALKING ABOUT THE RETIREES JUST TRIGGERED THAT. I HAVEN'T GIVEN THE SAME SHOUT TO THE POLICE DEPARTMENT AS I JUST DID TO THE FIRE DEPARTMENT . SO I WANTED TO EMPHASIZE HOW IMPORTANT OUR WORK IS AS WELL AND HOW I VALUE EVERY DAY THE WORK THAT THEY DO TO PUT THEIR LIVES AT RISK IN PROTECTING THE RESIDENTS OF OUR CITY. I HAVE CALLS FROM RESIDENTS ALL THE TIME ABOUT ISSUES IN THEIR NEIGHBORHOOD AND THE POLICE ARE OUT THERE VERY QUICKLY TO RESPOND WHATEVER THAT IS, BE IT A SMALL ISSUE OR A LARGE ISSUE AND I DIDN'T WANT TO LEAVE THIS MEETING WITHOUT ALSO ACKNOWLEDGING HOW IMPORTANT THEIR WORK IS TOO. AND I ALSO RECOGNIZE THAT WE ARE LOSING REALLY GOOD MEN AND WOMEN BECAUSE OF THE STRESS AND THE THE CONDITIONS THAT THEY ARE OPERATING UNDER RIGHT NOW. SO I AM SO GRATEFUL FOR YOUR PERSONAL COMMITMENTS AS WELL FOR OUR CITY AND OUR RESIDENTS. THANK YOU. >> WELL, AND I DO KNOW IT'S ALMOST A DECADE. >> AND I REALIZE THAT THE CITY AND THE POLICE AND FIRE UNITS DON'T ALWAYS GET ALONG. BUT THEN I TUNE IN THE EVENING NEWS TO PORTLAND AND SEATTLE. SO THANK YOU. THE CITY FOR KEEPING THINGS RELATIVELY AT PEACE AND FOR SAYING GOOD WORDS ABOUT THOSE OF US THOSE OF OUR MEMBERS WHO SERVE. ANY OTHER COMMENTS? ANYTHING ELSE TO ADD TO THE NEXT AGENDA? >> EXCUSE ME, DREW. >> YEAH. STAFF DOESN'T HAVE A MOTION OR VOTE ON THE AUDIT FOR THE TRAVEL ANALYSIS AND FOR THE MINUTES WAS THERE WOULDN'T BE A MOTION VOTE. >> RIGHT. JUST RECEIVING FIRE. BUT HANG ON LINDA. >> OKAY. HARVEY, IT'S JUST RECEIVING FILED TO ME. DO WE DON'T HAVE A VOTE ON THE MINUTES, DO WE? >> NOT ON THE MINUTES. >> NO, I WASN'T PICKING UP WHICH IT'S NOT SHAMBOLIC ISN'T IT? >> I DON'T SEE I DON'T SEE ANY ACTION ON FOR A THROUGH E. AM I LOOKING WRONG? I DO SO YEAH BECAUSE THE ON THE POLICE AND FIRE AUDIT COMMITTEE DID NOT NEED THOSE ITEMS WERE NOT APPROVED AT THE COMMITTEE LEVEL SO WE'RE ALLIES WORKING APPROVAL AT THE BOWSER BY SAID THOSE ON HEY HEY. >> SO HARVEY HOW DO WE PROCEED SINCE THE AGENDA DOESN'T SAY TO TAKE ACTION. >> OF COURSE LAW I'D LIKE TO SEE ON THE SCREEN WHAT WE'RE TALKING ABOUT. >> YEAH. KEEP IT UP, LINDA. SEVEN POINT TO A THREE YOU GO IDEAS BSE THE MINUTES THE MINUTES 7 BS AND THE MINUTES WERE RECEIVED AND FILED. >> RIGHT. YOU'RE SAYING THEY WEREN'T APPROVED BY THE COMMITTEE? YEAH BECAUSE THE COMMITTEE DID KNOW ME WELL THEN THEY SHOULD GO BACK AND BE APPROVED BY THE COMMITTEE AT THE COMMITTEE'S NEXT MEETING AND THEN RECEIVED FILED BY THE BOARD. RIGHT. THE BOARD CAN'T APPROVE THE COMMITTEE'S MINUTES WITHOUT A COMMITTEE APPROVING ITS OWN RULES. >> ALL RIGHT. LINDA GETS THE WORD FOR TOUCHING A HI POP FLY THE CENTERFIELD DIEP. GOOD CATCH. ALL RIGHT. SO FOR THE RECORD, WE THE THE BOARD COULD NOT RECEIVE AND FILE THOSE BECAUSE THEY WEREN'T STAMPED AS APPROVED BY THE COMMITTEE. SO. GOOD CATCH, LINDA. BUT WE CAN'T VOTE ON ANYTHING ELSE BECAUSE THERE'S NO ACTION ON THOSE NOW IN THE AGENDA. >> ANYTHING ELSE GOING ONCE GOING TWICE. WE'RE DONE. >> VERY GOOD. JOE, THANK YOU SO MUCH. THANK YOU EVERYBODY. YOU LED THE MEETING AND WE FINISHED BY 11:00. >> WHEN YOU SEE THESE. OH, I DO. WE GO TO ONE O'CLOCK. I DON'T KNOW WHAT TO TELL YOU. YOU KNOW, IF THEY WERE HERE AND WE WERE GOING TO BREAK THE RECORD, I'M SURE THEY'D HAVE BROUGHT SOMETHING UP. >> BUT THANK YOU VERY MUCH ALL ALL TO ALL THE MEMBERS AND STAFF. >> THANK YOU. COUNCIL MEMBER FALLING FOR YOUR KIND WORDS. I'M ASKING EVERYONE VERY WELL INCLUDING STOP.

Tà khí tỏa ra như một cơn sốt nặng nhọc Đây là đêm trước sự ra đi của người, chú đom đóm của con Liệu con có thể nói gì để cướp người khỏi tử thần đây? Hay con sẽ như bầu trời ngày độc lập? Ổn thôi, người nói đã đủ rồi Chú chim ưng bé nhỏ của con, tại sao người lại khóc? Hãy kể con nghe người đã học được gì từ vụ cháy Tillamook? Và từ ngày độc lập? Tất cả chúng ta rồi cũng phải gặp tử thần thôi Ngồi bên giường nhìn ngắm vòng sáng thiên thần mà người đang đội trên đầu Liệu người chỉ cố che mắt con, như thời trung học Khi cuộc đời chỉ toàn những viễn tưởng, tương lai và dự cảm Giờ con đang ở đâu đây? Khi nguồn sống cứ mờ nhòe dần Người đã nhận đủ tình yêu chưa, chú chim bồ câu bé nhỏ Tại sao người lại khóc? Và thật xin lỗi biết bao vì con phải rời khỏi người, nhưng đó là điều tốt nhất con có thể làm Mặc cho nó không bao giờ là điều đúng đắn cả Versailles bé nhỏ của con Bệnh viện hỏi nên làm gì với người Trước khi nói lời từ biệt, hỡi vì sao tinh tú của con Thật buồn cười làm sao khi nghĩ họ sẽ quấn vải quanh cơ thể người Người thấy mọi thứ có ổn không, chú chuồn chuồn của con? Chúng ta sẽ nhìn về phía ánh trăng kia nhé, chúm chim lặn bé nhỏ của con Tại sao người lại khóc? Hãy sống hết mình khi còn có thể, con nhé Khi còn đầy nhựa sống Ổn thôi, người nói đã đủ rồi Chú chim ưng bé nhỏ của con, tại sao người lại khóc? Hãy kể con nghe người đã học được gì từ vụ cháy Tillamook? Và từ ngày độc lập? Rồi chúng ta sẽ ra đi cả thôi Rồi chúng ta sẽ ra đi cả thôi Rồi chúng ta sẽ ra đi cả thôi Rồi chúng ta sẽ ra đi cả thôi Rồi chúng ta sẽ ra đi cả thôi Rồi chúng ta sẽ ra đi cả thôi Rồi chúng ta sẽ ra đi cả thôi Rồi chúng ta sẽ chết cả thôi...

Chinese: 譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Yanyan Hong 為什麼突然到處都是跨性別者？ （笑聲） 身為支持跨性別的行動主義者， 我常被問到這個問題。 別忘了，只有不到 1% 的美國成年人 會公開他們跨性別的身分。 根據「同性戀反詆毀聯盟」 最近的調查， 大約 16% 的非跨性別的美國人 聲稱他們在真實生活中認識跨性別者。 所以，對於剩下的 84% 人而言， 這似乎是個新議題。 但跨性別者其實從很久以前就有了。 非常規性別比你們想像的還要古老， 跨性別者是那遺產的一部分。 從中非、南美，到太平洋島嶼， 到甚至更遠的地方， 都有認可多種性別的族群， 且可追溯至很久以前。 比如，印度和巴基斯坦 所稱的「海吉拉」 在兩千年前的《慾經》中就有提到。 Hungarian: Fordító: Dóra Bálint Lektor: Lívia Sági Miért lettek a transzneműek hirtelen ilyen sokan? (Nevetés) Transz aktivistaként gyakran találkozom ezzel a kérdéssel. Ne feledjük, hogy az amerikai felnőttek alig 1%-a vallja magát nyíltan traszneműnek. Egy friss GLAAD felmérés szerint a nemtransz amerikaiak 16%-a állítja, hogy ismer transzneműt a való életben. A többi 84% számára tehát újnak tűnhet a téma, ám a transzneműség nem újkeletű. A gender-nonkonformitás nagyobb múltú, mint hinnénk, a traszneműek pedig ennek az örökségnek részei. Közép-Afrikától Dél-Amerikán át a Csendes-óceáni-szigetekig már nagyon régóta léteztek több nemet elismerő közösségek. Indiai és pakisztáni hidzsrákról például már a 2000 éves Kámaszútrában is szó esik. Turkish: Çeviri: KUBİLAYHAN DOĞUKAN Gözden geçirme: Figen Ergürbüz Nasıl oldu da trans bireyler bir anda bu kadar çoğaldı? (Gülüşmeler) Bir trans aktivist olarak bu soruyu çokça duyuyorum. Amerikalı yetişkinlerin yalnızca yüzde biri kendilerini açıkça trans olarak kabul ediyor. Son yapılan GLAAD anketine göre, trans olmayan Amerikalıların ortalama %16'sı, bir trans birey tanıdıklarını belirtiyor. Geri kalan %84 için ise bu yeni bir konuymuş gibi görünüyor. Fakat trans bireyler yeni bir olay değil. Cinsiyet değişikliği düşündüğünüzden daha eski ve trans bireyler bu mirasın bir parçası. Orta Afrika'dan Güney Amerika'ya oradan Pasifik Adaları ve daha ötesinde çoklu cinsiyeti kabul eden toplumlar var ve bu eskilere dayanıyor. Örneğin, Kama Sutra'da Hindistan ve Pakistan'da hijra denilen trans bireylerden bahsedilmesi 2000 yıl önceye dayanıyor. Serbian: Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Dragana Savanovic Zašto odjednom svuda ima transrodnih ljudi? (Smeh) Kao transrodni aktivista, često čujem ovo pitanje. Imajte na umu da se manje od jedan odsto odraslih Amerikanaca otvoreno identifikuju kao transrodni. Prema nedavnom istraživanju GLAAD-a, oko 16% Amerikanaca koji nisu transrodni tvrdi da poznaju transrodnu osobu u stvarnom životu. Dakle, za preostalih 84 posto, ovo može izgledati kao nova tema. Ali transrodni ljudi nisu ništa novo. Rodna raznolikost je starija nego što mislite, i transrodni ljudi su deo tog nasleđa. Od Centralne Afrike i Južne Amerike do Pacifičkih ostrva i dalje, bilo je populacija koje priznaju postojanje više polova, i to još iz davnina. Hidžre u Indiji i Pakistanu se, na primer, pominju još pre 2000 godina u Kama sutri. Persian: Translator: Mansoureh Hadavand Reviewer: Masoud Motamedifar چرا یه یکباره اینقدر افراد تراجنسیتی را زیاد می‌بینیم؟ ( خنده حضار ) چون فعال حقوق ترنس‌ها هستم این سوال زیاد ازمن پرسیده می‌شود. یادآوری کنم که کمتر از یک درصد بزرگسالان آمریکایی علنا به عنوان ترنس شناخته می‌شوند. طبق مطالعات اخیر GLAAD حدود ۱۶درصد از غیرترنس‌های آمریکایی ادعا می‌کنند که یک ترنس را در زندگی واقعی می‌شناسند. پس برای ۸۴ درصد باقیمانده ، ممکن است که موضوع جدیدی به حساب بیاید. ولی ترنس ها جدید نیستند. تنوع جنسیت قدیمی تر از آنی است که فکر می‌کنید، و افراد ترنس بخشی از این میراث هستند. از آفریقای مرکزی تا جنوب آمریکا جزایر اقیانوس آرام و دورتر از آن، مردمانی زندگی می‌کنند که جنسیت‌های مختلف را پذیرفته‌ند و آنها را به رسمیت می‌شناسند. برای مثال در هند و پاکستان، در حدود ۲۰۰۰ سال قبل در کتاب کاماسوترا واژه هجرا ذکر شده است. Korean: 번역: Gichung Lee 검토: DK Kim 트랜스젠더들이 갑자기 도처에 나타나게 된 이유가 뭘까요? (웃음) 트랜스젠더 인권 운동가로서, 저는 이런 질문을 꽤나 받았습니다. 기억해두세요. 미국 성인 중 1% 미만의 인구가 트랜스젠더로 공식적으로 분류됩니다. 최근 GLAAD의 조사에 따르면 약 16%의 비 트랜스젠더 미국인은 주변의 트랜스젠더를 안다고 합니다. 그렇다면 나머지 84%에게는 아마 새로운 주제일지도 모르겠네요. 하지만 트랜스젠더들은 새롭게 나타난 것이 아닙니다. 타고난 몸과 정신의 성별이 다른 것은 생각보다 오래되었습니다. 그리고 트랜스젠더들은 그 유산의 부분입니다. 중앙 아프리카에서 남미, 태평양의 섬들과 그 너머에 이르기까지 많은 곳에서 다양한 젠더들을 인정해왔습니다. 그리고 그 역사는 꽤 깁니다. 예를 들면 인도와 파키스탄의 히즈라는 2000년전 카마수트라에도 인용되었습니다. Portuguese: Tradutor: Maurício Kakuei Tanaka Revisor: Claudia Sander Por que os transgêneros estão, de repente, em toda parte? (Risos) Como ativista transgênero, ouço muito essa pergunta. Considerem que menos de 1% dos adultos norte-americanos identificam-se abertamente como transgêneros. Segundo uma pesquisa recente da GLAAD, cerca de 16% dos norte-americanos não transgêneros afirmam conhecer transgêneros na vida real. Então, para os outros 84%, isso pode parecer um assunto novo. Mas as pessoas transgêneras não são uma novidade. A variação de gênero é mais antiga do que imaginam, e os transgêneros fazem parte desse legado. Da África Central à América do Sul, às ilhas do Pacífico e além, há populações que reconhecem vários gêneros, e isso ocorre há muito tempo. A hijra da Índia e do Paquistão, por exemplo, já foi citada há 2 mil anos no Kama Sutra. Italian: Traduttore: Nicoletta Pedrana Revisore: Davide Trumino Perché improvvisamente ci sono transessuali dappertutto? (Risate) In qualità di attivista transessuale, me lo chiedono spesso. Tenete presente che meno dell'uno percento degli adulti americani si dichiara apertamente come trans. Per una recente ricerca del GLAAD, circa il 16 percento degli americani non trans conferma di conoscere almeno una persona trans. Quindi, per il restante 84 per cento, questo sarebbe un argomento nuovo. Ma i transessuali non sono una novità. La varianza di genere è più vecchia di quanto pensiate. E i transessuali sono parte di questa eredità. Dall'Africa centrale al Sud America, alle isole del Pacifico ed oltre, ci sono state popolazioni che riconoscono il multi-genere, e da molto tempo. Gli hijra indiani e pachistani, per esempio, sono citati oltre 2.000 anni fa all'interno del Kama Sutra. English: Why are transgender people suddenly everywhere? (Laughter) As a trans activist, I get this question a lot. Keep in mind, less than one percent of American adults openly identify as trans. According to a recent GLAAD survey, about 16 percent of non-trans Americans claim to know a trans person in real life. So for the other 84 percent, this may seem like a new topic. But trans people are not new. Gender variance is older than you think, and trans people are part of that legacy. From central Africa to South America to the Pacific Islands and beyond, there have been populations who recognize multiple genders, and they go way back. The hijra of India and Pakistan, for example, have been cited as far back as 2,000 years ago in the Kama Sutra. Catalan: Translator: Judit Fernandez Garcia Reviewer: Claudia Herreros Per què les persones transgènere estem de sobte a tot arreu? (Riures) Com a activista trans, em fan molt aquesta pregunta. Tingueu en compte, que menys d'1% dels adults nord-americans s'identifiquen obertament com a trans. Segons una recent enquesta de GLAAD, un 16% dels nord-americans no trans diu que coneix una persona trans en la vida real. Així, per a l’altre 84%, això pot semblar un tema nou. Però les persones trans no són noves. La variació de gènere és més antiga del que creieu, i les persones trans són part d’aquest llegat. Des de l'Àfrica Central a Sud-amèrica a les illes del Pacífic i més enllà, hi ha hagut poblacions que reconeixen diversos gèneres, i que es remunten a temps enrere. Les hijra de l’Índia i el Pakistan, per exemple, les citaven fa més de 2.000 anys al Kama Sutra. Spanish: Traductor: Sebastian Betti Revisor: Gisela Giardino ¿Por qué, de repente, hay personas transgénero por todas partes? (Risas) Como activista trans, me hacen mucho esta pregunta. No olviden que menos del 1 % de los estadounidenses se identifica abiertamente como trans. Según una encuesta reciente de la GLAAD, un 16 % de los estadounidenses no trans afirman conocer a algún trans en la vida real. Con respecto al otro 84 %, esto puede parecerles algo novedoso, pero los transexuales no son nada nuevo. La disforia de género es más antigua de lo que creen y los transexuales son parte de ese legado. Del centro de África, a Sudamérica, las islas del Pacífico y más allá, ha habido pueblos que reconocen múltiples tipos de género desde hace tiempo. Por ejemplo, la hégira de India y Pakistán ya se mencionó en el Kama Sutra hace 2000 años. French: Traducteur: Morgane Quilfen Relecteur: abdelkader bendjellal Pourquoi les transgenres sont-ils soudainement partout ? (Rires) En tant qu'activiste trans, on me pose beaucoup cette question. Moins d'un pourcent des adultes américains s'identifient ouvertement comme trans. D'après un récent sondage GLAAD, environ 16% des Américains non trans affirment connaître une personne trans. Pour les autres 84%, ce peut être un nouveau sujet. Mais les personnes trans, ce n'est pas nouveau. La variance de genre est plus vieille qu'on ne le pense et les personnes trans font partie de cet héritage. De l'Afrique centrale à l'Amérique du Sud, aux îles du Pacifique et au-delà, il y a eu des populations reconnaissant des genres multiples et elles remontent à longtemps. Les hijras indiens et pakistanais, par exemple, ont été cités il y a 2 000 ans dans le Kama Sutra. Vietnamese: Translator: Diep Duong Reviewer: Dung Nguyen Tại sao người chuyển giới tự nhiên xuất hiện nhiều thế? (Tiếng cười) Là nhà hoạt động và là người chuyển giới, tôi thường bị hỏi thế. Hãy nhớ rằng, dưới một phần trăm người Mỹ trưởng thành công khai là người chuyển giới. Theo khảo sát GLAAD, khoảng 16 phần trăm người Mỹ thẳng nói rằng họ quen một người chuyển giới. Vậy cho 84 phần trăm còn lại, đây có thể là một đề tài mới. Nhưng người chuyển giới không hề mới. Sự đa dạng giới tính xuất hiện từ lâu hơn bạn tưởng và người chuyển giới là một phần của di sản đó. Từ Trung Phi cho đến Nam Mỹ, vùng Đảo Thái Bình Dương và hơn thế, có nhiều nơi công nhận đa dạng giới tính, và điều này có từ rất lâu. Ví dụ, người hijra ở Ấn Độ và Pakistan đã được nhắc đến từ 2000 năm trước trong Kama Sutra. Macedonian: Translator: Julia Kalaputi Reviewer: ALEKSANDAR MITEVSKI Зошто наеднаш има транс луѓе насекаде? (смеа) Како активист за транс луѓе, често го слушам ова прашање. Запамтете, помалку од 1% од возрасните Американците отворено признаваат дека се транс. Според неодамнешната анкета на ГЛААД околу 16% од не-транс луѓето во Америка изјавиле дека запознале транс личност. За останатите 84% ова може да е нешто ново. Но,транс луѓето не се нова работа. Родовите варијации датираат од многу поодамна, а транс луѓето се дел од тоа наследство. Од Централна Африка до Јужна Америка, Пацифичките Острови и понатаму, има народи кои препознаваат повеќе родови- и тоа од поодамна. На пример, Хијрите во Индија и Пакистан, се спомнуваат пред 2.000 год. во Кама Сутра. Romanian: Traducător: Cristina Georgiana Vieru Corector: Mirel-Gabriel Alexa De ce dintr-o dată transsexualii sunt peste tot? (Râsete) Ca activist transsexual, aud foarte des această întrebare. Țineți minte, mai puțin de 1% dintre adulții americani se declară în mod deschis transsexuali. Potrivit unui recent sondaj GLAAD, circa 16% dintre americanii non-transsexuali cunosc măcar o persoană transsexuală. Pentru ceilalți 84%, acest lucru poate părea un subiect nou. Doar că persoanele trans nu sunt o noutate. Variația de gen e mai veche decât credeți. Persoanele trans fac parte din această moștenire. Din Africa Centrală în America de Sud, până pe Insulele Pacificului și mai departe, au existat populații care recunosc multiple identități de gen, de foarte mult timp. De exemplu, Hijra din India și din Pakistan, a fost citat în urmă cu 2.000 de ani în Kama Sutra. Russian: Переводчик: Nikolai Leushin Редактор: Natalia Ost Почему трансгендеры внезапно оказались везде? (Смех) Являясь транс-активистом я часто слышу этот вопрос. Заметьте, меньше одного процента взрослого населения Америки открыто признают себя трансгендерами. Согласно недавнему опросу GLAAD — около 16% не-трансов Америки, утверждают, что знакомы с трансом. Для остальных же 84% это может казаться чем-то новым. Но трансгендеры это не новость. История гендерной вариативности старше, чем вы думаете. И трансгендеры — часть этой истории. От Центральной Африки и Южной Америки, до островов Тихого океана и дальше существовали группы людей, признающие многообразие полов, и уже давно. Хи́джры Индии и Пакистана, например, упоминались 2 000 лет назад в Камасутре. Kurdish: Translator: awa Hawiz Reviewer: Daban Q Jaff بۆچی لەناکاو ڕەگەزگۆڕین له هەموو شوێنێک بڵابوویەوە؟ (پێکەنین) وەک چالاکوانێکی ڕەگەزگۆڕاو ئەم پرسیارەم زۆر لێدەکرێت. لە بیرت بێت کە کەمتر لە سەدا یەکی هەرزەکارەکان له ئەمریکادا بەڕاشکاوی ڕەگەزگۆڕینی خۆیان ئاشکرا کردووە. (GLAAD) بە گوێرەی ڕاپرسی نزیکی له %١٦ ی ڕەگەز نەگۆڕە ئەمریکییەکان دەڵێن بە لایەنی کەمەوە کەسێکی ڕەگەزگۆڕاو دەناسن. بۆیە بۆ سەدا ٨٤ ـەکەیتر ئەمه لەوانەیه وەک بابەتێکی نوێ دیاربێت. بەڵام ڕەگەزگۆڕین دیاردەیەکی نوێ نییە. !جیاوازی ڕەگەز کونترە لەوەی بیری لێدەکەیتەوه و ڕەگەزگۆڕەکان بەشێکی ئەم میراته لە پاش بەجێماوەن. له ناوەڕاستی ئەفریقا بۆ باشووری ئەمریکا بۆ دوورگەکانی زەریای هێمن و سەروتریش، خەڵک لەم شوێنانە ژیاون بە جۆرەها ڕەگەزی جیاواز ، ئەمەش بە درێژایی مێژوو قوڵدەبێتەوە. بۆ نموونە، کۆچکردنی هندی و پاکستانییەکان، لە کاما سۆترەدا بۆ ٢٠٠٠ ساڵ پێش ئەمڕۆ دەگەڕێتەوە. iw: תרגום: Jenny Rublevsky עריכה: Nadya Ures למה טרנסג'נדרים נמצאים לפתע בכל מקום? (צחוק) כפעיל טרנסג'נדר, שואלים אותי את זה הרבה. קחו בחשבון, פחות מאחוז אחד מהמבוגרים האמריקאים מזדהים בפתיחות כטרנסג'נדרים. לפי הסקר האחרון של GLADD, כ 16% מהאמריקאים שאינם טרנסג׳נדרים טוענים כי הם מכירים אדם טרנסג'נדר. אז ל-84% האחרים, זה יכול להיראות כנושא חדש. אבל טרנסג'נדרים הם לא משהו חדש. גיוון מגדרי הוא יותר ישן ממה שנדמה לכם, וטרנסג'נדרים הם חלק מהמורשת הזו. ממרכז אפריקה, לדרום אמריקה ועד לאיים באוקיינוס השקט ומעבר לו, היו אוכלוסיות שהזדהו כבעלות מגדרים רבים, וזה הולך שנים רבות אחורה. קהילה ה"היג'רה" בהודו ובפקיסטן, למשל, קיימת כבר מלפני 2000 שנים בקאמה סוטרה. Portuguese: Tradutor: Margarida Ferreira Revisora: Isabel Vaz Belchior Porque é que, de repente, há transexuais por toda a parte? (Risos) Enquanto ativista transexual, fazem-me esta pergunta, com frequência. Mas, reparem, menos de 1% dos norte-americanos adultos se identificam abertamente como transexuais. Segundo um estudo recente da GLAAD, uns 16% dos americanos não transexuais afirmam conhecer um transexual na vida real. Portanto, para os outros 84% isto pode parecer um tópico novo. Mas os transsexuais não são novidade. A variação de género é mais antiga do que se julga, e os transexuais fazem parte desse legado. Da África central à América do Sul, às ilhas do Pacífico, e não só. tem havido populações que reconhecem múltiplos géneros, já há muito tempo. Por exemplo, os "hijra" da Índia e do Paquistão, foram citados há 2000 anos no Kama Sutra. Polish: Tłumaczenie: Krystian Aparta Korekta: Joanna Pietrulewicz Skąd nagle wszędzie ta gadka o ludziach transpłciowych? (Śmiech) Jako aktywista walczę o prawa takich osób i często to słyszę. A tylko mniej niż jeden procent mieszkańców USA otwarcie określa się jako osoby transpłciowe. W ankiecie organizacji LGBT GLAAD 16 procent osób nietranspłciowych zgłaszało, że znają osobę transpłciową. Dla pozostałych 84 procent to rzeczywiście może być nowy temat. Ale osoby transpłciowe to nie nowość. Istnienie poza binarnym rozumieniem płci, także transpłciowość, ma długą historię. Od Afryki Środkowej po Amerykę Południową, wyspy Oceanu Spokojnego i nie tylko, wiele narodów akceptuje różnorodność płciową, i dzieje się tak od dawien dawna. Na przykład o pakistańskich i indyjskich hidźrach pisano już 2000 lat temu w Kamasutrze. Arabic: المترجم: Nawal Sharabati المدقّق: Fatima Zahra El Hafa لماذا يوجد الأشخاص المتحولون جنسيًا فجأةً في كل مكان؟ (ضحك) كناشط متحول، أتلقى هذا السؤال كثيرًا. تذكروا أن أقل من واحد في المائة من البالغين الأمريكيين تم تحديدهم علنًا كمتحولين جنسيًا. حسب دراسة حديثة لتحالف المثليين والمثليات، فحوالي 16% من الأمريكيين غير المتحولين يدّعون معرفة شخص متحول جنسيًا في حياتهم الواقعية. وعليه قد يبدو هذا موضوعًا جديدًا بالنسبة إلى 84% الآخرين. لكن الأشخاص المتحولين جنسيًا ليسوا جددًا. إن اختلاف الجندر أقدم مما تعتقدون، ويعد الأشخاص المتحولون جنسيًا جزءًا من ذلك الإرث. من أفريقيا الوسطى إلى أمريكا الجنوبية إلى ما وراء جزر المحيط الهادئ، وُجد هناك سكان اعتُرف بانتمائهم لأنواع اجتماعية متعددة، ويعودون إلى تاريخ سابق قديم. فالهجرة من الهند وباكستان مثلًا، استُشهد بها منذ زمنٍ بعيد قبل 2000 سنة في كاما سوترا. Chinese: 翻译人员: Carol Wang 校对人员: Yuelong Dai 为何一夜之间到处都是跨性别人？ （笑声） 作为一位跨性别者活动家， 我经常被问到这个问题。 请记住，美国成人中有不足1% 公开承认自己是跨性别人。 据最近的GLAAD调查， 约16%的非跨性别者 声称在现实里认识跨性别人。 因此，对另外84%的人来说， 这是个新话题。 但是，跨性别人并非今天才有， 性别多元化的历史 比你想的要久远， 而跨性别人是 该历史遗产的一部分。 从中非到南美，再一直到 太平洋群岛和更远的地方， 一直有群体承认多性别， 而且，这可以追溯到很久以前。 例如，早在2000年前， 海吉拉（“第三性别”）一词 就出现在印度和 巴基斯坦的《欲经》中。 Hindi: Translator: Malini Chada Reviewer: Arvind Patil क्यों हर जगह दिखाई देते है लिंगपरिवर्तित लोग ? (हंसी) एक कार्यकर्ता होनेसे यह सवाल मै कई बार सुनती हू १% से भी कम अमेरिकी वयस्क बिना झिझक पहचान देते है अपने लिंग परिवर्तन के बारेमे GLAAD के अनुसार,१६% गैर-ट्रांस १६% गैर-ट्रांस अमेरिकियों ने जीवन में एक ट्रांस व्यक्ति को जानने का दावा करते है । तो अन्य ८४% के लिए, यह एक नया विषय लग सकता है। लेकिन ट्रांसजेंडर लोग नये नहीं हैं। लिंग भिन्नता आपके विचार से पुराना है, और ट्रांस लोग उस विरासत का हिस्सा हैं। मध्य अफ्रीका, दक्षिण अमेरिका, पसिफ़िक द्वीप और अन्य समाजों ने, कई लिंगों को पहचाना हैं, और यह बहुत पहले से है। भारत और पाकिस्तान में हिजड़ों का जिक्र २००० साल पहले कामसूत्र में था। आदिवासी अमरिकी राष्ट्रों के Ukrainian: Перекладач: Olesia Luzhbina Утверджено: Valeriia Makeionok Чому всюди несподівано з‘явились трансгендерні люди? (Сміх) Будучи трансактивістом я часто чую це питання. Зауважте, що менше одного відсотка дорослих америкаців відкрито визнають себе трансгендерними людьми. Згідно нещодавного опитування від GLAAD, близько 16% нетрансгендерів Америки стверджують, що знайомі з трансгендерною людиною. Для інших 84% це може здаватися чимось новим. Але трансгендерні люди – це не новина. Історія гендерної варіативності старша, ніж ви думаєте, і трансгендерні люди – частина цієї історії. Від Африки та Південної Америки, до островів Тихого океану і далі існували групи людей, які визнавали багатоманітність гендерів, і вже давно. Хіджри Індії та Пакистану, наприклад, згадувалися 2000 років тому в Камасутрі. Japanese: 翻訳: Takeshi Kawashima 校正: Moe Shoji トランスジェンダーの人々が 突然 世に出てきたのは なんで？ （笑） トランスの活動家として この手の質問を多く受けます 自分はトランスだと公表している アメリカ人の成人は 全体の１%にも満たない数です GLAADによる最近の調査によれば 非トランスのアメリカ人で トランスの知り合いがいるのは 約16%だそうです なので 残りの84%にとっては 馴染みのない話題ですね でもトランスの人々は 昔からいました 従来の固定観念に合致しない 性の在り方の歴史は 思ったより長く トランスはその歴史の一部です 中央アフリカから南アメリカ そして太平洋諸島などでも 複数のジェンダーを 有した人々がいて その歴史は昔にさかのぼります インドとパキスタンの ヒジュラがその一例です その存在は２千年前に書かれた カーマ・スートラにも出てきます Japanese: ネイティブアメリカンも 類する言葉を持っており 多くに共通するのは 「２つの魂をもつ」という言葉です 性の垣根を越える人々は 共同体の祈祷師や治療師と 見なされましたが 植民地主義の広がりと共に 違う考え方が教えられました トランスの歴史研究では トランスの人々と トランスの在り方を探っています 例えば 南北戦争で戦えるように 男性として戦地に向かった女性たち 戦後 ほとんどが女性として 元の生活に戻りましたが 中には アルバート・キャシアのように 男性として生活を続けた人もいました アルバートは 最終的に施設に収容され 残りの人生をドレスを着て 過ごすように強いられました （溜め息） 1895年頃には 両性具有を自称するグループが The Cercle Hermaphroditosを 組織しました 彼らの目的は社会からの厳しい迫害から 身を守るために団結することでした この活動で 彼らは最初の トランス保護団体となりました 20世紀半ばまでに 医学研究者達は トランスについて医学研究を始めましたが Hungarian: Az amerikai őslakos népeknek is vannak rá saját szavaik, ám a legtöbb a "kétlelkű" szót használja. A gender-nonkoformistákat sámánoknak és gyógyítóknak tartotta a közösség, a gyarmatosítás elterjedése azonban megváltoztatta gondolkodásmódjukat. A transz történelem kutatása során a transzneműek mellett a gyakorlataikat is megvizsgáljuk. Vegyük például a férfinak öltözött nőket, akik így részt vehettek a polgárháborúban. A háború után zömük nőként élte tovább az életét, ám néhányan férfiként éltek, ahogy Albert Cashier is. Albertet végül elmegyógyintézetbe zárták, ahol élete végéig női ruhát kellett viselnie. (Döbbent sóhajok) 1895 körül egy önmeghatározásuk szerint 'hermafrodita' csoport létrehozta a Cercle Hermaphroditost. Küldetésük a világ ádáz üldöztetése elleni védelemért való összefogás volt, így váltak az egyik legelső transz támogató csoporttá. A 40-50-es évekre az orvoskutatók elkezdtek transz orvoslást tanulni Chinese: 美洲各個原住民族 都有他們自己的用詞， 但大部分都共用 「雙靈」這個綜合用詞。 他們把非常規性別的人 視為是他們部落中的巫師和醫治者， 一直到了殖民主義散播開來之後， 他們才被教導不同的看法。 在研究跨性別歷史時， 我們會探究包括 跨性別者以及改變性別的做法。 比如，女性以男性之姿出現， 才能夠參與美國的內戰。 戰後，這些人多半 以女性的身分繼續過日子， 但，當中有些人， 如阿爾伯特卡西爾， 就繼續使用男性身分。 阿爾伯特最後被關在精神病院， 餘生被迫必須要穿著女裝。 （嘆氣） 1895 年左右， 一群自稱是陰陽人的人 組成了「雌雄同體會」。 他們的使命是要團結起來， 抵抗世界的仇恨迫害。 這麼做，讓他們成為了 最早支持跨性別的團體之一。 到了上世紀四五十年代， 醫學研究者開始研究變性藥物， Hindi: लेकिन ज्यादातर "दो-आत्मा" पद उपयोग करते हैं। उन्होंने लिंग-भिन्न लोगों को जादूगर और वैद्य के रूप में देखा था, और यह तब तक नही बदला जब तक कलोनीयलिज़म का फैलाव हुअ, तब उन्का सोच में तबदीली लाया गया। अब, ट्रांस इतिहास पर शोध करने के लिए, हम ट्रांस लोगों की और प्रथाओं की शोध करते हैं। कुछ महिलाओं को पुरुषों के रूप में अमेरिकी गृहयुद्ध में लड़ सकी । युद्ध के बाद उन्होने महिलाओं जैसे जीवन शुरू किया, लेकिन कुछ, जैसे अल्बर्ट कैशियर, पुरुषों के रूप में अपना जीवन जारी रखा। अल्बर्ट को अंत में एक पागलखाने में सीमित रखा गया और स्रीयों का पोशाक पहनने के लिए मजबूर किया गया। (आह) सन् १८९५ के आसपास, एक स्व-वर्णित, द्विलिंगी समूह ने "सर्कल् हर्माफ्रोडिटोस्" का गठन किया। उनका मिशन दुनिया के कड़ी उत्पीड़न के खिलाफ एकजुट होना था। और इस तरह वे बन गए एक मौलिक ट्रांस सहायता समूह। १९४० और १९५० के बीच में, शोधकर्ताओं ने ट्रांस दवा का अध्ययन शुरू किये थे। Kurdish: هەر یەک لە نەتەوە ڕەسەنەکانی ئەمریکا دەربڕینی جیاوازیان هەیە، بەڵام زۆربەی دەربڕینەکان بە واتا دوو گیان دێت. سەیری ڕەگەزگۆڕاوەکان وەک جادووگەر و تیمارکەر له کۆمەڵگەکەیاندا سەیر دەکەن. هەتا پێش داگیر کردنی خاکەکانیان، ئەوان بەم شێوەیە سەیری ڕەگەزگۆڕاوەکانیان دەکرد. ئێستا، له توێژینەوەی مێژووی ڕەگەزگۆڕەکاندا ئێمه بەدوای خەڵکی ڕەگەزگۆڕاو و ڕەفتارەکانیان دەگەڕێین. بۆ نموونە: ژنان که وەکو پیاوان دەردەکەون تاوەکو بتوانن لەشەڕی ناوەخۆ بجەنگن. لە دوای شەردا، زۆربەیان ژیان دەکەن وەکو ژنان، بەڵام هەندێکیان وەک: ئەلبرت کاشیر بەردەوام دەبن له ڕەفتار کردن وەکو پیاو. ئەلبرت لە کۆتایدا ناچارکرا که ببێته پەنابەر و ناچارکرا تا کۆتایی ژیانی بەرگی ئافرەتان بپۆشێت. ( هەناسه هەڵدەکێشێت ) لە دەوری( ١٨٩٦) گروپێک کە وەک نێرەمووک خۆیان دەناساند کۆڕی نێرەموکەکانیان دامەزراند. کە ئەرکیان ڕەتکردنەوەی ئەو مامەڵە خراپانەبوون کە توشیان دەبووەوە. و بەم کاره بوون بە یەکەم گرووپی پاڵپشتی هاوڕەگەزەکان. لە ٤٠ و ٥٠کاندا توێژەرە پزیشکییەکان تیشکیان خستە سەر دەرمانی هاورەگەزەکان، French: Les nations indigènes américaines ont leurs propres termes mais la plupart partagent l'expression générale « bispiritualité ». Les gens de genre variant étaient des shamans et guérisseurs dans leurs communautés et ce n'est qu'avec le colonialisme qu'on leur a appris autre chose. En étudiant l'histoire trans, nous cherchons des personnes et des pratiques trans. Prenez les femmes se faisant passer pour des hommes pour se battre durant la guerre de Sécession. Après la guerre, la plupart ont repris leur vie de femmes, mais certaines, comme Albert Cashier, ont continué à vivre en tant qu'hommes. Albert a fini par être confiné dans un asile et forcé à porter une robe pour le reste de sa vie. (Soupire) Vers 1895, un groupe de personnes se disant androgynes a formé le Cercle Hermaphroditos. Leur mission était de s'unir pour la défense contre la persécution acharnée du monde. Ce faisant, ils sont devenus l'un des premiers groupes de soutien trans. Dans les années 40 et 50, les chercheurs en médecine étudiaient la médecine trans Vietnamese: Những bộ lạc người da đỏ đều có thuật ngữ riêng, nhưng hầu hết, dùng từ chung "hai linh hồn". Họ nhìn nhận người đa giới như pháp sư và thầy thuốc trong cộng đồng của họ, cho đến khi chủ nghĩa thực dân lan rộng họ được dạy nghĩ khác đi. Hiện nay, tìm hiểu về lịch sử chuyển giới chúng tôi tìm kiếm cả người chuyển giới và tập tục chuyển giới. Ví dụ, một phụ nữ thể hiện mình là nam để có thể chiến đấu trong cuộc nội chiến Mỹ. Sau chiến tranh, hầu hết họ lại trở lại làm nữ giới, nhưng một số người, như Albert Cashier, tiếp tục sống như nam. Albert cuối cùng bị nhốt vào nhà thương điên và bị bắt mặc váy cho đến hết phần đời còn lại. (Tiếng thở dài) Vào khoảng năm 1895, một nhóm tự nhận là ái nam ái nữ lập một nhóm hỗ trợ người chuyển giới. Sứ mệnh của họ là đoàn kết chống lại sự bức hại tàn ác trên thế giới. Họ là một trong những nhóm trợ giúp người chuyển giới đầu tiên. Đến khoảng năm 1940-50, khoa học y tế bắt đầu nghiên cứu thuốc chuyển giới, Macedonian: Домородното население во Америка иммат свои термини но, најчестиот е „двоен дух“. Родовите варијации ги сметаат за шамани и исцелители во своите заедници. Така мислеле до појавата на колонијализмот, кога ги учеле поинаку да гледаат на тоа. Кога се проучува транс историјата, се истражуваат транс луѓе и транс обичаи. На пример жените кои се прикажувале како мажи за да се борат во граѓанската војна во САД. По војната, повеќето се вратиле на улогата жена, но некои,како Алберт Кешиер, продолжиле да живеат како мажи. На крај, Алберт бил приморан на азил и морал да носи фустан до крајот на животот. (воздишка) Околу 1895, група на самопрогласени андрогени лица го основале Кругот на хермафродити. Нивната мисија била обединување за одбрана против најострите прогонувања. На тој начин, станале едни од првите групи кои ги поддржале транс луѓето. Кон 40-те и 50-те год.почнуваат медицински истражувања во транс медицината, Turkish: Amerikan yerlisi ulusların her birinin kendi terimleri var fakat çoğunlukla genel bir terim olan "iki-ruh" kullanılır. Değişken cinsiyetli bireyleri kendi toplumlarında şaman ve şifacı olarak görmüş ve kolonicilik yayılıp onlara aksini öğretene kadar da farklı şekilde düşünmemişler. Trans tarihini araştırırken hem trans bireyleri hem de maruz kaldıkları tutumları inceliyoruz. Örneğin, erkek gibi görünen kadınlar Amerika İç Savaşı sırasında savaşmak üzere orduya alındı. Savaştan sonra çoğu hayatlarına kadın olarak devam etti. Fakat Albert Cashier gibi bazıları erkek olarak yaşamayı tercih etti. Nihayetinde Albert bir akıl hastanesine kapatıldı ve hayatının geri kalanında elbise giymeye zorlandı. (İç çekişler) 1895'lerde kendilerini çiftcinsiyetli olarak tanımlayan bir grup Cercle Hermaphroditos'u kurdu. Misyonları dünyanın acı zulmüne karşı savunma amacıyla birlik olmaktı. Ve bunu sağlarken en eski trans destek gruplarından biri hâline geldiler. 40'larda ve 50’lerde araştırmacılar trans ilaçları üzerinde çalışmaya başlamışlardı Portuguese: Cada nação indígena norte-americana tem termos próprios, mas a maioria compartilha o termo genérico "de dois espíritos". Pessoas com variantes de gênero eram vistas como xamãs e curandeiras nas comunidades e, só após a disseminação do colonialismo, os indígenas foram "ensinados" a pensar de outra forma. Ao pesquisar a história transgênera, procuramos tanto pessoas quanto práticas transgêneras. Vejam as mulheres que se apresentavam como homens para que pudessem lutar na Guerra Civil dos EUA. Após a guerra, a maioria retomou a vida como mulher, mas algumas, como Albert Cashier, continuaram a viver como homens. Albert foi, por fim, confinado a um asilo e forçado a usar um vestido para o resto de sua vida. (Suspiro) Por volta de 1895, um grupo de autodenominados andróginos formou a Cercle Hermaphroditos. A missão deles era se unir para defesa contra a amarga perseguição do mundo. Assim, eles se tornaram um dos primeiros grupos de apoio transgênero. Nos anos 40 e 50, pesquisadores médicos começaram a estudar medicina transgênera, Arabic: لدى كل أمة من أمم الأمريكان الأصليين قواعدها الخاصة، ولكن يشارك معظمهم المصطلح الشامل "روحان". ينظرون إلى الأشخاص ذوي الجندر المختلف كأطباء سحرة (شامان) ومعالجين دينيين في مجتمعاتهم المحلية، ولم يكن الأمر كذلك حتى انتشار الاستعمار حيث تم تعليمهم للتفكير بطريقة أخرى. الآن، في البحث عن تاريخ المتحولين جنسيًا نبحثُ في كلٍ من الأشخاص المتحولين وممارسات المتحولين جنسيًا. خذوا على سبيل المثال النساء اللواتي تم تقديمهن كرجال لكي يتمكن من القتال في الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية. بعد الحرب، استأنف معظمهن حياتهن كنساء، لكن بعضهن مثل ألبرت كاشير واصلن حياتهن كرجال. وحجز ألبرت في نهاية المطاف في مصحة عقلية وأجبر على ارتداء فستان حتى بقية حياته. (تنهدات) حوالي عام 1895، مجموعة من الذين يصفون أنفسهم بثنائيي الجنس شكّلت منظمة سيركل هيرومافرودتيوس (Cercle Hermaphroditos). كانت رسالتهم أن يتحدوا للدفاع ضد اضطهاد العالم المُر. وبقيامهم بذلك، أصبحوا إحدى أقدم المجموعات الداعمة للمتحولين جنسيًا. بحلول الأربعينيات والخمسينيات من القرن الماضي، بدأ الباحثون الطبيون Persian: بومی‌های آمریکایی هرکدام اصطلاحات خاص خود را دارند، ولی بیشتراز چترواژه "دو روح" استفاده می‌کنند. آنها افراد با جنسیت مختلف را همانند جادوگران و شفادهنده‌گان جوامع‌شان می‌دیدند، و این روند تا زمان گسترش استعمارگری ادامه داشت که در آن دوران یاد گرفتند که باید طور دیگری فکرکنند. امروزه در تحقیق از تاریخ ترنس‌ها، ما هم به دنبال افراد ترنس وهم افرادی که شیوه ترنس‎‌ها را دارند هستیم مثلا زنانی که خودشان را مرد معرفی کردند تا بتوانند درجنگ داخلی آمریکا مبارزه کنند. بعد ازجنگ اکثرا مانند زن به زندگی‌شان ادامه دادند. ولی برخی از آنها هم، مانند آلبرت کشیر مثل یک مرد به زندگی ادامه دادند. آلبرت در نهایت در تیمارستانی بستری شد و مجبور شد بقیه‌ی عمرش را پیراهن زنانه بپوشد. ( آه کشیدن) حدود سال ۱۸۹۵ یک گروه که خود را خنثی معرفی می‌کردند حلقه نروماده را تشکیل دادند. رسالت‌شان ایجاد وحدت برای دفاع در مقابل آزارو اذیت تلخ جهان بود. با انجام این کار به یکی از اولین گروه‌های حمایت از ترنس‌ها تبدیل شدند. از دهه‌ی ۴۰ و ۵۰، پژوهشگران پزشکی مطالعه درباره درمان ترنس‌ها را شروع کردند iw: לעמים ילידים ביבשת אמריקה יש ביטויים משלהם, אבל רובם משתמשים במונח הרחב "שתי - נשמות". הם ראו אנשים בעלי גיוון - מגדרי כשאמנים ומרפאים בקהילות שלהם, וזה לא קרה עד להתפשטות הקולוניאליזם שלימדו אותם לחשוב בצורה אחרת. כיום, בחקר ההיסטוריה הטרנסית, אנחנו מחפשים אחר אנשים טרנסים וגם אחר פעולות של טרנסג'נדרים. קחו לדוגמה את הנשים שהציגו את עצמן כגברים בכדי שיוכלו להילחם במלחמת האזרחים בארצות הברית. לאחר המלחמה,רבות חזרו לחייהן כנשים, אבל אחרים, כמו אלברט קשיר, המשיכו לחיות את חייהם כגברים. אלברט בסופו של דבר נלקח לבית משוגעים ובו הוכרח ללבוש שמלה לשארית חייו. (אנחה) ב-1895 לערך, חבורה של אנדרוגינים הקימו את מעגל הרמפרודיטוס. המשימה שלהם הייתה להתאחד כנגד הרדיפה המרירה של העולם. ובכך שעשו זאת, הם הפכו לאחת מקבוצות התמיכה הראשונות בטרנסים. בשנות ה-40 וה-50, חוקרים רפואיים החלו לחקור את הרפואה הטרנסג'נדרית, English: Indigenous American nations each have their own terms, but most share the umbrella term "two-spirit." They saw gender-variant people as shamans and healers in their communities, and it wasn't until the spread of colonialism that they were taught to think otherwise. Now, in researching trans history, we look for both trans people and trans practices. Take, for example, the women who presented as men so they could fight in the US Civil War. After the war, most resumed their lives as women, but some, like Albert Cashier, continued to live as men. Albert was eventually confined to an asylum and forced to wear a dress for the rest of his life. (Sighs) Around 1895, a group of self-described androgynes formed the Cercle Hermaphroditos. Their mission was to unite for defense against the world's bitter persecution. And in doing that, they became one of the earliest trans support groups. By the '40s and '50s, medical researchers were starting to study trans medicine, Catalan: Cada nació indígena americana té els seus propis termes, però la majoria comparteix la idea "dos esperits". Veien a les persones amb variants de gènere com xamans i curanderos a les seves comunitats, i no va ser fins la propagació del colonialisme que els va ensenyar a pensar el contrari. En la investigació de la història trans, busquem tant persones trans com pràctiques trans. Per exemple, les dones que es van presentar com a homes per poder lluitar a la Guerra Civil dels EUA. Després de la guerra, la majoria van reprendre les seves vides com a dones, però algunes, com Albert Cashier, van seguir vivint com a homes. Finalment, l'Albert va ser confinat en un asil i obligat a portar vestit la resta de la seva vida. (Sospirs) Cap el 1895, un grup autodescrit com a andrògins van formar el Cercle Hermaphroditos. La seva missió era unir-se per defensar-se contra la persecució implacable del món. I en fer això, es van convertir en un dels primers grups de suport trans. Als anys 40 i 50, els investigadors mèdics començaven a estudiar medicina trans, Portuguese: Nações americanas indígenas têm os seus próprios termos mas a maioria delas usa o termo abrangente de "dois espíritos". Consideram os transexuais como xamãs e curandeiros nas suas comunidades, e foi só depois da colonização que aprenderam a pensar de outro modo. Ao investigarmos a história dos transexuais, procuramos transexuais e práticas transexuais. Pensem nas mulheres que se apresentavam como homens para poderem combater na Guerra Civil dos EUA. Depois da guerra, a maioria retomou a sua vida, como mulher mas algumas, como Albert Cashier, continuaram a viver como homens. Albert acabou por ser internado num asilo e obrigado a usar vestidos até ao fim da sua vida. Por volta de 1895, um grupo de andróginos — assim se intitulavam — formou o Círculo Hermafroditos. Tinham por missão unirem-se para defesa contra as perseguições brutais do mundo. Ao fazê-lo, tornaram-se num dos primeiros grupos de apoio dos transexuais. Nos anos 40 e 50, investigadores médicos começaram a estudar medicina transexual, Italian: I nativi americani avevano i loro propri termini, ma molti condividono il termine generico "due spiriti". Vedevano le persone con varianza di genere come sciamani e guaritori per le loro comunità, e rimase così sino all'arrivo dei coloni quando gli si insegnò a pensare in modo diverso. Oggi, studiando la storia dei trans, consideriamo sia le persone che le pratiche trans. Per esempio, le donne che si travestivano da uomini per poter combattere nella guerra civile americana. Dopo la guerra, molte sono tornate a vivere la loro vita da donne, ma alcune, come Albert Caschier, continuarono a vivere da uomini. Alla fine Albert fu confinato in un manicomio e costretto a vestirsi da donna per il resto della sua vita. (Sospiro) Nel 1895 circa, un gruppo che si autodefiniva androgino, formò il Circolo degli Ermafroditi. La loro missione era di unirsi contro le amare persecuzioni del mondo. e facendolo, diventarono uno dei primi gruppi di supporto. Negli anni '40 e '50 i ricercatori cominciarono a studiare la medicina trans, Serbian: Svaka autohtona američka nacija ima svoje termine, ali većina deli obuhvatni izraz „dvostruki duh“. U rodno drugačijim ljudima su videli šamane i iscelitelje svoje zajednice, i tek su sa širenjem kolonijalizma naučili da misle o tome drugačije. Kroz istraživanje transrodne istorije, ujedno tražimo transrodne ljude i ponašanja vezana za njih. Uzmimo, recimo, žene koje su se predstavljale kao muškarci da bi mogle da se bore u Američkom građanskom ratu. Većina je posle rata nastavila da živi kao žene, ali su neki, kao što je Albert Kešir, nastavili kao muškarci. Albert je na kraju bio zatvoren u azil i nateran da nosi haljinu do kraja života. (Uzdiše) Oko 1895. godine, grupa samodeklarisanih androgina formirala je „Krug hermafrodita“. Njihova misija je bila da se ujedine radi odbrane od gorkog progona sveta. Time su postali jedna od najstarijih trans grupa za podršku. Do 40-ih i 50-ih su medicinski istraživači počeli da izučavaju trans medicinu, Russian: Коренные американцы используют другие названия, но большинство употребляет выражение «две души». Гендерно-вариантные люди были шаманами и целителями племени, но с распространением колониализма их научили думать иначе. Исследуя историю трансгендерности, мы ищем как личностей, так и связанные с трансгендерностью события. Например, женщины, которые прикидывались мужчинами, чтобы сражаться во время Гражданской войны в США. После войны большинство вернулось к женской жизни. Но некоторые, такие как Альберт Кашьер, продолжили жить как мужчины. Альберт был помещён в психиатрическую больницу и принуждён носить женское платье до конца своей жизни. (Вздох) Около 1895-го года группа самопровозглашённых андрогинов основала общество Cercle Hermaphroditos. Их целью было объединиться против жестоких гонений по всему миру. И они стали одной из первых групп поддержки трансгендеров. В 40–50-х годах начались исследования в области трансгендерной медицины, Korean: 미국 원주민 부족들은 이 개념을 지칭하는 각자의 단어가 있지만 대개는 "두 영혼"이라는 포괄적 용어로 부릅니다. 그들은 다중 성정체성을 가진 사람들을 사회의 샤먼이나 치유자로 보았고 이 믿음은 식민주의가 펴졌을 때까지 계속 되었습니다. 트렌스젠더의 역사를 연구하려면 트랜스젠더들과 트랜스젠더 관습을 모두 살펴보아야 합니다. 한 예로 미국 남북전쟁에 참전하려고 남자처럼 행세한 여자들을 생각해보세요. 전쟁 후에 대부분은 여자의 삶으로 돌아갔지만 알버트 캐쉬어와 같은 일부는 계속 남성으로 살았습니다. 알버트는 결국 정신병원에 감금되어 남은 평생 드레스를 입도록 강요 받았습니다. (한숨) 1895년에 자칭 양성구유자들의 단체인 세르클 헤르마프로디토스가 만들어졌습니다. 그들의 임무는 전세계의 가혹한 박해에 함께 저항하는 것이었습니다. 그러면서 초기 트랜스젠더 옹호 단체들 중 하나가 되었죠. 40년대와 50년대에 연구자들이 트랜스젠더 의학을 연구하기 시작했는데 Chinese: 美国土著群体 对此也有各自的称呼， 但多数都有“双灵” 这个伞形术语的意思。 他们把多性别人看做 群体里的巫师和治疗师， 直到殖民主义的传播， 他们才被教导改变了想法 （开始排斥跨性别人）。 在研究跨性别历史时， 我们既寻找跨性别人， 也寻找跨性别的相关案例。 例如美国内战时， 那些以男性身份出现的 女性可以参军打仗。 战后，大部分人重新回到 女性身份的生活， 但有些人，像Albert Cashier， 继续过着男人的生活。 但最终，Albert被关进精神病院， 被迫穿着长裙过完余生。 （叹息声） 1895年前后，一个 自称双性人的群体 成立了专门的组织 Cercle Hermaphroditos， 其使命就是，联合起来 抵御对跨性别人的痛苦迫害。 这使他们成为最早的 跨性别支持团体之一。 到了40年代和50年代，医学 研究人员开始研究跨性医学， Polish: Każde plemię rdzennych mieszkańców Ameryk ma inny termin, odpowiednik wikte, człowieka dwóch dusz. Ludzie poza binarnym modelem płci pełnili rolę szamanów i uzdrowicieli, a takie myślenie zmieniło się dopiero po wejściu kolonializmu. W badaniu historii osób transpłciowych analizujemy zarówno przykłady osób, jak i transpłciowych zachowań. Dobrym przykładem są kobiety wstępujące jako mężczyźni do wojska w czasach wojny secesyjnej. Po wojnie większość żyła jako kobiety, ale niektóre, jak Albert Cashier, nie wyszły z roli męskiej. Alberta w końcu uwięziono w szpitalu psychiatrycznym i do końca życia zmuszano do noszenia sukienki. (Wzdycha) Około roku 1895 grupa, której członkowie uważali się za osoby androgyniczne, utworzyła "Cercle Hermaphroditos". Ich celem było zjednoczenie się w obronie przed gorzkim prześladowaniem. Tak stali się jedną z pierwszych grup wspierających osoby transpłciowe. W latach 40. i 50. rozpoczęto badania nad rozwiązaniami medycznymi, Ukrainian: Корінні американці використовують інші назви, але більшість користується виразом «дві душі». Вони вважали гендерно-варіативних людей шаманами і цілителями племені, але з поширенням колоніалізму їх навчили думати по-іншому. Вивчаючи історію трансгендерності, ми шукаємо людей та події, які пов'язані з трансгендерністю. Наприклад, жінки, які прикидалися чоловіками, щоб боротися в часи громадянської війни в США. Після війни більшість повернулося до жіночого життя, але деякі, як Альберт Каш‘єр, продовжили жити як чоловіки. Зрештою, Альберт був поміщений в психіатричну лікарню і змушений носити жіночу сукню до кінця життя. (Зітхання) Близько 1895-го року, група самовизначених андроґінів заснувала спілку Cercle Hermaphroditos. Їхньою ціллю було об‘єднання проти жорстоких гонінь по всьому світу. Вони були однією з перших груп підтримки трансгендерних людей. У 40-50-х роках почалися дослідження в області трансгендерної медицини Spanish: Las naciones indígenas americanas tienen sus términos, pero la mayoría comparte el término global "dos espíritus". Veían a la gente de género variante como chamanes y curanderos de sus comunidades y hasta la extensión del colonialismo no empezaron a ver las cosas de otra forma. Ahora bien, al investigar la historia trans, buscamos dos cosas: a los transexuales y sus hábitos. Por ejemplo, las mujeres que se hicieron pasar por hombres y luchar en la Guerra de Secesión de EE.UU. Después de la guerra, la mayoría retomó su vida como mujeres, pero algunas, como Albert Cashier, siguieron viviendo como hombres. Al final, Albert se vio confinado a un manicomio y obligado a llevar un vestido durante el resto de su vida. (Suspiros) En 1895, un grupo autodenominado andróginos fundó el Cercle Hermaphroditos. Su misión era unirse para defenderse de la cruel persecución mundial y al hacerlo, se convirtieron en uno de los primeros grupos de apoyo trans. En los años 40 y 50, los investigadores empezaban a estudiar la medicina trans, Romanian: Nativii americani au propriii lor termeni, dar cei mai mulți împărtășesc termenul generic „două spirite”. Persoanele cu variație de gen erau considerate șamani și vindecători în comunitățile lor, pană când, odată cu răspândirea colonialismului au fost învățați să gândească altfel. Cercetând istoria transsexualilor, considerăm atât persoanele cât și practicile transsexuale. De exemplu, femeile care se deghizau în bărbați pentru a putea lupta în războiul civil din SUA. După război, majoritatea s-au reîntors la viața lor ca femei, dar unele, precum Albert Cashier, și-au continuat viața ca bărbați. În cele din urmă, Albert a fost închis într-un azil și forțat să poarte o rochie pentru tot restul vieții sale. (Oftează) În jurul anului 1895, un grup auto-denumit androgin a format Clubul Hermafrodiților. Erau uniți împotriva persecuțiilor înverșunate din întreaga lume. Au devenit unul dintre primele grupuri de sprijin pentru transsexuali. În anii 1940 și 1950, cercetătorii au început să studieze medicina trans, Chinese: 由其跨性别患者提供研究资助， 如跨性别女士Louise Lawrence， 她曾与那些因在公共场合 穿异性服装被捕的人交往频繁。 她把Alfred Kinsey 这样的性别研究人员 介绍给一个庞大的跨性别群体。 如Virginia Prince, Reed Erickson， 还有著名的Christine Jorgensen， 她因1952年的公开变性 而上了头条新闻。 当跨性别白人这个边缘群体 正形成自己的支持网络时， 许多非白人的跨性别群体 则必须自己开辟道路。 有人一直参加异装走秀， 像Miss Major Griffin-Gracy； 其他还有像被称为"街头异装皇后" 的街头表演艺人， 这些艺人经常 因性取向被警察盯上， 他们发现自己往往处于 LGBT权利运动开创性事件的最前沿。 像1959年库珀咖啡骚乱、 1966年康普顿餐厅骚乱、 以及著名的1969年石墙事件。 Turkish: fakat bu çalışmalar kadın kıyafeti giymekten dolayı tutuklu olan kişilerle geniş kapsamlı yazışmalar yapmış olan trans kadın Louse Lawrence gibi trans hastalar tarafından finanse edildi. Lawrence, Alfred Kinsey gibi araştırmacıları muazzam bir trans ağı ile tanıştırdı. Virgina Prince, Reed Erickson ve dönüşümünü oldukça halka açık başlıklarla süsleyen ünlü Christine Jorgensen gibi öncüler takip etti. Fakat kenar mahallelerde oturan beyaz trans bireyler kendi destek ağlarını oluştururken diğer trans bireyler kendi yollarını çizmek zorunda kaldı. Bayan Griffin-Gracy gibi bazıları Drag Balls'da sahneye çıktı. Diğerleri cinsel kimliklerinden dolayı polis tarafından sürekli hedef alınan ve kendilerini büyük öneme sahip LGBT hakları hareketlerinde en ön sırada bulan "sokak kraliçeleri" olarak adlandırılan gruptu. Bu bizi 1959'da Cooper Do-nuts'da, 1966'da Compton's Caeteria'da ve 1969'da ünlü Stonewall Inn'de isyana götürdü. Portuguese: ajudados pelos seus pacientes transexuais, como Louise Lawrence, uma transexual que se correspondera extensamente com pessoas que tinham sido presas por usarem roupas trocadas em público. Apresentou investigadores sexuais como Alfred Kinsey a uma enorme rede de transexuais. Seguiram-se outras primeiras figuras. como Virginia Prince, Reed Erickson e a conhecida Christine Jorgensen, que foi alvo de cabeçalhos com a sua transição pública em 1952. Mas, enquanto os transexuais brancos formavam as suas redes de apoio, muitos transexuais de cor tinham de abrir o seu caminho. Alguns, como Miss Major Griffin-Gracy. passeavam de vestido de baile. Outros eram as chamadas "rainhas da rua" que eram visadas pela polícia por causa da expressão do seu género e se encontravam na linha da frente de eventos de referência no movimento pelos direitos dos LGBT. Isto leva-nos aos motins em Cooper Do-nuts, em 1959, na cafetaria Compton's, em 1966 e no famoso [bar] Stonewall Inn, em 1969. Portuguese: mas eram auxiliados por pacientes transgêneros, como Louise Lawrence, uma mulher transgênera que se correspondia amplamente com pessoas que haviam sido presas por se travestirem em público. Ela apresentou pesquisadores sexuais como Alfred Kinsey a uma rede transgênera enorme. Depois viriam outros personagens, como Virginia Prince, Reed Erickson e a famosa Christine Jorgensen, que ganhou as manchetes com sua transição muito pública em 1952. Mas, enquanto suburbanos transgêneros brancos formavam suas redes de apoio, muitos transgêneros negros tinham que traçar seu próprio caminho. Algumas, como a srta. Major Griffin-Gracy, andavam em bailes de "drag queens". Outras eram as chamadas "rainhas da rua", alvos frequentes da polícia por suas expressões de gênero, e se encontravam na vanguarda dos eventos importantes do movimento pelos direitos LGBT. Isso nos leva aos tumultos no café Cooper Do-nuts em 1959, na cafeteria Compton's em 1966 e à famosa Rebelião de Stonewall em 1969. Romanian: fiind asistați de către pacienții trans, ca Louise Lawrence, o femeie trans care a corespondat intens cu oameni arestați pentru că purtaseră îmbrăcăminte neadecvată în public. Ea a prezentat cercetătorilor precum Alfred Kinsey o rețea extinsă de transsexuali. Au urmat alți pionieri, precum Virginia Prince, Reed Erickson și faimoasa Christine Jorgensen, care a ținut capul de afiș datorită tranziției sale publice din 1952. Dar în timp ce comunitățile albe trans își formau propriile rețele de sprijin, multe persoane trans de culoare trebuiau să-și croiască singure calea. Unii, precum Miss Major Griffin-Gracy, mergeau la baluri îmbrăcați în femei. Alții erau așa-numitele „reginele străzii”, care erau vizate de poliție pentru exprimarea lor liberă și se aflau în prim-planul evenimentelor de la începuturile mișcării pentru drepturile LGBT. Toate astea ne conduc spre revoltele de la Cooper Do Nuts din 1959, de la Compton's Cafeteria din 1966 și din faimosul Stonewall Inn din 1969. Polish: w których lekarzom pomagali transpłciowi pacjenci, tacy jak Louise Lawrence, transkobieta prowadząca szeroką korespondencję z osobami zaaresztowanymi za publiczny transwestytyzm. Dzięki niej badacze seksualności tacy jak Alfred Kinsey zostali przedstawieni wielkiej sieci osób transpłciowych. Szybko pojawiały się inne głosy, jak Virginia Prince, Reed Erickson i sławna Christine Jorgensen, której publiczna tranzycja w roku 1952 trafiła na pierwsze strony gazet. Ale kiedy w miastach tworzyły się sieci wsparcia osób transpłciowych, niebiałe osoby transpłciowe musiały radzić sobie same. Niektóre, jak Miss Major Griffin-Gracy, występowały w balach drag. Inne, street queens, "królowe ulicy", często podpadały policji ze względu na wygląd i w końcu stanęły na czele kilku przewrotów, które upostaciowały ruch walki o prawa LGBT. Tak dochodzimy do zamieszek przy Cooper Do-nuts z roku 1959, przy Compton's Cafeteria w roku 1966 i sławnych zamieszek przy barze Stonewall Inn w roku 1969. Catalan: però amb ajuda dels seus pacients trans, com Louise Lawrence, una dona trans que s'havia relacionat àmpliament amb persones a qui havien arrestat per travestir-se de manera pública. Va presentar investigadors sexuals com l'Alfred Kinsey a una xarxa trans massiva. Van seguir d'altres figures primerenques, com Virginia Prince, Reed Erickson i la famosa Christine Jorgensen, qui va ser notícia per la seva transició de gènere molt pública el 1952. Però mentre els suburbans trans blancs formaven les seves xarxes de suport, moltes persones trans de color havien de traçar el seu propi camí. Alguns, com Miss Major Griffin-Gracy, feien festes drag. Altres eren les anomenades "reines del carrer", sovint víctimes de la policia per expressar el seu gènere, que acabaren a l'avantguarda dels esdeveniments fonamentals del moviment de drets LGBT. Això ens porta als disturbis de Cooper Do-nuts el 1959, Compton's Cafeteria el 1966 i el famós Stonewall Inn el 1969. Serbian: ali su im pomagali njihovi transrodni pacijenti kao što je Luiza Lorens, transrodna žena koja se naširoko dopisivala sa ljudima koji su bili uhapšeni zbog javnog oblačenja kao suprotan pol. Upoznala je istraživače seksualnosti kao što je Alfred Kinsi sa ogromnom mrežom transrodnih ljudi. Drugi pioniri će uslediti, kao što su Virdžinija Prins, Rid Erikson i čuvena Kristina Jorgensen koja je dospela na naslovne strane svojom vrlo javnom tranzicijom 1952. godine. Dok su transrodni belci iz prigradskih mesta formirali svoje mreže podrške, mnogi transrodni ljudi drugih boja kože morali su da utabaju svoj put. Neki, kao Gđica Mejdžor Grifin-Grejsi, šetali su se na dreg balovima. Drugi su bili tzv. „ulične kraljice“, koje je često ganjala policija zbog njihovog rodnog izražavanja i koji su se našli na čelu značajnih događaja u pokretu za prava LGBT. To nas dovodi do nemira u kafiću Kuper donats 1959. godine, Komptonove kafeterije 1966. i čuvenog Stounvola 1969. godine. Kurdish: ئەم توێژینەوانە لە لایەن نەخۆشە هاوڕەگەزەکان پاڵپشتی دەکرا، وەک: لویز لۆرانس، ژنێکی هاوڕەگەز کە پەیوەندییەکی باشی هەبوو لەگەڵ ئەوانەی دەست بەسەرکرابوون بەهۆی پۆشینی بەرگی ناجۆر بە ئاشکرایی. توێژینەوەی سێکسیەکانی ئەلفرید کینزی ناساند بە تۆڕێک لە هاوڕەگەزبازەکان. توێژەری تریش وردە وردە پەیدابوون، وەک: فرجینا پرینس، رید ئەریکسون کریستین جورجینسنی بەناوبانگ کە بە ئاشکراکردنی هاوڕەگەزی خۆی لە ساڵی 1952 سەردێری ڕۆژنامەکانی داگیر کرد. لە کاتێکدا هاوڕەگەزە سپی پێستەکانی شارەکان تۆڕێکی پاڵپشتی خۆیان پێک هێنابوو، هاوڕەگەزەکانیتر دەبوایە خۆیان ئاگاداری خۆیان بن. هەندێک کەس وەک شاجوان گریفین گریس بە کاتێکی قورس تێپەڕین. ئەوانی تر که پێیان دەوترێت شاژنی شەقامەکان که لەلایەن پۆلیسەوە کرابوونە ئامانج بەهۆی دەڕبڕینی ڕەگەزەکانیان و لە پێشەنگی ڕووداوە گرنگەکان بوون لە جوڵانەوەی هاوڕەگەزبازەکان. ئەمە دەمانباتەوە بۆ پشێوییەکانی ساڵی 1959ی Cooper Do-nuts، ،کافتریای Comptonله ١٩٦٦ و مەیخانەی Stonewall بەناوبانگی بەرلین له ١٩٦٩. Italian: ma furono aiutati dai loro pazienti trans, come Louise Lawrence, una donna trans che ha avuto intensi contatti con persone arrestate per abbigliamento non sessualmente appropriato. Ha presentato a ricercatori quali Alfred Kinsey una rete estesa di trans. Sarebbero seguiti altri pionieri, come Virginia Prince, Reed Erickson e la famosa Christine Jorgensen, che divenne famosa per la sua transizione pubblica nel 1952. Ma, mentre la comunità di trans bianche si creava la propria rete di supporto, molti gruppi di trans neri dovevano trovare la propria strada. Alcuni, come Miss Major Griffin-Gracy, andavano ai balli vestiti da donna. Altri erano le cosiddette "regine delle strade", erano prese di mira dalla polizia per la loro espressione di genere e si ritrovarono in prima linea negli eventi determinanti dei movimenti dei diritti LGBT. Questo ci porta alle rivolte di Cooper Do-nuts del 1959, Compton's Cafeteria del 1966 e del famoso Stonewall Inn del 1969. Russian: при поддержке трансгендерных пациентов. Например, Луизы Лоуренс, транс-женщины, которая вела активную переписку с людьми, арестованными за публичный кроссдрессинг. Она познакомила исследователей, таких как Альфред Кинси, с огромным сообществом трансгендеров. Другими первопроходцами были Вирджиния Принс, Рид Эриксон и знаменитая Кристин Йоргенсен, попавшая в заголовки газет после операции по коррекции пола в 1952-м. Пока белые провинциальные трансы создавали собственные сообщества, трансгендерам с цветной кожей приходилось прокладывать свой путь. Некоторые, как Мисс Мэйор Гриффин-Грэйси, ходили на нелегальные вечеринки ЛГБТ. Другие были так называемыми «уличными королевами», которых преследовала полиция за выражение половой принадлежности и которые были в центре ключевых событий движения за права ЛГБТ. Это подводит нас к беспорядкам в Cooper Do-nuts в 1959-м, в Compton's Cafeteria в 1966-м и к знаменитому бунту в Stonewall Inn в 1969-м. Japanese: その影にはトランスの患者がいました その１人 トランス女性の ルイーズ・ローレンスは 公共の場で異性装をして逮捕された人々と 広い繋がりを持っていました 彼女はアルフレッド・キンゼイのような 性科学者を 広大なトランス社会に紹介しました 他の第一人者達も続きました ヴァージニア・プリンス、リード・エリクソン 有名なクリスティン・ヨルゲンセン 彼女は1952年に性転換を公表し 世間の注目を集めました しかし 白人のトランスが独自の 援助ネットワークを構築した一方で 多くの有色人種のトランス達は 自ら道を切り開く必要がありました グリフィン・グレイシー少佐などは ドラッグボールの道に入りました 他の人はいわゆる 「ストリートクイーン」と呼ばれ その自由な自己表現から 頻繁に警察の標的になり さらには LGBTの権利運動において 重要な運動を牽引しました このような動きは 1959年のクーパー・ドーナツ店 1966年のコンプトンズ・カフェテリア かの有名な1969年 ストーンウォールの反乱に繋がりました Hindi: उनका साहायता उनके ट्रांस मरीज़ करते थे, जैसे लुईस लॉरेंस, एक ट्रांस महिला, जिसने बड़े पैमाने पर संपर्क किया था लोगोसे जो सार्वजनिक परवस्त्रधारण रति के लिए गिरफ्तार हुए थे। उन्होने अॅल्फ्रेड किन्से जैसे यौन शोधकर्ताओं को बड़े ट्रांस समूदाय से परीचित किया था वर्जीनिया प्रिंस, रीड एरिकसन और प्रसिद्ध क्रिस्टीन जोर्गेनसन भी उन में थे १९५२ में उनका बहुत ही प्रत्यक्ष परिवर्तन के लेये सुर्खियां में थी। जब धनवान श्वेत ट्रांस व्यक्ती अपने प्रोत्साही समूह बना रहे थे, कई काले ट्रांस व्यक्तीयों को अपना रास्ता खुद बनाना पडा था। जब मिस मेजर ग्रिफिन-ग्रेसी जैसे कुछ लोग, "ड्रैग बॉल्स्" में हिस्सा ले रहे थे तब अन्य लोग जिसे "स्ट्रीट क्वीन्स्" कहते है, उन्हें अक्सर पुलिस उनके लिंग की अभिव्यक्ति के लिए निशाना बनाती थी। और वे एलजीबीटी अधिकारों के आंदोलन में खुद को निर्णायक घटनाओं के बीच में अपने आप को पाया। और अब दंगों के बारे मे . . . 1959 में कूपर डू-नट्स, 1966 में कॉम्पटनस् कैफेटेरिया और 1969 में प्रसिद्ध स्टोनवॅाल इन। Ukrainian: за підтримки трансгендерних пацієнтів. Наприклад, Луїза Лоренс, трансжінка, яка активно листувалась із людьми, заарештованими за публічний крос-дресинг. Вона познайомила дослідників, таких як Альфред Кінсі, із великою громадою трансгендерів. Іншими першопрохідцями були Вірджинія Принс, Рід Еріксон та знаменита Крістін Йоргенсен, яка потрапила в заголовки газет після операції з корекції статі в 1952 році. Поки білі трангендерні люди формували свої групи підтримки, трансгендерам із кольоровою шкірою доводилося прокладати власний шлях. Деякі, як Міс Мейор Грифін-Грейсі відвідували нелегальні ЛГБТ вечірки. Інші були так званими «вуличними королевами», яких часто переслідувала поліція за вираження гендерної ідентичності і які були в центрі головних подій у русі за права ЛГБТ. Це приводить нас до повстань у Cooper Do-nuts у 1959-му, у Compton’s Cafeteria в 1966-му та знаменитих бунтів у Stonewall у 1969-му. Persian: اما بیماران ترنس‌شان هم از آنها حمایت کردند مثلا لوییس لورنس، زن ترنسی که با خیلی از افرادی که بخاطرپوشیدن لباس‌های جنس مخالف در ملاعام دستگیر شده بودند مکاتبه داشت. او محققان جنسی مانند آلفرد کینزی را با شبکه‌ی بزرگی از ترنس‌ها آشنا کرد. دیگر شخصیت‌های پیش‌روعبارتند از یرجینیا پرینس، رید اریکسون و کریستین جورجنسن معروف که با علنی کردن تغییر جنسیتش در سال ۱۹۵۲سرتیتر خبرها شد. اگرچه ترنس‌های سفیدپوست حومه نشین داشتند شبکه‌های حمایتی خودرا تشکیل می‌دادند ترنس‌های رنگین‌پوست باید خودشان مسیرشان را هموار می‌کردند. برخی مانند خانم ماجور گریفین گریسی لباس مردانه پوشیدند. بقیه به اصطلاح "ملکه‌های خیابانی" بودند، که اغلب به خاطر بیان جنسیت‌شان هدف پلیس قرار می‌گرفتند. و این چنین شد که آنها خود را در خط مقدم اتفاقات آغازگر جنبش حقوق دگرباش‌ها یافتند. این اتفاقات موجب شورش ما در سال ۱۹۵۹ درکوپر دونات و شورش سال ۱۹۶۶ درکافه تریای کمپتون ، و شورش معروف مسافرخانه‌ی استون وال در سال ۱۹۶۹ شد. English: but they were aided by their trans patients, like Louise Lawrence, a trans woman who had corresponded extensively with people who had been arrested for public cross-dressing. She introduced sexual researchers like Alfred Kinsey to a massive trans network. Other early figures would follow, like Virginia Prince, Reed Erickson and the famous Christine Jorgensen, who made headlines with her very public transition in 1952. But while white trans suburbanites were forming their own support networks, many trans people of color had to carve their own path. Some, like Miss Major Griffin-Gracy, walked in drag balls. Others were the so-called "street queens," who were often targeted by police for their gender expression and found themselves on the forefront of seminal events in the LGBT rights movement. This brings us to the riots at Cooper Do-nuts in 1959, Compton's Cafeteria in 1966 and the famous Stonewall Inn in 1969. Vietnamese: họ được hỗ trợ bởi bệnh nhân chuyển giới, như Louise Lawrence, người chuyển giới nữ đã liên lạc mật thiết với những người bị bắt vì ăn mặc không phù hợp. Bà đã giới thiệu nhà nghiên cứu giới tính như Alfred Kinsey cho mạng lưới người chuyển giới. Nhiều người khác đã nối bước như Virginia Prince, Reed Erickson và Christine Jorgensen nổi tiếng, người đã lên báo công khai quá trình chuyển giới năm 1952. Nhưng khi người chuyển giới da trắng ở thành thị lập mạng lưới tương trợ, nhiều người chuyển giới da màu phải tự vẽ đường cho mình. Như Cô MajorGriffin-Gracy đã dự tiệc hoá trang của người chuyển giới. Nhiều người được gọi là "nữ hoàng đường phố", luôn trong tầm ngắm của cảnh sát vì thể hiện giới tính của mình và dẫn đầu trong các sự kiện quan trọng trong phong trào quyền LGBT. Tiếp đến là bạo loạn Cooper Do-nuts năm 1959, Compton's Cafeteria năm 1966 và bạo loạn ở quán bar nổi tiếng Stonewall năm 1969. iw: אבל הם קיבלו עזרה ממטופליהם הטרנסג'נדרים, כמו לואיס לורנס, אישה טרנסית שהתכתבה בצורה נרחבת עם אנשים שנאסרו עקב לבישת בגדי המין הנגדי בציבור. היא הציגה לחוקרי מיניות כמו אלפרד קינסלי את הקהילה הטרנסית העצומה. עוד דמויות ראשוניות באו לאחר מכן, כמו וירג'יניה פרינס, ריד אריקסון וקריסטין יורגנסן המפורסמת, שהופיעה בכותרות העיתונים עם התהליך שעברה בשנת 1952. אך בזמן שתושבי פרברים טרנסים הקימו את קהילות התמיכה שלהם, הרבה אנשים טרנסים של צבע היו צריכים לסלול את דרכם לבד. חלק, כמו גברת מייג'ור גריפין - גרייסי, צעדו בנשפים של טרנסים. אחרים נקראו "מלכות השכונה", שלעתים קרובות סומנו על ידי המשטרה עקב ההתבטאות המגדרית שלהם ומצאו את עצמם בחזית של אירועים רבי השפעה של התנועה למען זכויות הלהט"ב. זה הביא אותנו למהומות בקופר דו - נאטס ב1959, בקפיטריה בקמפטון ב1966 ולפונדק סטונוול המפורסם ב1969. Arabic: في دراسة المتحولين طبيًا، وقد ساعدهم مرضاهم المتحولون جنسيًا، مثل لويس لورانس وهي امرأة متحولة توافقت على نطاق واسع مع الأشخاص الذين اعتُقلوا لارتدائهم ملابس الجنس المغاير علنًا. قدّمت الباحثين الجنسيين مثل ألفرد كينسي إلى شبكة كبيرة من المتحولين جنسيًا. وتلتها شخصيات أخرى، مثل فيرجينيا برنس وريد إيركسون وكريستين جورجينسن الشهيرة، التي تصَدَّر تحولها العلني عناوين الصحف في عام 1952. لكن بينما كان سكان الضواحي المتحولين البيض يشكلون شبكاتهم الداعمة الخاصة كان على الأشخاص المتحولين الملونين شق طريقهم الخاص. بعضهم مثل الآنسة ماجر جريفين جراسي التي سارت في مشهد دراق جريء. وكان غيرهم المُسمى "ستريت كوينز"، الذين تستهدفهم الشرطة أحيانًا لتعبيراتهم الجندرية ويجدون أنفسهم في الطليعة لفعاليات مؤثرة في حركة حقوق المثليين. يقودنا هذا إلى أعمال الشغب في مقهى كوبر دونانتس عام 1959، ومقصف كومبتون عام 1966، وحانة ستونوول الشهيرة في عام 1969. Chinese: 但他們有跨性別病人從旁協助， 如跨性別的女子路易絲勞倫斯， 她和因為公開穿著異性服裝 而被逮捕的人保持密切通信。 她將阿爾弗雷德金賽 這類性別研究者 引介給大型的跨性別網絡。 其他早期的知名人物也跟進， 如維吉尼亞普林斯、 里德埃里克森， 及有名的克莉斯汀約根森， 克莉斯汀在 1952 年 公開變性之事也上了頭條。 但雖然郊區的白種跨性別者已經 開始形成他們自己的支持網絡， 卻有許多有色人種的跨性別者 必須要自己開路。 有些人，比如格里芬格雷西小姐少校， 出沒在異裝舞會中。 還有些人則是所謂的「街頭皇后」， 常常因為自己的性別表達 而被警方盯上， 且走在 LGBT 人權運動的 重要活動前線。 這就帶到了 1959 年 庫珀甜甜圈店暴動、 1966 年康普頓餐廳暴動， 以及 1969 年知名的石牆暴動。 Macedonian: но беа поткрепени од нивните транс пациенти, како Луис Лоренс, транс жена која често комуницирала со мажи апсени заради јавно носење на женска облека. Таа воведе низа сексуални истражувачи, како Алфред Кинси, во бројните транс заедници. Поранешни податоци укажуваат на лица какао Вирџинија Принс,Рид Ериксон и познатата Кристина Јоргенсен која привлече внимание со нејзината јавна преобразба во 1952 год. Но, додека белите транс луѓе формираа свои заедници, обоените транс луѓе мораа да се пробиваат. Некои, како Мис Мејџор Грифин Грејси, се појавуваа на дрег- забави Другите т.н. „улични кралици“, често следени од страна на полицијата заради нивното родово изразување завршувале на чело на авангардните настани на ЛГБТ движењата. Ова доведе до немирите кај Купер Донатс во 1959, кафетеријата на Комптон во 1966 и познатата Стоунвол Ин во 1969 година. Spanish: pero contaron con la ayuda de sus pacientes trans como Louise Lawrence, una mujer trans que se correspondía ampliamente con gente a la que arrestaron por travestismo público. Ella introdujo a estudiosos de la sexualidad como Alfred Kinsey en una red trans masiva. Le sucederían otras personalidades como Virginia Prince, Reed Erickson y la conocida Christine Jorgensen, la cual fue noticia por su notoria transición en 1952. Pero mientras los suburbios trans blancos organizaban sus propias redes de apoyo, muchos transexuales de color tenían que labrar su propio camino. Algunos como Miss Major Griffin-Gracy formaron parte del voguing. Otros eran los así llamados "reinas callejeras", que a menudo, eran el blanco de la policía debido a su expresión de género y que se vieron a la vanguardia de acontecimientos trascendentales del movimiento por los derechos del colectivo LGBT. Esto nos conduce a los disturbios de Cooper Do-nuts en 1959, de la cafetería Comptons en 1966 y del conocido Stonewall Inn en 1969. French: et ont été aidés par leurs patients trans tels que Louise Lawrence, une femme trans qui avait beaucoup correspondu avec des gens ayant été arrêtés pour transformisme en public. Elle a présenté des chercheurs en sexualité comme Alfred Kinsey à un énorme réseau trans. D'autres personnalités ont suivi, comme Virginia Prince, Reed Erickson et la célèbre Christine Jorgensen, qui a fait la une des journaux avec une transition publique en 1952. Mais si les banlieusards blancs et trans formaient leurs réseaux de soutien, beaucoup de personnes trans de couleur ont dû voler de leurs propres ailes. Certains, comme Miss Major Griffin-Gracy, ont marché dans des bals de drag queens. D'autres ont été les « queens de rue », souvent cibles de la police pour leur expression de genre et se trouvées en avant-garde d'événements majeurs dans le mouvement des droits LGBT. Cela nous mène aux émeutes à Cooper Do-nuts en 1959, à la cafétéria Compton's en 1966 et le célèbre Stonewall Inn en 1969. Hungarian: transz pácienseik segítségével, akik egyike egy transz nő, Louise Lawrence volt, aki hosszasan levelezett azokkal, akiket a másik nem ruháinak nyilvános viseléséért tartóztattak le. Szexuális kutatókat - mint Alfred Kinsey - ismertetett meg egy kiterjedt transz hálózattal. Olyan további alakok követték, mint Virginia Prince, Reed Erickson és az a híres Christine Jorgensen, aki 1952-ben nyilvános átalakulásával újságok címoldalain szerepelt. Ám amíg a fehér, transz külvárosiak létrehozták saját támogató hálózataikat, addig színesbőrű társaiknak maguknak kellett utat törniük. Néhányan, mint Miss Major Griffin-Gracy, versenyeken léptek fel, az "utca királynői" azonban gyakran váltak a rendőrök célpontjává nemi identitásuk kifejezése miatt, és az LMBT-jogi mozgalom legfőbb eseményeinek frontvonalában tartózkodtak. Ezzel elérkeztünk a Cooper Do-nutsban lévő 1959-es, és a Compton's Cafeteriában kitört 1966-as zavargásokhoz, illetve a híres, 1969-es Stonewall-lázadáshoz. Korean: 그들은 루이스 로렌스같은 트랜스젠더 환자들로부터 많은 도움을 받았죠. 그는 공공장소에서 복장 도착으로 수감된 사람들과 광범위하게 교류했죠. 그녀는 알프레드 킨지같은 성연구자들을 거대한 트랜스젠더 네트워크와 연결시켜 주었습니다. 다른 초기 인물들로 버지니아 프린스, 리드 에릭슨 그리고 유명한 크리스틴 요르겐슨 등이 있었는데 크리스틴은 1952년 공식 커밍아웃을 해서 화제가 되었습니다. 도시에 사는 백인 트랜스젠더들이 지원 네트워크를 형성해가는 동안 많은 다른 유색인종 트랜스젠더들도 앞길을 개척해 나갔어요. 일부는 메이저 그리핀 그레이시처럼 여장을 한 채로 걸어 다녔습니다. 다른 이들은 “길거리의 여왕들” 이라고 불렸는데 그들의 젠더 표현 방식으로 인해 종종 경찰에게 요주의 인물이 되었고 성소수자 인권 운동의 중대한 이벤트의 선두에 서게 되었습니다. 1959년 쿠퍼 도넛츠와 1966년 콤튼 카페테리아 1969년 유명한 스톤월 여관 시위 등이죠. Hindi: 1970 में, सिल्विया रिवेरा और मार्शा पी जॉनसन, स्टोनवेल के दो दिग्गज, "स्टार: स्ट्रीट ट्रांसवेस्टाइट ऐक्शन" रेवलूशनेरीज़ नामाक समूह को स्थापित किये। ट्रांस लोगों ने अपनी लड़ाई जारी रखी कानून के तहत समान उपचार पाने के लिए, जब की उन्होंने सामना किया अधिक भेदभाव से, बेरोज़गारी, गिरफ्तारी, और बढ़ती एड्स की महामारी। जब से हमारी अस्तित्व रहि है, हमको मताघिकार से वंचित करने का कोशिश किया है हम अपनी तरीके से जीने कि हिम्मत की है। यह तस्वीर १९३३ में बर्लिन में लिया गया था, इसे इतिहास किताबों में दिखाया जाता है नाट्सीज़ ने ऐसे पुस्कों को जलाया जो वे जर्मन संस्कृति के खिलाफ मानते थे। लेकिन शायद ही कभी किसी ने उल्लेख किया है कि इस विशाल ढेर में यौन अनुसंधान संस्थान के सारे पुस्क शामिल थे। यह था अमेरिका में ट्रांस आंदोलन का सारांश, लेकिन मॅग्नस हर्शफेल्ड और उनके जर्मन् साथी हमसे कुछ दशक आगे थे। मॅग्नस हर्शफेल्ड एल॰जी॰बी॰टी॰ लोगों का प्रारंभिक अभिवक्ता थे। Portuguese: Em 1970, Sylvia Rivera e Marsha P. Johnson, duas veteranas de Stonewall, fundaram a STAR: Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries. Os transgêneros continuaram a lutar por igualdade de tratamento perante a lei, mesmo ao enfrentar índices mais altos de discriminação, desemprego, prisões e a epidemia iminente da AIDS. Desde que existimos, os que estão no poder procuraram privar os transgêneros de seus direitos por se atreverem a viver vidas que são nossas. Este filme, rodado na Berlim de 1933, ainda é usado, às vezes, em livros de história para ilustrar como os nazistas queimaram obras que consideravam não alemãs. Mas raramente é mencionado que, nessa pilha enorme, também estão obras do Institute for Sexual Research. Vejam, acabei de recapitular o movimento transgênero nos EUA, mas Magnus Hirschfeld e seus pares na Alemanha nos venceram por algumas décadas. Magnus Hirschfeld era um antigo defensor das pessoas LGBT. Escreveu o primeiro relato extenso sobre transgêneros. Serbian: Godine 1970, Silvija Rivera i Marša P. Džonson, dva veterana Stounvola, osnovale su STAR, organizaciju transvestita aktivista i revolucionara na ulici. Trans ljudi su nastavili da se bore za jednak tretman pred zakonom, čak i kada su se suočavali sa većim stopama diskriminacije, nezaposlenosti, hapšenja i epidemije side koja je bila na pomolu. Otkako znamo za sebe, oni na vlasti su nastojali da oduzmu pravo trans ljudima jer smo se usudili da živimo svoj život. Ovaj snimak, zabeležen u Berlinu 1933, ponekad se koristi u udžbenicima istorije da bi se ilustrovalo kako su nacisti palili dela koja nisu smatrana nemačkim. Ali retko se pominje da su u toj ogromnoj hrpi obuhvaćena i dela Instituta za seksualna istraživanja. Vidite, upravo sam sumirao pokret transrodnih u Americi, ali Magnus Hiršfeld i njegove kolege u Nemačkoj pretekle su nas za nekoliko decenija. Magnus Hiršfeld je bio rani zastupnik LGBT ljudi. Persian: در سال ۱۹۷۰، سیلویا ریورا ومارشا پی جانسون دو فرد باتجربه از استون وال STAR رو تاسیس کردند : جنبش انقلابی دگرپوشان خیابانی ترنس‌ها به جنگ برای رفتار برابر تحت نظر قانون ادامه دادند حتی وقتی با میزان بیشتری از تبعیض، بیکاری ، بازداشت و همه گیر شدن ایدز مواجه شدند. از زمانیکه ما وجود داشته‌ایم نظام حاکم درصدد بوده تا ترنس‌ها رابه جرم اینکه می‌خواهند زندگی‌ خودشان را بکنند ازحقوق خود محروم کند این تصویر که در سال ۱۹۳۳ در برلین گرفته شده است، اغلب درمتون تاریخی ازاین تصویراستفاده می‌کنند تا نشان دهند چگونه حزب نازی آثاری راکه غیرآلمانی می‌پندارند ازبین می‌برند. اما آنچه که به ندرت به آن اشاره می‌شود این است که این آثار شامل کتاب‌های موسسه تحقیقات جنسیتی هم می‌شدند. می‌بینید، من فقط درباره جنبش ترنس‌ها درآمریکا بطور خلاصه حرف می‌زنم. اما مگنوس هیرچفلد و هم‌ سنخانش در آلمان باعث پیروزی ما در چند دهه شدند. مگنوس هیرچفلد از اولین طرفداران افراد دگرباش بود. Korean: 1970년에 실비아 리베라와 마샤 피 존슨 스톤월의 두 용사들이 STAR(길거리 복장도착자 행동 혁명가들)을 설립했습니다. 트랜스젠더들은 법 아래 동등한 대우를 위해 계속 싸워왔고 더 높은 확률의 차별, 실업, 구속, 무시무시한 에이즈 확산에도 불구하고 이를 계속해 왔죠. 우리가 존재한 이래로 권력자들은 트랜스젠더들이 자신의 삶을 살아가려고 하는 데 대해 그 권리를 박탈하려고 해왔습니다. 1933년 베를린에서 찍은 이 영화는 종종 역사책에서 나치가 비독일적이라고 여긴 것들을 어떻게 불태웠는지 보여줍니다. 하지만 거의 언급되지 않는 것은 이 거대한 더미 안에는 성연구소의 연구들도 포함되어 있다는 것입니다. 방금 미국의 트랜스젠더 운동을 살펴보았는데 독일의 마그누스 허쉬펠드와 그의 동료들이 우리보다 몇십년 앞서 갔습니다. 마그누스 허쉬펠드는 초기 성소수자 옹호가였습니다. Russian: В 1970-м Сильвия Ривера и Марша П. Джонсон, два участника бунта в Stonewall Inn, образовывали STAR, что значит «Уличная трансвеститская акция революционеров». Трансгендеры продолжали бороться за равенство перед законом, несмотря на увеличившуюся дискриминацию, безработицу, аресты и надвигающуюся эпидемию СПИДа. Как только мы появились, те, у кого была власть, стремились лишить нас права голоса за то, что мы хотели жить своей жизнью. Этот кадр из кинохроники, снятой в Берлине в 1933-м, иногда используют в учебниках истории, чтобы показать, как нацисты сжигали труды, которые они признали антинемецкими. Но редко упоминается, что в этой огромной кипе присутствуют работы Института сексуальных наук. Я только что кратко рассказал о движении трансгендеров в Америке, но Магнус Хиршфельд и его коллеги в Германии опередили нас на несколько десятилетий. Магнус Хиршфельд одним из первых начал защищать права ЛГБТ. Romanian: În 1970, Sylvia Rivera și Marsha P. Johnson, două veterane din Stonewall, au înființat STAR: Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries. Transexualii au continuat să lupte pentru un tratament egal conform legii, chiar dacă se confruntau cu niveluri ridicate de discriminare, șomaj, arestări și cu epidemia de SIDA. În tot acest timp cei aflați la putere au încercat să descurajeze persoanele trans să îndrăznească să trăiască așa cum vor. Cadrul acestui film, realizat la Berlin în 1933, e uneori folosit în manualele de istorie pentru a ilustra modul în care naziștii au ars lucrări considerate non-germanice. Dar nu e menționat faptul că din această grămadă masivă făceau parte și lucrări ale Institutului de Cercetare Sexuală. Tocmai v-am vorbit despre mișcarea trans din America, dar Magnus Hirschfeld și colegii săi din Germania ne-au întrecut cu câteva decenii. Magnus Hirschfeld a fost printre primii susținători ai drepturilor LGBT. Hungarian: 1970-ben két stonewalli veterán, Sylvia Rivera és Marsha P. Johnson, megalapította az utcai transzvesztita akció forradalmárok (STAR) szervezetét. A transzneműek törvényes úton harcoltak tovább az egyenlő bánásmódért, annak dacára, hogy nagyobb mértékű diszkriminációval, munkanélküliséggel, bebörtönzéssel és a fenyegető AIDS járvánnyal néztek szembe. Mióta csak létezünk, a hatalmon lévők jogfosztottá akarják tenni a transzneműeket, amiért merjük a saját életünket élni. Ez a Berlinben készült állókép 1933-ból néha előfordul a történelemkönyvekben annak szemléltetésére, hogy a nácik németellenesnek mondott műveket égettek. De amit ritkán említenek az az, hogy ezek között a Szexuáltudományi Intézet művei is szerepeltek. Az imént az amerikai transz mozgalomról esett szó, a német Magnus Hirschfeld és társai azonban évtizedekkel megelőztek minket. Magnus Hirschfeld az LMBT közösség egyik első szószólója volt. Arabic: في عام 1970، سيلفيا ريفارا ومارشا بي جونسون، وهما من قدامى المحاربين من ستونوول، اللتان قامتا بتأسيس منظمة ستار: ستريت ترانسفيستات أكشن ريفولوشنريز. يواصل المتحولون جنسيًا الكفاح من أجل المساواة في المعاملة بموجب القانون، حتى ولو واجهوا معدلات أعلى من التمييز والبطالة والاعتقال وظهور وباء الإيدز. منذ تواجدنا، حاول أصحاب النفوذ السعي إلى حرمان الأشخاص المتحولين من حقوقهم لأننا أردنا أن نحيا حياتنا كما نرضاها. لا تزال هذه الصورة الحية، التي حدثت في برلين عام 1933، تُستخدم أحيانًا في مناهج التاريخ لشرح كيف قام النازيون بحرق الأعمال التي اعتبروها غير ألمانية. ولكن ما يندر ذكره هو أن ما تم احتواؤه في هذه الكومة الضخمة هي أعمال من معهد البحوث الجنسية. لقد قمت للتو بإيجاز حركة المتحولين في أمريكا، لكن ماغنوس هيرشفلد وأقرانه في ألمانيا سبقونا ببضعة عقود. كان ماغنوس هيرشللد من أوائل المناصرين لمجتمع المثليين. Italian: Nel 1970, Sylvia Rivera e Marsha P. Johnson, due veterane di Stonewall, fondarono la STAR: Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries. I trans continuarono a lottare secondo il diritto per un trattamento equo anche se subivano alti livelli di discriminazione, disoccupazione, arresti, e l'incombente epidemia di AIDS. Fin da quando siamo in giro, chi è al potere ha sempre cercato di privare dei diritti la gente trans perché osa vivere vite che sono nostre. Il fotogramma di questo film, girato Berlino nel 1933, alle volte viene usato nei libri di storia per illustrare come i Nazisti bruciavano lavori considerati non germanici. Ma quello che viene raramente ricordato è che in questo enorme mucchio c'erano lavori dell'Istituto delle Ricerche sul Sesso. Vedete, vi ho appena parlato del movimento trans in America, ma Magnus Hirschfeld e i suoi colleghi in Germania ci hanno battuti di alcune decine di anni. Magnus Hirschfeld era uno dei primi sostenitori per la difesa dei diritti LGBT iw: בשנת 1970, סילביה ריברה ומרשה פ. ג'ונסון, שתי ותיקות של סטונוול, הקימו את סטאר: קבוצת מהפכנים של טרנסווסטים ברחובות. טרנסג'נדרים ממשיכים להילחם למען שוויון זכויות תחת החוק, אפילו כשהם חווים רמות גבוהות של אפליה, אבטלה, מעצרים, ומגפת האיידס העולמית. במשך כל קיומנו, בעלי הכוח חיפשו להתעמר בטרנסג'נדרים על כך שהעזו לחיות את החיים שלהם. התמונה הזו מתוך סרט, שצולמה בברלין בשנת 1933, עדיין מוצגת לעתים בספרי היסטוריה בכדי להציג איך הנאצים שרפו עבודות שהם החשיבו כלא-גרמניות. אבל מה שמספרים רק לעתים רחוקות והוא שזה הכיל ערמה עצומה של עבודות מהמכון לחקר המיניות. רואים, אני הצגתי רק את התנועה הטרנסית באמריקה, אבל מגנוס הירשפילד ועמיתיו בגרמניה הקדימו אותנו בכמה עשורים. מגנוס הירשפילד היה פעיל מוקדם למען הלהט"ב. Chinese: 1970 年，希薇亞里維拉 和馬爾沙 P. 約翰遜， 石牆暴動的兩位退役活動者， 建立了「STAR」： 街頭跨性別行動革命。 跨性別者持續為了在法律上 取得平等對待而戰， 即使他們面對更多的歧視、 更高的失業率、更多人被逮捕， 以及迫在眉睫的愛滋病流行。 從我們存在以來， 當權者就在想辦法 剝奪跨性別者的公民權， 只因為我們敢過著 屬於我們自己的生活。 這張照片是 1933 年在柏林拍攝的， 有時會被歷史教科書收錄， 用來描繪納粹如何燒毀 他們認為非德國的著作。 但很少會有人提到， 被焚燒掉的還包括大量 來自性別研究中心的著作。 我只是重述了美國的跨性別運動， 但馬格努斯赫希菲爾德 和他在德國的同輩 比我們還早了幾十年。 馬格努斯赫希菲爾德是 LGBT 族群的早期擁護者。 Kurdish: له ١٩٧٠، سیلفیا رێفیرا و مارشا جونسون، دوو سەرباز لە ستۆنوۆڵ بوون، ئەستێرەیان دامەزراند: ستریت تراسنڤێتی ئاکشن ڕیڤلوشنەریس هاوڕەگەزبازەکان بەردەوام بوون له تێکۆشان یەکسان جێبەجێ کردنی یاساکان، سەڕەرای ئەوەی زیاتر ڕووبەڕووی جیاکاری دەبوونەوە، بێئیشی، گرتن، تۆمەت هەڵبەستنی ئایدز بۆ هاوڕەگەزخوازەکان. لەوەتەی ئێمە هەین، دەسەڵاتدارەکان هەموو هەوڵێک دەدەن بۆ دورخستنەوە و پشتگوێ خستنمان بەهۆی ئەوەی کە بەم شێوەیە دەژین کە خۆمان دەمانەوێت. ئەم وێنه جووڵاوەی ئێستا لە بەرلین له ١٩٣٣دا گیراوه، که هەندێک جار له دەقی مێژوویدا بەکاردێت، کە نازیەکان چۆن ئەو کارانەیان دەسوتاندن کە بە نائەڵمانی ئەژمار دەکران. بەڵام ئەوەی کە باس ناکرێت سوتانی ئەم توێژینەوە قەبانەیەیە کە لە لایەن سەنتەری توێژینەوەی سێکسیەوە ئەنجامدراون. ئەمە پوختەیەک لە جووڵانەوەی هاوڕەگەزبازەکانی ئەمریکام باس کرد، بەڵام، ماگنوس هێرشفیلد و هاوڕێکانی له ئەڵمانیا چەند سەدەیەک پێش ئێمە بوون، ماگنوس هێرشفیلد له داکۆکیکارە یەکەمەکان بوو بۆ کەسانی هاورەگەزباز. French: En 1970, Sylvia Rivera et Marsha P. Johnson, deux vétéranes de Stonewall, ont établi STAR : Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries. Les gens trans ont continué à se battre pour un traitement égal devant la loi, même face à des taux plus élevés de discrimination, de chômage et d'arrestations et l'imminente épidémie du SIDA. Depuis qu'ils sont là, ceux au pouvoir ont cherché à priver les trans de leurs droits pour oser vivre les vies qui sont les nôtres. Cette image, prise à Berlin en 1933, est utilisée dans des manuels d'histoire pour illustrer comment les nazis ont brûlé des œuvres considérées anti-allemandes. Ce que l'on évoque rarement est que dans cette pile massive, il y a des œuvres de l'institut de la recherche sur la sexualité. Je viens de récapituler le mouvement trans en Amérique mais Magnus Hirschfeld et ses pairs en Allemagne nous ont devancés de quelques décennies. Magnus Hirschfeld était un des premiers défenseurs des droits des gens LGBT. Spanish: En 1970, Sylvia Rivera y Marsha P. Johnson, dos veteranas de Stonewall, crearon STAR: Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries. Los transexuales siguieron peleando por la igualdad de trato ante la ley, a pesar de enfrentarse a mayores tasas de discriminación, desempleo, arrestos y una epidemia de sida inminente. Durante todo el tiempo que llevamos existiendo, los de arriba han tratado de privar de sus derechos a los transexuales por atreverse a vivir sus propias vidas. Esta imagen, sacada en Berlín en 1933, todavía se usa en ocasiones en los libros de texto de historia para explicar cómo quemaron los nazis las obras que no consideran alemanas. Pero algo de lo que apenas se habla es que, en este enorme montón, se incluyen trabajos del Instituto para la Ciencia Sexual. Como ven, he recapitulado el movimiento trans en EE.UU., pero Magnus Hirschfeld y sus compañeros alemanes se nos adelantaron unas décadas. Magnus Hirschfeld defendió desde un primer momento al colectivo LGBT. Turkish: 1970'de Stonewall'un gazileri Sylvia Rivera ve Marsha P. Johnson STAR: Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries'i kurdular. Trans bireyler artan ayrımcılığa, işsizliğe, göz altına alınmaya ve yüksek miktarda AIDS salgınıyla karşı karşıya olmalarına rağmen yasalar kapsamında eşitlik için savaşmaya devam ettiler. Etrafta bulunduğumuz süre boyunca iktidardaki insanlar bizim olan hayatları yaşamaya cesaret eden trans insanları hayatlarından mahrum etmeye çalıştılar. 1933'de Berlin'de çekilen bu sinema filmi hâlâ tarih ders kitaplarında Nazilerin Alman olmadıklarını varsaydıkları eserleri nasıl yaktıklarını örneklemek için zaman zaman kullanılıyor. Ancak nadiren bahsedilen, bu dev yığına dahil edilenlerin arasında Cinsel Araştırma Enstitüsü'nün eserlerinin olmasıdır. Bakınız, daha az önce Amerika'daki trans hareketinden bahsettim fakat Magnus Hirschfeld ve Almanya'daki arkadaşları onlarca yıl bizim kazanmamızı sağladı. Magnus Hirschfels LGBT toplumunun ilk avukatıydı. Portuguese: Em 1970, Sylvia Rivera e Marsha P. Johnson, dois veteranos de Stonewall, fundaram a STAR: Revolucionários de Ação de Travestis da Rua. Os transexuais continuaram a lutar por um tratamento igual, perante a lei, mesmo quando enfrentavam taxas mais altas de discriminação, desemprego, detenções, e o espectro da epidemia da SIDA. Desde que nos conhecemos, os que estão no poder tentaram privar de direitos os transexuais por ousarmos viver a vida que é a nossa. Este filme feito em Berlim, em 1933, é usado muitas vezes nos manuais de História para ilustrar como os nazis queimaram obras que consideravam anti alemãs. Mas o que raras vezes se refere é que, naquela enorme pilha, havia obras do Instituto de Investigação Sexual. Vejam, eu acabo de resumir o movimento transexual nos EUA, mas Magnus Hirschfeld e os seus pares, na Alemanha ultrapassaram-nos nalgumas décadas. Magnus Hirschfeld foi um dos primeiros defensores das pessoas LGBT. English: In 1970, Sylvia Rivera and Marsha P. Johnson, two veterans of Stonewall, established STAR: Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries. Trans people continued to fight for equal treatment under the law, even as they faced higher rates of discrimination, unemployment, arrests, and the looming AIDS epidemic. For as long as we've been around, those in power have sought to disenfranchise trans people for daring to live lives that are ours. This motion picture still, taken in Berlin in 1933, is sometimes used in history textbooks to illustrate how the Nazis burned works they considered un-German. But what's rarely mentioned is that included in this massive pile are works from the Institute for Sexual Research. See, I just recapped the trans movement in America, but Magnus Hirschfeld and his peers in Germany had us beat by a few decades. Magnus Hirschfeld was an early advocate for LGBT people. Macedonian: Во 1970, Силвија Ривера и Марша П. Џонсон, двете ветаранки на Стоунвол, ја основаа СТАР: активисти револуционери на улични травестити. Транс луѓето продолжија со својата борба за еднакви права пред законот иако се соочуваа со уште поголема дискриминација, невработеност, притвори и заканувачката епидемија на СИДА. Цело време додека нè има, моќниците ги оневозможуваа правата на транс луѓето кои се обидуваа да го живеат својот живот. Овие снимки во Берлин во 1933, понекогаш ги има во историските читанки за да се прикаже како германците палеле книги кои не биле германски. Но, ретко се спомнува дека во купиштата книги биле делата на Институтот за сексуални истражувања. Ви дадов кус приказ на транс движењето во Америка, но Магнус Хиршфелд и неговите соработници беа децении пред нас. Магнус Хиршфилд е еден од првите поборници за луѓето од ЛГБТ заедниците. Ukrainian: У 1970-му Сильвія Рівера та Марша П. Джонсон, учасниці бунту в барі Cтоунволл, заснували STAR, «Вуличну Акцію Трансвеститів-Революціонерів». Трансгендерні люди продовжували боротися за рівність перед законом, незважаючи на дискримінацію, безробіття, арешти та епідемію СНІДу. Із того часу, як ми з‘явилися, ті, у кого була влада, намагалися позбавити прав трансгендерних людей за те, що ми хотіли жити своїм життям. Цей кадр із кінофільму, знятого в Берліні в 1933-му, іноді використовується в підручниках з історії, щоб показати, як нацисти спалювали праці, які вони признали антинімецькими. Але рідко згадується, що в цій величезній купі були присутні роботи Інституту сексуальних наук. Я тільки що коротко розповів про рух трансгендерних людей в Америці, але Магнус Хіршфельд і його колеги в Німеччині випередили нас на декілька десятиліть. Магнус Хіршфельд одним із перших почав захищати права ЛГБТ. Chinese: 1970年，参加过Stonewall维权运动的 Sylvia Pivera和Marsha P. Johnson 成立了STAR组织： 跨性者行动革命街头组织。 跨性别者继续争取法律平等待遇， 即使他们面临更多歧视、失业、 被捕， 还有艾滋病流行的阴影。 只要我们一直存在， 那些当权者就想方设法 剥夺跨性别者的生活权利， 不让我们过上我们想要的生活。 这部电影1933年拍摄于柏林， 有时还出现在历史教科书中， 告诉人们纳粹是如何烧毁 他们认为没有“德国品质”的作品。 却鲜有提及的是， 这一大堆作品中 还包含性别研究机构的成果。 我剛才回顾的是 美国的跨性别者运动， 而Magnus Hirschfeld 和他的德国同行 则领先我们几十年。 Magnus Hirschfeld是为LGBT 人群争取权益的早期倡导者。 Polish: W roku 1970, Sylvia Rivera i Marsha P. Johnson, dwie weteranki ze Stonewall, założyły STAR: Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries. Osoby transpłciowe kontynuowały zmagania o równość w oczach prawa, pomimo coraz większej dyskryminacji, zwolnień z pracy, aresztowań i rozwijającej się epidemii AIDS. Odkąd istniejemy, ci u władzy próbowali pozbawić nas praw obywatelskich za naszą czelność życia po swojemu. Ten fotos z filmu nakręconego w Berlinie w roku 1933 jest czasem wykorzystywany w podręcznikach do historii, żeby pokazać, że naziści palili książki i materiały "nieniemieckie". Ale rzadko wspomina się, że w tym stosie są materiały z Instytutu Nauk Seksuologicznych. Streściłem historię ruchu osób transpłciowych w Ameryce, jednak w Niemczech Magnus Hirschfeld i jego współpracownicy wyprzedzili nas o kilkadziesiąt lat. Magnus Hirschfeld to jeden z pierwszych działaczy na rzecz praw LGBT. Japanese: 1970年 シルビア・リベラと マーシャ・P・ジョンソンという ２人のストーンウォールの活動家が STAR: Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries を設立しました 法の下での平等を求めて トランスの人々は戦い続けました それによって 差別に遭う頻度が高まり 解雇や逮捕 エイズの流行に 直面しても負けませんでした トランスが存在して以来ずっと 権力者達は自分の人生を謳歌する トランスの人々から 権利を奪おうとしてきました 1933年にベルリンで撮影された この写真はいまだに 歴史の教科書に登場しては ナチスが反ドイツ的だと判断した 作品を焼却した証拠だとされます しかし その資料の中には あまり知られていないことですが 性科学研究所の資料が 多く含まれていました 私はアメリカにおける トランスの運動をまとめましたが ドイツのマグヌス・ヒルシュフェルトらは 何十年も前に 先を行っていたのです マグヌス・ヒルシュフェルトは LGBTの道を開いた人物の１人です Catalan: El 1970, Sylvia Rivera i Marsha P. Johnson, dues veteranes de Stonewall, van crear STAR: Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries. Les persones trans lluitaven per un tracte igualitari segons la llei, fins i tot quan s'enfrontaven a taxes més altes de discriminació, atur, detencions i l'epidèmia de sida que apareixia. Des que estem en aquest món, els poderosos han buscat marginar a les persones trans per atrevir-nos a viure vides que són nostres. Aquesta imatge feta a Berlín el 1933, encara s'utilitza de vegades en els llibres d'història per il·lustrar com els nazis cremaven obres que consideraven no alemanyes. Però el que poc s'esmenta és que en aquesta gran pila s'inclouen les obres de l'Institut d'Investigació Sexual. Mireu, jo he recapitulat el moviment trans a Amèrica, però Magnus Hirschfeld i els seus companys d'Alemanya ens guanyen per unes dècades. Magnus Hirschfeld va ser un dels primers defensors de les persones LGBT. Vietnamese: Năm 1970, Sylvia Rivera và Marsha P. Johnson, hai người từng tham gia vụ Stonewall, lập nhóm STAR: Những Nhà Cách Mạng Hành Động Chuyển Giới Đường Phố. Người chuyển giới tiếp tục đấu tranh để được bình đẳng trước pháp luật, cho dù họ vẫn đối diện với phân biệt đối xử tệ hại, thất nghiệp, bắt bớ, và bệnh dịch AIDS tràn lan. Kể từ khi người chuyển giới hiện diện, người có thế lực đã tìm cách tước quyền của chúng tôi vì đã dám sống cuộc sống của mình. Bức hình này được chụp ở Berlin năm 1933, đôi khi được sử dụng trong sách lịch sử để minh hoạ việc Phát Xít đốt bỏ những nghiên cứu không phải của Đức. Nhưng điều ít được nhắc đến đó là trong đống đổ nát đó là các nghiên cứu từ Học viện Nghiên cứu Giới tính. Các bạn thấy đấy, tôi vừa tóm tắt phong trào chuyển giới ở Mỹ, nhưng Magnus Hirschfeld và đồng nghiệp ở Đức đã làm trước tôi hàng thập kỉ. Magnus Hirschfeld là người sớm ủng hộ cộng đồng LGBT. Catalan: Va escriure el primer llibre sobre persones trans. Els va ajudar a obtenir serveis mèdics i carnets d'identitat. Va treballar amb la policia de Berlín per acabar amb la discriminació de persones LGBT i les va contractar a l'Institut. Quan el partit nazi va cremar la seva biblioteca, va tenir implicacions terribles per a la recerca trans de tot el món. Aquest va ser un intent deliberat d’eliminar les persones trans, i no va ser ni el primer ni l’últim. Així que quan em pregunten per què les persones trans de sobte estan a tot arreu, només vull dir que hem estat sempre aquí. Cal explicar aquestes històries, juntament amb altres innombrables que el temps ha enterrat. No només no s'han celebrat les nostres vides, s'han oblidat les nostres lluites i, sí, per a alguns, els temes trans poden semblar nous. Avui em trobo amb molts que pensen que el nostre moviment és només una fase que passarà, però també sento aliats ben intencionats que ens demanen tenir paciència, perquè el nostre moviment és "encara nou". Imagineu-vos com canviaria la conversa si sabéssim el temps que fa que les persones trans exigeixen igualtat. Encara estem exagerant? Italian: Ha scritto il primo libro sui transessuali. Li ha aiutati ad ottenere aiuti medici e identità. Lavorava con la polizia di Berlino per eliminare la discriminazione verso i LGBT, e li assumeva nel proprio Istituto. Per cui, quando i nazisti hanno bruciato la sua biblioteca, ci sono state implicazione devastanti per la ricerca sui trans nel mondo. Questo è stato un gesto deliberato per cancellare i trans. e non era né il primo né l'ultimo. Per cui quando mi chiedono perché all'improvviso i trans sono ovunque, voglio solo dire che ci siamo sempre stati. Queste storie devono essere raccontate, assieme alle altre che sono già state sepolte dal tempo. Non solo le nostre vite non sono state celebrate, ma i nostri sforzi dimenticati e, si, per alcuni questo rende nuova la questione dei trans. Oggi incontro molte persone che credono che il movimento sia solo una fase passeggera, ma sento anche gente di buone intenzioni che ci dicono di pazientare, perché il nostro movimento è "ancora nuovo". Immaginate come cambierebbe la conversazione se sapessero da quanto i trans stanno chiedendo pari diritti. Stiamo reagendo in modo esagerato? Polish: Napisał pierwszą książkę o osobach transpłciowych. Pomagał im otrzymać pomoc medyczną i odpowiednie dokumenty. We współpracy z berlińską policją starał się zakończyć dyskryminację osób LGBT i dawał im pracę w Instytucie. Dlatego zniszczenie jego biblioteki przez partię nazistowską miało druzgocące skutki dla światowych badań nad transpłciowością. Była to świadoma próba wymazania transpłciowości z kart historii, ani pierwsza, ani ostatnia. Więc kiedy słyszę pytanie, czemu tak nagle głośno o "tych transach", mówię, że w rzeczywistości jesteśmy tu od zawsze. Trzeba powtarzać te opowieści, tak jak niezliczone inne, o których historia zapomniała. Nasze istnienie nie mogło wybrzmieć, a nasza walka została zapomniana, dlatego sprawy osób transpłciowych mogą wydawać się nowością. Często spotykam osoby, które uważają, że nasz ruch to przejściowa moda, która zniknie, ale także sojuszników LGBT, którzy w dobrej wierze radzą cierpliwość, bo przecież ten ruch "to nadal coś nowego". Wyobraźcie sobie, jak odmieniła by się ta rozmowa, jeśli mielibyśmy świadomość, jak długo już osoby transpłciowe żądają równości. Ciągle byłaby to "przesada" z naszej strony? English: He wrote the first book-length account of trans individuals. He helped them obtain medical services and IDs. He worked with the Berlin Police Department to end discrimination of LGBT people, and he hired them at the Institute. So when the Nazi Party burned his library, it had devastating implications for trans research around the world. This was a deliberate attempt to erase trans people, and it was neither the first nor the last. So whenever people ask me why trans people are suddenly everywhere, I just want to tell them that we've been here. These stories have to be told, along with the countless others that have been buried by time. Not only were our lives not celebrated, but our struggles have been forgotten and, yeah, to some people, that makes trans issues seem new. Today, I meet a lot of people who think that our movement is just a phase that will pass, but I also hear well-intentioned allies telling us all to be patient, because our movement is "still new." Imagine how the conversation would shift if we acknowledge just how long trans people have been demanding equality. Are we still overreacting? Spanish: Escribió el primer relato completo sobre personas transexuales. Les ayudó a conseguir atención médica y documentos de identidad. Trabajó con el departamento de policía de Berlín para acabar con la discriminación contra el colectivo LGBT y contrató a gente de este último en el instituto. Cuando los nazis quemaron su biblioteca, esto supuso consecuencias devastadoras para la investigación trans en el mundo. Se trataba de un intento deliberado de hacer desaparecer a los transexuales y no fue ni el primero ni el último. Por eso, cuando me preguntan por qué, de repente, hay transexuales por doquier, solo les digo que siempre hemos estado aquí. Deben contarse estas historias junto con todas aquellas que han sido enterradas con el tiempo. No solo no se celebraron nuestras vidas, sino que nuestra lucha se ha olvidado y sí, para alguna gente, eso hace que los temas trans parezcan algo nuevo. Hoy día, me encuentro con mucha gente que cree que nuestro movimiento solo es una fase que pasará, pero también oigo a aliados de buena fe que nos aconsejan tener paciencia porque nuestro movimiento "aún es nuevo". Imagínense cómo cambiaría la conversación si reconociéramos el tiempo que han estado los transexuales exigiendo igualdad. ¿Seguimos exagerando? Japanese: 彼はトランスの人々について 初めて著作を書き トランスの人々が身分証を持ち 医療行為を受ける手助けをしました マグヌスはベルリン警察と協力し LGBTへの差別の撤廃に努め 自身の研究所で彼らを雇いました なので ナチス党が 彼の資料を燃やしたことは 世界的なトランス研究の 大きな後退を意味しました トランスの人々を消し去ろうという このような計画的な試みは かねてから見られたもので 最後でもありませんでした よく トランスの人々が突然 世に出てきたのは なぜか聞かれますが 私達はずっとここにいたのです こうした物語は 時間の波に埋もれた数々の物語とともに 語られるべきです 私達の存在が認められないばかりか 苦しみが忘れ去られており このために トランスにまつわる話題が 目新しく見える人がいるのです トランスの活動を ただの流行り物だと考える人に たくさん会いますが 全く悪意なく 辛抱するようにと 諭してくるアライもいます この活動は「まだ新しい」から と どれだけ長い間 トランスの人々が 平等を求めてきたかを認識できたら 対話がどう変わるか想像してください 過剰反応だとお思いですか？ iw: הוא כתב את הדו"ח הארוך הראשון על מספר טרנסג'נדרים. הוא עזר להם לקבל שירותים רפואיים ותעודות מזהות. הוא עבד עם משטרת ברלין בכדי לסיים את האפליה כנגד להט"בים, והוא העסיק אותם במכון. אז ברגע שהמפלגה הנאצית שרפה את הספרייה שלו, היו לכך השפעות הרסניות למחקר הטרנסג'נדרי ברחבי העולם. זה היה ניסיון מכוון למחוק אנשים טרנסג'נדרים, וזה לא היה הראשון או האחרון. אז בכל פעם שאנשים שואלים אותי למה טרנסים לפתע נמצאים בכל מקום, אני רק רוצה לספר להם שהיינו כאן. את הסיפורים הללו צריך לספר, יחד עם רבים אחרים שנקברו עם הזמן. לא רק שלא חגגו את חיינו, אך המאבקים שלנו נשכחו וכן, לכמה אנשים זה נראה שבעיות הטרנסים הן חדשות. כיום, אני פוגש אנשים רבים שחושבים שהתנועה שלנו היא רק שלב שיעבור, אבל אני גם שומע בני ברית עם כוונות טובות שאומרים לנו להיות סבלניים, בגלל שהתנועה שלנו "עדיין חדשה". דמיינו לכם איך השיחה תשתנה אם רק נכיר בזמן הארוך הזה שבו טרנסים דורשים שוויון. אנחנו עדיין מגזימים? Arabic: كتب كتابه الأول الكامل مراعيًا الأفراد المتحولين. ساعدهم في الحصول على الخدمات الطبية والهويات الشخصية. عمل مع دائرة الشرطة في برلين لإنهاء التمييز ضد الأشخاص المثليين. ووظفهم في المعهد. لذلك، عندما حرق الحزب النازي مكتبته، كان لهذا آثار مؤلمة على البحوث بشأن المتحولين حول العالم. كانت هذه محاولة مقصودة للقضاء على المتحولين، ولم تكن الأولى ولا الأخيرة. فكلما يسألني الناس لماذا يوجد الأشخاص المتحولون جنسيًا فجأةً في كل مكان؟ أريد فقط أن أخبرهم أننا كنا هنا. يجبُ رواية هذه القصص، بجانب القصص الأخرى التي لا تحصى والتي دُفنت مع مرور الوقت. لم يقتصر الأمر على عدم الاحتفاء بحياتنا، ولكن نُسيت صراعاتنا ونعم، بالنسبة إلى البعض، تبدو قضايا المتحولين جديدة. اليوم، أقابلُ الكثير من الناس الذين يعتقدون أن حركتنا هي مجرد مرحلة وستختفي، لكن أسمع أيضًا مناصرين ذوي نوايا حسنة يخبروننا أن نكون صبورين، لأن حركتنا لا تزال جديدة. تخيلوا كيف سيتحول مجرى الحديث إذا عرفنا فقط كم من الوقت قد طالب المتحولون جنسيًا بالمساواة. Russian: Он написал первый серьёзный труд о трансгендерах. Он помогал им получать медицинские услуги и документы. Он сотрудничал с полицией Берлина, желая прекратить дискриминацию представителей ЛГБТ, которых он нанимал на работу в институте. Когда нацисты сожгли его библиотеку — для мировых исследований трансгендерности последствия были губительными. Это была умышленная попытка избавиться от трансгендеров, и это был не первый и не последний раз. И когда меня спрашиавают, почему трансы внезапно оказались везде, я всегда отвечаю, что мы здесь уже давно. Эти истории следует рассказывать, как и множество других, которые затерялись во времени. Наши жизни не ценились, и наша борьба была забыта. Поэтому некоторым кажется, что проблема трансгендеров нова. Я встречаю многих, кто думает, что наше движение является лишь временным этапом. Но ещё я слышу искренних союзников, говорящих нам быть терпеливыми, так как наше движение «всё ещё новое». Представьте себе, как изменится диалог, если мы осознаем, насколько давно трансгендеры требуют равенства. Мы слишком остро реагируем? Korean: 그는 처음으로 트랜스젠더 개인들에 대한 책이라고 할 만한 것을 썼습니다. 그들이 의료 서비스와 신분증을 받도록 도와주었죠. 그는 베를린 경찰국과 함께 성소수자들에 대한 차별을 없애기 위해 일했고 그들을 연구소에 고용했습니다. 나치당이 그의 도서관을 불태웠을 때 전세계 트랜스젠더 연구에 큰 타격을 주었죠. 이는 트랜스젠더들을 지워버리려는 고의적인 시도였고 처음도 마지막도 아니었습니다. 그래서 사람들이 갑자기 트랜스젠더들이 도처에 있냐고 물을 때 마다 제가 말하고 싶은 것은 우린 늘 여기 있었다는 것입니다. 이 이야기들이 전해져야 합니다. 시간에 묻힌 다른 많은 것들과 함께요. 우리의 생이 축복받지 못했을 뿐 아니라 우리의 투쟁 또한 잊혀졌습니다. 이런 점이 일부 사람들에게는 트랜스젠더 이슈가 새로운 것처럼 보이게 하겠죠. 오늘날 제가 만나는 많은 사람들은 우리의 운동이 지나갈 유행에 불과하다고 생각합니다. 하지만 우리에게 인내를 가지라고 하는 좋은 의도를 가진 동지들도 있습니다. 왜냐하면 우리의 운동은 “아직도 새로운 것”이기 때문입니다. 대화가 어떻게 바뀔지 상상해 보세요. 우리가 트랜스젠더들이 얼마나 오래 평등을 요구해왔는지를 인정하면요. 우리는 아직도 과민반응하는 것일까요? Romanian: A scris prima carte despre transsexuali. I-a ajutat să obțină servicii medicale și acte. A colaborat cu poliția din Berlin pentru eliminarea discriminării persoanele LGBT, pe care le angaja în propriul institut. Atunci când naziștii i-au ars biblioteca, s-au produs consecințe devastatoare privind cercetarea asupra transsexualilor. A fost un gest deliberat cu scopul de a elimina transsexualii. Nu a fost nici primul, nici ultimul. Atunci când sunt întrebat de ce dintr-o dată transsexuali sunt peste tot, le răspund că am fost aici dintotdeauna. Aceste povești trebuie spuse, împreună cu cele care au fost deja îngropate de timp. Viețile noastre nu au fost respectate și eforturile noastre au fost uitate și din cauza asta subiectul legat de transsexuali poate părea unul nou. Întâlnesc mulți oameni care cred că această mișcare este doar una trecătoare, dar sunt și oameni cu bune intenții care ne îndeamnă să avem răbdare pentru că mișcarea noastră este „încă nouă”. Imaginați-vă cum s-ar schimba discuția dacă ar ști de când transsexualii luptă pentru a avea drepturi egale. Reacționăm în mod exagerat? Ukrainian: Він написав першу велику роботу про трансгендерних людей. Він допомагав їм отримувати медичні послуги і документи. Він співпрацював із поліцією Берліну, щоб зупинити дискримінацію представників ЛГБТ, яких він наймав на роботу в Інституті. Коли нацисти спалили його бібліотеку, наслідки для світових досліджень трансгендерності були жахливими. Це була навмисна спроба позбутися трансгендерних людей, і це було не вперше, і не востаннє. Коли мене запитують, чому трансгендери несподівано з‘явились усюди, я завжди відповідаю, що ми тут вже давно. Ці історії потрібно розповідати, як і багато інших, які втратились із часом. Наші життя не цінилися, і наша боротьба була забута, тому людям може здаватися, що проблема трансгендерних людей нова. Я зустрічаю багато людей, які вважають наш рух лише тимчасовим етапом. Але також я часто зустрічаю союзників, які говорять нам бути терплячими, бо наш рух «все ще новий». Уявіть, як зміниться діалог, якщо ми усвідомимо, наскільки давно трансгендерні люди борються за рівність. Ми занадто емоційно реагуємо? Hindi: उन्होंने ट्रांस व्यक्तियों पर पहला इतिवृत्त लिखा। चिकित्सा सेवाएं, आई.डी. प्राप्त करने में उनकी मदद की। ओर बर्लिन पुलिस के साथ एलजीबीटी लोगों पर असहनीयता समाप्त करने के लिए काम किया, और एलजीबीटी लोगों को संस्थान में काम दिया। इसलिए जब नाज़ी पार्टी ने उनका पुस्तकालय जलाया, ट्रांस अनुसंधान के लिए इस घटना विनाशकारी साबित हुए। यह एक जान-बूझकर किया हुआ प्रयास था ट्रांस लोगों को मिटाने का और यह न तो पहला था और न ही आखिरी। इसलिए जब भी लोग मुझसे पूछते हैं ट्रांस लोग अचानक हर जगह क्यों हैं, मैं बताना चाहता हूं कि, हम यहाँ हमेशा से थे। इन कहानियों को बताना चाहिये, अनगिनत दूसरे कहानियों के साथ जो समय के साथ दफन हो गए हैं। न केवल हमारे जीवन को कोई प्रामुख्यता मिलि, हमारे संघर्षों को भी भुलाया गया हैं और, इसलिए कुछ लोगों कों, ट्रांस मुद्दे नये लगते हैं। मैं बहुत से लोगों से मिलता हूं जो सोचते हैं कि हमारा आंदोलन बस एक चरण है जो गुजर जाएगा, और हमारे कुछ सुविचारित सहयोगी हमे धैर्य रखने के लिए कहते है, क्योंकि हमारा आंदोलन "अभी भी नया है।" सोचो यह विचारधारा कैसे पलठ जायेगी अगर हम स्वीकार करते हैं कि ट्रांस लोगों की समानता की मांग बहुत पुरानी हैं। क्या हमारी सोच अत्यधिक है? Chinese: 第一部篇幅長如書籍的 跨性別人物報告即出自他。 他協助跨性別者取得 醫療服務以及身分。 他和柏林警局合作推動 終結對 LGBT 族群的歧視， 他還在該中心僱用這些人。 所以，他的圖書館被納粹黨燒毀， 代表著全世界的跨性別研究 受到很大的傷害。 這是刻意在嘗試將跨性別者抹滅， 這不是第一次發生， 也不會是最後一次。 所以，每當有人問我， 為什麼突然間到處都是跨性別者， 我只想告訴他們， 我們一直都在這裡。 這些故事必須被說出來， 還有其他無數被時間 掩捚掉的故事也一樣。 不僅我們的生命沒有被讚頌過， 連我們的掙扎也被遺忘了， 是的，對某些人來說， 跨性別議題因此似乎是新議題。 現今，我遇過的很多人 都認為我們的運動 只是一個階段，將來就會過去， 但我也聽到出於善意的盟友 告訴我們大家都要有耐心， 因為我們的運動「仍然很新」。 想像一下，如果我們能夠承認 跨性別者索求平等已有多長的時間， 談話會有怎麼樣的轉變？ 我們的行為仍像反應過度嗎？ Hungarian: Ő írta az első leghosszabb beszámolót a transzneműekről. Orvosi ellátáshoz és személyi igazolványhoz juttatta őket. Együtt dolgozott a Berlini Rendőrséggel az LMBT közösség diszkriminációja ellen, és alkalmazta őket intézeténél. Amikor a nácik felégették a könyvtárát, az nagyban visszavetette a transz kutatásokat szerte a világon. A transzneműek eltörlésére irányuló szándékos merénylet volt, amely nem az első volt, de nem is az utolsó. Így amikor megkérdezik, hogy miért lettek a transzneműek ilyen sokan, elmondanám nekik, hogy mindig jelen voltunk. El kell mesélni az eddigi, és a már rég eltemetett történetek mindegyikét. Nemcsak hogy nem örültek nekünk, de a küzdelmeink is feledésbe merültek, amitől bizony a transz kérdések sokak számára újnak tűnhetnek. Sok emberrel találkozom, akik szerint a mozgalmunk csak egy rövid életű szeszély, jószándékú szövetségeseink pedig türelemre intenek, mert mozgalmunk "még gyerekcipőben jár." Képzeljük el, hogy változna a beszélgetés, ha elismernénk, hogy a transzneműek milyen régóta követelnek egyenlőséget. Még így is túlreagáljuk? Portuguese: Escreveu o primeiro extenso relato sobre transexuais. Ajudou-os a obter cuidados médicos e bilhetes de identidade. Colaborou com a polícia de Berlim para acabar com a discriminação das pessoas LGBT e contratava-os para o Instituto. Quando o Partido Nazi queimou a biblioteca dele, isso teve implicações devastadoras na investigação mundial dos transexuais. Foi uma tentativa deliberada de apagar os transexuais mas não foi a primeira nem a última. Quando me perguntam porque é que, surgem transexuais por toda a parte, eu respondo-lhes que sempre aqui estivemos. Estas histórias têm de ser contadas, junto com todas as outras que foram sepultadas pelo tempo. Não só não nos reconhecem, como as nossas lutas têm sido esquecidas e, sim, para algumas pessoas esta questão dos transexuais parece nova. Hoje, encontro muita gente que pensa que o nosso movimento é apenas uma fase que vai passar, mas também oiço muitos aliados que nos dizem para termos paciência porque o nosso movimento "ainda é recente". Imaginem como a conversa mudaria se reconhecêssemos há quanto tempo os transexuais exigem a igualdade. Acham que estamos a exagerar? Serbian: Napisao je prvi prikaz o trans osobama u obliku knjige. Pomagao im je da dobiju medicinske usluge i lične karte. Radio je sa policijskom upravom u Berlinu na okončanju diskriminacije LGBT ljudi, i zapošljavao ih je na Institutu. Zato, kada je Nacistička partija spalila njegovu biblioteku, to je imalo razorne posledice za transrodna istraživanja širom sveta. Ovo je bio nameran pokušaj da se izbrišu transrodni ljudi, a nije bio ni prvi ni poslednji. Tako kad god me ljudi pitaju zašto su trans ljudi odjednom svuda, samo hoću da im kažem da smo uvek bili tu. Ove priče moraju biti ispričane, zajedno sa bezbroj drugih koje su vremenom zakopane. Ne samo da naši životi nisu slavljeni, već su naše borbe zaboravljene i da, zbog toga nekim ljudima transrodna pitanja deluju novo. Danas upoznajem mnogo ljudi koji misle da je naš pokret samo faza koja će proći, ali takođe čujem dobronamerne saveznike koji nam govore da budemo strpljivi, jer je naš pokret „još uvek nov“. Zamislite kako bi se razgovor promenio ako priznamo koliko dugo transrodni ljudi u stvari zahtevaju ravnopravnost. Da li i dalje preterujemo? Chinese: 他第一个用笔对跨性别者个体 进行描述，像写书篇幅一样， 并帮他们获得医疗服务和身份证。 他与柏林警察局合作 结束了人们对LGBT人群的歧视， 而且聘请他们 在他的研究所工作。 因此，当纳粹烧毁他的图书馆时， 它对全世界的跨性别研究 产生了毁灭性的影响。 这是蓄意抹杀跨性别者存在， 不是第一个，也不是最后一个。 因此，每当人们问我，为何 突然间到处都是跨性别者时， 我只想告诉他们， 其实我们一直都在。 必须有人来讲述这些史话， 还有被时间埋葬的 无数其他的史话。 不光我们的生命不被赞美， 我们的斗争也已被遗忘， 是的，对某些人来说，跨性别 话题看起来像新生事物一样。 今天，我遇到的许多人以为 我们的运动只是阶段性的， 很快就会过去， 但也有善意的支持者 告诉我们要耐心些， 因为我们的运动“仍然是新生事物”。 试想一下，如果我们承认 跨性别者要求平等的久远历史， 人们的话风会如何转变。 还认为是我们反应过度吗？ Vietnamese: Ông viết cuốn sách đầu tiên về người chuyển giới. Ông giúp họ lấy thuốc men và làm giấy tờ tuỳ thân. Ông làm việc với sở cảnh sát Berlin để dừng phân biệt đối xử với nhóm LGBT, và thuê họ vào làm ở Học Viện. Nên việc Phát Xít đốt thư viện của ông gây hệ luỵ rất xấu tới nghiên cứu về người chuyển giới toàn thế giới. Đây là việc làm có chủ đích để xoá bỏ người chuyển giới, không là đầu tiên cũng chẳng là cuối cùng. Nên khi ai đó hỏi tôi tại sao người chuyển giới tự nhiên có ở khắp nơi, Tôi chỉ muốn nói rằng chúng tôi đã ở đây từ lâu. Những câu chuyện cần được kể, cùng với những câu chuyện khác đã bị chôn vùi bởi thời gian. Chúng tôi không được hoan nghênh, và những cuộc đấu tranh cũng bị lãng quên và nó khiến vấn đề chuyển giới dường như mới với một số người. Hôm nay, tôi gặp nhiều người nghĩ rằng phong trào này chỉ là một giai đoạn, rồi sẽ qua, tôi cũng nghe những đồng minh có thiện chí nói rằng hãy nhẫn nại, vì phong trào của chúng tôi "còn mới". Cuộc đối thoại này sẽ thay đổi thế nào nếu biết rằng người chuyển giới đã đòi công bằng từ rất lâu. Liệu chúng tôi vẫn còn bị xem là làm quá? Turkish: Trans bireyler için bir kitap uzunluğunda olan ilk savunmayı yazdı. Sağlık hizmeti ve kimlik almaları hususunda yardımcı oldu. LGBT bireylerine karşı ayrımcılığı sonlandırmak için Berlin Emniyeti ile çalışmalar yaptı ve LGBT bireyleri enstitüde işe aldı. Nazi Partisi, kütüphanesini yaktığında, dünya genelinde trans bireylere yönelik araştırma sonuçlarını yok etti. Bu, trans bireyleri ortadan kaldırmak için yapılan kasti bir hareketti ve ne ilk ne de sondu. Bu yüzden ne zaman biri bana trans bireylerin nasıl bir anda bu kadar çoğaldığını sorsa ona hep burada olduğumuzu söylemek istiyorum. Bu hikâyeler zamana gömülen sayısız diğerleriyle birlikte anlatılmak zorunda. Hayatlarımız hatırlanmadığı gibi çabalarımız da unutuldu ve evet bazı insanlar için bu, trans meselesini yeni gibi gösteriyor. Bugün, direnişimizin gelip geçici bir hareket olduğunu düşünen insanlar görüyorum fakat aynı zamanda hepimizin sabırlı olması gerektiğini söyleyen iyi niyetli insanlar da var çünkü direnişimiz henüz "çok yeni". Hayal edin eğer trans bireylerin ne kadar uzun zamandır eşitlik için savaştıklarını anlatsak sohbet nasıl da değişirdi. Hâlâ aşırı tepki mi gösteriyoruz? Kurdish: و یەکەمین پەرتووکی درێژی لەسەر ڕەگەزگۆڕاوەکان نووسیوە. یارمەتیدان بۆ دەسکەوتنی خزمەتگوزاری پزیشکی و ناسنامه، لەگەڵ دەزگای پۆلیسی بەرلین کاری دەکرد بۆ کۆتایی هێنان بە جیاکردنەوەی دژی هاورەگەزبازەکان لە دامەزراوەکان دایمەزراندن. بۆیه کاتێک نازییەکان کتێبخانەکەییان سووتاند، کاریگەری وێرانکەری بۆ توێژینەوەی هاوڕەگەزبازەکان لە سەرانسەری جیهان هەبوو. ئەمە هەوڵێکی پلان بۆ دانراوی لە ناوبردنی هاوڕەگەزبازەکان بوو، و نە یەکەم و نە کۆتا هەوڵ بوو. بۆیه کاتێک لێم دەپرسن بۆچی له ناکاو خەڵکی ڕەگەزگۆڕ له هەموو شوێنێکن؟ من تەنها پێیان دەڵێم که ئێمه لێره بووین. ئەم چیڕۆکانه پێویسته باس بکرێن، لەگەڵ چەندین چیرۆکی بێشوماریتر کە بە پێی کات مردوون. نەک تەنها ژیانمان گرنگی نییە، بەڵکو تێکۆشانیشمان پشت گوێ خراوە و بەڵێ، هەندێک خەڵک، کێشەی ڕەگەزگۆڕاوەکان شتێکی نوێ دیارە. لە ئێستادا، کۆمەڵێک خەڵک دەبینم گرنگی بە جووڵانەوەکەمان دەدەن تەنها دۆخێکه که ئەمەش تێدەپەڕێت بەڵام گوێبیستی خەڵکانێکیتر دەبم که پێمان دەڵێن ئارام بگرین، چونکه جوڵانەوەکەمان تاکو ئێستا نوێیە. بیهێنە بەرچاوت، که چۆن وتووێژەکان دەگۆڕین ئەگەر دانی پێدا بنێین کە تێکۆشانی هاوڕەگەزەکان بۆ یەکسانی مێژوویەکی درێژی هەیە. ئایا ئێمە شتەکان گەورە دەکەین؟ Persian: او اولین داستان افراد ترنس را نوشت. اوبه آنها کمک کرد تا ازکارت هویت و خدمات پزشکی برخوردارشوند. او با دپارتمان پلیس برلین کار می‌کرد تا به تبعیض علیه افراد LGBT پایان دهند و آنها را در موسسه استخدام می‌کرد. سوختن کتابخانه او بدست حزب نازی‌، ضربه جبران‌ناپذیری به تحقیقات درمورد ترنس‌ها در سرتاسر دنیا وارد کرد. این عمل یک تلاش عامدانه برای ازمیان برداشتن ترنس‌ها بود، وهمچنین اولین ویا آخرین اقدام علیه آنها نبود. بنابراین هربارکه مردم این سوال را می‌پرسند که این همه ترنس کجا بودند، فقط به آنها می‌گویم که آنها همین‌جا بودند. این داستان‌ها باید با هزاران داستان نگفته دیگرکه در گذر زمان دفن شده‌اند، شنیده‌ شوند. نه‌ تنها به زندگی‌ ما بها نداده‌اند، بلکه تلاش‌های ما را هم نادیده گرفته شده که باعث شده به چشم برخی از مردم مسئله ترنس‌ها مسئله تازه ای بیاید. امروزه، افراد زیادی را می‌بینم که فکر می‌کنند جنبش ما صرفا مرحله‌ای گذرا است، اما متحدان خیرخواه ما به ما می‌گویند که صبور باشید، زیرا جنبش ما «هنوز نوپاست.» تصور کنید که چقدرگفتگوی ما تغییر می‌یافت اگر که اقرارمی‌کردیم چه مدت است که ترنس‌ها به دنبال برابری هستند. آیا ما بی‌خودی احساساتی شده‌ایم؟ Portuguese: Ajudou-os a obter identidades e serviços médicos. Trabalhou com a polícia de Berlim para acabar com a discriminação dos LGBTs, e os contratou no instituto. Quando o Partido Nazista queimou sua biblioteca, houve implicações devastadoras à pesquisa transgênera em todo o mundo. Foi uma tentativa deliberada de extinguir as pessoas transgêneras, e não foi a primeira nem a última. Sempre que me perguntam por que agora os transgêneros estão em toda parte, só quero dizer que sempre estivemos aqui. Essas histórias devem ser contadas, junto com inúmeras outras, enterradas pelo tempo. Não apenas nossa vida não foi celebrada, mas nossas lutas foram esquecidas e, para alguns, isso faz as questões transgêneras parecerem novas. Hoje, conheço muitas pessoas que consideram nosso movimento apenas uma fase passageira, mas também ouço aliados bem-intencionados nos dizendo para sermos pacientes, porque nosso movimento "ainda é novo". Imaginem como a conversa mudaria se soubéssemos há quanto tempo os transgêneros têm exigido igualdade. Ainda estamos reagindo com exagero? Macedonian: Ја напишал првата опсежна статија за транс лицата. Им помогнал да добијат здравствени услуги и лични карти. Работел со Полицискиот Оддел во Берлин против дикриминација на ЛГБТ луѓето и ги вработувал во Институтот. Палењето на книгите од страна на нацистите имаше уништувачки последици за светското истражување на транс луѓето Ова беше намерен обид да се избришат транс луѓето, и не беше ни прв ни последен обид. Затоа кога ме прашуваат зошто наеднаш насекаде има транс луѓе, сакам да им кажам дека и претходно бевме тука. Овие приказни треба да се раскажат со сите други кои се закопани низ времето. Не само што ја немавме радоста на животот туку и нашите заложби се заборавени и затоа за некои транс луѓето се новина. Денес среќавам многумина кои сметаат дека нашето движење е само една фаза која ќе заврши, но слушам и добронамерни приврзаници кои велат да се стрпиме зашто нашето движење е сѐ уште „ново“. Замислете како би се одвивал разговорот кога би признале дека транс луѓето долго време се борат за еднаквост. Дали сѐ уште реагираме со страв? French: Il a écrit le premier livre sur les individus trans. Il les a aidés à obtenir des services médicaux et des papiers. Il a travaillé avec la police de Berlin pour mettre fin à la discrimination des gens LGBT et les a engagés à l'institut. Quand le parti nazi a brûlé sa bibliothèque, cela a eu des implications dévastatrices pour la recherche trans dans le monde. C'était une tentative délibérée d'effacer les personnes trans et ce n'était ni la première, ni la dernière. Quand les gens me demandent pourquoi les trans sont soudainement partout, je veux juste leur dire que nous étions là. Les histoires doivent être racontées, avec les innombrables autres enfouies avec le temps. Nos vies n'étaient pas célébrées mais nos luttes ont été oubliées et oui, pour certains, il semble que les questions trans sont récentes. Je rencontre beaucoup de gens pensant que notre mouvement n'est qu'une phase qui passera, mais j'entends aussi des alliés bien intentionnés nous dire d'être patients car notre mouvement « est encore jeune ». Imaginez comment la conversation changerait si nous reconnaissions depuis combien de temps les personnes trans réclament l'égalité. Notre réaction est-elle toujours excessive ? Russian: Следует ли нам продолжать ждать? Или, может быть, мы, например, сделаем что-то в связи с убийством цветных транс-женщин, чьих убийц так и не осудили? Условия нашей жизни вас всё ещё не пугают? (Вздох) В завершение я хочу, чтобы трансгендеры поняли, что они не одиноки. Я вырос, считая своё настоящее «Я» аномалией, которая умрёт со мной. Мне вдолбили идею, что я «другой», и я купился, потому что не знал никого похожего на меня. Наверное, если бы я узнал о своих предшественниках раньше, то я бы скорее начал гордиться своим «Я» и своим окружением. Потому что я принадлежу к удивительному, яркому сообществу людей, которые поддержат тебя, даже если другие отвернутся, которые позаботятся о тебе даже во время борьбы, которые каким-то образом, несмотря ни на что находят причины радоваться друг за друга, любить друг друга, смотреть друг другу в глаза и говорить: Kurdish: پێویستە چاوەڕێ بکەین؟ یاخود پێویستە، بۆ نمونە، شتێکیتر سەبارەت بە کوشتنی ژنە هاورەگەزە ڕەشە پێستەکە و بکوژەکانی کە هەرگیز یاسایان لە سەر جێبەجێ ناکرێت؟ ئایا بارودۆخەکەمان هێشتا بە ئازار دیارە بۆ تۆ؟ (هەناسه هەڵدەکێشێت) له کۆتایدا، دەمەوێت هاوڕەگەزبازەکان درک بەوە بکەن که ئەوان تەنها نین. کاتێک مناڵ بووم بیرم دەکردەوە کە هەڵەیەک لە من هەیە کە لەگەڵم دەمرێت. خەڵک بە زۆر ئەم بیرۆکەیەیان دەخزاندە ناو مێشکم، و لە مێشکم چەقی چونکە هیچ کەسێکی وەک خۆمم نەدەناسی. لەوانەیه ئەگەر باووباپیرم زووتر ناسیبا کاتی زۆرم لە دۆزینەوەی سەرچاوەی شانازی بە کەسانی وەک خۆم و ناسنامەی خۆم بە فیڕۆ نەدەچوو. چونکە من لە کۆمەڵەیەکی جوان و زیندووم کە یەکتر بەرزدەکەنەوه ئەگەرچی خەڵکیتر واناکەن، ئاگاداری یەکتردەبین کاتێک تێدەکۆشین یان کێشەیەکمان هەیە، هەر چۆنێک بێت، سەڕەرایی هەموو شتێک، هۆکارێک دەدۆزینەوە تا شانازی بە یەکتر بکەین، تا یەکترمان خۆشبووێت بۆ سەیر کردنی چاوی یەکتر و بە یەکتر گوتن کە تۆ تەنها نیت. Hungarian: Várjunk még tovább? Vagy esetleg tegyünk valamit azokért a meggyilkolt színesbőrű transz nőkért, akik gyilkosait sosem éri el az igazság keze? Látjátok már, milyen szörnyű a helyzetünk? (Sóhajtások) Szeretném, ha transznemű társaim végre felismernék, hogy nincsenek egyedül. Abban a hitben nőttem fel, hogy az azonosságom egy sosem múló rendellenesség. A másság gondolatát ültették az elmémbe, én pedig elhittem, mert nem ismertem senki hozzám hasonlót. Ha hamarabb megismerem az őseimet, talán nem telt volna ennyi időbe rátalálnom az azonosságomból és közösségemből származó büszkeségre. Mert egy bámulatos, pezsgő közösséghez tartozom, amely felemeli tagjait, amikor mások lehúzzák őket, akkor is törődik tagjaival, amikor ők küszködnek, amely mindennek dacára talál okot egymás ünneplésére, szeretetére, és szemükbe nézve ezt mondja: "Nem vagy egyedül. Turkish: Beklemeye devam mı etmeliyiz? Ya da örneğin katledilen trans kadınlar ve adaletle hiç yüzleşmeyen katilleri için bir şeyler mi yapmalıyız? Durumumuz size hâlâ vahim görünmüyor mu? (İç çekme) Nihayet, diğer trans bireylerin yalnız olmadıklarını fark etmelerini istiyorum. Kişiliğimin benimle ölecek bir aykırılık olduğunu düşünerek büyüdüm. İnsanlar ötekileştirme fikrini aklıma işlediler ve ben bu fikri kabullendim çünkü kendim gibi birini tanımıyordum. Eğer kendi atalarımı daha önce tanısaydım kişiliğimde ve yaşadığım toplumda bir gurur kaynağı bulmam bu kadar uzun sürmezdi belki de. Çünkü ben diğerleri yapmasa dahi birbirlerinin moralini düzelten, çabalarken dahi birbirine göz kulak olan, her nasılsa bütün olanlara rağmen birbirlerini kutlamak için bir yol bulabilen, birbirlerini sevmek için, birbirlerinin gözüne bakıp şunu söylemek için, "Yalnız değilsin. Romanian: Ar trebui să așteptăm în continuare? Sau ar trebui de exemplu să facem ceva pentru femeile transsexuale care sunt ucise și ai căror criminali nu sunt niciodată condamnați? Nu vi se par grave circumstanțele noastre? (Oftează) Vreau ca persoanele transsexuale să realizeze că nu sunt singure. Am crescut crezând că identitatea mea e o anomalie care va muri odată cu mine. Oamenii mi-au băgat în cap ideea că sunt diferit, și am crezut-o pentru că nu mai cunoșteam pe nimeni ca mine. Dacă i-aș fi cunoscut mai devreme pe strămoșii mei, aș fi găsit imediat un motiv de mândrie pentru identitatea și comunitatea mea. Pentru că aparțin unei comunități de oameni extraordinari și vibranți care se susțin reciproc chiar și atunci când ceilalți nu o fac, care au grijă unii de alții chiar și atunci când le e greu, care într-un fel sau altul, în ciuda tuturor, găsesc mereu un motiv pentru a se distra, pentru a se iubi, pentru a se privi în ochi și a spune: „Nu ești singur. Chinese: 还觉得我们应该继续等待吗？ 或者，比方说，我们是否应该 为那些被杀害、但正义未得伸张的 有色跨性别女士做些什么？ 在你看来，我们的处境是否很悲惨？ （叹息） 最后，我想让其他跨性别者 意识到，他们并不孤单。 长大后，我曾以为自己的异常 性别身份秘密会伴我进入坟墓。 人们强行灌输给我 这种‘’异常‘’的观念， 而我一直认为自己是怪胎， 因为我不知道有人和我一样。 要是能早点知道 我的先辈们的话， 或许，我就不会那么久 才找到为自己的性别身份 和跨性别群体而自豪的源泉。 因为，我所属的跨性别群体 积极向上并充满活力， 当其他人贬低我们时， 我们彼此互相鼓励； 即使在我们挣扎的时候， 我们也彼此相互照顾； 不管有多难， 我们依然找到赞美彼此的理由， 找到彼此相爱的理由， 会看着彼此的眼睛，真诚地说： “你并不孤单， Serbian: Treba li da nastavimo da čekamo? Ili bi trebalo da, na primer, preduzmemo nešto u vezi sa obojenim transrodnim ženama koje su ubijene i čije ubice nikada neće videti pravdu? Da li vam se sada naše okolnosti čine strašnim? (Uzdiše) Konačno, želim da drugi transrodni ljudi shvate da nisu sami. Odrastao sam misleći da je moj identitet anomalija koja će umreti sa mnom. Ljudi su mi ubacili u glavu tu ideju različitosti i ja sam to usvojio jer nisam znao nikog sličnog sebi. Možda mi, da sam ranije znao za svoje pretke, ne bi trebalo toliko vremena da nađem izvor ponosa u svom identitetu i svojoj zajednici. Jer pripadam neverovatnoj, živoj zajednici ljudi koji se međusobno uzdižu čak i kada to ne dobijaju od drugih, koji se brinu jedni o drugima čak i kada se muče, koji nekako, uprkos svemu, i dalje nalaze razlog da slave jedni druge, da vole jedni druge, da pogledaju jedni druge u oči i kažu: „Nisi sam. Macedonian: Дали треба уште да чекаме? Или треба, на пример да сториме нешто за обоените транс жени кои се убивани и чии злосторници не се казнети? Дали нашата состојба ви изгледа сериозна? (воздишка) На крај,сакам да сфатат останатите транс луѓе дека не се сами. Пораснав со мислата дека мојот идентитет е аномалија која ќе умре со мене. Луѓето ми ја втиснаа мислата дека сум различен, и јас прифатив бидејќи не познавав никој како мене. Можеби, ако порано дознаев за моите претци, немаше да трае толку долго за да пронајдам зрак на гордост во мојот идентитет и во мојата заедница. Бидејќи јас сум дел од една чудесна и енергична зедница на луѓе кои се крепиме меѓусебе дури и кога сме отфрлени, се грижиме еден за друг дури и кога се бориме. Покрај сè, сѐ уште наоѓаме причини да се почитуваме, да се сакаме, да се гледаме во очи и да си речеме: „Ти не си сам/а. Catalan: Hem de continuar esperant? O hauríem de fer, per exemple, alguna cosa per les dones trans de color que són assassinades i els seus assassins mai no arriben a ser jutjats? Les nostres circumstàncies ja us semblen prou dures? (Sospirs) Finalment, vull que altres persones trans vegin que no estan soles. Vaig créixer pensant que la meva identitat era una anomalia que moria amb mi. La gent em va ficar al cap aquesta idea d’alteritat, i m'ho vaig creure perquè no coneixia a ningú més com jo. Potser si hagués conegut els meus avantpassats abans, no hauria trigat tant a trobar una font d’orgull en la meva identitat i la meva comunitat. Perquè pertanyo a una comunitat increïble i vibrant de persones que s’animen mútuament fins i tot quan els altres no ho fan, que ens cuidem els uns als altres fins i tot quan patim, que, de totes maneres, malgrat tot, trobem motius per celebrar-nos, per estimar-nos, per mirar-nos els uns als altres als ulls i dir: "No estàs sol. French: Devrions-nous continuer à attendre ? Ou devrions-nous, par exemple, agir concernant les femmes trans de couleur qui sont assassinées et dont les meurtriers ne sont pas présentés à la justice ? Nos circonstances vous semblent-elles urgentes ? (Soupire) Finalement, je veux que les autres personnes trans réalisent qu'elles ne sont pas seules. J'ai grandi en pensant que mon identité était une anomalie qui mourrait avec moi. Les gens ont forcé cette idée d'altérité dans mon esprit et j'y ai adhéré car je ne connaissais personne comme moi. Peut-être que si j'avais connu mes ancêtres plus tôt, il ne m'aurait pas fallu si longtemps pour trouver de la fierté dans mon identité et ma communauté. J'appartiens à une communauté merveilleuse et dynamique de gens qui s'entraident quand les autres s'y refusent, qui prennent soin de l'autre quand nous avons des difficultés, qui, malgré tout cela, trouvent des raisons de célébrer l'autre, d'aimer l'autre, de regarder l'autres dans les yeux et de dire : « Tu n'es pas seul. Korean: 계속 기다려야 할까요? 아니면 우리가, 예를 들어 살해된 유색인종 트렌스젠더 여성과 처벌받지 않은 살인자에 관해 뭐라도 해야 할까요? 아직도 이런 상황이 여러분께 절박해 보이지 않나요? (한숨) 마지막으로, 저는 다른 트랜스젠더들이 그들이 혼자가 아님을 알았으면 합니다. 저는 제 정체성이 죽을 때까지 갖고 갈 비정상적인 것이라 생각하며 컸습니다. 사람들은 이 다름의 개념을 제 머리 속에 세뇌시켰고 저는 저와 같은 사람을 몰랐기 때문에 이를 믿었습니다. 제가 제 조상들을 더 일찍 알았더라면 자부심의 근원을 찾는데 이렇게 오래 걸리지는 않았을 것입니다. 제 정체성과 제 커뮤니티에 대한 자부심의 근원 말입니다. 왜냐하면 저는 멋지고 활기찬 커뮤니티에 소속되어 있고 이 커뮤니티는 다른 이들이 그렇지 않을 때도 서로를 지지해주며 우리가 투쟁할 때도 서로를 돌보아줍니다. 다른 모든 것에도 불구하고 서로를 축복하고 서로를 사랑하고 서로의 눈을 보며 이렇게 말할 이유를 찾습니다. “넌 혼자가 아니야. Japanese: まだ待ち続けるべきですか？ もしくは 例えば 殺害された有色人種のトランス女性と いまだ裁かれぬ殺人者について 何か行動を起こすべきではありませんか？ 我々の状況はまだ 差し迫ったものに思えませんか？ （溜め息） 最後に 私はトランスの人々に １人ではないと気付いてほしいのです 私は自分のアイデンティティは異常で 自分は１人だと思って育ちました 私は周りと違うという考えを 押し付けられ 自分のような人が他にいるとは思わず 受け入れていました もし もっと早く 先人達のことを知っていれば 自分のアイデンティティと コミュニティに誇りを持つのに これほど時間は かからなかったかもしれません 私は素晴らしく 生き生きとした仲間達に囲まれていて 他人が気にかけてくれない時も 常に互いを高め合えます 壁にぶつかっている時は 助け合うことができます だからこそ 困難を目の前にしても どうにか自分達の存在を祝福し 互いを愛し 目を見つめ合って こう言えるんです 「あなたは１人じゃない」 Arabic: هل لا نزالُ نبالغ في ردود أفعالنا؟ هل ينبغي علينا مواصلة الانتظار؟ أو هل علينا مثلًا، أن نقوم بعمل شيء حيال النساء المتحولات غير البيضاوات اللواتي قُتلن ولم يحاكم قتلتهن مطلقًا؟ هل تبدو ظروفنا مرعبة بالنسبة إليكم للآن؟ (تنهدات) أخيرًا، أرغب أن يدرك الأشخاص المتحولون الآخرون أنهم ليسوا وحيدين. ترعرت وأنا أفكر بأن هويتي كانت خللًا وستموت معي. غرس الناس هذه الفكرة من الاختلاف في ذهني، وصدقتها لأنني لم أعرف أي شخص آخر مثلي. ربما لو عرفت أسلافي في وقتٍ أبكر، لم يكن ليتطلب مني العثور على مصدر كبريائي وقتًا طويلًا، في كل من هويتي ومجتمعي. لأنني أنتمي إلى مجموعة من الناس الرائعين والنابضين بالحياة الذين يساندون بعضهم البعض حتى عندما لا يفعل الآخرون ذلك، والذين يهتمون ببعضهم البعض، حتى عندما نعاني، بطريقة أو بأخرى، رغم كل شيء، لا نزال نجد سببًا للاحتفاء ببعضنا البعض، ولنحب بعضنا البعض، ليحدق أحدنا في عيون الآخر ويقول: Italian: Dovremmo continuare ad aspettare? O dovremmo, ad esempio, far qualcosa per le donne nere trans che vengono uccise e i cui assassini non vengono mai condannati? Il nostro contesto vi sembra disastroso? (Sospiro) Infine, voglio che la gente trans si renda conto di non essere sola. Sono cresciuto credendo che la mia identità fosse una anomalia, che sarebbe morta con me. La gente mi ha inculcato questa idea del diverso, e l'ho accettata perché non conoscevo nessun altro come me. Se avessi conosciuto prima i miei antenati, non ci sarebbe voluto molto per trovare un motivo di orgoglio nella mia identità e nella mia comunità. Perché appartengo a una comunità di persone incredibili e vitali che si sostengono a vicenda quando gli altri non lo fanno, che si prendono cura l'un l'altro anche quando lottiamo, che in qualche modo, a dispetto di tutto, trovano sempre un motivo per festeggiarsi per amarsi, per guadrarsi negli occhi e dire: "Non sei solo. Polish: Mamy czekać dalej? A może na przykład powinniśmy zrobić coś w kwestii tak wielu niebiałych transkobiet zabijanych przez bezkarnych morderców? Czy nasza sytuacja nie wydaje się wystarczająco dramatyczna? (Wzdycha) Chciałbym, żeby osoby transpłciowe zrozumiały, że nie są same. Dorastając sądziłem, że moja tożsamość to anomalia i tylko ja taki jestem. Wpojono mi ideę odmienności i zaakceptowałem je, bo nie znałem innych takich jak ja. Może gdybym wcześniej poznał historię swoich przodków, szybciej potrafiłbym poczuć się dumny z tego, kim jestem, i ze swojej społeczności. Należę bowiem do niewiarygodnej, dynamicznej społeczności osób, które pokrzepiają się nawzajem, nawet kiedy każdy inny odmówi pociechy, które opiekują się sobą nawzajem, nawet jeśli same mają ciężko, które jakoś, mimo wszystko, wciąż znajdują powód, żeby cieszyć się sobą nawzajem, kochać się, spojrzeć w oczy i powiedzieć: Portuguese: Devemos continuar à espera? Ou, por exemplo, devíamos fazer qualquer coisa pelas transexuais de cor que são assassinadas e cujos assassinos nunca enfrentam a justiça? A nossa situação já vos parece dramática? Por fim, quero que os outros transexuais percebam que não estão sozinhos. Cresci a pensar que a minha identidade era uma anomalia que morreria comigo. As pessoas enfiaram esta ideia de estranheza na minha cabeça e eu assimilei-a porque não conhecia ninguém como eu. Talvez se eu tivesse conhecido mais cedo algum antepassado, eu não tivesse demorado tanto tempo a encontrar uma fonte de orgulho na minha identidade e na minha comunidade. Eu pertenço a uma comunidade espantosa e vibrante de pessoas que se estimulam umas às outras mesmo quando outros não o fazem, que se preocupam umas com as outras, mesmo quando estão a debater-se, que, de certo modo, apesar de tudo, ainda encontram justificação para festejarem em conjunto, para se amarem, para se olharem nos olhos e dizerem: Ukrainian: Чи нам варто продовжувати чекати? Чи може ми, наприклад, зробимо щось у зв'язку з вбивством кольорових трансжінок, чиїх вбивць так і не засудили? Умови нашого життя все ще не лякають вас? (Зітхання) Нарешті, я хочу, щоб трансгендерні люди зрозуміли, що вони не самотні. Я виріс, вважаючи своє справжнє «Я» аномалією, яка помре зі мною. Люди переконували мене, що я «інший», а я їм вірив, бо не знав нікого схожого на мене. Можливо, якби я дізнався про своїх попередників раніше, то я б швидше почав пишатися своїм «Я» та своїм оточенням. Тому що я належу до спільноти чудових, яскравих людей, які підтримають тебе, навіть якщо інші відвернуться, які піклуються про тебе, навіть під час боротьби, які, не дивлячись ні на що, знаходять причини радіти одне за одного, любити одне одного, дивитись одне одному в очі і говорити: «Ти не один. Persian: باید باز هم منتظر بمانیم؟ یا باید برای مثال برای زنان ترنس رنگین پوستی که کشته شده‌اند و قاتلانشان هرکز مجازات نشده‌اند، کاری کنیم؟ شرایط ما به نظرتان ترسناک می‌آید؟ (آه کشیدن) درآخر، می‌خواهم که دیگر ترنس‌ها بدانند که تنها نیستند. من با این باور رشد کردم که هویت نابهنجاری دارم که با من خواهد مرد. مردم حس متفاوت بودن را به من القا کردند، و من آن را پذیرفتم چون کس دیگری را مثل خودم نمی‌شناختم. شاید اگر نیاکانم را زودتر شناخته بودم، آنقدر طول نمی‌کشید تا درمورد هویت و جامعه‌ای که به آن تعلق دارم احساس غرور کنم. زیرا من به گروهی از افراد سرزنده و تحسین برانگیزی تعلق دارم که حتی وقتی بقیه نمی‌توانند، آنها دست همدیگر را می‌گیرند که حتی وقتی که با هم کشمکش دارند، از هم مراقبت می‌کنند که علی رغم همه این‌ها، باز هم بهانه‌ای برای گرامی داشتن هم پیدا می‌کنند تا همدیگر را دوست بدارند تا در چشمان هم نگاه کنند و بگویند «تو تنها نیستی. English: Should we continue to wait? Or should we, for example, do something about the trans women of color who are murdered and whose killers never see justice? Do our circumstances seem dire to you yet? (Sighs) Finally, I want other trans people to realize they're not alone. I grew up thinking my identity was an anomaly that would die with me. People drilled this idea of otherness into my mind, and I bought it because I didn't know anyone else like me. Maybe if I had known my ancestors sooner, it wouldn't have taken me so long to find a source of pride in my identity and in my community. Because I belong to an amazing, vibrant community of people that uplift each other even when others won't, that take care of each other even when we are struggling, that somehow, despite it all, still find cause to celebrate each other, to love each other, to look one another in the eyes and say, "You are not alone. Spanish: ¿Deberíamos seguir esperando? ¿O deberíamos, por ejemplo, hacer algo acerca de las mujeres trans de color que son asesinadas y cuyos asesinos nunca se someten a la justicia? ¿Les parecen ya nefastas nuestras circunstancias? (Suspiros) Por último, me gustaría que otros trans se dieran cuenta de que no están solos. Yo me crié pensando que mi identidad era una anomalía que moriría conmigo. La gente introdujo esta otredad en mi cabeza y yo la compré porque no conocía a nadie más como yo. Quizás si hubiese conocido antes a mis ancestros, no habría tardado tanto en encontrar un motivo de orgullo en mi identidad y en mi comunidad. Pertenezco a una increíble y efervescente comunidad de personas que se ayuda mutuamente incluso cuando los demás no lo hacen, que se cuida cuando las cosas son difíciles y que, de alguna manera y a pesar de todo, aún encuentra un motivo para celebrarse unos a otros, para amarse mutuamente y para mirarse a los ojos y decir: "No estás solo. Portuguese: Devemos continuar esperando? Ou deveríamos, por exemplo, fazer algo a respeito das mulheres transgêneras negras assassinadas cujos assassinos nunca veem a justiça? Nossas circunstâncias ainda lhes parecem terríveis? (Suspiro) Finalmente, quero que outros transgêneros percebam que não estão sozinhos. Cresci pensando que minha identidade era uma anomalia que morreria comigo. As pessoas me vendiam essa ideia de eu ser diferente, e eu a comprava porque não conhecia ninguém como eu. Talvez se eu tivesse conhecido meus predecessores antes, não teria levado tanto tempo para encontrar uma fonte de orgulho em minha identidade e em minha comunidade. Porque pertenço a uma comunidade incrível e vibrante de pessoas que enaltecem umas às outras mesmo quando os outros não, que cuidam umas das outras mesmo quando estão em dificuldades, que, de alguma forma, apesar de tudo, ainda encontram motivo para celebrar umas às outras, para amar umas às outras, para olhar umas às outras nos olhos e dizer: Vietnamese: Liệu chúng tôi có nên tiếp tục chờ? và chúng tôi có nên, ví dụ như, làm gì đó về việc phụ nữ chuyển giới da màu bị giết hại mà hung thủ không sa lưới pháp luật? Hoàn cảnh này đã đủ nghiêm trọng chưa? (Thở dài) Cuối cùng, tôi muốn người chuyển giới biết rằng họ không lẻ loi. Tôi từng nghĩ giới tính mình khác thường và sẽ giữ bí mật đó đến chết. Người ta nhồi ý tưởng về sự khác biệt vào đầu tôi, tôi tin vì tôi không biết bất cứ ai giống mình. Có lẽ nếu biết về những tiền bối của mình sớm hơn, tôi sẽ không mất nhiều thời gian để tìm ra niềm tự hào về giới tính và cộng đồng của mình. Vì tôi thuộc về một cộng đồng những người nhiệt huyết tuyệt vời giúp đỡ lẫn nhau khi người khác quay lưng, chăm sóc lẫn nhau, ngay cả khi gặp khó khăn, và bằng một cách nào đó, dù còn nhiều khó khăn, vẫn tìm ra lí do để tán dương nhau, yêu thương nhau, nhìn vào mắt nhau mỗi ngày và nói: Chinese: 我們應該要繼續等待嗎？ 或者，舉例來說， 我們應該要做點什麼， 為那些被逍遙法外的殺人兇手 所謀害的非白人變性女子討個公道？ 你們覺得我們的狀況夠悲慘了嗎？ （嘆氣） 最後，我希望其他跨性別者們 能知道他們並不孤單。 在成長過程中， 我總認為我的身分很反常， 且會跟著我一起死去。 大家把「異類」的想法 灌輸到我腦中， 而我買帳了，因為我當時 不認識其他像我這樣的人。 也許，如果我早點認識我的祖先， 就不用花這麼長的時間， 在我的身分和我的族群中 找到驕傲的來源。 因為我屬於一個充滿生氣的族群， 即使其他人不會鼓舞我們， 我們仍會鼓舞彼此， 即使我們在掙扎時， 我們也會照顧彼此， 儘管在所有這些條件下， 我們仍能以某種方式 找到動機來讚頌彼此， 愛彼此， 看著彼此的雙眼，並說： 「你並不孤單。 Hindi: क्या हम इंतजार करे ? या उन निग्रो ट्रांस महिलाओं के हत्याओ पर या, कुछ करे कुछ करना चाहिये जिनके हत्यारों को कभी सज़ा नही मिलेगी? क्या हमारी परिस्थितियाँ भयावह नही है ? (आह) अंत में, मैं चाहता हूं कि अन्य ट्रांस लोग एहसास करे कि वे अकेले नहीं हैं। मैं स्वयम को अस्वाभाविक समझकर बड़ा हुआ हू यह पहचान मेरे साथ ही मर जाएगी। लोगों ने इस विचार को मेरे मन में डाल दिया, मान लिया क्योंकि मै मेरे जैसा कोई और को नही जानता था। अगर मैंने अपने पूर्वजों को जल्दी ही जान लिया होता, मुझे इतनी देर नहीं लगी होगी मेरी पहचान और मेरे समुदाय पर गर्व करने में। क्योंकि मैं हिस्सा हुं एक अद्भुत और जीवंत समुदाय का जो एक दूसरे के प्रोत्साहन देते है जब कोई भी हमे न समझे, और तब भी एक दूसरे का ख्याल रखते हैं जब खुद संघर्ष कर रहे हैं, किसी तरह, यह सब होने के बावजूद, हम एक दूसरे को खुशी देने का कारण ढूंढते हैं, एक दूसरे को प्यार करना, एक दूसरे की आँखों में देखना और कहना, "तुम अकेले नही हो। iw: אנחנו צריכים להמשיך לחכות? או שאולי, למשל, נעשה משהו בנוגע לנשים הטרנסיות שאינן לבנות שנרצחות ושרוצחיהן מעולם לא נענשים? האם הנסיבות שלנו נראות לכם נוראיות כבר? (אנחה) לבסוף, אני רוצה שטרנסים אחרים יבינו שהם לא לבד. כשגדלתי חשבתי שהזהות שלי הייתה דבר חריג שימות איתי. אנשים קדחו את הרעיון הזה של זרות אל תוך הראש שלי, וקניתי את זה בגלל שלא הכרתי אף אחד אחר כמוני. אולי אם הייתי יודע על אבות אבותיי מוקדם יותר, זה לא היה לוקח לי כל כך הרבה זמן למצוא מקור של גאווה בזהות שלי ובקהילה שלי. בגלל שאני שייך לקהילה מדהימה, ומלאת חיים של אנשים שמעודדים אחד את השני גם כשאחרים לא עושים זאת, שדואגים אחד לשני אפילו כשאנחנו נאבקים, שבדרך כלשהי, למרות הכל, מוצאים סיבה לחגוג אחד את השני, לאהוב אחד את השני, להסתכל אחד לשני בעיניים ולהגיד, "אתה לא לבד. Portuguese: "Não estás sozinho. "Tens-nos a nós. "E não nos vamos embora". Obrigado. (Aplausos) Ukrainian: У тебе є ми. І ми нікуди не зникнемо». Дякую. (Оплески) Catalan: Ens tens a nosaltres. I no marxarem enlloc". Gràcies. (Aplaudiments) Vietnamese: "Bạn không cô đơn. Bạn có chúng tôi. Và chúng tôi sẽ luôn ở đây." Xin cảm ơn. (Vỗ tay) Serbian: Imaš nas. I ne idemo nigde.“ Hvala. (Aplauz) Kurdish: تۆ ئێمەت هەیه. و ئێمە بۆهیچ شوێنێک ناڕۆین. .سوپاس بۆ ئێوە .(چەپڵەڕێزان) Macedonian: Нè имаш нас. И ние никаде нема да одиме.“ Ви благодарам! (Аплауз) Portuguese: "Você não está só. Você tem a nós. E não vamos te abandonar". Obrigado. (Aplausos) (Vivas) Persian: تو ما را داری. و ما تو را تنها نمی‌گذاریم.» متشکرم. (تشویق حضار) Chinese: 你还有我们呢。 我们会一直在这里。” 谢谢。 （掌声） Korean: 너에겐 우리가 있어. 우리는 항상 여기 있을거야.” 감사합니다. (박수) Romanian: Ne ai pe noi. Și noi nu plecăm nicăieri.” Vă mulțumesc! (Aplauze) Arabic: "لست وحدك. نحن معك. ولن نذهب إلى أي مكان". شكرًا لكم. (تصفيق) iw: יש לך אותנו. ואנחנו לא הולכים לשום מקום." תודה רבה. (מחיאות כפיים) Hungarian: Itt vagyunk neked. És nem mozdulunk mellőled." Köszönöm. (Taps) Chinese: 你有我們在。 而且我們哪裡都不去。」 謝謝。 （掌聲） Polish: "Nie jesteście sami, nie jesteście same. Macie nas. A my będziemy tu zawsze". Dziękuję. (Brawa) Turkish: Biz varız. Ve hiçbir yere gitmiyoruz." diyen kocaman capcanlı bir topluluğa aitim. Teşekkür ederim. (Alkış) Spanish: Nos tienes a nosotros y no nos iremos a ninguna parte". Gracias. (Aplausos) Italian: Tu hai noi. E noi non andiamo da nessuna parte." Grazie (Applausi) Russian: «Ты не один. У тебя есть мы. И мы не пропадём». Спасибо. (Аплодисменты) French: Tu nous as, nous. Nous resterons avec toi. » Merci. (Applaudissements) Hindi: आप के पास हम हैं। और हम कहीं नहीं जा रहे हैं। ” धन्यवाद। (तालियां) English: You have us. And we're not going anywhere." Thank you. (Applause) Japanese: 「私達がついてるから」 「決して１人にはさせない」と ありがとうございました （拍手）

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PROFESSOR: Welcome to this recitation on linearization. So here we consider a prey-predator system, where we have x dot equals x, factorizing 3 minus x, minus x*y, and y dot equals y factorizing 1 minus y, plus x*y. So here we can see that x is the prey, because y is basically feeding on it. And y is the predator, because feeding on x gives a growth of the predator species, y. So here, because it's a prey-predator system, x and y are assumed to be positive. So you're asked to interpret even further this system and to find the critical points, linearize and sketch the phase portrait and then discuss what your linearization tells you about the behavior of this system. So why don't you pause the video and take a few minutes to do that. I'll be right back. Welcome back. So I helped you already for the first question. We interpreted that x was the prey and y was the predator. The other thing that you could see is that this term here is basically logistic growth. So if we didn't have the predator species around, this species x of prey would just grow and eventually reach a value that corresponds to the saturation level. And if we started with a lot of prey, then eventually they would die off and go back to that same carrying capacity value of prey in that environment. Same thing here for the predator. We have a logistic growth, with different growth coefficients. And again, if we didn't have the prey around, we would just have a logistic dynamic for this species on its own. But with the prey, we have a growth of this species. So that basically ends the first part. For the second part, we need to find the critical points. So how do we find the critical points? The critical points correspond to basically f and g equals to 0. So f equal to 0 equals to g. You see from f equals to 0 that we can have either x equals 0, if we factorize the x in both terms, and if x is not equal to 0, then we end up with y equals to 3 minus x. For the second part, we can also here, if g equals to 0, factorize y. And we get either y equals to 0, or we have that x is equal to y minus 1, where I just bring that term to the other hand. So the critical point would be either of these two entries. It would be, for example, x equals to 0 and this entry, which would give us y equals to 1; or we would have y equals to 0, and then this entry would give us x equals to 3. And then the last combined case, where we have these two entries, which corresponds to 1 and 2, if you do it. So let's look now at the stability of the linearization of the system around each one of these critical points. So what do we do to linearize the system? Very quickly, we need to compute the Jacobian around each critical point-- and we're just going to build a table after to do that-- where we basically have f, a derivative of f around x, derivative of g around x, derivative of f around y, derivative of g around y, all this evaluated at the critical point. And this corresponds to basically linearizing our nonlinear system, because you see here that there are a lot of nonlinear systems, and studying the stability around the neighborhood of the critical point, like if it was basically linear around there. This method has its limitations, and we'll discuss them later. So first I'm going to just here give you the results of computation that I did earlier, where basically you can repeat this computation. But I don't want to spend too much time with the algebra here. So we have four critical points. (0,0), (0,1), (3,0), and (1,2). So this is going to just replace the values for the Jacobian. So here you compute basically the derivative of f of x with respect to x. And you evaluate this at then the value of (0,0). And so that would give you [3, 0; 0, 1]. For this case, same thing. We have the expression for the Jacobian. We evaluate it at critical point (0,1). And that gives us [2, 0; 1, -1]. For this one similarly, we evaluate the Jacobian at (3,0). And we get this Jacobian value. And for this last critical point, we have this Jacobian value. So now what's next? So the Jacobian basically gives us the expression around the critical point to look at the system, like if it was linear around there. So from this point, we're back to the linear methods we learned before. We need to compute the eigenvalues of the Jacobian around each critical point, and then determine the structure around each critical point of the structure of basically the phase portrait. So what are the eigenvalues? The eigenvalues are 3, 1, and you can compute that and verify for yourself. Plus or minus root of 7i and the whole thing over 2. So here basically, we have two real eigenvalues, both positive. So we're going to have, basically, an instability, unstable node. And it's just basically the local stability around the critical point. Here we would have one positive, one negative. So this is a saddle, which would be unstable. The -3, 4 would give us another saddle. And these complex eigenvalues would basically give us a spiral with the real part going to 0, with the real part being negative. So a spiral that's stable, asymptotically. So let's just do the diagram here. And I'll continue the discussion. So let's consider only the case where x and y are positive, because we're talking about populations. And let's place our critical points. So we have a first critical point here at (0,0). We have a second critical point here at (0,1). We have a third critical point at (3,0), and the last critical point at basically (1,2), or something around there. So now, based on the information we have on this table, we have the eigenvalues. We could also compute the corresponding eigenvectors. And you can compute that. And I'm not going to get into the details here, but basically the values of the eigenvectors would be important to give you, for example, the direction of your spiral. But we will do that on the diagram as we go. So here at the (0,0) point is an unstable node. So basically, the solutions are going away from this point in the x and y. This point, (0,1) is a saddle. So we basically are on the ray here. You would compute that the eigenvector that corresponds to this negative eigenvalue would actually be in the direction [0,1] and would converge toward this solution. And you can compute that the other eigenvector, corresponding to the eigenvalue 2, would have a direction this form. So here we neglect what's happening here, but it would be in this direction. And the solutions would be basically going away from here. And we would have locally something like that. For this point, which corresponds to an unstable node, basically the solution would be going away. For this point, which corresponds to (3,0), we have a saddle again, which is unstable. And here you can compute that the eigenvector corresponding to the negative eigenvalue would basically be parallel to the x-axis. So it would have coordinates (1,0). And the eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue 4 would be directed in this direction. And basically, the solution would be fleeing from there. So locally, we would have something like that, like we did before. So we'll complete the graph. Now, let's focus on the last critical point, (1,2). So this point corresponds to a spiral. And it's a stable spiral -- asymptotically stable, because this eigenvalue's negative. So the solutions are going toward this point. And you can look at the lower entry here of the matrix, which is positive, which means that we would be going counterclockwise. So we would have something there would be looking like this, going toward this point. So that's roughly what we would have for the three critical points. Am I missing one? For the four critical points. And so now we can complete our diagram by basically linking to different localized phase portraits together. And so what will we have here? So for example, we would have a solution here that would be escaping, if we start in this neighborhood, would be escaping from this critical point. But then eventually, it would get attracted by this other critical point, which when it enters its basin of attraction, given that it's asymptotically stable would be attracted by it and go here. If we started from a very high y-value, we would be going down and then eventually getting close to this critical point. That would then basically cause this trajectory to, again, escape and go feed this spiral by reaching the basin of attraction of this point. If we look at the critical point (3,0), then if we start with a population x that is very large and we approach this point, then we would have a solution that basically would eventually continue parallel to this ray of the unstable part of the critical point (3,0), follow this ray and eventually basically just be far more parallel to this trajectory that links this linear (3,0) critical point to the (1,2) critical point. And so we can complete the diagram by having something like this. Now for this point, what do we have? So for this point, we also have the solutions that would be basically fleeing from the point (0,0), and eventually could be attracted to the spiral as well. So that we give us then something like this, a trajectory that would be looking like that. And basically these trajectories would be looking like that. And I'm not going to complete the parts where y and x are not positive. So we can complete the phase diagram of this nonlinear system in this way. So now, how do we interpret this? What does this mean? Well, if we remind ourselves of what this is actually modeling, and if we just look at, for example, the different axes, what does the y equals 0, x equals 0 point mean? It means that basically we have 0 population of prey, 0 of predator. And so it makes sense that we have basically an unstable point here, an unstable critical point, because as soon as we add one prey or one predator, we would have an increase of the prey population, eventually the predator would grow, and so we would have a solution that basically escapes the area around the critical point (0,0). What would happen if we just looked at the axis y equals to 0? y equals to 0 corresponds to dynamics where we don't have the predator population. So the prey is just living its life, growing at logistic growth. And so basically, it's attracted by the carrying capacity that would be here set at 3. And so if we start with a lot of prey, eventually they die out until they reach population 3. And if we start with not enough, they grow and they reach population 3, without the predator around. Same thing for the predator on its own. Now if we put the two together then we have a spiral, which means that we have oscillation. If we have a lot of predators, we have very few prey. And eventually the predators start dying off as well. But then, because they start dying off, the prey population starts increasing, which then gives an increase of the predator. So we get, eventually, an oscillation that goes to this attractor, (1,2), where the system will stabilize eventually, where we would have, basically, one prey for two predators. So that ends the interpretation of the system. And the idea here was to basically use what we learned for the linear systems, in terms of the phase portrait, and to see how we can apply that to the nonlinear cases, after linearizing the system around each one of the critical points. What I should also mention here is that in all these cases that we looked at, we had cases that were structurally stable, which means that in our determinant-trace diagram, we weren't at any borderline case where a little perturbation could make the structure around the critical point change radically. So all these points are structurally stable, and the linearization therefore is valid around them. And that ends this recitation.

Why didn’t the United States Army and/or the British Army invade Berlin in 1945? Of course, some will note that during the Yalta Conference in February 1945 it was decided that Berlin would be in Soviet occupation zone, as such, why waste troops for an area that would have to be surrendered to the Soviets anyway. Especially, since urban combat usually incurs heavy losses. Yet, there were some that wanted to go for Berlin: “Elements of the Ninth and First Armies reached the Elbe River on 11 April. Within two days, they had established a bridgehead on the east bank and were only fifty miles from Berlin. The way to Berlin appeared to be open. Simpson was poised to race for the capital when Eisenhower stopped him. Eisenhower wanted to mop up Germans forces both north and south of Simpson’s position on the Elbe.” Additionally, Stalin was also concerned that the Western Allies might go for Berlin although Eisenhower stated otherwise. “But Stalin had also apparently received a contractionary intelligence report warning that the Western Allied were about to launch an operation to seize Berlin, with forces under General Montgomery attacking north of the Ruhr along the shortest route to Berlin.” To understand why the Western Allies did not go for Berlin, it important to understand a) the positioning of the various armies and their ongoing operations b) the manpower situation in general, c) the specific manpower situation due to the ongoing war in the Pacific, d) that although the German Forces were mostly beaten, they still could inflict some damage, e) that in some areas public order had to be restored and f) that the Soviets were not limited to Berlin neither. First off, let us look at a map for 5th to 18th of April 1945. You will notice that Berlin seems to rather close. Yet, at the same time you will also see that there is the Ruhr Pocket in the middle. The pocket was split in two parts the eastern part surrendered on the 16th of April and the western on the 17th of April 1945. Why is this important, well if we look at the initial quote in this video, it was noted that on the 11th April the bridgeheads were just 50 miles from Berlin and that: “Simpson was poised to race for the capital when Eisenhower stopped him.” Yet, Simpson Nineth Army was at that point at least in parts still involved in mopping up the Ruhr pocket: “Even though part of the Ninth Army was helping to reduce the Ruhr Pocket, General Simpson still could provide for the eastward drive these four divisions plus the 102d, which had begun to cross the Rhine, and the 83d, recently relieved from the fight for the Ruhr.” So, this would make about 6 Divisions, which in the overall is not that much, if we consider the final drive towards Berlin of the Soviets consisted of 2 fronts, one of which was: “[…] Zhukov’s 1st Byelorussain Front, had now fewer than 18 armies (breaking down into 77 rifle divisions, 7 tank/mechanized corps, and 8 artillery divisions).” Now keep in mind Soviet divisions were generally smaller, yet this was just 1 front. Additionally, the US Forces took a lot of German prisoners in the Ruhr, more than expected: “The number of prisoners exceeded all expectations, amounting to 317,000 men, twice the US intelligence estimate. The human herd rolled in, held in POW cages that were little more than open fields with inadequate food and facilities.” This is of course bound manpower as well, something discussed a bit later although with a British example. Giangreco summarizes the situation as follows: “The Soviets, meanwhile, were already massed within striking distance of the capital and anxious to crush the ‘Nazi beast’ in one final, titanic blow. Eisenhower’s forces were more dispersed than is commonly realized, had accomplished their part in the defeat of Germany, and had other things to do.” First, let us look at manpower, although the United States had manpower problems the situation was worse for the British, as Churchill in September 1943 noted about the planned invasion in Northwest Europe in 1944: “[…] ‘we shall’, he [Churchill] admitted, ‘be able to match the American expedition with nearly equal force of British divisions, but after the initial assault the build-up must be entirely American as I am completely at the end of manpower resources’.” As such the British just a few days short of Christmas 1944 began increasing their manpower at the front: “And, in what must have been a dreary Christmas present to the British people, the War Cabinet announced, on 22 December [1944], that it would add 250,000 to the ranks of Britain’s soldiers by pulling ‘behind the line’ men to the front, by transferring men from the RAF and other services, and by combing more men out of civilian jobs.” Yet, when it comes to manpower, we also should not forget the bigger picture here. After all the United States was engaged in the Pacific and Operation Downfall the invasion of Japan was still planned at this point, it was a two-part operation, the first Operation Olympic I covered in this video. And for these operations it was crucial that enough troops would be ready in Pacific: “They [U.S Army planners] had originally, and optimistically, believed that 2,442,000 men could be shipped to the Pacific from Europe and the United States (concurrent with 1,600,000 to the United States), all on the transport ships projected to be available after the defeat of Germany. Unfortunately, the plan assumed that the Nazis would surrender by January 1945 and that nine months would be available for the overseas movements.” As such the numbers for the men scheduled for the Pacific from Europe dropped down to 1,694,000 in December 1944 and even as low as 1,074,000 in March 1945. Hence every man was needed, especially since it was estimated that taking Berlin would incur about 100 000 losses. These men would be either missed in the Pacific or as occupation forces in Europe. Now, some might call the assumption by the Western Allies that the Germans would surrender by January 1945 unreasonable, but we should not forget that in Summer 1944, the Wehrmacht suffered two major defeats, the smaller one yet better known was D-Day and the following liberation of France. The lesser known happened on the Eastern Front, namely Operation Bagration or Operation Bagration, which led to the destruction of Army Group Center. To put it in perspective: “The total German losses in the East for June, July and August 1944, then, were 589,000. In contrast, the estimate for German losses on all other fronts – mainly in France – in the months June, July and August 1944 taken together was only 157,000.” In August 1944 alone the Germans lost 277,000 on the Eastern Front, to put this in perspective in January 1943 when the losses in Stalingrad were the highest, they were at 180,000. As such the Allies were quite shocked when the Germans attacked in Winter 1944. This is important to keep in mind, because we know how the war turned out, yet the actors of the time could not. Which brings us to the next point, it was still a war not a cakewalk. Although the Germans were mostly beaten, they still inflicted losses even in the last weeks of the war and locally could still achieve victories. “Multiple XIX Corps spearheads reached the Elbe on April 12-13, and regimental commanders leading the battles to get across at Magdeburg, Schönebeck, and Tangermünde were badly wounded within sight of the river. In several instances, key bridges on direct routes to Berlin were blown up in the faces of attacking GIs.” By the way if you are interested in German tactics from that period, be sure to check out our krautfunding campaign on the translation of the Sturmgewehr 44 Assault Platoon Tactics pamphlet. Anyway, let us look at a specific case, the 2nd Armored Division’s crossed the Elbe with three infantry battalions, but the Germans counter-attacked, as a result the US forces had to withdraw again: “Much of the force was successfully withdrawn across the Elbe on April 14, and the disaster turned out to not be as bad as believed at the time when numerous groups, large and small, infiltrated back across the river on subsequent nights. Thankfully, it turned out that ‘only’ 330 men had been lost.” If we look at the bigger picture, namely the losses of both the Soviets and the US Army for the specific time-frame, it becomes even more apparent. The Soviets with their assault on Berlin clearly suffered the most losses, yet the US Army also sustained considerable losses as well, as Giangreco points out: “[…] Soviet troops engage the bulk of German strength and suffer 352,475 casualties, including 78,291 dead, during their final, twenty-three-day assault on Berlin and central Germany, American casualties for essentially the same period would be 43,086 with 8,351 killed in action.” Although, Jesse Alexander from the Great War Channel and the 16 Days in Berlin Documentary told me that there Soviet killed in action numbers might have been higher, according to Le Tissier’s Race for the Reichstag. Btw. you can follow Jesse on twitter @jesse_history , there is also a link in the description. Yet, there were other problems as well, as Fennell points out: “By the second half of April [1945], the problem of addressing the chaos into which Germany had fallen became almost as arduous as the that of fighting the remnants of the Wehrmacht. Senior German police officers, especially if ardent Nazis, deserted their posts, undermining public order; public health officials did likewise, facilitating the spread of disease. Looting became widespread. Displaced persons, ex-POWs and liberated ‘slave’ workers, particularly Russians, were ‘roaming about the country, robbing farms and terrorising the local population’.” As such Crocker’s I Corps was reassigned, namely instead of performing combat operations its new assignment was to maintain the lines of communication and also sort out civil affairs as well. And finally, we should not forget that although some parts of Europe were not in the Soviet occupation zone according to Yalta, the Western Allies were also not too keen to let those be liberated by the Soviets or hand them over to Stalin: “On 16 April, Eisenhower ordered Montgomery to turn 21st Army Group north to prevent the Soviets beating the Allies to Denmark.” To summarize, although the Western Allies had crossed the Elbe river and were around 50 miles away from the Berlin, the bigger picture makes it clear that: “[…] there was little muscle behind the spearheads on the Elbe River. Eisenhower reminded Marshall that his center of gravity was far to the rear, and both commanders knew well that a soldier-intensive battle in Berlin would force the bulk of U.S. forces east and commit them to a fight of unknown duration at the exact time that many European theater divisions had to prepare for an about-face that would send them west.” In other words, whereas Eisenhower’s forces were dispersed at that time, whereas the Soviet forces were far more concentrated. Berlin might have been an interesting prestige object, yet, the United States was still committed in a war and the national war goals were clearly of higher importance here. Well, I hope you learned something new. Big thank you to Andrew for reviewing the script and providing vital input on the positions of the Allied Forces, something I had completely missed. Thank you to Jesse Alexander from the Great War Channel and the 16 Days in Berlin Documentary for answering questions and providing me with additional information for this video. Special thanks to D.M. Giangreco and be sure to check out my podcast with him, if you haven’t already, it is a rather short… na, just kidding. Thank you to all my supporters on Patreon and Subscribestar. As always sources are listed in the description. I hope you enjoyed this episode, thank you for watching and see you next time.

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CUT,(...) >>GUEST: CUT,(...) >>GUEST: AND CUT,(...) >>GUEST: AND IT'S CUT,(...) >>GUEST: AND IT'S A >>GUEST: AND IT'S A >>GUEST: AND IT'S A BRAND-NEW >>GUEST: AND IT'S A BRAND-NEW CUT >>GUEST: AND IT'S A BRAND-NEW CUT FOR >>GUEST: AND IT'S A BRAND-NEW CUT FOR US, BRAND-NEW CUT FOR US, BRAND-NEW CUT FOR US, IT'S BRAND-NEW CUT FOR US, IT'S THE BRAND-NEW CUT FOR US, IT'S THE SPARKLE BRAND-NEW CUT FOR US, IT'S THE SPARKLE POWER BRAND-NEW CUT FOR US, IT'S THE SPARKLE POWER I IT'S THE SPARKLE POWER I IT'S THE SPARKLE POWER I WE IT'S THE SPARKLE POWER I WE CALL IT'S THE SPARKLE POWER I WE CALL IT IT'S THE SPARKLE POWER I WE CALL IT A IT'S THE SPARKLE POWER I WE CALL IT A SPARKLE WE CALL IT A SPARKLE WE CALL IT A SPARKLE BURST WE CALL IT A SPARKLE BURST CUT WE CALL IT A SPARKLE BURST CUT BUT WE CALL IT A SPARKLE BURST CUT BUT IT'S WE CALL IT A SPARKLE BURST CUT BUT IT'S BURST BURST CUT BUT IT'S BURST BURST CUT BUT IT'S BURST REALLY BURST CUT BUT IT'S BURST REALLY A BURST CUT BUT IT'S BURST REALLY A DIAMOND-CUT BURST CUT BUT IT'S BURST REALLY A DIAMOND-CUT REA REALLY A DIAMOND-CUT REA REALLY A DIAMOND-CUT REA THAT REALLY A DIAMOND-CUT REA THAT WE REALLY A DIAMOND-CUT REA THAT WE REALLY REALLY A DIAMOND-CUT REA THAT WE REALLY ENJOY THAT WE REALLY ENJOY THAT WE REALLY ENJOY BRINGING THAT WE REALLY ENJOY BRINGING TO THAT WE REALLY ENJOY BRINGING TO YOU THAT WE REALLY ENJOY BRINGING TO YOU LADIES BRINGING TO YOU LADIES BRINGING TO YOU LADIES AND BRINGING TO YOU LADIES AND HERKIMER BRINGING TO YOU LADIES AND HERKIMER DIAMOND BRINGING TO YOU LADIES AND HERKIMER DIAMOND . AND HERKIMER DIAMOND . AND HERKIMER DIAMOND . >>HOST: AND HERKIMER DIAMOND . >>HOST: LOOK AND HERKIMER DIAMOND . >>HOST: LOOK AT AND HERKIMER DIAMOND . >>HOST: LOOK AT THE >>HOST: LOOK AT THE >>HOST: LOOK AT THE DIAMOND >>HOST: LOOK AT THE DIAMOND LOOK >>HOST: LOOK AT THE DIAMOND LOOK AT >>HOST: LOOK AT THE DIAMOND LOOK AT THE DIAMOND LOOK AT THE DIAMOND LOOK AT THE SPARKLE DIAMOND LOOK AT THE SPARKLE COMING DIAMOND LOOK AT THE SPARKLE COMING OFF DIAMOND LOOK AT THE SPARKLE COMING OFF BACK, SPARKLE COMING OFF BACK, SPARKLE COMING OFF BACK, THE SPARKLE COMING OFF BACK, THE WAY SPARKLE COMING OFF BACK, THE WAY YOU SPARKLE COMING OFF BACK, THE WAY YOU APPLY SPARKLE COMING OFF BACK, THE WAY YOU APPLY THE THE WAY YOU APPLY THE THE WAY YOU APPLY THE DIAMOND THE WAY YOU APPLY THE DIAMOND CUTS THE WAY YOU APPLY THE DIAMOND CUTS TO THE WAY YOU APPLY THE DIAMOND CUTS TO THE DIAMOND CUTS TO THE DIAMOND CUTS TO THE HERKIMER DIAMOND CUTS TO THE HERKIMER A DIAMOND CUTS TO THE HERKIMER A REALLY DIAMOND CUTS TO THE HERKIMER A REALLY BRINGS HERKIMER A REALLY BRINGS HERKIMER A REALLY BRINGS OUT HERKIMER A REALLY BRINGS OUT THE HERKIMER A REALLY BRINGS OUT THE CLARITY, HERKIMER A REALLY BRINGS OUT THE CLARITY, THE OUT THE CLARITY, THE OUT THE CLARITY, THE BEAUTY, OUT THE CLARITY, THE BEAUTY, THE OUT THE CLARITY, THE BEAUTY, THE BRILLIANCE, BEAUTY, THE BRILLIANCE, BEAUTY, THE BRILLIANCE, LOOK BEAUTY, THE BRILLIANCE, LOOK AT BEAUTY, THE BRILLIANCE, LOOK AT THAT, BEAUTY, THE BRILLIANCE, LOOK AT THAT, I BEAUTY, THE BRILLIANCE, LOOK AT THAT, I LIKE BEAUTY, THE BRILLIANCE, LOOK AT THAT, I LIKE LOO LOOK AT THAT, I LIKE LOO LOOK AT THAT, I LIKE LOO YOUR LOOK AT THAT, I LIKE LOO YOUR NICE LOOK AT THAT, I LIKE LOO YOUR NICE BIG LOOK AT THAT, I LIKE LOO YOUR NICE BIG PRONGS LOOK AT THAT, I LIKE LOO YOUR NICE BIG PRONGS . YOUR NICE BIG PRONGS . YOUR NICE BIG PRONGS . THERE YOUR NICE BIG PRONGS . THERE NICE YOUR NICE BIG PRONGS . THERE NICE AND YOUR NICE BIG PRONGS . THERE NICE AND SECURE, YOUR NICE BIG PRONGS . THERE NICE AND SECURE, T THERE NICE AND SECURE, T THERE NICE AND SECURE, T IF THERE NICE AND SECURE, T IF THAT THERE NICE AND SECURE, T IF THAT WAS THERE NICE AND SECURE, T IF THAT WAS WHATEVER THERE NICE AND SECURE, T IF THAT WAS WHATEVER 30, IF THAT WAS WHATEVER 30, IF THAT WAS WHATEVER 30, 40, IF THAT WAS WHATEVER 30, 40, $50,000 IF THAT WAS WHATEVER 30, 40, $50,000 DON'T IF THAT WAS WHATEVER 30, 40, $50,000 DON'T . IF THAT WAS WHATEVER 30, 40, $50,000 DON'T . YOU 40, $50,000 DON'T . YOU 40, $50,000 DON'T . YOU WOULD 40, $50,000 DON'T . YOU WOULD NEED 40, $50,000 DON'T . YOU WOULD NEED A 40, $50,000 DON'T . YOU WOULD NEED A NICE 40, $50,000 DON'T . YOU WOULD NEED A NICE HEFTY WOULD NEED A NICE HEFTY WOULD NEED A NICE HEFTY PRONG WOULD NEED A NICE HEFTY PRONG LIKE WOULD NEED A NICE HEFTY PRONG LIKE THAT WOULD NEED A NICE HEFTY PRONG LIKE THAT THE WOULD NEED A NICE HEFTY PRONG LIKE THAT THE HOLD PRONG LIKE THAT THE HOLD PRONG LIKE THAT THE HOLD IN PRONG LIKE THAT THE HOLD IN PLACE PRONG LIKE THAT THE HOLD IN PLACE .-- PRONG LIKE THAT THE HOLD IN PLACE .-- $50,000 PRONG LIKE THAT THE HOLD IN PLACE .-- $50,000 P IN PLACE .-- $50,000 P IN PLACE .-- $50,000 P PRONG. PRONG. >>GUEST: >>GUEST: THE >>GUEST: THE REASON >>GUEST: THE REASON YOU >>GUEST: THE REASON YOU ALL >>GUEST: THE REASON YOU ALL ENJOY >>GUEST: THE REASON YOU ALL ENJOY IT >>GUEST: THE REASON YOU ALL ENJOY IT WE >>GUEST: THE REASON YOU ALL ENJOY IT WE ARE ALL ENJOY IT WE ARE ALL ENJOY IT WE ARE GIVING ALL ENJOY IT WE ARE GIVING YOU ALL ENJOY IT WE ARE GIVING YOU A ALL ENJOY IT WE ARE GIVING YOU A STORY, ALL ENJOY IT WE ARE GIVING YOU A STORY, FOUR GIVING YOU A STORY, FOUR GIVING YOU A STORY, FOUR CARAT, GIVING YOU A STORY, FOUR CARAT, A GIVING YOU A STORY, FOUR CARAT, A FORCED GIVING YOU A STORY, FOUR CARAT, A FORCED AIR-- GIVING YOU A STORY, FOUR CARAT, A FORCED AIR-- CA CARAT, A FORCED AIR-- CA CARAT, A FORCED AIR-- CA FOR CARAT, A FORCED AIR-- CA FOR CARATS CARAT, A FORCED AIR-- CA FOR CARATS STORY CARAT, A FORCED AIR-- CA FOR CARATS STORY ON CARAT, A FORCED AIR-- CA FOR CARATS STORY ON YOUR FOR CARATS STORY ON YOUR FOR CARATS STORY ON YOUR FINGER FOR CARATS STORY ON YOUR FINGER . FOR CARATS STORY ON YOUR FINGER . ONE FOR CARATS STORY ON YOUR FINGER . ONE FOR FOR CARATS STORY ON YOUR FINGER . ONE FOR ME, FOR CARATS STORY ON YOUR FINGER . ONE FOR ME, FOR FINGER . ONE FOR ME, FOR FINGER . ONE FOR ME, FOR MY FINGER . ONE FOR ME, FOR MY MOM FINGER . ONE FOR ME, FOR MY MOM KIND FINGER . ONE FOR ME, FOR MY MOM KIND OF FINGER . ONE FOR ME, FOR MY MOM KIND OF RING FINGER . ONE FOR ME, FOR MY MOM KIND OF RING I MY MOM KIND OF RING I MY MOM KIND OF RING I MEAN MY MOM KIND OF RING I MEAN I'M MY MOM KIND OF RING I MEAN I'M KIND MY MOM KIND OF RING I MEAN I'M KIND OF MY MOM KIND OF RING I MEAN I'M KIND OF MEAN MY MOM KIND OF RING I MEAN I'M KIND OF MEAN I' MEAN I'M KIND OF MEAN I' MEAN I'M KIND OF MEAN I' THRILLED MEAN I'M KIND OF MEAN I' THRILLED ABOUT MEAN I'M KIND OF MEAN I' THRILLED ABOUT THAT THRILLED ABOUT THAT THRILLED ABOUT THAT PRICING THRILLED ABOUT THAT PRICING .(...) THRILLED ABOUT THAT PRICING .(...) THIS THRILLED ABOUT THAT PRICING .(...) THIS IS PRICING .(...) THIS IS PRICING .(...) THIS IS A PRICING .(...) THIS IS A GOOD PRICING .(...) THIS IS A GOOD DEAL PRICING .(...) THIS IS A GOOD DEAL LADIES PRICING .(...) THIS IS A GOOD DEAL LADIES GO PRICING .(...) THIS IS A GOOD DEAL LADIES GO A A GOOD DEAL LADIES GO A A GOOD DEAL LADIES GO A FOR A GOOD DEAL LADIES GO A FOR IT A GOOD DEAL LADIES GO A FOR IT . FOR IT . FOR IT . >>HOST: FOR IT . >>HOST: YOU FOR IT . >>HOST: YOU CAN FOR IT . >>HOST: YOU CAN SEE FOR IT . >>HOST: YOU CAN SEE ON >>HOST: YOU CAN SEE ON >>HOST: YOU CAN SEE ON VALERIE'S >>HOST: YOU CAN SEE ON VALERIE'S FINGER >>HOST: YOU CAN SEE ON VALERIE'S FINGER IT >>HOST: YOU CAN SEE ON VALERIE'S FINGER IT JUST VALERIE'S FINGER IT JUST VALERIE'S FINGER IT JUST POPS VALERIE'S FINGER IT JUST POPS OFF VALERIE'S FINGER IT JUST POPS OFF HER VALERIE'S FINGER IT JUST POPS OFF HER FINGER, VALERIE'S FINGER IT JUST POPS OFF HER FINGER, POP POPS OFF HER FINGER, POP POPS OFF HER FINGER, POP IT'S POPS OFF HER FINGER, POP IT'S ABSOLUTELY IT'S ABSOLUTELY IT'S ABSOLUTELY POSITIVELY IT'S ABSOLUTELY POSITIVELY GORGEOUS IT'S ABSOLUTELY POSITIVELY GORGEOUS . IT'S ABSOLUTELY POSITIVELY GORGEOUS . PO POSITIVELY GORGEOUS . PO POSITIVELY GORGEOUS . PO AND POSITIVELY GORGEOUS . PO AND ON POSITIVELY GORGEOUS . PO AND ON EXCEPT-- POSITIVELY GORGEOUS . PO AND ON EXCEPT-- I'M AND ON EXCEPT-- I'M AND ON EXCEPT-- I'M EXCITED AND ON EXCEPT-- I'M EXCITED YOU AND ON EXCEPT-- I'M EXCITED YOU ORDERED AND ON EXCEPT-- I'M EXCITED YOU ORDERED IT. EXCITED YOU ORDERED IT. EXCITED YOU ORDERED IT. THIS EXCITED YOU ORDERED IT. THIS IS EXCITED YOU ORDERED IT. THIS IS NOT EXCITED YOU ORDERED IT. THIS IS NOT ONE EXCITED YOU ORDERED IT. THIS IS NOT ONE AGAIN EXCITED YOU ORDERED IT. THIS IS NOT ONE AGAIN WE THIS IS NOT ONE AGAIN WE THIS IS NOT ONE AGAIN WE WILL THIS IS NOT ONE AGAIN WE WILL SEE THIS IS NOT ONE AGAIN WE WILL SEE BACK THIS IS NOT ONE AGAIN WE WILL SEE BACK THIS THIS IS NOT ONE AGAIN WE WILL SEE BACK THIS YEAR WILL SEE BACK THIS YEAR WILL SEE BACK THIS YEAR WERE WILL SEE BACK THIS YEAR WERE ALREADY WILL SEE BACK THIS YEAR WERE ALREADY WORKING WILL SEE BACK THIS YEAR WERE ALREADY WORKING ON WERE ALREADY WORKING ON WERE ALREADY WORKING ON FALL WERE ALREADY WORKING ON FALL AND WERE ALREADY WORKING ON FALL AND HOLIDAY WERE ALREADY WORKING ON FALL AND HOLIDAY SHOWS WERE ALREADY WORKING ON FALL AND HOLIDAY SHOWS F FALL AND HOLIDAY SHOWS F FALL AND HOLIDAY SHOWS F WE FALL AND HOLIDAY SHOWS F WE START FALL AND HOLIDAY SHOWS F WE START WORKING FALL AND HOLIDAY SHOWS F WE START WORKING SO FALL AND HOLIDAY SHOWS F WE START WORKING SO FAR WE START WORKING SO FAR WE START WORKING SO FAR AHEAD WE START WORKING SO FAR AHEAD ON WE START WORKING SO FAR AHEAD ON THE WE START WORKING SO FAR AHEAD ON THE SHOWS AHEAD ON THE SHOWS AHEAD ON THE SHOWS BECAUSE AHEAD ON THE SHOWS BECAUSE IT AHEAD ON THE SHOWS BECAUSE IT TAKES AHEAD ON THE SHOWS BECAUSE IT TAKES A AHEAD ON THE SHOWS BECAUSE IT TAKES A LONG BECAUSE IT TAKES A LONG BECAUSE IT TAKES A LONG TIME BECAUSE IT TAKES A LONG TIME TO BECAUSE IT TAKES A LONG TIME TO MAKE BECAUSE IT TAKES A LONG TIME TO MAKE THIS BECAUSE IT TAKES A LONG TIME TO MAKE THIS JEWELR BECAUSE IT TAKES A LONG TIME TO MAKE THIS JEWELRY TIME TO MAKE THIS JEWELRY TIME TO MAKE THIS JEWELRY THESE-- TIME TO MAKE THIS JEWELRY THESE-- THIS TIME TO MAKE THIS JEWELRY THESE-- THIS IS TIME TO MAKE THIS JEWELRY THESE-- THIS IS THE TIME TO MAKE THIS JEWELRY THESE-- THIS IS THE TH THESE-- THIS IS THE TH THESE-- THIS IS THE TH KIND THESE-- THIS IS THE TH KIND OF THESE-- THIS IS THE TH KIND OF MINING THESE-- THIS IS THE TH KIND OF MINING THAT THESE-- THIS IS THE TH KIND OF MINING THAT IS KIND OF MINING THAT IS KIND OF MINING THAT IS ALL KIND OF MINING THAT IS ALL PICKAX KIND OF MINING THAT IS ALL PICKAX MINING KIND OF MINING THAT IS ALL PICKAX MINING . KIND OF MINING THAT IS ALL PICKAX MINING . IT'S ALL PICKAX MINING . IT'S ALL PICKAX MINING . IT'S PAINSTAKING ALL PICKAX MINING . IT'S PAINSTAKING WHAT ALL PICKAX MINING . IT'S PAINSTAKING WHAT THEY ALL PICKAX MINING . IT'S PAINSTAKING WHAT THEY DO PAINSTAKING WHAT THEY DO PAINSTAKING WHAT THEY DO . PAINSTAKING WHAT THEY DO . THEY PAINSTAKING WHAT THEY DO . THEY LITERALLY PAINSTAKING WHAT THEY DO . THEY LITERALLY HAVE PAINSTAKING WHAT THEY DO . THEY LITERALLY HAVE TO . THEY LITERALLY HAVE TO . THEY LITERALLY HAVE TO SORT . THEY LITERALLY HAVE TO SORT ASIDE . THEY LITERALLY HAVE TO SORT ASIDE ALL . THEY LITERALLY HAVE TO SORT ASIDE ALL THE . THEY LITERALLY HAVE TO SORT ASIDE ALL THE SORT SORT ASIDE ALL THE SORT SORT ASIDE ALL THE SORT FINEST SORT ASIDE ALL THE SORT FINEST MATERIAL SORT ASIDE ALL THE SORT FINEST MATERIAL FOR SORT ASIDE ALL THE SORT FINEST MATERIAL FOR THIS FINEST MATERIAL FOR THIS FINEST MATERIAL FOR THIS COLLECTION. FINEST MATERIAL FOR THIS COLLECTION. THEY FINEST MATERIAL FOR THIS COLLECTION. THEY ARE FINEST MATERIAL FOR THIS COLLECTION. THEY ARE NOT COLLECTION. THEY ARE NOT COLLECTION. THEY ARE NOT CLOUDY COLLECTION. THEY ARE NOT CLOUDY DAY, COLLECTION. THEY ARE NOT CLOUDY DAY, YOUR COLLECTION. THEY ARE NOT CLOUDY DAY, YOUR STONES CLOUDY DAY, YOUR STONES CLOUDY DAY, YOUR STONES STONES--THAT. STONES--THAT. STONES--THAT. IS STONES--THAT. IS LIKE STONES--THAT. IS LIKE BUYING STONES--THAT. IS LIKE BUYING A STONES--THAT. IS LIKE BUYING A PERFECT IS LIKE BUYING A PERFECT IS LIKE BUYING A PERFECT DIAMOND, IS LIKE BUYING A PERFECT DIAMOND, THEY IS LIKE BUYING A PERFECT DIAMOND, THEY GO IS LIKE BUYING A PERFECT DIAMOND, THEY GO TO IS LIKE BUYING A PERFECT DIAMOND, THEY GO TO DIAM DIAMOND, THEY GO TO DIAM DIAMOND, THEY GO TO DIAM ENTER DIAMOND, THEY GO TO DIAM ENTER EFFORTS DIAMOND, THEY GO TO DIAM ENTER EFFORTS FOR DIAMOND, THEY GO TO DIAM ENTER EFFORTS FOR DAD, ENTER EFFORTS FOR DAD, ENTER EFFORTS FOR DAD, PER ENTER EFFORTS FOR DAD, PER YOUR ENTER EFFORTS FOR DAD, PER YOUR HSN ENTER EFFORTS FOR DAD, PER YOUR HSN AND ENTER EFFORTS FOR DAD, PER YOUR HSN AND FOR ENTER EFFORTS FOR DAD, PER YOUR HSN AND FOR PER PER YOUR HSN AND FOR PER PER YOUR HSN AND FOR PER THIS PER YOUR HSN AND FOR PER THIS COLLECTION PER YOUR HSN AND FOR PER THIS COLLECTION TO PER YOUR HSN AND FOR PER THIS COLLECTION TO MAKE THIS COLLECTION TO MAKE THIS COLLECTION TO MAKE SURE THIS COLLECTION TO MAKE SURE THAT THIS COLLECTION TO MAKE SURE THAT YOU'RE THIS COLLECTION TO MAKE SURE THAT YOU'RE GETTING SURE THAT YOU'RE GETTING SURE THAT YOU'RE GETTING THE SURE THAT YOU'RE GETTING THE FINEST-DEB. THE FINEST-DEB. THE FINEST-DEB. MATERIAL THE FINEST-DEB. MATERIAL THAT THE FINEST-DEB. MATERIAL THAT IS THE FINEST-DEB. MATERIAL THAT IS WHY THE FINEST-DEB. MATERIAL THAT IS WHY MAT MATERIAL THAT IS WHY MAT MATERIAL THAT IS WHY MAT IT'S MATERIAL THAT IS WHY MAT IT'S CONSISTENT MATERIAL THAT IS WHY MAT IT'S CONSISTENT ACROSS IT'S CONSISTENT ACROSS IT'S CONSISTENT ACROSS THE IT'S CONSISTENT ACROSS THE BOARD IT'S CONSISTENT ACROSS THE BOARD WE IT'S CONSISTENT ACROSS THE BOARD WE LOOK IT'S CONSISTENT ACROSS THE BOARD WE LOOK AT IT'S CONSISTENT ACROSS THE BOARD WE LOOK AT THE THE BOARD WE LOOK AT THE THE BOARD WE LOOK AT THE QUALITY THE BOARD WE LOOK AT THE QUALITY OF THE BOARD WE LOOK AT THE QUALITY OF AREA THE BOARD WE LOOK AT THE QUALITY OF AREA POSITIVE QUALITY OF AREA POSITIVE QUALITY OF AREA POSITIVE QUALITY QUALITY OF AREA POSITIVE QUALITY OF QUALITY OF AREA POSITIVE QUALITY OF THE QUALITY OF AREA POSITIVE QUALITY OF THE STONE QUALITY OF AREA POSITIVE QUALITY OF THE STONE IN QUALITY OF THE STONE IN QUALITY OF THE STONE IN THE QUALITY OF THE STONE IN THE RING, QUALITY OF THE STONE IN THE RING, THEY QUALITY OF THE STONE IN THE RING, THEY ARE THE RING, THEY ARE THE RING, THEY ARE MAGICAL THE RING, THEY ARE MAGICAL . THE RING, THEY ARE MAGICAL . ABSOLUTELY MAGICAL . ABSOLUTELY MAGICAL . ABSOLUTELY BEAUTIFUL MAGICAL . ABSOLUTELY BEAUTIFUL . MAGICAL . ABSOLUTELY BEAUTIFUL . AND MAGICAL . ABSOLUTELY BEAUTIFUL . AND IT'S MAGICAL . ABSOLUTELY BEAUTIFUL . AND IT'S FUN BEAUTIFUL . AND IT'S FUN BEAUTIFUL . AND IT'S FUN IS BEAUTIFUL . AND IT'S FUN IS A BEAUTIFUL . AND IT'S FUN IS A WONDERFUL BEAUTIFUL . AND IT'S FUN IS A WONDERFUL WAY BEAUTIFUL . AND IT'S FUN IS A WONDERFUL WAY TO BEAUTIFUL . AND IT'S FUN IS A WONDERFUL WAY TO GET IS A WONDERFUL WAY TO GET IS A WONDERFUL WAY TO GET , IS A WONDERFUL WAY TO GET , AGAIN IS A WONDERFUL WAY TO GET , AGAIN SUPPORT IS A WONDERFUL WAY TO GET , AGAIN SUPPORT A , AGAIN SUPPORT A , AGAIN SUPPORT A AMERICAN , AGAIN SUPPORT A AMERICAN DESIGNER, , AGAIN SUPPORT A AMERICAN DESIGNER, AN AMERICAN DESIGNER, AN AMERICAN DESIGNER, AN AMERICAN AMERICAN DESIGNER, AN AMERICAN MIND, AMERICAN DESIGNER, AN AMERICAN MIND, THE AMERICAN DESIGNER, AN AMERICAN MIND, THE ONLY AMERICAN MIND, THE ONLY AMERICAN MIND, THE ONLY FEMALE AMERICAN MIND, THE ONLY FEMALE MIND AMERICAN MIND, THE ONLY FEMALE MIND OWNER AMERICAN MIND, THE ONLY FEMALE MIND OWNER IN AMERICAN MIND, THE ONLY FEMALE MIND OWNER IN THE FEMALE MIND OWNER IN THE FEMALE MIND OWNER IN THE WORLD FEMALE MIND OWNER IN THE WORLD . FEMALE MIND OWNER IN THE WORLD . THAT FEMALE MIND OWNER IN THE WORLD . THAT WE FEMALE MIND OWNER IN THE WORLD . THAT WE ARE FEMALE MIND OWNER IN THE WORLD . THAT WE ARE WORL WORLD . THAT WE ARE WORL WORLD . THAT WE ARE WORL AWARE WORLD . THAT WE ARE WORL AWARE OF WORLD . THAT WE ARE WORL AWARE OF . WORLD . THAT WE ARE WORL AWARE OF . >>GUEST: WORLD . THAT WE ARE WORL AWARE OF . >>GUEST: IT'S AWARE OF . >>GUEST: IT'S AWARE OF . >>GUEST: IT'S CRAZY AWARE OF . >>GUEST: IT'S CRAZY TRUE, AWARE OF . >>GUEST: IT'S CRAZY TRUE, GIRL AWARE OF . >>GUEST: IT'S CRAZY TRUE, GIRL POWER, CRAZY TRUE, GIRL POWER, CRAZY TRUE, GIRL POWER, AND CRAZY TRUE, GIRL POWER, AND WE CRAZY TRUE, GIRL POWER, AND WE ARE CRAZY TRUE, GIRL POWER, AND WE ARE ALL CRAZY TRUE, GIRL POWER, AND WE ARE ALL MOMS CRAZY TRUE, GIRL POWER, AND WE ARE ALL MOMS . AND WE ARE ALL MOMS . AND WE ARE ALL MOMS . WE'RE AND WE ARE ALL MOMS . WE'RE ALL AND WE ARE ALL MOMS . WE'RE ALL WORKING AND WE ARE ALL MOMS . WE'RE ALL WORKING WE'RE WE'RE ALL WORKING WE'RE WE'RE ALL WORKING WE'RE MOTHERS WE'RE ALL WORKING WE'RE MOTHERS . WE'RE ALL WORKING WE'RE MOTHERS . IT'S WE'RE ALL WORKING WE'RE MOTHERS . IT'S FABULOUS MOTHERS . IT'S FABULOUS MOTHERS . IT'S FABULOUS . MOTHERS . IT'S FABULOUS . SO MOTHERS . IT'S FABULOUS . SO HAPPY MOTHERS . IT'S FABULOUS . SO HAPPY MOTHER'S MOTHERS . IT'S FABULOUS . SO HAPPY MOTHER'S DAY . SO HAPPY MOTHER'S DAY . SO HAPPY MOTHER'S DAY TO . SO HAPPY MOTHER'S DAY TO YOU . SO HAPPY MOTHER'S DAY TO YOU I . SO HAPPY MOTHER'S DAY TO YOU I AM . SO HAPPY MOTHER'S DAY TO YOU I AM HOPING . SO HAPPY MOTHER'S DAY TO YOU I AM HOPING YOU TO YOU I AM HOPING YOU TO YOU I AM HOPING YOU WILL TO YOU I AM HOPING YOU WILL HAVE TO YOU I AM HOPING YOU WILL HAVE THE TO YOU I AM HOPING YOU WILL HAVE THE WILL TO YOU I AM HOPING YOU WILL HAVE THE WILL HAVE WILL HAVE THE WILL HAVE WILL HAVE THE WILL HAVE OPPORTUNITY WILL HAVE THE WILL HAVE OPPORTUNITY TO WILL HAVE THE WILL HAVE OPPORTUNITY TO PICK WILL HAVE THE WILL HAVE OPPORTUNITY TO PICK ONE OPPORTUNITY TO PICK ONE OPPORTUNITY TO PICK ONE UP OPPORTUNITY TO PICK ONE UP BECAUSE OPPORTUNITY TO PICK ONE UP BECAUSE I OPPORTUNITY TO PICK ONE UP BECAUSE I THINK OPPORTUNITY TO PICK ONE UP BECAUSE I THINK YOU UP BECAUSE I THINK YOU UP BECAUSE I THINK YOU WILL UP BECAUSE I THINK YOU WILL GASP UP BECAUSE I THINK YOU WILL GASP WHEN UP BECAUSE I THINK YOU WILL GASP WHEN YOU UP BECAUSE I THINK YOU WILL GASP WHEN YOU OPEN WILL GASP WHEN YOU OPEN WILL GASP WHEN YOU OPEN UP WILL GASP WHEN YOU OPEN UP THE WILL GASP WHEN YOU OPEN UP THE BOX WILL GASP WHEN YOU OPEN UP THE BOX I WILL GASP WHEN YOU OPEN UP THE BOX I THINK WILL GASP WHEN YOU OPEN UP THE BOX I THINK YOU(.. UP THE BOX I THINK YOU(.. UP THE BOX I THINK YOU(.. YOU(...) YOU(...) YOU(...) >>HOST: YOU(...) >>HOST: (...) YOU(...) >>HOST: (...) WE YOU(...) >>HOST: (...) WE HAD YOU(...) >>HOST: (...) WE HAD TO >>HOST: (...) WE HAD TO >>HOST: (...) WE HAD TO DO >>HOST: (...) WE HAD TO DO THAT >>HOST: (...) WE HAD TO DO THAT IS >>HOST: (...) WE HAD TO DO THAT IS SO >>HOST: (...) WE HAD TO DO THAT IS SO GORGEOUS DO THAT IS SO GORGEOUS DO THAT IS SO GORGEOUS AND DO THAT IS SO GORGEOUS AND I DO THAT IS SO GORGEOUS AND I LOVE, DO THAT IS SO GORGEOUS AND I LOVE, TOMMY DO THAT IS SO GORGEOUS AND I LOVE, TOMMY ABOUT AND I LOVE, TOMMY ABOUT AND I LOVE, TOMMY ABOUT THE AND I LOVE, TOMMY ABOUT THE TEXTURE AND I LOVE, TOMMY ABOUT THE TEXTURE THAT AND I LOVE, TOMMY ABOUT THE TEXTURE THAT YOU AND I LOVE, TOMMY ABOUT THE TEXTURE THAT YOU PUT THE TEXTURE THAT YOU PUT THE TEXTURE THAT YOU PUT ON THE TEXTURE THAT YOU PUT ON THE THE TEXTURE THAT YOU PUT ON THE BAND THE TEXTURE THAT YOU PUT ON THE BAND . ON THE BAND . ON THE BAND . >>GUEST: ON THE BAND . >>GUEST: I ON THE BAND . >>GUEST: I AM ON THE BAND . >>GUEST: I AM A ON THE BAND . >>GUEST: I AM A TEXTURE >>GUEST: I AM A TEXTURE >>GUEST: I AM A TEXTURE GIRL >>GUEST: I AM A TEXTURE GIRL . >>GUEST: I AM A TEXTURE GIRL . I >>GUEST: I AM A TEXTURE GIRL . I LOVE >>GUEST: I AM A TEXTURE GIRL . I LOVE TEXTURE >>GUEST: I AM A TEXTURE GIRL . I LOVE TEXTURE . GIRL . I LOVE TEXTURE . GIRL . I LOVE TEXTURE . NUC, GIRL . I LOVE TEXTURE . NUC, THE GIRL . I LOVE TEXTURE . NUC, THE CLOSE-UP NUC, THE CLOSE-UP NUC, THE CLOSE-UP GRAPHIC, NUC, THE CLOSE-UP GRAPHIC, YOU NUC, THE CLOSE-UP GRAPHIC, YOU DON'T NUC, THE CLOSE-UP GRAPHIC, YOU DON'T GRAPH GRAPHIC, YOU DON'T GRAPH GRAPHIC, YOU DON'T GRAPH REALLY GRAPHIC, YOU DON'T GRAPH REALLY SEE GRAPHIC, YOU DON'T GRAPH REALLY SEE THAT GRAPHIC, YOU DON'T GRAPH REALLY SEE THAT ON GRAPHIC, YOU DON'T GRAPH REALLY SEE THAT ON YOUR REALLY SEE THAT ON YOUR REALLY SEE THAT ON YOUR FINGER, REALLY SEE THAT ON YOUR FINGER, YOU REALLY SEE THAT ON YOUR FINGER, YOU DON'T REALLY SEE THAT ON YOUR FINGER, YOU DON'T SEE REALLY SEE THAT ON YOUR FINGER, YOU DON'T SEE FI FINGER, YOU DON'T SEE FI FINGER, YOU DON'T SEE FI ANY FINGER, YOU DON'T SEE FI ANY PATTERN FINGER, YOU DON'T SEE FI ANY PATTERN WHICH FINGER, YOU DON'T SEE FI ANY PATTERN WHICH I FINGER, YOU DON'T SEE FI ANY PATTERN WHICH I LIKE FINGER, YOU DON'T SEE FI ANY PATTERN WHICH I LIKE, ANY PATTERN WHICH I LIKE, ANY PATTERN WHICH I LIKE, LIKE ANY PATTERN WHICH I LIKE, LIKE HER ANY PATTERN WHICH I LIKE, LIKE HER EAT ANY PATTERN WHICH I LIKE, LIKE HER EAT CAT ANY PATTERN WHICH I LIKE, LIKE HER EAT CAT TOP LIKE HER EAT CAT TOP LIKE HER EAT CAT TOP WITH LIKE HER EAT CAT TOP WITH THIS LIKE HER EAT CAT TOP WITH THIS RING LIKE HER EAT CAT TOP WITH THIS RING IT LIKE HER EAT CAT TOP WITH THIS RING IT LOOKS WITH THIS RING IT LOOKS WITH THIS RING IT LOOKS ALL WITH THIS RING IT LOOKS ALL FREEFORM, WITH THIS RING IT LOOKS ALL FREEFORM, IT WITH THIS RING IT LOOKS ALL FREEFORM, IT JUST ALL FREEFORM, IT JUST ALL FREEFORM, IT JUST LOOKS ALL FREEFORM, IT JUST LOOKS LIKE--IKAT. LOOKS LIKE--IKAT. >>GUEST: >>GUEST: A >>GUEST: A KIND >>GUEST: A KIND OF >>GUEST: A KIND OF ACCOMMODATION >>GUEST: A KIND OF ACCOMMODATION OF ACCOMMODATION OF ACCOMMODATION OF HIGH-POLISH ACCOMMODATION OF HIGH-POLISH AND ACCOMMODATION OF HIGH-POLISH AND MATT HIGH-POLISH AND MATT HIGH-POLISH AND MATT BECAUSE HIGH-POLISH AND MATT BECAUSE THAT HIGH-POLISH AND MATT BECAUSE THAT HELPS HIGH-POLISH AND MATT BECAUSE THAT HELPS THE BECAUSE THAT HELPS THE BECAUSE THAT HELPS THE STONE BECAUSE THAT HELPS THE STONE JUST BECAUSE THAT HELPS THE STONE JUST SHINE BECAUSE THAT HELPS THE STONE JUST SHINE . BECAUSE THAT HELPS THE STONE JUST SHINE . I BECAUSE THAT HELPS THE STONE JUST SHINE . I STO STONE JUST SHINE . I STO STONE JUST SHINE . I STO JUST STONE JUST SHINE . I STO JUST WANT STONE JUST SHINE . I STO JUST WANT TO STONE JUST SHINE . I STO JUST WANT TO FOCUS STONE JUST SHINE . I STO JUST WANT TO FOCUS ON STONE JUST SHINE . I STO JUST WANT TO FOCUS ON JU JUST WANT TO FOCUS ON JU JUST WANT TO FOCUS ON JU THE JUST WANT TO FOCUS ON JU THE STONE, JUST WANT TO FOCUS ON JU THE STONE, WE JUST WANT TO FOCUS ON JU THE STONE, WE GIVE JUST WANT TO FOCUS ON JU THE STONE, WE GIVE YOU JUST WANT TO FOCUS ON JU THE STONE, WE GIVE YOU T THE STONE, WE GIVE YOU T THE STONE, WE GIVE YOU T AN THE STONE, WE GIVE YOU T AN INTERESTING THE STONE, WE GIVE YOU T AN INTERESTING TEXTURE AN INTERESTING TEXTURE AN INTERESTING TEXTURE THAT AN INTERESTING TEXTURE THAT DOESN'T AN INTERESTING TEXTURE THAT DOESN'T SHINE AN INTERESTING TEXTURE THAT DOESN'T SHINE TO THAT DOESN'T SHINE TO THAT DOESN'T SHINE TO TAKE THAT DOESN'T SHINE TO TAKE ANYTHING THAT DOESN'T SHINE TO TAKE ANYTHING AWAY THAT DOESN'T SHINE TO TAKE ANYTHING AWAY FROM TAKE ANYTHING AWAY FROM TAKE ANYTHING AWAY FROM THE TAKE ANYTHING AWAY FROM THE STONE TAKE ANYTHING AWAY FROM THE STONE . THE STONE . THE STONE . >>HOST: THE STONE . >>HOST: NO THE STONE . >>HOST: NO DOESN'T THE STONE . >>HOST: NO DOESN'T I >>HOST: NO DOESN'T I >>HOST: NO DOESN'T I THINK >>HOST: NO DOESN'T I THINK YOU >>HOST: NO DOESN'T I THINK YOU MADE >>HOST: NO DOESN'T I THINK YOU MADE A >>HOST: NO DOESN'T I THINK YOU MADE A POINT THINK YOU MADE A POINT THINK YOU MADE A POINT THAT THINK YOU MADE A POINT THAT YOU THINK YOU MADE A POINT THAT YOU ALWAYS THINK YOU MADE A POINT THAT YOU ALWAYS LIKE THINK YOU MADE A POINT THAT YOU ALWAYS LIKE THE THAT YOU ALWAYS LIKE THE THAT YOU ALWAYS LIKE THE STONE THAT YOU ALWAYS LIKE THE STONE TO THAT YOU ALWAYS LIKE THE STONE TO BE THAT YOU ALWAYS LIKE THE STONE TO BE THE THAT YOU ALWAYS LIKE THE STONE TO BE THE START THAT YOU ALWAYS LIKE THE STONE TO BE THE START ST STONE TO BE THE START ST STONE TO BE THE START ST BUT STONE TO BE THE START ST BUT THEN STONE TO BE THE START ST BUT THEN YOU STONE TO BE THE START ST BUT THEN YOU ADD STONE TO BE THE START ST BUT THEN YOU ADD THESE BUT THEN YOU ADD THESE BUT THEN YOU ADD THESE INTERESTING BUT THEN YOU ADD THESE INTERESTING TEXTURES BUT THEN YOU ADD THESE INTERESTING TEXTURES INT INTERESTING TEXTURES INT INTERESTING TEXTURES INT THAT INTERESTING TEXTURES INT THAT MAKE INTERESTING TEXTURES INT THAT MAKE IT INTERESTING TEXTURES INT THAT MAKE IT VERY INTERESTING TEXTURES INT THAT MAKE IT VERY CUSTOM THAT MAKE IT VERY CUSTOM THAT MAKE IT VERY CUSTOM IT THAT MAKE IT VERY CUSTOM IT LOOKS THAT MAKE IT VERY CUSTOM IT LOOKS LIKE THAT MAKE IT VERY CUSTOM IT LOOKS LIKE A THAT MAKE IT VERY CUSTOM IT LOOKS LIKE A CUSTOM IT LOOKS LIKE A CUSTOM IT LOOKS LIKE A CUSTOM HANDCARVED IT LOOKS LIKE A CUSTOM HANDCARVED RING IT LOOKS LIKE A CUSTOM HANDCARVED RING . HANDCARVED RING . HANDCARVED RING . >>GUEST: HANDCARVED RING . >>GUEST: THAT HANDCARVED RING . >>GUEST: THAT IS HANDCARVED RING . >>GUEST: THAT IS HOW >>GUEST: THAT IS HOW >>GUEST: THAT IS HOW EVERYTHING >>GUEST: THAT IS HOW EVERYTHING STARTS >>GUEST: THAT IS HOW EVERYTHING STARTS AT >>GUEST: THAT IS HOW EVERYTHING STARTS AT ME EVERYTHING STARTS AT ME EVERYTHING STARTS AT ME AND EVERYTHING STARTS AT ME AND YOU EVERYTHING STARTS AT ME AND YOU KNOW EVERYTHING STARTS AT ME AND YOU KNOW IT EVERYTHING STARTS AT ME AND YOU KNOW IT I EVERYTHING STARTS AT ME AND YOU KNOW IT I REALLY AND YOU KNOW IT I REALLY AND YOU KNOW IT I REALLY WANT AND YOU KNOW IT I REALLY WANT EVERY AND YOU KNOW IT I REALLY WANT EVERY PIECE AND YOU KNOW IT I REALLY WANT EVERY PIECE THE AND YOU KNOW IT I REALLY WANT EVERY PIECE THE WAN WANT EVERY PIECE THE WAN WANT EVERY PIECE THE WAN LOOK WANT EVERY PIECE THE WAN LOOK LIKE WANT EVERY PIECE THE WAN LOOK LIKE THEY WANT EVERY PIECE THE WAN LOOK LIKE THEY CAME WANT EVERY PIECE THE WAN LOOK LIKE THEY CAME OUT LOOK LIKE THEY CAME OUT LOOK LIKE THEY CAME OUT OF LOOK LIKE THEY CAME OUT OF THE LOOK LIKE THEY CAME OUT OF THE STUDIO, LOOK LIKE THEY CAME OUT OF THE STUDIO, HAND LOOK LIKE THEY CAME OUT OF THE STUDIO, HAND DONE OF THE STUDIO, HAND DONE OF THE STUDIO, HAND DONE JUST OF THE STUDIO, HAND DONE JUST FOR OF THE STUDIO, HAND DONE JUST FOR YOU OF THE STUDIO, HAND DONE JUST FOR YOU . OF THE STUDIO, HAND DONE JUST FOR YOU . SO OF THE STUDIO, HAND DONE JUST FOR YOU . SO WE JUST FOR YOU . SO WE JUST FOR YOU . SO WE USUALLY JUST FOR YOU . SO WE USUALLY HAVE JUST FOR YOU . SO WE USUALLY HAVE LIMITED USUALLY HAVE LIMITED USUALLY HAVE LIMITED QUANTITIES USUALLY HAVE LIMITED QUANTITIES OF USUALLY HAVE LIMITED QUANTITIES OF THINGS QUANTITIES OF THINGS QUANTITIES OF THINGS BECAUSE QUANTITIES OF THINGS BECAUSE THEY QUANTITIES OF THINGS BECAUSE THEY DO QUANTITIES OF THINGS BECAUSE THEY DO HAVE QUANTITIES OF THINGS BECAUSE THEY DO HAVE BEC BECAUSE THEY DO HAVE BEC BECAUSE THEY DO HAVE BEC THAT BECAUSE THEY DO HAVE BEC THAT THEN, BECAUSE THEY DO HAVE BEC THAT THEN, THE BECAUSE THEY DO HAVE BEC THAT THEN, THE CUSTOM THAT THEN, THE CUSTOM THAT THEN, THE CUSTOM COULD THAT THEN, THE CUSTOM COULD TOUR THAT THEN, THE CUSTOM COULD TOUR EVENT THAT THEN, THE CUSTOM COULD TOUR EVENT WE THAT THEN, THE CUSTOM COULD TOUR EVENT WE ARE COULD TOUR EVENT WE ARE COULD TOUR EVENT WE ARE ABLE COULD TOUR EVENT WE ARE ABLE TO COULD TOUR EVENT WE ARE ABLE TO BRING COULD TOUR EVENT WE ARE ABLE TO BRING IT COULD TOUR EVENT WE ARE ABLE TO BRING IT TO COULD TOUR EVENT WE ARE ABLE TO BRING IT TO YOU ABLE TO BRING IT TO YOU ABLE TO BRING IT TO YOU AND ABLE TO BRING IT TO YOU AND HSN ABLE TO BRING IT TO YOU AND HSN WHICH ABLE TO BRING IT TO YOU AND HSN WHICH IS ABLE TO BRING IT TO YOU AND HSN WHICH IS SO AND HSN WHICH IS SO AND HSN WHICH IS SO EXCITING AND HSN WHICH IS SO EXCITING TO AND HSN WHICH IS SO EXCITING TO ME AND HSN WHICH IS SO EXCITING TO ME BECAUSE AND HSN WHICH IS SO EXCITING TO ME BECAUSE E EXCITING TO ME BECAUSE E EXCITING TO ME BECAUSE E NO EXCITING TO ME BECAUSE E NO ONE, EXCITING TO ME BECAUSE E NO ONE, NO EXCITING TO ME BECAUSE E NO ONE, NO ONE EXCITING TO ME BECAUSE E NO ONE, NO ONE ELSE EXCITING TO ME BECAUSE E NO ONE, NO ONE ELSE CAN NO ONE, NO ONE ELSE CAN NO ONE, NO ONE ELSE CAN DO NO ONE, NO ONE ELSE CAN DO THIS NO ONE, NO ONE ELSE CAN DO THIS IN NO ONE, NO ONE ELSE CAN DO THIS IN VOLUME NO ONE, NO ONE ELSE CAN DO THIS IN VOLUME . DO THIS IN VOLUME . DO THIS IN VOLUME . >>HOST: DO THIS IN VOLUME . >>HOST: I DO THIS IN VOLUME . >>HOST: I KNOW DO THIS IN VOLUME . >>HOST: I KNOW WE DO THIS IN VOLUME . >>HOST: I KNOW WE HAVE >>HOST: I KNOW WE HAVE >>HOST: I KNOW WE HAVE TO >>HOST: I KNOW WE HAVE TO WRAP >>HOST: I KNOW WE HAVE TO WRAP THIS >>HOST: I KNOW WE HAVE TO WRAP THIS UP >>HOST: I KNOW WE HAVE TO WRAP THIS UP IF >>HOST: I KNOW WE HAVE TO WRAP THIS UP IF YOU TO WRAP THIS UP IF YOU TO WRAP THIS UP IF YOU LIKE TO WRAP THIS UP IF YOU LIKE TO TO WRAP THIS UP IF YOU LIKE TO ORDER TO WRAP THIS UP IF YOU LIKE TO ORDER YOURS LIKE TO ORDER YOURS LIKE TO ORDER YOURS PLEASE LIKE TO ORDER YOURS PLEASE DO LIKE TO ORDER YOURS PLEASE DO NOT LIKE TO ORDER YOURS PLEASE DO NOT HESITATE PLEASE DO NOT HESITATE PLEASE DO NOT HESITATE ALMOST PLEASE DO NOT HESITATE ALMOST 500 PLEASE DO NOT HESITATE ALMOST 500 GOD PLEASE DO NOT HESITATE ALMOST 500 GOD THE ALMOST 500 GOD THE ALMOST 500 GOD THE MAJORITY--GONE. ALMOST 500 GOD THE MAJORITY--GONE. SPOKEN MAJORITY--GONE. SPOKEN MAJORITY--GONE. SPOKEN FOR. FOR. >>HOST: >>HOST: WHATEVER >>HOST: WHATEVER YOUR >>HOST: WHATEVER YOUR SIZE >>HOST: WHATEVER YOUR SIZE IS >>HOST: WHATEVER YOUR SIZE IS THE >>HOST: WHATEVER YOUR SIZE IS THE RING >>HOST: WHATEVER YOUR SIZE IS THE RING IS >>HOST: WHATEVER YOUR SIZE IS THE RING IS THAT SIZE IS THE RING IS THAT SIZE IS THE RING IS THAT SIZE, SIZE IS THE RING IS THAT SIZE, THE SIZE IS THE RING IS THAT SIZE, THE RING SIZE IS THE RING IS THAT SIZE, THE RING WAS SIZE IS THE RING IS THAT SIZE, THE RING WAS CAST SIZE, THE RING WAS CAST SIZE, THE RING WAS CAST MADE SIZE, THE RING WAS CAST MADE IN SIZE, THE RING WAS CAST MADE IN YOUR SIZE, THE RING WAS CAST MADE IN YOUR EXACT SIZE, THE RING WAS CAST MADE IN YOUR EXACT SIZE MADE IN YOUR EXACT SIZE MADE IN YOUR EXACT SIZE YOU MADE IN YOUR EXACT SIZE YOU GET MADE IN YOUR EXACT SIZE YOU GET A MADE IN YOUR EXACT SIZE YOU GET A NEAR-PERFECT YOU GET A NEAR-PERFECT YOU GET A NEAR-PERFECT FIT YOU GET A NEAR-PERFECT FIT EVERY YOU GET A NEAR-PERFECT FIT EVERY TIME YOU GET A NEAR-PERFECT FIT EVERY TIME SOLID FIT EVERY TIME SOLID FIT EVERY TIME SOLID STERLING FIT EVERY TIME SOLID STERLING SILVER FIT EVERY TIME SOLID STERLING SILVER GENUINE STERLING SILVER GENUINE STERLING SILVER GENUINE MATCHING STERLING SILVER GENUINE MATCHING HEARD STERLING SILVER GENUINE MATCHING HEARD FROM STERLING SILVER GENUINE MATCHING HEARD FROM HER MATCHING HEARD FROM HER MATCHING HEARD FROM HER DIAMOND MATCHING HEARD FROM HER DIAMOND QUARTZ

French: Traducteur: Morgane Quilfen Relecteur: Claire Ghyselen Quand je me suis réveillé le matin du vendredi 13 mai, je ne connaissais pas une seule personne transgenre. Je ne connaissais pas de mère, de père, de frère ou de sœur d'une personne transgenre. Mais au fil du déroulement de la journée, ma vie a changé. J'ai été transformé par d'innombrables personnes transgenres, les membres de leur famille et leurs amis, qui m'ont contacté et m'ont aimé même si l'Église de Jésus Christ, où je sers en tant que pasteur, bien trop souvent ne les a pas aimés. Avant de continuer, je dois admettre English: Translator: Leonardo Silva Reviewer: David DeRuwe When I awoke on Friday morning, May 13th, I didn't know a single transgender person. I didn't know the mother or the father, the brother or the sister of a transgender person. But as that day unfolded, my life changed. I was transformed by an untold number of transgender persons, their family members and friends, who reached out to me and loved me, even though the Church of Jesus Christ, which I serve as a pastor, too often has not loved them. Before we go on, I need to acknowledge that the story I have to tell you is not really my story. Portuguese: Tradutor: Leonardo Silva Revisor: Raissa Mendes Quando acordei na manhã de 13 de maio, uma sexta-feira, eu não conhecia uma pessoa transgênero sequer. Não conhecia o pai nem a mãe, o irmão nem a irmã de uma pessoa transgênero. Mas, no decorrer daquele dia, minha vida mudou. Fui transformado por um incontável número de pessoas transgênero, seus familiares e amigos, que me procuraram e me amaram, apesar de a Igreja de Jesus Cristo, à qual sirvo como pastor, com muita frequência não amá-los. Antes de prosseguir, preciso reconhecer que a história que vou contar não é exatamente minha. English: It's the story of one of the most misunderstood, maligned, mistreated people groups of our time. I stand before you as someone with five or six kinds of privilege that allow me to be heard today. I am a white, straight, male, Baptist pastor, middle-aged, from Texas. (Laughter) And because of those things, people will listen to me who will not, right or wrong, listen to those who have firsthand stories to tell, but it is those stories that have changed me. Now, here's the backstory to why I'm standing here before you today. Since September of last year, our church has been involved in a detailed study on questions about inclusion of the LGBT community in the life of the Church. We've been asking whether there should be any limitations to full membership and participation in the church Portuguese: É a história de um dos grupos mais incompreendidos, difamados e maltratados dos últimos tempos. Estou aqui como alguém com cinco ou seis tipos de privilégio que me permitem ser ouvido hoje. Sou branco, hétero, homem, pastor batista, de meia-idade, do Texas. (Risos) E por causa dessas coisas, as pessoas vão me ouvir, mas não vão ouvir, certas ou erradas, quem tem histórias em primeira mão pra contar, mas são essas histórias que me modificaram. Bem, vou explicar o que me fez estar aqui hoje diante de vocês. Desde setembro do ano passado, nossa Igreja vem realizando um estudo detalhado sobre questões relativas à inclusão da comunidade LGBT na vida da Igreja. Temos perguntado se devem existir limitações para a plena filiação e participação na Igreja French: que l'histoire que je dois vous raconter n'est pas vraiment mon histoire. C'est l'histoire d'un des groupes de personnes les plus incomprises, calomniées et maltraitées de notre époque. Je me tiens devant vous en tant que personne ayant cinq ou six types de privilège qui me permettent d'être entendu aujourd'hui. Je suis un pasteur baptiste blanc, hétérosexuel, homme, d'âge mûr, venant du Texas. (Rires) Du fait de cela, des gens m'écouteront qui, à raison ou à tort, n'écouteront pas ceux racontant leur propre vécu, mais ce sont ces histoires qui m'ont changé. Voici l'histoire du pourquoi je me tiens devant vous aujourd'hui. Depuis septembre dernier, notre église a pris part à une étude détaillée sur les questions d'inclusion de la communauté LGBT dans la vie de l'Église. Nous nous sommes demandé s'il devrait y avoir des restrictions à la pleine adhésion et participation à l'église Portuguese: com base em identidade de gênero ou em orientação sexual. Preciso dizer que esse tem sido o debate mais difícil e doloroso que já vi na minha vida inteira, dentro da Igreja. Perdemos membros, perdemos dinheiro, perdemos amigos, simplesmente por fazermos as perguntas que propusemos. Durante nosso processo de estudo com um grupo de 19 pessoas, pesquisamos, estudamos, oramos e fizemos todo tipo de coisa, e, uns cinco meses depois de começarmos, alguns membros do grupo disseram: "Olha, já falamos muito sobre o 'L' e sobre o 'G' do 'LGBT', mas não sabemos muita coisa sobre o 'B' e sobre o 'T'. Podemos falar sobre isso?" Bem, na verdade, dois membros do nosso grupo eram capacitados para nos ajudar com o componente transgênero do estudo. Uma é pediatra e trabalha numa clínica popular em Dallas e, coincidentemente, tem alguns pacientes LGBT. English: based on one's gender identity or sexual orientation. And I must tell you that this has been the most difficult and painful conversation I've ever known in my lifetime in the church. We've lost members, we've lost money, we've lost friends, simply for asking the questions that we've posed. Along the way, in our study process with a nineteen-member group, we researched and studied and prayed and did all sorts of things, and, about five months into that, some members of the study group said, "Look, we have talked about the 'L' and the 'G' in LGBT, but we really don't know much about the 'B' and the 'T.' Could we please talk about that?" Well, as it turned out, we had two members of the study group who were well-equipped to help us with the transgender component of that. One of them is a pediatrician who works in a low-income clinic in Dallas and, coincidentally, has a number of LGBT patients. French: selon l'identité de genre et l'orientation sexuelle de quelqu'un. Je dois vous dire que cela a été l'une des conversations les plus difficiles et douloureuses que j'ai connues durant ma vie au sein de l'église. Nous avons perdu des membres, nous avons perdu de l'argent, nous avons perdu des amis, simplement pour avoir posé les questions que nous avons posées. En chemin, durant notre étude avec un groupe de 19 personnes, nous avons fait des recherches, étudié, prié et fait toutes sortes de choses et, au bout de cinq mois, certains membres du groupe d'étude ont dit : « Nous avons parlé du "L" et du "G" dans "LGBT", mais j'en sais très peu sur le "B" et le "T". Pourrions-nous en parler ? » Il s'est avéré que nous avions deux membres du groupe d'étude qui étaient bien préparées à nous aider avec la composante transgenre. L'une d'entre elles est une pédiatre qui travaille dans un dispensaire à Dallas et, de façon fortuite, a un certain nombre de patients LGBT. English: The other is a geneticist who recently retired as a genetic counselor at our children's medical center in Dallas. And so, together, Dr. Rhonda Walton and Gayle Brookshire, both of whom are present here in the room today, they collaborated to create this presentation, and Dr. Walton presented it to us. I can still see the room, this classroom where we met on this Sunday afternoon, and the white board where Dr. Walton wrote out words and drew diagrams to help us understand the difference between gender identity and sexual orientation, how "T" is really different than "LGB." We learned that gender identity is about who you are, and sexual orientation is about who you love, and that these are different things and often unrelated to each other. Dr. Walton helped us understand the increasing body of medical and scientific research that is teaching us that so much of gender identity is formed in the womb, French: L'autre est une généticienne ayant pris sa retraite en tant que conseillère en génétique dans notre centre médical pour enfants à Dallas. Ensemble, le Dr Rhonda Walton et Gayle Brookshire, qui sont toutes les deux présentes aujourd'hui, ont collaboré pour créer cette présentation et le Dr Walton nous l'a présentée. Je vois encore la pièce, la salle de notre rencontre ce dimanche après-midi, et le tableau blanc où le Dr Walton a écrit des mots et dessiné des schémas pour nous aider à comprendre la différence entre l'identité de genre et l'orientation sexuelle, comment le « T » est très différent du « LGB ». Nous avons appris que l'identité de genre, c'est qui vous êtes et que l'orientation sexuelle, c'est qui vous aimez et que ce sont des choses différentes et souvent sans lien l'une avec l'autre. Le Dr Walton nous a aidés à comprendre le corpus croissant de recherche médicale et scientifique qui nous apprend qu'une si grande part de l'identité de genre est façonnée dans l'utérus, Portuguese: A outra é geneticista recentemente aposentada na área de aconselhamento genético do nosso centro médico infantil em Dallas. Então, a Dra. Rhonda Walton e a Dra. Gayle Brookshire, ambas presentes aqui hoje, trabalharam juntas e criaram uma apresentação, e a Dra. Walton a apresentou pra nós. Ainda me lembro da sala de aula onde nos encontramos numa tarde de domingo, e da lousa onde a Dra. Walton escreveu palavras e desenhou diagramas para nos ajudar a entender a diferença entre identidade de gênero e orientação sexual, como o "T" é diferente dos "LGB." Aprendemos que a identidade de gênero tem a ver com quem você é e que a orientação sexual tem a ver com quem você ama, duas coisas diferentes, muitas vezes não relacionadas uma com a outra. A Dra. Walton nos ajudou a entender o crescente número de pesquisas médicas e científicas que nos mostra que muito da identidade de gênero se forma no útero, English: in ways that we have not understood, in ways that we cannot see, before a child is ever born. And she talked to us about babies who were born with ambiguous genitalia, and the difficult decisions that are made about that, and who makes those decisions. And then, she quoted the Bible to us. She reminded us that in the book of Genesis, that is sacred to Jews and Christians alike, we learn, we are taught that all of us, all humans, are created in the image of God. And then, she said this - She said, "I've got to believe that just because someone received a different hormone, or a different chromosome, or a different enzyme, does not mean that they received any lower dose of the image of God." Because she had taught us that these three things - anatomy, chromosomes and brain cells - French: de façons que nous n'avons pas comprises, que nous ne pouvons pas voir, avant même que l'enfant ne naisse. Elle nous a parlé de bébés nés avec des organes génitaux ambigus, des décisions difficiles qui sont prises à ce sujet et de qui prend ces décisions. Puis elle nous a cité la Bible. Elle nous a rappelé que dans la Genèse, qui est sacrée pour les juifs et pour les chrétiens, nous apprenons, on nous enseigne que nous tous, tous les êtres humains, sommes créés à l'image de Dieu. Puis elle a dit ceci, elle a dit : « Je me dois de croire que juste parce que quelqu'un a reçu une hormone différente, un chromosome différent ou une enzyme différente, cela ne signifie pas qu'il a reçu une image de Dieu qui soit moindre. » Car elle nous avait appris que ces trois choses - l'anatomie, les chromosomes et les neurones - Portuguese: de formas que ainda não compreendemos, de formas que não podemos ver, antes mesmo do nascimento. Ela conversou conosco sobre bebês que nascem com sexo indefinido e sobre as decisões difíceis que são tomadas sobre isso e quem toma essas decisões. Aí, ela citou a Bíblia. Ela nos fez lembrar que, no livro do Gênesis, que é sagrado tanto para judeus quanto para cristãos, nós lemos, aprendemos que todos nós, todos os humanos, somos criados à imagem de Deus. Aí, ela disse o seguinte... Ela disse: "Preciso acreditar que o simples fato de uma pessoa ter recebido um hormônio diferente, ou um cromossomo diferente, ou uma enzima diferente, não significa que ela recebeu uma dose menor da imagem de Deus". Porque ela havia nos ensinado que três coisas - a anatomia, os cromossomos e as células do cérebro -, English: for most of us, line up like cherries on a slot machine to give us unconflicted gender identity, but for some people, they don't line up that way, which might create a conflicted gender identity or some variation on gender identity that we haven't known in the past to be normative. Well, I was blown away by what she said. I couldn't stop thinking about it, and I wanted to tell everyone around me. I was out evangelizing on this, and I woke up the next Wednesday morning with a compunction, just a compelling idea that I could not shake out of my head, that I needed to write what I was learning about. Call it a work of the Holy Spirit, if you will, call it whatever you want, I could not not do this. As a columnist for the national news service baptistnews.com, I had a platform. It wasn't my week to write, but I sat down that Wednesday morning and wrote anyway, and in about 45 minutes, Portuguese: na maioria de nós, se alinham como as cerejas de um caça-níquel, nos dando uma identidade de gênero que não nos causa disforia, mas, em algumas pessoas, elas não se alinham dessa forma, o que pode causar uma disforia de gênero ou alguma variação de identidade de gênero que, no passado, não era considerada como normal por nós. Bem, fiquei impressionado com o que ela disse. Não conseguia parar de pensar nisso e queria contar a todo mundo. Saí evangelizando sobre o assunto, e acordei na quarta-feira seguinte com uma compunção, uma ideia que me incomodava e que não conseguia tirar da cabeça: eu precisava que escrever sobre o que estava aprendendo. Chamem de obra do Espírito Santo, chamem do que quiser, mas eu não podia deixar de fazer isso. Como colunista do serviço de notícias baptistnews.com, eu tinha uma plataforma. Não era minha semana de escrever, mas me sentei naquela manhã de manhã e escrevi assim mesmo e, em cerca de 45 minutos, French: pour la plupart d'entre nous, s'alignent comme sur une machine à sous pour nous offrir une identité de genre dénuée de toute dissension, mais pour certaines personnes, ils ne s'alignent pas ainsi, ce qui peut entraîner une identité de genre discordante ou une variation de l'identité de genre que nous n'avons pas reconnue comme normative par le passé. J'ai été ébahi par ce qu'elle a dit. Je ne pouvais pas arrêter d'y penser et je voulais le dire à tout mon entourage. J'évangélisais à ce sujet et je me suis réveillé le mercredi suivant avec des scrupules, une idée pressante que je ne pouvais pas me sortir de la tête : je devais écrire ce que j'apprenais. Appelez cela l'œuvre du Saint Esprit, ou comme vous le voulez, je ne pouvais pas ne pas le faire. Étant chroniqueur pour le service de presse national baptistnews.com, j'avais une plateforme. Ce n'était pas à moi d'écrire, mais je me suis assis à mon bureau et j'ai écrit malgré tout et en environ 45 minutes, French: ces mots ont jailli de mon esprit via mes doigts et sur l'ordinateur et ont créé un article intitulé « Sept choses que j'apprends sur les personnes transgenres » en n'ayant aucune idée du déferlement que cela occasionnerait. Il a été publié deux jours plus tard, le vendredi 13 mai, et est apparu sur ce site à 5h du matin, heure de New York. Quand je me suis réveillé à 6h30, heure de Dallas, j'ai su qu'il se passait quelque chose, car j'ai regardé mon téléphone et j'avais des messages Facebook, des mails et des messages vocaux de gens au sujet de cet article dont j'ignorais la publication. C'était un présage pour le déroulement de la journée. L'article a maintenant été lu par plus d'un million de gens et est devenu viral. Ma femme et moi avons passé un bonne partie de la journée à surveiller les réseaux sociaux, les partages, les j'aime et les commentaires, cela allait si vite que nous n'arrivions pas à suivre. C'était comme regarder tourner un compteur électrique lorsque la climatisation est allumée un jour d'été. (Rires) English: these words flowed from my head through my fingers into the laptop, and created a column that was titled "Seven Things I'm Learning About Transgender Persons," having no idea what those words would unleash. Well, it was published two days later, on Friday, May 13th, and it went live on that website at 5 a.m. Eastern time. When I awoke at 6:30 Central time, that morning, I knew something unusual was going on because I picked up my cell phone to look at it, and I had Facebook messages and emails and voice mails from people about that column that I didn't even know had been published yet. And that was the portent of the way the day was to go. The column has now been read by more than a million people, and it has gone truly viral. My wife and I spent a good part of that day at the kitchen table, watching social media, with the shares and the likes and the comments, and they were moving so fast we couldn't even keep up with it. It was like watching an electric meter spin on a hot summer day in Texas. (Laughter) Portuguese: as palavras fluíram do meu coração, pelos meus dedos, para o laptop e criei uma coluna intitulada "Sete Coisas que Tenho Aprendido sobre Pessoas Transgênero", sem ter a menor ideia do que aquele texto provocaria. Ele foi publicado dois dias depois, sexta-feira, 13 de maio, naquele site, às cinco da manhã. Quando acordei às 6h30, naquela manhã, vi que algo incomum estava ocorrendo porque peguei meu celular e havia mensagens de Facebook, e-mails e mensagens de voz sobre a coluna, que eu ainda nem sabia que já tinha sido publicada. E esse foi um sinal de como seria aquele dia. A coluna hoje já foi lida por mais de 1 milhão de pessoas e viralizou. Eu e minha esposa passamos boa parte do dia na mesa da cozinha, nas redes sociais, vendo os compartilhamentos, curtidas e comentários, e aconteciam tão rápido que não conseguíamos acompanhar. Foi como observar um medidor de consumo de energia num dia superquente no Texas. (Risos) English: Well, over the next two weeks, I spent every free moment I had responding to more than 450 people who wrote to me, or called me. I talked to them on the phone, I exchanged messages in all sorts of ways. I learned the stories of transgender persons, their family members, their friends and others. Ninety-five percent of the comments were positive. Yes, there were a few cranky people. There were a few who wrote to tell me that I was the tool of Satan, or that I clearly did not understand medical science as it was written in the 1950s. (Laughter) But the vast majority were incredibly supportive, and most moving of all to me were transgender persons who wrote to say, "I read that you don't know any transgender persons; I'd like to be your transgender friend." And so, out of that, we moved from online communication to face-to-face communication. Portuguese: Bem, nas duas semanas seguintes, passei cada momento livre que tive respondendo a mais de 450 pessoas que me escreveram, ou me ligaram. Falei com elas por telefone, troquei mensagens de toda forma. Ouvi histórias de pessoas transgênero, suas famílias, seus amigos e outras pessoas. E 99% dos comentários foram positivos. Sim, houve uma meia dúzia de irritados. Alguns me escreveram pra dizer que eu era instrumento de Satanás, ou que eu obviamente não entendia de ciência médica, como ela era na década de 1950. (Risos) Mas a grande maioria foi incrivelmente solidária, e o mais emocionante de tudo foram as pessoas transgênero que me escreveram: "Li que você não conhece nenhuma pessoa transgênero. Gostaria de ser seu amigo transgênero". Então, como resultado, saímos da comunicação on-line para a comunicação cara a cara. French: Eh bien, les deux semaines suivantes, j'ai passé tout mon temps libre à répondre aux plus de 450 personnes qui m'ont écrit ou m'ont appelé. Je leur ai parlé au téléphone, j'ai échangé des messages. J'ai découvert les histoires de personnes transgenres, de membres de leur famille, de leurs amis et d'autres. 95% des commentaires étaient positifs. Oui, il y a eu quelques gens grincheux. Quelques-uns ont écrit pour me dire que j'étais l'instrument de Satan ou que je ne comprenais clairement pas la science médicale telle qu'écrite dans les années 50. (Rires) Mais la grande majorité étaient incroyablement encourageants et le plus émouvant pour moi a été les gens transgenres ayant écrit pour dire : « J'ai appris que vous ne connaissez personne de transgenre, j'aimerais être votre ami transgenre. » A partir de là, nous sommes passés d'une communication en ligne à une communication en face-à-face. French: J'ai commencé à aller prendre le petit-déjeuner, le déjeuner, le dîner et le café avec de nouveaux amis qui étaient transgenres et j'ai entendu leurs histoires. Ils étaient étonnés qu'un pasteur baptiste s'assoit avec eux et les écoute et moi, j'ai eu honte d'entendre leurs histoires de répression, de persécution et de rejet et de comprendre à quel point il est difficile ne serait-ce que d'utiliser des toilettes publiques en paix. Presque toutes les personnes transgenres que j'ai rencontrées m'ont dit que, depuis aussi loin qu'elles s'en souviennent, depuis qu'elles avaient quatre, cinq ou six ans, elles se savaient différentes. Elles savaient que leur anatomie externe ne correspondait pas à leur identité intérieure, mais ignoraient que faire de ce fait. Elles n'avaient pas le vocabulaire, de modèles, personne à qui parler et souvent, elles le réprimaient et essayaient d'avancer. Parfois, elles se tournaient vers une pratique religieuse stricte pour essayer de se « débarrasser » de ça. English: I began meeting for breakfast, and lunch, and dinner, and coffee, with new friends who were transgender, and I heard their stories. They were shocked that a Baptist pastor would sit down and listen to them, and I - I was shamed to hear their stories of repression, and persecution, and rejection, and to understand how difficult it is even to use a public restroom in peace. Almost every transgender person that I've met has told me that, from their earliest awareness, from the time they were four, five or six years old, they knew something was different about them. They knew the anatomy they presented on the outside did not match who they were on the inside, but they didn't know what to do with it. They had no vocabulary for it, they had no role models for this, they had no one to talk to, and often they just stuffed it back in, and tried to keep on going. Sometimes, they turned to strict religious observance to try to "get rid" of this. Portuguese: Comecei a tomar café da manhã, almoçar, jantar, tomar café com novos amigos que eram transgênero, e ouvi suas histórias. Eles ficavam chocados com o fato de um pastor batista se sentar e ouvi-los, e eu... eu fiquei envergonhado por ouvir suas histórias de repressão, de perseguição, de rejeição, e por descobrir como é difícil usar até um sanitário público em paz. Quase todas as pessoas transgênero que conheci me disseram que, desde muito cedo, desde seus quatro, cinco, seis anos de idade, eles sabiam que eram diferentes. Sabiam que sua anatomia exterior não refletia quem eram por dentro, mas não sabiam o que fazer a respeito. Não tinham vocabulário pra isso, não tinham ninguém como modelo, ninguém com quem conversar, e normalmente guardavam isso pra si e tentavam seguir em frente. Às vezes, recorriam à religiosidade rigorosa numa tentativa de "se livrarem" disso, French: Rien de tout cela ne fonctionnait. La plupart du temps, quand elles finissaient par réaliser ce qu'elles avaient toujours su, elles connaissaient un sentiment de paix, mais elles perdaient presque toujours de la famille, des collègues et des amis à tous les coups, qui les laissaient tomber. Il y a nombre d'histoires dont je pourrais vous faire part et que l'on m'a écrites. Je n'en ai choisi que quelques-unes. La première vient d'une femme trans en Californie. Elle a dit : « Nous ne voulons pas être au centre de l'attention. On entend parler de fierté ou de pouvoir homosexuels, mais jamais de fierté ou de pouvoir transgenre. Nous ne voulons qu'être des membres productifs de la société et vivre la vie que Dieu a conçue pour nous. La transition vers le genre adéquat est la seule façon que nous avons de trouver la paix intérieure. Certains passent leur vie à vivre des souffrances inimaginables du fait de leur dégoût d'eux-mêmes à cause de leur différence, du fait de la maltraitance et du rejet de la famille et du manque de ressources. Portuguese: mas nada daquilo funcionava. Na maioria dos casos, quando finalmente percebiam o que na verdade já sabiam desde o início, eles diziam ter encontrado a paz, mas quase sempre perdiam familiares, colegas de trabalho, e amigos, que os abandonavam. Há diversas histórias que eu poderia compartilhar com vocês e que foram enviadas pra mim. Escolhi apenas algumas hoje. A primeira é a de uma mulher trans da Califórnia. Ela disse: "Como você disse, muitos de nós não queremos holofotes. Muito se fala sobre orgulho e empoderamento gay, mas nunca sobre orgulho e empoderamento trans. Queremos ser membros produtivos da sociedade e viver a vida que Deus planejou pra nós. A transição para o gênero correto é a única forma de encontrarmos paz interior. Alguns de nós passam a vida inteira em terrível sofrimento por causa da autodepreciação por ser diferente, por causa da rejeição e violência da família, e da falta de recursos. English: And none of that worked. Most of the time, when they finally came to the realization of what they actually had known all along, they found a sense of peace, they said, but they almost always lost family, co-workers, and always friends, who abandoned them. There are a number of stories I could share with you that have been written to me. I've chosen just a few today. The first is from a trans woman in California. She said, "As you said, most of us do not want to be in the spotlight. You will hear folks talk about gay pride and gay power, but never transgender pride or power. We just want to be productive members of society and live the life God designed for us. Transitioning to our correct gender is the only way to find peace within ourselves. Some of us spend a lifetime in unfathomable suffering because of self-loathing for being different, because of family abuse and rejection, and lack of resources. English: Transgender people have a 40% suicide rate as compared to the national average of around 3 to 8%." The next is from a trans woman who wrote to tell me about her history of attempting to find peace in the Catholic Church, in the Mormon Church, in the Navy, and then to tell me about her 12 suicide attempts. "You don't know what reading your opinion piece did within me. Lately, I've been reading article after article of the attacks against LGBT people, especially those of us who are transgender. I read almost every day of another murdered trans woman. Then, today I read your post, and in shines this ray of hope from my screen. It shows me that there are true Christians out there. Your words brought tears to my eyes, with the hopes that maybe, just maybe, God is still with me. He's here, but I can't yet enter a church with Him." Portuguese: Pessoas transgênero têm um índice de suicídio de 40%, comparado com a média nacional de cerca de 3 a 8%, nos EUA". A próxima é de uma mulher trans que me contou sobre suas tentativas de encontrar paz na Igreja Católica, na Igreja Mórmon, na Marinha americana, e me contou sobre suas 12 tentativas de suicídio. "Você não faz ideia do que seu texto causou dentro de mim. Ultimamente, tenho lido diversos artigos sobre os ataques contra pessoas LGBT, especialmente contra nós, transgêneros. Leio quase todos os dias sobre mais uma mulher trans assassinada. Aí, hoje, li sua publicação, e vi um raio de esperança vindo da minha tela. Ela me mostra que existem verdadeiros cristãos por aí. Suas palavras me emocionaram, me trazendo esperança de que, talvez, apenas talvez, Deus ainda esteja comigo. Ele está aqui, mas não posso entrar numa igreja com Ele." French: Chez les gens transgenres, le taux de suicide est de 40% contre une moyenne nationale comprise entre 3 et 8%. » La suivante vient d'une femme transgenre qui m'a écrit pour me parler de son passé à essayer trouver la paix dans l'Église catholique, l'Église mormone, la marine, puis de me parler de ses douze tentatives de suicide. « Vous ignorez ce que lire votre éditorial a causé en moi. Récemment, j'ai lu article après article empli d'attaques envers les gens LGBT, en particulier envers nous, transgenres. Je lis presque tous les jours sur une femme trans assassinée. Puis, aujourd'hui, j'ai lu votre post et cela fait pointer de l'espoir depuis mon écran. Cela me montre qu'il existe de vrais chrétiens. Vos mots m'ont fait pleurer dans l'espoir que peut-être, peut-être seulement, Dieu est encore à mes côtés. Il est là, mais je ne peux pas encore pénétrer dans une église avec lui. » Portuguese: Uma das coisas mais difíceis de ouvir nessas comunicações foi a quantidade de pessoas transgênero e seus familiares que são pessoas de fé profunda e inabalável, mas que foram rejeitadas, expulsas, botadas pra fora de igrejas e de outras comunidades religiosas, simplesmente porque elas ou pessoas a quem amam são transgênero, e a Igreja não sabe como lidar com isso. A pergunta mais frequente que recebi em todas essas comunicações foi a seguinte: "Será que Deus ainda me ama?" Algumas semanas atrás, recebi um e-mail de uma mulher trans e sua esposa, que vivem na região de Dallas. Elas escreveram o seguinte: "Ficamos sabendo que sua igreja recebe membros da sociedade, como nós, que são marginalizados, e que, se aparecermos por lá, English: One of the most difficult things to hear in these communications has been the number of transgender persons and their family members who are people of deep and abiding faith, but have been rejected, expelled, kicked out of churches and other communities of faith, simply because they or someone they love is transgender, and the church does not know what to do with it. The most frequent question I was asked in all of my communications is this: "Does God still love me?" A few weeks ago, I received an email from a trans woman and her wife, who live in the Dallas area. They wrote to say, "We've heard that your church is a place that is welcoming the marginalized members of society like us, and that if we showed up, French: L'une des choses les plus difficiles à entendre dans ces communications a été le nombre de personnes transgenres et de membres de leur famille qui sont des gens profondément et durablement croyants, mais qui ont été rejetés, exclus, chassés des églises et autres communautés religieuses, simplement car eux-mêmes ou quelqu'un qu'ils aiment est transgenre et que l'Église ne sait pas que faire de ça. La question la plus courante que l'on me pose dans mes communications est la suivante : « Dieu m'aime-t-il encore ? » Il y a quelques semaines, j'ai reçu un mail d'une femme transgenre et de sa femme qui vivent à côté de Dallas. Elles ont écrit pour dire : « Nous avons entendu dire que votre église est un lieu qui accueille les membres marginalisés de la société tels que nous et que si nous venions, French: vous nous accueilleriez et nous escorteriez depuis le sanctuaire. Est-ce vrai ? Est-il vraiment sûr pour nous de venir ? » Je ne pouvais pas être assez rapide pour lui répondre et dire : « Oui, oui, oui ! Venez s'il vous plaît ! » Et elles sont venues le dimanche suivant. Nous les avons rencontrées et nous avons pu déjeuner avec elles après la messe. Pendant une heure et demie, nous avons écouté leur histoire et j'ai été ébahi de découvrir que cette femme transgenre et moi avions été en séminaire ensemble, au même endroit en même temps. Nous ne pensions pas nous connaître, mais nous avions connu cette même vocation pastorale, été au même lieu de formation et pourtant, 30 ans plus tard, nos vies avaient emprunté des chemins si différents et nous avions été réunis par ces mots qui avaient été publiés. Quelques jours plus tard, j'ai reçu une lettre de remerciements, une magnifique carte, qui disait : « Merci beaucoup de nous avoir reçues. English: you would welcome us and you wouldn't escort us from the sanctuary. Is that true? Is it really safe for us to come there?" Well, I couldn't move fast enough to write her back and say, "Yes! Yes, yes! Please come!" And they did; they came the next Sunday. And my wife and I met them, and we were able to have lunch with them after church. For about an hour and a half, we listened to their story, and I was astonished to discover that this trans woman and I had been in seminary together, in the same place, at the same time. We don't think we knew each other, but we had felt the same call to ministry, gone to the same place for training, and yet, 30 years later, our lives had taken vastly different paths, and we had been brought back together by these words that had been published. A few days later, I received a thank-you note in the mail, a beautiful thank-you card, and it said, "Thank you so much for receiving us. Portuguese: você nos receberia bem e não nos colocaria pra fora. É verdade isso? É mesmo seguro pra nós irmos até lá?" Bem, imediatamente respondi à mensagem dela e disse: "Sim! Sim, sim! Por favor, venham!" E elas foram, no domingo seguinte. Eu e minha esposa as conhecemos e almoçamos todos juntos depois da igreja. Durante uma hora e meia, ouvimos a história delas, e fiquei surpreso ao descobrir que aquela mulher trans e eu tínhamos feito seminário juntos, no mesmo local, na mesma época. Não nos conhecíamos, mas tínhamos o mesmo chamado para o ministério, frequentado o mesmo local de estudos, e, 30 anos depois, nossas vidas haviam tomado rumos totalmente diferentes, e nos conhecemos por causa daquelas palavras que haviam sido publicadas. Alguns dias depois, recebi uma correspondência de agradecimento, um lindo cartão, que dizia: "Muito obrigada por terem nos recebido. Portuguese: Procuramos durante quatro anos por uma igreja que nos recebesse como vocês nos receberam". Uma das razões pelas quais fui ouvido pela comunidade transgênero é que me dispus a ouvir. Eu quis conhecer pessoas que eram diferentes de mim. Talvez vocês se perguntem se passei por algum tipo de conversão dramática no meio disso tudo, talvez do ódio para o amor, mas a verdade é que não foi esse o caso. Acho que a conversão pela qual passei é mais significativa porque foi uma transformação da indiferença para a compaixão. Antes de 13 de maio, eu não conhecia nenhuma pessoa transgênero. Não que eu odiasse ou não gostasse. Eu só não conhecia essas pessoas! Não conhecia essas pessoas que eram diferentes de mim e, ao mesmo tempo, tão parecidas comigo. Acredito que essa seja a situação da maior parte dos americanos hoje. French: Nous cherchions depuis quatre ans une église qui nous accueillerait comme vous l'avez fait. » Une des raisons pour lesquelles j'ai été entendu par la communauté transgenre est parce que j'étais prêt à écouter. Je voulais rencontrer des gens qui étaient différents de moi. Vous vous demandez peut-être si à travers cela, nous avons vécu une conversion dramatique, passant peut-être de la haine à l'amour et ce n'est pas vraiment ce qu'il s'est passé. Mais je pense que la conversion que j'ai vécue est plus substantielle car c'est une transformation de l'indifférence à la compassion. Avant le 13 mai, je ne connaissais personne de transgenre. Non pas que je haïssais ou n'aimais pas qui que ce soit, je ne connaissais simplement pas ces gens. Je ne connaissais pas ces gens différents de moi, mais me ressemblant aussi tellement. Et je crois que c'est la situation de la plupart de l'Amérique. English: We have looked for four years for a church that would welcome us like you did." One of the reasons that I have received a hearing with the transgender community is because I was willing to listen. I wanted to meet people who were different than me. You may be wondering if I've undergone some sort of dramatic conversion through all of this, maybe from hatred to love, and the truth is that's not really it. But I think the conversion I've undergone is more significant because it is a transformation from indifference to compassion. Before May 13th, I didn't know any transgender persons. It's not that I hated anyone or didn't like anyone. I just didn't know these people! I didn't know these people who were different than me, but so much like me, as well. And I believe this is the condition of most of America today. English: We are guilty of the sin of willful ignorance and the sin of silence. Let's face it: I am one of the least likely spokespersons for the transgender community. (Laughter) And yet, one of the things I've learned through this is that often we don't get to choose our causes; they choose us. And in this moment, because of what I have heard and learned, it's time for me to speak up, and to help others understand. It's the letters from parents that have moved me really the most, though; parents just like you and me, who love their kids and want the best for them and want them to succeed and want them to be loved by other people, but yet, they've been dealt a hand they don't know how to play, and they feel so alone. There's one mom named Emily who wrote me in such a way that she encapsulates so much of what I've heard from others. French: Nous sommes coupables du péché de l'ignorance délibérée et du péché du silence. Admettons-le : je suis l'un des porte-paroles les plus improbables de la communauté transgenre. (Rires) Et pourtant, l'une des choses que j'ai apprises de cela, c'est que nous n'avons pas souvent la chance de choisir nos causes car elles nous choisissent. A cet instant, du fait de que j'ai entendu et appris, il est temps pour moi de prendre la parole et d'aider d'autres à comprendre. Ce sont les lettres de parents qui m'ont le plus ému, des parents comme vous et moi, qui aiment leurs enfants, veulent le meilleur pour eux, veulent qu'ils réussissent et qu'ils soient aimés par d'autres, mais à qui l'on a donné des cartes qu'ils ignorent comment jouer et ils se sentent si seuls. Il y a une mère du nom d'Emily qui m'a écrit d'une telle façon qu'elle résume tellement ce que j'ai entendu de la part d'autres. Portuguese: Somos culpados do pecado da ignorância intencional e do pecado do silêncio. Sejamos francos: sou um dos porta-vozes mais improváveis da comunidade transgênero. (Risos) Mesmo assim, uma das coisas que aprendi nisso tudo é que normalmente não somos nós que escolhemos nossas causas; elas é que nos escolhem. Neste momento, por causa do que ouvi e aprendi, é hora de eu falar em nome dessas pessoas e ajudar os outros a entendê-las. São as cartas dos pais, porém, que mais me emocionaram; pais como eu e você, que amam seus filhos e querem o melhor pra eles, e querem que sejam bem-sucedidos e que sejam amados pelos outros, mas que se veem numa situação com a qual não sabem lidar, e se sentem sozinhos por isso. Houve uma mãe chamada Emily, que me escreveu de um jeito que resume muito bem o que ouvi de outras pessoas. Portuguese: Quero compartilhar com vocês. Ela disse: "Sou mãe de dois filhos: um menino absolutamente brilhante e incrível, que completou 11 anos hoje, e uma menina de oito anos, gentil, engraçada e inteligente, que é transgênero. Sua publicação no blogue me traz esperança. Desde que concordamos com a transição social da nossa filha, perdemos quase toda a nossa família. Os três laços familiares que restaram são extremamente tensos. Meu sogro não fala comigo diretamente. Minha sogra diz que permito que os 'problemas' da Claire comandem minha vida. Nenhum dos dois a chama pelo nome. Durante um tempo, Claire foi chamada de 'esse aí'. O foco deles é na dor que sentem. Estão chateados, tristes e sofrem pela perda do neto. Mas jamais olharam nenhum dos materiais que dei a eles. Nunca foram a um encontro do PFLAG, nunca falaram com outros, nada! As tias do meu marido disseram que isso é resultado das trevas do mundo e da influência de Satanás sobre nós". French: Je veux partager cela avec vous. Elle a dit : « Je suis la mère de deux enfants : un fils remarquable et exceptionnel qui a eu 11 ans aujourd'hui et une fille de huit ans adorable, drôle et intelligente qui est transgenre. Votre article me donne espoir. Depuis que nous avons laissé notre fille faire sa transition sociale, nous avons perdu presque toute notre famille. Les trois relations qui persistent sont extrêmement tendues. Mon beau-père ne me parle pas directement. Ma belle-mère dit que je laisse les « problèmes » de Claire diriger ma vie. Aucun d'entre eux n'utilise son prénom. Pendant un temps, Claire était « celle-ci ». Ils se concentrent sur la douleur causée. Ils souffrent, sont tristes, déplorent la perte de leur petit-fils. Mais ils n'ont jamais regardé les ressources que je leur ai fournies, ne sont pas allés à une réunion d'alliés, n'ont jamais parlé à d'autres, rien ! Les tantes de mon mari ont dit que c'était l'aboutissement des ténèbres du monde et de l'influence de Satan sur nous. » English: I want to share this with you. She said, "I'm the mother of two children: an absolutely brilliant and amazing son who turned 11 today, and a sweet, funny and smart eight-year-old girl who is transgender. Your blog post gives me hope. Since we have allowed our daughter to socially transition, we have lost almost all our family. The three relationships that remain are extremely strained. My father-in-law doesn't speak directly to me. My mother-in-law says that I let Claire's 'issues' rule my life. Neither use her name. For a time, Claire was 'this one.' They focus on the pain this causes them. They're hurting, they're sad, they mourn the loss of their grandson. But they've never looked at any of the resources I've given them. They've never gone to a PFLAG meeting, they've never talked to others, anything! My husband's aunts said this is the result of the darkness of the world and Satan's influence on us." English: She says, "I've always known that my daughter was different. When she was three, she made her first set of boobies out of slices of salami." (Laughter) "She'd make comments about growing up, when she gets to be a girl and having long, pretty red hair; comments about when she grows up and gets to be a mommy. She put on her first dress when she was six years old, and I literally saw the tension drain from her shoulders, and I saw the joy in her face. A little over two months later, she looked at me, right in the face, and said, 'My boy life is over, and it's my girl life now. Call me Claire.' This winter, she suffered her first bout of suicidal ideation. My eight-year-old wanted to die." And then, this brave mom taught me this lesson. She said, "A loving God did not put my daughter on this earth French: Elle a dit : « J'ai toujours su que ma fille était différente. Quand elle avait trois ans, elle s'est fabriqué des seins avec des tranches de salami. (Rires) Elle évoquait le fait de grandir, de pouvoir être une fille et d'avoir de beaux cheveux longs, elle évoquait le fait de grandir et de pouvoir devenir mère. Elle a porté sa première robe à l'âge de six ans et j'ai littéralement observé la tension de ses muscles se dissiper et j'ai vu la choix sur son visage. Un peu plus de deux mois plus tard, elle m'a regardée droit dans les yeux et elle a dit : « Ma vie de garçon est terminée et c'est au tour de ma vie de fille. Appelle-moi Claire. » Cet hiver, elle a souffert de son premier accès de pensées suicidaires. Ma fille de huit ans voulait mourir. » Puis, cette mère courageuse m'a enseigné cette leçon, elle a dit : « Un Dieu aimant n'a pas envoyé ma fille sur Terre Portuguese: Ela disse: "Sempre soube que minha filha era diferente. Aos três anos de idade, ela fez seu primeiro par de peitos com fatias de salame". (Risos) "Ela falava sobre ser adulta, sobre poder ser menina e ter cabelo longo, bonito e ruivo; sobre crescer e poder ser mãe. Ele vestiu seu primeiro vestido aos seis anos, e eu literalmente vi a tensão saindo de seus ombros, e vi a alegria em seu rosto. Uns dois meses depois, ela olhou bem nos meus olhos e disse: 'Minha vida de menino acabou, e agora minha vida é de menina. Me chame de Claire'. No final do ano, ela passou por seu primeiro rompante de ideias suicidas. Minha filha de oito anos quis se suicidar." Aí, essa corajosa mãe me ensinou uma lição. Ela disse: "Um Deus amoroso não pôs minha filha neste mundo French: comme un exemple de ce que l'on ne devrait pas être ni de comment ne pas agir en tant que parent. Elle a été envoyée sur Terre pour témoigner du miracle de sa création, cette petite fille qui ressemble à moi à son âge, cette petite fille dont le rire est infectieux, cette petite fille qui s'est cachée car elle avait peur qu'on la rejette, mais qui a fini par être assez courageuse pour nous dire qu'elle était une fille et que son nom était Claire. » Merci. (Applaudissements) English: as an example of how not to be, or of how we should not parent. She was put on this earth to show the wonder of this creation; this little girl who looks just like I did at her age, this little girl who giggles and it's infectious, this little girl who hid because she was afraid we would throw her away, but eventually was brave enough to tell us that she's a girl, and her name is Claire." Thank you. (Applause) Portuguese: como exemplo de como não ser, nem de como pais não devem agir. Ela veio a este mundo pra mostrar a maravilha da criação; essa garotinha que é idêntica a mim quando tinha a idade dela, essa garotinha cujo riso é contagiante, essa garotinha que se escondia com medo de que a jogássemos fora, mas que por fim teve a coragem de nos dizer que ela é uma menina, e que seu nome é Claire". Obrigado. (Aplausos)

1 Ora Musica classica armonia e calma dello spirito yoga meditazione zen pace dei sensi musica sottofondo

I'm gonna take an elevator trip up to the top of this very very tall building and in the time it takes for the elevator to go up to the top and back down I'm gonna get a physicist to explain the beginning of the universe to me. Sounds easy right? Okay so I learned a bit about the Big Bang in high school and what I kind of know is that the universe started from a single point and then there was a big explosion and everything moved away from each other and there was a lot of heat and pressure and then that formed planets and the universe is expanding but I want to know what I've gotten wrong. Ah that's really good so far. I guess one thing I'll correct you on is just that it wasn't really an explosion in the sense of... you know there's a big darkness and the universe is like going out into it. That darkness doesn't exist the universe is everything. So it's more of an expansion than an explosion. And it was really hot and dense as you said and then as the universe cooled indeed we did form protons and neutrons, hydrogen, and then they would fuse together to form helium and then we have the rest of the planets forming later. But what was before? How did we get the stuff to expand? We don't know is the short answer using our theories, general relativity and particle physics, we can wind the clock back to the very beginning about ten to the minus 35 seconds after the Big Bang and we can understand pretty much the entire journey right down to that point and then beyond that we really don't know. That's where we hit the singularity. What's a singularity? Well that's a point of infinite pressure and density and at that point - we're at the top. We're halfway through. You have one right down to explain the entire beginning of the universe to me. Do you think you can do it? I'll try. All right singularity... At the singularity we've got a point where we just don't know the physics anymore. We've got black holes and the start of the universe are points where we just don't have the physics yet to understand what's going on. It's obviously got to be like a huge human question like "what came before?" Do we even have a way of starting to know? Yeah we can make little extensions to our theories that might give us hints. So like extensions to things we already know are true? Right. Right. And so then you can sort of design problems where you think okay well maybe the universe is a membrane or it's formed by like membranes colliding or you might think about big crunches. What's the big crunch? Well some people think that we might be heading towards a point where the universe gets back to being a singularity and then it could go again. Maybe we may not be the first of those cycles. It could happen again and again and again. But until we really understand our own universe we won't be able to test those ideas. So we're just guessing? Well we're making educated guesses. Well I guess that's the best we can do right now. For now. Bye.Bye. Wait no but what do we make those theories on? Cause you can't just speculate. You can't just go out there speculating. That's more or less what it is. But like so... As a scientist you're not allowed. You have to have it based on something right? Yes so it's a speculation based on things which small extensions to our laws might allow yeah so we don't have like a theory of everything so we say, "oh well maybe with this small addition", "if we just add this one extra ingredient then maybe we can have this process going on". An expansion process, a recollapse process, multiple universes, multiverses, multiverses... What was really interesting to me in that conversation was kind of challenging all of these things that I'd heard a lot of things about before, like the Big Bang, and what came before the Big Bang and really making it tangible because I didn't realize but I definitely had the assumption that the darkness was something. That the universe was exploding into but it's not. There was nothing there before and I know that sounds silly but it's just assumed knowledge and then to hear how scientists are kind of working with what we already know to figure out what we don't is actually really exciting because I didn't know that that's how they did did it. I didn't know that they are using theories that they can already prove and then making a little change to it and seeing if that works. And hearing that makes me feel like we might actually not be that far off knowing what came before the Big Bang what came before the singularity. What came before... we might know. Hey so if you enjoyed watching me have my mind blown about the beginning of the universe then stay tuned because we are gonna have more videos for you we had a lot of fun filming this elevator pitch we actually had to do it a couple times because a guy in a suit kept getting into the lift and it just kept distracting us, especially Julian. That the universe was static and infinite and just kept going and ummmm ahh If you have a topic that you'd like to see us tackle then you can leave it in the comments below. Please do because I cannot keep coming up with these ideas myself. You can also hit the subscribe button and get updates as to what we are up to but until then I'll see you next time.

[Caroline Uhler] Welcome also from my side. I'm a faculty in the Institute for Data, Systems, and Society and in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and it is with great pleasure that today I'm going to introduce the plenary speaker of this morning, Esther Duflo. Esther is the Abdul Latif Jameel professor of poverty alleviation and development economics and the department of economics here at MIT. She has received numerous academic honors and awards for her research. Just to name a few, she's a member of the Academy of Sciences, she's a corresponding fellow of the British Academy. She won a MacArthur Genius award. She won a John Bates Clark medal, etc, etc. So in her research, she seeks to understand the economic lives of the poor, with the aim to help design and evaluate social policies and we'll hear much more about this during her talk today. Esther, I'm very happy to welcome you here to give your talk and very much looking forward to it. *applause* Thank you very much. A huge pleasure to be here. So, I feel somewhat like an interloper because I'm not a statistician, although I do run randomized control trials. But one nice thing about randomized control trials, the statistic is pretty easy. Generally we need to compare treatment and control and it can be described in bar charts and it gives you a pretty good handle on causality. But, you know, inspired by whatever is happening in the Institute, by my colleague Victor Chernozukhov, who I think is a pillar of IDSS, and Alberto Abadie, I kind of got interested in seeing - well, can I kind of educate myself in other pieces that would be relevant? And therefore I have started working on various topics that people here are interested in. One of them is social networks. I know a lot of people are interested in social networks, and the other to some extent is machine learning - *feedback noise* and I think I need to be away from the microphone - to some extent is machine learning and in particular how you can combine randomized control trial and machine learning methods and in particular how machine learning can help us interpret the experimental results in a richer way. So when I was preparing for this talk, I thought - okay, what could I do that illustrates all of these things coming together for one societal issue? And, in fact, it was very easy to think about, because one of the projects for which the data collection recently finished that we are working on is a project where all of this comes together in the context of immunization. So immunization is pretty essential. Probably one of the best buy in public health worldwide. It prevents illness, disability, death from diseases that can be prevented by vaccines including hepatitis, measles, that we are talking a lot about these days, but of course have always still been present in developing countries. The global coverage of immunization is not bad. It's 85 percent. But it's not great because it really should be one-hundred percent and it's not only improving, in the sense that the last 15% seems to be a little bit difficult to reach and in particular the WHO estimates that if kids were to receive the standard package of immunization - don't even think about the newer ones - we could avoid 1.5 million deaths if the global immunization coverage improved. In practice, about 20 million children every day don't get the the penultimate vaccine in the sequence, which is DT B 3, and a lot of those children live in very few countries. Some of them, of course, have complicated situations like Afghanistan or the DRC (Democratic Republic of the Congo) but others, like India for example, is actually a middle-income country by now. One which has a functional society in general, and in particular a functional Public Health System that has done a lot of effort in time to make immunization available to people, usually very close to their houses, to mobile clinics, etc. and, where in particular, in the whole north of India immunization rates remain very, very low. In particular in the area we work with which is a state of Haryana, in India, where the capital of India sits. So, it's not exactly like the most remote place in the world - has full immunization rates that are north of 60 percent.That means 40 percent of kids don't get a measles vaccine, for example, which is the vaccine that of course we are all talking about these days. So, until now, and that's true in India that's true also in a lot of other developing countries, the focus has really been on supply. With the idea that if the immunization services were available and they were available close to people's homes, then, you know they would just go and get immunized, but despite all of this improvement in supplies - first of all, the improvement in supplies are very difficult to effectuate, because once you want every single month to go to every single village, monitoring that has proven very difficult, and even when that happens - I've done a small experiment a few years ago, showing that even if you manage perfect absolutely ideal implementation of immunization camps in villages, you still have many people who are not going. So the lack of demand for immunization is likely a key reason for low immunization rates in India, and you could in some sense, improve supply until you are blue in the face without being able to really make significant progress. So, how does one change the demand? So, one possibility is to try and change people's core beliefs and that's, of course, very difficult, that's not really my area of trade, necessarily. But, in general, in public health literature, information campaigns, campaigns trying to change persuasion, etc. turns out to be very, very difficult. If people have a strong view that they think immunization can cause autism, for example, or is designed to sterilize them or whatever it is, it is hard to make them change their mind. On the other end, it turns out, and from some previous research we are very clear evidence of that, that many people actually are perfectly fine immunizing their kids. In fact, most people start the immunization sequence. About 95 to 98 percent of kids get the BCG in India, which is one you get at birth. We don't get it in this country, but you get it in Europe and India. So, people are not against it, and when you ask them, they think immunizations are great and the senate has blocked it for benefits at very little cost and they all plan to do it, but they kind of don't get around to do it. So it's not to say that there is not a small minority of people who are dead set against immunization, but for a country like India, it's a minority of the people who actually don't end up in immunizing their children. So a lot of my research over the last few years has been about, leaving these people aside - how do you reach the people who, in principle, are are all in favor of immunizing their kids except that somehow they don't get around to do it. So, I'm not interested in like, shoving people, but I'm interesting in nudging them. So how one can do that? Well, one of the reason why people do not get a home to immunizing their kids is because they think they are going to do it next month. So basically, there is - we all have, and you can just introspect for a minute, you will see that we all suffer from a tendency to procrastinate. So if I think there is a small cost to getting the kids immunized - I have to take a half day off, I have to - the kids might be - are certainly not going to like the needles, and they're going to cry and maybe develop a small fever and all of that. Those small costs are better incurred in a month than today. In terms of benefits at some unspecified point in the future, where instead of getting sick with measles you don't get sick with measles, but it's some time later, there's no urgency. So for any problem like that where there is no urgency and there is a small cost today, these is are the type of things that you will tend not to do until there is a deadline, but there is really no deadline in term of immunization. So you could constantly kind of postpone it until the next month. So, if that the world in which we live, one possibility is to impose a schedule - that's what's been done in this country - where the pediatrician tells you you have to get the shots by such and such time and otherwise getting to school is a hassle, etc. In a country like India it's not really not practical because you can't enforce a schedule if you're not even able to really make sure that the services are there in a reliable way, and you can't monitor that it's been done anyways. So, there are things you can do. One is to kind of offset the small cost of the immunization today with a small benefit. So we ran an experiment many years ago, ten years ago, in Rajasthan, a small experiment - concept experiment - where we give people in randomly many selected villages - first of all, we fix the supply problem. That's what I was talking about before, by making it perfect. Very regular immunization services, and second, we added a small incentive for immunization in the form of the bag of lentils, and that had very large effect on immunization. Immunization - a full immunization rate went from about 5 percent in the supply-only group - sorry, 5 percent when we did nothing, 12 percent in supply-only, 37 percent when we added the incentive. So that was something that's been on the back of my mind, to try to do this on a much larger scale. The second thing you can do is to remind people, so kind of increase the salience, brings people - brings immunization to the top of the mind. So, that you can achieve, for example, by sending people reminders. So this is something that people also talk about in the context of reminding people to take their medication. For example, diabetes medication, blood pressure medication. You can, you know, ping people back - 'please'? It's not that people don't want to do it but there are too many things to keep track of. So the reminders can help. And the third thing you could do in particular, if you were a little bit worried that the reminder would get lost in the shuffle, is to use human contact to do that, and in particular to leverage the social network. So the idea there is to identify people who are influential in the community - who know a lot of people who know a lot of people who know a lot of people - and can spread the message that immunization is - that the camp is coming and immunization is important, and potentially, of course, all of these things can reinforce each other. In particular, if you have an incentive program but nobody's aware of it, that's not so useful. So if you have an incentive program and you have a central person that you can inform there is an incentive program, they can spread the message. So, ever since that very first experiment that we did in Rajasthan a few years ago, I was trying to replicate that on a much larger scale with the government, and eventually succeeded to work with the government of Haryana in seven districts that had particularly low immunization rates. A district is a bit larger than a country, like, quite a few people. And we did a few things there. The first thing is to set up a tablet system, like an e-health system, which was actually set up by - designed by a group here called Sana Health, by an MIT group called Sana Health to collect data and have an information system for immunization for the entire place. So that itself covered - you will see the number of kids in a minute - but about 2,400 villages in those places. So that, basically, this is a tablet that nurses carried to the immunization sites and in which they enter all the shots they are giving on a given day. The children are tracked with unique ID system and in the - unique to our software, so we can know their history, etc. Using that, you can - leveraging that platform, you can do a number of things. So first of all, you have data. I'll show you in a minute that you need to make sure it's good data, and we'd spend some amount of effort doing that, and then you can also, since you have people's - what they are due for - you can send them a reminder. It's essentially free, and once people have received a shot, you can give them an incentive in the form of a cellphone reach-out. So we did that, also we set that up. It was longer than it is to describe it because that software is actually - this data architecture was actually much more complicated than I then I thought it would be, but it was done. And then on top of these things - so we kind of set up the experiment, I'll show you the design in in a minute - and on top of these, in about 900 of those villages were organized to do the social network experiment. So what we are doing, what I'm going to talk to you about today, is to give you some of the results - basic results of what we get when we do all these thing. Describe the social network experiment in detail because there is some cleverness to it, and finally, I'll talk to you about the machine learning exercise that helped us determine where the intervention is most effective. Which is very, very relevant because we actually are in conversation with the government to scale this up and they are willing to scale up the social network experiment to everywhere because that's that's not very expensive, but for incentives, for example, they want to do it where it's going to be the most effective. So we need to guide them to towards that. So, just to give you an idea of what's a randomized control trial, I guess, you know, but just a visual idea - this is one of our district Sonipat. There are many, many villages in Sonipat but the villages are organized around primary health care centers that cover about 10,000 people each. The primary health care centers are sort of an administrative unit with several nurses on it who talk regularly with each other. So the incentive experiment was randomized at that level. So, for example, in this district, you have incentive primary health care center and control primary health care center. So, that's an example - sort of a visual example for one of the districts. You multiply by seven, that gives you the number of PHC's that are covered and I told you the number of villages - about 2,400. So I had gone through the various treatment, we had an experiment. So, as you can see, it sort of gets a little bit intricate, because we are trying to do many things at the same time and we still need power to be able to distinguish hypothesis. So we believe that the incentive experiment could only be randomized at the larger level of the primary health center level, because nurses talk to each other and you can't really have incentive somewhere and not elsewhere because they are going to be totally confused and upset, so we started by dividing the PHC into 70 treatment, and 70 control. Then one other thing that is interesting is how much do you need to pay? What's the level of the incentive? And whether you gain by - because there is drop out in immunization, do you offset it by having a slope where the incentive for the DBT1 is very low and the incentive for measles is very high - or, higher. So we separated the incentive within each of the PHC's. The schedule of incentive was different, so each PHC as then has several sub-centers, and so within each PHC we divided the sub-center into different form of incentive - high flat, high slope, low flat, low slope. So, with a basically level and slope difference. Then the reminder, the targeted reminder can be randomized at the individual level. It's trivial to do. We were interested in whether there are spillovers. So, we first randomize with sub-center being no reminder at all, versus 33 percent of people receive reminder, versus 66 percent of people receive reminders, and then people are randomly selected. Individuals are randomly selected once the first show up to receive the reminder or not, and the reminders are basically telling them 'you are due for the next shot.' That's for the incentive and reminder experiment, then in about, in about a thousand of those we run the social network experiment, which was randomized at the village level. I'll describe the nature of that experiment a little bit later. That's overlaid on top of the incentive experiments. So in that thousand village sample, we cannot have everything floating around at the same time in a fully cross-random - like, stratified cross-randomized way. Just to give you a sense that it's much quicker to give a talk then to actually do these things. When we first approached with the government and first started to design this was actually way not in that chart in 2014, and then we talked to them, finally designed, etc. Finally, we got approval for the study in 2016, started - we did a baseline, the Sana group developed the application, tested it, and the program was launched in March 2017. Then it lasted for about a year and in July 2018, it was - we had the data finished. So the first thing that kind of had to be done was this data information system that we had to put in place. Many countries are now progressively introducing a mobile health platform but there wasn't one at the time. So we kind of designed it very bare bones one, a simple one to collect immunization. So what the nurses do is that they - after they have immunized the kids, they write down in the tablet the child's information, the unique ID system that every Indian has. In Haryana it's very frequent what vaccinations they give and the phone number, then it goes to a server that we were maintaining and then that allows to provide a monthly report for the administration and mobile recharge and SMS and is also the source of the data I'm going to show you today. So just to give you an idea of how many people were in the system, so about 300,000 kids were in the system at some point or another, and, of those, so most of them got more than one shot. 74 thousand of them were fully immunized by the end of the of the program. It's not to say that these kids would not have been immunized without us, but at least we are capturing their immunization level now. So that was the kind of the official data collection. In addition we did a few things. We were regularly checking that the system was being used and apparently used well, and then we really wanted to know whether other data was going to be usable for us. What was the quality of the of that large amount of data that was being generated? So we did these child verification surveys where we randomly selected kids from the tablet data, we went and visited them at home and we asked them what what immunizations they had received, etc. to then cross-check against the administrative record, and then we also did kind of more qualitative surveys in two hundred villages to get data on people who never showed up to the camps. First thing we had to do is to train the ANM. So, if you want to train 1,400 ANM's who've never seen a tablet to use the system, that's kind of a project. So it happened in a sort of cascade kind of a way, where we train the trainer who trained the ANM's. It went remarkably well, they actually were excited which is good because my previous experience working with nurses in India had been somewhat conflicted, that they don't really like people meddling with what they are doing, but they were prepared so the tablets were fine and in fact did a very good job with it. So what we did then is to - regularly, you know, use this to gain the ANM interest, the application was simple, and we kind of empowered them with them to give the administration interest, we use it to provide a report for them regularly. And the ANM did a good job. So, for example, they didn't fake records, which was something we were kind of worried about. So mostly we can find all of the kids in the tablet, they exist, which is a good thing, and most of the information is correct. The child names are correct, the date of birth is correct. Sometimes, the vaccine entered in tablet it says only 76 percent correct, but you have to think that parents are not necessarily very clear of what they got. So, it's not - when it says correct it means it matches, but I would tend to believe the administrative data once actually, that the child is the right child and and people actually remember that they've come. That the nurse is much more likely to know that it was DTP3 than the parents. So that means that - this means several things. The fact that the data is okay means several things. The first thing is that our incentive program is not compromised, there was no widespread cheating or something like that, where all of the incentive went to the friends of the nurses. It also means that we can use and we will use the administrative data as the main outcome. So that gives us - instead of having to rely on survey, we have the whole data to to play with. I announced - so again, this was a pretty big enterprise, to get all of this data together, to get the application to work, to maintain the server, to transfer the information from the server to the provider that was giving the recharge, etc. By and large, it worked out, we got about 90 percent of the recharge - 90 to 99 percent of the recharge were delivered successfully in a given month. On the text message, where about 80 percent of the text messages actually reached their beneficiaries. We don't know if they were read, but we know they were received and open, so that's good. So we - it seems that we have, actually, after all of this kind of work, we actually have an intervention that we can study. So what do we find? So let me go back to describing each intervention in a little more detail, and then the result for it. So for the incentives, if you remember, we had four type of incentive. We had flat payment - these are at the low level of 50 rupees per shot, that corresponds to 70 cents, something like that, or the high level of 90 rupees per shot. And then we had a low incentive increasing payment - so 10, 10, 60, 160, 250. So the overall cost is the same, but it's sloping up with more for measles, where the drop-off is the biggest, and a high incentive with a slope, where now the payment for measles is 200 rupees. What do we find? So to read this table, you - in the bottom line, you have the control means so how many - this is data that is presented at the substantive level, number of things per month. in logs or in levels, so for example the last column is: in a given month we saw about 45 percent - 44.9 percent of kids showed up in any sub-center, and you can see that, so that this is in the control group when nothing was done, when there was no immunization, and with the sloping incentive it went up to 50, and that's quite significant - the stars are telling you that it's significant at the 1 percent level. So basically we got more kids, and we got more about 13 percent more kids immunized in the sloping incentive, and we got zero effect of the flat incentive. If you further divide the slope by high slope versus low slope, they turned out to be equally effective. That means, of course, that low slope is much more cost-effective, but what seems really to matter other than the level of the incentive is that there is a progression, which kind of offsets the tendency to drop out. So that's the effect of the incentive, so an improvement of about twelve percent in the number of kids who got fully immunized or thirteen percent in the number of vaccines that we are given on average. So we were happy, these are lower effects than the one we had in Rajasthan, but it's a much larger scale, much less salient because it's just this tech - this recharges. It's not like you go home with your kilo of lentils, but of course it can be - it's very, very straightforward to administer. So that was kind of a first, nice result. Then how would the reminders - so the reminders, there is a literature in psychology and economic suggesting that it's kind of this golden experiment because it's essentially free and you can just do it, and you bring issues top of mind and people will do it. Now the problem - there are a number of problems with that. The first one is that a lot of people think that, and so we get a lot of reminders. So in the end there are a lot of issues competing for our scant attention to these reminders, and that might dilute the effect of it. Another issue that two of the co-authors in this project, Abhijit Banerjee - in fact, three actually - Abhijit Banerjee and Arun Chandrasekhar has found, is that when you try to convey information that could be a little bit complicated, a tiny bit complicated, for example immunization is not super complicated, but still you have to think about whether something is good for you, you have to think about it. Broadcasting it to everyone might make people shy about going to other friends to ask them for clarification and whether they already understood what this is all about, because if you know that they know that you have the information like you look like an idiot if you have to ask for extra advice. So, in the context of demonetization in India, which was this interesting moment where all of the bills were removed from the Indian economy for a while, and then when they were reintroduced there were many, many, many difficult complicated rules, and they tried to broadcast to actually even talking to people, information about these rules and they found that it was counterproductive in the sense that people don't didn't quite understand what was being told to them and they didn't want to ask anybody's advice. So broadcasting this information to people might be less effective than finding the right people to explain it to, which then people can come to to understand what they are talking about. So this is just to say that in principle there it could have gone both ways. Even though people tend to think of reminders, this complete shoe-in that one should do, anyways. So in this case what we find is like - nothing. So it was not bad, it was not good, it just did nothing. So what you have in this regression is the first column - so the control mean is the same as before, this is the number of shots by month and you have log shots by month, I don't know why we have - we don't have total number of children - that was five before. You can look at measles for example, in another month in an average sub-center, two kids come to get their measles vaccines. If they are in reminder villages, which means anybody got a reminder, not necessarily them, that doesn't really increase, and if they got the reminder of themselves, that also doesn't really increase. So, it looks like the reminder didn't do very much on average. So given that the reminder didn't do very much on average, did we get more leverage by talking to the influential people in the community? So in order to decide whether to immunize your kids you must have some knowledge of the cost and benefits of immunization - where is the camp? When are they going to come? Because they don't come every day, they come to a village roughly every month, but you might be able to go to a neighboring village if you're free on a given day. Of course, if there are incentives people need to be aware of them if they have to be - to have any effect, and they were not advertised very heavily. They had some posters and that sort of went - was a relatively limited effort there. So, to communicate this type of information, increasingly governments want to rely on informal social networks. So not only information on health, but information on new agricultural technology and, of course, this is something that farms do. For example, some of you might remember the launch of Gmail. Gmail was not advertised. A few people got access to it and then they got some invitation. So even when there is the possibility to broadcast because of course, Google could have broadcast Gmail. They chose to go to through informers probably for reasons similar to what I was describing before. So, then the question is, who should you give the information to if you're going to have - if you're going to want to look for a particular, what we call 'seed.' If you want to seed your information, who is the right seed? So what you want is someone who is going to - if they have the information. have a position in the network which means that when they give it - they have many friends to give it to, but more importantly their friends themselves have many friends. So in the social network jargon, what this means is to be central. So I mean, illustrate the idea of centrality with a measure that we came up with, with Matt Jackson and Arun (Chandrasekhar) and Abhijit Banerjee which we call 'diffusion centrality,' where we want to imagine a process which lasts for a few periods, because frankly diffusion processes are not usually infinite, because people get fed up of talking about immunization. So let's say you have - you talked about it for four periods, you have four conversations with people on this process and suppose I diffuse - and then maybe not with a hundred percent probability, maybe you don't talk to all your friends. So let's imagine, just for the sake of this graph, a diffusion process which lasts four periods, and where you talk to any of the people you're connected to with a probability .5. So here the person is - my initial node is green, and what we have here is the various people in the network and the links represent that they are friends. So my green person got the information, then they diffuse it to one of their friends and then it starts again. So this one friend diffuses to some more of their friends and the green person diffuses it again, and it continues like that, and after four periods, on average, this person is - I've crafted such that it's also the average - this can be computed, also this person's diffusion centrality is 13, and if you knew the the shape of this network, the entire social network matrix, you can compute the diffusion centrality for any length of the period, and for any p, the probability of passing. Here is a person who is less central, so we can see that after four periods, they only managed to reach six of their friends. So the idea is that you want to diffuse information, you want to find people who are central, who have high diffusion centrality or another way to think about it, if the processes get long enough, is high eigenvector centrality. Eigenvector centrality is the equivalent of your Google rank page. You know many people who themselves know very many people. So that's all well known, it's been shown both non-experimentally and experimentally that indeed when you diffuse information to the central people, the information circulates faster then when you diffuse information to any random person. The problem is that, if you're the governor of Haryana, you have 7,000 villagers, you're not going to go and collect that network map. It's not happening. If you were going to do that, you could just talk to every single person, right? So the question that one can ask then, is - how can I collect information on who is central without going to all the trouble of collecting the entire network map and doing the matrix algebra? So one sort of natural idea you might think is to ask network participants, to just go and ask a few people 'Hey, who is the mover and shaker in your community? Who is, when they come to know about something, everybody comes to know?' So if you introspect once again you can see that maybe in your department and your group of friends, you know who is the central person. Surprisingly, it is not a strategy that people really had ever used and one reason is that, although by introspection we seem to know who are the people who are diffusion central in our networks, when you think about it, it's like - why would we know? Because it turns out that people even in this small community have a very, very poor image of the social network in which they live. So if you ask them 'who are your friends?' they of course know who their friends are, but if you ask them who the friends of their friends are, they have no idea and of course the friend of the friend of their friend is not - there is no view. So people don't have the whole social network mapping in their head, so they cannot calculate diffusion centrality, they can't do it. They don't have the information, so a priori, it would think that that's not something that people should be able to do. So in previous work, we have a very simple theoretical result and we show that, in fact, it works in in practice, in kind of test case experience, which shows that even though people might have a very poor idea of their network, in general, there still will - could know who are the influential people. And the magic of it is that it works in reverse. Which is, someone who is very good at collecting information is also someone that you will tend to hear about. So imagine, for example, that people are sometimes hit with news like 'my brother got a child'. My brother did get a child, on April 4th. So now, like, some 200 of my closest friends just learned this fact, that Esther's brother got a child, and then you're going to diffuse it to your friend, and you're going to diffuse to your friend, and after some time you might know how many times you've heard that news that Esther's brother got a child, and if you've heard it many times it means that there is many route that goes from Esther to you and therefore that must be someone who is fairly central, and if the process of information are long enough - so even with very short diffusion process, it's correlated with centrality and if they are long enough it actually is eigenvector centrality. So that's - so the people that we hear about a lot, even if we don't know them ourselves, must be people who are quite central, and therefore I could go to you or to a few of you and ask who are the influential people in your network, and you should be able to tell me. And what we did in our test experiments which was in Karnataka, another state in India, is we went and asked a few people in the village, and the first reason is that they all point to the same people, which is of course what you would expect if they are good at identifying them, and secondly when we gave information to these people it indeed circulates very fast. So there we just apply the same idea on this much larger scale, we went to the villages interviewed at random ten people in each village and say - who is influential? So the way we asked is this kind of this script which is a little bit cumbersome but you get the idea: Who are the people in this village who when they share information, many people in the village get to know about it? For example, if they share information about a music festival, street play, fair, movie shooting, many people would learn about it. So we are very careful to not give a message that was specifically about immunization, because we want to know who is good at diffusing information in general, and then this is because they have a wide network of friends in the village and they could use that to actively spread information to many villagers, 'could you name a few of those?' So that was our gossip experiment. We call these 'gossips,' we call these guys 'gossips'. The government wants to scale this up, but they want to call them 'change agents', which seems fair enough. So we call them 'gossips' and then we are going to contrast - so we are going to, we identify those people, we went to see them, and we enrolled them in the program saying - all you have to do, we are going to send you an e-mail once a month to remind you of the immunization camp and the incentive villagers, to remind you that there also is an incentive. Just transmit it to your friends as you get a chance. We contrast that to random seeds, so randomly selected people, same thing. People that we elicited to be trusted. So, where we ask people who is generally trusted in this village, which is a much harder question that we don't have a result that people should know that, and who is a trusted gossip both good at conveying information, and in addition people tend to trust their advice. Then we contact them and we let the process go, and what we find here - so again, this is in comparison to about, let's say, for number of children, about five children get immunized in every - no, sorry, because this is now at the village level, so I don't remember what the mean is. So we can look at the logs and that will clarify the thing, but when you - when we, in villages where we hit a gossip, where we hit the gossips, we immunize about eight more kids in every month than in other villages, and you can see that when you hit the random gossip it does nothing, if anything the point is made negative but it is very small, and the trusted and trusted gossips are if anything less effective. Although, to be fair, you cannot distinguish that these are statistically different, but what seems to be dominating is this idea, is the gossips, and it works for any number of immunizations. So, on average, in places where we hit gossips, we we immunized twenty-four percent more children than in places where we did nothing. So that's great, because this gossip intervention is very, very cheap, very very, easy to do and so this is something that they could replicate. So, remember that in those villages we have everything done at the same time. So in the table that I had before, I control for the other intervention, but we can also compare them. So this is for the number of kids who get measles in a given month and you can see that the gossip seed have - the gossip treatment - so each of this is a treatment effect compared to doing nothing. Compared to the pure control group, and you can see that the gossip treatment is the largest, actually, and it's even larger than the high slope incentive - in this village the high slope actually happens to be bigger than the low slope - it's even larger than the high slope, which is much more expensive to do. So the gossip seems to be something interesting to do. Then another thing we did, and I'm going to show you this slide but it's - keep in mind, I don't go home necessarily thinking about this as the last word on this - is actually now you can think of, in these thousand villages here I have aggregated the policy so any place that there is gossip, there is a 1 and I'm comparing to nothing, but in fact we have gossip plus incentive, gossip plus incentive plus reminder, and so we can look like - which is the one that works the best? So this is what we find and unfortunately the one that works the best is the lightest, but interestingly the policy that works the best is gossip plus incentive plus reminder, so it's doing the whole package. And for us it makes perfect sense that the gossip intervention is more effective in combination with the incentive. This is what we had predicted and what we wrote up in a pre-analysis plan, because in the absence of incentive the gossip doesn't have any pieces of useful information to convey, it's just like propaganda. So people might or might not pay any attention to what's being said, and in fact, if anything, we find that if you give gossip in non-incentive villagers, the effect is negative. So this guy is keeping to repeat to you that immunization is important is kind of an annoying and it's like 'there must be something weird there.' On the other hand, when you have incentive, there is actually a piece of factual information that comes up which is 'hey, if you get your kids immunized you're getting a top - you're getting a recharge' and so it makes perfect sense that - i don't know how to go back - so it made perfect sense that the effect is the largest when you're combining the two. The reason why I don't want you to go home thinking that is necessary proves - I'm super confident in the previous slides, but this one has many policies, and when you have many policies that you're trying to compare, it's a little bit the same issue as any machine learning exercise where we start to have the possibility of overfitting. So here it's kind of interesting that it lines up with priors - that's encouraging - but I think we need to do a bit more work to think about how to get the right p-value for this thing and I'm not sure the p-values are exactly correct, but this is where we are. So, next question then, since we now have the ear of the government, they are interested, they are developing, they are rolling out their own SNS technologies so they can continue with that. So first, what kind of advice we want to give them, well we want to give them that you can do you can do gossips, and in particular you could maybe combine gossip and immunization - incentive, gossip and incentive, but then if they are going to combine gossip and incentive, they won't do incentive everywhere because that becomes expensive, so the next natural question they ask us is 'then where should I do it? If I'm going to ever have limited resources to do incentive, where should I do it?' So for that, we need to understand whether the effects are heterogenous from place to place and what are some of the available variables, again, you can use to help them guide where they should send their resources. And of course it's a big issue in randomized control trials that many people are trying to do. Every time you have a randomized control trial, usually you have some subgroup. The problem is if you start looking for subgroups. At first, you know, who knows like it could just be lurk or whatever and if you look for enough subgroups, you're going to find some that are going to turn out to have different effect than others. In medicine you are not allowed to give subgroup analysis unless they were pre-specified and you stratified by them, because people are very - the FDA is very, very concerned about 'yes, my drug doesn't work but for people who have red hair and green teeth it's really fantastic' because that might not actually be real. So one route is to do what we did which is to pre-specify what you're going to test, then you have a test that has the right - that has the proper size, because you have one hypothesis that this is the policy that's going to be the most effective, but in general it's - so here we could have said 'well, the effect is going to be larger in poorer areas' but this is something where if you just do that you throw away millions of data because you have lots of other dimensions you would like to use, and who knows, like, you cannot think about all of them exactly. So this pre-specification seems to be an inefficent way to proceed. So machine learning methods are an attractive way to solve this problem because this is a prediction problem, in a way. This is now a prediction problem of a causal effect. So that seems to be like 'yes, this is what we should do' so what you could use is machine learning methods to look for the conditional average treatment effect that's the average treatment effect conditional on a set of covariates that are pre-established at the beginning of the experiment. Now, the sad thing as some of you are - many of you probably would know - is that it's not that we have results that tell us that, in general, we have a good machine learning method that delivers consistency, let alone the ability to provide inference for this type of object. In very specific circumstances, you can develop this causal random foresting that might or might not - you know, that might work. The issue is these very specific circumstances: our set of assumption, that our regularity assumption, that our nice mathematical object that to my knowledge we cannot, like, see in the data. So that's not superb. If you - it's an interesting problem but it's not superb if you, like me - I want to give someone policy advice. If I can tell them under some assumption that I cannot tell you if they are satisfied, it might be a correct answer, then I'm not so excited. So that's why me and Victor (Chernozhukov) have - so I went like with this kind of problem to Victor - so, we have a very good collaboration, Victor and I. Of the kind - I'm asking a dumb question and he goes away and he comes back with the solution. I also provide the data for testing the solution question. So a solution to this problem is to say 'look what the government needs it's not the whole conditional average treatment effect. What they need is some feature of it.' First of all, they need - is there any heterogeneity that is real as opposed to a result of overfitting? Second, if there is one, can you tell me the one variable that really makes a difference between the most affected and least affected thing. So I am back to a very low dimensional problem now. I'm not going to give you the entire conditional average treatment effect mapping, but I can answer any number of interesting questions you might have on it, so I can look for features of the data. So the idea is to use one half of the sample to do the best we can to estimate the conditional average treatment effect and then to post-process in the other half for very simple objects. For example, the best linear projector of the conditional average treatment effect, for example the effect for the, you know, five groups from the lowest affected person to the most affected person. For example, the main characteristics we can see to be different in those most affected and least affected. So I'm running out of time, so I won't go into the mechanism of how you do that, but I'm happy to answer questions, iterate on that, and I'll give you the result for immunization and what's really cool is that here - so this is example with random forest, but you can use whatever you like - what is very interesting is that we do find significant heterogeneity that is real because it's in our post-processed sample, it's not overfitted, where you see that some groups of negative effects - the least affected group has a negative point estimate, the most affected group has a very positive point estimate. Number one - there is meaningful heterogeneity in this sample and believe me, we've tried that in any number of sample, it's not always true. Often you think there is heterogeneity and when you try to look for the best linear projection it tells you it's zero (?) So here we have real heterogeneity and number two - it's actually there is one variable that really comes out as driving the heterogeneity is the baseline immunization rate. So in places that have low immunization, to start with, the effects are larger. So that's very nice, that comes whichever way you measure immunization, it is the only thing that comes - systematically comes out, so that means that we can tell the government - 'you can do this if you want to do this, just target the places which have low immunization to start with.' Very lucky that it happens to be the result, because of course that's what they want to do because it's also good for equity, but it wouldn't necessarily have to be like that. So, in conclusion, I hope I kind of convinced you that this is sort of a big policy issue and then that's a collaboration with the government, with us academics and a very strong organization in the field, that's J-PAL South Asia. Many tools that have to do with data, so the data collection tools and here I really want to give a shout out to Sana who put that together, the randomized control trial and the whole organization of social networks and machine learning, and at the end of it really leads to actionable policy advice. The government is interested in scaling this up, and then we are going to help them and try to put that together. Thank you. *applause* Thank you very much for a very fascinating talk. So, I think we have just a bit of time for some questions. Five minutes, I'm just told, for some questions, so Doro will be walking around (with the mic). [Audience Question 1]: Hi, my name is Khalil, I'm involved in development work in the Eastern Caribbean and in certain parts of East Africa and also in the neuro DDP program. So, my question is about the social networks. How are you able to control for problems of misinformation along the way? You know, if you start with one person and by the time you get to, like, the tenth person, information has completely changed. And also, have you tried to implement this in other sectors? So is there a cross-sector generalizability? So maybe in education intervention, so maybe insurance or credit? [Esther Duflo]: So, great question, so I don't - so, in this case we really have it's a super-reduced form. We didn't really try to trace whatever the path of the information. So we have no idea. We just know that we give them some SMS and we have more immunization at the end of it, so not everything was lost. But we were worried about that which is why we we tried both gossips and - trusted gossip and trusted people, thinking that in the case of immunization, which is something personal like that, it might make a difference, and we were actually surprised to see that it is really the pure gossips that does the best. The first time we did this experiment was a technology diffusion so it was about a cellphone promotion, so that was kind of another sector for us. The immunization was already a generalization from that, but I think people are interested in looking at using it for, for example, agriculture. I haven't seen it used for education yet but you could think about it - whether it will generalize to this application I don't know, but it is worth asking. The kind of - the basic underpinning has the advantage of being very, very, very simple. It's all about how the information diffuses in a very trivial model of spread of information. So that's an advantage in the sense that it will - it's portable across contexts, and that's a limitation in the sense that if anything else is important, like trust or things like that it might break down. [Audience Question 2]: Hey, so my question is about the difference between the gossip and the trusted gossip. So, it seems that if you're a trusted gossip, the effect of being a gossiper sort of goes away. So, I mean, my question is basically do you think that actually people if they ask for trusted gossip name different kind of people, because normally there should be a subset of the other. So basically then you could say 'okay, if you're an untrusted gossip are you even more effective then'? [Esther Duflo]: Yeah, so I think that the trade-off is between - maybe the trusted gossip is more trusted, but it's more difficult to identify them, because we don't have a model that says that people know who is actually trusted. So I think you basically lose in gossip-ness by focusing on what the subset of the gossip that people think are trusted that don't do a very good job at saying that someone is trusted and therefore, they have people who are not particularly trusted because they aren't really good at doing that and who are less gossipy than the best gossip - or you know, imagine it's like - if I ask you, you cannot get the best gossip that you get some random selection until you get the right number, then you would have less people who are less good on average than just the pure gossip. [Audience Question 2]: Great, thanks. [Audience Question 3]: Hi. (to someone in audience) Yeah, that's true. Hey, thanks for the talk. I learned a lot, it was really great. I had just a thought on the feature that you pulled out as potentially predictive - is, of course, whether or not there's low immunization rates - and it's - sorry, can you hear me okay? Yeah, so of course that would make sense if you intervene when there's low immunization rate. I guess the question would be, what is the second most important feature? And I have one to propose and I'll give a little bit of context. So, I'm familiar with two municipalities in India, which are very different. One is in Tiruchirappalli, where you'll have central figures who are important, but the rest of the individuals don't really matter, and another is in Autra, which is in Kerala, and that municipality has a very diffuse topology in their network where you could basically pick one person at random, tell him something and within a day everybody in the village knows. I was wondering if you had done any research on the topologies themselves, and I know you mentioned those are hard to measure or to actually get, but that might be an interesting feature and it might be another problem of - could you try to infer what the topology is of a municipality or a village based strictly on some features. [Esther Duflo]: So, in this data we didn't collect network data, but - a piece of free advertising - we have collected social network maps for seventy villages in Karnataka at repeated points, actually. We've interviewed everybody about the relationship with everybody, and that data is available on - you can find it from my web page and people have used it to look at not only the shape of the network at a given point in time but how it evolves over time so these very questions can be answered, and it's in those cases where we actually had the full network maps that we did with the first experiment on gossips and we tried to look a little bit further on the impact of the gossip depends on the shape of the network and where the gossip was located, etc and it - nothing like jumped as being super pertinent, but that doesn't mean it's not there. We were a little bit of starting to get the impression that we were determining, so we stopped. [Audience Question 4]: Thank you for your talk. There was one slide with a color diagram illustrating efficiency of different kinds of combinations of many of them. How do you explain - anyway, all of the combinations like additional information, yes? yeah so [Esther Duflo]: Yes [Audience Question 4]: So how could it be that so many of them lead to negative effect? [Esther Duflo]: So, I think most of these negative numbers are actually zeros, because they were already with no correction for the fact that there are many things we are testing at the same time, most of the p-values are fairly high. So, I think there are a lot of zeros. So, that's the first of the questions. The one that seems to be negative and significant, if you really believe the p-value the way they are is the gossip only, and that one I think it could be from this backfiring of someone repeating the mantra of 'immunization's important, immunization's important' without any concrete information going with it, but I might be over-interpreting so before even interpreting that number, I would look for correcting those numbers for multiple influences somehow. [Caroline Uhler]: Great, so thank you very much again for a wonderful talk. [Esther Duflo]: Thank you *applause*

First of all, I just want to start off by thanking the organizer. They really put in a lot of effort to make me feel really special as a speaker. Also as an attendee, watching these other talks so I just want to give them a huge thanks Can I get an extra round of applaud for the organizers And also, thanks everyone for being here. So, I'm Blithe You can find me @blithe on Twitter and Github I work for a company call Big Nerd Ranch It's based in Atlanta and some people know it. Alright! It's based in Atlanta and I work remotely full time in Oakland We do a couple of things at Big Nerd Ranch We develop apps, we write books and we also teach courses. And of course, we're hiring good people, always. As you heard, I used to be a scientist I have a PhD in Physical Chemistry And a lot of people ask me what is physical chemistry? what does that mean? Well, if you think about it It's right on the border between what you know as physics and what you know as chemistry That means I spent a long time in grad school It also means I've done a lot of experiments A lot of people asked me "How did you do it? How did you make it through 6 years of grad school make it to the end?" And I did it by using the scientific method and I'm still using it everyday I'm a developer, but I'm still using the scientific method everyday How many of you have gotten an error Google it pull the first answer straight from StackOverflow and put it in your code and run it I think we all tried it And did it solve your problem? Maybe Maybe it did. Maybe if you were lucky But probably not Most of the time, probably not and it was pretty inefficient and the more important question is Did you learn anything from that? The most important part of troubleshooting is learning If you solved a problem without learning from it, It's only a temporary fix It's either going to come back later or you're going to make the same mistake in the future Learning is how you level up as a developer by learning from your experiences And that bring me back to the scientific method How can using the scientific method help you level up as a developer? Well, What is it? Well, if you Google it and go straight to Wikipedia you'll see this definition It's a set of techniques for acquiring knowledge And I love this definition because it can apply to anything any career, including being a developer The scientific method, it's methodical It's an established procedure and scientists have been using it since the 17th century It's also systematic It's a step-by-step process and it's for gaining knowledge and incorporating that into your process and the time for reflection is built right into the scientific method The other day, a coworker of mine popped up in the company chat room and said "Has anyone seen Ruby string interpolation fail?" and I thought that's a pretty interesting question Why do you ask? Why are you asking that? So we dug a little deeper and they were using factory girl sequencing method to create a series of users with unique email addresses. So email 1, email 2, email 3... and it wasn't working. It was failing. It was trying to create users with the same email address and it was failing and they couldn't figure out why and their solution, they ended up just rolling their own sequencing method Well, that may have solved their problem temporarily, that wasn't really the most elegant solution and it turned out, the real problem was that they were missing the hash symbol that was required for interpolation so simple mistakes, but we all make simple mistakes like that We all make them all the times But maybe using the scientific method would have helped in this case The first step of the scientific method is defining the problem As a scientist, this means saying what is the information that you're trying to gain? What knowledge are you trying to gain or learn? What's important to keep in mind when you're defining the problem is forget what you think you know and question everything Just think about open up your mind, question everything and just define the problem It's also important to get rid of your emotions at this point You want to, maybe you're on a tight deadline maybe you think you know what the answer is I'm just going to go do this. I already know what's wrong blah blah blah Get rid of all that and just define the problem You can do that by answering a few questions What is behavior that you're expecting to happen? What's actually happening? and how are those two things different? and how will you know when you solved your problem? What is your criteria for success? This is particularly important when when other people come and ask you to help them troubleshoot Don't listen to their assumptions. Get rid of that out of the way. and just start from scratch and answer these simple questions What do you want to happen? What's actually happening? How will you know when you fixed the problem? Once you defined your problem, you can start by doing some background research and in reality, you guys are already doing this. Everyone's doing it. In grad school, we would just be constantly reading Before we would ever start an experiment, we would just be reading for days and days and days Reading recent articles or sometimes really old article that we would have to go to the library and dig up We were just constantly reading And the reason is because you want to have enough background information So that you know you're starting with the right experiment As a scientist, it's really expensive both It cost a lot of time and money to do an experiment So you want to make sure you're starting with the right experiment and you do that by making sure you have enough background information As a developer, you can do that by knowing your environment So you need to know the language that you're working in and you can always become a little more familiar with it go dig in that dark area that you're unfamiliar with or how does this work? What's going on here? When you're working on a specific application, you can look at what are the dependencies that you're using Get to know those and even which version of those dependency are you using For the case of the factory girl sequencing, probably just taking a look at the documentation might have helped Oh, I'm missing the hash symbol. That's it. You also want to be reading the literature You want to stay up to date with blog post Always be reading what's coming out, what's new There's always a lot of content out there, so you want to be reading it For your specific dependency, you can look at the README or the changelog for the most recent version What changed, what's different You can also look at the specific source code of the version you're using Either on GitHub or using bundle open and the gem name You can pull it right up, right on your computer And dig around in there. Look at what's going on. And also a helpful thing is to look at the test suite of this dependency that you're looking at Sometimes that helps you tell the expect behavior of the gem What's suppose to be happening Another helpful source of background information is just discussion with your friends and colleagues Maybe they have already encounter your problem and they know the perfect solution The best first experiment for you to start with That's really hellpful Particularly, when you're struggling on a problem maybe you been working on it for a long time and you're not getting anywhere it's time to get up and go ask somebody for help Have you seen anything like this? And that's exactly what my colleague did They popped in the company chatroom "Hey, I need some help on this" We have a rule at Big Nerd Ranch If you're working on something for more than an hour and you're not making progress Don't! It's time to stop and go ask somebody for help It's better to get help from other people And of course, sometime the good old rubber duck is a good helpful solution Maybe the rubber duck doesn't talk back, but just by explaining your problem and how you got there is a good way to get ideas You also want to make sure you can replicate the problem that you're having Make it fail. I mean can you even reproduce it? Is it an error you can reproduce? And what are the steps that it takes to do that Once you have that information, you can go ahead and write an automated test to help you solve that problem After you gather a lot of background information, you can then establish a hypothesis A hypothesis needs to be educated and based in evidence So this goes back to all the research that you've been doing And it also need to be something that you can test So this goes back to defining your problem and your criteria for success So once you have a hypothesis, then you can start to design an experiment And the most important part of an experiment design is that it test your hypothesis, of course. Don't do an experiment that doesn't test your hypothesis Couple of tips for designing an experiment One good thing to start with is just dividing and conquering your code base Well first of all, hopefully you've written an automated test So you can just run that test over and over again to focus on the condition that you're working on So that isolate a lot other behavior that you don't need to test immediately right now Of course, you can always comment out big chunks of codes If you're like "I know this stuff is working. Let me kind of comment it out and just run the part of the code that I need to look at right now." Breakpoints are excellent helpful way to do it Say your code has to go through 10 steps and only the last one isn't working Go ahead and enter a breakpoint or a binding .pry right in there You can stop and just look at the code is broken, that is not working You can also Say you suspect there's a problem with the dependency or a gem What you can do is maybe create a new app and only use that one dependency or API Are you still having the problem? OK, well maybe you just got rid of all of the other code that you have written and you know it just with that you can replicate it in a fresh app That's another way you can isolate the code Another important thing is to limit the variables that you're testing When you look at beginner troubleshoot sometimes They try to change many variables at once Maybe it's a problem with the controller over here and the view or maybe it's in the model. I don't know. and sometimes they get down a road that's really hard to come back from and they can't even answer the question "what has changed?" So you really don't want to do that You want to limit your experiment to one variable at a time. Let's test one variable and finish our experiment before we start another one so that we know and we need to make sure we do the analysis part of the experiment Don't be afraid to try something weird Sometimes, you know you think, you're thinking "Ah this never gonna work but I'll try it anyway." And you try it and you find your solution Don't be afraid to do that. Try something strange. You can also try maybe try something that you know is going to break your program Go throw some gibberish in there. Type it in there. And you know it's going to break it. You know it's going to fail. What happen when you run your program and it doesn't fail? Maybe that code was never even getting run Maybe you're not including that file or something So try something strange A friend of mine told me a story the other day about how they've created a table anytime they were trying to do a join with that table, it was throwing some obscure error and they couldn't figure it out What's wrong with this one table? What's wrong with it? So they ended up, they just they got rid of the table They created a new one and they named it Bananas. Just something weird. Like just do it weird. And that actually fixed their problem. So Bananas worked. And they're just like "What? What is going on? Why? Why did that work" and it turned out they had named their original table attributes So of course that's a protected name so it didn't work So trying something weird, naming the table Bananas, that worked for them. How many of you have ever done something like this? Where you dig, you super deep dive. Yeah. You're like oh it's way down here. There's some weird problem. And it ends up being just right on the surface. Something simple. When you're designing your experiment, you want to focus on Think about the hierarchy of blame. Think about OK, what is the most likely candidate for this problem? Once you eliminated the most likely candidates, then you can go on to the harder problems For example, more recently changed code is probably more likely to be at fault than codes that's been in production for a long time and something that you wrote is probably more likely to be the problem than say, something in Ruby But through your experiments go ahead and eliminate the most likely candidate and then work your way down Don't start by trying to figure out what's wrong with Ruby After you designed your experiment, go ahead and carry it out and you're going to start gathering your data that you're going to use for your analysis So you need to think about OK, what's the current status of your program now? What's happening now? Were there any changes? Are there any new messages? Are there any new results from your experiment? What else changed recently? Were there any other things that you changed? What does the log file say? Gather all that information And this one may seem obvious but it need to be said even for senior developers Read the error message! Just read it. Read it out loud. Even that alone will help it. Just read it. Take a look at the stack trace. Look at the line number. What's going on? That's very useful information for a reason So gather that information as part of your experiment. Once you have all your data, you can start doing your analysis and you really don't want to skip this part This is the most important part because this where the learning happens This is where you level up as a developer and it's built right into the scientific method So now that you've done your experiment Did it solve your problem? That test that you wrote, is it passing now? and what about all the rest of your test suite? Make sure it's also passing Make sure you solved your problem without breaking something else And make sure you met all your criteria for success And you also want to think about what did you learn from that experiment? What information can you get from that? Don't just move on to the next thing and say "OK, it's fixed now. Let's go" And take a moment, Take the time to reflect on your experiment. What went well? What didn't go well? Think about that And most importantly, you need to understand why you solved your problem Have you ever said, "Well, I don't why it works, but it works." I have news for you. You didn't fix it. You didn't solve your problem. It's the understanding that cement the knowledge in your brain. That's what make you a better developer. And for those of you in leadership positions, maybe you're teaching a newer developer It's important that you make sure that they understand the why So make them explain it to you, Why did this change solved your problem? Your results from your experiment will also help you determine what's going to happen in your next experiment. Maybe you solved your problem already and you don't have to do another experiment but it will influence your experiment in the future Maybe now you know a better first experiment to start with "I know. I know the fix. I'll start with this next time." Or if you didn't solve your problem, maybe you have a new error message "Ok, you can work with that. Now what's the new experiment?" Or "Oh maybe it's a problem with this gem. I should do more background research on that" Another important part of the analysis is embracing your successes. This is really important. A lot of people they just, they sort of skip over this part and go back to work But it's really important. If you did solve your problem, let that sink in because that's going to drive you for future troubleshooting problems You need to remember all those problems that you solved before and know that you can do it and that you can keep going And even if you didn't solved your problem this time and you're still working on it maybe you got a new error message. That's progress and that's something to be celebrated Another important part of being a scientist is keeping a good lab notebook and the reason you do this is because it tells the story of your experiences either to you in the future when you're going back to look at it or to somebody else maybe another developer in the future So this is the picture of one of my lab notebook from grad school. I probably filled about 10 of these and they're like 300 pages each So I did a lot of documenting in grad school. The reason I included this is just to say " it's OK to have a paper lab notebook and write the things that you're doing That's OK. Digital work also." And the reason you keep a lab notebook is because you're just not going to remember it you're not going to remember As a grad student, we probably did about 20 to 30 experiments a day each just changing one variable at a time. And there's just no way we would've remember all of the things that we tried And think about how many experiments you do as a developer each day when you're troubleshooting And maybe you think "OK, well I'm already just recording all this stuff in the log. It's all saved over there. I can always go back and look But that's not an sufficient lab notebook Too much information can be just as bad as too little information So it's up to you to glean the meaning from these experiment that you're doing and record that One of the best first step for keeping a good lab notebook is writing a good commit message It's all fresh in your brain and so you can maybe you solve the problem so you can commit that change and push it So write some explanation in that that commit message and let people know what's going on and people will see this in the future Either you'll come back and look at it or maybe another developer who's working in the codebase will come back and look Additionally , if you added test for the scenario that you're working on, that's also a good documentation for what's going on. "OK, this was the the problem. We added a test for it now." Also, right after you solve a problem, you want to update the documentation. Is it missing anything? Did you have that error because the documentation wasn't good enough? So go ahead and go update the README. Or maybe you were missing some environment variable Go ahead and set up an example environment variable file so people know "Hey, you need this thing." to save them that time So that's all part of good documentation. so keep that Set that up for other people. You can also contribute to open source. So say you find a problem in someone else software or gem, go ahead and let them know So open up an issue on Github if it doesn't already exist. Let them know the step that it takes to recreate this problem. If you were able to write a test for it, go ahead and submit a pull request with that test Sometimes that's helpful even if you don't know how to solve the problem. That's helpful for maintainers to say "Oh, this is the test that's failing." And of course, if you do know how how to solve the problem, go ahead and submit a pull request for that You just got some open source contribution and that's awesome You can also write about your experiences Have you ever written something up and then later down the road and you're like googling for that same problem and you come back and you find your own blog post? Yes. Yes. And you're like "Man, thank you so much old me. That was really helpful. Thank you for writing that down." So think about all those other people out there that are getting the same reaction when they find your blog post and they're like "Man, that was really helpful blog post. Thank you for writing that down." So if you're not doing this already, you should be doing this Anyone can start a blog. If you don't already have one, go start it. You can also write failed experiment. Don't be afraid to do that. In grad school, we always joked about starting a journal of failed experiments That way we would publish a million papers that way Like well, these are the million things we tried and they didn't work But that's OK. If you... Sometimes that's also helpful and maybe somebody comes along and read this and can help you and say "Hey, you might try doing it this way. That might solve your problem." The most important part about keeping a lab notebook is sharing the the knowledge In academia, it's all about gaining knowledge and then sharing that knowledge either through publication or through teaching and I think developers can really learn a lot from that So as you're doing these experiments, go ahead and share that information Maybe tweet about it or blog about it, like I said or you can even come and present a talk at a conference like this "Hey, here's this weird thing that I figured out. Let me tell you about it." So that's really the most important part is sharing that knowledge with other people and teaching it to other people And so I'm really looking forward to seeing all of your lab notebooks online. Thanks very much Subtitles by the Amara.org community

From even before Norma Desmond called for the infamous shot, right? "Alright, Mr.DeMille, I'm ready for my close up." Hollywood has been obsessed with the close up. It was the money shot for every classical movie star, but today it's used more and more just to fill a scene and I think that's pretty lame. I want you to do better. Not because I care about you, but because I treat my low-grade depression by binging on film and television. And I think it'd be nice if I watch something great for a change. So today we're gonna go over the close up in modern cinema. And we even outline ways that you can make that camera angle pop. But before we go further, how about you click that link and subscribe, so you don't miss out on any of our video breakdowns? Okay. Are you ready? "Yeah, that's right,baby." Show us the logo. So what is a close-up shot? A close-up typically frames a characters face for a motion. Whereas close on an object for plot detail. There are all kinds of variations of the close-up. From a medium close-up shot like this. To an extreme close-up shot like this. Let's take a look at a few directors that are crushing the close-up game and see what we can learn from what they're doing. First up, I want to talk Fincher. That guy does everything with a purpose. These close-ups are all about information. It's like his secret weapon. Check out this reveal from "Zodiac." "-Just down basement. -Not many people have basements in California." We spent the entire movie acquiring clues. Then we shift right into the close up to reveal something. And it's not just in "Zodiac." When Fincher wants to go in close, he goes in extremely close. Damn, I have never seen a human hand burn at this angle. You're crazy Fincher. "A lot of people who are just like: What the fuck? Who is this twerp?" But what about someone who's using close-ups for purely emotional purposes. I'm talking about Steve McQueen. He uses them in every one of his films but none are more powerful than the close ups in "12 Years Slave." In this medium close up, we sit for 483 seconds. This is a quiet scene of contemplation. Once again, McQueen wants the audience to understand that there are no words for what's befallen this man. We have to steep in the inhumanity of slavery and recognize it fully. The number one rule in cinema is "Show, Don't Tell." And in this scene, we can hear Steve McQueen loud and clear. But what if you want to get across emotion and information. Look no further than Kathryn Bigelow. To combine both and show you how it's done. In the "Hurt Locker" Kathryn Bigelow uses extreme close-ups to build tension as we watch characters literally defuse a bomb in front of us. The use of these shots and rapid editing create a whirlwind that harkens back to the standoff at the end of Sergio Leone's "The good, the Bad and the Ugly." We not only get the fear and frustration of the characters in the scene, but we get a close-up look at the process of taking apart a car bomb. But what if we want our audience to laugh? Let's talk Farrelly Brothers. For my money, there's no better close up than the Frank and Bean scene in "There`s something about Mary." Most of the scene is shot wide, but every time a new person enters the bathroom, we get a close-up of their reaction, and then a follow-up close up of Ben Stiller's horror, as everyone deals with the situation at hand. It's comedy gold. "Mike, Eddie, get down there quick. Bring everybody. Bring a camera, you`re not gonna believe this." And the whole sequence ends with an unexpected close up of the actual downstairs situation. "We got a bleeder!" As you can see, there's an art and nuance to the close up. If you do it right, your audience will reward you. Now you've got a good grip on close up shots, it's time to try them out in your own work. Ready for production? That's where StudioBinder`s software can help. We can get your call sheets, storyboards, shooting schedules and script breakdowns ready for your next project. So get out there and get creating. See you next time.

Portuguese: Em parte, graças às novas tecnologias, estamos nos tornando obsessivos pela ideia em encontrar um personagem extraordinário chamado:"A pessoa certa"! Antigamente você conseguia; só se casava com alguém porque a terra dele era próxima à sua e seu arado complementava perfeitamente o gado dele, era tudo bem prático. Mas agora, somos românticos com laptops, prontos para encontrar o encaixe ideal: alguém que seja bonito, que nos entenda totalmente. Infelizmente, é bem difícil. Tantas pessoas tem alguma coisa errada, mas ainda assim continuamos; devem estar por aí, em algum lugar. Essas são as histórias que nos contam desde a infância. Mas, perfeição é, na melhor hipótese, somente para os anjos. O perfeito suposto parceiro pode parecer compatível em várias maneiras, mas ainda assim podemos deixar tudo a perder por causa das cores das cortinas, chá versus café, ou por causa do nome das crianças. Czech: Částečně díky nové technologii jsme se stali posedlí hledáním úžasného charakteru nazývaného "ten pravý člověk"! V dřívějších dobách jste vzali to, co bylo; dali jste se dohromady jen proto, že jejich půda byla vedle vaší a váš pluh perfektně seděl s jejich volem. Všechno to bylo velmi praktické. Ale teď jsme romantici s laptopy hledající "vhodný ideál", někoho, kdo je krásný, kdo nás naprosto chápe. Naneštěstí je to pěkně těžké. Tolik lidí není přesně akorát, ale stejně pokračujeme, musí tam venku někde být. To je to co nám už od mala vyprávěly příběhy. Ale dokonalost je v nejlepším jen pro anděly. Perfektně vyhlížející partner může vypadat kompatibilní v mnohých směrech, ale stejně se můžete hádat kvůli barvě závěsů, jestli čaj nebo kávu, nebo jak pojmenovat dítě. English: Partly thanks to new technology, we've become obsessed by the idea of finding an amazing character called, "The Right Person"! Back in the olden days you made do; you just got together with because their land was next to yours, and you're plow perfectly complimented their oxen; it was all pretty practical. But now, we're romantics with laptops out to find the ideal fit: someone who's beautiful, who totally understands us. Unfortunately, it's pretty hard. So many people aren't quite right, but still we keep going; they must be out there. That's what the stories have told us since childhood. But perfection is, at best, for angels only. A perfect seeming partner might appear compatible in so many ways, but still we might come to blows over the color of the curtains, tea versus coffee, or children's names. Arabic: أصبحنا إلى حدٍ ما بفضل التكنولوجيا الجديدة مهووسين بفكرة إيجاد شخصية مدهشة تسمى بـ "الشخص المناسب"! بالعودة إلى الأيام الخوالي، لقد كنتم جنبًا إلى جنب لأن أرضهم كانت بجوار أرضكم، وكنتم تحرثون بشكل متقن ومكتمل باستخدام ثيرانهم، لقد كان كل شيء عمليًا جدًا. أما الآن، فنحن رومانسيون مع أجهزة الكمبيوتر المحمولة للعثور على المثالية التي تتمثل في أن يكون الشخص جميلًا، و يفهمنا تمامًا. للأسف، هذا صعب جدًا. كثيرٌ من الناس ليسوا على حق تمامًا، ولكن لا يزال علينا الاستمرار؛ يجب أن يكونوا هناك. هذا ما أخبرتنا به القصص منذ الطفولة. ولكن الكمال هو، في أحسن الأحوال، للملائكة. الشريك المثالي يبدو منسجمًا معنا في نواحي كثيرة، ولكن ما زلنا نتشاجر على لون الستائر، الشاي أو القهوة، أو أسماء الأطفال. Russian: Частично именно из-за новых технологий мы помешались на идее найти поразительного человека, которого все знают как «Тот самый/Та самая» В прошлом Вы могли довольствоваться и тем, с кем жили по соседству и Ваш плуг прекрасно бы подошёл к их быкам. Жизнь была довольно практичной. Но теперь мы стали романтиками, которые с помощью планшетных компьютеров ищут идеальный вариант, того, кто невероятно прекрасен и полностью нас понимает. К несчастью, это довольно трудная задачка. Так много людей, которые не вполне нам подходят, но мы всё продолжаем поиски, ведь в мире должен быть наш идеальный вариант. Именно на таких историях мы растём. Но совершенство, в лучшем случае, прерогатива одних лишь ангелов. Партнёр, который кажется нам идеальным, может действительно подходить нам по многим параметрам, однако мы все ещё можем спорить о цвете занавесок, сортах кофе и именах наших будущих детей. Swedish: Delvis tack vare ny teknologi, har vi blivit besatta av idén att hitta en fantastisk person som kallas "Den Rätte"! Förr i tiden nöjde man sig; man blev tillsammans för att någon annans mark låg bredvid ens egen, och din plog passade perfekt med deras oxe; det hela var mycket praktiskt. Nu för tiden är vi romantiker som med hjälp av våra datorer försöker hitta den perfekta matchningen: Någon som är vacker, som verkligen förstår oss. Tyvärr, är detta ganska svårt. Det finns så många människor som inte är riktigt rätt, men trots det fortsätter vi. Den rätte måste finnas där ute. Det är vad som har sagts i berättelserna sedan barndomen. Men perfektion är, på sin höjd, enbart för änglar. En till synes perfekt partner kanske verkar kompatibel på så många sätt, men trots detta kanske vi bråkar över färgen på gardinerna, te eller kaffe, eller barnens namn. Romanian: In mare,din cauza noilor tehnologii am devenit obsedati de ideea gasirii unui personaj uimitor numit,"Persoana Potrivita"! In vremurile trecute acest lucru era usor;ajungeati sa fiti impreuna doar pentru ca pamantul lor era langa al vostru si plugul tau completa perfect boul lor;era totul destul de practic. Dar acum,suntem romantici cu laptorile deschise sa gasim perechea potrivita: cineva care este frumoasa (sau frumos),care sa ne inteleaga in totalitate. Din nefericire acest lucru este destul de greu. Atati de multe persoanei nu sunt potrivite,dar totusi continuam sa tot cautam;trebuie sa fie acolo undeva. Aceasta este ce povestile ne-au invatat inca din copilarie. Dar perfectiunea apartine,in cel mai bun caz doar ingerilor. Desi un partener pare perfect si compatibil cu noi in atat de multe feluri, totusi putem ajunge sa ne certam pentru culoarea draperiilor,a ceaiului vs cafeaua sau a numelor copiilor. German: Auch Dank der neuen Technologien sind wir besessen von der Idee, eine fabelhafte Persönlichkeit zu finden, genannt, "Die richtige Person"! In den alten Zeiten begnügte man sich. Man kam einfach mit jemandem zusammen, weil sein Land neben dem eigenen lag, und der eigene Pflug seinen Ochsen perfekt ergänzte; es war alles ziemlich praktisch. Aber heute sind wir Romantiker mit Laptops, auf der Suche nach dem idealen Treffer: Jemand der schön ist, der uns komplett versteht. Leider ist das sehr schwer. So viele Menschen sind nicht ganz passend, aber wir suchen weiter; sie müssen da draußen sein. Das ist es, was uns seit der Kindheit in den Geschichten erzählt wurde. Aber Perfektion ist, bestenfalls, etwas für die Engel. Ein scheinbar perfekter Partner mag in so vielen Aspekten passend erscheinen, aber dennoch geraten wir vielleicht über die Farbe der Vorhänge, Tee oder Kaffee oder Kindernamen aneinander. Spanish: En parte, gracias a las nuevas tecnologías, nos hemos obsesionado con la idea de encontrar un personaje fantástico, llamado "La persona correcta". Antes, en los viejos tiempos, era fácil, sólo te juntabas con alguien porque su tierra estaba junto a la tuya, y tu arado se complementaba perfectamente con tu buey; era todo muy práctico. Pero ahora, somos románticos con computadores portátiles, en busqueda de una pareja ideal: alguien hermoso, que nos comprenda completamente. Desafortunadamente, es muy difícil. Muchas personas no están del todo bien, pero seguimos en la busqueda; debe estar ahí afuera en algún lado. Eso es lo que las historias nos han dicho desde la infancia. Pero la perfección es (a lo mucho) para los ángeles solamente. Una persona aparente perfecta, podría parecer compatible en muchas maneras, pero aún así, podríamos pelear por el color de las cortinas, té versus café, o el nombre de los hijos. Turkish: Kısmen teknolojinin gelişmesi yüzünden, "Doğru Kişi" olarak adlandırılan ilginç karakteri bulmaya kafayı takmış sayılırız. Eski zamanlarda bir şekilde yolunu bulurdun, biriyle bir araya gelirdin çünkü onların arazisi sizinkine yakındı ve senin toprağı sürme yeteneğin onların öküzünü mükemmel bir şekilde tamamlıyordu; yani bayağı pratik bir şeydi. Ama şimdi, dizüstüleriyle uygun eşi arayan romantikleriz. Güzel olan, bizi tamamiyle anlayan birisini. Ne yazık ki, bu oldukça zordur. Çoğu insan o kadar da uygun değildir, yine de aramaya devam ederiz; orda bir yerde bize uygun birisi olmalı. Bu bize çocukluğumuzdan beri bize anlatılan hikayedir. Ama mükemmellik olsa olsa meleklere özgüdür. Güzel görünümlü bir partner çoğu yönden uygun gözükebilir, yine de o kişiyle perdelerin rengi, çayın mı kahvenin mi daha iyi olduğunu, ya da çocukların ismi hakkında tartışabiliriz. Italian: Grazie in parte anche alle nuove tecnologie, siamo diventati ossessionati dall'idea di trovare quel personaggio straordinario che chiamiamo "La Persona Giusta!" Tempo fa ci si arrangiava; ci si metteva insieme semplicemente perché la loro terra era vicina alla vostra, e il tuo aratro si accompagnava bene al suo bue; era tutto molto pratico. Ma oggi, siamo tutti romantici dotati di computer, alla ricerca del nostro compagno ideale: qualcuno che sia bello e che ci possa comprendere a fondo. Sfortunatamente è piuttosto difficile da trovare. Molte persone non sono del tutto giuste per noi, ma non desistiamo; da qualche parte deve pure esistere. Questo è quello che ci dicono le favole, sin dalla nostra infanzia. Ma la perfezione tuttalpiù è propria solo degli angeli. Anche se un partner ci sembrasse ideale e compatibile sotto tantissimi aspetti, avremmo pur sempre qualcosa da ridire sul colore delle tende, té oppure caffè, o sulla scelta dei nomi per i figli. Turkish: İlişkilerin gerçek zorluğu doğru eşleşmeyi bulmak değil, farklılıkları panik yapmadan ya da kibar bir şekilde tartışmaktır. ve kusursuz senaryolar ya da hatalı hayaller yüzünden mükemmel derecede iyi ilişkileri berbat etmeyi bırakmaktır. Mükemmeliği aramaktan vazgeçmek belki de herhangi birimizin yapabileceği en romantik harekettir. Arabic: التحدي الحقيقي للعلاقات ليس العثور على الشريك المثالي، إنما لتبادل الاختلافات من غير خوفٍ ولا قبح، والتوقف عن إفساد العلاقات الجيدة من أجل أحلام خاطئة و سيناريوهات لا يعيبها شيء. تعلم التخلي عن الكمال قد تكون فقط الخطوة الأكثر رومانسية التي من الممكن أن يقوم بها أي أحد منا. ترجمة: فريق أترجم autrjim@ Italian: La vera sfida in una relazione non è quella di trovare il partner ideale, ma di negoziare invece le differenze, senza panico e senza cattiveria, e di smettere di mandare a monte relazioni potenzialmente ottime solo per aver sognato scenari ideali e perfetti. La rinuncia alla ricerca della perfezione potrebbe essere proprio la mossa più romantica che ci è data fare. Spanish: El verdadero reto de las relaciones, no está en encontrar la pareja perfecta, sino en negociar las diferencias sin pánico o rencor, y dejar de dañar relaciones perfectamente buenas, por sueños erróneos y escenarios perfectos. Aprender a renunciar a la perfección, podría ser la movida más romántica que cualquiera de nosotros pudiera hacer. Romanian: Adevarata provocare a relatiilor nu este sa gasim perechea potrivita ci sa negociem diferentele dintre noi fara nici o urma de panica sau rautate, si sa incetam sa aruncam in aer relatii de iubire foarte bune visuri desarte si scenarii irealizabile. Sa invatam cum sa renuntam la perfectiune poate fi chiar cea mai romantica miscare pe care oricare dintre noi o poate face. Swedish: Den verkliga utmaningen i relationer är inte att hitta den perfekta matchningen, utan att förhandla om skillnaderna, utan panik eller otrevligheter, och att sluta förstöra utmärkta förhållanden på grund av orimliga drömmar om ofelbara tillstånd. Att lära sig att släppa drömmen om perfektion kan vara det mest romantiska draget som någon av oss kan göra. German: Die wahre Herausforderung an Beziehungen ist es nicht, den perfekten Partner zu finden, es ist die Differenzen ohne Panik und Bosheit zu überwinden und aufzuhören, tadellose Beziehungen für trügerische Träume und ideale Szenarien in die Luft zu sprengen. Lernen, sich von Perfektion zu verabschieden, ist vielleicht der romantischste Schritt, den man machen kann. Czech: Opravdová výzva vztahu není najít perfektní protějšek, ale zdolat rozdíly bez paniky a nevraživosti a přestat zahazovat perfektní vztah kvůli falešným snům a bezchybným scénářům. Naučit se zahodit dokonalost může být ten nejromantičtější krok, jaký kdokoliv z nás může udělat. Portuguese: O real desafio do relacionamento não é encontrar a combinação perfeita, mas negociar as diferenças sem pânico ou maldade, e parar de jogar fora relacionamentos perfeitamente bons por sonhos equivocados e cenários impecáveis. Aprender a abrir mão do perfeccionismo pode até ser a atitude mais romântica que podemos ter. English: The real challenge of relationships isn't to find the perfect match, it's to negotiate the differences without panic or nastiness, and stop blowing up perfectly good relationships for mistaken dreams and flawless scenarios. Learning to give up on perfection may be just about the most romantic move any of us could make. Russian: Настоящей трудностью в отношениях является не поиск идеального партнёра, а преодоление разногласий без паники и язвительности, и отказ от разжигания ссор на почве ошибочных мечтаний и безупречных сценариев. Возможно, понимание того, что следует отбросить выдуманный идеал, это самый романтичный поступок, который мы можем совершить.

TIA: Hip-hop’s newest viral star, Lil Nas X, has been all over the internet thanks to his country trap hit, “Old Town Road.” And while he’s no stranger to online fame, he’s had quite a ride to the top. TIA: Lil Nas X had dropped a number of other tracks online in the year leading up to “Old Town Road," including his EP ‘Nasarati’ in July 2018. LIL NAS: I was living with my sister, and she was ready for me to go, basically. So it started off as this loner cowboy kind of vibe. TIA: He’d started rapping in June, a month before the release of his EP, and many of his early songs were very different from the hit that helped him blow up. TIA: He even posted on the Genius forums back in the early days to promote cover of Lil Yachty's track, “NBAYOUNGBOAT.” NAS: At first, I thought, "I'm just going to rap," but then later on down the line, literally probably two, three songs before Old Town Road, it's like, "I'm going to do what I want to do. I'm going to make the music I want to make, and if people like it, then they like it. If they don't, then they don't." TIA: But making catchy songs wouldn’t be enough to get on major platforms. Lil Nas was also mastering the art of self-promotion. Thanks to his sizeable Twitter following and some clever memes. TIA: “Old Town Road” originally dropped in late 2018, and its unique country sound and trap beat helped get it the attention it needed to go viral. NAS: A lot of my music before "Old Town Road," I was just trying to make music where I thought this is what everybody wanted. TIA: Lil Nas X had found the beat, which was produced by YoungKio, on YouTube. And the track features a sample from the Cleveland rock band, Nine Inch Nails. TIA: The song quickly blew up on TikTok, the video sharing app responsible for a number of other songs' popularity. And “Old Town Road” was racking up millions of views. NAS: I was pushing it on my account for I guess a few months until it finally picked up on TikTok. Then, I didn't have to do much after that because it's been skyrocketing ever since to this day. TIA: And all those clicks paid off. By the time “Old Town Road” dropped, his antics helped get the song way more attention. TIA: In March of 2019, Lil Nas X signed a deal with Columbia Records, and by then, “Old "Old Town Road” was all over the internet. TIA: When it was first released, he had tagged the song as “country” on platforms like SoundCloud, which many noted as a clever way to trick the algorithm and stand out in a different arena. TIA: While it may have been country trap, whether or not it was considered a country song was up for debate. TIA: In late March 2019, Rolling Stone reported that Billboard had removed “Old Town Road” from its Hot Country Songs Chart, saying that it quote: NAS: Before it was even taken off the country charts, I was just happy to be on Billboard at all. Even after they did take it off, I was like, "Okay, at least I'm still on Billboard." Then, I started to think about, I was like, "Why?" After listening to other songs that's actually on that chart, it's like wait a minute, something's not right, basically. TIA: But on the track’s remix, there’s a feature from Kentucky country star Billy Ray Cyrus, who cosigned the song’s country credibility on Twitter, saying quote: TIA: With or without its country credit, by April, “Old Town Road” was an unstoppable presence, and on April 8th, it leapt to #1 on the Hot 100. NAS: Honestly, it makes me feel great that I was able to put completely different worlds together and make a song that so many people like. TIA: I’m Tia with Genius News bringing you the meaning and the knowledge behind the music.

• From farting restrictions to a ban on water bottles, the Planet Dolan crew re-enact some of the best true stories from our subreddit about the weirdest rules our schools have. I’m Danger Dolan and today I’ll be your narrator. Number 10 was submitted by ChronicSquirrel Pringle When Pringle was in school he had two teachers that had a no farting rule. His senior-year math teacher, in particular, was a total fart Nazi! One fart would get you a verbal warning, and a second one would mean instant detention. If a student dared to fart a third time that was a suspension and a permanent black mark on their record. One day Pringle had leftover chili for lunch and turned into a farting machine. When he was sent home his parents demanded to know what kind of trouble he’d gotten into. So Pringle showed them the official school documentation, which said: SUSPENDED FOR FARTING. They were… not happy. Number 9 was submitted by IrresoluteDelinquent Hellbent Hellbent’s school has a rule against students having facial hair. This is actually pretty normal… But the strange part is the Dean of Hellbent’s school likes to come around to the classrooms and personally enforce this rule! Every morning he barges in and puts his hands all over the male students’ faces to check for signs of facial hair. If he feels any fuzz at all he publicly embarrasses the students by making them shave it off with a disposable razor! Number 8 was submitted by KING_40 Grgak Grgak’s school is extremely strict about uniform – even on free dress days! One time, Grgak got sent home for wearing a red t-shirt to class. The principal told him that red is a ‘gang colour’ so Grgak was obviously trying to start a gang war! Grgak explained that he hates gangs, but the principal didn’t believe him. He said he’d seen Grgak holding up two fingers to make a gang sign that morning. Grgak explained that he was making a peace sign but the principal wouldn’t believe him and he got a suspension. Number 7 was submitted by Emperor_Snokepatine Snewpee Snewpee’s school tried for a whole year to make hallways and stairwells one-way only. It was a small school so they thought this would help with the dangerous amount of congestion, but it was a total disaster! It was really impractical. One time Snewpee was on her way to class when she realised she’d forgotten something on the ground floor. But she couldn’t just turn around and get it; she had to follow the one-way arrows and do an entire lap of the building to get to where she wanted! And this made her late for class! The rule was so stupid that even teachers didn’t follow it. But they were happy to enforce it and give students detention if they caught them disobeying it… Number 6 was submitted by StevenUniverseFanboy Pandora Pandora’s school has some really strange rules, but one of the dumbest is fifth graders aren’t allowed to get ice from the cafeteria ice machines! Even if it was the hottest day on record only sixth, seventh and eighth graders were allowed the privilege of using the ice machine. When Pandora asked her teacher why this stupid rule existed, the teacher told her that all fifth-graders were irresponsible and would throw ice everywhere if they were given the chance. Pandora was so mad about this that she started a petition to get it changed. Fifth-graders deserve ice too, damn it! Number 5 was submitted by IcePooterLovesPeggy Slapped Ham The strangest rule at Slapped Ham’s school is students’ backpacks aren’t allowed to weigh more than three pounds. Every morning teachers would go around the school measuring every student’s backpack. Apparently this is to stop students from bringing in anything dangerous, like firearms. But for Slapped Ham it meant carefully weighing every single thing he put in his bag to avoid getting detention! Whenever he had History class he’d have to leave his lunch at home to fit his massive textbook! Number 4 was submitted by JD-Explosion Melissa When Melissa was in the eighth grade her social studies class had a pet gecko. Melissa read the list of rules next to its enclosure and noticed the first one said ‘Never try to rip off the gecko’s tail!’ Melissa thought this was really weird so she asked her teacher about it. The teacher told her the rule was made because a past student tried to rip the gecko’s tail off to gross out the other students. The gecko ended up biting him in self-defense. He had to go to the nurse’s office and tried suing the school. Number 3 was submitted by MusicLoverGirl483 Zaraganba The weirdest rule at my brothers school is you aren’t allowed to bring in water bottles – not even if you have a note from the doctor! This was because a kid once brought vodka into school and got his friends drunk. He disguised it as water so they could get drunk right under their teachers’ noses! Now whenever my brother has a sore throat at school he curses those dumbass students for getting water bottles banned! Number 2 was submitted by Polar_Bear_Master Andiemations Andiemations’ teacher was sick of having all her pens stolen by her students, so she came up with a new rule to stop it. If a student wanted to borrow a pen they had to hand over one of their shoes to get it. If they didn’t return the pen by the end of the class they wouldn’t get their shoe back! Andiemations thought this rule was pretty funny. Especially when one of her friends lost the teacher’s pen and had to walk home with one shoe… Number 1 – What’s the weirdest rule my school had?

English: So let's talk about the limbic system. What is the limbic system? Well, it's a set of structures in the brain. And many of those structures play an important role in regulating emotion. Now, something that gets kind of confusing when you talk about the limbic system is that experts can't actually agree on what structures make up the entire limbic system. So for our purposes, I'm going to address some of the most important structures and ones that everyone pretty much agrees are part of the limbic system. Now before I get going into the nitty-gritty so to speak, I want to give you a quick overview of what structures we're going to talk about. And the way I remember these structures is through this little cartoon here. This is a hippopotamus and he's wearing a hat. Now, why this is this hippopotamus wearing this stylish hat? Well, this is my way of remembering in the four most important components of the limbic system when it comes to emotion. Bulgarian: Нека поговорим за лимбичната система. Какво е лимбичната система? Тя е група структури в мозъка. И много от тези структури играят важна роля в регулирането на емоциите. Нещо, което става объркващо, когато говориш за лимбичната система, е, че експертите не могат да постигнат съгласие кои структури съставят цялата лимбична система. За нашите цели ще обсъдя някои от най-важните структури и тези, за които всеки е съгласен, че са част от лимбичната система. Преди да навляза в детайлите, искам да ти дам бърз преглед на кои са структурите, за които ще говорим. И начинът, по който помня тези структури е чрез тази малка анимация. Това е хипопотам и той носи шапка. Защо този хипопотам носи тази стилна шапка? Ами, това е начинът ми да запомня четирите най-важни части на лимбичната система, когато става въпрос за емоции. English: So we see a hippopotamus here. I'll write "hippo." And we see him wearing a hat. I'll write "hat." Now for this to be a mnemonic, it has to be something useful. And the reason I think of this is these are the four main structures of the limbic system when it comes to emotion. So "HAT" stands for Hypothalamus, "A" for Amygdala, "T" for Thalamus, and "hippo," short for hippocampus. And these happen to be the four structures that I'd like to talk about. So let's get to a little more complicated diagram. And what you see here is my best attempt at drawing the limbic system. Now, limbic system structures sit on top of the brain stem. And this is the brain stem. Bulgarian: Виждаме хипопотам тук. Ще запиша "хипо". И виждаме, че носи шапка. Ще запиша "шапка". За да може това да е мнемоника, трябва да е нещо полезно. И причината да мисля за това е, че тези са четирите главни структури на лимбичната система, когато става въпрос за емоция. HAT означава Хипоталамус, Амигдала, Таламус, а hippo е съкращение на хипокампус. И това са четирите структури, за които искам да говоря. Нека преминем към малко по-сложната диаграма. Това, което виждаш тук, е най-добрият ми опит да начертая лимбичната система. Структурите на лимбичната система стоят върху мозъчния ствол. Това е мозъчният ствол. English: And you can imagine this as the very bottom of your brain. And here's the spinal cord coming out of it. And the spinal cord goes all the way down your back to about your tailbone. Now, the limbic system are these structures up here, that are drawn in bright colors. Now to orient you to this diagram, this is what you would see if you pulled off like the top part of your brain, which is called the cortex. And it's facing in this direction. In other words, while this isn't anatomically correct, let's say your eyes are here, your nose is here, and your mouth is here. Again, this is not anatomically correct. But this you can see is the front, and this is the back. So I kind of drew it at an angle so you kind of get a 3D idea. So let's remove this and go back to talking about the anatomical structures. So this blue thing here, this is called a thalamus. Bulgarian: И можеш да си представиш, че това е долната част на мозъка ти. И оттук излиза гръбначният мозък. И гръбначният мозък слиза надолу по гръбната. Лимбичната система е тези структури тук горе, които са начертани в ярки цветове. За да те ориентирам в тази диаграма, това ще видиш, ако премахнеш горната част на мозъка си, която се нарича кора. И той е насочен в тази посока. С други думи, докато това не е анатомично правилно, да кажем, че очите ти са тук, носът ти е тук, а устата ти е тук. Отново, това не е анатомично правилно. Но така можеш да видиш, че това е предната част, а това е задната част. Начертах го под ъгъл, за да можеш да получиш триизмерна представа. Нека премахнем това и да се върнем към разговора за анатомичните структури. Това синьо нещо тук се нарича таламус. English: And you actually have two of these, one here and one on the other side. So your thalamus functions as like a sensory relay station, meaning the things that you see, hear, taste, touch, all these senses you have come through your nerves and ultimately end up in your thalamus. And the thalamus directs these senses into the appropriate areas in the cortex, as well as other areas of the brain. And I mentioned this in terms of an emotion lecture because emotions are very contingent on the things that you see, the things that you touch and hear. And you may have noticed there's one sense that I didn't mention. And that's a sense of smell. And the sense of smell actually is the only sense that you have that actually bypasses this thalamus. And instead, it has its own private relay station that, when it comes from the nose, it goes to a certain area in the brain. And that area of the brain actually happens to be very close to other areas that Bulgarian: И имаш два такива, един от тази страна и един от другата страна. И таламусът служи като станция за преработка на сетивата, което означава, че нещата, които видиш, чуеш, вкусиш, докоснеш, всички тези сетива, трябва да преминат през нервите и да се озоват в таламуса ти. И таламусът насочва тези сетива към подходящите области в кората, както и към други области на мозъка. И споменах това по отношение на емоциите, понеже емоциите са зависими от нещата, които виждаш, докосваш и чуваш. И може да забеляза, че има едно сетиво, което не споменах. И това е чувството за мирис. И обонянието е единственото сетиво, което заобикаля таламуса. Вместо това има собствена станция за преработка, когато дойде от носа, преминава към определена област в мозъка. И тази област на мозъка всъщност е доста близо до други области, Bulgarian: които регулират емоцията, което обяснява защо понякога определени миризми могат да провокират много мощни спомени и да те върнат към определен момент. Но що се отнася до емоциите споменах таламуса, поради това как сетивата играят важна роля в емоциите ти. Виждаш, че има две лилави структури. И това е познато като амигдала. Амигдалата понякога се нарича центъра на агресията. И експериментите са показали, че ако стимулираш амигдалата, можеш да създадеш чувства на гняв и насилие, както и страх и тревожност. Ще поставя "стимулира" и ще го представя с тъмнозелен знак плюс. Стимулираш амигдалата. И това води до чувства за страх, насилие, гняв и тревожност. От друга страна, ако разрушиш амигдалата, English: regulate emotion, which explains why sometimes certain scents can evoke very powerful memories and bring you back to a certain moment in time. But in terms of emotion, I mentioned thalamus because of how the senses play an important role in your emotions. Now, you see here there's these two purple structures. And this is known as an amygdala. Now, the amygdala is sometimes called the aggression center. And experiments have actually shown that if you stimulate the amygdala, you can produce feelings of anger and violence, as well as fear and anxiety. I'm going to put "stimulate" and represent it as dark green plus sign. So you stimulate the amygdala. It evokes feelings of anger, violence, fear, and anxiety. On the other hand, if you've destroyed your amygdala-- English: and I'll represent destruction as a negative sign-- if you destroy the amygdala, it can cause a very mellowing effect. I'll write "mellow." And this mellowing effect in the context of a destroyed amygdala was actually noted by a psychologist named Dr. Kluver and a neurosurgeon by the name of Dr. Bucy. And I mention Kluver and Bucy because in medicine there's actually a syndrome known as Kluver-Bucy syndrome. And that's when there's a bilateral destruction of your amygdala. And "bilateral" means both. And if you have bilateral destruction of the amygdalas, that can result in certain symptoms that are often seen, like hyperorality, which means you put things in their mouth a lot; also hypersexuality; Bulgarian: ще представя разрушаването като отрицателен знак, ако разрушиш амигдалата, това може да причини много мек ефект. Ще запиша "мек". И този мек ефект в контекста на разрушена амигдала бил забелязан от психолог на име д-р Клювер и неврохирург на име д-р Бюси. Споменавам Клювер и Бюси, понеже в медицината има синдром, познат като синдром на Клювер-Бюси. И това е когато има билатерално разрушение на амигдалата. И "билатерално" означава от двете страни. Ако имаш билатерално разрушение на амигдалите, това може да доведе до определени симптоми, които често се забелязват, като хипероралност, което означава, че често поставят неща в устата си, хиперсексуалност, Bulgarian: както и дезинхибирано поведение. И дезинхибирано поведение е когато пренебрегваш социалните практики. Може да действаш много импулсивно. И не обмисляш рисковете от поведението си. Правиш опасни, безразсъдни неща. Това е синдромът на Клювер-Бюси. И това, отново, е когато разрушиш двете страни на амигдалите. И начинът да запомня това е, че мисля, че ако стимулираш амигдалите, това може да причини страх и тревожност. И хората, които имат тревожни разстройства или изпитват атаки на тревожност, понякога получават лекарство, познато като бензодиазепин. Или понякога само "бензо". И тези бензодиазепини фармакологично функционират много подобно на алкохола. И помисли какво се случва, когато хората консумират твърде много алкохол. Понякога виждаш тези видове поведение. Виждаш хипероралност. Може да ядеш много. Може да имаш хиперсексуалност. English: as well as disinhibited behavior. And disinhibited behavior is when you ignore social conventions. You can act very impulsively. You don't consider the risks of your behavior. So you do dangerous, reckless things. So that's Kluver-Bucy syndrome. And that's again when you destroy both sides of your amygdalas. And the way I remember this is I think if you stimulate the amygdalas, that can cause fear and anxiety. And people who have anxiety disorders or experiencing an anxiety attack sometimes are given a medication known as a benzodiazepine. Sometimes they're called "benzos." And these benzodiazepines medications function pharmacologically very similar to alcohol. And think of what happens when people consume too much alcohol. Sometimes you see these types of behaviors. You see hyperorality. You might be eating a lot. You might have hypersexuality. English: And, of course, you get disinhibited behavior. Think of the person with a lamp shade on their head. They're ignoring certain social conventions because of the effect of alcohol. So that's how I remember the effect of stimulating versus destroying the amygdala. And this green structure here that you curving around the thalamus is known as the hippocampus. And the hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories. What it does is it helps to convert your short-term memory-- I'll abbreviate it as "STM"-- it helps convert that short-term memory into your long-term memory. And I mention that in this conversation because when you think back on your memories, whether it's short-term memory or long-term memory, these memories can evoke emotions as well. So the hippocampus is an important structure Bulgarian: И, разбира се, получаваш дезинхибирано поведение. Мисли за човек с крушка на главата си. Той игнорира определени социални практики, поради ефектите на алкохола. Така помня ефектите на стимулирането и разрушаването на амигдалата. Тази зелена структура, която се извива около таламуса, е позната като хипокампус. И хипокампусът играе ключова роля в образуването на нови спомени. Той ти помага да преобразуваш краткосрочната памет в дългосрочна памет. И споменавам това в този разговор, понеже когато помислиш за спомените си, дали ще са краткосрочни, или дългосрочни, Хипокампусът е важна структура Bulgarian: в образуването на дългосрочни спомени. И хората с увреждане на тази област имат трудности в образуването на нови спомени. Всичко, което изпитват, просто изчезва. Интересното нещо е, че ако хипокампусът е разрушен, не можеш да образуваш нови спомени, но старите спомени ще са непокътнати. Дългосрочната памет функционира добре. Това е хипокампусът. Последно, тази оранжева структура тук е хипоталамусът. И хипо означава под. Тоест хипоталамусът е под таламуса. И ето го таламусът. И това е под него. Оттам получава името си. И хипоталамусът е много малка структура. И тази диаграма преувеличава размера на хипоталамуса. Хипоталамусът е толкова малък, че изгражда English: in forming long-term memories. And people with damage to this area, they have difficulty forming new memories. So everything that they experience just basically fades away. Now what's interesting about this is if your hippocampus is destroyed, while you can't form new memories, you still have your old memories intact. So your long-term memory functions just fine. So that's the hippocampus. Now lastly, this orange structure here, this orange structure is the hypothalamus. And "hypo" means below. So hypothalamus is below the thalamus. And here's the thalamus. And it's below it. So that's where it gets its name from. And the hypothalamus is actually a very tiny structure. And this diagram here really exaggerates the size of the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is so small that it actually makes up Bulgarian: по-малко от 1% от общия обем на мозъка ти. Той е приблизително с размера на бобче. И хипоталамусът играе изключителна роля в регулирането на множество функции в тялото ти. Но за нашите цели говорим за структурите на лимбичната система спрямо емоциите. Когато става въпрос за емоции, за хипоталамуса може да мислиш като регулатор на автономната нервна система. Ще съкратя това на ANS. И за автономната нервна система може да мислиш като "бий се или бягай" срещу "почивай и храносмилай". Ще обсъдя това допълнително в различно видео. Но засега просто мисли за това като регулатор на автономната нервна система. И той прави това, като контролира ендокринната система, като води до освобождаване на хормони в кръвообращението ти. И някои от тези хормони, които биват освободени, са неща като епинефрин или норепинефрин. И епинефринът всъщност често е познат като адреналин. Ако помислиш за фразата "много адреналин, пулсиращ във вените", English: less than 1% of the total volume of your brain. It's about the size of kidney bean. And the hypothalamus plays an incredible role in regulating so many functions in your body. But for our purposes, we're talking about the limbic system structures in terms of emotion. So when it comes to emotion, the hypothalamus you can think of as regulating the autonomic nervous system. I'll abbreviate it as "ANS." And the autonomic nervous system you can think of as fight or flight versus rest and digest. Now, I'm going to discuss this further in a different video. But right now, just think of it as regulating the autonomic nervous system. And it does this by controlling the endocrine system, by triggering the release of hormones into your bloodstream. And some of these hormones that are triggered to release are things like epinephrine or norepinephrine. And epinephrine is actually very commonly known as adrenaline. So if you ever think of the phrase like "a lot of adrenaline pumping through your veins," Bulgarian: това бива регулирано от хипоталамуса. Хипоталамусът ти също участва в регулиране на други основни инстинкти, като глад, жажда, сън, секс. Но що се отнася до емоциите, мисля, че е най-важно да отбележим, че регулира автономната нервна система, този отговор "бий се или бягай" или "почивай и храносмилай". Това е лимбичната система. И това са четирите основни структури, таламусът, амигдалата, хипокампусът и хипоталамусът. Това са основните структури на лимбичната система. English: that's actually being regulated by the hypothalamus. Your hypothalamus is also involved in regulating other basic drives, like hunger, thirst, sleep, sex. But in terms of emotion, I think it's most important to note that it regulates the autonomic nervous system, that fight or flight or rest and digest response. So that's the limbic system. And these are the four basic structures, the thalamus, the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the hypothalamus. So these are the basic structures of the limbic system.

JON SNOW, CHANNEL4 NEWS: There's some very strong language in this report, do you think that farmers understand they're poisoning the soil as is expressed in this report? PHIL JARVIS, GWCT: I think the terminology sometimes, I have 11% of my farm out of production I don't recognize some of the language in there, I have good soil health, I have good bee numbers, I have good bird numbers, and so I think making sure that we use the right language and we don't just bring it down into a very small microcosm and say well all farmers are doing this. There are many farmers doing really good work and we've got to build on that.

Portuguese: Oi. Holo. Sou a Cristine, e eu normalmente faço minhas unhas nesse canal. Vocês têm perguntado como eu fiz minha maquiagem fabulosa, Então, deixe-me mostrar como eu deixo meu rosto no ponto e tal. Eu vou ficar muito boa nisso. Acho que vou precisar de um nome novo. Simplymakeuplogical. Simplyfacelogical. Simplymakeupsexual. Esse é um tanto intenso... Para a nova introdução! Pornô de maquiagem, YAS! Não se esqueça de clicar para se inscrever no meu canal e se tornar uma fã oficial simplyfam. Por que ainda estou com meu pijama de gatos? Aqui! Não dá pra ver? Tem a palavra "maquiagem" nela, eu juro! Um salve para a "Wake Up and Make Up" e essas pessoas aqui por me dar essa camiseta. Turkish: Selam. Holo. Ben Cristine, ve normalde bu kanalda tırnaklarımı yaparım. Siz çocuklar bana bu inanılmaz makyajımı nasıl yaptığımı soruyorsunuz. Yanii... size yüzümü nasıl muhteşem yaptığımı ve böyle olduğunu göstereyim Bunda oldukça iyi olacağım Sanırım yeni bir isme ihtiyacım var. Basitçe makyaj mantığı,basitçe yüz mantığı,basitçe makyaj seksüeli . Bunun biraz yoğun olma olasılığı var(bu kısmı tam çeviremedim af ola :D) Yeni Jenerik! *müzik* makyaj-porn... EVETTT!!! Resmi bir simplyface fan olmak için sayfama "abone ol"a basmayı unutmayın. Neden hala kedili pijamalardayım? İşte!.. oh görebiliyorsunuz. Üzerinde makyaj kelimesi var. Yemin ederim! Spanish: Hola, holo, soy Cristine y normalmente, pinto mis uñas en este canal. Pero ustedes estuvieron preguntando como hice mi fabuloso maquillaje. Entonces, déjenme enseñarles como hago para que mi cara se vea "perfecta" y tal Voy a ser muy buena en esto Creo que voy a necesitar un nuevo nombre Eso probablemente fue un poco intenso Aquí el nuevo intro Porno de maquillaje, ¡SI! No te olvides de cliquear "Suscribir" para suscribirte al canal para convertirte en un SimplyFace fan oficial ¿Porqué sigo en mis pijamas de gatos? ¡Ahí! Oh, no pueden verlo Tiene la palabra "maquillaje", lo juro Un llamado para mi chica (creo) de Wake Up and Make Up, y estas personas Por darme esta camiseta English: Hi. Holo. I'm Cristine, and I do my nails normally on this channel... You guys have been asking me how I did my fabulous make-up... So... let me how you how I make my face all on fleek and such.. I'm going to be really good at this I think I'm going to need a new name. Simplymakeuplogical. Simplyfacelogical. Simplymakeupsexual. That one's probability a little intense... Que the new into! Music!!! Make-up porn... YES!!! Don't forget to click subscribe to my channel to become an offical simplyface fan Why am I still in my cat pajamas? There!.... oh you can see it. It has the word make-up on it I swear! shout out to now wake up and make up and these people for hooking me up with this shirt. French: Salut ! Holo.. C'est Cristine et je fais mes ongles Normalement, sur cette chaine Vous m'avez demandez, comment j'ai fais mon fabuleux maquillage Donc, laissez moi vous montrer, comment j'ai fais pour que mon visage soit "on fleek" Je serais vraiment forte pour ça ! Je crois que je vais avoir besoin d'un nouveau nom de chaine : "Simply Makeuplogical "Simply Facelogical" ? "Simply Makeup Sexual" ? Celui là est probablement, un peu, intense.. La nouvelle intro ! Le "porno" du maquillage, oui ! N'oubliez pas de vous abonnez à ma chaine, pour devenir un officiel, "simplyface fan" ! Pourquoi je suis encore dans mon pyjama avec des chats dessus? Voilà ! Oh, vous ne pouvez pas voir.. Il y a le mot "maquillage" dessus, je vous le jure ! Dédicasse à Manelle, de "Wake up & Make up" et ces gens pour m'avoir offert ce t-shirt English: So! I watched a bunch of make-up videos on YouTube and Instagram once of course... and now I am fully prepared to glam the f*** out of my face. I'm really serious about this change in direction of my Youtube career, okay? I'm gonna pull a Zayn! First things first, is there a such thing as a peal off base coat for your face? Washing the face! This is cold water! Now I'm awake. I got a ring light, I know, see I'm doing this for real! exfoliating.... that tastes good, its like sugar! Washing the face.... again! What order was I suppose to do this in? I don't Understand... Toning the face! This is how you get your face in shape! Put some toner on it! moisturizing the face. Feels like its to oiley to put make-up on... ahhhhhh! Primer! Thats what this is right? It says shine killer. I'm gonna kill a shiny B**** today. Grade 7 head band. Oh its like lube.. thats weird. Am I supposed to do my Face make-up first or my eye makeup first? No one ever explains this. Spanish: Así que, vi un montón de videos de maquillaje aquí en YouTube y Instagram, obvio Y ahora estoy sumamente para deslumbrar la ***** de mi cara Estoy siendo muy seria sobre este cambio de dirección en mi carrera en YouTube, ¿Bueno? Primero, ¿Existe una base peel-off para tu cara? ¡Lavando la cara!, esto se llama agua Ahora estoy despierta Tengo una luz en forma de anillo, lo sé, ¿Ves?, estoy haciendo esto enserio Exfoliando, no sabe bien Lavando la cara, de nuevo ¿En qué orden se supone que tengo que hacer las cosas? No entiendo Tonificando la cara, porque así es como pones tu cara en forma, pon tonificante en ella Hidratando la cara, se siente muy aceitosa como para poner maquillaje ¡Prebase! ¿Es esto, verdad? Dice mata-brillo (shine-killer), hoy vamos a matar una per** brillosa Vincha de 7to grado Es como plasticola, es raro ¿Tengo que hacer el maquillaje de mi cara o de mis ojos primer? Nadie nunca explica estas cosas Corrector de colores, porque mi cara siempre esta mal French: Donc ! J'ai regarder un tas de vidéos de maquillage sur Youtube, et Instagram, bien sur ! Et maintenant, je suis complètement préparée pour rendre ce visage glam ! Je suis vraiment sérieuse, sur ce changement de direction de ma carrière Youtube ok? Pour commencer, est-ce qu'il y a aussi un truc, comme une base peel-of pour ton visage? On nettoie son visage ! C'est de l'eau froide ! Maintenant, je suis réveillée ! J'ai une lumière ronde, vous voyez ? Je prend ça au sérieux ! De l'exfoliant, ça à bon gout, ça à le gout de sucre On nettoie son visage, encore ! Dans quel ordre, je suis supposée faire les choses, je comprend pas Tonifier le visage ! C'est comme ça qu'on maintien son visage en forme ! Il faut mettre du tonifiant dessus Mettre de la crème hydratante sur le visage, on dirait que c'est un peu trop huileux pour mettre du maquillage dessus, nooon ! Du Primer ! C'est bien ce que c'est non? Ça dit que ça enlève l'éclat, on va tuer quelqu'un d'éclatant aujourd'hui ! Un bandeau qui nous serra utile ! Oh, on dirais, du lubrifiant.. C'est, bizarre. Est-ce que je suis supposée faire mon maquillage pour la peau en premier ou mon maquillage pour les yeux? Personne n'a encore expliquer ça Du correcteur en couleur ! Parce que mon visage à toujours des défauts Turkish: Yani! YouTube üzerinden bir takım makyaj videosu izledim ve Instagram'dan bir kereliğine tabii ki. ve şimdi tamamen göz kamaştırmaya hazırım. YouTube kariyerimin değişmesi konusunda oldukça ciddiyim, tamam mı? Zayn'e çekeceğim İlk olarak, yüzünüzü soymak için taban katı var mı? Yüzü yıkama! Bu soğuk su! Şimdi uyanığım. Halka ışık aldım,biliyorum,gördünüz mü bunu gerçekten yapıyorum! peeling..tadı güzel,şeker gibi! Yüzü yıkama... yeniden! Bunda yapmam gereken sıralaması neydi? Anlamadım... Yüzü sıkılaştırma! Bu yüzünü nasıl şekle soktuğundur! Biraz tonik koy üzerine! Yüzü nemlendirme. Makyajı üzerine yapmak için çok yağlıymış gibi. Ahhh! Primer! Bu doğru olanı değilmi? Parlaklık öldüren diyor. Bugün parlak bir k***ak öldüreceğim. Aşama 7 bandana. Biraz yağlı krem gibi...bu garip.İlk olarak yüz makyajımı mı yoksa göz makyajımı mı yapmalıyım? Bunu kimse asla açıklamıyor. Portuguese: Então, eu assisti um monte de vídeos de maquiagem no YouTube e Instagram, é claro e agora estou pronta para deixar minha cara glamourosa pra p**** Estou falando sério sobre essa mudança na direção da minha carreira no YouTube, ok? Eu vou dar uma de Zayn. Primeiro, existe algo tipo uma base removível para o rosto? Lavando o rosto. Essa água é gelada. Agora estou acordada. Eu tenho uma lâmpada anel agora, viu, estou levando isso a sério! Esfoliando... O gosto é bom, parece açúcar. Lavando o rosto... de novo! Em que ordem eu tenho que fazer isso? Eu não sei... Tonificando o rosto! É assim que seu rosto fica em forma! Tonifique-o! Hidratando o rosto. Parece que está oleoso demais pra maquiagem... Primer! É isso, certo? Está escrito "matador" de brilho. Eu vou matar uma vadia brilhante hoje. Arco de cabelo da sétima série. Parece lubrificante... que esquisito. Eu tenho que maquiar meu rosto ou meus olhos primeiro? Ninguém explica essas coisas. Turkish: Renk düzenleyici! Çünkü yüzüm her zaman yanlış. Fırçasıyla gelmiyor! Sorunun ne adamım? Oo sanırım bunlar bunun için.. Hangi fırçanın ne için olduğu bilinmiyor. Black top kabuki(fırçanın ismi) Bu bana yardımcı olmuyor.. Bir saniye...Bunu daha önce Elf Concelar fırçasını kullanıyordum.. Bilirsiniz tırnaklarınızı temizlemek için olan. Göz far paletine benziyor. Sadece şaka yapıyorum,araştırma yaptım,tamam mı? İlk olarak biraz yeşil olanı alıp kırmızıların üzerine koyacağız. Böylece Noeliniz olur. Ah bu kırmızı değil... Has**** Dur.. Aaa. Biraz eğlenceliymiş. Sanırım bu b**u dağıtmanız lazım. Sadece bu süngerden aldım çünkü İnternet bana öyle söyledi. Bana göre sadece eğimli bir süngere benziyor. sadece garip şekilli ve pembe. Bir saniye, neden insanlaryüzlerinde sadece makyaj süngerlerini kullanmıyor? Bunlar gibi Birileri bize bir şeyleri söylemiyor... Bütün rastgele renkleri gizliyorum. Sadece yüzüme koydum . Hey dotticure'e (bir nail art)benziyor. Blendy Blendy Wendy English: Color Correcting! Cuz my face is always wrong. Doesn't come with a brush! What the hell man? Oh I guess thats what these are for... Don't know which brush is for what though. Black top kabuki...That does not help me... Wait a second... why didn't I think of this before... Imma use an elf concealer brush. You know like the clean up brush for your nails. This looks like eye shadow pallet. I'm just kidding, I did some research, okay? So first we're going to go in with green and put it on things that are red. So you got Christmas. Oh no thats not red... Aww sh** Stop it.. Ohh.. This is kinda fun. I think you're supost to blend this Sh** I only bought this sponge thing because the internet told me to. To me it just looks like a gradient sponge. except weird shaped and pink. Wait a second, Why dont people just use make-up sponges on their face? Like these There is something someone is not telling us.. Conceal all the random colors I just put on my face. Hey look its like a dotticure. Blendy Blendy Wendy. French: Il n'y à pas de pinceau avec, sérieusement les gars? Et je devine, que c'est à ce que cette chose sert, ahah.. Cependant, je ne sais pas quel pinceau est pourquoi faire.. "Pinceau Kabuki avec haut blanc" ça ne m'aide pas tellement.. Attendez une seconde ! Evidemment, pourquoi je n'ai pas pensé avant, à utiliser un pinceau de chez elf pour le correcteur, Vous savez, genre le pinceau pour nettoyer les ongles Ça ressemble à une palette de fard à paupières. Je plaisante ! J'ai fait des recherches, ok ? Premièrement, nous allons avec le vert ! Et le mettre sur les parties qui sont rouges Et vous avez Noël ! Oh non, c'est pas rouge, merde ! C'est assez amusant ! Je pense, que vous êtes supposez estomper cette merde.. J'ai acheté cette chose en éponge, parce que internet m'a dit de le faire ! Pour moi on dirais juste une éponge pour faire des gradient nails, excepté la forme bizarre et la couleur rose Attendez.. Pourquoi les gens n'utilisent pas des éponges à maquillages sur leurs face? Comme celles-cis ! Il y a quelque chose, que quelqu'un nous cache ! Cachez toutes les couleurs aléatoires que vous avez sur votre visage Eh ! Regardez c'est comme une manucure à pois ! On estompe, on estompe... C'est l'heure du fond de teint ! On va mettre du ciment, sur nos visages ! Spanish: No viene con una brocha, ¿Que mie**a, hombre? Supongo que para eso estan estas, no se que brocha es para que Eso no me ayuda Espera un segundo Obvio, porque no pensé esto antes, voy a usar una brocha para corrector de Elf Vos sabes, como la brocha para clean-up (limpiador) para tus uñas Esto para una paleta de sombras Solo estoy bromeando, hice algo de investigación, ¿Bueno? Oh Dios Entonces, vamos a empezar con verde y lo ponemos en cosas que son rojas Así tenes Navidad Oh No, eso no es rojo Oh mier*a Esto es divertido, CREO que tenes que mezclar esta mierd* Solo compre esta esponja, porque el internet me lo dijo Para mi solo se ve como una esponja para gradientes, excepto que tiene forma rara y es rosa Espera un segundo, ¿Por qué la gente no usa esponjas de maquillaje en sus caras? Como estas Hay algo que alguien no nos esta diciendo Ocultar (o disimular) todos los colores que acabo de poner en mi cara Mira, es como una dotticure Mezcla, mezcla, Wendi (en ingles esto rima) Hora de la base, vamos a poner cemento en nuestra cara Portuguese: Correção de cores! Porque minha cara está sempre errada. Não tem pincel! Que merda é essa?! Acho que é pra isso que essa coisa serve. Não sei qual pincel serve para o quê, entretanto. Pincel kabuki preto... isso não ajuda em nada. Espera aí... por que não pensei nisso antes? Eu vou usar o pincel de corretivo da Elf. Você sabe, igual o pincel de limpeza das suas unhas. Isso parece uma paleta de sombras. Brincadeira, eu pesquisei, tá? Vamos começar com o verde e por nas partes que são vermelhas. E então é Natal! Isso não é vermelho, merda... Chega. Oooh... isso é divertido. Acho que você tem que misturar essa merda. Eu só comprei essa esponja porque a internet mandou comprar. Pra mim, parece uma esponja pra fazer gradientes. Exceto que tem um formato estranho e é rosa. Espera aí, por que as pessoas não usam esponjas de maquiagem no rosto, tipo essas? Tem algo que estão escondendo de nós. Escondendo todas as cores que acabei de colocar no meu rosto. Eu, parece uma manicure de bolinhas. Mistura mistura, Wendy. Portuguese: Hora da base! Vamos por um pouco de cimento no rosto. Eu sempre uso essa cor porque eu sei que combina com meu tom de pele. YAS! Eu sempre vejo as pessoas colocando um óleo mágico no pincel. O que é aquilo? Óleo para cutículas? Claro, por que não? O que posso dizer? Sou profissa. É gelado. Vou usar o que eu acredito ser um pincel de base, e hm, é um pincel da Morphe e você pode ganhar um desconto de 10% usando meu código SIMPLYFACE. Brincadeira, esses pinceis não são da Morphe. Aw, percebi que estou cobrindo todas as minhas sardas! Não sei como me sentir em relação a isso. Eu sou uma vlogueira de maquiagem e estou sorrindo! Você não vê isso sempre. Eu comprei duas paletas diferentes de contorno, porque não entendi o motivo de duas. Alguém mandou eu comprar as duas. Como eu vou saber o formato do meu rosto? Não está aqui. Vou passar isso na cara... como um rastro de cocô. Disseram para contornar as partes fundas do rosto, tipo assim. Imagina se dissessem pra por holo nas bochechas? Seria bem melhor. French: J'utilise cette couleur, tout le temps Donc je sais qu'elle est égale à la couleur de ma peau, parfaitement J'ai vu des gens mettre une sorte d'huile sur leur pinceau, c'est quoi? De l'huile pour les ongles? Bien sur ! Pourquoi pas? Est-ce que je peut dire que je suis une pro? C'est froid... Donc, je fais ça, avec ce que je pense être mon pinceau pour fond de teint Et, euh, c'est un pinceau qui viens de chez *marque dont j'entend pas le nom désolée* et vous pouvez avoir une réduction avec le code "simplyface" Je rigole, ce pinceau de viens pas de chez *la même marque* Oh, je viens de réaliser que je couvre toute mes taches de rousseurs.. Je suis pas sure de comment je me sens à ce sujet.. Je suis une bloggeuse beauté et je souris ! Vous ne voyez pas ça tout les jours ! J'ai acheté 2 différentes palettes de contouring Parce que j'ai pas compris.. Pourquoi j'avais besoin des deux, mais quelqu'un m'a dit de prendre les deux "Comment je sais de quelle forme mon visage est?" C'est pas dedans ! Y'a juste qu'a peindre sur ton visage ! Comme une trace, de caca, ouaiis ! Ils disent de contourer les creux des joues, comme ça ! Imaginez, ils disent de mettre du holo sur nos joues? Ca serais tellement mieux English: Foundation time! We're gonna put some cement on our face. I use this color all the time so I know it matches my skin tone perfectly. YUSSSSS. I always see people dropping some magical oil into their brush. What is that? Nail oil? Sure why not? What can I say I'm a pro. Thats cold. So I'm just going in with my what I think is my foundation brush and umm its a Morphe brush and you can get a discount, 10% with my code SIMPLYFACE. Just kidding these brushes aren't from Morphe. Aww I just realized I'm covering up all my freckles.. :'( Not sure how I feel about this. I'm a beauty vlogger and I'm smiling. You don't see that everyday. I bought these two different contouring pallets, cuz I didn't understand why you needed both. Someone told me to get both. How do I know what shape my face is? Thats not in here. Just going to paint it on... Like a trail of poo. They say to contour in the hollows of your cheeks. Like that. imagine if they were saying to put holo on your cheeks? That would be better Spanish: Uso este color todo el tiempo, así que sé que es del tono perfecto para mí ¡SIIII! Siempre veo a gente ponerle algo como "Aceite Mágico" a su brocha, ¿Qué es eso? ¿Aceite para uñas? Seguro, ¿Por qué no? ¿Qué puedo decir? Soy una pro Esta frío, entonces estoy usando lo que creo que es mi brocha para base Es una brocha de Morphe y podes tener un descuento del 10% con mi código "SimplyFace" Solo bromeaba, estas brochas no son de Morphe Oh, me acabo de dar cuenta que estoy cubriendo todas mis pecas No estoy segura de como me siento acerca de esto Soy una bloggera de belleza y estoy sonriendo No se ve eso todos los días Compré estas dos paletas de contorno diferentes Porque no entendía porque necesitaba las dos, pero alguien me dijo que consiga las dos ¿Cómo se cuál es la forma de mi cara? Eso no esta aquí Solo lo voy a pintar, como una línea de caca, ¡SII! Todos dicen contornear los "holos" de tus mejillas Imaginen que estuvieran diciendo "Pone holo en tus mejillas", eso sería todavía mejor Turkish: Fondöten zamanı! Yüzümüze biraz çimento koyacağız. Bu rengi her zaman kullanıyorum böylece ten rengime birebir uyuşuyor. İnsanların her zaman fırçalarına büyüleyici bir yağ damlattıklarını görüyorum. O nedir? Tırnak yağı? Tabii neden olmasın? Ne diyebilirim, ben bir profesyonelim. Bu soğuk.Şimdi bunu şeyimle uyguluyorum,sanırım bu fondöten fırçası Ve aa bu bir Morphe fırçası ve benim indirim kodum SIMPLYFACE ile 10% indirim alabilirsiniz. Şaka yapıyorum bu fırçalar Morphe'dan değiller. Şu an fark ettim bütün çillerimi kapatıyorum.. :( Bununla ilgili nasıl hissettiğim konusunda emin değilim. Ben bir güzellik vloggerıyım ve gülümsüyorum. Bunu her gün görmezsiniz. İki farklı şekillendirme paleti aldım çünkü neden iki taneye ihtiyacım var anlamadım. Yüzümün şekli ne nasıl bilebilirim ?Burada yazmıyor.Sadece şöyle boyayacağım... Kaka treni gibi. Yanaklarınızdaki oyuklara kontürlemek gerektiğini söylüyorlar.Bunun gibi. düşünsenize yanaklarınıza holo koyduğunuzu.Bu daha iyi olurdu. Spanish: Ahora hay que contornear esa doble barbilla, por todas esas ensaladas que como ¡Yey ensaladas! ¿Tengo una nariz grande? ¿Debería siquiera estar contorneando mi nariz? No entiendo como funciona esto ¿Cómo se supone que limpie la brocha? ¿Qué para si quisiera iluminar toda mi cara? ¿Por qué es tan oscuro si esta en la paleta de colores claros? Aquí hay un hecho gracioso para ustedes Cuando estaba en la secundaria, trabajaba en la farmacia como cosmetologa Esa es la gente de maquillaje que te atiende cuando vas a comprar tickects para loteria Esos solo están en Canadá, así que hay un 80% de probabilidad que no tengas idea de lo que te estoy diciendo Pero Drake trabajaba ahí, así que capaz que lo conozcas (al lugar) por eso Yo también bailaba en el medio de los pasillos Ahora solo voy a "hornear" mi cara Por eso es que le dicen a la gente "cara de torta", porque hornearon una torta en su cara Ahora todo tiene sentido para mi Estoy tomando el mas oscuro ¿Porqué tan serio? Agh, estoy inhalando polvos de maquillaje Parece mugre en mi cara Ahora luce raro, ¡Deshacer! ¡Deshacer! Hay polvo por todas partes, ¿Con cosquillas? Turkish: Sırada çift çenemi kontürlüyorum yediğim salatalar yüzünden. EEHH SALATA! Büyük burnum mu var? Burnumu kontürlemeliyim mi? Bunun nasıl işlediğini anlamıyorum. Fırçayı nasıl temizlemeliyim? Ya büzün yüzümü highlight'lamak istesem? Açık ten paletinde olmasına rağmen nasıl bu kadar koyu olur? İşte sizi komik bir gerçek. Lisedeyken ilaç mağazasında güzellik uzmanı olarak çalışıyordum. Bu size kuponlarla gelenlere makyaj yapmak gibi. Bunlar sadece Kanada'da yani bilme ihtimaliniz 80%. Ne hakkında konuştuğuma dair fikriniz bile yok. Ama Drake'de bir tanesinde çalışmıştı.Yani o yüzden bilebilirsiniz. Ayrıca bende rafların ortasında dans etmiştim. Şimdi suratımı şununla pişireceğim. Bu yüzden insanlara pasta suratlı diyorlar çünkü suratlarında pasta pişiriyorlar. Bunlar şimdi mantıklı geliyor. Koyu olanı alıyorum. Neden bu kadar ciddisin? AHH Burnumdan makyaj pudrası soluyorum. *CANAVAR SESLERİ* Suratımda pislik var gibi! Garip görünüyor. GERİ AL GERİ AL GERİ AL! French: Maintenant, on doit contourer le double-menton ! A cause de toute les salades que je mange ! Hmmm Salade ! Est-ce que vous pensez que c'est nécessaire que je contour mon nez? Je comprend pas comment ça marche Comment je suis censée nettoyer ce pinceau? Comment on fait si on veux "surligner" toute notre face ? Comment ça se fait que ça soit aussi foncé? Petite anecdote pour vous, quand j'étais au lycée, je travaillais dans un magasin, en temps que cosméticienne C'est comme des gens qui travaillent dans le maquillage qui venais vous dire bonjour etc, pour acheter des billets de lotterie C'est qu'au Canada, donc il y a 80% de chance que vous n'avez aucune idée de quoi je veux parler, Mais Drake à travailler dans ce magasin, donc, vous savez peut-être pour ça, j'ai aussi danser dans le milieu des rayons Je vais juste "faire cuire" mon visage C'est pour ça qu'on appelle les gens "tronche de cake" parce qu'ils "font cuire le cake" sur leur visage ! Ca semble logique pour moi maintenant ! Je prend un fard plus sombre, "why so serious?" Ca me donne envie d'éternuer ! On dirais juste que j'ai de la terre sur la face ! Ca semble bizarre.. Il y a de la poudre partout.. Vous êtes chatouilleux? English: Next we contour that double chin cuz of those salads I eat. EHHH salad! Do I have a big nose? Should I Contour my nose? I dont understand how this works.... How am I suppost to clean the brush? What is you want to highlight your whole face? How is it so dark and its in the fair skin pallet. Here's a fun fact for ya, When I was in high school I worked at shopper drug mart as a cosmetician . Thats like the make-up people that greet you when you when you come to by loterey tickets. Those are only in Canada so there is an 80% chance you have no idea what I'm talking about But Drake worked at one. So you might know it because of that. I also danced in the isles. I'm just gona go ahead and bake my face with... Thats why they call people cake faces because they bake their cake on their face. It all makes sense now. I'm taking the darker one. Why so serious? AHH I'm snorting make-up powder. *Moster noise* This looks like dirt on my face! That looks weird. UNDO UNDO UNDO! Portuguese: Agora, nós contornamos esse queixo duplo por causa do monte de salada que eu como. Eeeee, salada. Meu nariz é grande?Eu tenho que contornar meu nariz? Eu não sei como isso funciona. Como é que limpa esse pincel? E se você quiser destacar seu rosto inteiro? Por que é tão escuro sendo que é uma paleta para pele clara? Aqui vai uma curiosidade: quando eu estava no ensino médio, eu trabalhei na Shoppers Drug Mart como vendedora de cosméticos. É tipo essa gente de maquiagem que te dá boas vindas quando você vai lá comprar bilhetes de loteria. Só existe no Canadá, então tem 80% de chance de você não saber do que estou falando. O Drake trabalhou em uma Shoppers Drug Mart, então você deve conhecer por causa dele. Eu também dançava nos corredores. Agora vou "assar" (bake: passar pó) minha cara com... é por isso que chamam as pessoas de cara de bolo, porque elas assam bolo (cake: um tipo de maquiagem) na cara delas. Agora tudo faz sentido. Eu vou pegar o mais escuro. Por que tão sério? Ahhh estou cheirando pó de maquiagem. Parece que minha cara está suja!Parece esquisito. Desfaz desfaz desfaz! Portuguese: Tem pó pra todo lado. Cócegas? Agora vamos por um pouco de blush nas maçãs do meu rosto? Ou nas laranjas do meu rosto? Em todas as frutas do meu rosto? Hora de iluminar. Que cor eu devo usar? Isso é um iluminador? Nunca abra caixas com suas unhas. Eu queria muito comprar aquele que a Glam and Gore usa mas não consegui achar. Estava esgotado em todos os lugares e eles não entregam no Canadá. Eu nunca serei linda! Estou iluminando seu dia? Por que as pessoas põem iluminador aqui? É estranho. Unhas grandes não servem para algumas coisas. Por que isso é branco? Hora de desenhar as sobrancelhas. Eu nunca me preocupei com minhas sobrancelhas até o Instagram surgir. Está exagerado? Vou te pentear, pequena taturana. Sinceramente, isso parece esquisito. Eu não sei pra que isso, mas vou fazer de qualquer forma. Veja quem está esfumando agora. Como as pessoas esfumam tão bem? Por favor alguém venha me maquiar, Spanish: Ahora agreguemos un poco de rubor a las ¿manzanas? de mis mejillas O las naranjas de mis mejillas, o a todas las frutas de mis mejillas Hora de resaltar, ¿Qué color debería usar? ¿Es esto un iluminador? Nunca abras cajas con tus uñas Pero enserio quería conseguir (un tipo de iluminador) que Mykie de Glam&Gore usa, pero no lo pude encontrar Estaba agotado en todas partes y ni siquiera llega a Canadá ¡Nunca voy a ser hermosa! ¿Soy la luz de tu día? ¿Por qué la gente ilumina esto? RARO Hay algunas cosas para las que uñas largas no son buenas ¿Por qué es blanco? Es hora de dibujarnos cejas Nunca me sentí tan mal por mis cejas hasta que llego Instagram ¿Es eso demasiado? Voy a peinarte, pequeña oruga Honestamente, esto solo luce raro No entiendo esta parte, pero la voy a hacer de todas formas Mira quien fuma ahora ¿Cómo hace la gente para difuminar tan bien? Pude alguien venir a hacer mi maquillaje, lo apreciaría mucho ¿Glam&Gore, NikkieTutorials, Madeyewlook? Yo haré tus uñas English: There is powder everywhere. Ticklish? Now lets add some blush.. to the apples of my cheeks. Or the oranges of my cheeks or all the fruits of my cheeks Time to highlight. Which colors should I use. If this the highlighter? Never open boxes with your nails. I really wanted to get the one that glam and gore uses but I couldn't find it. It was sold out everywhere and they don't ship to Canada. I'll never be beautiful! (NOT TRUE) Am I the highlight of your day? Why do people highlight this? Its so weird. There are somethings that long nails are not good for. Why is it white? Time to draw on some eye brows. I've never felt so self conscious about my eye brows until instagram. Is that to much? Imma comb you little caterpillar. Honestly this just looks werid. I really don't get this part but i'm gonna do it anyways. Looks who's smoking now. How do people blend so good? Someone else please come do my make-up and I really would appreciate it. Turkish: Her yerde pudra var. Gıdıklandın mı? Şimdi biraz allık ekliyelim.. yanaklarımdaki elmacıklara. Yada yanaklarımdaki portakallara yada yanaklarımdaki bütün meyvelere. Highlight zamanı! Hangi rengi kullanmalıyım? Bu highlighter'sa? Asla kutuları tırnaklarınla açma. Kullanılan göz kamaştırlıcığı gerçekten istiyorum ama bulamıyorum. Her yerde satılmıştı ve Kanada'ya gönderim yapılmıyordu. Asla güzel olamayacağım! Gününün highlight'ımıyım? İnsanlar neden bunu highlihtlar? Çok garip.Tırnakların iyi olmadığı şeylerde vardır. Neden beyaz? Kaşları şekillendirme zamanı. Instagram'a kadar kaşlarım konusunda bu kadar iyi bilmiyorum. Bu fazla mı? Seni tarayacağım küçük tırtıl. Dürüstçe bu sadece garip görünüyor. Bu kısmı asla anlamıyorum ama yinede yapacağım. Bakın şimdi kimler tüttürüyor? İnsnalar nasıl bu kadar güzel dağıtıyor? Lütfen birileri gelip makyajımı yapsın. Sahiden takdir ederdim. French: Maintenant, je vais mettre du blush ! Mes pommettes, ou mes orangettes, ou les fruits sur mes joues ! C'est l'heure de surligner ! Quelle couleur je devrais utiliser? C'est ça un highlighter? J'ouvre jamais de boites avec mes ongles. Je voulais vraiment un *inaudible* comme celui de Mykie de la chaine Glam&Gore mais je le trouvais pas ! Il était en rupture de stock partout, et n'était même pas livré au Canada ! JE NE SERAIS JAMAIS JOLIE ! Est-ce que je suis la lumière de ta journée? Pourquoi est-ce que les gens highlight ici? Bizarre ! Il a quelque chose assez ennuyant avec les ongles longs.. Pourquoi c'est blanc? C'est l'heure de dessiner nos sourcils ! J'ai jamais été complexée par mes sourcils, depuis, Instagram. Est-ce que y'en a trop? Je suis en train de faire une petite chenille ! Honnêtement, c'est juste tellement bizarre. Je ne comprend pas tellement cette partie mais, je vais la faire quand même ! Regardez qui gère le smoky maintenant? Comment les gens estompe aussi bien? Quelqu'un d'autre, s'il vous plait, venez faire mon maquillage, j'apprécierais réellement Glam&Gore? Nikki Tutorial? Madeyewlook? Je ferais vos ongles ! English: Glam and Gore? Nikkietutorials? madeyewlook? I'll do your nails! Ahhh I think I got eye shadow in my eye ball. It hurts. Now I want some fleek liner or some s***. Striping brush? Actually that would work perfectly well. See nail art tools can be used for make-up. Oh it comes with a brush. Duh.... I need some nail vinyls. I want an angel wing. Help! I have to many eye lashes for the number of eyes that I have! Its like a coffin. For my make-up funeral. Are you suppose to shake this first? I don't know i'm just used to nail polish bottles. I am terrified. I never worn fake lashes before. ahh ehhh, I don't think thats right. I think i'm going to cry. How do people wear these? I got them because they're the iris beauty ones like all the girls on instgram use. they're to big for me! Do these come in different sizes? Go down. Get into my eye ball. Why? All I see are eyelashes. The power of make-up. One time in high school I was using a safty pin to separate my eyelashes and I stabbed myself in the eye. French: Oh, j'ai l'impression qu'il y a du fard à paupière dans mon œil ! Ca fait mal ! Maintenant je veux un beau trait d'eyeliner, un truc comme ça Un pinceau pour nail art? Ca marcherais tellement bien.. Voyez ! Les objets pour le nail art peuvent marcher pour le maquillage ! Non, ça viens avec un pinceau, logique. Je veux une aile d'ange ! Oups, j'ai trop de faux-cils pour le nombre d’œils que j'ai.. C'est comme un cercueil, pour les funérailles de mon maquillage. Est-ce qu'on est supposés secouer ce truc? Je sais pas, je suis plus habituées au flacon de vernis.. Je suis.. Terrifiée.. J'ai jamais porter de faux-cils auparavant Je pense pas que ça soit correct.. Je pense que je vais me mettre à pleurer Comment on porte ça? J'en ai pris, parce que c'est un truc de beauté que toute les filles sur Instagram ont ! Ils sont trop gros pour moi ! Est-ce que on peut en acheter avec de différentes tailles? Va en bas ! Met toi sur mon œil ! Tout ce que je vois c'est des cils ! La puissance du maquillage ! Une fois, au lycée, j'ai utiliser une épingle pour séparer mes cils, et je l'ai mit, dans mon œil Portuguese: ficaria agradecida. Glam and Gore? Nikkietutorials? Madeyewlook? Eu faço suas unhas! Ahhh entrou sombra no meu olho. Isso dói. Agora eu quero um delineado bem afiado ou merda assim. Pincel para listras? Na verdade, vai dar certinho. Viu? Ferramentas de nail art podem ser usadas para maquiagem. Já vem com aplicador. Duh... Preciso de vinis adesivos! Quero fazer uma asa de anjo. Ajuda! Eu tenho cílios demais para a quantidade de olhos que eu tenho. parece um caixão. Para meu funeral de maquiagem. É pra agitar antes? Sei lá, estou acostumada com frascos de esmalte. Estou com medo. Nunca usei cílios postiços antes. Ah... eh... acho que não está certo. Acho que vou chorar. Como as pessoas usam isso? Eu comprei porque as meninas da Iris Beauty e todas as meninas do Instagram usam. São grandes demais! Existe de outros tamanhos? Abaixa! Entra no meu olho! Pra quê? Eu só enxergo cílios. O poder da maquiagem. Uma vez no ensino médio eu estava usando um alfinete para separar meus cílios e eu espetei meu olho. Turkish: Glam&Gore? Nikkietutorials? Madeyewlook? Tırnaklarınızı yaparım! Ahh Sanırım göz bebeğime far geldi. Yanıyor. Şimdi biraz kuyruk istiyorum yada başka bir b*k. Çizgileme fırçası? Aslında mükemmel çalışırdı. Bakın tırnak sanatı bilgisi de makyajda işe yarıyor. Oh fırçasıyla geliyor. Tabii ki de... Tırnak stickerlarına ihtiyacım var. Bir kuyruk istiyorum. Yardım edin! Göz sayımdan fazla kirpiğim var! Tabuta benziyor.. Makyaj cenazem için. İlk önce sallamamız mı lazım? Bilemiyorum ben sadece oje şişelerini kullanırdım Tedirginim. Daha önce hiç sahte kirpik takmamıştım. Ahhh ehhh. Doğru olduğunu sanmıyorum. Sanırım ağlayacağım. İnsanlar bunları nasıl takıyor? . Bunlardan aldım çünkü iris beauty ones(?) instagramdaki bütün kızlar gibi. Bunlar benim için çok büyük. Bedenleri yok mu? Aşağı git. Gözüme gir. Neden? Tek gördüğüm kirpikler. Maktajın gücü! Lisedeyken bir kere kirpiklerimi ayırmak için emniyet pimi kullanmıştım ve gözüme saplamıştım. Spanish: Oh, creo que hay sombra en mi ojo, ¡DUELE! Ahora quiero un delineado prefecto o alguna mierd* Brocha fina, aunque eso funcionaría perfectamente bien Ven, herramientas para uñas pueden usarse para maquillarte Oh, ya viene con una brocha, DUH Necesito plantillas para uñas Quiero un ala de ángel Compré demasiadas pestañas para el número de ojos que tengo Es como un ataúd para mi funeral de maquillaje ¿Se supone que los sacudas primero? No lo sé, solo estoy acostumbrada a botellas de esmalte Estoy muy asustada, nunca usé pestañas postizas antes No creo que eso este bien Creo que voy a llorar ¿Cómo hace la gente para usar esto? Solo las obtuve porque habiía unas de Iris Beauty que todas las chicas en Instagram usan, son muy grandes para mí ¿Vienen en distintos tamaños? Maldito, entra en mi ojo Todo lo que veo son pestañas ¡El poder del maquillaje! Una vez en la secundaria, estaba usando un parador de seguridad (alfiler) para separar mis pestañas y me apuñale en el ojo Portuguese: Não sei por que chamam aquilo de alfinete de segurança. Eu ia comprar o batom da Kylie Jenner na cor True Brown ou Beige Brown ou KKK ou coisa assim, mas aquelas vadias loucas por maquiagem compraram tudo. Eu disse KKK? Desculpe, devo ter confundido com a coleção de esmaltes da King Kylie. De qualquer forma, comprei da ColourPop porque é parecido com Color Club. Eu sei que meus lábios são enormes e tal, mas me não inveje por eu ser abençoada. Você deve achar que tenho lábios finos, mas sério, é só porque você está acostumado a ver lábios gigantescos no YouTube e Instagram. Uma vez alguém perguntou onde estava meu lábio superior. Ah, essa merda é estranha. Uma vez alguém perguntou qual o problema dos meus dentes. Ah, sujou meus dentes. Acho que terminamos. TADA! Agora estou linda. Ah meu cabelo parece ter saído de um pornô dos anos 90 ou coisa assim. Spanish: No se porque lo llaman parador de SEGURIDAD Iba a comprar el lip kit de Kylie Jenner en True Brown.... Pero todas esas perr*s los agotaron todos ¿Acabo de decir KKK? Perdónenme, me confundí con la colección de los esmaltes de King Kylie De todas formas, obtuve los de Colourpop, porque sonaban como Colorclub Ya sé que mis labios son bien grandes y todo eso, traten de no ser celosos de cuan bendecida soy Puedes pensar que tengo labios chicos, pero eso es solo porque estas acostumbrado a ver labios grandes en Youtube y en todo Instagram Alguien una vez me preguntó a dónde fue mi labio superior Esta mierd* es rara Alguien más una vez me preguntó que estaba mal con mis dientes Y creo que terminamos, TA-DAA Ahora soy hermosa Mi pelo es como sacado de un porno de los 90's o algo Aquí tienen el antes y el después Ups, los mezclé Me dí cuenta que las bloggeras de belleza nunca sonrien en sus fotos finales English: Don't know why they call them safety pins. So I was going to the Kylie Jenner lip stick in true brown beige brown KKK or something but all these make-up b****es bought them all. Did I say KKK? I'm sorry I must of been confused with King Kylie's nail polish collection. Anyways i got Color pop instead because it reminded me of Color Club. So I know my lips are really big and all but try not to be jealous. You may think I have small lips but really, thats because you're so used to seeing big ass lips on Youtube and all over Instagram. Someone once asked me where my upper lip went. Once someone asked me whats wrong with my teeth. Oh its on my teeth. An I think we are done! TADA! Now I'm Beautiful! *MORE MONSTER NOISES* Ahhh my hair looks like its out of a 90's prono or something. Turkish: Neden onlara emniyet pimleri olduğunu bilmiyorum. Bende Kylie Jenner True Brown Beige KKK yada başka bir şeyden alacaktım ama bütün k***aklar hepsini almış. KKK mi dedim? Üzgünüm King Kylie oje koleksiyonuyla karıştırmış olmalıyım. Her neyse onun yerine Colorpop aldım çünkü bana Color Club'ı hatırlatıyor. Yani biliyorum dudaklarım büyük ve kıskanç olmamaya çalış. Küçük dudaklarım olduğunu düşünebilirsin ama gerçekten sürekli olarak her yerde koca dudaklar görmekten öyle geliyor. Bir keresinde biri üst dudağımın nereye gittiğini sormuştu.Uuu bu b*k tuhafmış.Biri de dişimle sorunumun ne olduğunu sormuştu.A dişimde bir şey var. Ve sanırım hazırız! TA-DAA! Şimdi güzelim! *Canavarsal sesler* Aahh saçım 90lar pornosu yada onun gibi bir şeye benziyor. French: Je sais pas pourquoi il appelle ça une "épingle de sûreté" ! Donc, j'allais acheter les lip kits de Kylie Jenner en True Brown, Beige Brown, KKK ou quelque chose comme ça Et toutes ces meufs à maquillages les ont achetés ! Est-ce que je viens de dire KKK? Je suis désolée, je pense que je me suis embrouillée avec les collections de vernis de King Kylie Bon, sinon j'ai pris des Color Pop à la place, parce que, ça paraissait mieux Je sais que mes lèvres sont vraiment grosses et tout, essayez de pas trop être jalouses, de comment elles sont Vous pensez peut-être qu'elles sont fines, mais réellement, c'est juste parce que vous êtes habitués à voir des énormes lèvres sur Youtube et un peu sur Instagram Quelqu'un m'a déjà demandé où étais mes lèvres, ouh, cette merde est bizarre ! Quelqu'un d'autre, m'a aussi demandé qu'est-ce qu'il se passait avec mes dents, oh, il y'en a sur mes dents ! Et je pense que c'est bon ! Maintenant, je suis jolie ! Voici les photos avant-après ! Oups, je me suis trompée ! J'ai remarquer que les bloggeuse beauté ne sourient jamais dans leurs photo "après" Spanish: ¿Por qué es eso? Parecen tan tristes Probablemente es porque no usaron nada de Holo en sus caras No pude encontrar ningún maquillaje Holo para poner en mi cara, ¿No hay nadie que lo venda? Normalmente hago vídeos de uñas, muchos de ellos Pero aunque no te gusten las uñas, te podes suscribir a este canal Yo te invito Bueno chicos, muchísimas gracias por mirar y los veré en la próxima, CHAU QUE MIRAR LUEGO French: Pourquoi ça ? Elles ont l'air trop tristes ! Peut-être parce qu'elles n'ont pas utiliser d'holo sur leur visage..? J'ai pas trouvé de maquillage holo à mettre sur ma face, est-ce que quelqu'un vend ça? Normalement, je fais des vidéos sur les ongles, beaucoup, mais même si vous n'aimez pas les ongles, vous avez le droit de vous abonnez à cette chaine ! Je vous y invite ! Bon aller les gars, merci d'avoir regarder, et on se voit la prochaine fois, bye ! *intro de fin* Turkish: İşte öncesi&sonrası. Ooops,karıştırdım. Güzellik vloggerlarının asla öncesi&sonrası fotoğraflarında gülümsemediklerini fark ettim. Muhtemelen suratlarında hiç holo kullanmadıkları için. Yüz makyajımda kullanmak için hiç holo bulamadım. Ama tırnakları sevmezseniz bile bu kanalı takip etmeye izniniz var. Sizi davet ediyorum. Tamam çocuklar. İzlediğiniz için teşekkür ederim ve sizi sonra göreceğim. Görüşürüz!! *kawaii surat* *MÜZİK* Portuguese: Aqui está o antes e o depois. Ops, eu inverti. Perceba que as vloggers nunca sorriem nas fotos de antes e depois. Por que? Elas parecem tão tristes. Provavelmente é porque elas não usaram holo no rosto. Não consegui achar nenhuma maquiagem holográfica para por no rosto. Alguém vende isso? Normalmente eu faço vídeos de unhas. Um monte de vídeos. Mas mesmo que você não goste de unhas, você pode se inscrever nesse canal. Estou te convidando. Certo pessoal, muito obrigada por assistir e os vejo na próxima, tchau! English: Here's the Before and After. Oops, I mixed them up. Notice how beauty vloggers never smile in their before and after shots. Why is that? They look so sad Probably because they didn't use any holo on their face. I couldn't find any holo make-up to put on my face. Does anyone sell that? I normally make nail videos. Lots of them. But even if you dont like nails you are allowed to subscribe to this channel. I invite you. ALRIGHT GUYS. THANKS SO MUCH FOR WATCHING AND I'LL SE YALL NEXT TIME BYE! MUSIC

Chinese: 他是 Mishu 他非常有愛心，喜歡被抓撓 但是當我找到它時，他不會讓我碰它 我在房子的門上找到它 我剛從大學回來，那是晚上，當我看到他時，我很害怕 它是如此之小，就像一個小球，我以為是老鼠 一開始我很害怕 我從來沒有養過貓，我以為它會咬我 有時候我很害怕 但是我給他喝了些牛奶，他進了我家 第二天我帶他去看獸醫 當我發現它到處都是跳蚤 他們在獸醫處檢查了他，他患有貧血 English: He is Mishu He is very loving and loves to be scratched But when I found it he wouldn't let me touch it I found it on the door of my house I was coming back from university, it was night and when I saw him I was scared It was so small and it was like a little ball that I thought was a rat xd At first I was afraid to take it I've never had a cat and I thought it was going to bite me Sometimes I am very scared But I gave him some milk and he came into my house The next day I took him to the vet When I found it it was full of fleas They tested him at the vet and he had anemia Chinese: 他們開了藥水並用跳蚤浴 當他回來時，他看起來像另一隻小貓 大約兩個月了 我以為“這是一個嬰兒” 我真的注意到他一直想吃東西 我檢查過獸醫 他告訴我：“由於他已經很長時間沒有進食了，他認為自己的食物將被他取走。” 我們的問題是我媽媽對貓過敏 （我也是，但直到他到達我才知道） 另外，我有一隻非常嫉妒的狗，這就是為什麼我們不能養小貓的原因 所以我試圖找到一個願意收養小貓並永遠愛他的人 但是沒人想要 :( 好漂亮 看那張小臉 English: They prescribed a syrup and applied a flea bath When he came back he looked like another kitten 2 months approximately had "It's a baby" was the first thing I thought I really noticed that he wanted to eat all the time I checked with the vet "Since he hasn't eaten for a long time, he thinks his food will be taken from him," he told me. The problem we have is that my mom is allergic to cats (And me too, but I didn't know until he arrived) Also, I have a dog that is very jealous and that's why we couldn't keep the kitten So I tried to find a kind-hearted person who would like to adopt the kitten and love him forever But nobody wanted it :( Its beautiful Look at that little face English: Anyway... Time passed and ... Began to gain confidence He loves to look out the window And bite ... Although he does it slowly My friends fell in love with him but my dog ​​wanted to eat it xd Chinese: 在所有 形狀... 時間過去了... 開始獲得信心 他喜歡看著窗外 咬... 雖然他做得很慢 我的朋友愛上了他 但是我的狗想吃 xd English: They hated each other xd A little more time passed ... And the quarantine arrived .. We went from seeing each other a few hours a day ... Chinese: 他們彼此討厭 再過一點時間... 檢疫到達.. 我們從每天見面的幾個小時開始.... Chinese: 一整天見 現在他讓我給他洗澡 他喜歡在我的手機上玩 很好，他們成為了朋友 以至於他們喜歡一起睡 他很愛 他很高興，我們也很高興 但是我們不能和他在一起 English: to seeing each other all day:) Now he let me bathe him He likes to play on my phone And well they became friends so much that they love sleeping together Mishu is very loving he is happy and we are too but we can't stay with him:( English: Therefore, we are looking for a person who wants to adopt him when the quarantine ends. This person should love him very much and take care of him forever If you know someone or want to adopt Mishu do not hesitate to contact me You must live in Lima - Peru Chinese: 因此，我們正在尋找一個希望在隔離結束時收養他的人。 這個人應該非常愛他，並永遠照顧他 如果您認識某人或想收養Mishu，請立即與我聯繫 你必須住在利馬-秘魯

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Chinese: 譯者: Wei-Li Jao 審譯者: Ashley WU 大家好 如果我沒弄錯的話 這個演講可能是 本系列裡唯一 以高潮作為結尾的演講 （笑聲） 不過請不要太猴急 （笑聲） 你是否曾想過 你之所以能活在地球上 是因為自己的每個祖先 都成功地繁衍出後代嗎？ 毫無例外 完全沒有斷裂 一直回溯至地球上的第一個生命為止 時間大約是三十五億年前 多到數不清的世代交替 過去十億年來 你的祖先藉由有性生殖來繁衍後代 可見性愛真是件大事 不過你可能早就知道這點了 但還是讓我們來談談人類是怎麼擇偶的 Portuguese: Tradutor: Daniela Quinsani Revisor: Maricene Crus Olá! Posso estar errado, mas acredito que essa palestra tem a distinção de ser a única dessa série que termina em orgasmo. (Risos) Mas não vamos nos precipitar. (Risos) Vocês já pensaram sobre o fato de que estamos aqui, vivos neste planeta porque todos nossos ancestrais se reproduziram? Todos, em uma cadeia contínua, desde o início à primeira vida neste planeta, há mais de 3,5 bilhões de anos. Isso é um monte de reprodução. E ao longo dos últimos bilhões de anos, nossos ancestrais se reproduziram sexualmente. Portanto, sexo é bem importante. Mas vocês provavelmente já sabiam disso. Mas vamos falar sobre o acasalamento humano. English: Translator: Sigal Tifferet Reviewer: Ivana Korom Hi there. I could be wrong, but I think this talk may have the distinction of being the one talk in this series that ends with orgasm. (Laughter) But let's not get ahead of ourselves. (Laughter) Have you ever thought about the fact that you're here, alive on this planet because every one of your ancestors reproduced? Every one, in an unbroken chain, all the way back to the first life on this planet, over three and a half billion years ago. That's a lot of reproducing. And for the past billion years, your ancestors reproduced sexually. So sex is a pretty big deal. But you probably knew that. But let's talk about human mating. iw: תרגום: Sigal Tifferet עריכה: Ido Dekkers שלום לכם. אולי אני טועה, אבל לדעתי ההרצאה הזו מיוחדת בכך שהיא היחידה בסדרה שנגמרת באורגזמה. (צחוק) אבל בואו לא נקדים את המאוחר. (צחוק) חשבתם פעם על העובדה שאתם כאן, חיים על כדה"א, משום שכל אחד מאבותיכם הקדומים התרבה? כל אחד, בשרשרת שלא נשברה, כל הדרך עד לחיים הראשונים בפלנטה, לפני מעל 3.5 מיליארד שנה. זה הרבה מאוד התרבות. ובמהלך מיליארד השנים האחרונות, אבותיכם התרבו באופן מיני. אז מין הוא דבר חשוב. אבל בטח כבר ידעתם את זה. בואו נדבר על הזדווגות וזוגיות אנושיים. iw: למה זוגיות אנושית נראית כפי שהיא? למה אנחנו נמשכים לאנשים מסויימים? למה לפעמים אנחנו יוצרים קשרים רומנטיים ארוכי-טווח? למה לפעמים אנחנו בוגדים? עכשיו, אני לא מתכוון ללמה אנחנו עושים זאת באופן מודע. אני גם לא מתכוון ללמה קורה במוח שגורם לכך. אלא, למה פיתחנו את הרגשות וההתנהגויות האלה? במילים אחרות, איך תרמו הכימיה והמבנים המוחיים העומדים בבסיס תכונות אלה, להצלחת הרבייה של אבותינו, כך שהן עברו מדור לדור והגיעו עד דורנו, בניגוד לתכונות אחרות. כדי לענות על שאלות אבולוציוניות כאלה צריך לנהוג כמו חוקר זיהוי פלילי, כי נשארו לנו עדויות, ואנחנו צריכים לנסות ולהבין מה קרה. אז בואו נחזור לאחור 6-7 מיליון שנה, לאבותינו המוקדמים. זה קורה ממש לאחר שהשושלת שלנו נפרדה מזו שתביא בהמשך את השימפנזים. עכשיו, אלה היו קופי אדם עם מוח קטן שהלכו על שתיים, והזכרים כנראה נלחמו זה בזה על הזדמנויות להזדווגות. אנחנו יודעים את זה כי זכרים נלחמים על בנות זוג Portuguese: Por que ele acontece do modo que acontece? Por que nos sentimos atraídos por determinadas pessoas? Por que, às vezes, temos relações românticas duradouras? Por que, às vezes, nós traímos? Eu não quero dizer por que conscientemente fazemos tudo isso, nem o que acontece no cérebro que causa isso. Por que desenvolvemos esses sentimentos, essas atitudes? Ou seja, como as estruturas e a química do cérebro contribuíram com o sucesso reprodutivo dos nossos ancestrais passando esses traços para a geração atual enquanto outros não. Responder questões evolutivas como essa é como ser investigador criminal, pois temos as evidências e precisamos tentar estabelecer o que aconteceu. Vamos voltar 6 ou 7 milhões de anos aos nossos primeiros ancestrais. Isso é logo depois da divisão entre a nossa linhagem e a linhagem que, por fim, daria origem aos chimpanzés. Eles eram macacos com cérebros pequenos, bípedes, e os machos, provavelmente, brigavam pela chance de acasalamento. Sabemos disso porque machos brigam por parceiras Chinese: 為什麼人類會有某些特定的擇偶行為？ 我們為什麼受到某些人的吸引？ 我們為什麼發展長期的親密關係？ 我們為什麼出軌？ 我指的不是我們為什麼有意識地做這些事 也不是我們的大腦如何引發這些行為 而是我們為什麼演化出這些感受和行為？ 換句話說，問題是我們祖先的大腦結構 和腦部化學對傳宗接代有何貢獻 使某些行為模式得以留存到現在 而其他行為模式則在演化中消失？ 回答有關演化的問題 就像化身為偵探一樣 必須依據現有的線索 推論出過去發生的事 讓我們回到六、七百萬年前 也就是我們的遠祖生活的年代 當時人類的祖先 剛與黑猩猩的祖先分道揚鑣不久 他們是一群有著小腦容量 並以雙足行走的人猿 公人猿可能會為了交配機會 而大打出手 我們知道這點 因為在人類現存的近親中 English: Why does human mating take the forms that it does? Why are we attracted to certain people? Why do we sometimes form long-term romantic relationships? Why do we sometimes cheat? Now I don't mean why consciously do we do these things. I don't mean what happens in the brain to cause it. I mean, why did we evolve these feelings and these behaviors? In other words, how did the underlying brain structures and brain chemistry contribute to our ancestors' reproductive success so that those traits got passed on into the present generation while others didn't. Answering evolutionary questions like this is like being a crime scene investigator, we're left with the evidence, and we have to try to establish what happened. So let's go back six or seven million years ago to our early ancestors. This is right after the split between our lineage and the lineage that would eventually give rise to chimpanzees. Now these were small brained apes, they walked on two legs, and males probably fought each other for mating opportunities. We know this because males fight for mates in all Portuguese: em todos os nossos familiares vivos, chimpanzés, orangotangos, gorilas. E porque machos são maiores que fêmeas quando eles brigam por parceiras. E o registro fóssil indica que os ancestrais machos eram maiores que as fêmeas. Então, machos tendem a ser maiores, mais musculosos, mais fortes, fisicamente mais agressivos, quando brigam por parceiras. A nossa espécie tem todos os aspectos de uma espécie que passou por uma história evolutiva de machos brigando por parceiras. Por exemplo, homens têm, em média, 60% mais massa muscular, e 75% mais massa muscular no torso e braços e essas diferenças na musculatura significam grandes diferenças sexuais em força. O homem médio é mais forte do que 99.9% das mulheres. Estes são dados de força da mão, que é um bom preditor da força geral na parte superior, em mais de 600 homens e mulheres. Há uma grande diferença entre os sexos. E nenhuma, das quase 400 mulheres, tinha a mesma força da mão de um homem médio. Portanto, homens conseguem abrir potes. (Risos) Chinese: 如黑猩猩、長毛猩猩和大猩猩 等雄性都會為了爭奪異性而打架 在雄性必須為了爭奪異性而打鬥的物種中 雄性的體型通常都大於雌性 化石紀錄也顯示 公人猿的體型的確大於母人猿 所以，雄性通常體型較大 肌肉比較發達和強壯 爭奪交配機會時也比較暴力 人類也具有這些行為特性 我們的演化史顯示 男人會為了爭奪交配機會而打鬥 比如說 男人的全身肌肉質量和上半身肌肉質量 平均而言分別比女人多出60%和75% 肌肉質量上的差異也反應 在兩性力氣的明顯差距上 普通男性比99.9%的女性更強壯 手掌握力能準確預測上半身力量 這些資料顯示 超過600位男女的手掌握力 如各位所見，兩性的差距相當明顯 事實上，將近400位女性裡沒有任何一位 的手掌握力大於普通男性 所以男人才打得開罐子 （笑聲） English: of our closest living relatives, chimpanzees, orangutans, gorillas. And because males are larger than females when they fight for mates. And the fossil record indicates that our male ancestors were larger than females. So males tend to be larger, more muscular, stronger, more physically aggressive, when they fight for mates. Our species has all the hallmarks of a species that's experienced an evolutionary history of male fighting for mates. For example, men have, on average, 60 percent more muscle mass, and 75 percent more upper body muscle mass, and those differences in musculature translate into large sex differences in strength. The average man is stronger than 99.9% of women. These are data on hand strength, which is a good predictor of overall upper body strength, on over 600 men and women. And as you can see, there's a large sex difference. And in fact, not one of almost 400 women had as strong of a hand strength as the average man. So, men can open jars. (Laughter) iw: בכל קרובי משפחתנו החיים: שימפנזים, אורנגוטנים, גורילות. ומשום שזכרים גדולים יותר מנקבות כשהם נלחמים על נקבות. ועדויות המאובנים מראות שאבותינו הקדומים היו גדולים מאמהותינו. אז זכרים נוטים להיות גדולים, חזקים, ושריריים יותר ויותר תוקפניים מבחינה פיזית, כשהם נלחמים על נקבות. ולמין שלנו יש את כל הסימנים של מין שחווה היסטוריה אבולוציונית של לחימת זכרים על נקבות. למשל, לגברים יש בממוצע 60% יותר מסת שריר, ו- 75% יותר מסת שריר עליונה, וההבדלים האלה בשרירים מתורגמים להבדלים גדולים בין המינים בכוח. הגבר הממוצע חזק יותר מ- 99.9% מהנשים. הנה נתונים על חוזק יד -- שמהווה מנבא טוב לכוח בפלג הגוף העליון -- ממעל 600 גברים ונשים. כפי שאפשר לראות, יש הבדל גדול בין המינים. למעשה, אף לא לאחת מבין 400 הנשים היה חוזק יד גדול מזה של הגבר הממוצע. אז גברים יכולים לפתוח צנצנות. (צחוק) Chinese: 以及搬家具 男人至少有這兩個專長 誰在乎呢，對吧？ 答案是男人在乎 男性，尤其是年輕男性 似乎特別在意誰最威武不屈 強壯有力或勇猛剽悍 偶爾還會用甚為複雜的方法一較高下 從早期發展開始 男孩就比女孩更具侵略性 舉世皆然 這種侵略性有時會導致暴力 男人幾乎獨佔所有的同性謀殺案件 換句話說，男人殺害同性的占比 遠遠超過女人殺害同性的占比 這是我們所能取得的 跨時代跨社會的歷史資料 顯示出男性犯下同性謀殺案的占比 如各位所見，比例幾乎達到100% 平均有95%的同性謀殺案 都是男性犯下的 更重要的是，這並未計入戰爭 加計戰爭後 男性謀殺同性的占比將更接近100% English: And move furniture or at least two things that we're good for. Who cares, right? The answer is that men care. Men, especially young men, seem really concerned about figuring out who's the toughest or strongest, or the most physically formidable, and sometimes they devise elaborate ways for determining this. From early development, boys and men are more physically aggressive than girls and women all over the world, and this aggression sometimes results in violence. Men have a virtual monopoly on same-sex homicides. In other words, men are vastly more likely to kill each other than women are to kill each other. These are data from every society from every time period in history for which data were available when the authors compiled them, on proportion of same-sex homicides that are male killing male. And as you can see, the percentage is always close to 100%. On average, 95% of same-sex homicides are committed by males, and importantly, these don't include war killings, which would bring the percentages even closer to 100%. Portuguese: E mover móveis ou pelo menos duas coisas nas quais somos bons. Quem se importa, certo? A resposta é que os homens se importam. Principalmente os jovens parecem se preocupar em descobrir quem é o mais durão, o mais forte, ou o mais fisicamente formidável, e às vezes, eles desenvolvem maneiras elaboradas pra determinar isto. Desde pequenos, meninos e homens são fisicamente mais agressivos que meninas e mulheres no mundo todo, e esta agressão, às vezes, resulta em violência. Homens têm um monopólio virtual em homicídios do mesmo sexo. Ou seja, homens são bem mais propensos a matar uns aos outros do que as mulheres. Esses são dados de todas as sociedades de todos os períodos da história e que estavam disponíveis quando foram compilados, em proporção de homicídios do mesmo sexo que são homem matando homem. Como podem ver, a porcentagem é quase sempre perto de 100%. Em média, 95% dos homicídios entre pessoas do mesmo sexo são cometidos por homens, e estes dados não incluem mortes em guerra, que deixariam as porcentagens ainda mais perto dos 100%. iw: ולהזיז רהיטים. לפחות שני דברים שטובים בנו. למי אכפת, נכון? התשובה היא שלגברים אכפת. נראה שגברים, ובמיוחד גברים צעירים, עסוקים מאוד בשאלה מי הכי חזק או קשוח, או הכי מאיים פיזית, ולפעמים הם מפתחים דרכים מורכבות כדי לענות על השאלה הזו. מגיל מוקדם, בנים וגברים הם יותר תוקפניים פיזית מבנות ונשים, בכל העולם, ולפעמים התוקפנות הזו מביאה לאלימות. לגברים יש מונופול וירטואלי על רצח מאותו המין. כלומר, יש סיכוי הרבה יותר גדול שגבר ירצח גבר, מאשר שאשה תרצח אשה. אלה נתונים מכל חברה ובכל תקופה בהיסטוריה שניתן היה להשיג בזמן עריכת המחקר, על אחוז מקרי הרצח מאותו המין שנעשה על-ידי גברים. וכפי שאפשר לראות, האחוז תמיד קרוב ל 100%. בממוצע, 95% מהרציחות של אותו המין בוצעו על-ידי זכרים, וחשוב לציין, זה לא כולל הרוגים במלחמות, שהיו מקרבים את האחוזים קרוב יותר ל- 100%. Chinese: 從現有證據看來 在男性群體中取得強勢地位 能增加擇偶和交配機會 演化史顯示人類的男性遠祖 往往藉著武力 獲得交配機會 從這個面向來說 我們離人類演化的結果並不遠 但從其他面向而言 人類的擇偶和交配行為 不但和我們的近親大相逕庭 也和我們的先祖相距甚遠 比如說，雄性的黑猩猩、長毛猩猩 和大猩猩 會耗費時間和精力爭奪異性 卻不會將心力投注在個別異性上 也不會為其提供資源 牠們不會找東西給小猩猩吃 這是個很大的不同 雖然人類社會多半允許一夫多妻 男性可以跟多名女性結婚 但就算在這種社會中 大多數婚姻仍是一夫一妻 Portuguese: E pela evidência que temos, a dominância masculina significa chance de reprodução e acasalamento. Então, somos uma espécie que passou por uma história evolutiva na qual nossos ancestrais machos ganhavam chances de reprodução pela ameaça ou uso da força. Em relação a isso, a nossa maçã não caiu tão longe da árvore evolutiva. Porém, o acasalamento e a reprodução humana são bem diferentes do que vemos nos nossos parentes próximos, e eles mudaram bastante desde os nossos ancestrais primitivos. Por exemplo, chimpanzés, gorilas e orangotangos machos usam tempo e esforço competindo por parceiras, mas não passam tanto tempo com uma fêmea e não fornecem recursos nem alimento para seus filhotes. Isso é uma grande mudança. Apesar de a maioria das sociedades humanas permitirem casamento polígamo, que é um homem casado com mais de uma mulher, mesmo em sociedades poligâmicas, a maioria dos casamentos é monogâmico. iw: ומהעדויות העומדות לרשותנו, דומיננטיות בקרב גברים מתורגמת להזדמנויות חיזור ורבייה. אז אנחנו מין שחווה היסטוריה אבולוציונית בה אבותינו הזכרים זכו בהזדמנויות לזיווג באמצעות שימוש או איום בכוח. במובן הזה, התפוח שלנו לא נפל רחוק מהעץ האבולוציוני. אבל בדרכים אחרות, חיזור והזדווגות אנושיים שונים מאוד ממה שרואים בקרובינו, והם השתנו מאוד מימי אבותינו המוקדמים. למשל, בקרב שימפנזים, אורנגוטנים וגורילות, הזכרים משקיעים זמן ומאמץ בתחרות על נקבות, אבל לא משקיעים זמן רב בנקבות מסויימות, ולא מספקים משאבים. הם לא מספקים מזון לצאצאיהם. אז זה שינוי גדול. למרות שרוב החברות האנושיות מאפשרות נישואים פוליגמיים, כלומר, גבר אחד הנשוי למספר נשים, אפילו בחברות פוליגמיות, רוב הנישואים הם מונוגמיים. English: And from what evidence that we have, a dominance among men translates into mating and reproductive opportunities. So we're a species that's experienced an evolutionary history in which our male ancestors won mating opportunities through the use or threat of force. In that regard, our apple has not fallen far from the evolutionary tree. But in other ways, human mating and reproduction are profoundly different from what we see in our close relatives, and they've changed a lot since our early ancestors. For example, males in chimpanzees, orangutans and gorillas, spend time and effort competing for mates, but don't spend much time with individual females and don't provide resources. They don't provide food for their offspring. So that's a big change. Although most human societies allow polygamous marriage, that is one man married to more than one woman, even within polygamous societies, most marriages are monogamous. iw: ובחברה הממוצעת של ציידים-לקטים, כמעט 80% מהנשים הנשואות הן מונוגמיות, אז זה שונה. והכי חשוב, גברים מספקים משאבים לבנות זוגן ולצאצאיהם. אז איך הגענו לשם? ובכן, במינים בהם הזכרים נלחמים זה עם זה על נקבות, לזכרים הדומיננטיים -- מסומנים כאן בסמל זכר כהה גדול -- יש יותר הזדמנויות להזדווג, ולכן גם יותר צאצאים. ואילו זכרים זוטרים נוטים לקבל פחות הזדמנויות להזדווג, ולכן יש להם סיכוי גבוה יותר שלא להתרבות, ולא להביא לעולם צאצאים. אז זה יוצר מצב מעניין, כי לזכר הזוטר יהיה כדאי לנסות מונוגמיה, במקום להתחרות על הרבה נסיונות הזדווגות. בת זוג אחת עדיפה על פני כלום. הבעיה היא שבאופן כללי, זכרים זוטרים אינם יכולים להגן על נקבות מפני זכרים דומיננטים. בנוסף לכך, נקבות נוטות להעדיף להזדווג עם זכרים דומיננטיים, בשל היתרונות הגנטיים, היוצרים צאצאים בריאים וחזקים יותר. English: And in the average hunter-gatherer society, almost 80% of married women are monogamous, so that's different. And, importantly, men provide resources for their mates and offspring. So how did we get there? Well, in species where males fight each other for mates, dominant males indicated by the larger, darker male symbols here, tend to have more mating opportunities, and hence more offspring. And subordinate males tend to have fewer mating opportunities and are more likely to fail to reproduce. So this sets up an interesting situation, because for subordinate males, it would be advantageous to attempt monogamy rather than winning lots of mating opportunities. One mate is better than none. The problem is that in general, subordinate males cannot defend females from dominant males, and besides, females tend to prefer mating with dominant males for the genetic benefits, producing stronger, healthier offspring. So what changed all of this was probably several transitions Chinese: 而在一般漁獵社會中 幾乎有80%的已婚女性採取一夫一妻 所以這一點是不同的 更重要的是 男性會提供資源給伴侶和小孩 我們為什麼演化出這種行為？ 在雄性必須藉由 打鬥爭奪異性的物種裡 強勢的雄性 這裡用較大的深色男性符號代表 傾向於擁有較多交配機會和後代 而弱勢雄性的交配機會則較少 也較難成功繁衍後代 對處於這種情況的弱勢雄性來說 比較有利的作法是採取一夫一妻 而非嘗試取得許多交配機會 有個伴總比沒有伴來得好 問題在於一般而言 弱勢雄性無法保護伴侶 免於強勢雄性的染指 此外，雌性也傾向於偏好與強勢雄性交配 以便取得優秀基因 生育更強壯和健康的後代 人類之所以有所不同 可能是由於 Portuguese: E nas sociedades caçadoras-coletoras usuais, quase 80% das mulheres casadas são monogâmicas. Isso é diferente de outros primatas. E, essencialmente, homens fornecem recursos para suas parceiras e filhos. Então como nós chegamos nisso? Bem, em espécies nas quais machos brigam entre si, machos dominantes, indicados pelos símbolos masculinos maiores e mais escuros aqui, tendem a ter mais chances de acasalar e ter mais prole. Machos inferiores tendem a ter menos oportunidades de acasalar e são mais propensos a não se reproduzir a não terem nenhuma prole. Isso resulta em uma situação interessante, porque para os machos inferiores, seria vantajoso tentar a monogamia ao invés de várias oportunidades de reprodução. Uma parceira é melhor do que nenhuma. O problema é que, em geral, machos subordinados não conseguem defendê-las dos machos dominantes, e ainda, fêmeas tendem a preferir acasalar com machos dominantes pelos benefícios genéticos, produzindo uma prole mais forte e mais saudável. O que mudou tudo isso foram, provavelmente, as várias transições Portuguese: que aconteceram juntas na mesma época. Por volta de 2 milhões e meio de anos, começamos a incorporar mais carne a nossa dieta. Há várias linhas de evidências, incluindo marcas feitas por ferramentas de pedra em ossos de animais datadas em 2,5 milhões de anos atrás. Isso é tão legal. (Risos) Eu amos essas coisas! Por volta de 2 milhões de anos atrás, o tamanho do cérebro começou a aumentar, e com isso começou um aumento do período juvenil, crianças se tornaram não apenas custosas, mas por um longo período de tempo. Vocês sabem disso. (Risos) Isso tornou a provisão dos machos possível e necessária. Possível porque é muito mais fácil trazer calorias, proteínas, e gorduras na forma de carne do que transportando alimentos vegetais, e necessária porque crianças se tornaram tão custosas energeticamente que as fêmeas sozinhas teriam tido dificuldades em prover recursos para elas mesmas e seus filhos. Ao observamos sociedades caçadoras-coletoras modernas, é exatamente isso que vemos. English: happening together around the same time. By about two and a half million years ago, we had started to incorporate more meat into our diet. We know this from various lines of evidence, including - this is cool - stone tool cut marks on animal bones dated to 2.5 million years ago. That's cool. I love this stuff! And then by about 2 million years ago, brain size really started to increase, and with that came a lengthening of the juvenile period, so now kids became both really costly and costly for a long period of time. And this made male provisioning both possible and necessary. Possible because it's much easier to bring back calories, protein, fats, in the form of meat than trying to do that by transporting plant foods, and necessary because kids became so energetically costly that individual females would have had trouble providing resources for themselves and their offspring. And when we look at modern hunter-gatherer societies, that's what we see. Chinese: 某些同時發生的改變 兩百五十萬年前 人類的飲食開始納入肉類 我們從不同證據得知這點 包括動物骨頭上的石器痕跡 這些痕跡可以回溯至二百五十萬年前 我超喜歡這些東西！ 兩百萬年前人類的大腦容量也開始大幅增加 隨之而來的是為時更久的幼兒期 養兒育女變得更耗費資源 也更耗費時間 這些變化都使雄性提供資源的行為成為可能和必要 之所以可能，是由於肉類 比植物具有更多的 熱量和蛋白質 之所以必要， 是因為養兒育女變得更耗費資源 使得女性無法獨立 提供自己和兒女所需的資源 這也正是我們在現代漁獵社會 所見到的情形 iw: אז הסיבה לשינוי נבעה כנראה מכמה תמורות שהתרחשו יחד בערך באותה התקופה. בערך לפני 2.5 מיליון שנה, התחלנו לשלב יותר בשר בתזונה שלנו. אנחנו יודעים את זה ממספר עדויות, כולל -- וזה ממש יפה -- סימני חתכים של כלי אבן על עצמות בע"ח המתוארכות ללפני 2.5 מיליון שנה. זה יפה. אני מת על הדברים האלה! ואז, בערך לפני 2 מיליון שנה, המוח ממש החל לגדול, ועם זה הגיעה התארכות של תקופת הילדות, אז עכשיו ילדים נהיו יקרים מאוד, ולאורך זמן רב מאוד. אתם יודעים. וזה גרם לכך שההשקעה הגברית נהייתה אפשרית וגם חיונית. אפשרית, כי היה קל הרבה יותר להביא הביתה קלוריות, חלבונים ושומן, בצורת בשר, מאשר לעשות זאת באמצעות ניוד מזונות צמחיים, וחיונית, כי הילדים הפכו כ"כ יקרים מבחינה אנרגטית, שנקבות לבד היו מתקשות לספק משאבים גם להן וגם לצאצאיהן. וכשמסתכלים על חברות מודרניות של ציידים-לקטים, זה בדיוק מה שרואים. Chinese: 這是好幾個漁獵社會的每日熱量 綜合統計資料 顯示經由採集取得的食物所生產的熱量 比消耗掉的熱量來得更多 或是更少？ 綠柱代表剩餘 亦即每天生產的熱量 多於消耗掉的熱量 紅柱代表不足 亦即每天生產的熱量 少於消耗掉的熱量 各位可以看到 二十歲至六十歲的男性 每日的熱量生產狀況呈現剩餘 他們從狩獵活動中 產出剩餘的熱量並將之分配出去 如果捕獲大型獵物 通常會均分給部落或營地中的所有人 比較小的獵物 則可帶回給自己家人 相對來說 女性在生育期間 的熱量生產狀況則呈現不足 懷孕、泌乳、照顧嬰孩 是極度耗費能量的事 iw: אלה נתונים מקובצים של מספר חברות ציידים-לקטים על מאזן קלורי יומי, נטו. האם אתם מכניסים יותר קלוריות ממה שאתם צורכים, באיסוף מזון, או שאתם צורכים יותר ממה שאתם מכניסים? והעמודות הירוקות מראות את העודף הקלורי היומי, כלומר, מכניסים מעבר למה שאתם צורכים. והעמודות האדומות מראות חסר, כשאתם צורכים יותר ממה שאתם מכניסים. ותראו שגברים מגיל 20 עד גיל 60 נמצאים בעודף קלורי. הם מכניסים, בד"כ בצייד, יותר קלוריות ממה שהם צורכים, והקלוריות האלה מחולקות. אם זה צייד גדול, מחלקים אותו בד"כ שווה בשווה לכל המחנה או הכפר. אפשר להעביר דברים קטנים יותר למשפחה אחת, אבל זה לא מה שקורה אצל נשים, כשהן בגיל הפוריות, הן פועלות בחסר קלורי יומי. הריון, הנקה, נשיאת תינוקות, כל אלה יקרים מאוד מבחינה אנרגטית English: These are aggregate data across several hunter-gatherer societies on net daily calories. Are you bringing in more calories than you consume, or are you consuming more than you bring in? And the green bars are net daily caloric surplus, in other words, bringing in more than you consume. And the red bars are a deficit, so you're consuming more than you bring in. And you'll notice that men from about 20 years of age to 60 years of age are operating at a daily caloric surplus. They bring in, generally through hunting, more calories than they can consume, and these calories are distributed. If it's large game, it's generally distributed equally to everybody in the village or camp. Smaller items can be brought back to individual family, but this contrasts with what's going on with women, in their reproductive years, they're operating at a daily caloric deficit. Gestation, lactation, carrying babies, are extremely costly energetically Portuguese: Isso é um conjunto de dados de diversas sociedades caçadoras-coletoras em valor líquido de calorias diárias. Estamos trazendo mais calorias do que consumimos, através da busca de alimentos, ou estamos consumindo mais do que trazemos? As barras verdes são um excedente em calorias diárias absolutas, ou seja, trazendo mais do que consumimos. As barras vermelhas são um deficit, estamos consumindo mais do que trazendo. E notamos que homens dos 20 aos 60 anos operam com um excedente em calorias diárias. Eles trazem, geralmente pela caça, mais calorias do que podem consumir, e essas calorias são distribuídas. Se a caça é grande, ela é geralmente distribuída igualmente entre todos na aldeia ou campo. Itens menores podem ser trazidos para famílias individuais, mas isso contrasta com o que ocorre com as mulheres, nos seus anos reprodutivos, pois elas estão operando com deficit em calorias diárias. Gestação, lactação, carregar bebês, são extremamente custosas energeticamente Chinese: 限制了女性採集食物的效率 男性從狩獵中取得食物的行為 於是變得可能且必要 這個變化對人類的擇偶和生殖模式 帶來了深刻的影響 在某個意義上 它也改變了女性的擇偶行為 從此以後，與弱勢男性交配不一定不利 即使這些男性的基因並非上等 他們或許也能提供資源 這是狒狒的色情雜誌 （笑聲） 抱歉，我或許該早點提醒各位會看到 猴子色情圖片 這張是狒狒玩伴雜誌的內頁 笑話就說到這裡 這隻母狒狒正處於發情期 牠的外生殖器變得腫大 很多靈長類都會這樣 雌性的外觀會隨著 生理變化週期而變化 在發情期變得更具吸引力 這會引發雄性之間的競爭 當雌性進入排卵期時 強勢的雄性會試圖獨佔所有交配機會 越接近排卵期越是如此 但人類不像這樣 Portuguese: e limitam a habilidade de buscar alimento eficientemente. A provisão dos machos é possível através da caça e necessária. E essa mudança teve um grande impacto em acasalamento e reprodução humana. De certo modo, facilitou para as fêmeas. Então, às vezes era vantajoso acasalar com um macho subordinado, mesmo que ele não tivesse os melhores genes, se ele fornecesse recursos. E isso é "pornografia babuína". (Risos) Desculpe, eu deveria ter avisado de que haveria pornô de macaco. Essa é da revista Playbabuína. Chega de piadas! Essa é uma babuína no cio, as genitais dela estão inchadas, e isso acontece em várias espécies de primatas. A aparência das fêmeas muda ao longo do ciclo, e se torna mais atraente; isso estimula a competição masculina por fêmeas durante o período fértil do ciclo, com machos dominantes tendendo a monopolizar as cópulas, perto da ovulação. Bem, não nos parecemos com isso. iw: ומגבילים את היכולת של הפרט לחפש מזון היטב. אז השקעה גברית באמצעות ציד, היא גם אפשרית וגם הכרחית. ולזה היו השלכות עמוקות על חיזור ורבייה אנושיים. במובן מסוים, זה הטה את הכף עבור נקבות. כי כעת היה כדאי לפעמים להתחבר לזכר זוטר, גם אם הגנים שלו לא היו הכי טובים, אם הוא סיפק משאבים. וזו פורנוגרפיה של בבונים. (צחוק) הייתי צריך להזהיר אתכם שתהיה פורנוגרפיה של קופים. זה ממגזין פלייבבון. טוב, אני אפסיק עם הבדיחות. זוהי נקבת בבון מיוחמת, אז איברי המין שלה נפוחים, וזה קורה בהרבה מיני פרימאטים. החזות של הנקבות משתנה במהלך המחזור, ונהיית אטרקטיבית יותר, וזה גורם לזכרים להתחרות על הנקבות במהלך החלק הפורה של המחזור, כשזכרים דומיננטיים משתלטים על ההזדווגויות הקרובות יותר לביוץ. אנחנו לא נראים כך. English: and limit one's ability to forage efficiently. So male provisioning, both possible through hunting, and necessary. And this change had profound impacts on human mating and reproduction. In a sense, it tipped the balance for females. So now it was sometimes worth mating with a subordinate male, even if he may not possess the best genes, if he provided resources. And this is baboon pornography. (Laughter) I probably should have warned you there'd be monkey porn. This is from PlayBaboon Magazine. Alright, I'm going to stop with the jokes. This is a female baboon in estrus, so her genitals are swollen, and this happens in a lot of primate species. Females' appearance changes over the cycle, and becomes more attractive and this incites male competition for females during the fertile part of the cycle, with dominant males tending to monopolize copulations, closer to ovulation. Well. We don't look like this. Chinese: 這點你早就知道了 但你或許不知道的是 女人的吸引力也會 隨著生理變化週期而改變 我的實驗室和其他研究者都發現 女人的臉孔、聲音，甚至氣味 在排卵期時會更具吸引力 但這些變化非常難以察覺 相較於其他靈長類 我們已演化出隱匿排卵線索的本領 換言之 人類將排卵期隱藏起來了 想想看這會帶來哪些影響 這代表強勢男性 無法在女性進入排卵期時 獨佔所有交配機會 伴侶之間的關係也得到保護 不至於受到強勢男性的破壞 而弱勢男性也更能確定 自己的確是小孩的親生父親 人類伴侶在整個生理變化週期 都能做愛 這是人類的特殊行為 在許多靈長類身上都見不到 我們在整個女性 生理變化週期中都能做愛 這可以增加男性 English: And you knew that. But what you might not know is that women's attractiveness does change over the cycle. My lab, and others, have shown that women's faces, voices, even odors, are more attractive to men during the fertile part of the cycle. But these changes are extremely subtle. And compared to other primates, the evidence indicates that we've evolved to suppress cues to ovulation. That in a sense, ovulation is concealed in humans. But think about what impact this would have. This would mean that dominant males would not be able to monopolize copulations near ovulation. It would protect the pair bond from invasion by a dominant male. So that a male in a pair would have more confidence that he was the father of the offspring. The couple is having sex throughout the cycle. And this is unique to human mating, we don't see it in many other primates. We have sex throughout the cycle. And so this would essentially increase a male's confidence iw: ידעתם את זה. אבל מה שאולי לא ידעתם זה שהאטרקטיביות הנשית משתנה במהלך המחזור. במעבדה שלי ובאחרות הראו שהפנים, הקול, אפילו הריח של האשה, מושכים גברים יותר, כשהן בחלק הפורה של המחזור. אבל אלה שינויים מאוד עדינים. ובהשוואה לפרימאטים אחרים, העדויות מצביעות על כך שנבררנו לדכא סימני ייחום. במובן הזה, הביוץ מוסתר בבני אדם. אבל, חשבו איזו השפעה היתה לזה. זה היה אומר שזכרים דומינטיים לא יכלו להשתלט על ההזדווגויות בזמן הייחום. זה היה מגן על קשר זוגי מפני פלישה של זכר דומיננטי. כך שלזכר בקשר זוגי היה בטחון רב יותר שהוא אבי הצאצאים. הזוג היה מקיים יחסי מין במהלך המחזור כולו. וזה ייחודי לזוגיות אנושית, לא רואים את זה בהרבה פרימאטים אחרים. אנחנו עושים סקס במהלך המחזור כולו. וזה היה מגביר את הבטחון של הזכר באבהותו, Portuguese: E vocês sabiam disso. Mas talvez não saibam que a atratividade das mulheres muda conforme o ciclo. Meu laboratório e outros mostraram que o rosto, voz, e odores das mulheres, são mais atraentes para os homens durante o período fértil do ciclo. Mas essas mudanças são extremamente sutis. E em comparação com outros primatas, as evidências indicam que nós evoluímos para suprimir pistas para a ovulação. De certo modo, a ovulação é oculta em humanos. Mas pensem no impacto que isso teria. Isso significaria que machos dominantes não conseguiriam monopolizar as cópulas perto da ovulação. Isso protegeria a união do casal da invasão de um macho dominante. Assim, um macho num casal seria mais confiante que ele era o pai dos filhotes. O casal faz sexo por todo o ciclo. Isso é exclusivo da reprodução humana; não vemos isso em muitos outros primatas. Nós fazemos sexo por todo o ciclo. E isso deveria essencialmente aumentar a confiança do macho iw: כי זכר דומיננטי או אחר לא יכול היה להתמקד בנקבה ולהגיע אליה בכוח כשהיא פוריה. ולזה היו השלכות חשובות בנוגע להשקעה הורית, בפרט, גברים שמספקים משאבים לצאצאיהם. כי מעבר למינים שונים, כשזכרים מספקים משאבים לצאצאים, הם מכוונים את המשאבים האלה לצאצאיהם הביולוגיים, ונמנעים מלהשקיע בצאצאיהם של זכרים זרים. וכך האבולוציה של טיפול גברי בצאצאים, של השקעת משאבים בצאצאים, של זוגיות וייחום חבוי, התפתחו יחד במהלך האבולוציה שלנו. אנחנו גם פיתחנו פסיכולוגיה ייחודית ליצירת קשרים רומנטיים ארוכי ימים, עם אפשרות להשקעה משותפת בצאצאים. אנחנו מתאהבים. מסביב לעולם, אנשים מעדיפים בני זוג טובי לב ונדיבים, שיכולים ומסוגלים לדאוג לבני זוגם ולצאצאים. באחד המחקרים הבין-תרבותיים הגדולים ביותר שנערכו על העדפות זוגיות בבני אדם, Chinese: 對其後代親緣關係的信心 因為其他男性 無法在他的伴侶 進入排卵期時強行介入 這對親代投資帶來重要影響 尤其對會為後代提供資源的男性來說 更是如此 因為不論什麼物種 如果雄性會提供資源給後代 牠們只將資源投注在自己親生的後代 而避免將資源浪費在陌生雄性的後代 所以，男性的育兒行為 親代投資、伴侶關係 和隱匿排卵等行為特徵 都在我們的演化史中環環相扣 我們也演化出特別的心理機制 用來發展長期親密關係 以便合力養兒育女 我們墜入愛河 全世界的人都喜歡心地善良 大方慷慨、能力出眾，且願意照顧 伴侶和小孩的人 一個有史以來規模最大 橫跨33個國家 也就是以紅色標出的部分 Portuguese: na paternidade, porque um macho dominante não conseguiria escolher a fêmea e forçar seu caminho até o ponto fértil do ciclo. E isso teria implicações importantes em investimento parental, especialmente, machos provendo recursos à prole. Porque entre espécies, quando machos fornecem recursos à prole, eles direcionam esses recursos pra sua própria prole biológica, evitando investir na prole de machos não aparentados. E assim a evolução do cuidado parental nos machos, e o investimento em recursos e prole, formação de casais, e ovulação oculta caminharam de mãos dadas durante a nossa evolução. Nós também desenvolvemos uma psicologia especializada em formar relacionamentos românticos duradouros com a possibilidade de investir juntos na prole. Nós nos apaixonamos. Em todo o mundo, as pessoas preferem parceiros gentis, generosos, capazes e dispostos a se importar com parceiros e prole. Em um dos maiores estudos interculturais conduzido em seleção de parceiros em humanos, English: in paternity, because a dominant or some other male wouldn't be able to target the female and bully their way in at the fertile point in the cycle. And this would have important implications for parental investment, in particular, males providing resources for their offspring. Because across species, when males provide resources for offspring, they target those resources toward their own biological offspring, and they avoid investing in the offspring of unrelated males. And so the evolution of male care for offspring and investing in resources and offspring, pair bonding, and concealed ovulation, went very much hand-in-hand over our evolution. We have also evolved a specialized psychology for forming long-term romantic relationships with the possibility of investing in offspring together. We fall in love. All around the world, people prefer mates who are kind and generous and capable and willing to care for mates and offspring. In one of the largest cross-cultural studies of human mate preferences ever conducted, English: covering 33 countries shown in red here, the single most important mate choice criterion to both men and women, was mutual love and attraction. But as you also know, people are not always perfectly faithful to their mates. And in particular, women sometimes face a tradeoff between good genes and investment. Women sometimes find themselves in relationships with men who may be caring providers, but may not possess the best quality genes for offspring making them strong and healthy. And several features of women's mating psychology seem to have evolved, in part, to resolve this trade off. And I mean, recruiting genes, if you will, from outside of the long-term relationship. For example, women have more sexual fantasies about men other than their long-term partner, during the fertile part of the cycle, and that's particularly true if the long-term partner has physical signs of being lower in genetic quality, like he's less physically attractive. I think that's interesting. (Laughter) Portuguese: cobrindo 33 países, mostrados aqui em vermelho, o critério mais importante na escolha do parceiro para homens e mulheres, foi amor e atração recíprocos. Mas como vocês também sabem, as pessoas não são perfeitamente fiéis aos seus parceiros. Mulheres, às vezes, têm que encarar um impasse entre bons genes e investimento. Mulheres muitas vezes se encontram numa relação com um homem que pode ser provedor de cuidados, mas que pode não possuir os melhores genes para filhos fortes e saudáveis. E muitas características da psicologia reprodutiva feminina parecem ter evoluído, em parte, pra resolver esse impasse. Ou seja, recrutar genes, digamos, fora do relacionamento duradouro. Por exemplo, mulheres têm mais fantasias sexuais sobre homens fora do seu relacionamento durante o período fértil do ciclo, e isso é especialmente verdade se o parceiro duradouro delas têm sinais físicos de menor qualidade genética, como ser menos fisicamente atraente. Acho isso interessante. (Risos) Chinese: 有關人類擇偶偏好的研究顯示 不論男女都認為最重要的擇偶條件 就是相互的愛意和吸引力 但正如你也知道 人們並不完全忠於自己的伴侶 進一步來說，女性偶爾得面臨 優秀基因和充足資源之間的取捨 有時候女性會與 善於提供資源的男性發展關係 但這些男性的基因或許並不優秀 無法生育最強壯和健康的後代 女性的許多擇偶心理機制 似乎正是為了解決這種難題 而演化出來的 我指的是在長期親密關係外 尋求更優秀的基因 比如說，女性在排卵期時 較常對其他男性有性幻想 而較少幻想自己的長期伴侶 尤其是當 長期伴侶的生理表徵 顯示出其基因較不優秀 例如外表體態不具吸引力等 我覺得這很有意思 （笑聲） iw: שכיסה 33 מדינות המסומנות כאן באדום, הקריטריון החשוב ביותר בבן זוג, לגברים ולנשים כאחד, היה אהבה הדדית ומשיכה. אבל כפי שאתם יודעים, אנשים לא תמיד שומרים על נאמנות זוגית מלאה. ונשים, בפרט, עומדות מול הבחירה בין גנים טובים למשאבים. נשים מוצאות את עצמן לפעמים בקשר עם גברים שהם אולי משקיעים ודואגים, אבל אין להם את הגנים הכי איכותיים שיהפכו את הצאצאים לחזקים ובריאים. ונראה שחלק מהמאפיינים בפסיכולוגיה הזוגית של נשים נבררו, חלקית, על מנת לפתור את הקונפליקט הזה. וכוונתי ל"גיוס גנים" מחוץ לקשר ארוך הטווח. לדוגמא, לנשים יש יותר פנטזיות מיניות על גברים שאינם בני זוגם כשהן בשלב הפורה של המחזור, ביחוד אם לבן הזוג הקבוע ישנם סימנים פיזיים המעידים על איכות גנטית נמוכה, למשל שהוא פחות מושך פיזית. לדעתי זה מעניין. (צחוק) Portuguese: Por isso estou falando a respeito disso. E as preferências sexuais das mulheres também mudam ao longo do ciclo, então elas preferem machos mais dominantes e masculinos no período fértil do ciclo. Esses são os resultados de um estudo que conduzi na preferência das mulheres pela voz dos homens. Usei um software de computador para manipular a gravação de vozes masculinas para parecerem ainda mais masculinas e dominantes ou mais submissas, mais femininas. Pedi para mulheres avaliarem o quão atraente determinado homem seria para uma relação curta, puramente sexual, e para uma relação duradoura. E obtive informação sobre qual período do ciclo elas estavam. Estavam no período fértil ou não fértil? Nenhuma delas usava contraceptivos hormonais. Descobri que elas preferem uma voz mais masculina, que soa mais dominante, especificamente no período fértil, e apenas para uma relação sexual ao invés de uma relação duradoura. Bem, isso pode soar como ficção científica, Chinese: 這正是為什麼我要討論這點 希望各位也這麼覺得 女性的擇偶偏好也會隨著 生理週期變化而變化 女性在排卵期時比較偏好 陽剛的男性 這是我的一個研究結果 主題是女性對男性聲音的偏好 我用電腦軟體操纵男性的聲音 好讓這些聲音變得陽剛而強勢 或順服而柔弱 然後請女性受試者回答 這些男性 作為短期性愛對象 和長期親密對象的吸引力各自為何？ 我同時也詢問女性受試者 正處於生理變化週期的什麼階段 是否處於排卵期或非排卵期？ 這是未使用荷爾蒙避孕法的 女性受試者的資料 我發現女性，尤其是處於排卵期的女性 較為偏好陽剛而強勢的聲音 而且這種偏好只出現在 短期性愛對象上 這聽起來像是科幻小說 English: That's why I'm talking about it, I hope you do too. And women's mate preferences similarly change over the cycle so that they prefer more dominant, more masculine males during the fertile part of the cycle. These are results of a study that I conducted on women's preferences for men's voices. And I used computer software to manipulate recordings of men's voices to make them sound either more masculine or more dominant, or more subordinate, more feminine. And I had women rate them on how attractive would this man be for a short-term, purely sexual relationship, and for a long-term committed relationship? And I also got information about where women were in their cycles. Were they in the fertile or non-fertile part of the cycle? These were all women not taking hormonal contraception. And what I found was that women preferred a more masculine, dominant-sounding voice, specifically in the fertile point of the cycle, and only for a sexual relationship versus a long-term committed relationship. Now, this sounds like science fiction, iw: לכן אני מדבר על זה. אני מקווה שזה מעניין גם אתכם. וההעדפות הזוגיות של נשים גם משתנות לאורך המחזור, כך שהן מעדיפות גברים יותר דומיננטיים וגבריים בחלק הפורה של המחזור. אלה תוצאות מחקר שערכתי על העדפות של נשים לקולות של גברים. השתמשתי בתוכנת מחשב כדי לשנות קולות מוקלטים של גברים, ולהפוך אותם ליותר גבריים ודומיננטיים, או ליותר זוטרים ונשיים. ונשים דרגו את רמת האטרקטיביות של הגברים האלה לקשר קצר טווח, רק למטרות סקס, ולקשר ארוך טווח, ליחסים עם מחוייבות. אספתי גם מידע על השלב בו הנשים היו במחזור. האם הן היו בשלב הפורה, או הלא פורה במחזור? כל הנשים לא לקחו גלולות נגד הריון. ומה שמצאתי היה שנשים העדיפו את הקול הגברי הדומיננטי, במיוחד כשהן היו בשלב הפורה, ורק לצורך קשר מיני קצר, בהשוואה לקשר ארוך ומחויב. עכשיו, זה נשמע כמו מדע בדיוני, iw: אבל זה מדע, עובדה. כי התוצאה הזו תועדה פעמים רבות במגוון תחומים כולל העדפות לקולות של גברים, וזה נמצא גם במעבדה אחרת, וגם העדפות לפנים ומבנה גוף של גברים, ריחות, ואפילו התנהגות. טוב, אמרתי שבסוף נגיע לאורגזמה. (צחוק) והגענו. אני רק רוצה לומר שאני בעד. (צחוק) אני בעד אורגזמה. לדעתי אנשים צריכים לחוות יותר אורגזמות. אבל מנקודת מבט מדעית, האורגזמה הנשית היא מרתקת במיוחד, כי ישנן עדויות לכך שהיא מגבירה את הסיכוי שבעקבות האקט המיני תהיה התעברות. ישנן עדויות לכך שהאורגזמה מעלה את הזרע בדרכי הרבייה הנשיים, אל הביצית. חשבו מה יכולות להיות ההשלכות של זה. אם נשים היו מגיעות לאורגזמה עם גברים מסויימים יותר מאשר עם אחרים, זה יכול היה להיות מנגנון Portuguese: mas é ciência, fato. Porque esses resultados têm sido mostrados várias vezes por vários domínios da preferência feminina pela voz masculina, e esses resultados foram replicados por outro laboratório, a preferência das mulheres pelo rosto, corpo, odores, e até comportamento dos homens. Bem, eu disse que iriamos chegar ao orgasmo. E nós chegamos. Só quero começar dizendo que sou a favor dele. (Risos) Sou pró-orgasmo. Acho que mais pessoas deveriam ter mais orgasmos. Mas de uma perspectiva científica, o orgasmo feminino é especialmente fascinante porque existem evidências indicando que ele aumenta a probabilidade de que a concepção resulte de um ato sexual. Existem evidências de que ele atrai o esperma pelo trato reprodutivo feminino levando-o em direção ao óvulo. Pensem em quais implicações poderíamos ter aqui. Se as mulheres tendessem a ter orgasmos com alguns homens mais do que outros, English: but it's science, fact. Because this result has been shown lots of times across a variety of domains from women's preferences for men's voices, that this result was replicated by another lab. Women's preferences for men's faces, bodies, odors, and even behavior. Well, I said that we would get to orgasm. (Laughter) And we're there. I just want to start by saying I'm for it. (Laughter) I'm pro-orgasm. I think more people should have more orgasms. But from a scientific perspective, women's orgasm is especially fascinating because there's evidence indicating that it increases the probability that conception will result from an act of sex. There's evidence that it brings sperm up through the female reproductive tract and toward the egg. And think about what the implications here could be. If women were more likely to have orgasms with some men than others, then this could be a mechanism Chinese: 不過它其實很科學 因為相同的結果已被證實許多次 從女性對男性聲音的偏好 另一個實驗室也得相同的結論 到女性對男性臉孔、身材 氣味、甚至行為的偏好等皆是如此 我說過我們會以高潮結束 （笑聲） 該是時候了 我最想說的是我完全贊成高潮 （笑聲） 我是高潮的支持者 我覺得大家應該更常高潮 但從科學角度而言 女性高潮特別引人入勝 因為證據顯示它會增加 性行為的受孕機會 證據顯示女性高潮能將精子 帶往女性生殖道深處， 直達卵子。 想想看這意味著什麼？ 如果女性與某些男性做愛時較易高潮 這或許會使得 iw: דרכו הן בוחרות, לא במודע, הפריה על-ידי גברים מסויימים, ולא אחרים. ולא הייתם מנבאים שלנשים יהיה סיכוי מוגבר לאורגזמה עם גברים באיכות גנטית גבוהה? למעשה, מחקר במעבדה שלי פורסם לפני כמה שנים ומצא שנשים דיווחו על כך שקל להן יותר להגיע לאורגזמה מוקדמת ביחסי מין, כשבן הזוג שלהן גברי ודומיננטי יותר. ומה שמעניין הוא שזה היה נכון רק לגבי יחסי מין מלאים, ולא לסוגי סקס זוגי אחרים. אשאיר את זה לדמיון שלכם. אז ראינו שחשיבה כמו אבולוציוניסט מאפשרת לנו לנבא דברים על עצמנו שלא ידענו קודם, ולא היינו מנחשים זמן רב. לא ידענו שההעדפות הזוגיות של נשים משתנות במהלך המחזור. עד שחשיבה אבולוציונית הובילה אותנו לתגלית הזו. אז זו נקודה אחת שאני רוצה להדגיש. Chinese: 女性無意識地選擇 懷下這些男性而非其他男性的小孩 那麼女性與 擁有優秀基因的男性做愛時 會不會較易達到高潮？ 事實上我的實驗室幾年前 發表過一個研究發現 女性達到更多高潮 也更容易和更快達到高潮 如果她們的做愛對象 較為陽剛和強勢 有趣的是 這種現象只出現在性交上 但不出現在其他性行為中 請發揮想像力猜猜什麼是"其他性行為" 從演化論觀點來思考 能引導我們發現 某些我們尚不知曉 且意想不到的人類行為模式 從前我們並不知道女性的擇偶偏好 會隨著生理變化週期而變化 直到演化論觀點 引領我們得到這個發現 這正是我要傳達的重點之一 English: by which they choose, not consciously, to be fertilized by some males and not others. And wouldn't you predict that women would be more likely to have orgasms with males of high genetic quality? And in fact, a study by my lab published just a couple of years ago found that women reported more orgasms, earlier timed orgasms, that is, they were easier to achieve, they achieved them more quickly, when they were having sex when their mate was more masculine and more dominant, and what's interesting is that this was true only for their orgasms from sexual intercourse, but not from other partnered sexual behaviors. I'll let you use your imagination what those might be. So we've seen that thinking like an evolutionist can enable us to predict things about ourselves that we did not already know, and would not likely have guessed for a long time. We didn't know that women's mate preferences changed over the cycle. Until evolutionary thinking led us to that discovery. So that's one point that I want to make. Portuguese: esse poderia ser um mecanismo pelo qual escolheriam, inconscientemente, ser fertilizadas por alguns homens e outros não. E não acham que seria justo prever que mulheres seriam mais propensas a ter orgasmos com homens de maior qualidade genética? E de fato, um estudo do meu laboratório publicado alguns anos atrás descobriu que mulheres relatam mais orgasmos, mais orgasmos prematuros, isto é, mais fáceis de serem atingidos, elas o atingiram mais rápido, quando elas estavam fazendo sexo com um parceiro mais masculino e mais dominante. E o interessante é que isso só ocorre para orgasmos com penetração, mas não outros tipos de comportamento sexual. Podem usar a imaginação para o que eles podem ser. (Risos) Então vimos que pensar como evolucionistas nos permite prever algumas coisas sobre nós que ainda não sabíamos, e não teríamos adivinhado por um bom tempo. Mas não sabíamos que as preferências das mulheres mudavam durante o ciclo, até que o pensamento evolutivo nos levou a essa descoberta. Essa é uma das conclusões a que chegamos. iw: אבל ראינו גם איך חשיבה אבולוציונית יכולה להבהיר ולאחד חלקים שונים בחוויה האנושית, ולעזור לנו להבין את הטוב והרע שבנו, מאלימות, תוקפנות ובוגדנות, עד טיפול של גברים בילדיהם, משיכה מינית, הנאה מינית, ואפילו את כוחה ושבריריותה של אהבה רומנטית. תודה. (מחיאות כפיים) English: But we've also seen how evolutionary thinking can clarify and unite diverse parts of the human experience, and help us understand the best and the worst of ourselves, from violence and aggression and infidelity to men's care for their children, sexual attraction, sexual pleasure, and even the strength and fragility of romantic love. Thank you. (Applause) Chinese: 演化論觀點也能釐清和整合 許多看似不相關的人類經驗 並協助我們了解自己的優缺點 從暴力、侵略性和不忠於伴侶 到男性的育兒行為 性的吸引力、性的喜悅 再到親密關係的強韌和脆弱等 謝謝！ （掌聲） Portuguese: Mas nós também vimos como o pensamento evolutivo pode esclarecer e unir diversas partes da experiência humana, e nos ajuda a entender o melhor e o pior de nós mesmos, da violência, agressão, e infidelidade ao cuidado dos filhos pelos homens, à atração sexual, o prazer sexual, e ainda à força e à fragilidade do amor romântico. Obrigado. (Aplausos)

Flying saucers, alien at teknolohiyang hindi gawa dito sa Earth ang nakita niya sa Area 51! Kung lahat ng sinabi niya ay gawa-gawa niya lang, bakit unti-unting naglilitawan ang mga bagay o pangyayaring nabanggit niya nung 1989, na tila nagpapatotoo sa kanyang rebelasyon? Ang mga pahayag ni Bob Lazar ang pag-uusapan natin sa video na ito. Hey guys! This is Madam Info welcoming you to this channel. If this is your first time here, please consider subscribing by clicking the SUBSCRIBE button below. Paki-click na rin po ang BELL button para malaman ninyo agad kapag may bago tayong video na makapagbibigay ng mga kamangha-manghang kaalaman lalo na tungkol sa science at mystery. [music playing] Sinadya ko pong hindi manood ng ibang Tagalog na dokumentaryo o video tungkol kay Bob Lazar upang hindi makaimpluwensiya sa paggawa ko ng video na ito. Kung may napanood na po kayo tungkol sa paksang ito mula sa ibang Pinoy YouTubers, respeto na lang po na huwag ninyo kaming ikumpara. Inaanyayahan ko kayong subukan naman ang aking presentasyon at sinisiguro ko sa inyong hindi ito kasingkatulad ng sa iba. Noon pa ay napakarami nang request mula sa inyo na gawin kong kong paksa ang tungkol sa aliens at UFOs. Dahil ito ay isa na namang kontrobersyal na paksa, atubili sana akong gawin ito, pero para sa inyo heto at tatalakayin natin ito ngayon. Sa dami ng materyales tungkol dito, iisa lang ang nakita kong napaka-interesante at iyan ay ang pahayag ni Bob Lazar. Sa mga hindi nakakakilala kay Bob Lazar, maya-maya lang ay pag-uusapan natin kung sino siya. Kung tatanungin niyo ako kung naniniwala ba ako sa kanya? Let me put it this way. Mga 60% siguro na YES at mga 40% lang na NO. Sa bandang huli ng video ay ipapaliwanag ko kung bakit 60-40 ang aking paniniwala, kaya sana po ay patuloy kayong manood hanggang huli. Siyanga pala, dahil sa lawak ng paksang ito, isa na namang serye ang mabubuo natin at ang video na ito ay unang bahagi pa lang kaya sana po ay masubaybayan ninyo ito. May 15 1989 nang unang narinig ng mundo ang tungkol sa isang “Dennis” na nagtrabaho sa S4 na isang sangay ng Area 51 sa disyerto ng Nevada upang i-reverse engineer ang propulsion system ng flying disc o spacecraft na, ayon sa kanya, ay hindi gawa dito sa Earth Ang REVERSE ENGINEERING ay ang gawain kung saan kinakalas ang isang produkto upang tuklasin kung paano ito gumagana. Sa kaso ni "Dennis," ang trabaho niya ay i-reverse engineer ang flying saucer, partikular, ang propulsion system nito, upang tignan kung kaya ba itong kopyahin gamit ang mga materyales dito sa Earth. Silhouette lang ni Dennis ang nakita sa camera sa live interview na inihain ni George Knapp, isang investigative reporter ng KLAS-TV na isang istasyon sa Las Vegas, Nevada sa USA. Ang pangalang Dennis ay hindi totoong pangalan ng taong iniinterview dahil noon ay gusto pa nitong manatiling anonymous sa takot na may mangyaring masama sa kanya dahil sa kanyang exposé. Nang tanungin siya kung ano ba ang nangyayari sa S4 sinabi ni “Dennis” na mayroong siyam na flying saucers na naroon at ang mga ito ay hindi nagmula dito sa Earth, ibig sabihin, galing sa mga aliens mula sa ibang planeta. Kalahati sa mga ito ay tinetesting o sinusubukang paliparin at gumagana nang maayos samantalang ang kalahati ay kinakalas upang pag-aralan, ianalisa ang mga piyesa at i-reverse engineer ang nasabing mga flying saucers. In other words, sinusubukan nilang kopyahin ang mga ito upang makabuo rin ng flying saucer na may parehong teknolohiya. November 10 1989, anim na buwan pagkalipas ng naunang interview kay Dennis sinimulan ni George Knapp ang kanyang report sa Eyewitness News ng KLAS-TV na inilalarawan ang masikretong Area 51. Binanggit nito ang mga spy planes na binuo at tinetesting sa Area 51 Nag-interview din siya ng mga residenteng naninirahan malapit doon at tinanong kung nakakakita sila ng mga bagay na hindi maipaliwanag. Umamin ang mga itong marami silang nakikita pero tumanggi silang magdetalye tungkol dito. Sinabi ni George Knapp na matagal nang nagsususpetsa ang maraming tao na sa Area 51 ay tinetesting ang teknolohiyang galing sa mga aliens pero wala ni isa sa mga nagtatrabaho doon ang hayagang kumukumpirma sa suspetsang ito. Nag-umpisa daw ang spekulasyon nang may lumitaw na dokumento tungkol sa isang Project Aquarius na ginawa para sa isang organisasyong tinatawag na MJ12. Sinasabi ng dokumentong ito, na 1972 nang nakumpirmang may programa tungkol sa pagpapalipad ng alien spacecraft at ito ay nagpapatuloy pa rin sa Nevada. Sinangayunan ng National Security Agency o NSA kay George Knapp na mayroon ngang Project Aquarius pero wala daw itong kinalaman sa mga flying saucers. Ang kaso, nang tanungin niya kung tungkol saan ang Project Aquarius, tumanggi nang magsabi ang taga NSA. Si George Knapp, nang panahong iyon ay hindi naman talaga ganoon ka-interesado sa mga aliens at UFO. Pero dahil sa grabeng reaksyon na natanggap nila sa mga manonood mula nang ininterview niya si “Dennis,” biglang nag-research, nag-aral at nagtanong sa mga eksperto si George tungkol sa paksang ito. Nakakuha kasi ng atensyon ang programa, hindi lang sa Las Vegas, kundi pati ibang bansa at na-realize niya, marami ang interesado at mukhang karapat-dapat itong pagtuunan ng pansin. Sa mga buwang nagdaan, marami ang nagtatanong tungkol kay “Dennis” pero wala itong hangad na magpakilala. Nang araw na iyon, nakumbinse rin ni George sa wakas na lumantad ito sa publiko. Ang tunay na pangalan pala nito ay BOB LAZAR. Ang pangalang Dennis ay kinuha niya sa pangalan ng kanyang boss sa Area 51 na si Dennis Mariani. Ang dahilan ni Bob sa kanyang rebelasyon ay para protektahan ang sarili niya dahil may mga pagbabanta na sa kanyang buhay. Sa naturang programa, sinabi ni Bob na siya ay kinuha para magtrabaho sa S-4 na nasa bandang timog ng Groom Lake. Ang Area 51 nga pala ay tinatawag sa maraming pangalan gaya ng Dreamland Paradise Ranch, The Ranch, Watertown at Groom Lake. Ayon kay Bob, sa S-4 ay mayroong mga flying saucers, anti-matter reactors at iba pang mga teknolohiyang hindi pa kaya ng kapabilidad ng tao. Ops, ANTIMATTER REACTORS? Ano yun? Aba, kailangang alamin natin iyan para naman maintindihan natin ang pinagsasabi ni Bob Lazar. Ang ANTIMATTER ay ang kasalungat ng MATTER. Para itong mirror image ng ordinaryong matter. Kaunting review muna tayo. Hindi ba’t napag-aralan natin sa Science kung ano ang MATTER? MATTER is anything that occupies space and has mass. Anumang sumasakop o umookupa ng espasyo at mayroong bigat ay matter. Alam din natin na mayroong iba-ibang estado o states of matter gaya ng solid, liquid, gas at plasma. Ang papel ay solid, ang tubig ay liquid, ang hangin ay gas at ang bituin ay plasma. O, natandaan niyo na ang lesson na yan? Ang antimatter ay may kaparehong mass o bigat ng counterpart nitong matter pero may kabaliktarang electric charge. Halimbawa, ang electrons ay may negative electric charge. Ang counterpart nito o ang antimatter na katapat nito ay ang anti-electrons na mayroon namang positive charge, kaya tinatawag din itong positrons. Heto ang mabigat! *** Kapag nagtagpo ang antimatter at ang matter, winawasak nito ang bawat isa at ang wasakang ito sa pagitan ng matter at antimatter ay lumilikha ng napakalakas na enerhiya. Ang tawag dito ay ANTIMATTER-MATTER ANNIHILATION. Ang ANTIMATTER REACTOR na sinasabi ni Bob Lazar ay ang makinang lumilikha ng enerhiya sa pamamagitan ng pagsasama ng matter at antimatter. Kapag gumana ito, kaya nitong patakbuhin ang spacecraft sa mga sampung milligrams lang ng antimatter kumpara sa tone-toneladang fuel na kailangan para magpadala ng rocket papuntang Mars. Siyempre, mas mabigat ang fuel na dala, mas malaking enerhiya din ang kailangan, ayon sa equation ni Sir Albert Einstein na E = mc2. Ibig sabihin, ang mas magaan pero mas malakas na antimatter ay de hamak na mas mainam. Mas bibilis din ang byahe. Kung ang kasalukuyang teknolohiya ay aabot ng mga pitong buwan o 210 days bago makarating sa Mars, ang spacecraft na tatakbo sa antimatter ay kayang bumiyahe ng mga 45 days lang. Nakita ito mismo ni Bob Lazar sa S4 at dahil updated siya sa kung ano ang pinakamakabagong teknolohiya sa physics, sigurado siyang kung ano man ang nakita niya ay hindi pa kayang gawin dito sa Earth. Take note na ito ay 1989. Hanggang ngayong 2020 nga ay wala pang nagagawang antimatter reactor dito sa Earth. Unang-una, mahirap makakuha ng antimatter sa natural na paraan dahil sa kakulangan nito sa universe. Hindi pa nga maintindihan ng mga scientists kung bakit mas marami ang matter sa antimatter gayong ayon sa Big Bang Theory, inakalang dapat ay may parehong dami ang mga ito. Tayong mga tao ay matter Kung nagkapareho ang dami ng matter at antimatter at nagka-wasakan ang lahat ng ito wala tayo ngayon. Pero siyempre, hindi ganyan ang plano ni God kaya tayo nandito ngayon at ito ang hindi kayang arukin ng mga scientists di ba? Anyways, theoretically, ang mga pwedeng pagmulan ng antimatter ay mga bituin na winasak ng black hole, mga thunderstorms, solar flares, cosmic rays at ang Van Allen Belts. Naku paano naman huhulihin ng mga taga-Earth ang mga iyan? Nagawa nang likhain ng tao sa artipisyal na paraan ang antimatter, pero nangangailangan ito ng mga di karaniwang makina gaya ng Antiproton Decelarator ng CERN sa Switzerland o malalaking particle accelerators na ginagamit ng Desy sa Germany at ng FermiLab sa U.S. Ang kaso wala pang kakayahan ang mga ito na makalikha ng malalaking amount ng antimatter. So far, 18 nanograms pa lang ang nalilikha ng tao sa Earth o 0.000000018 gram. Napakalayo pa nito sa isang gramo at ang kaya lang nitong gawin, kung mayroon nang antimatter reactor, ay ang makapagpakulo ng isang litrong tubig. Ganoon kahirap at kamahal mag-produce ng antimatter. Kaya kahit may inihain nang plano sa NASA para sa Antimatter Propulsion na kaka-publish lang nitong March 19 2020 malayo pa itong maisakatuparan. Sa puntong ito, tama si Bob Lazar. Hindi sa Earth galing ang nakita niya. Tila isang malaking scoop ang nakuha nila George Knapp at ng KLAS TV dahil sa pambihirang exposé ni Bob. Ang problema, hindi ma-verify ni George Knapp ang mga credentials nito. Pinuntahan niya ang mga unibersidad kung saan sinabi ni Bob na kumuha siya ng mga kurso sa Physics at Electronics — ang Caltech o California Institute of Technology at MIT o Massachusetts Institute of Technology, pero itinanggi ng mga itong nakapag-aral siya doon. Sa Los Alamos National Laboratory, kung saan sinabi ni Bob na nagtrabaho siya bilang Physicist, sinabi ng mga opisyal doon na wala silang record ng isang Robert Lazar, na syang buong pangalan ni Bob, na nakapagtrabaho doon. Ang kaso, nakakuha si George ng 1982 phone book ng nasabing kumpanya at naroon nga ang pangalang Robert Lazar kasama ng ibang mga scientists at technicians. May nakuha ring news clipping si George galing sa pahayagan ng Los Alamos na naka-feature si Bob at ang kanyang pagkahilig sa jet cars. Dito ay binanggit na si Bob ay isang physicist sa Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility isang sangay ng Los Alamos National Laboratory. Naipasyal din ni Bob si George sa loob ng pacilidad ng kumpanya. Bukod sa kabisado niya ang pasikot sikot dito, kilala rin siya ng mga gwardiya at ibang nagtatrabaho doon kaya wala silang naging problema sa pagpasok. Dahil dito, kahit paano ay nakakita ng kredibilidad si George kay Bob. Pero ang EG&G kung saan ininterview si Bob para sa trabaho niya sa Area 51 ay wala ring records patungkol sa kanya. Ayon kay Bob, pati ang records niya sa ospital kung saan siya ipinanganak ay nawawala rin. Sa madaling salita, lumalabas na parang binubura si Bob sa mundong ginagalawan niya. Tingin ni Bob, isa ito sa mga pangliligalig na ipinararanas sa kanya ng mga nakatataas na isa sa malaking rason kung bakit kailangan na niyang magsalita. Sinabi ko sa bandang simula ng video na 60-40 ako sa porsiyento ng paniniwala ko kay Bob Lazar. 60% dahil sa mga sumusunod: 1. Sa paraan ng kanyang pagsasalita at body language. First impression ko pa lang ito kaya huwag nyo munang ibase ang inyong konklusyon dito. Sa nakikita ko lang, tuloy tuloy siyang magsalita alam niya ang sinasabi niya hindi siya mukhang nag-iimbento at wala ako masyadong makita sa kilos niya na nagpapahayag na siya ay nagsisinungaling 2. Hindi niya ginawang trabaho o paraan ng pagkakakitaan ang pagiging whistleblower niya salungat sa iba na nagbibigay ng mga lectures at seminars o interview dito at interview doon guesting dito at guesting doon biyahe dito at biyahe doon. Si Bob ay nanatiling pribadong indibidwal at umiwas sa mga media sa loob ng halos tatlumpung taon, liban lang sa ilan kung saan ay namagitan si George Knapp upang paunlakan ni Bob gaya ng dokumentaryo ni Jeremy Corbell at ang interview sa kanya ni Joe Rogan nito na lang 2019. Ang source of income lang ni Bob ay ang maliit na negosyong itinayo niya at ng kanyang asawang si Joy White, ang United Nuclear Scientific Equipment and Supplies, sa kanilang tahanan mismo sa New Mexico, USA. 3. Sumailalim sa lie detector test si Bob at kahit hindi konklusibo ang resulta nito sinabi ng ilang nag-conduct ng test na mas lamang ang hindi ito nanlilinlang o nagsisinungaling. 4. Maraming mga pagpapatunay na nagmula sa ibang tao na tumutugma sa mga sinabi ni Bob. 5. Through the years, unti-unting lumilitaw ang mga ebidensya tungkol sa mga pahayag niya. Tatalakayin pa natin nang mas detalyado ang mga ito sa mga susunod na bahagi ng seryeng ito. May 40% pa rin akong pagdududa dahil sa mga hindi mapatunayang credentials niya, partikular sa kanyang edukasyon. Bukod kasi sa report ni George Knapp ay nag-research din ako mula sa ibang sources at sa kabila ng paghalukay ng ibang mga taong may koneksyon sa mga paaralang nabanggit ni Bob, hindi pa rin nila makumpirmang nag-aral nga siya sa mga iyon. Kung nagsisinungaling siya sa parteng ito, malaking factor ito para maisip natin na posibleng nagsisinungaling din siya sa iba niyang pahayag. Sa patuloy kong pagsasaliksik ay pwede pang mabago ang porsiyentong ito kaya sana ay subaybayan ninyo ang serye. Sa susunod na video ay itutuloy natin ang kuwento ni Bob Lazar at ang mga nakita pa niya sa Area 51. Patikim pa lang ito dahil marami pang rebelasyon ang talaga naman nakakamangha, kaya abangan niyo po iyan! Sana ay nabusog na naman kayo ng maraming impormasyon sa video na ito. Kung nagustuhan mo ang video na ito please click the LIKE button. Again, kung hindi ka pa nag-subscribe, paki-click po ang SUBSCRIBE button at pati na ang BELL para ma-notify ka sa mga susunod nating videos. Ano ang masasabi mo sa topic natin ngayon? Please comment down below. Thank you very much for watching and see you on the next video! God bless!

שלום כולם אנחנו עכשיו בבית של נועם פירוז ושל מעיין והבית של צ'וקי! זה באמת הבית של צ'וקי ומעיין ונועם הם האורחים קרם הגנה אנחנו רוצים להראות לכם את הקרם הגנה המגניב הזה איזה מטורף הקרם הגנה הזה אה? זה אבקה. -זה אבקה איזה מפחיד היה אתמול? הם מתחו אותנו כאילו מישהו גונב את הבית... לפחות הצלתי את הכלב אני גאה בעצמי אני הייתי די חסר שימוש. אבל החזקתי את הראש שלו ראיתי את החלק הזה ואתה כזה.. אוקי מה לעשות? מה לעשות? והחזקת את ה.....קסדה שלו סרטון מלא על הערוץ שלו קישור בתיאור וואו.. נתיב לשלום.. זה גם מרגיש ממש רגוע פה גם. אבל זה משוגע נגיב אנשים מכל העולם.... כל אבן זה בן אדם אז כל זה מהמרכז מבקרים? -כן זה מטורף.... זה מדהים! זה הגבול האמיתי..וזה עזה אז זה... חלק מעזה. זה החומוס שנשתנש להדביק את האבן על הקיר הוא יתן לך את החומוס -זהו? כן תשימי את זה שם פה זה בסדר נכון? -כן כן זה בסדר עכשיו תחזיקי את זה.. זה של ג'יוואן אני לא יכול לשים את שלי ליד שלך עכשיו.. למה? את צריכה לשים את זה עם הצבע...אויש סליחה זה בסדר זה רק חומוס נכון? -כן.. כחול הולך עם כחול לא זה לא יגיע... אתה רוצה שאשים אותך על הכתפיים שלי? בוא נעשה את זה מכון? כן ו.... תידבק חומוס הפי פי שלי! חברים זה הגלשן אנחנו עומדים לעשות גלישת חול.. אני לא יודע אם זה בכלל גלישת חול כי זה-- נגיד, אני ראיתי גלישת חול והם משתמשים בגלשן יותר קטן אנחנו עומדים לחבר את זה למכונית ואז לנסוע נועם הוא בחור מאוד גבוה בגלל שאנחנו עומדים לנסוע בשטח צריכים להוציא אוויר מהגלגלים, בחיים לא ידעתי את זה.. אני מרגיש שאנחנו ממש נכנסים לעולם החיצוני כשזה מסתיים זה פשוט יפסיק לנשום? הנה זה. ואנחנו חושבים על לעשות משהו מגניב... בזמן שאנחנו עושים את ה"גלישת חול" נעשה מתיחה קטנה או אני או ג'יוואן נעשה כאילו שברנו משהו או עשינו משהו...נפגענו נראה איך אח של מעיין יגיב.. אנחנו לא ממש עושים מתיחות אבל..ננסה ננסה את זה... כן כמו שהוא עשה עלינו מתיחה... זה היה פצצה! עשיתי טוב אתה חשבת על זה? כן... הכל שלי. הכל שלך? כן, במאי, מפיק מה החתול עומד לעשות? מה החתול עומד לעשות? אין מצב! בחיים לא עשיתי את זה.. זו הפעם הראשונה שלי גם לכו לעקוב אחרי הערוץ שלי אה זה גלשן רוח.. גלשן של גולש רוח... אל תעשה סבתא! מה? לא.. תעשה סבתא.. תעשה סבתא... לעשות סבתא? אני מפחדת אתה צריך לעשות סבתא לא נראה לי עוד הסכמתי לזה ב100% אין להסכים אנחנו פשוט אומרים כן כן אני מנסה להיות בן/בת אדם של "כן" זה עומד להיות משוגע! גיא הוא נהג שטח ממש טוב. הוא היה ביחידה מיוחדת בצבא שזה מה שהם עשו אבל הוא לא יודע שהם עומד להיכשל.. הוא עומד לפגוע במישהו איזו יחידה מיוחדת! ג'יוואן לחוצה..מחזיקה לי את האצבע ככה חחח גיא יודע איך לעשות פליפ פלופ.. אה סלטה? אה אתה לא ידוע..אני יודע, אני יכול לנסות כן? אנחנו עומדים? אנחנו יכולים גם כן איך את מרגישה מאמי? אני מתרגשת.. מתרגשת? אבל-- אני מתרגשת.. תראי אנחנו אנשים מאוד הרפתקנים אני מנסה! חחחח מנסה ממש יופי.. כולם לנקות רגליים למה לנקות על הגלשן? אה רגע רגע את צודקת חחח ג'יוואן את שמה את הרגליים שלך מתחת לתחת שלי לא אכפת לי אתה ממשיך לדחוף את הרגל שלי -זהירות! יותר מהר!! תנקה את הרגליים שלך נועם תפסיק! תחזרו! אתם בסדר? (צילום הכי טוב 2020) שוב פעם. שוב פעם!!!! כן הוא נפל עלי.. מפלתי ואז הרגשתי יותר לחץ והחזה שלי פשוט נדחס וזה עוד לא המתיחה קצת פציעות הוא הסתובב וצעק "תחזיקו חזק!" אני כזה... אני כזה "מה לעזאזל זה אומר?!" גיא לא צוחק!! חחח יש לג'יוואן אחיזת מוות כשהיא מפחדת אני חייב להגיד תודה לגיא הנהג.. אח התאום של מעיין.. מדהים. אני מזיע גיסי! אז לכו להרשם-- חחחח אנחנו יורדים בירידה...? בחיים לא היה ככה! אז האוטו קצת תקוע... כן הרגע ירדנו את זה מקווים שאתם נהנים עד עכשיו. אנחנו אוהבים לעשות תוכן כזה ממש. יש הרבה בדרך, אנחנו מטיילים בעולם מאמי! מה?! היה על זה חרק חחח יואו! תני לי תני לי מה זה? תני לי אני צריך את זה אני צריך את זה.. אני לא יודע מה זה אני לא יודע! הם פשוט התחילו לרוץ החוצה! זהירות חרק! אוקי אני פשוט עומד להיזהר... יואו.. אני לא יודע-- אולי לשים ענף מתחת לגלגל? אולי ככה? מאחורי הגלגל? יש מים שיוצאים מהתחת של האוטו.. יפה זה טוב! ראיתי עכביש על הירך שלך יואו!... תקשיבי לי! תקשיבי לי טוב מאוד. כולם... זזנו עכשיו עכשיו אנחנו צריכים לעשות משהו מיוחד.. אנחנו עומדים למתוח אותו זמן לשחק אותה כן? -כן לפני שזה יותר מדי מהיר מה?! הרגל שלי! מה? הרגל של קאי...קאי פצוע קאי? אויש הרגל שלי! קאי מה קרה?! איפה זה כואב? הברך שלי כאילו סובבת את זה? סובבת את זה או משהו? לא יודע לא יודע איפה אתה מרגיש את הכאבים? בפנים זה פשוט... -כאן? זה פשוט פועם! גיא, עבודה טוב! הוא עמד להציל לי את החיים.. כאילו את הרגל שלי קאי זה היה משחק טוב! כן אני יודע זה היה סבבה חחח התחלתי לבכות! באמת?!? כן טיפה ראית אותך אתה רעדת הייתי כזה חברים..תירשמו כמנוי, תגיבו למטה אם אתם אוהבים תוכן כזה כי אתם יודעים..יש הרבה בדרך אנחנו סוף סוף בחוץ בטוח שצריכים להיות זהירים עם הקורונה.. כמעת צחקתי אבל אתם יודעים... היה ענק! תשקלו להירשם כמנוי תשקלו להירשם כמנוי אנחנו מטיילים בעולם תראו עוד אחד נועם מתח אותנו פה!

Spanish: Este video ha sido traido para ti por Curiosity Stream Obtén acceso a mi servicio de transmisión de video Nebula cuando te registras en Curiosity Stream usando el enlace en la descripción El judaísmo, a los 4000 años, es una de las religiones monoteístas más antiguas. y el abuelo del cristianismo y el islam. Pero a pesar de que sus enseñanzas ayudaron a crear las dos religiones más populares del mundo, muchas personas no sabe lo que los judíos realmente creen. ¿Qué es la Torá? ¿Qué es La Alianza? ¿Y por qué la gente de Oriente Medio ya no adora a la sirena? Bueno, vamos a averiguarlo. Cogito Curiosidad Vizualizada Judaísmo se desarrolló aquí en el Mediterráneo oriental durante los últimos 4000 años. Hoy hay unos 15 millones de judíos que la hacen La décima religión más popular en la tierra. Bien, saltemos directamente a sus creencias. 1. El Tanak Tanakh es el nombre hebreo para la Biblia hebrea, English: Judaism, at 4000 years old it is one of the oldest monotheistic religions and the granddaddy of Christianity and Islam. But even though its teachings helped create the world’s two most popular religions many people don’t know what the Jews actually believe. What is the Torah? What’s a Covenant? And why does no one worship mermen in the Middle-East anymore? Well, Let’s Find out. Judaism developed here in the eastern Mediterranean over the last 4000ish years. Today there are about 15 million Jews making it the world’s tenth largest religion. Right, let’s jump straight into their Beliefs. 1. The Tanakh Arabic: اليهودية ، في 4000 سنة وهي واحدة من أقدم الديانات التوحيدية والجدة المسيحية والإسلام. ولكن على الرغم من ساعدت تعاليمه في إنشاء العالم ديانتان مشهورتان كثير من الناس لا اعرف ما يؤمن به اليهود. ماذا هي التوراة؟ ما هو العهد؟ و لماذا لا يعبد أحد في الشرق الأوسط أي أكثر من ذلك؟ حسنا ، دعنا نكتشف. تطورت اليهودية هنا في شرق البحر الأبيض المتوسط على مدى 4000 سنة الماضية. اليوم هناك حوالي 15 مليون يهودي مما يجعلها العالم عاشر أكبر دين. صحيح ، دعنا نقفز مباشرة إلى معتقداتهم. 1. التناخ English: This video is brought to you by Curiosity Stream Get access to my streaming video service Nebula when you sign up for Curiosity Stream using the link in the description Judaism, at 4000 years old is one of the oldest monotheistic religions and the granddaddy of Christianity and Islam. But even though its teachings helped create the world’s two most popular religions many people don’t know what Jews actually believe. What is the Torah? What’s a Covenant? and why don´t people on the Middle East worship mermaid anymore? Well, let’s find out. Judaism developed here in the eastern Mediterranean over the last 4000 years. Today there are about 15 million Jews making it the tenth most popular religion on earth. Right, let’s jump straight into their beliefs. Tanakh is the Hebrew name for the Hebrew Bible, English: known to most English speakers as the Old Testament. But obviously, they don’t call it that since they don’t recognise any New Testament. The Tanakh is actually a trilogy and the word Tanakh is made up of the names of the 3 sections of the Hebrew Bible. T: for Torah N: for Nevi’im and K: for Ketuvim The first section, the Torah, is the most sacred book of the Jewish People. The Torah consists of the five books shown here and is sometimes called the Five Books of Moses. Let's summarise this very long and very sacred book in a few paragraphs, it should be easy! In the beginning, God creates the world in six days and then has a deserved rest on the seventh. Later on, God starts talking to a guy named Abraham The Hebrew. He tells Abraham to leave his home in Mesopotamia and go to a land called Canaan, which is here. God makes a deal or covenant with Abraham, promising: "I will make of thee a great nation" and offers "the whole land of Canaan" to him and his descendants. To seal this special covenant God said unto Abraham English: Tanakh is the Hebrew name for the Hebrew Bible, known to most English speakers as the Old Testament. But obviously, they don’t call it that since they don’t recognise any New Testament. The Tanakh is actually a trilogy and the word Tanakh is made up of the names of the 3 sections of the Hebrew Bible. T: for Torah N: for Nevi’im and K: for Ketuvim The first section, the Torah, is the most sacred book of the Jewish People. The Torah consists of five books shown here and is sometimes called the Five Books of Moses. Let's summarise this very long and very sacred holy book in a few paragraphs, it should be easy! In the beginning, God creates the world in six days and then has a deserved rest on the seventh. Later on, God starts talking to a guy named Abraham The Hebrew. He tells Abraham to leave his home in Mesopotamia and go to a land called Canaan, which is here. God makes a deal or covenant with Abraham, promising "I will make of thee a great nation " and offers "the whole land of Canaan" to him and his descendants. To seal this special Arabic: تناخ هو الاسم العبري للكتاب المقدس العبري ، معروف لمعظم المتحدثين باللغة الإنجليزية باسم القديم العهد. لكن من الواضح أنهم لا يتصلون حيث أنهم لا يتعرفون على أي جديد العهد. التناخ هو في الواقع ثلاثية وكلمة يتكون تناخ من أسماء الأقسام الثلاثة من الكتاب المقدس العبري. ت: للتوراة ن: لنيفييم و K: ل Ketuvim القسم الأول التوراة هو الأكثر الكتاب المقدس للشعب اليهودي. تتكون التوراة من خمسة كتب معروضة هنا ويسمى أحيانا "الكتب الخمسة" موسى. دعونا نلخص هذا طويل جدا و كتاب مقدس جدا في بضع فقرات ، يفترض أن تكون سهلة! في البداية ، خلق الله العالم ستة أيام وبعد ذلك يستريح على سابعًا. في وقت لاحق ، بدأ الله يتحدث إلى أ شخص يدعى ابراهيم العبرية. يخبر إبراهيم لمغادرة منزله في بلاد ما بين النهرين والذهاب إلى أرض تسمى كنعان ، وهي هنا. لقد عقد الله صفقة أو عهد مع إبراهيم ، واعدة "سأجعلك أمة عظيمة "ويقدم" أرض كنعان كلها "إلى هو وأحفاده. لختم هذا خاص Spanish: conocido por la mayoría de los angloparlantes como el Antiguo Testamento. Pero obviamente, no lo llaman así ya que no reconocen ningún Nuevo Testamento. El Tanak es en realidad una trilogía, y la palabra Tanakh está compuesto por los nombres de las 3 secciones de la Biblia hebrea. T: para Torá, N: para Nevi'im y K: para Ketuvim La primera sección, la Torá, es el libro más sagrado del pueblo judío. La Torá consiste en los cinco libros que se muestran aquí. y a veces se le llama los cinco libros de Moisés. Resumamos este libro muy largo y muy sagrado en unos pocos párrafos, ¡Debería ser facil! Al principio, Dios crea el mundo en seis días. y luego tiene un merecido descanso en el séptimo. Más tarde, Dios comienza a hablar con un hombre llamado Abraham The Hebrew. Le dice a Abraham que salga de su casa en Mesopotamia. e ir a una tierra llamada Canaán, que está aquí. Dios hace un trato o alianza con Abraham, prometiéndole: "Haré de ti una gran nación" y le ofrece "toda la tierra de Canaán" a él y a sus descendientes. Para sellar este pacto especial, Dios le dijo a Abraham English: “Every man child among you shall be circumcised.” And Abraham was like: we’re going to do what now! “ye shall circumcise the flesh of your foreskin, and it shall be a token of the covenant betwixt me and you” Circumcision was a symbol literally “cut into the flesh” of the Jewish People to show their covenant with God. And has been done by every Jewish male for thousands of years The Covenant is extremely important in Judaism. Later Abraham's grandson called Jacob literally wrestles with God or an angel of some sort for an entire night. So from then on, Jacob would be called Israel "one that struggles with God". Jacob/Israel has twelve sons and their descendants would become known as the Children of Israel or Israelites and give their name to the land of Canaan now known as Israel. The Children of Israel would be enslaved in Egypt. But then one of them called Moses would under God's guidance lead the Israelites out of Egypt. Spanish: "Todo hombre varón entre ustedes será circuncidado". Y Abraham dijo: ¡vamos a hacer que... ahora! "Circuncidarás la carne de tu prepucio, y será una muestra de la alianza entre tú y yo " La circuncisión era un símbolo literalmente "cortado en la carne" del pueblo judío para mostrar su alianza con Dios. Y lo han hecho todos los hombres judíos durante miles de años. El Pacto es extremadamente importante en el judaísmo. Más tarde, el nieto de Abraham llamado Jacob literalmente lucha con Dios o un ángel de algún tipo por una noche entera. Entonces, a partir de entonces, Jacob sería llamado Israel "uno que lucha con Dios". Jacob / Israel tiene doce hijos y sus descendientes llegarían a ser conocidos como los hijos de Israel o israelitas y dan su nombre a la tierra de Canaán, ahora conocida como Israel. Los hijos de Israel serían esclavizados en Egipto. Pero entonces, uno de ellos llamado Moisés estaría bajo La guía de Dios sacó a los israelitas de Egipto. English: covenant God said unto Abraham “Every man child among you shall be circumcised.” and Abraham was like we’re going to do what now! “ye shall circumcise the flesh of your foreskin, and it shall be a token of the covenant betwixt me and you” Circumcision was a symbol literally “cut into the flesh” of the Jewish People to show their covenant with God. And has been done by every Jewish male for thousands of years. The Covenant is extremely important in Judaism. Later Abraham's grandson called Jacob literally wrestles with God or an angel of some sort for an entire night. So from then on, Jacob would be called Israel "one that struggles with God". Jacob/Israel has twelve sons and their descendants would become known as the Children of Israel or Israelites and give their name to the land of Canaan now known as Israel. The Children of Israel would be enslaved in Egypt. But then one of them called Moses would under God's guidance lead the Israelites out of Egypt. Arabic: قال الله العهد لإبراهيم "كل إنسان طفل بينكم سيتم ختانهم ". و كان إبراهيم وكأننا سنفعل ما الآن! "فتختنون لحم جسدك القلفة ، ويكون رمزا للعهد بيني وبينك " كان الختان رمزًا "مقطوعًا" في الجسد "للشعب اليهودي أظهروا عهدهم مع الله. وقد تم قام به كل ذكر يهودي لآلاف سنوات. العهد مهم للغاية في اليهودية. في وقت لاحق دعا حفيد إبراهيم يعقوب حرفيا يتصارع مع الله أو ملاك من نوع ما لليلة كاملة. من الآن فصاعدا ، يعقوب ستدعى إسرائيل "تلك التي تكافح مع الله". يعقوب / لإسرائيل اثنا عشر ابنًا ونسلهم سيعرفون باسم بني إسرائيل أو بني إسرائيل وأعطوا اسمهم للأرض من كنعان المعروفة الآن باسم إسرائيل. سوف يتم استعباد بني إسرائيل مصر. ولكن بعد ذلك سيدعى موسى بتوجيه من الله أخرج بني إسرائيل مصر. Arabic: يصل موسى وشعبه إلى جبل سيناء. هنا يعطي الله موسى التوراة كلها التي يحتوي على 613 ميتزفه او الوصايا اكثر ومن أشهرها الوصايا العشر المكتوبة على أقراص حجرية. يتطلب هذا العهد الجديد من اليهود أن يعبدوا فقط هذا الإله واتباع وصاياه. في المقابل يبارك الله الشعب اليهودي وجعلهم أمة مقدسة تعيش في أرض الميعاد. شكل الإسرائيليون في النهاية مملكة و أحد ملوكهم ، يبني سليمان قدسًا المعبد في القدس ، الذي يضم تابوت من العهد ويصبح القلب المقدس العبادة اليهودية. ومن المفارقات أن مملكة سليمان تكفي تنقسم إلى قسمين. إسرائيل ، يسكنها 10 قبائل من نسل يعقوب في الشمال ويهوذا يسكنها الآخر 2 سبط ، في المقام الأول يهوذا في الجنوب. في 722 قبل الميلاد غزا الآشوريون إسرائيل ، تاركا يهوذا اليهودية الوحيدة الباقية مملكة. English: Moses and his people arrive at Mount Sinai. Here God gives Moses the entire Torah which contains 613 Mitzvah or commandments the most famous of which is the 10 Commandments written on stone tablets. This new Covenant requires Jews to worship only this God, and to follow His commandments. In return, God will bless the Jewish people and make them a holy nation living in the Promised Land. The Israelites eventually form a kingdom and one of their kings, Solomon builds a Holy Temple in Jerusalem, which houses the Ark of the Covenant and becomes the sacred heart of Jewish worship. Ironically enough Solomon’s kingdom would cut itself in two. Israel, populated by 10 tribes descended from the sons of Jacob in the north and Judah populated by the other 2 tribes, primarily the Judah in the south. In 722 BCE the Assyrians conquered Israel, leaving Judah as the sole surviving Jewish kingdom. Spanish: Moisés y su pueblo llegan al monte Sinaí. Aquí Dios le da a Moisés toda la Torá que contiene 613 mitzvá o mandamientos el más famoso de los cuales son los 10 mandamientos escritos en dos tablas de piedra. Este nuevo pacto requiere que los judíos adoren solo a este Dios y seguir sus mandamientos. A cambio, Dios bendecirá al pueblo judío y convertirlos en una nación santa que viva en la Tierra Prometida, que es Israel. Los israelitas eventualmente formarían un reino y uno de sus reyes, Salomón, construye un Templo Sagrado en Jerusalén, que alberga el Arca de la Alianza y se convierte en el sagrado corazón de la adoración judía. Irónicamente, el reino de Salomón se dividiría en dos. Israel, poblado por 10 tribus descendientes de los hijos de Jacob en el norte y Judá poblada por las otras 2 tribus, principalmente Judá en el sur. En 722 a. C. los asirios conquistaron Israel, dejando a Judá como el único reino judío sobreviviente. ¿El cuál es este tipo, Judá, un hijo aleatorio de Jacob, English: Moses and his people arrive at Mount Sinai. Here God gives Moses the entire Torah which contains 613 Mitzvah or commandments the most famous of which is the 10 Commandments written on two stone tablets. This new Covenant requires Jews to worship only this God and to follow His commandments. In return, God will bless the Jewish people and make them a holy nation living in the Promised Land, which is Israel. The Israelites would eventually form a kingdom and one of their kings, Solomon, builds a Holy Temple in Jerusalem, which houses the Ark of the Covenant and becomes the sacred heart of Jewish worship. Ironically enough Solomon’s kingdom would cut itself in two. Israel, populated by 10 tribes descended from the sons of Jacob in the north and Judah populated by the other 2 tribes, primarily the Judah in the south. In 722 BCE the Assyrians conquered Israel, leaving Judah as the sole surviving Jewish kingdom. Which is this guy, Judah, a random son of Jacob, Arabic: هذا هو السبب في أن هذا الرجل ، يهوذا ، هو ابن عشوائي يعقوب ، ولا حتى المبهر معطفا بألوان كثيرة ، أعطى دينه اليهودية واليهود اسمهم. في عام 586 قبل الميلاد ، غزا البابليون يهوذا ، هدم الهيكل المقدس ، وأرسل الناس إلى المنفى والعبودية في بابل. الدمار الهيكل المقدس والمنفى البابلي حدث تاريخي مفجع لليهود اشخاص. ولكن بعد ذلك في عام 539 قبل الميلاد جاء سايروس العظيم بجيشه الفارسي الكبير وقبعته الرائعة. هو يدمر البابليين ويحرر اليهود يعيد بناء الهيكل المقدس. وبذلك ينتهي إعادة روايتنا للتناخ. إنه أساس كل المعتقدات اليهودية ملخصي بالكاد يخدش السطح. أنت يمكن قراءة المزيد عن طريق التحقق من الروابط في الوصف أو الانتظار حتى أقوم بعمل فيديو فقط حول هذا الموضوع. في 70 م دمر الرومان الهيكل المقدس ... مرة أخرى ، وأرسل الناس إلى أخرى منفى. انتقل اليهود عبر أوروبا والشمال أفريقيا والشرق الأوسط يشكلون الشتات Spanish: y ni siquiera el que tiene el abrigo deslumbrante de muchos colores dio a la religión del judaísmo y a los judíos su nombre. En 586 a. C. los babilonios conquistaron Judá, demolió el Templo Sagrado, y enviaron al exilio y esclavitud en Babilonia. La destrucción del Templo Sagrado y el exilio babilónico Es un evento histórico desgarrador para el pueblo judío. Pero luego, en 539 a. C., llegó Cyrus con su gran ejército persa y su sombrero genial. Él destruye a los babilonios, libera a los judíos y reconstruye el Templo Sagrado. Y eso concluye nuestro recuento del Tanak. Es fundamental para toda creencia judía y mi resumen apenas rasca la superficie. Para que puedan ir y leer más, consulten los enlaces en la descripción o simplemente esperen hasta que haga un video sobre eso. En el año 70 E.C., los romanos destruyeron el Templo Sagrado... de nuevo, y envió a la gente a otro exilio. Los judíos se desplazaron por Europa, el norte de África y el Medio Oriente formando una diáspora. que periódicamente sufría persecuciones, pogromos y genocidios de sus vecinos. English: This is why this guy, Judah, a random son of Jacob, not even the one with the dazzling coat of many colours, gave the religion of Judaism and the Jews their name. In 586 BCE the Babylonians conquered Judah, demolished the Holy Temple, and sent the people into exile and slavery in Babylon. The destruction of the Holy Temple and Babylonian exile is a heartbreaking historical event for Jewish people. But then in 539 BCE along came Cyrus The Great with his big Persian army and cool hat. He wrecks the Babylonians, frees the Jews, and rebuilds the Holy Temple. That concludes our retelling of the Tanakh. It is foundational to all Jewish belief and my summary barely scratches the surface. You can read more by checking out links in the description or waiting until I make a video solely about it. In 70 C.E. the Romans destroyed the Holy Temple ….again, and sent the people into another exile. The Jews moved out across Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East forming a diaspora English: and not even the one with the dazzling coat of many colours gave the religion of Judaism and the Jews their name. In 586 BCE the Babylonians conquered Judah, demolished the Holy Temple, into exile and slavery in Babylon. The destruction of the Holy Temple and Babylonian exile is a heartbreaking historical event for Jewish people. But then in 539 BCE along came Cyrus with his big Persian army and cool hat. He wrecks the Babylonians, frees the Jews, and rebuilds the Holy Temple. And that concludes our retelling of the Tanakh. It is foundational to all Jewish belief and my summary barely scratches the surface. So you can go and read more by checking out links in the description or just waiting until I make a video just about that. In 70 C.E. the Romans destroyed the Holy Temple ….again, and sent the people into another exile. The Jews moved out across Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East forming a diaspora which periodically suffered persecutions, pogroms, and genocides from their neighbours. English: This 2000ish year exile is considered to have lasted up until 1947 with the partitioning of Palestine and the creation of the modern State of Israel in 1948. Now that was a very brief summary of 2000 years of very complex history, so please bear that in mind. 2. God So Abraham lived in a world that believed in many, many gods. You had your Marduks, your Nergals, you even had Dagans, everyone loves Dagan, look at him the fancy merman. But Abraham believed in One God. An eternal, all-powerful, all-knowing creator of the universe, and the source of all morality. He has no children, he has no rivals, he has no equals. This is known as monotheism and Judaism would spread this concept across the ancient world acting as an origin for both Christianity and Islam. Today, nearly everyone in this region follows a monotheistic religion and merman worship has dropped significantly. Spanish: Se considera que este exilio de 2000 años ha durado hasta 1947 con la partición de Palestina y la creación del moderno Estado de Israel en 1948. Ahora que fue un resumen muy breve de 2000 años de historia muy compleja, así que tengalo en cuenta. 2. Dios Entonces Abraham vivió en un mundo que creía en muchos, muchos dioses. Tenían sus Marduks, sus Nergals, incluso tenían Dagans, todo el mundo ama a Dagan, míralo el elegante tritón. Pero Abraham creía en un Dios. Un eterno, todopoderoso, creador del universo que todo lo sabe, y la fuente de toda moralidad. No tiene hijos, no tiene rivales, no tiene iguales. Esto se conoce como monoteísmo y el judaísmo difundiría este concepto en el mundo antiguo actuando como un origen para el cristianismo y el islam. Hoy, casi todos en esta región siguen una religión monoteísta y el culto al tritón ha disminuido significativamente. English: that periodically suffered persecutions, pogroms, and genocides from their neighbours. This 2000ish year exile is considered to have lasted up until 1947 with the partitioning of Palestine and the creation of the modern State of Israel in 1948. Now that was a very brief summary of 2000 years of complex history, please bear that in mind. 2. God So Abraham lived in a world that believed in many many gods. You had your Marduks, your Nergals, you even had Dagans, everyone loves Dagan, look at him the fancy merman. But Abraham believed in One God. An eternal, all-powerful, all-knowing creator of the universe, and the source of morality. He has no children, rivals, or equals. This is known as monotheism and Judaism would spread this concept across the ancient world acting as an origin for both Christianity and Islam. Nearly everyone in this region follows a monotheistic religion and merman worship has dropped significantly. Arabic: التي عانت بشكل دوري من الاضطهاد والمذابح والإبادة الجماعية من جيرانهم. يعتبر هذا المنفى عام 2000 استمر حتى عام 1947 مع التقسيم فلسطين وخلق الحديث دولة إسرائيل عام 1948. الآن كان هذا ملخصًا موجزًا ​​لعام 2000 سنوات من التاريخ المعقد ، يرجى تحمل ذلك في عين الاعتبار. 2. الله لذلك عاش إبراهيم في عالم آمن في العديد من الآلهة. كان لديك مردوك الخاص بك Nergals ، حتى كان لديك Dagans ، يحب الجميع داغان ، انظر إليه الرجل الألماني الفاخر. لكن إبراهيم آمن بإله واحد. أبدي ، خالق الكون ، كل المعرفة ، ومصدر الأخلاق. ليس لديه أطفال ، المنافسين ، أو يساوي. وهذا ما يعرف باسم التوحيد واليهودية نشر هذا المفهوم عبر العالم القديم تعمل كأصل لكلا المسيحية والإسلام. تقريبا الجميع في هذه المنطقة يتبع دين التوحيد والألماني انخفضت العبادة بشكل ملحوظ. Spanish: Los nombres de Dios más usados ​​en el Tanak son Elohim y el Tetragrammaton, que honestamente es una de las mejores palabras de la historia. El Tetragrammaton es las letras YHWH. La pronunciación real YHWH se perdió hace miles de años. Hoy a veces se pronuncia como Yahweh. Pero esa era solo una teoría. Muchos judíos ortodoxos en realidad no dirán el nombre en voz alta y unos decían HaShem, "el nombre" o Adonai "Mi Señor" en su lugar. Muchos judíos ortodoxos ni siquiera escribirán palabras como Dios, como una señal de respeto y usaré algo como Di-s en su lugar. El Dios judío también tiene un interés activo en los asuntos humanos. e interactúa con los humanos en la Tierra. Los humanos pueden desarrollar una relación personal con Dios. Dios otorgó libre albedrío a la humanidad y ellos, como Jacob, pueden "luchar con Dios", y encontrar y relacionarse con Dios a su manera personal. 3. El mundo por venir English: The names of God used most often in the Tanach are Elohim and the Tetragrammaton, which is honestly one of the coolest words ever. The Tetragrammaton is the letters YHWH. The actual pronunciation YHWH was lost thousands of years ago. Today it is sometimes pronounced as Yahweh. But many Orthodox Jew will not say this name out loud and will say HaShem, “the name” or Adonai "My Lord” instead. Many Orthodox Jews won't even write words like God down, as a sign of respect and will use something like G-D instead. The Jewish God also takes an active interest in human affairs and interacts with humans on Earth. Humans can develop a personal relationship with God. God granted humanity freewill so they, like Jacob, can “wrestle with God” (Genesis 32:29), to find and relate to God in their own personal way. 3.The World To Come Arabic: تستخدم أسماء الله في الغالب في تاناش هم إلوهيم و يَهوَه. هو اسم الله المذكور في التوراة ، وهو بصراحة واحدة من أروع الكلمات على الإطلاق. ال يهوه هو الحروف YHWH. تم فقدان النطق الفعلي يهوه الآلاف منذ سنوات. اليوم ينطق في بعض الأحيان مثل الرب. لكن العديد من اليهود الأرثوذكس لن يفعلوا ذلك قل هذا الاسم بصوت عال وسيقول هاشم ، "الاسم" أو "ربي" بدلاً من ذلك. العديد من اليهود الأرثوذكس لن يكتبوا حتى الكلمات مثل الله إلى أسفل ، كعلامة على الاحترام والإرادة استخدم شيئًا مثل GD بدلاً من ذلك. يهتم الإله اليهودي أيضًا بنشاط في الشؤون الإنسانية ويتفاعل مع البشر على الارض. يمكن للبشر تطوير علاقة شخصية مع الله. لقد منح الله الإنسانية الحرية يمكنهم ، مثل يعقوب ، أن "يتصارعوا مع الله" (تكوين 32:29) ، لإيجاد الله والارتباط به بطريقتهم الشخصية. 3. العالم قادم English: The names of God used the most in the Tanach are Elohim and the Tetragrammaton, which is honestly one of the coolest words ever. The Tetragrammaton is the letters YHWH. The actual pronunciation YHWH was lost thousands of years ago. Today it is sometimes pronounced as Yahweh. But that was just one theory. Many Orthodox Jews will not actually say the name out loud and ones said HaShem, “the name” or Adonai "My Lord” instead. Many Orthodox Jews won't even write words like God down, as a sign of respect and will use something like G-D instead. The Jewish God also takes an active interest in human affairs and interacts with humans on Earth. Humans can develop a personal relationship with God. God granted humanity freewill and they, like Jacob, can “wrestle with God”, and find and relate to God in their own personal way. Spanish: La Biblia hebrea apenas menciona el cielo o el infierno. El cielo es solo un lugar donde vive Dios. Menciona un lugar llamado Sheol, pero es un tipo de vago inframundo donde las almas van después de la muerte. No da ningún detalle. Pero la Biblia asegura que el alma viva después de que mueras. Cuando Abraham muere, por ejemplo, la Biblia dice: "él respiró por última vez, muriendo a una edad buena, madura, vieja y contenta y fue reunido con su pueblo... ". La Biblia describe un montón de personajes diferentes reunidos con su gente. y los pecadores siendo separados de su pueblo. Entonces, mientras el cuerpo vuelve a la tierra, el alma humana va a un lugar para vivir con sus antepasados. Judios aceptan que no saben cómo sería la otra vida o cuáles serían sus recompensas, pero piensan que se basará en el tipo de vida que vivieron en la tierra. Entonces tratan de seguir el camino y los mandamientos de Dios lo más cerca posible porque incluso si no saben qué recompensas recibirán en el más allá saben que seguir los mandamientos de Dios aquí en la Tierra hará que este mundo sea mejor. English: The Hebrew Bible barely mentions heaven or hell. Heaven is just where God lives. It mentions a place called Sheol, but it’s just a vague underworld where souls go after death. But the Bible does make it certain that the soul lives on after you die. When Abraham dies, for example, the Bible says he "breathed his last, dying at a good, ripe age, old and content, and he was gathered to his people....”. The Bible describes a bunch of different characters being gathered to their people and sinners being cut off from their people. So while the body returns to the earth the human soul goes somewhere to live on with their ancestors. Jews accept that they do not know what the afterlife will be like or what it’s rewarding will be, but think that it will be based on the kind of life they have lived. So they try to follow God's path and commandments as closely as possible because even if they don’t know what afterlife rewards that may bring they are certain it will improve the current world. English: The Hebrew Bible barely mentions heaven or hell. Heaven is just where God lives. It doesn´t mentions a place called Sheol, but it’s kind just a vague underworld where souls go after death. Doesn´t give any details. But the Bible does make it certain that the soul lives on after you die. When Abraham dies, for example, the Bible says: "he breathed his last, dying at a good, ripe age, old and content and he was gathered to his people....”. The Bible describes a bunch of different characters being gathered to their people and sinners being cut off from their people. So while the body returns to the earth the human soul goes somewhere to live on with their ancestors. Jews accept that they do not know what the afterlife would be like or what its rewards will be, but they think it will be based on the kind of life they lived on earth. So they try to follow God's path and commandments as closely as possible because even if they don’t know what rewards they´ll receive in the afterlife they know following God´s commandments here on Earth will make this world better. Arabic: بالكاد يذكر الكتاب المقدس العبري الجنة أو الجحيم. السماء فقط حيث يعيش الله. يذكر مكان يسمى Sheol ، لكنه مجرد عالم غامض غامض حيث تسير فيه الأرواح الموت. لكن الكتاب المقدس يجعل من المؤكد أن تعيش الروح بعد أن تموت. عندما إبراهيم يموت ، على سبيل المثال ، يقول الكتاب المقدس انه "تنفس آخر حياته ، يموت في سن جيدة ، ناضجة وشيقة راضي ، وجمع لشعبه .... ". يصف الكتاب المقدس مجموعة من الشخصيات المختلفة يجتمعون لشعبهم والخطاة يتم عزلهم عن شعبهم. وذلك في حين يعود الجسد إلى الأرض النفس البشرية يذهب إلى مكان للعيش مع أسلافهم. يقبل اليهود أنهم لا يعرفون ماذا ستكون الحياة الآخرة أو ما هي مكافأة سيكون ، ولكن أعتقد أنه سيكون على أساس نوع الحياة التي عاشوها. لذلك هم حاول أن تتبع طريق الله ووصاياه قدر الإمكان لأنه حتى لو لا أعرف ما هي مكافآت الآخرة التي قد تكون جلب هم على يقين أنه سيحسن العالم الحالي. English: Many Jews try to act with Tzedakah or Justice or charity. Tzedakah comes from the Torah which says “thou shalt not wholly reap the corners of thy field..... neither shalt thou gather every grape of thy vineyard; thou shalt leave them for the poor and stranger”. Today many Jews donate 10% of their income to the needy as part of Tzedakah. 4.Messiah Many Jews today and in the past have hoped for the coming of a masheach or messiah. Who is prophesied in the Tanakh. The Messiah is a Jewish leader that will bring about the Messianic Era. They will rebuild the Holy Temple in Jerusalem and bring all the Jews back into the Promised Land. Which will bring about the perfection of the world and an end to all hunger, war, and suffering. When the Messiah comes, every Jew who ever lived will be literally resurrected. They will return to Jerusalem to be present when God creates a new heaven on Earth. This is why Jewish law states Jews must be buried with any amputated limbs lost in life. Spanish: Muchos judíos intentan actuar con Tzedaká o Justicia o caridad. Tzedaká viene de la Torá que dice "No cosecharás por completo los rincones de tu campo..... ni juntarás toda uva de tu viña; los dejarás para el pobre y el extraño ". Hoy, muchos judíos donan el 10% de sus ingresos a los necesitados como parte de Tzedaká. 4. El Mesías Muchos judíos de hoy y en el pasado han esperado la llegada de un masheach o mesías. Lo cual está profetizado en el Tanak. El Mesías es un líder judío que provocará la Era Mesiánica. Ellos reconstruirán el Templo Sagrado en Jerusalén y traer a todos los judíos de regreso a la Tierra Prometida. Lo que traerá la perfección del mundo. y el fin de toda hambre, guerra y sufrimiento. Cuando venga el Mesías, cada judío que haya vivido será literalmente resucitado. Regresarán a Jerusalén para estar presentes cuando Dios cree un nuevo cielo en la Tierra. Es por eso que la ley judía exige que los judíos deben ser enterrado con cualquier miembro amputado perdido en la vida. La ley judía también prohíbe la cremación. Arabic: يحاول العديد من اليهود العمل مع تصدقه أو العدل أو صدقة. تصدقك من التوراة التي تقول "أنت لا تحصد أركان مجالك بالكامل ..... ولا تجمع كل عنب خاص بك حقل عنب؛ تتركهم للفقراء وغريب ". اليوم يتبرع العديد من اليهود بنسبة 10٪ من دخلهم للمحتاجين كجزء من تصدقه. 4.مسيا يأمل الكثير من اليهود اليوم وفي الماضي من أجل مجيء المسيح أو المسيح. منظمة الصحة العالمية تنبأ في التناخ. المسيح هو زعيم يهودي سيحضر عن الحقبة المسيانية. سوف يعيدون البناء الهيكل المقدس في القدس وجلب الجميع عاد اليهود إلى أرض الميعاد. التي سيحقق كمال العالم وإنهاء كل الجوع والحرب والمعاناة. عندما يأتي المسيح ، كل يهودي من أي وقت مضى عاش سوف يحيي حرفيا. هم سيعود إلى القدس ليحضر عندما خلق الله جنة جديدة على الأرض. هذا هو السبب في أن القانون اليهودي ينص على أن اليهود يجب أن يكونوا كذلك مدفونة مع فقدان أي أطراف مبتورة في الحياة. English: Many Jews try to act with Tzedakah or Justice or charity. Tzedakah comes from the Torah which says “thou shalt not wholly reap the corners of thy field..... neither shalt thou gather every grape of thy vineyard; thou shalt leave them for the poor and stranger". Today many Jews donate 10% of their income to the needy as part of Tzedakah. Many Jews today and in the past have hoped for the coming of a masheach or messiah. Which is prophesied in the Tanakh. The Messiah is a Jewish leader that will bring about the Messianic Era. They will rebuild the Holy Temple in Jerusalem and bring all the Jews back into the Promised Land. Which will bring about the perfection of the world and an end to all hunger, war, and suffering. When the Messiah comes, every Jew who ever lived will be literally resurrected. They will return to Jerusalem to be present when God creates a new heaven on Earth. This is why Jewish law demands that Jews must be buried with any amputated limbs lost in life. Jewish law also forbids cremation. Spanish: Todo para mantener el cuerpo físico intacto para cuando resucite por Dios después de la llegada del Mesías. Para los judíos, el Mesías obviamente aún no ha llegado porque todavía hay sufrimiento y desigualdad en el mundo. 5. El Talmud Ya vimos el Tanak pero otro libro también es extremadamente importante para los judíos. El Talmud. El Talmud es una colección de diferentes libros. y tiene más de 10 millones de palabras y cubre 38 volúmenes. Es una colección masiva de comentarios sobre la Torá. y sobre sí mismo, sobre cómo deben interpretarse la Torá o sus mandamientos. Está lleno de debates, interpretaciones legales, historia, ética, filosofía y leyendas. Dentro de unas pocas líneas puedes ver rabinos que vivieron siglos separados debatiendo un tema en el Talmud, es bastante interesante Proporciona la base de la ley judía y es una guía para la vida judía. Los Judios Esas son algunos de las creeencias del judaísmo Pero el judaísmo es más que una religión. También es un pueblo, nación, cultura y civilización. Arabic: يحظر القانون اليهودي حرق الجثث. لتحفظ الجسم المادي سليما عندما يبعث بالله بعد وصول المسيح. بالنسبة لليهود ، من الواضح أن المسيح لم يفعل ذلك بعد وصل لأنه لا يزال هناك معاناة و عدم المساواة في العالم. 5- التلمود لقد نظرنا بالفعل إلى التناخ ولكننا نلقي نظرة أخرى الكتاب مهم للغاية لليهود. التلمود. التلمود هو مجموعة من الكتب المختلفة ويغطي أكثر من 10 مليون كلمة ويغطيها 38 مجلدا. إنها مجموعة ضخمة من التعليقات على التوراة وعلى نفسها في كيفية التوراة أو يجب تفسير وصاياه. مليئة بالنقاش والتفسيرات القانونية ، التاريخ والأخلاق والفلسفة والأساطير. في غضون بضعة أسطر ، يمكنك رؤية الحاخامات عاش قرون منفصلة عن مناقشة موضوع في التلمود ، إنه مثير للاهتمام للغاية. يوفر الأساس للقانون اليهودي وهو دليل للحياة اليهودية. الشعب اليهودي اليهودية أكثر من مجرد دين. بل هو أيضا شعب وامة وثقافة وحضارة لكن ليس سباق. English: All to keep the physical body intact for when it is resurrected by God after the arrival of the Messiah. For Jews, the Messiah has obviously not yet arrived because there is still suffering and inequality in the world. We already saw at the Tanakh but another book is also extremely important to the Jews. The Talmud. The Talmud is a collection of different books and is over 10 million words long and covers 38 volumes. It is a massive collection of commentary on the Torah and on itself on how the Torah or it’s commandments should be interpreted. It's filled with debate, legal interpretations, history, ethics, philosophy and legends. Within a few lines you can see rabbis that lived centuries apart debating a topic in the Talmud, it’s pretty interesting. It provides the foundation for Jewish law and is a guidebook for Jewish life. So those are some Judaism believes But Judaism is more than a religion. It is also a people, nation, culture, and civilization English: Jewish law also forbids cremation. To keep the physical body intact for when it is resurrected by God after the arrival of the Messiah. For Jews, the Messiah has obviously not yet arrived because there is still suffering and inequality in the world. 5.The Talmud We already looked at the Tanakh but another book is also extremely important to the Jews. The Talmud. The Talmud is a collection of different books and is over 10 million words long and covers 38 volumes. It is a massive collection of commentary on the Torah and on itself on how the Torah or it’s commandments should be interpreted. It's filled with debate, legal interpretations, history, ethics, philosophy, and legends. Within a few lines you can see rabbis that lived centuries apart debating a topic in the Talmud, it’s extremely interesting. It provides the foundation for Jewish law and is a guidebook for Jewish life. THE JEWISH PEOPLE Judaism is more than a religion. It is also a people, nation, culture, and civilisation but not a race. Arabic: هناك يهود أسود وآسيوي وبيض. هناك هم الناس الذين ولدوا يهود وكذلك المتحولين. ملحد ، ملحد ، وبوفيه مختلف مستويات اليهود المتدينين. وفقا للقانون اليهودي ، اليهودي هو طفل ولد لأم يهودية ، أو شخص تحول لليهودية. بعض الطوائف اليهودية الآن تقبل النسب من خلال الأب أيضا. منذ العصور الوسطى ، كانت هناك مجموعتين رئيسيتين من الشعب اليهودي. اشكنازي ، السفاردي. • الأشكنازي هم الجالية اليهودية التي تطورت في وسط وشرق أوروبا. يتحدثون اليديشية ، مزيج من العبرية ولغات وسط أوروبا. اليديشية كلمات مثل bupkis وChutzpah و klutz هي مألوفة في ثقافة البوب ​​الناطقة باللغة الإنجليزية لأن معظم المهاجرين اليهود في الولايات المتحدة كانوا اشكنازي. • اليهود السفارديم هم من نسل يهود إسبانيا وهؤلاء الذين فروا من إسبانيا إلى دول البحر الأبيض المتوسط ​​الأخرى والشمال أفريقيا. لديهم لغتهم الخاصة ، Ladino ، مزيج من العبرية والاسبانية القديمة. لكن لسوء الحظ، هذه اللغة تتعرض لخطر الانقراض • هناك مجتمعات من اليهود لا تفعل ذلك تقع في هاتين المجموعتين مثل اليهود English: There are black, asian, and white Jews. There are people born Jewish as well as converts. Atheist, Agnostic, and a buffet of differing levels of religious Jews. According to Jewish law a Jew is a child born of a Jewish mother, or a person who converts to Judaism. Some Jewish denominations now accept descent through the father too. Since the Medieval Period, there have been two major groups of the Jewish People. Ashkenazi, Sephardi. • The Ashkenazi are the Jewish community that developed in Central and Eastern Europe. They speak Yiddish, a combination of Hebrew and the languages of Central Europe. Yiddish words like bupkis, chutzpah, and klutz are familiar in English speaking pop culture because most Jewish immigrants in the United States were Ashkenazi. • The Sephardi Jews are descendants of the Jews of Spain, and those who fled from Spain to other Mediterranean countries and North Africa. They have their own language, Ladino, a combination of Hebrew and Old Spanish. But unfortunately, this language is under serious threat of extinction • There are communities of Jews who do not fall into these two groups such as the Jews English: but not a race. There are black, asian, and white Jews. There are people born Jewish and people convert to Judaism. There are atheist, Agnostic, and a buffet of differing levels of religious Jews. According to Jewish law a Jew is a child born of a Jewish mother or a person who converts to Judaism. Some modern Jewish denominations also now accept descent through the father. Since the Medieval Period, there have been two major groups of the Jewish People. Ashkenazi and Sephardi. The Ashkenazi are the Jewish community that developed in Central and Eastern Europe. They speak Yiddish, a combination of Hebrew and the languages of Central Europe. Yiddish words like bupkis, chutzpah, and klutz are familiar in English speaking pop culture because most Jewish immigrants in the United States were Ashkenazi. The Sephardi Jews are descendants of the Jews of Spain, and those who fled from Spain to other Mediterranean countries and North Africa. They have their own language, Ladino, a combination of Hebrew and Old Spanish. But unfortunately, this language is under serious threat of the extinction There are also communities of Jews who do not fall into these two categories Spanish: Pero no una carrera. Hay judíos negros, asiáticos y blancos. Hay personas nacidas judías y personas convertidas al judaísmo. Hay ateos, agnósticos y un buffet de diferentes niveles de judíos religiosos. Según la ley judía, un judío es un niño nacido de una madre judía o una persona que se convierte al judaísmo. Algunas denominaciones judías modernas ahora también aceptan descendencia a través del padre. Desde el período medieval, ha habido dos grupos principales del pueblo judío. Ashkenazi y sefardí. Los Ashkenazi son la comunidad judía que se desarrolló en Europa Central y del Este. Hablan yiddish, una combinación de hebreo y los idiomas de Europa Central. Las palabras en yiddish como bupkis, chutzpah y klutz son familiares en la cultura pop de habla inglesa porque la mayoría de los inmigrantes judíos en los Estados Unidos eran Ashkenazi. Los judíos sefardíes son descendientes de los judíos de España, y aquellos que huyeron de España a otros países mediterráneos y al norte de África. Tienen su propio idioma, el ladino, una combinación de hebreo y español antiguo. Pero desafortunadamente, este lenguaje está bajo grave amenaza de extinción. También hay comunidades de judíos que no entran en estas dos categorías. Spanish: como los judíos de Irán e Irak, Yemen, Etiopía, China y Georgia junto con muchos, muchos otros. Todos estos grupos diferentes conforman una amplia gama de creencias y culturas judías. Lo que muchos estadounidenses y europeos piensan como cultura judía o comida judía es realmente la cultura Ashkenazi y la comida de Europa Central y Oriental, adaptado a las leyes judías kosher. Un Ashkenazi comerá arenque Schmaltz mientras que un sefardí disfrutará del cuscús. Un Ashkenazis celebrará con un vaso de aguardiente, un sefardí irá por algunos arak. Ashkenazis llamó el sábado, Shabbos, Sephardis llamó Sabat. Antes de la Segunda Guerra Mundial sobre 9 millones de judíos vivían en Europa, 5 millones en las Américas, 800,000 en Asia y 600,000 en África. Lo que da un poco más de 15 millones en total. Alrededor de seis millones de judíos fueron asesinados sistemáticamente durante la Shoah, El término hebreo para el Holocausto. La emigración, expulsión y exterminio de judíos. de sus viejos corazones durante el siglo XX ha hecho de Norteamérica e Israel el hogar de la mayoría de los judíos modernos. English: of Iran and Iraq, Yemen, Ethiopia, China, and Georgia among many others. All these different groups make up a diverse range of Jewish beliefs and cultures. What many Americans and Europeans think of as Jewish culture or Jewish food is really Ashkenazi culture and Central and Eastern European food, adapted to Jewish kosher laws. An Ashkenazi will eat Schmaltz herring while a Sephardi prefers couscous. An Ashkenazi will celebrate with a glass of schnapps, a Sephardi will go for some Arak. Ashkenazis called Saturday, Shah-bos, Sephardis say shah-BAT. Before the Second World War about 9 million Jews lived in Europe, 5 million in the Americas, 800,000 in Asia, and 600,000 in Africa. Just over 15 million in total. About Six million Jews were systematically murdered during the Shoah, the Jewish term for the Holocaust. The emigration, expulsion, or extermination of Jews from their old heartlands during the 20th century has made North America and Israel home to the majority of modern Jews. Arabic: إيران والعراق واليمن وإثيوبيا والصين وجورجيا من بين آخرين. تشكل كل هذه المجموعات المختلفة مجموعة متنوعة مجموعة من المعتقدات والثقافات اليهودية. ما يفكر فيه كثير من الأمريكيين والأوروبيين كما الثقافة اليهودية أو الطعام اليهودي هو حقا الثقافة الأشكنازية والوسطى والشرقية طعام أوروبي ، متكيف مع قوانين الكوشر اليهودية. سوف يأكل أشكنازي رنجة شمالتز بينما يفضل السفاردي الكسكس. الأشكنازي سيحتفل مع كوب من المسكر ، أ سيذهب السفاردي لبعض آراك. اشكنازي دعا السبت ، شاه بوس ، يقول السفارديمون شاه بات. قبل الحرب العالمية الثانية حوالي 9 ملايين نسمة عاش اليهود في أوروبا ، 5 ملايين في الأمريكتين ، 800000 في آسيا ، و 600.000 في إفريقيا. مجرد أكثر من 15 مليون في المجموع. كان حوالي ستة ملايين يهودي بشكل منهجي قتل خلال المحرقة ، المصطلح اليهودي عن المحرقة. الهجرة أو الطرد أو الإبادة اليهود من معاقلهم القديمة خلال جعل القرن 20 أمريكا الشمالية وإسرائيل موطن غالبية اليهود المعاصرين. English: such as the Jews of Iran and Iraq, Yemen, Ethiopia, China, and Georgia along with many, many others. All these different groups make up a diverse range of Jewish beliefs and cultures. What many Americans and Europeans think of as Jewish culture or Jewish food is really Ashkenazi culture and Central and Eastern European food, adapted to Jewish kosher laws. An Ashkenazi will eat Schmaltz herring while a Sephardi will enjoy couscous. An Ashkenazis will celebrate with a glass of schnapps, a Sephardi will go for some Arak. Ashkenazis called Saturday, Shabbos, Sephardis called Shabbat. Before the Second World War about 9 million Jews lived in Europe, 5 million in the Americas, 800,000 in Asia, and 600,000 in Africa. Just above 15 million in total. About six million Jews were systematically murdered during the Shoah, the Hebrew term for the Holocaust. The emigration, expulsion, and extermination of Jews from their old heartlands during the 20th century has made North America and Israel home to the majority of modern Jews. Spanish: Hoy hay muchas denominaciones diferentes de judíos. Desde ateos judíos hasta judíos ortodoxos. Los judíos ortodoxos creen que la Torá es la palabra directa de Dios y siguen estrictamente sus palabras y mandamientos. Los judíos ortodoxos más conocidos son los judíos jasídicos, Judios que son reconocibles y distintivos de la moda, que ha sido apropiado por los hipsters. También hay judaísmo reformista, conservador y reconstruccionista quienes cubren una amplia gama de creencias. De no creer en un Dios personal o sobrenatural y el ritual y la ceremonia del pensamiento no tienen lugar en el mundo moderno a creer en Dios y en la Torá pero cambiando su interpretación a medida que la sociedad evoluciona. Sabbat Shabbat o el Sabbat o sábado es el séptimo día de la semana hebrea y el día más importante para los judíos. Como Dios descansó el séptimo día, los judíos hacen lo mismo. Es un día de rejuvenecimiento físico y espiritual. La ley judía prohíbe cualquier trabajo en Shabat. Actividades como hacer negocios, gastar dinero, ir de compras, se desaconseja el trabajo doméstico, conducir, usar electricidad o incluso usar el teléfono. Arabic: اليوم هناك العديد من الطوائف المختلفة اليهود. تتراوح من الملحدين اليهود إلى الأرثوذكس يهود. يعتقد اليهود الأرثوذكس أن التوراة هي كلمة الله المباشرة ويتبعونها بدقة إنها كلمات ووصايا. أشهرها اليهود الأرثوذكس هم اليهود المطلقون بسبب بطريقة مميزة ومميزة ، والتي سرق محبو موسيقى الجاز الآن. هناك أيضا إصلاح ومحافظ وإعادة إعمار اليهودية التي تغطي جميعًا مجموعة واسعة من المعتقدات. من عدم الإيمان بشخص أو خارق الله والتفكير الطقوس والاحتفال لها لا مكان في العالم الحديث. إلى الإيمان في الله والتوراة ولكن تغيير تفسيرهم منهم مع تطور المجتمع. شباب السبت او السبت او السبت اليوم السابع من الأسبوع العبري والأهم يوم لليهود. منذ أن استراح الله في اليوم السابع ، اليهود تفعل الشيء نفسه. إنه يوم التجديد الجسدي والروحي. يحظر القانون اليهودي العمل في السبت. أنشطة مثل ممارسة الأعمال التجارية والإنفاق المال ، التسوق ، الأعمال المنزلية ، القيادة ، استخدام English: Today there are many different denominations of Jews. Ranging from Jewish atheists to Orthodox Jews. Orthodox Jews believe the Torah is the direct word of God and they strictly follow it's words and commandments. The best known Orthodox Jews are the Chasidic Jews, due to their recognisable and distinct fashion, which has now been stolen by hipsters. There is also Reform, Conservative, and Reconstructionist Judaism who all cover a wide range of beliefs. From not believing in a personal or supernatural god and thinking ritual and ceremony have to no place in the modern world. To belief in God and the Torah but changing their interpretation of them as society evolves. SHABBAT Shabbat or the Sabbath or Saturday is the 7th day of the Hebrew week and the most important day for Jews. Since God rested on the seventh day, Jews do the same. It is a day of physical and spiritual rejuvenation. Jewish law prohibits work on the Shabbat. Activities such as doing business, spending money, shopping, housework, driving, using English: Today there are many different denominations of Jews. Ranging from Jewish atheists to Orthodox Jews. Orthodox Jews believe the Torah is the direct word of God and they strictly follow it's words and commandments. The best known Orthodox Jews are the Hasidic Jews, Jews that are recognisable and distinct fashion, which has been appropiated by hipsters. There is also Reform, Conservative, and Reconstructionist Judaism who all cover a wide range of beliefs. From not believing in a personal or supernatural God and thinking ritual and ceremony have no place in the modern world to belief in God and the Torah but changing their interpretation as society evolves. Shabbat or the Sabbath or Saturday is the 7th day of the Hebrew week and the most important day for Jews. Since God rested on the seventh day, Jews do the same. It is a day of physical and spiritual rejuvenation. Jewish law prohibits any work on Shabbat. Activities such as doing business, spending money, shopping, housework, driving, using electricity, or even using the phone are discouraged. English: electricity, or even using the phone are discouraged. While things like prayer or reading are encouraged. KOSHER The laws of Kosher regulate the Jewish Diet. What is Kosher? Well according to the Torah and Jewish law. All vegetables, fruits, grains, and nuts are kosher. When it comes to meat a kosher animal is one that both chews its cud and has a cloven hoof. Don't worry I didn't know what cud was either. Cud is a bit of food that an animal chews then swallows then vomits back into their mouth and chews again. Which is why some animals appear to be chewing all the time. Examples of kosher animals are cattle and sheep. While nonkosher animals include pigs, dogs, rabbits, and well humans actually. Kosher animals must also be killed in a certain way called shechita. This method uses a trained professional with an incredibly sharp knife to deliver quick death. Finally all blood must be drained from the animal because blood isn’t kosher. Today kosher food can be bought from kosher shops or recognised by special kosher symbols on products. Spanish: Si bien se alientan cosas como la oración o la lectura. Kosher Las leyes de Kosher regulan la dieta judía. ¿Qué es kosher? Bueno, según la Torá y la ley judía. Todas las verduras, frutas, granos y nueces son kosher. Cuando se trata de carne, un animal kosher es uno que tanto mastica su bolo alimenticio y tiene una pezuña hendida. No se preocupen, yo tampoco sabía qué era bolo alimenticio. Bolo alimenticio es un poco de comida que un animal mastica y luego traga y luego vomita de nuevo en la boca y luego vuelve a masticar. Es por eso que algunos animales parecen estar masticando todo el tiempo. Ejemplos de animales kosher son bovinos y ovinos. Mientras que los animales no kosher incluyen cerdos, perros, conejos y humanos en realidad. Los animales kosher también deben ser sacrificados de cierta manera llamada shechita. Este método utiliza un profesional capacitado con un increíble cuchillo afilado para entregar la muerte rápida al animal. Finalmente, toda la sangre debe ser drenada del animal porque la sangre no es kosher. Hoy se puede comprar comida kosher en tiendas kosher o reconocido por símbolos kosher especiales en productos. English: While things like prayer or reading are encouraged. The laws of Kosher regulate the Jewish Diet. What is Kosher? Well according to the Torah and Jewish law. All vegetables, fruits, grains, and nuts are kosher. When it comes to meat a kosher animal is one that both chews its cud and has a cloven hoof. Don't worry I didn't know what cud was either. Cud is a bit of food that an animal chews and then swallows and then vomits back into their mouth and then chews again. Which is why some animals can just appear to be chewing all the time. Examples of kosher animals are cattle and sheep. While nonkosher animals include pigs, dogs, rabbits, and well humans actually. Kosher animals must also be killed in a certain way called shechita. This method uses a trained professional with an incredibly sharp knife to deliver quick death to the animal. Finally all blood must be drained from the animal because blood isn’t kosher. Today kosher food can be bought from kosher shops or recognised by special kosher symbols on products. Arabic: الكهرباء ، أو حتى استخدام الهاتف غير مشجع. بينما يتم تشجيع أشياء مثل الصلاة أو القراءة. كوشير تنظم قوانين كوشر النظام الغذائي اليهودي. ما هو كوشر؟ حسنا وفقا للتوراة والقانون اليهودي. جميع الخضروات والفواكه والحبوب والمكسرات كوشر. عندما يتعلق الأمر باللحوم ، يكون حيوان الكوشر واحدًا أن كلاهما يمضغ جودته ويشتمل على حافر من القرنفل. لا تقلق ، لم أكن أعلم ما هو Cud أيضًا. Cud هو القليل من الطعام الذي يمضغه الحيوان ثم يبتلع ثم يتقيأ مرة أخرى الفم ويمضغ مرة أخرى. ولهذا بعض الحيوانات يبدو أنه يمضغ طوال الوقت. من الأمثلة على حيوانات الكوشر: خروف. في حين أن الحيوانات غير كوشير تشمل الخنازير ، الكلاب والأرانب والبشر بشكل جيد. يجب قتل الحيوانات موافق للشريعة اليهودية بشكل مؤكد طريقة تسمى شيشيتا. تستخدم هذه الطريقة المدربة محترف بسكين حاد بشكل لا يصدق لتقديم الموت السريع. اخيرا يجب ان يفرغ الدم من الدم حيوان لأن الدم ليس كوشير. اليوم يمكن شراء طعام الكوشر من الكوشر متاجر أو معترف بها برموز كوشير خاصة على المنتجات. English: All shellfish, birds of prey like eagles or owls, and fish without both fins and scales like shark, whale, and porpoise are not kosher. THE SYNAGOGUE From the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE until today, the synagogue has been the centre of Jewish life and worship. In every synagogue, you’ll find a handwritten Torah Scroll. Which is read aloud during services. You’ll also find a rabbi. A rabbi is a trained Jewish scholar and interpreter of Jewish law. They conduct many Jewish events, such as circumcisions, Bar and Bat Mitzvahs, weddings, and funerals. While there you may notice people wearing a kippah also known as yarmulka on their heads. Judaism originated in the Middle East, where a sign of respect to God is a covered head. Orthodox Jews believe they are always in the presence of God, so they wear a kippah at all times. More liberal Jews wear a kippah sometimes. You might also notice that many Orthodox Jew have long curly hair on the sides of their head. These are called Payot and Orthdox Jews do not cut this hair because of a command in the Torah that says “Ye shall not round the corners of your heads'' Spanish: Todos los mariscos, aves rapaces como águilas o búhos, y peces sin aletas ni escamas. como tiburones, ballenas y marsopas no son kosher. Desde la destrucción del Segundo Templo en 70 EC hasta hoy, La sinagoga ha sido el centro de la vida y el culto judío. En cada sinagoga, encontrarás un rollo de Torá escrito a mano. Que se lee en voz alta durante los servicios. También encontrarás un rabino. Un rabino es un erudito judío entrenado e intérprete de la ley judía. Conducen muchos eventos judíos, como circuncisiones, Bar y Bat Mitzvahs, bodas y funerales. Mientras esten allí, puede notar que las personas usan una kipá también conocida como yarmulka en sus cabezas. El judaísmo se originó en el Medio Oriente, donde un signo de respeto a Dios es la cabeza cubierta. Los judíos ortodoxos creen que siempre están en la presencia de Dios, así que usan una kipá en todo momento. Los judíos más liberales usan una kipá a veces. También podrías notar que muchos judíos ortodoxos tienen el pelo largo y rizado a los lados de la cabeza. Estos se llaman Payot y los judíos ortodoxos no cortan este cabello debido a una orden en la Torá que dice "No rodearás las esquinas de tus cabezas" Puedes aprender más sobre las sinagogas, la historia Arabic: جميع المحار والطيور الجارحة مثل النسور أو البوم والأسماك بدون الزعانف والقشور مثل القرش والحيتان وخنازير البحر ليست كوشير. الملتقى من تدمير الهيكل الثاني في 70 م حتى اليوم ، كان الكنيس مركز الحياة والعبادة اليهودية. ستجد في كل كنيس خطًا يدويًا انتقل التوراة. وهو يقرأ بصوت عال خلال الخدمات. ستجد أيضًا حاخامًا. الحاخام هو مدرب عالم يهودي ومترجم للقانون اليهودي. إنهم يجرون العديد من الأحداث اليهودية ، مثل الختان ، بار وبات ميتزفه وحفلات الزفاف والجنازات. بينما هناك قد تلاحظ الناس يرتدون kippah المعروف أيضا باسم كيباه على رؤوسهم. اليهودية نشأت في الشرق الأوسط ، حيث علامة احترام الله هي رأس مغطى. يعتقد اليهود الأرثوذكس أنهم دائما في حضرة الله ، لذلك يرتدون الكبة كل الأوقات. المزيد من اليهود الليبراليين يرتدون الكبة بعض الأحيان. قد تلاحظ أيضًا أن العديد من اليهود الأرثوذكس لها شعر طويل مجعد على جانبيها رئيس. هؤلاء يُدعى اليهود بايوت والأرثوذكس لا تقص هذا الشعر بسبب الأمر في التوراة التي تقول "لا تسمعون زوايا رؤوسكم ' English: All shellfish, birds of prey like eagles or owls, and fish without both fins and scales like shark, whale, and porpoise are not kosher. From the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE until today, the synagogue has been the centre of Jewish life and worship. In every synagogue, you’ll find a handwritten Torah Scroll. Which is read aloud during services. You’ll also find a rabbi. A rabbi is a trained Jewish scholar and interpreter of Jewish law. They conduct many Jewish events, such as circumcisions, Bar and Bat Mitzvahs, weddings, and funerals. While there you may notice people wearing a kippah also known as yarmulka on their heads. Judaism originated in the Middle East, where a sign of respect to God is a covered one´s head. Orthodox Jews believe they are always in the presence of God, so they wear a kippah at all times. More liberal Jews wear a kippah sometimes. You might also notice that many Orthodox Jew have long curly hair on the sides of their head. These are called Payot and Orthdox Jews do not cut this hair because of a command on the Torah that says “Ye shall not round the corners of your heads'' You can learn more about Synagogues, the history Spanish: del pueblo judío, y mucho, mucho más en la hermosa serie documental Sacred Spaces, en CuriosityStream. CuriosityStream es un servicio de transmisión documental que te dará acceso a miles de documentales incluyendo algunos con los mejores nombres como David Attenborough y Stephen Hawking, junto con originales exclusivos. Normalmente obtendrá acceso ilimitado a partir de solo $ 2.99 al mes y los primeros 30 días completamente gratis si te registras en curiositystream.com/cogito y usan el código de promoción "cogito" durante el proceso de registro. Pero durante estos tiempos difíciles, CuriosityStream ofrece un 40% de descuento en la oferta de estadía en casa para ayudarlos a pasar el tiempo durante la cuarentena. Y al suscribirse a CuriosityStream serás ayudándome a mí y a la comunidad educativa de Youtube, porque CuriosityStream ama a los creadores independientes y quiere ayudarnos a crecer, así que ofrecen acceso gratuito a los espectadores de Cogito a Nebula cuando te registras en CuriosityStream.com/cogito. Nebula es una plataforma de transmisión de video que estoy ayudando a construir junto con muchos otros creadores independientes como The Low Spec Gamer, Mia Mulder y Knowing Better junto con muchos otros. Arabic: يمكنك معرفة المزيد عن المعابد والتاريخ للشعب اليهودي ، وأكثر في رائع سلسلة وثائقية "الأماكن المقدسة" فضول البث. CuriosityStream هو تدفق وثائقي الخدمة التي ستتيح لك الوصول إلى الآلاف من الأفلام الوثائقية بما في ذلك بعض الميزات أهم الأسماء مثل ديفيد أتينبورو وستيفن هوكينج ، جنبًا إلى جنب مع النسخ الأصلية الحصرية. بشكل طبيعي ستحصل على وصول غير محدود بدءًا من 2.99 دولارًا شهريًا وأول 30 يومًا بالكامل مجانًا إذا قمت بالتسجيل في curiositystream.com/cogito واستخدام الرمز الترويجي "cogito" أثناء عملية الاشتراك. ولكن خلال هذه صعبة مرات تقدم CuriosityStream خصم 40 ٪ ابق في Home Deal لمساعدتك في قضاء الوقت الحجر الصحي. وبالتسجيل في CuriosityStream ، ستفعل ذلك مساعدتي وتعليمي على يوتيوب المجتمع ، لأن CuriosityStream يحب الاستقلال منشئو المحتوى ويريد مساعدتنا في النمو ، لذلك هم تقدم للمشاهدين Cogito الوصول المجاني إلى سديم عند التسجيل في CuriosityStream.com/cogito. سديم هو منصة الفيديو المتدفقة أنا المساعدة في البناء مع الكثير من الأشياء الأخرى منشئو المحتوى المستقلون مثل TheLowSpecGamer ، MiaMulder والمعرفة الأفضل مع English: You can learn more about Synagogues, the history of the Jewish people, and more in the gorgeous documentary series Sacred Spaces, over on CuriosityStream. CuriosityStream is a documentary streaming service that will give you access to thousands of documentaries including some featuring top names like David Attenborough and Stephen Hawking, along with exclusive originals. Normally you’d get unlimited access starting at just $2.99 a month and the first 30-days completely free if you sign up at curiositystream.com/cogito and use the promo code “cogito” during the sign-up process. But during these tough times CuriosityStream is offering a 40% Off Stay at Home Deal to help you pass time during quarantine. And by signing up to CuriosityStream you will be helping me and the Youtube educational community, because CuriosityStream loves independent creators and wants to help us grow, so they’re offering Cogito viewers free access to Nebula when you sign up at CuriosityStream.com/cogito. Nebula is a streaming video platform I’m helping to build along with lots of other independent creators like TheLowSpecGamer, MiaMulder, and KnowingBetter along with a English: of the Jewish people, and much, much more in the gorgeous documentary series Sacred Spaces, over on CuriosityStream. CuriosityStream is a documentary streaming service that will give you access to thousands of documentaries including some featuring top names like David Attenborough and Stephen Hawking, along with exclusive originals. Normally you’d get unlimited access starting at just $2.99 a month and the first 30-days completely free if you sign up at curiositystream.com/cogito and use the promo code “cogito” during the sign-up process. But during these tough times CuriosityStream is offering a 40% Off Stay at Home Deal to help you pass time during quarantine. And by signing up to CuriosityStream you will be helping me and the Youtube educational community, because CuriosityStream loves independent creators and wants to help us grow, so they’re offering Cogito viewers free access to Nebula when you sign up at CuriosityStream.com/cogito. Nebula is a streaming video platform I’m helping to build along with lots of other independent creators like TheLowSpecGamer, MiaMulder, and KnowingBetter along with a bunch of others. Arabic: حفنة من الآخرين. يستضيف السديم حتى المحتوى الأصلي مثل لعبة توم سكوت الجديدة تظهر المال. جميع الإعلانات بدون إعلانات وفي وقت سابق من يوتيوب. هذا الفيديو انتهى على سديم أيام. لذا انتقل إلى curiositystream.com/cogito وابدأ الاستمتاع بمحتوى مذهل على CuriosityStream وسديم اليوم أثناء المساعدة على الدعم المبدعين التربويين دون الجلوس إعلانات. إذن هذه هي أساسيات اليهودية. ليس كذلك حتى قريبة من تغطية كل شيء. أنا ربما غطت حوالي 1٪ فقط. فيديو واحد ببساطة لا يمكن تغطي كل شيء. الأديان متنوعة للغاية ، عميق جدًا ، ويعني أشياء كثيرة مختلفة لأناس مختلفين. شكرا للمشاهدة ويمكنكم ايجاد جميع المصادر المستخدمة في الوصف. إذا أعجبك هذا المحتوى يرجى الاشتراك. إذا كنت مهتم في دعم القناة ، هناك روابط لباتريون ومتجري تي شيرت أيضا في وصف. إذا أعجبك هذا الفيديو أعتقد ستستمتع حقًا بمقاطع الفيديو الخاصة بي على الهندوسية ، السيخية والزرادشتية. الذي يمكنك انظر على الشاشة أو مرتبطة في الوصف. English: Nebula even hosts original content such as Tom Scott’s new game show Money. All ad-free and earlier than Youtube. This video was up on Nebula days ago. So go to curiositystream.com/cogito and start enjoying amazing content on CuriosityStream and Nebula while helping to support educational creators whenever having to sit through ads. So those are the basics of Judaism. It isn't even close to covering everything. I probably only covered about 1%. One video simply can't cover everything. Religions are too diverse, too deep, and mean too many different things to different people. But you can find all the sources used in the description. If you liked this video please subscribe. If you are interested in supporting the channel, there are links for Patreon and my t-shirt store also in the description. If you liked this video I think you’d really enjoy my videos on Hinduism, Sikhism, and Zoroastrianism. Which you can see on screen or linked in the description. Thank you so much for watch. English: bunch of others. Nebula even hosts original content such as Tom Scott’s new game show Money. All ad-free and earlier than Youtube. This video was up on Nebula days ago. So go to curiositystream.com/cogito and start enjoying amazing content on CuriosityStream and Nebula today while helping to support educational creators without sitting through ads. So those are the basics of Judaism. It isn't even close to covering everything. I probably only covered about 1%. One video simply can't cover everything. Religions are too diverse, too deep, and mean too many different things to different people. Thanks for watching and can find all the sources used in the description. If you liked this content please subscribe. If you are interested in supporting the channel, there are links for Patreon and my t-shirt store also in the description. If you liked this video I think you’d really enjoy my videos on Hinduism, Sikhism, and Zoroastrianism. Which you can see on screen or linked in the description. Spanish: Nebula incluso aloja contenido original, como el nuevo programa de juegos de Tom Scott, Money. Todo sin publicidad y anterior a Youtube. Este video apareció en Nebula hace días. Ve a curiositystream.com/cogito y comienza a disfrutar de contenido increíble en CuriosityStream y Nebula, y al mismo tiempo ayudan a apoyar a creadores educativos sin pararse de sus asientos Así que esos son los fundamentos del judaísmo. Ni siquiera está cerca de cubrir todo. Probablemente solo cubrí alrededor del 1%. Un video simplemente no puede cubrir todo. Las religiones son demasiado diversas, demasiado profundas y respresentan demasiadas cosas diferentes para diferentes personas. Pero puede encontrar todas las fuentes utilizadas en la descripción. Si te gustó este video, por favor suscríbete. Si estás interesado en apoyar el canal, Hay enlaces para Patreon y mi tienda de camisetas también en la descripción. Si te gustó este video, creo que realmente disfrutarías mis videos en Hinduismo, sijismo y zoroastrismo. Que puedes ver en pantalla o enlazado en la descripción. Muchas gracias por mirar.

Namaste! Today we'll bake sooji cake in cooker. This cake has a different taste. Let's bake the cake in the cooker. Take a bowl and add 1/2 cup ghee, 1/2 cup curd, and mix properly. Dahi and ghee should be at room temperature. Do not add it after taking it out from fridge. Add 1 cup of sugar powder. Add 1.5 cup sooji, take finely ground sooji. Pour the sooji in the bowl. Add little water and mix well. Add more milk, you can add more milk if you think the batter is still thick. Sooji absorbs liquid quit well. The batter is ready. Though batter looks thin but we'll leave it for 15-20 minutes so that sooji can puff. In the meantime, chop the almonds. Make cardamom powder. [After 15 minutes] Sooji has puffed. Heat the cooker. Turn on the stove. Put salt in the cooker. The salt colour is quite different because I used it for quit many times. I use this salt whenever I bake a cake. When done baking the cake. Cool the salt and store it in a jar. And use it whenever you want. Spread the salt evenly at the bottom. Put a stand over the salt. Do not keep the batter in direct contact with salt. Cover the cooker with a lid. Add 2 tsp of raisins in the batter. And 2 tbsp of tutti fruit and 5-6 almonds. Mix everything. Add Eliachi powder. The batter looks thick, so add little milk in it. The batter consistency would be similar to the maida batter for making cake. The batter is ready. Ready a cake container too. Grease the container with ghee. Place the butter paper in the container. Apply ghee above the paper too. The container is also ready. Add baking soda in the batter. Add 1/2 tsp of baking soda. Mix it properly. The batter is ready now. Spread tutti fruit in the cake container. Spread some raisins too. Almonds too. So, there will be dried fruits at the bottom too. Stir the batter ones more. Pour the batter in the cake container. Use any container of steel or aluminum, that can be fitted in the cooker. The batter evenly. We have used less than 3/4 cup of milk. Spread some tutti fruit, some raisins, and almond at the top. We have heated the cooker properly. You can sense the heat with you hands. Turn the flame to low. We have to bake the cake at a low flame. Place the cake container in the cooker. Close the cooker and do not put the pressure regulator. Let the cake bake. Check the cake. By the look, we can guess the cake is ready. As the corners of the cake are golden brown. Insert the knife in the cake. And pull it out. If it is clean then the cake is ready. The cake is well baked. The cake took 1 hr 5 mins to bake. The time when the cake will be ready depends upon the size and flame of the batter. It also depends upon the kitchens temperature. The cake is ready. Turn off the stove. Container and cooker is very hot, taking out the cake container carefully. Allow the cake to cool down. After that, we'll pull it out. The cake has cooled down. Take out the cake from the container. Scrape the corners of the cake. Place a plate above the container and turn the container upside down. Beat the container from the above. Pull the container upward. Here we pulled the cake out. The bottom has turned golden brown. And it is well baked from above too. Sooji Cake is ready now. We have baked the cake nicely. It is ease to prepare. Keep certain things in mind. While preparing batter, make sure the batter is not too thick or thin. Add baking soda after measuring. Do not add too much baking soda. You can store the cake for 15-20 day in the refrigator. The cake is very spongy and tasty. Prepare this cake and have it. And share your experience at nishamadulika.com We will meet soon with a new recipe. Do subscribe to my channel.

We're going to use the quadratic formula to solve this. So we have our a, b and c as specified. So we're going to fill those values into the formula. So we have seven plus or minus the square root of seven squared which is 49 minus four ac, which is going to be four times negative 29. So we're going to go positive 116. All over two. We can simplify this to seven plus or minus the square root of 165 over two.

Italian: Ciao! Sono Stefano Rossi, in arte "Wikingo" e sto disegnando un ritratto per un privato il ritratto di Charles Darwin, raffigurante C. Darwin. Come vedete, ci sono diversi riferimenti, allo studio e alla vita di Darwin, compresa la pianta che gli fu regalata quando era adolescente Questa è una falena, tramite lo studio di questa falena e di come essa si è evoluta si è confermato parte della teoria "darwinista" qua in basso ci sono elementi (che ricordano) l'Isola di Galapagos. quassù metterò anche la Testuggine (disegno finito lo trovi su Instagram @wikingodesign) Questo qui in basso, che sto colorando, è il "Purgatorius" un animale attualmente estinto, ma dal quale discendiamo tutti noi. Me lo sono immaginato frontale; è una specie di scoiattolo ma con il muso e le mani più da ratto. English: Hi! I'm Stefano Rossi, "Wikingo" in art, I'm drawing a portrait (for a private) the portrait of Charles Darwin, depicting Darwin. As you can see, there are different references to the study and to life of Darwin, including the plant that...; he was given as a teenager This is a moth, through the study of this moth and how it evolved.. part of the "Darwinist" theory has been confirmed below are elements (who remember) the Galapagos Island up here I'll also put the Tortoise (finished drawing you find it on Instagram like #wikingodesign) This below, which I'm coloring, it's the "Purgatorius" an animal... ...currently extinct, but from which we all descend. I imagined it in front view; it's a kind of squirrel but with face and hands like a "rat" Italian: Noi deriviamo da questo animale qui, deriviamo dal Purgatorius Ho voluto tenere questo carattere... ...illustrativo: un pò perché mi piace disegnare (illustrazioni ecc...) un po perché - non so se riuscite a vedere l'insieme dell'opera - e un pò perchè #Darwin era anche un disegnatore ...e volevo fare qualcosa che stesse tra l' artistico e lo scientifico. Infatti ogni riferimento: l' "albero della vita" ...la testuggine (che metterò qua), il fringuello di Darwin: ogni riferimento a un riferimento scientifico English: We derive from this animal here, we derive from the "Purgatorius" I wanted to keep this draw-style... ...a litte bit illustrative: 'cause I like to draw ... ..and a little...-I don't know if you could see the whole work- and a little bit 'cause #Darwin was also an illustrator ...and I wanted to do something that was between the artistic and the scientific. In fact, every reference: the "tree of Life" ...the tortoise which I will put here, the Darwin's Finch: any drawing references are scientific references

>> CLERON: Hi, my name is Mike Cleron. I'm an engineer on the Android Development Team. Android is an open software platform for mobile development. It is intended to be a complete stack that includes everything from the operating system through middle ware and up through applications. In the next few minutes, I'm going to be introducing you to an overview of the architecture of the Android platform. And I'm also going to talk about some of the key principles that are underlying its design. If I'm going to talk about architecture, we need to start with a diagram covered with a lot of little boxes and this is ours. Our architecture, we’re going to start at the bottom work up. Our architecture is based on the Linux 2.6 Kernel. We use the Linux Kernel as our hardware abstraction layer. So, if you are an OEM trying to bring up Android on a new device, the first thing you do is bring up Linux and get all your drivers in place. The reason we’re using Linux is because it provides a proven driver model in a lot of cases existing drivers. It also provides memory management, process management, a security model, networking, a lot of core operating system infrastructures that are robust and have been proven over time. The next level up is our native libraries. Everything that you see here in green is written in C and C plus, plus. It’s at this level where a lot of the core power of the Android platform comes from. I'm just going to go through and describe what some of these components are. I'm going to start with the surface manager. The surface manager is responsible for composing different drawings surfaces onto the screen. So it’s the surface manager that’s responsible for taking different windows that are owned by different applications that are running in different processes and all drawing at different times and making sure the pixels end up on the screen when they’re supposed to. Below that we have two boxes, OpenGL/ES and SGL and these two make up the core of our graphics libraries. OpenGL/ES is a 3D library. We have a software implementation that is hardware acceleratable if the device has a 3D chip on it. The SGL graphics are for 2D graphics and that is what most of our application drawing is based on. One interesting thing about the Android graphics platform is that you can combine 3D and 2D graphics in the same application. Moving over, we have the Media Framework. The Media Framework was provided by PacketVideo, one of the members of the open handset alliance and that contains all of the codex that make up the core of the media experience. So, in there you’ll find IMPEG 4, H.264, MP3, AAC, all the audio and video codex you need to build a rich media experience. We use Free Type to render our fonts. We have an implementation of SQLite, we use that as the core of most of our data storage. We have WebKit which is the open source browser engine, that’s what we’re using as a core of our browser. It’s the same browser that’s powering Safari from Apple and we’d made some, we’ve worked with that engine to make it render well on small screens and on mobile devices. Next is The Android Runtime. And the main component in the Android Runtime is the Dalvik Virtual Machine. The Android Runtime was designed specifically for Android to meet the needs of running in an embedded environment where you have limited battery, limited memory, limited CPU. The Dalvik Virtual Machine runs something called dex files, D-E-X. And these are bytecodes that are the results of converting at build time .Class and .JAR Files. So, these files when they are converted to .dex, become a much more efficient bytecode that can run very well on small processors. They use memory very efficiently. The data structures are designed to be shared across processes whenever possible. And it uses a highly CPU optimized bytecode interpreter. The end result of that is that it’s possible to have multiple instances of the Dalvik Virtual Machine running on the device at the same time, one in each of several processes and we'll see why that’s important a little bit later on. The next level up from that is the Core Libraries. This is in blue, meaning that it’s written in the Java programming language. And the Core library contains all of the collection classes, utilities, IO, all the utilities and tools that you’ve come to expected to use. Moving up again, we now have the Application Framework. This is all written in a Java programming language and the application framework is the toolkit that all applications use. These applications include the ones that come with a phone like the home application, or the phone application. It includes applications written by Google, and it includes applications that will be written by you. So, all applications use the same framework and the same APIs. Again, I'm going to go through and talk about what some of the main components are in this layer, in the Application Framework. The activity manager is what manages the life cycle of applications. It also maintains a common backstack so that applications that are running in different processes can have a smoothly integrated navigation experience. Next down from that is the package manager. The package manager is what keeps track of which applications are installed on your device. So, if you download new applications over the air or otherwise install applications, it's the package manager that’s responsible for keeping track of what you have and what the capabilities of each of your applications are. The window manager manages Windows. It’s mostly a Java programming language abstraction on top of lower level services that are provided by the surface manager. The telephony manager contains the APIs that we use to build the phone application that’s central to the phone experience. Content providers are a unique piece of the Android platform. That’s a framework that allows applications to share their data with other applications. We use that in our contacts application so that all of the information in contacts, phone numbers, addresses, names is available to any application that wants to make use of them. And other applications can use that facility as well to share data. The resource manager is what we use to store local iStrings, bitmaps, layout file descriptions, all of the external parts of an application that aren’t code. I'm just going to touch lightly on the remaining four boxes, view system, location manager, notification manager and XMPP service. The view system contains things like buttons and lists, all the building blocks of the UI. It also handles things like event dispatching, layout, drawing. Location manager, notification manager and XMPP service are some APIs that I think will allow developers to create really innovative and exciting applications. And the final layer on top is Applications. This is where all the applications get written. It includes the home application, the contacts application, the browser, your applications. And everything at this layer is, again, using the same application framework provided by the layers below. Now, if you’re going to write an application, the first step is to decompose it into the components that are supported by the Android platform. Here are the four major ones. We have activity, intent receiver, service, and content provider. An activity is essentially just a piece of UI typically corresponding to one screen. So if you think of something like the mail application, that would be decomposed into maybe three major activities, something that lists your mail, something that shows you what an individual mail message and a compose screen to put together an outgoing email. An intent receiver is something different. An intent receiver is a way for which your application to register some code that won’t be running until it’s triggered by some external event. And the set of external events that triggers your code is open and extensible. So you can write some code and through XML, register it to be woken up and run when something happens, when the network, the network activities established or at a certain time or when the phone rings or whatever trigger makes sense for your application. The next major component is a service. A service is a task that doesn’t have any UI, that’s long lived, that’s running in the background. A good example is a music player. You may start playing some music from an activity, from a piece of UI, but once the music is playing, you'd want it to keep playing even if you’re navigating to other parts of the user experience. So the code that’s actually running through the playlist playing songs would be a service, that’s running in the background. You can connect to it later if you want to from an activity or some other component by binding to the service and sending messages like “skip to the next” or “rewind.” The last component is a content provider and, again, that’s a component that allows you to share some of your data with other processes and other applications. Now, any application can store data in whatever may--way it makes sense for that application. They can store it in the files. They can store it in our super light database, whatever makes sense. But if they want to make that data available as part of the platform so that other applications can make use of it, then the content provider is the solution for that and we've used that for the context database that comes with the Android platform so that any application can make use of the information in context. Android was designed at a fundamental level to encourage reusing and replacing components. I have an example here that shows how that works. On the left, there are four applications that might want to pick a photo for some reason. So the home application might want to pick it for wallpaper. Contacts might want to pick a person’s face to associate with their contact card. Gmail or MMS, you might want to have a photo that you sent to someone in an outgoing message. Now, an Android for these applications to make use of the service of taking a photo, they first need to make a request. So the client component makes a request for specific action. In this case, I’m illustrating that with a talk balloon and the Gmail application is requesting that it picks a photo. So the talk balloon is actually representation of a formal class in our system called an intent. What the system does when a request is made is it looks at all of the installed components and it finds the best available component that knows how to do whatever was asked for. In this case, let’s say that the system finds the built-in photo gallery. Now, what happens is the Gmail application is now connected to the photo gallery. When the user in Gmails wanted to pick a photo, he will be taken to the photo gallery and the photo gallery will fulfill whatever was asked for in the intent. What makes this interesting is that the picking of the matching component is late bound, it's done very late and so you can swap software components at any time. So let’s say you didn’t like the built-in photo gallery and you wanted to replace it with one that went online to find a richer or bigger set of photos. You can replace our built-in photo gallery with one that say goes out to Picasso or whatever your favorite online photo site is. Once you’ve done that, then any of the applications on the left will now use the new and better component on the right to fulfill the task of picking a photo. And at any time, a new application can come along and make use of existing functionality. So if you’re writing a blogger application, you don’t have to worry about writing a photo picker yourself. You can just rely on whichever one the user has configured to be their preferred photo picking application. This becomes really important because in Android, it’s not just about picking photos, virtually any task has an intent in the middle. If the user is going from point A to point B, there’s an intent in the middle and each of those intents is an opportunity to reuse a component or to replace a component. So we have intents for going home which means you can replace a home application. Or we have an intent for sending an email which means you can replace the mail application. All of these are opportunities for replacing and reusing components. If you’re interested in finding out more about Android, I encourage you to visit the developer site and download the SDK. In the SDK, you’ll find a lot more documentation and sample code and you’ll also be able to try building applications of your own. There’s also a developer group that you can join to find out more information and I also encourage you to check back frequently because we’ll be posting updates to the SDK as the platform matures. Thank you for watching.

Creating a Business Plan Are you interested in starting a business? Creating a business plan is the most important step you can take toward success. Think of a business plan like a roadmap. It sets the direction for the early years of your business and outlines how you plan to make sales and grow revenues. A business plan generally includes six sections. They are: * an executive summary * a company overview * market research data * a description of your products or services * your marketing and sales approach and * your financial projections Let's take a closer look at each section. An Executive Summary is the first section of your plan. Use it to introduce your business and identify your customers. Make a short, but strong case that explains how you'll make your business successful. The next section is your Company Description. Provide a high-level explanation of your business, what it will do, and how it will make money. Include a mission statement and the location of your business. Identify key employees and any other qualities that make your business distinctive. Next up is your Market Research. Use this section to provide detailed information that shows you've done your homework and that you understand your industry and target market. Be sure to include an assessment of your competitors and any legal requirements impacting your company and industry. The fourth section is a description of your Products or Services. What are you selling? How will it meet the needs of your customers? What are its benefits compared to the competition? Answer these questions in detail. And be sure to note the current development stage of your business. Discuss Marketing and Sales in the fifth section of your plan. Explain how you'll identify potential customers. You'll also need to include your marketing approach. Provide Financial Projections in the final section of your business plan. This is important for investors and lenders because it explains how your business will meet its financial obligations and maintain a positive cash flow balance. Are you ready to get started? Build your customized business plan using SBA's free step-by-step tool. It'll help you navigate each section and enter your information. You can even save your plan and finish it later. Print, download, email and update your plan any time. Try out SBA's Build Your Business Plan Tool at sba.gov/business-plan to get started today.

Russian: Маринованный виноград на зиму в пряной кисло-сладкой заливке! Отличная праздничная закуска! Если вам мешают субтитры – отключите их! Друзья мои, всем привет! С вами Дина и канал "Коллекция Рецептов". Многие хозяйки маринуют на зиму огурцы, помидоры, грибы и т.д., а вот маринованные фрукты и ягоды не каждый решается готовить, а зря! На канале уже есть видео с рецептами вкусных, пряных маринованных слив и яблок а сейчас займемся приготовлением маринованного винограда. У меня 1,5 кг белого, сочного, спелого винограда. Мариновать можно виноград любого цвета, гроздья целиком или отдельные ягоды. Желательно, если он будет без косточек, но сегодня у меня сорт с косточками. Виноград пока отставляем в сторону и подготовим маринад. На 4 банки по 650 мл нам потребуется 1 литр воды, 150 г сахара и 1/3 ч.л. соли, уксус я добавлю позже. Все перемешиваем и доводим сироп до кипения, этот момент я оставила за кадром. English: Pickled grapes for the winter in a spicy sweet and sour sauce! Great holiday snack! If subtitles bother you, turn them off! My friends, hello everyone! With you Dina and the channel "Collection of Recipes". Many housewives pickle cucumbers, tomatoes, mushrooms, etc. for the winter, but not everyone dares to cook pickled fruits and berries, but in vain! The channel already has a video with recipes for delicious, spicy pickled plums and apples and now let's start preparing pickled grapes. I have 1.5 kg of white, juicy, ripe grapes. You can pickle grapes of any color, whole bunches or individual berries. It is desirable if it is seedless, but today I have a variety with seeds. Set the grapes aside for now and prepare the marinade. For 4 cans of 650 ml, we need 1 liter of water, 150 g of sugar and 1/3 tsp. salt, I'll add the vinegar later. We mix everything and bring the syrup to a boil, I left this moment behind the scenes. English: I will pickle grapes, for this we cut off the bunches, remove tails from berries, as well as all damaged and damaged specimens. We wash the grapes thoroughly. At the bottom of each jar, with a volume of 650 ml, put a piece of cinnamon, 2 peas of allspice, 2 carnation buds and, if available, 1/2 tsp each. pink pepper, which gives the marinade a delicate fruity-woody aroma. We fill the jars with berries to the very top. Fill with boiling syrup cover with lids and leave on the table for 20-30 minutes. Russian: Я буду мариновать ягоды винограда, для этого гроздья обрываем, удаляем у ягод хвостики, а также все порченые и поврежденные экземпляры. Виноград тщательно промываем. На дно каждой баночки, объемом 650 мл кладем кусочек корицы, по 2 горошины душистого перца, по 2 бутона гвоздики и, если есть, по 1/2 ч.л. розового перца, который придает маринаду нежный фруктово-древесный аромат. Заполняем ягодами баночки до самого верха. Заливаем кипящим сиропом, накрываем крышками и оставляем на столе на 20-30 минут. Russian: Спустя полчаса сливаем сироп с баночек обратно в кастрюлю и добавляем уксус, желательно фруктовый - если у вас, как у меня домашний яблочный или винный, вам потребуется 80 мл, если магазинный 6% - 70 мл, а если столовый 9% уксус, то 45 мл. Вливаем в кастрюлю дополнительно еще 50-70 мл воды на выкипание. Отправляем маринад на плиту, доводим до кипения и кипящим заливаем в баночки под самое горлышко. Банки закатываем, переворачиваем на крышки и укутываем до утра. Этого количества маринада как раз хватает на 4 баночки по 650 мл. Маринованный виноград можно приготовить быстрым способом - уложите гроздья или ягоды в посуду, залейте кипящим маринадом, остудите при комнатной температуре и уберите в холодильник. Через 3-4 дня виноград будет готов к употреблению. English: After half an hour, drain the syrup from the jars back into the pan and add vinegar, preferably fruit vinegar - if you have, like mine, homemade apple or wine, you need 80 ml, if the store is 6% - 70 ml, and if the table vinegar is 9%, then 45 ml. Pour an additional 50-70 ml of water into the pan for boiling. We send the marinade to the stove, bring to a boil and pour boiling into jars right up to the neck. We roll up the cans, turn them over on the lids and wrap them up until morning. This amount of marinade is just enough for 4 jars of 650 ml. Pickled grapes can be prepared in a quick way - put the bunches or berries in a bowl, cover with boiling marinade, cool at room temperature and put in the refrigerator. After 3-4 days, the grapes will be ready for consumption. Russian: Белый и черный виноград можно мариновать в одной таре - в этом случае белые ягоды приобретут слегка розоватый оттенок. После маринования, виноград приобретает особенный кисло-сладкий вкус и чудесный аромат, что делает его прекрасной закуской к бокалу вина, деликатесным гарниром к запеченному мясу или птице, а также изысканным ингредиентом сырной тарелки. Кроме того, им можно украшать различные мясные, овощные блюда, канапе, закуски, салаты и фруктовые десерты. Рекомендую приготовить и попробовать! Желаю всем приятного аппетита! Друзья, чтобы не потерять этот рецепт – ставьте пальчик вверх! Готовьте вместе со мной и оставляйте свои отзывы в комментариях. Если вы впервые на канале "Коллекция Рецептов" - подписывайтесь и нажимайте на колокольчик, чтобы не пропустить мои новые видео. English: White and black grapes can be pickled in the same container - in this case, the white berries will acquire a slightly pinkish tint. After pickling, the grapes acquire a special sweet and sour taste and wonderful aroma, which makes it an excellent appetizer for a glass of wine, a delicious side dish for baked meat or poultry, and an exquisite ingredient on a cheese plate. In addition, it can be used to decorate various meat, vegetable dishes, canapes, snacks, salads and fruit desserts. I recommend cooking and trying! I wish you all Bon appetit! Friends, so as not to lose this recipe - put your finger up! Cook with me and leave your feedback in the comments. If this is your first time on the Recipe Collection channel - subscribe and click on the bell so as not to miss my new videos. Russian: Напомню, что на канале есть отдельный плейлист различных заготовок на зиму, в котором вы также найдете рецепты маринованных слив и яблок. Все ссылки на экране и в описании. С вами была Дина. До новых встреч! English: Let me remind you that the channel has a separate playlist of various preparations for the winter, in which you will also find recipes for pickled plums and apples. All links are on screen and in description. Dina was with you. Until next time!

Sacrificio ritual en el cern

I chose to study criminal justice because of my family members who inspired me that have worked in the field ever since I was young. Now that I've graduated I want to move on to American University and study justice law and society with a focus in terrorism security studies. I saved a ton of money at NCC doing the same curriculum that I would have received at a four-year college. My ultimate career goal is to join the FBI's counter-terrorism squad. NCC definitely changed me. I know that I can meet academic highs that I thought were once unattainable.

When you think of NASA, you probably think of astronauts, satellites, Mars rovers, and telescopes that study distant planets and far off galaxies. So why does NASA, as a space agency, study Earth? Because it’s a planet too. And there are a lot of advantages to monitoring the only home we currently have… … from space. Just three years after the space age began, NASA launched the first satellite to monitor Earth’s weather. It was the beginning of a revolution in weather forecasting and laid the foundation for the global study of Earth. Today, NASA’s fleet of Earth-observing satellites is essential to helping us understand how our planet works. We’re trying to answer some very big questions: How is Earth changing? What’s causing these changes? And what does the future hold? The answers are critical to human life and civilization as we know it. Adding to what we learn from satellites, NASA also makes regional observations from airplanes and ships. Our scientists collect even more data on the ground… And others use computers to model what’s happening now and in the future with the land, ocean and atmosphere. All together it’s called Earth System Science and NASA is a global leader in the field. Best of all, NASA shares what it learns with researchers and agencies throughout the world. Because when it comes to understanding Earth, space is the place to really know a planet. And that’s exactly where NASA is.

Tráeme la lámpara. Tu vida empieza ahora.. Aladdin. ¿De verdad no sabes quién soy? Genio, deseos, lámpara... ¿no te suena ni un poco? Sólo uno puede cruzar este umbral.. Uno cuya nobleza.. .. radique en su interior. Un diamante en bruto.

AN INTERCEPTION. THAT IS HOW IT ENDS. NITTANY LIONS DO ESCAPE. FOUND THE END ZONE EARLY. 7-0 VISITORS PICK 1st QUARTER SENIOR FOUND FRESHMAN THOMAS DOWN THE SIDELINE. FORMER HERITAGE START PUT STATE OF 10-7. VISITED THE RED ZONE FIVE TIMES.

You’re super excited about your puppy’s arrival You’ve been nesting and getting your home ready The day is almost here! In this video, I want to share some very important care and training tips to help you prepare as you bring home your first puppy! Before we start... Be sure to hit the thumbs up and let me know you’re watching If you haven’t done so already hit the subscribe button so you can get notified when next week’s video goes LIVE Michele here with How to Train a Dream dog We are going to begin with the car ride home…. So you’re picking your pup up from the breeder’s or a shelter and you need to get your pup home safely Most people think that bringing their pup home on their lap is the best option I’m here to tell you, not so fast…. Puppies should ride in their crate on the way home. This is the safest place for them to be and the best place to be in case they get car sick Which happens to most puppies under 1 year of age You see your pup’s equilibrium isn’t fully developed till they are about a year The car ride can make pup’s queasy and dizzy Also, keeping them in the crate is like putting a baby in a car seat. You never know who is going to slam on their breaks in front of you, and we don’t don’t want them to go flying off your lap Think about it like this… an average 60 lb adult dog turns into a 2700 pound projectile when an accident occurs at just 35 miles per hour This is a whole physics lesson in itself but let’s just say if you don’t let your kids climb all over the car and into your lap while driving Don’t give your dog this same unsafe access We also use the crate because this will be the first time away from their littermates and mother. We want to use the car ride effect of lulling them to sleep to our advantage This makes the first 24 hours go a whole lot smoother if they can fall asleep in their crate on the ride home. If you experience crying in the crate you can use a snuggle puppy or a heartbeat dog to help soothe your pup’s anxiousness I’ll link this item in the discription below. Covering the crate will help decrease the stimuli they see as you drive You can get DAP spray to help calm your anxious pup too Dog appeasing pheromones are similar to the scent the mother dog naturally gives off to calm her pups There’s a spray, a collar and a plugin you can use. Now when you arrive home you will be excited and apprehensive What do you do with a new puppy? Do you show them your whole house? Do you give them access to the carpeted rooms? Do you allow them free roam Nope, Nope, and Nopedity NOPE! When you arrive home, and before you head in the house, I want you to take your pup to the potty spot This will be a spot you’ve established as the place you want your pup to go potty each time you take them outside. Now in this video here, I talk all about setting up a puppy pen outdoors to section off where your pup should go This helps them stay more focused outside as well since there will be a lot of distractions that will get them off track Once your pup has gone potty you can head inside, but you’ll only allow access to one room right now I use a baby gate like this to close off access to other rooms If you give your pup too much space they will likely have an accident Besides they aren’t trustworthy just yet A trustworthy pup has earned access to other rooms by proving they haven’t chewed anything in the first room you gave them access to And they have stopped having accidents for at least a few weeks in this room We usually start with the kitchen or the dining room This is also the place you can set up a puppy pen and a crate The pen is for playtime and the crate is for naps and bedtime You’ll want to keep 1 crate on the main floor for easy access especially in the middle of the night when pup will need to go potty outside. You can learn more about the puppy schedule from this video here You’ll discover how frequently your little pup will need to go outside Now for a more comprehensive puppy potty training schedule and lesson be sure to grab the Free New Puppy Starter Kit The link is below. You’ll also find a potty training chart and some links to important potty training supplies such as potty bells and accident cleanup supplies When you take your pup out in the middle of the night you’ll want to limit the number of lights you turn on so you don’t overstimulate your puppy in the middle of the night After they go potty, quietly return them to their crate and go back to bed yourself I still give puppies a little tiny treat when they go potty outside in the middle of the night I want to stay consistent with the training process When your pup arrives they will be a bit overwhelmed so don’t be surprised if they don’t want to eat their food, take treats, play and run around It’s common for pups 10 weeks and under to sleep upwards of 18 hrs per day Let a sleeping puppy lie You can learn more about these kinds of expectations in this video here The first day and into the 1st week really are all about establishing good routines and starting the training games These are games that we talk about inside 30 days to Puppy Perfection Games that help with leash and collar skills, impulse control, working on obedience cues like sit, down, stay, leave it and the come command Honestly the first week or so will be about leash skills, crate training, and potty training. Keep in mind your puppy will have no understanding of commands such as leave it, no bite, get down, or come here These are the most common cues new puppy owners say to their new pups but to be honest it all sounds like the Charlie Brown teacher that says WahWah Wahwah Wah Wah If you’re interested in learning more about better puppy behavior and where I go into more detail all about this topic you can check out my Free Better Puppy Behavior Workshop I’ll put the link to that in the comments below too Now back to bringing home your new puppy I think the hot topics or the areas where new puppy owners struggle the most are Potty Training, Crate Training, and Biting Biting is one of those behaviors everyone wishes would stop but you can expect it to stick around for a while Your puppy has a natural urge to bite and chew and it gets stronger during the teething stage which usually kicks in around 12 weeks and goes until about 6 months. Most brand new puppies around 8-10 weeks do a little nipping and biting but not nearly as much as a teething puppy. I want you to be prepared when this behavior starts or gets worse as there isn’t one magic thing to make it stop There are several things we can do to manage the behavior so make sure you watch this video here all about puppy biting. And this video here all about stopping nipping What you’ll end up finding out is that it boils down to your puppy’s energy level and if they are overstimulated A puppy with a lot of energy to burn off will bite more A puppy that is overtired and overstimulated will need a nap or they too will nip and bite more Your new puppy will need daily mental and physical exercise We want to tire out their brain and body appropriately based on their age so they can relax and focus better Remember your new puppy will not have very good control over their impulses This is a skill we need to teach them For example, your puppy will chase after you and nip or jump on you when they are excited If you give them attention when they jump you will be reinforcing this behavior and the behavior will become stronger and stronger Before I share my last couple of tips with you, be sure to hit that subscribe button to get notified when next week’s new lesson becomes available Lets talk about the puppy pen for a minute At some point you are either going to need to do some household chores or your puppy is going to get too nippy or bitey but they might not be ready for a nap just yet You’re going to want to use a indoor puppy pen This will be the play space your puppy can hang out in while you’re busy or you need a little time away from your land shark This is also a great place to keep them safe and learn to be away from you for short periods of time Remember your puppy will naturally cry for you and wait for you to return This is a natural behavior they would do when they wanted their mother to return and feed them We need to teach our puppies that this behavior doesn’t work anymore Our puppies should learn to be away from us for periods of time otherwise they will develop separation anxiety later in life. True separation anxiety usually includes trying to escape from the crate, excessively licking or chewing on themselves, harming themselves or destroying your home in your absence Most new puppy owners think their puppy is experiencing separation anxiety when they bark and cry We don’t call this separation anxiety as it typically hasn’t escalated the activities I mentioned a moment ago What your puppy is doing is going through what we call the extinction burst They need to learn you won’t return every time they bark and cry This is why it’s so important to start immediately working on crate training and spending some time away from your puppy Otherwise, they will become very dependant on you and continually get stressed out in your absence The last topic I want to talk about is introducing your new puppy to either a resident dog or kids It’s important that if you have another dog in the home that you do a slow introduction when they puppy arrives Do not expect them to become instant best friends, it may take several weeks for your older dog to get used to the puppy It will be important to make sure both dogs are well exercised before meeting as this takes some of the tension and pressure off when they have already released some energy When you allow the dogs to play or interact together be sure to do this in small increments of time, 10 min at a time to start is ideal This way neither will get overwhelmed and reactive Giving the dogs breaks is important Play should look like an even game of tag back and forth and if one dog is getting pinned frequently this is not good play Now if you are introducing your new puppy to the kids… Make sure to tell the kids ahead of time what to do and where to be when puppy comes in the home We don;t want to overwhelm the puppy with high pitched squeals, screams or racing and running around Kids should be sitting calmly in a chair or on a stool We like to have the kids up off the floor so pup doesn’t pounce all over them and start nipping The lower to the floor they are the more excited a puppy becomes and this can lead to overstimulation, nipping, and biting. Let the kids know they will need to move through the house calmly and quietly as fast movements and higher-pitched talking and noises actually draw puppy in and the nipping starts Puppies can get very confused with kids as their body posture often gives conflicting messages Arms and hands flailing, lowered body posture such as leaning over, pulling hands away when puppy attempts to lick or nip can all confuse a puppy Kids often ask the puppy to perform commands that they just don’t know yet and they tend to accidentally reinforce the wrong behaviors Like I mentioned earlier if a puppy jumps and gets attention, even if it’s a kid pushing a puppy off… this can be seen as reinforcement to a puppy. Training the puppy and teaching the kids goes hand in hand. Both kids and puppies will not know what to do or what not to do until they are both taught these skills. I hope this video helps you and your puppy start out on the right path, brining a new puppy home can be super exciting and a little nerve wracking at the same time Expect setbacks and successes often within the first year of your puppy’s life. There’s a lot a puppy needs to learn and a new puppy owner too In the comments below tell me when your new puppy is due to arrive home or if you have your puppy already how long have they been with you?

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Spanish: Vamos chicas, juzguemos Vamos eva juez en Emma Te reto a ir y tirar de pelo alexa No, no, cambia el juicio Vamos, o sal del juego Eres grosero y no respetable, se lo diré al profesor, estúpidos Cállate, cállate. Chicas, ignóralas y sigue a jugar Vamos, Mia, juicio sobre Sophie Sophie nos dicen una broma muy divertida ¿Por qué se cayó la bicicleta alguna vez.....?? Estaba demasiado cansado Korean: 여자에 와서, 판단을 재생하자 에머를 판단하는 eva에 오세요 알렉사 머리를 당기고 도전해요. 아니, 심판을 변경하지 어서, 또는 게임에서 나가 당신은 무례하고 존경하지 않습니다, 나는 교사에게 말할 것이다, 바보 , 종료 여자, 그녀를 무시하고 재생을 따라 소피에 미아 판단에 와서 소피는 우리에게 매우 재미있는 농담을 말한다 왜 자전거가 떨어졌는지...???, 너무 피곤했습니다. English: Come on girls,, let's play judgement Come on eva you judge on emma I challenge you to go and pull alexa hair No, no, change the judgment Come on,, or get out of the game You are rude and not respectable, I will tell the teacher, stupids Shut up, shut up Girls, ignore her and follow to play Come on, mia, judgement on sophie Sophie tell us a very funny joke Why did the bike fall ever...? It was too tired German: Kommen Sie auf Mädchen, lassen Sie uns Urteil spielen Kommen Sie auf eva Sie richteren auf emma Ich fordere Sie auf, zu gehen und ziehen alexa Haar Nein, keine Änderung des Urteils Kommen Sie, oder steigen Sie aus dem Spiel Du bist unhöflich und nicht respektabel, ich sage dem Lehrer, dumm Shut up, shut up Mädchen, ignorieren sie und folgen zu spielen Komm, mia , Urteil über Sophie Sophie erzählt uns einen sehr lustigen Witz Warum ist das Fahrrad überhaupt gefallen...?? Es war zu müde Korean: 왜 자전거가 떨어졌는지...???, 너무 피곤했습니다. 에머에 대한 각 심판 나만 있어 그건 내 proplem 아니에요,,, 당신이 복도에 나가서 당신이 가지고있는 것을 강한 소리 판단 아니, 아니, eva 그건 많이, 교사 중 하나가 나를 본다면 어떨까요? 글쎄, 게임에서 나가 나는 이것이 불의라고 맹세한다. 난 당신이 미친 맹세 미아에 와서, 저를 판단해주세요. 좋아, 알렉사의 테이블에 일어나서 여덟 점프를 세상에서 가장 쉬운 판단이라고 맹세하십시오. Spanish: ¿Por qué se cayó la bicicleta alguna vez.....?? Estaba demasiado cansado Eva juicio sobre Emma de nuevo Sólo estoy yo. Ese no es mi proplem, juzgar que salgas al pasillo y grites más fuerte lo que tienes No, no, eva eso es mucho, ¿qué pasaría si uno de los maestros me viera Bueno, sal del juego Juro que esto es una injusticia Te juro que estás loco. Vamos mia, juzguenme Ok, levántate en la mesa de Alexa y haz ocho saltos Jura que es el juicio más fácil del mundo German: Warum ist das Fahrrad überhaupt gefallen...? Es war zu müde Eva-Urteil über Emma wieder Es gibt nur mich..? Das ist nicht mein Proplem,,, sie dich richten, in den Flur zu gehen und am stärksten zu schreien, was du hast Nein, nein, eva das ist eine Menge, was wäre, wenn einer der Lehrer mich sah Nun, raus aus dem Spiel Ich schwöre, das ist Ungerechtigkeit Ich schwöre, du bist verrückt Komm auf mia, richte mich Ok, aufstehen auf alexa Estisch und machen acht Sprünge Schwören Sie, es ist das einfachste Urteil der Welt English: Why did the bike fall ever...? It was too tired Eva judgment on Emma again There's only me..? That's not my proplem,, judge you to go out in the corridor and shout strongest what you have No, no, eva that's a lot, what if one of the teachers saw me Well, get out of the game I swear this is injustice I swear you are crazy Come on mia, judge me Ok, get up on alexa's table and make eight jumps Swear it's the easiest judgement in the world German: Holen Sie sich die unhöflich, steigen Sie aus meinem Platz..,,,,,,,, 😭meine Hand😭meine Hand Das ist eine Menge, ich schwöre, ich werde dem Lehrer jetzt sagen, ich werde den Lehrer Disziplin machen Sie Wenn du nicht zusperrst, werde ich dein Gesicht und deine Brille stechen Gehen Sie und sagen Sie ihr.... Du hast mich sehr erschreckt,,,, wie Kinder.,,,, schwöre ich, ich werde es dem Lehrer sagen Mia.. Ihr Zug wieder.. Urteil über Sophie Sophie erzählen uns einen Traum, den Sie sich erfüllen möchten Es gibt viele Wünsche, die ich erfüllen möchte, aber mein erster Wunsch ist es, länger zu sein gerade....? Das sind Ihre Wünsche... Stehen Sie mit mir Emma.. Lasst uns ihre Füße halten Sie müssen diese Bewegung jeden Tag für eine Woche tun, werden Sie länger sein Zum dritten Mal mia, Urteil über sophie Korean: 무례한 아래로 내려, 내 자리에서 내려......,,,, 😭내 손😭 내 손 이것은 많은, 나는 지금 교사에게 말할 것이라고 맹세, 나는 교사 징계를 만들 것입니다 당신이 닥쳐하지 않으면, 나는 당신의 얼굴과 안경을 찌를 것입니다 가서 그녀에게 말하십시오.... ,,, 당신은 나를 많이 무서워합니다..,,, 아이들처럼 :,... 나는 교사에게 말할 것이라고 맹세한다. 미아..., 다시 차례.. 소피에 대한 판단 소피, 당신이 성취하고 싶은 꿈을 우리에게 말하십시오. 내가 성취하고 싶은 소원이 많지만, 첫 번째 소원은 더 길어지는 것입니다. 그냥.....?? 이것은 당신의 소원입니다..., 나와 함께 서 ..., 그녀의 발을 잡고 보자 당신은 당신이 더 이상 될 것입니다 일주일 동안 매일이 운동을해야 세 번째로, 소피에 대한 판단 English: Get down the rude, get off my place,,,,..... My hand 😭my hand😭 This is a lot, I swear I will tell the teacher now, I will make the teacher discipline you If you don't shut up I will poke your face and your glasses Go and tell her.... You scared me a lot,,, like children,,, I swear I will tell the teacher Mia... Your turn again.. Judgement on sophie Sophie,, tell us a dream you wish you want to fulfill There are a lot of wishes I want to fulfill, but my first wish is to be longer Just....? This are your wishes.. Stand with me Emma.. Let's hold her feet You must do this movement every day for a week you will be longer For the third time mia, judgement on sophie Spanish: Baja de la grosera, bájate de mi casa.....,,,,,,, 😭 mi mano 😭 mi mano Esto es mucho, juro que le diré al maestro ahora, haré que el maestro te disciplina Si no te callas, te meteré la cara y las gafas. Ve y dile..., me asustaste mucho..,,, como niños...,, te juro que le diré al maestro Mia,,, tu turno otra vez... Juicio sobre Sophie Sophie, cuéntanos un sueño que deseas que quieras cumplir Hay un montón de deseos que quiero cumplir, pero mi primer deseo es ser más largo ¿Sólo.....? Estos son sus deseos... Quédate conmigo Emma.. vamos a sostener sus pies Usted debe hacer este movimiento todos los días durante una semana que va a ser más largo Por tercera vez mia, juicio sobre Sophie Korean: 아니, 아니, 중지,... 왜 다시, 다시 병을 이동, 이것은 부정 행위입니다 아니 부정 행위 소피가 없다, 이것은 게임이다 미아의 판단하자 확인 소피, 열고 문을 열 열 번 닫습니다 너무 쉽게 당신은 무례, 당신은 내 얼굴에 문을 닫습니다 ....?? 선생님 나는 내가 놀고 있는 너를 만나지 못했다고 맹세한다. 닥쳐، 누군가가이 재생, 열고 미친 듯이 문을 닫습니다 교사, 그냥 연주 했다 소피, 모든 여자의 재생 했다...,, 올리비아, 에머, eva, mia., 그들은 모두 소피와 함께 했다...., 교사, 올리비아 내 손에 뛰어 나를 다치게 그녀의 이름을 들었던 모든 학생,,, 나가 Spanish: No, no, para... ¿Por qué yo otra vez, mover la botella de nuevo, esto es hacer trampa No hay engaño sophie, este es el juego Mia vamos a juzgar Ok sophie, abre y cierra la puerta diez veces Demasiado fácil Eres grosero, cierras la puerta en mi cara...?? Maestro juro que no te vi que estaba jugando Cállate, alguien jugando de esta manera, abre y cierra la puerta como loco Profesora, no sólo Sophie que estaba jugando, todas las chicas estaban jugando.. Olivia, Emma, eva, mia... Todos estaban con Sophie.... Maestro, Olivia saltó de mi mano y me lastimó Cada estudiante que oyó su nombre, salir German: Nein, nein, stoppen.. Warum ich wieder, bewegen Sie die Flasche wieder, das ist Betrug Es gibt keine betrügende Sophie, das ist das Spiel Mia lassen Sie uns urteilen Ok sophie, gehen Sie offen und schließen Sie die Tür zehn mal Zu einfach Du unhöflich, du schließst die Tür in meinem Gesicht...?? Lehrer ich habe dich nicht gesehen, dass ich spiele Shut up, jemand spielt so, öffnet und schließt die Tür wie verrückt Lehrer, nicht nur Sophie, die spielte, alle Mädchen spielten.. Olivia, Emma, eva, mia.... Sie waren alle bei Sophie..... Lehrerin Olivia sprang auf meine Hand und verletzte mich Jeder Schüler, der ihren Namen gehört hat, English: No, no, stop... Why me again, move the bottle again, this is cheating There is no cheating sophie, this is the game mia let's judgement Ok sophie, go open and close the door ten times Too easy You rude, you close the door in my face...??? Teacher i swear I didn't see you i was playing Shut up, someone playing this way, opens and closes the door like crazy Teacher, not just sophie who was playing, all the girls were playing.. Olivia, Emma, eva, mia.... They were all with Sophie..... Teacher, Olivia jumped on my hand and injured me Every student who heard her name,, get out Korean: English: German: Spanish:

[Música suave] (Conductor: Darío Sztajnszrajber) Filosofía en la calle. La pregunta que circula en una conversación infinita. [Música suave] La filosofía que vuelve a recuperar su vocación originaria. La pregunta por el porqué irrumpiendo en una plaza, en una calle, en un río. Pero, sobre todo, con el otro. Las obras clásicas de la filosofía diseminándose por la ciudad para que cualquiera se apropie de sus ideas y, si quiere, las incorpore para pensarse a sí mismo desde diferentes perspectivas. Pensarse por fuera del sentido común establecido: emanciparse. (Eco) Emanciparse. Con la Revolución industrial del siglo XIX, una nueva forma de desigualdad social se impone. (Joven haciendo beatbox de "Para Elisa") (Darío) Karl Marx, en el "Manifiesto comunista", la denuncia y suelta su fantasma como una alternativa posible: el fantasma del comunismo. (Haciendo beatbox de "Para Elisa") [Música movida] (Darío) ¡Muchas gracias! [Sonido distorsionado] Hay un filósofo francés llamado Paul Ricoeur que en un texto hace la siguiente clasificación. Toma a tres pensadores de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX y los junta a los tres bajo la categoría de la escuela de la sospecha. Esos tres pensadores son Marx, Nietzsche y Freud. Freud con el inconsciente, mostrando que lo que suponemos que son las motivaciones de nuestras acciones, en realidad, siempre son desconocidas. Nietzsche, con su idea de-- Su crítica radical al lenguaje y a la posibilidad que tenemos los seres humanos de dominar lo que decimos cuando, en realidad, más que hablar el lenguaje, es el lenguaje el que nos habla. Y Marx, con su famosa teoría de la enajenación o alienación, según la cual, en realidad, las cosas que nosotros creemos que pensamos, decimos o hacemos responden a motivaciones que no son propias. [Tictac y alarma de reloj] (Darío) Lo que suponemos que son las motivaciones de nuestras acciones, en realidad, siempre son desconocidas. Esta es una decisión que tomé yo y me la banco. Más que hablar el lenguaje, es el lenguaje el que nos habla. ¡Árbol! ¿No entendés que el minuto a minuto está bajando? (Darío) En realidad, las cosas que nosotros creemos que pensamos, decimos o hacemos responden a motivaciones que no son propias. (Voz de hombre por altavoz) Descuentos increíbles en el pasillo cuatro. En los tres casos, Ricoeur lo que ve es la necesidad de romper con la cotidianeidad tal como se nos presenta de manera unívoca. Como si los fenómenos que rodean todo lo que hacemos estuviesen tan naturalizados que uno, entonces, los acepta como que son propios de las cosas. Los tres pensadores van por la misma línea: la desnaturalización. Romper con la cotidianeidad tal como se nos presenta de manera unívoca. Lo que genera en nosotros la escuela de la sospecha es la posibilidad de detener la realidad y pensar que todo lo que estamos, de alguna manera, observando o viviendo podría ser de otra manera. A nosotros nos interesa pensar a Marx a partir de lo que escribe junto con Engels en este texto que vamos a analizar hoy, que es el "Manifiesto comunista", que lo escriben con Engels en dos meses. Lo escriben desde diciembre de 1847 a enero de 1848. Lo publican en febrero de 1848. Si no recuerdo mal, el 21 de febrero de 1848. ¿Y saben cuántos años tenía Marx cuando escribió el "Manifiesto comunista"? No. 26 tiraron acá. Piensen que Spinetta escribió "Barro tal vez" a los 15 años. ¿Sabían? Quince años tenía Spinetta cuando escribió "Barro tal vez". Mírennos, mirémonos a nosotros con nuestras edades. ¿Qué hemos hecho? ¿Qué hemos hecho durante todo este tiempo? Bueno, Marx tenía 29 años. O sea, lo primero que hay que decir para empezar esta clase es lo siguiente: basta de pensar que para leer a Marx hay que ser marxista. Es como pensar que uno no puede leer la Biblia si no es un creyente furibundo y dogmático. Me parece que lo interesante, al revés, es entender el impacto que genera este texto en la historia de la cultura moderna. No es un libro menor. ¿Que sea un manifiesto qué significa? Un manifiesto no es simplemente un libro teórico. Un manifiesto es un libro para la acción. Y eso no es casual porque podemos claramente entender que Marx y, en general, la teoría marxista repiensa la relación entre la teoría y la praxis. Marx entiende que si la filosofía no sirve para cambiar al mundo, no sirve para nada. O peor: sirve para lo contrario. Sirve para reproducir lo existente. Cuando él dice: "Los filósofos no han hecho otra cosa que interpretar el mundo" significa que no han hecho otra cosa que sostener y legitimar el statu quo. Pero una filosofía realmente revolucionaria que hace a una verdadera filosofía es aquella que logra transformar la realidad. El "Manifiesto comunista" es un libro que se escribe en el fragor de dos revoluciones. Por un lado, la revolución del 48 y, por otro lado, la Revolución industrial. La revolución del 48 son las primeras revoluciones donde aparece, por primera vez, la voz del obrero. ¿Se encuentra bien, señor? (Darío) El obrero como clase, lo que se llama la clase proletaria..., ¡Agarrá la caja y empezá a bajar! (Darío) ...surge en consonancia con el surgimiento del capitalismo. Todo plástico, todo chino. (Darío) Es fundamental entender esta idea de que la clase obrera nace junto con el capitalismo y que tiene un surgimiento histórico. Porque a nosotros nos es fácil –de nuevo, recuerden el principio de la clase– naturalizarla, o sea, hablar de que hubo obreros siempre. Y nos olvidamos de que en la Antigüedad no había obreros, había esclavos. En la Edad Media no había obreros, había vasallos. La revolución del 48 encuentra, por primera vez, a la clase obrera constituida y, entonces, la Liga de los Comunistas, o sea, estos personajes revolucionarios que empiezan a pensar en un cambio radical del mundo se encuentran con esa revolución en su salsa. Por eso, el Manifiesto tiene que ver con esa época. Y tiene que ver con la otra revolución, que es la Revolución Industrial. La Revolución Industrial supone una transformación ¿en qué? En las condiciones de trabajo. En el inicio de todo cambio están los cambios en nuestras condiciones de producción. Sí, tenemos que ver-- A ver, un cachito. ¡Flaco, flaco! Escuchame una cosa. ¿Qué pasa que llegás tarde siempre? No es la primera vez, ¿eh? ¡No! Pero una vez, otra vez, otra vez, ¡tené cuidado! Dale, andá a laburar. Sí, disculpame. (Darío) O sea, todo cambio social se inicia siempre –dice Marx– en los cambios que la tecnología genera en nuestra forma de trabajar. Cambia el trabajo y, después, cambia todo. [Tono de llamada] Tecnovisión, buenas tardes. Habla Oscar. ¿Usted desenchufó? Dígame su nombre de cliente. ¿Con jota? Enchúfela. Me están llamando. Sí, ya estoy con eso. Buenas tardes. No, señor. (Darío) Pero, por otro lado, lo que genera la Revolución Industrial es que se instala la idea de un cambio permanente. O sea, en la Revolución Industrial empezamos a asistir a la idea de que todo el tiempo se van revolucionando los medios de producción. Que cada tantos años empieza a surgir un nuevo invento que modifica las formas en que trabajamos. Eso genera una sensación de cambio permanente. Es como que todo sucumbe, es como que nadie puede estar tranquilo ni seguro, nadie puede aferrarse a nada concreto, a nada estable. Y dice lo siguiente: "Todo lo sagrado se profana, todo lo sólido se desvanece en el aire". El texto de Marx comienza con una famosa frase que dice lo siguiente: "Un fantasma recorre Europa, el fantasma del comunismo". Todo el mundo, obviamente, va a poner el acento en esa frase en la palabra comunismo. Pero nosotros, como somos piolas, vamos a poner el acento en otra palabra. En la palabra fantasma. Un fantasma es algo invisible y, de alguna manera, el fantasma del comunismo, de la clase obrera como sujeto revolucionario que está buscando el comunismo, es una clase que para el burgués, para el capitalista, no existe. Entonces, su característica espectral tiene que ver, justamente, con su invisibilidad. Está bien llamarla fantasma como algo que no se ve. El otro elemento que hace a la característica de fantasma es su inclasificación. O sea, vieron que un fantasma no se entiende qué es. ¿Está vivo o está muerto el fantasma? Es inclasificable el fantasma y es inclasificable la clase obrera porque no encaja. Encaja para el capitalismo en la medida en que haga lo que tiene que hacer. Y la tercera, que es la que más me interesa porque me parece que es la que atraviesa todo el texto de Marx, es que el fantasma –seguramente, a todos les pasará lo mismo– aterra, da miedo. Entonces, hay algo de un miedo muy fuerte que genera esto. El comunismo como una posición que, con todas sus características, abolición de la propiedad privada, abolición de las patrias, abolición de la religión-- Piensen que todas las posturas más extremas generan una sensación de que quedo totalmente vacío. Es para repensar por qué genera esa sensación o cuánto tenemos puesto nosotros en nuestras propiedades privadas y en nuestras creencias para pensar que, si eso desaparece, desparecemos nosotros. Otro tema que trabaja Marx es lo que, después, con el tiempo, se fue llamando el materialismo histórico. Marx, en ese sentido, se pelea con lo que vendría a ser su maestro, que es Hegel. Hegel pensaba que, a lo largo de la historia, los seres humanos nos íbamos emancipando porque íbamos progresando, siendo cada vez más conscientes de lo que somos. Y lo que hace Marx es invertir este esquema. Hay una famosa frase de Marx-- Hay muchas frases famosas de Marx. Hay otra de ellas que aparece en el prólogo a la "Contribución de la economía política" donde Marx dice: "No es la conciencia la que determina su ser, sino el ser el que determina la conciencia". Para Marx, pensar es un efecto de una realidad material concreta. Marx no cree que pensando cambiamos el mundo. Marx cree que el mundo se cambia en su ser, en su materialidad, en el trabajo. La conciencia, la forma que tenemos de pensar, es siempre un derivado. Creemos que cuando pensamos, estamos pensando autónomamente. Marx pone el dedo en la llaga. Marx dice: "Uno piensa lo que otros necesitan que pensemos". Y lo que va a proponer –y esto es otro de los textos famosos del "Manifiesto comunista"– es releer la historia no como el desarrollo del espíritu hacia la autoconciencia, sino-- Recordarán todos ustedes esta frase del inicio del capítulo uno del "Manifiesto comunista". Marx dice: "La historia de la humanidad es la historia de la lucha de clases". Sin embargo, nuestra compañía tiene que pensar en optimizar los costos de producción. ¡Mentira la verdad! ¡Mentira la verdad! ¡No están autorizados! Nosotros no tomamos ninguna propiedad, ¿eh? ¡Nosotros tomamos la señal! Están interfiriendo ilegalmente una señal de televisión privada. (Darío) Porque hay intereses contrapuestos, porque hay clases en pugna. ¡Fuera de ahí! ¡Ese es mi control! Entren. (Darío) Porque la historia la escriben los que ganan. ¡Están todos trabajando para ustedes, señores! ¿Quién se creen que son? Lo que se encuentra uno, a lo largo de la historia, es esta lucha de clases que explota cada tanto, genera una revolución, y el mundo cambia. O sea, todo bien con la Antigüedad, pero ¿para Marx lo más importante de la Antigüedad qué es? Es que era una época donde el modo de producción era esclavista, donde la lucha de clases se manifestaba entre amos y esclavos. Entonces, hay que potenciar ese elemento en la lectura de la historia antigua y no lo que leemos en los manuales de Historia de que vienen las pirámides y el Imperio griego y romano como si no hubiese ahí un conflicto de clases permanente. Marx modifica la lectura de la historia, la lee como lucha de clases y llega, al final, al tiempo en el que él está escribiendo... Porque la última etapa histórica, a la que llegamos después del feudalismo, es el capitalismo. ¿Cuáles son las clases en pugna en el capitalismo? Dos: por un lado, la clase capitalista burguesa y, por otro lado, la clase proletaria. Los burgueses son los dueños de los medios de producción, ¿y el proletario quién es? Es el que no es dueño de nada, salvo de su fuerza de trabajo. ¿Qué hace con su fuerza de trabajo? La vende. Entonces, al no ser dueño de nada, sino de su cuerpo y de su fuerza de trabajo, cobra por ello un salario. En una de las tesis más conflictivas y más polémicas para el marxismo, el salario –dice Marx– siempre es injusto. Porque para Marx es un problema técnico, no de cantidad. ¿A qué llama Marx plusvalía? A la diferencia entre lo que yo produzco como valor y lo que cobro, después, por ese trabajo. Porque, para Marx, el fruto del trabajo es entero para el que lo realiza, pero como uno está asalariado, evidentemente, el capitalista se va a quedar con su parte, que es la ganancia. Pero esa parte con la que se queda, por decirlo "tranqui", es un robo. Por eso dice Marx que no hay otra manera para pensar un cambio de perspectiva social que la revolución. Lo digo distinto. Supone una concepción filosófica de fondo muy radicalmente diferente a la que en el capitalismo se sostiene. O sea, no hay reforma posible en la alienación. Porque el problema es de raíz. En los "Manuscritos económico-filosóficos", cuando describe lo que es la alienación-- Alienación es una palabra que viene de "alio", que es otro. O sea, otro me constituye, me define, decide sobre mí. Estar enajenado o alienado significa que no somos nosotros los que definimos nuestros deseos, nuestros pensamientos, nuestros sentimientos, sino que estamos repitiendo, sin darnos cuenta, lo que otros necesitan que seamos. Somos lo que otros necesitan que seamos. Eso es estar enajenado. La enajenación se produce, sobre todo, en el trabajo. Marx dice: "En realidad, lo propio del trabajo es la realización vocacional del ser humano". Pero como nadie trabaja de lo que quiere porque tenemos que trabajar haciendo cualquier cosa para sobrevivir, en el lugar donde deberíamos realizarnos vocacionalmente, que es el trabajo, en realidad, nos sentimos como animales porque no hacemos nada que nos realice en términos de humanidad, sino que estamos haciendo tareas mecánicas nada más que para cobrar un mísero salario y sobrevivir a fin de mes. Y, cuando nos vamos del trabajo y llegamos a nuestras casas y en nuestras casas solo hacemos funciones mínimas, "animales", como comer, dormir y otras de esas cosas que hacen los seres humanos naturalmente y biológicamente en su casa-- O sea, lo que compartimos como función animal, en definitiva, es lo que nos hace humanos. Para ir cerrando, Marx, en el final, lo que hace es pelearse, por decir así, contra las críticas que se le realiza al comunismo. Lo que hace Marx es disolver la crítica invirtiendo el carácter de sentido de lo cuestionado. Tres ejemplos que son los más fuertes que trabaja Marx. Marx dice: "Se le critica al comunismo que el comunismo lo que hace es abolir la propiedad". Entonces, ¿Marx qué dice? No es cierto que el comunismo quiere terminar con la propiedad. El comunismo quiere terminar con un tipo de propiedad que se nos impone como única, que es la propiedad privada. El gran éxito del capitalismo es haber instalado que propiedad es igual a propiedad privada. Hay otras formas de propiedad. Por ejemplo, la propiedad colectiva. Entonces, ¿qué hace Marx? Cuando le critican al comunismo que está en contra de la propiedad, Marx dice: "No, es todo lo contrario. Nadie defiende más la propiedad que el comunismo, pero la propiedad colectiva, no la propiedad privada". En esa misma lógica, dice Marx, se cuestiona al comunismo de querer abolir o destruir la familia. Marx dice: "No, cero, al revés. Lo que hace el marxismo es denunciar que las familias que existen hoy en nuestras sociedades son familias funcionales al sistema de producción vigente. O sea, nuestras familias se han terminado convirtiendo en unidades productivas". Dice Marx: "El obrero no tiene familia". Porque no es como el burgués, que puede estar con su familia, trabajar con ellos, salir de paseo, formarlos. O sea, el obrero está todo el día laburando. Y, cuando llega a su casa, llega muerto. Entonces, hay una injusticia estructural. O sea, que no nos corran a los comunistas diciéndonos que estamos en contra de la familia, si la clase obrera no tiene familia. Lo que queremos es recuperar, justamente, la familia. Piensen que, en el Manifiesto, Marx propone la abolición del trabajo infantil, digamos, toda una serie de medidas que lo que buscan es que ese espíritu familiar exista, pero para todos. Y, por último, le dicen en, tal vez, una de las críticas más lacerantes que el comunismo está en contra de la patria. Y Marx dice –y así va cerrando el Manifiesto–: "Los obreros no tienen patria". La patria es una construcción, en realidad, que lo que busca es dividir a los obreros para que se peleen entre sí, constituyendo identidades parciales cuando, en realidad, todos los obreros del mundo padecen el mismo mal: el sometimiento. Por eso dice Marx que no puede haber una revolución real en el mundo hasta que en todo el mundo se produzca la revolución. Por eso termina Marx con su famoso... su famosa apelación que dice: "Proletarios del mundo, uníos". De esta manera, el "Manifiesto comunista" comienza a circular sin los nombres de Marx y de Engels. Sepan que recién en 1872 aparece el Manifiesto con algunos retoques con las firmas de Marx y Engels. Se dice que es el libro que mejor expresa el pensamiento marxista. Tiene miles de traducciones, tiene miles de versiones. Tal vez uno, como dice Hobsbawm, podría entender la historia del comunismo mundial simplemente viendo las distintas ediciones de este libro magnífico, que es el "Manifiesto comunista". Muchas gracias. ¡Grosos! [Música movida] Había leído un poco el "Manifiesto comunista", conocía un poco sobre el tema de cómo Marx problematiza la historia y me pareció que la forma en que lo abordó Darío fue muy interesante para alguien que nunca ha escuchado hablar de Marx o que no ha leído su obra. (Voz de joven) En cuanto a la lucha de clases, creo que es una realidad que sigue trascendiendo en nuestra sociedad de hoy en día, porque siguen existiendo clases sociales con intereses quizás antagónicos, como es el proletariado y la burguesía, los cuales son los dueños de los medios de producción. (Voz de joven) La cuestión de la propiedad privada o la propiedad colectiva o distintos tipos de propiedad –no necesariamente tiene que ser uno de esos dos– me parece bastante interesante. Particularmente, porque, así como marcaba Darío durante la clase, el hecho de pensar solamente la propiedad como propiedad privada y que esa sea la única manera, creo que es una de las causas de los principales problemas que tenemos a nivel sociedad. (Voz de chica) No me considero comunista ni tampoco capitalista. Y considero que la revolución marxista es un gran método, pero no para esta actualidad. Para mí, todas las revoluciones deben ser culturales. [Música de cierre: "Para Elisa", L. V. Beethoven, por Babel Orkesta]