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[ "Khan Noonien Singh\n\nNotes\n\nA genetically engineered Human, Khan was created to be the ultimate superman both physically and mentally. ", "He and his followers fought a war with the aim of the genocide of natural Humans in favour of their new breed. ", "Defeated and forced into exile, they fled Earth in a state of suspended animation.1\n\nThey were discovered by Starfleet in the 23rd century. ", "Khan was revived and recruited into Starfleet's Section 31, where he worked to produced weapon and warship designs for Admiral Marcus. ", "Marcus reasoned that a war with the Klingon Empire was inevitable, and that a person of Khan's superior intellect and extreme savagery would be a valuable asset in preparing for it. ", "Khan agreed because his followers were held hostage by Marcus. ", "He attempted to smuggle the frozen bodies away, hiding them in the casings of advanced torpedoes he created, but the plot failed. ", "Khan escaped and conducted a terrorist campaign on Earth in retribution, attacking London and Starfleet command before escaping to the Klingon Home planet.1\n\nMeanwhile the advanced torpedoes were shipped to the Enterprise so that Captain Kirk could launch them against Khan. ", "Instead, Kirk actually flew to Kronos and captured Khan. ", "Khan revealed what Marcus had done and when the USS Vengeance came to destroy the Enterprise and conceal the plot, Kirk and Khan worked together to defeat Admiral Marcus. ", "Khan turned on Kirk at that point, killing Marcus and forcing Spock to return his followers to him in exchange for Kirk, Scotty and Doctor Carol Marcus. ", "However, Spock had outwitted Khan - he had removed the engineered Humans from the weapons and sent them back armed. ", "They detonated with the Vengeance, wrecking the ship and causing it to crashland.1\n\nSpock pursued Khan through San Francisco after the crash, eventually capturing him with the assistance of Lieutenant Uhura. ", "Doctor McCoy was then able to use a serum derived from Khan's blood to revive Captain Kirk after his death from radiation poisoning.1" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nUse Socket.io to fill google Area Chart - 'google.visualization.", "DataTable is not a constructor'\n\nI use NodeJS and Socket.io to get data from a database. ", "I now want to fill a google area chart with these data but i kind of fail at doing it.", "\nThe data is transmitted as Objects. ", "Each Object contains two values (datetime and value). ", "I append these values to an array and then store them in a DataTable:\ngoogle.load('visualization', '1', {\n packages: ['corechart']\n});\ngoogle.setOnLoadCallback(drawChart);\n\nvar socket = io();\ngetData();\n\nfunction drawChart(dataArray) {\n var data = new google.visualization.", "DataTable();\n data.addColumn('string', 'DateTime');\n data.addColumn('number', 'Value');\n for (var i = 0; i < dataArray.length; i += 2) {\n console.log(dataArray[0]);\n data.addRow([dataArray[i], dataArray[i + 1]]);\n }\n var chart = new google.visualization.", "AreaChart(document.getElementById('chart'));\n chart.draw(data, {\n title: \"Data Visualization\",\n isStacked: true,\n width: '50%',\n height: '50%',\n vAxis: {\n title: 'Data v-Axis'\n },\n hAxis: {\n title: 'Data h-Axis'\n }\n })\n}\n\nfunction getData() {\n socket.emit('GET');\n socket.on('serverSent', function (data) {\n var processedData = processData(data);\n drawChart(processedData);\n })\n}\n\nfunction processData(data) {\n var arr = new Array();\n jQuery.each(data, function (index, object) {\n arr.push(object['datetime'], parseInt(object['value']));\n })\n return arr;\n}\n\nIf i call my website i see the chart but without any values and the error message `google.visualization.", "DataTable is not a constructor´. ", "So what am i doing wrong?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe problem is drawChart is being called twice.", "\nFrom both google.setOnLoadCallback and getData.", "\nIf getData is called before google.setOnLoadCallback,\nthen google.visualization.", "DataTable will not be recognized. ", " \nIn addition, it is recommended to use loader.js vs. jsapi.", "\nSee Load the Libraries for more info... \nAs such, please try the following... \nReplace...\n<script src=\"https://www.google.com/jsapi\"></script> \nWith...\n<script src=\"https://www.gstatic.com/charts/loader.js\"></script>\nAnd try something like... \ngoogle.charts.load('current', {\n callback: init,\n packages: ['corechart']\n});\n\nfunction init() {\n var socket = io();\n socket.emit('GET');\n socket.on('serverSent', function (data) {\n var processedData = processData(data);\n drawChart(processedData);\n });\n}\n\nfunction drawChart(dataArray) {\n var data = new google.visualization.", "DataTable();\n data.addColumn('string', 'DateTime');\n data.addColumn('number', 'Value');\n for (var i = 0; i < dataArray.length; i += 2) {\n console.log(dataArray[0]);\n data.addRow([dataArray[i], dataArray[i + 1]]);\n }\n var chart = new google.visualization.", "AreaChart(document.getElementById('chart'));\n chart.draw(data, {\n title: \"Data Visualization\",\n isStacked: true,\n width: '50%',\n height: '50%',\n vAxis: {\n title: 'Data v-Axis'\n },\n hAxis: {\n title: 'Data h-Axis'\n }\n })\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "Beauty and Organization for the Budget-Conscious Girl\n\nMy “Ten Minutes Tops” Makeup Routine for Going to Class\n\nSadly, summer is coming to a close. ", "Not only do we have just over a month left of the season on our calendars, but for all of us who are going back to school, the end is even closer. ", "I only have until the 26th of August myself (Five days!!). ", "With this in mind, I’ve set out to develop a quick routine for my early mornings or when I “accidentally” hit snooze too many times. ", "When I’m going to class, I like to look presentable. ", "I feel like I come across as more prepared and/or professional when it appears as if I’ve put a little thought into how I look (Honestly, though, I rarely feel professional or prepared. ", "Fake it ’till you make it, right?). ", "However, sometimes I get carried away in the mornings and try to do too much, which only makes me even more late. ", "I’m chronically late, if I’m being honest with myself. ", "So this makeup routine is going to solve all those problems. ", "Ok, some of those problems. ", "It’s quick, looks put together, and will still allow me to have enough time in the mornings to grab that cup of coffee before flying out the door. ", "And the best part? ", "It will only take ten minutes. ", "Tops.", "\n\nCoincidentally, this routine also has ten steps. ", "That wasn’t planned. ", "Honest.", "\n\n1. ", "Apply a Primer. (", "I’ve decided to forgo foundation for my everyday makeup this semester. ", "I understand that some people may not feel they can do that, so of course add in your foundation here if you like!) ", "The Maybelline primer ($10) I have not only helps makeup stay on longer, but also helps to blur blemishes. ", "Perfect for light coverage in a quick routine!", "\n\n2. ", "Conceal the Under Eyes. ", "Late nights studying (or binge-watching Netflix, if we’re being real) can leave eyes looking very tired, so it’s absolutely necessary to dab concealer on them. ", "I like to use NYX’s dark circle concealer($6).", "\n\n3. ", "Conceal Any Blemishes. ", "You know, the occasional pimple. ", "The redness around your nose that just won’t go away… I also use concealer on my eyelids to hide veins and help prime them for eyeshadow. ", "I’m using Covergirl’s Smoothers concealer ($7) here.", "\n\n4. ", "Apply Powder. ", "I like to use e.l.f.", "’s Tone Correcting Powder ($3) because it does just what it says it does: corrects skin tone problems.", "\n\n5. ", "Apply a warm, skin-toned blush to your cheeks, forehead, nose, and chin (optional). ", "I use NYX’s baked blush ($7) in “Sugar Mama” as a light bronzer. ", "I don’t own any actual bronzer, nor do I plan on getting one anytime soon. ", "I’m on a budget, so a lovely baked blush will have to do! ", "It works quite well too, so it’s not a bad trick if I do say so myself. ", "The package also says it is an illuminator + bronzer. ", "Score!", "\n\n6. ", "Actual Blush (also optional, I suppose). ", "I think the best kind of blush for everyday wear is one that’s more natural looking, like Clinique’s blush pop ($22) in “Melon Pop.” ", "I also like to use NYX HD blush ($7) in “Soft spoken.” ", "For me, it’s essential to have that little bit of color on my cheeks in order to look put together and fab. *", "insert sassy hand emoji girl here*\n\n8. ", "Apply Mascara. ", "Don’t skip the mascara, ever! ", "Comb those lashes out, curl ’em, and swipe on your mascara of choice. ", "My favorite right now is itCosmetics Hello Lashes Extensions. ", "I also like to use Maybelline’s Lash Sensational mascara ($9).", "\n\n9. ", "The Eyebrows (optional). ", "Get those brows on fleek! ", "Only if you want to, though. ", "I use NYX’s Automatic Eyebrow Pencil ($5) to quickly fill my brows in and comb them through. ", "This is a new skill for me, one I’m still perfecting.", "\n\n10. ", "The Finishing Touches. ", "Spritz some setting spray (e.l.f., ", "$3) all over your face to protect your makeup from the inevitable face rubbing or stress tears that may happen during your day attending class. ", "Don’t miss a spot. ", "If you want, swipe on a nice tinted lip balm or subtle lip color. ", "My favorites right now are the NYX butter balm ($4) in “Brownie” and e.l.f. ", "jumbo lip gloss stick ($2) in “Pink Umbrella.” ", "It will make you look even more like you totally woke up on time and were without a doubt on top of everything that morning.", "\n\nNow you’re ready for class and you didn’t waste time! ", "I lied a teensy bit earlier, though. ", "The best part about this routine is not that it takes ten minutes. ", "The best part is that takes anywhere from 6-10 minutes, so it can actually be quicker! ", "Great, right? ", "I promise it won’t take any longer than ten minutes, though. ", "Unless of course you’re so tired that you fall asleep while doing your makeup. ", "I can’t really help you there.", "\n\nI hope that this post helped you develop a quick morning makeup routine! ", "I have some cool news, too. ", "I’m working on a collaboration with my awesome friend Abby Faith. ", "She has a youtube channel (here) where she also talks about makeup and other great things as well. ", "We’ll have a video out sometime within the next week all about preparing for school and creating easy routines and staying organized. ", "So, if you guys want to see how this makeup routine looks on me, watch for the video because you’ll see it on there. ", "In the meantime, visit her channel and give her some love!", "\n\nHey, I’ve nominated you for the Liebster Awards because I think your blog is awesome and that other people should check it out!", "\nYou can read more about it on my blog (it’s my latest post right now but if I post something else it should be pretty easy to find!)", "\nI definitely recommend getting involved because it’s a great way to get involved in the blogging community and make friends 🙂 x" ]

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[ "Australia's Classification system, the backbone of Senator Conroy's internet filter and games ratings, is coming up for review. ", "In the run up to the public submissions deadline we'll be publishing various opinions. ", "Here, the Australian Sex Party's Fiona Patten lays out some groundwork and gives her views on the system.", "\n\nLet's Have an 'F Rating' for a F**ked Classification System.", "\n\nLast month's decision by the State and Commonwealth Attorney's General (SCAG) to again deny Australian gamers an R rating for their fav pastime, was entirely predictable. ", "They've been playing this cat and mouse game with adult classifications for over 25 years with X rated films. ", "Gamers in Australia should not be fooled into thinking that 'it will happen next time'. ", "It won't. ", "In five years they will still be waiting and the Ministers will still be promising.", "\n\nSCAG has probably been the most conservative cross party grouping of senior politicians ever to exist in Australia. ", "The recent changes have altered nothing. ", "Rob Hulls has exited on behalf of Victoria and he has been replaced by an 'out' Christian, Robert Clark. ", "John Rau has replaced the 'high Anglican' Michael Atkinson in SA and Christian Porter is the newbie for WA. ", "The conservative Christian A-G in NSW, John Hatzistagos, who recently became the first ever A-G to give police censorship powers, is unfortunately still there although he will be removed at the next NSW state election in March. ", "But don't hold your breath that the new NSW Liberal A-G will be any better because it will be yet another born again Christian - Greg Smith. ", "So why is that men of religious persuasion get such a good run on SCAG? ", "Where are all the civil libertarian Attorneys like Lionel Murphy, Gareth Evans and Daryl Williams\n\nAlthough the South Australian John Rau is on record as saying he does not support his predecessor, Michael Atkinson's dogged refusal to allow an R rating for computer games, both he and Porter are strong social conservatives. ", "When SCAG refused the R rating for games last time it was said that it was only because of Atkinson's intransigence. ", "So why didn't they approve them at the next meeting when Atkinson had been removed and replaced with an A-G who said he was different? ", "Go figure. ", "Curiously, I think that Robert Clark may well end up being one of the more considered and logical members of the group in the months ahead.", "\n\nThe 80% of Australians who supported an R rating in the polls should be pretty concerned that before their last meeting on games, SCAG allowed the Australian Christian Lobby's, Jim Wallace to address them on the issue. ", "They also allowed another anti games campaigner, Dr Elizabeth Handley to address them.", "\n\nWhen I tried to address SCAG a few years ago on censorship issues I was told that the group did not entertain lobbyists of any kind. ", "Clearly things have changed and now if you represent a Christian view you get in. ", "This represents an appalling misuse of power and engages Australia's Attorney's General in discriminatory behaviour which could well be illegal if it was someone else doing it. ", "If SCAG wants to be seen as discharging their duties to the people of Australian in a fair and unbiased way then they must now invite lobbyists from the gamers and adult industry to address them at their next meeting.", "\n\nGamers have to reclaim the middle ground that all the polls are showing they occupy. ", "What they have to do now is what the X rated video/DVD industry did after waiting for over a decade for sensible and modern law reform on their issues. ", "They told the censorship ministers to stick it up their collective bums and 'come and get us'. ", "This means getting hold of R rated games and simply starting to sell them out to the general public in a form of 'civil disobedience'.", "\n\nCivil disobedience only works when you have a number of factors in place. ", "First you have to have the majority of public opinion behind you. ", "Second, you need to be selling a product that a good percentage of police, judges and lawyers have seen or purchase themselves and who have a good number of family and friends who do the same. ", "Third, you need a national network of retailers who will hold the line in the face of the first prosecution or two and who are prepared to fund the occasional 'not guilty' plea on as well.", "\n\nThese three factors are all in place for your garden-variety X rated film and I suspect that they are as well for R rated games. ", "Civil disobedience on X rated films means that adult retailers are busted on a regular basis but on almost every occasion, the police do so with their heads bowed and a mumbled apology for what they are about to do. ", "This is because it is not illegal to purchase an X rated film and neither would it be illegal to purchase or possess an R rated computer game in Australia. ", "Only to sell it. ", "So many of the police officers who turn up to raid an adult shop are actually customers of the shop or they have someone in their family or circle of friends who is. ", "Ditto with magistrates. ", "Under these circumstances its very hard for a government to eradicate a product although as we have seen with X rated films, bans that drive a product into the 'grey' market often have the effect of loosening up the category. ", "No doubt that if we saw R rated computer games being sold semi-legally through adult shops, video libraries and computer games stores, that quite a few X rated games would sneak through into the system. ", "With a non violent erotic, X rating, allowed for films, this may not be such a bad thing for the computer games market overall.", "\n\nIn fact it's the same argument that the federal Censorship Minister Brendan O'Connor has been using to push for an R games rating, That is, that by allowing an R rating, less adult content will be squeezed into the current upper rating of MA and that means that kids will have less opportunity to see adult material. ", "If an X rating is allowed or is present alongside the R rated games, then there is the potential for people who don't like violence alongside their sex to have their cake and eat it too.", "\n\nThe Classification system is being reviewed and public comments are open until 28 January. ", "You can register yours, here. ", "Fiona Patten is President of the Australian Sex Party.", "\n\nUpdate: The Twitter hashtag for discussing the classification review is #clasrev." ]

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[ "Love has no major role to play in keeping couples together. ", "In fact, the chances of a couple staying together are affected primarily by age, previous relationships – and smoking.", "\n\nThat’s the conclusion of a new study, which was conducted by researchers at the Australian National University.", "\n\nTo reach the conclusion, boffins spent six years monitoring 2,500 couples who were married or living together, reports The Daily Express.", "\n\nThe study found that money played a major factor in deciding whether a couple stand the test of time.", "\n\nThe study, entitled “What’s Love Got to Do With It”, showed that a quarter of partnerships and marriages will end within six years and half will be over within 25 years.", "\n\nIt also found that a husband who is nine or more years older than his wife is twice as likely to get divorced, as are husbands who get married before they turn 25.", "\n\nClick Here!", "\n\nCouples were twice as likely to split if the wife had a much stronger preference for children or for more of them. ", "Smoking and drinking rates also contributed to relationship breakdown, the study found.", "\n\nVia The Times of India" ]

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[ "I delete facebook friends if they make a stupid/annnoying status I now have half the friends i used to\n\n424 shares" ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We prove the existence of least energy nodal solution for a class of Schrödinger-Poisson system in a bounded domain $\\Omega \\subset \\mathbb{R}^3$ with nonlinearity having a subcritical growth.'", "\nauthor:\n- |\n Claudianor O. Alves[^1] and Marco A.S. Souto[^2]\\\n Universidade Federal de Campina Grande\\\n Unidade Acadêmica de Matemática e Estatística\\\n CEP:58429-900, Campina Grande - PB, Brazil.", "\ntitle: 'Existence of least energy nodal solution for a Schrödinger-Poisson system in bounded domains[^3]'\n---\n\n[35J20, 35J65]{}\n\n[ Schrödinger-Poisson systems, nodal solution, variational methods]{}\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nThis paper was motivated by some works that have appeared in recent years concerning with the nonlinear Schrödinger-Poisson system $$\\left\\{ \\begin{array}{l}\n -i\\frac{\\partial\\psi}{\\partial t} = - \\Delta \\psi +\n\\phi(x)\\psi - |\\psi|^{p-2}\\psi \\mbox{ in $\\Omega$},\\\\\n-\\Delta \\phi=|\\psi|^2 \\mbox{ in $\\Omega$},\\\\ \\phi= \\psi=0 \\mbox{ on\n} \\partial \\Omega,\n\\end{array}\n\\right.\\eqno{(NSP)}$$ where $\\Omega \\subset \\mathbb R^3$ is a bounded domain with smooth boundary, $2<p< 2^*=6$ and $\\psi : \\overline{\\Omega} \\to \\mathbb{C}$ and $\\phi: \\overline{\\Omega} \\to \\mathbb{R}$ are unknown functions.", "\n\nThe first equation in $(NSP)$, called Schrödinger equation, describes quantum (non-relativistic) particles interacting with the eletromagnetic field generated by the motion. ", "An interesting Schrödinger equation class is when the potential $\\phi(x)$ is determined by the charge of wave function itself, that is, when the second equation in $(NSP)$ (Poisson equation) holds.", "\n\nKnowledge of the solutions for the elliptic equation $$\\left\\{ \\begin{array}{ll}\n - \\Delta u +\n \\phi u = f(u) \\mbox{ in $\\Omega$},\\\\\n-\\Delta \\phi=u^2 \\mbox{ in $\\Omega$}, \\\\\nu, \\phi=0, \\,\\,\\, \\partial \\Omega\n\\end{array}\n\\right.\\eqno{(SP)}$$ has a great importance in the study of stationary solutions $\\psi(x,t) = e^{-it}u(x)$ of $(NSP)$ and it contains two kinds of nonlinearities: the first one is $\\phi(x)u$ and concerns the interaction with the electric field. ", "This term is nonlocal, since the electrostatic potential $\\phi(x)$ depends also on the wave function. ", "The second nonlinearity is $f(u)$. For more information involving physical situations where $(SP)$ appears, we cite the papers of Benci-Fortunato [@bf], Bokanowski & Mauser [@BM], Mauser [@Mauser], Ruiz [@Ruiz], Ambrosetti-Ruiz [@AM] and S’anchez & Soler [@Sanchez].", "\n\nAn important fact involving system $(SP)$ is that this class of system can be transformed into a Schrödinger equation with a nonlocal term (see, for instance, [@ap; @G; @Ruiz; @zz]), which allows to use variational methods. ", "Effectively, by the Lax-Milgram Theorem, given $u\\in H_0^1(\\Omega)$, there exists a unique $\\phi=\\phi_u \\in H_0^1(\\Omega)$ such that $$-\\Delta \\phi=u^2.$$ By using standard arguments, we have that $\\phi_u$ verifies the following properties (for a proof see [@Daprile1; @Ruiz; @zz]):\n\n[\\[lm1\\]]{} For any $u\\in H^1_0(\\Omega)$, we have\n\n- there exists $C>0$ such that $||\\phi_u||\\leq C||u||^2$ and $$\\int_{\\Omega}|\\nabla \\phi_u|^2dx=\\int_{\\Omega}\\phi_u u^2dx\\leq\n C ||u||^4 \\quad \\forall\\, u\\in H^1_0(\\Omega);$$ where $||u||^2=\\int_{\\Omega}|\\nabla u|^2dx$.\n\n- $\\phi_u\\geq 0$ $\\forall u\\in H^1_0(\\Omega)$;\n\n- $\\phi_{tu}=t^2\\phi_u$, $\\forall t>0$ and $u\\in H^1_0(\\Omega)$;\n\n- if $u_n \\rightharpoonup u$ in $H_0^1(\\Omega)$, then $\\phi_{u_n} \\rightharpoonup \\phi_u$ in $H^1_0(\\Omega)$ and $$\\lim_{n \\rightarrow +\\infty} \\int_{\\Omega}\\phi_{ u_n} u_n ^2dx=\n \\int_{\\Omega}\\phi_u u^2dx.$$\n\nTherefore, $(u,\\phi) \\in H^1_0(\\Omega)\\times H^1_0(\\Omega)$ is a solution of $(SP)$ if, and only if, $\\phi = \\phi_u$ and $u \\in H^1_0(\\Omega)$ is a weak solution of the nonlocal problem $$\\left\\{ \\begin{array}{l}\n - \\Delta u + \\phi_u u = f(u) \\mbox{ in }\\Omega,\\\\\nu=0, \\mbox { on }\\partial \\Omega .", "\n\\end{array}\n\\right.\\eqno{(P)}$$\n\nNow, we would like to mention that the existence of solutions for problem $(P)$ can be made via variational methods, because if the nonlinearity $f$ belongs to $C^1(\\mathbb R,\\mathbb R)$ and satisfies\n\n1. ", " $\\displaystyle\\lim_{s\\rightarrow 0 } \\frac{f(s)}{s} = 0$;\n\n2. ", " $\\displaystyle\\lim_{|s|\\rightarrow +\\infty } \\frac{f(s)}{s^5} = 0$,\n\nthe Lemma \\[lm1\\] gives that the functional $J:\nH^1_0(\\Omega)\\rightarrow \\mathbb R$ given by $$J(u)=\\frac 12 ||u||^2 +\\frac 14\\int_{\\Omega}\\phi_u u^2dx-\n\\int_{\\Omega}F(u)dx,$$ where $$F(s)=\\int_0^s f(t)dt,$$ belongs to $C^1(H^{1}_{0}(\\Omega),\\mathbb{R})$ and $$J'(u)v = \\int_{\\Omega}\\nabla u \\nabla v dx + \\int_{\\Omega}\\phi_u\nuvdx - \\int_{\\Omega}f(u)vdx \\,\\,\\,\\, \\forall u,v \\in H^1_0(\\Omega).$$ Hence, critical points of $J$ are the weak solutions for nonlocal problem $(P)$.\n\nFrom the above commentaries, we have that system $(SP)$ has a nontrivial solution if, and only if, $(P)$ has a nontrivial solution. ", "This way, in the last years, many authors that studied the system $(SP)$ have focused their attention on problem $(P)$ aiming to establish existence and nonexistence of solutions, multiplicity of solutions, ground state solutions, radial and nonradial solutions, semiclassical limit and concentrations of solution for the case where $\\Omega = \\mathbb{R}^{N}$, see the papers of Azzollini & Pomponio [@ap], Cerami & Vaira [@Cerami], Coclite [@C], D’Aprile & Mugnai [@Daprile1; @Daprile2], d’Avenia [@Davenia], Ianni [@Ianni], Kikuchi [@K1], and Zhao & Zhao [@zz]. ", "For the case where $\\Omega$ is a bounded domain, we would like to cite the papers of Siciliano [@G], Ruiz & Siciliano [@Ruiz-Sic] and Pisani & Siciliano [@LG]. ", "In all those papers, the solutions found are nonnegative. ", "However, related to nodal ( or sign-changing ) solution, we found few papers, see for example, Ianni [@Ianni2] and Kim & Seok [@Kim]. ", "In [@Ianni2] and [@Kim] the existence of nodal solutions have been established at balls centered origin or in whole $\\mathbb{R}^{3}$.\n\nMotivated by papers above, we are interested in finding nodal solution for system $(SP)$, by assuming only that $\\Omega \\subset \\mathbb{R}^{3}$ is a bounded domain with smooth boundary. ", "Once that we will apply variational methods and term $\\int_{\\Omega}\\phi_u u^2dx$ is homogeneous of degree 4, the corresponding Ambrosetti-Rabinowitz condition on $f$ is the following:\n\n- There exists $\\theta >4$ such that $$0 < \\theta F(s) \\leq sf(s)\\quad \\forall s\\in \\mathbb{R}\\setminus \\{0\\}.$$\n\nThis condition is important not only to ensure that the functional $J$ has the mountain pass geometry, but also to guarantee that the Palais-Smale, or Cerami, sequences associated with $J$ are bounded. ", "We recall that (AR) implies a weaker condition: there exist $\\theta>4$ and $C_1,C_2>0$ such that $$\\label{ar}\nF(s) \\geq C_1|s|^\\theta - C_2,\\quad \\forall\\, s\\in \\mathbb{R}.$$ However, we consider here another much weaker one, namely,\n\n- $\\displaystyle\\lim_{s\\rightarrow +\\infty} \\frac{F(s)}{s^4}\n =+\\infty$.\n\nMoreover, we also assume that the nonlinearity $f$ satisfies\n\n- $\\displaystyle \\frac{f(s)}{s^3} $ is increasing in $|s|>0$.\n\n\\[rem\\] The condition $(f_4)$ implies that $H(s)=sf(s)-4F(s)$ is a non-negative function, increasing increasing in $|s|$ with $$sH'(s)=s^{2}f'(s)-3f(s)s>0 \\,\\,\\, \\mbox{for any} \\,\\, |s|>0.$$\n\nOur main result is the following\n\n[\\[fth\\]]{} Suppose that $f$ satisfies $(f_1)- (f_4)$. Then problem ($P$) possesses at least energy nodal solution, which has precisely two nodal domains.", "\n\nIn the proof of Theorem \\[fth\\], we prove that functional $J$ assumes a minimum value on the nodal set $$\\mathcal M=\\{u\\in \\mathcal N: J'(u)u^+=J'(u)u^-=0 \\mbox { and }\nu^{\\pm}\\neq 0 \\}$$ where $u^{+}=\\max\\{u(x),0\\}$, $u^{-}(x)=\\min\\{u(x),0\\}$ and $$\\mathcal{N} = \\{ u\\in\nH^1_0(\\Omega)\\setminus\\{0\\}\\, :\\, J'(u)u=0\\}.$$ More precisely, we prove that there is $w \\in \\mathcal{M}$ such that $$J(w)=\\inf_{u \\in \\mathcal{M}}J(u).$$ After, motivated by argument used in Bartsch, Weth & Willem [@BWW], we use a deformation lemma to prove that $w$ is a critical point of $J$, and so, $w$ is a least energy nodal solution for $(SP)$ with exactly two nodal domains.", "\n\nSince $J$ has the nonlocal term $\\int_{\\Omega}\\phi_u u^2dx$, if $u$ is a nodal solution for $J$, we have that $$J'(u^+)u^+ =-\\int_{\\Omega}\\phi_{u^{-}}(u^{+})^{2} <0\\,\\,\\, \\mbox{and} \\,\\,\\, J'(u^-)u^- =-\\int_{\\Omega}\\phi_{u^{+}}(u^{-})^{2} <0.$$ From this, some arguments used to prove the existence of nodal solutions for problem like $$\\left\\{ \\begin{array}{l}\n - \\Delta u = f(u) \\mbox{ in }\\Omega,\\\\\nu=0, \\mbox { on }\\partial \\Omega\n\\end{array}\n\\right.\\eqno{(P_1)}$$ can not be used, and so, a careful analysis is necessary in a lot of estimates, see Section 2 for details.", "\n\nBefore to conclude this introduction, we would like to cite the papers of Alves [@A], Alves & Soares [@AS1; @AS2], Bartsch, Weth and Willem [@BWW], Bartsch & Weth [@BW], Bartsch, Liu & Weth [@BLW], Castro, Cossio & Neuberger [@ACN], Zou [@Zou] and their references, where existence of nodal solution has been studied for problem related to $(P_1)$.\n\nThe paper is organized as follows. ", "In Section 2, we show some estimates involving functions that change sign, with the most of them being new for problem $(P)$. The Section 3 is devoted to prove the main result Theorem \\[fth\\].", "\n\n Important estimates \n=====================\n\nIn what follows, we denote by $\\mathcal{N}$ the Nehari manifold associated with $J$, that is, $$\\mathcal{N} = \\{ u\\in\nH^1_0(\\Omega)\\setminus\\{0\\}\\, :\\, J'(u)u=0\\}.$$ A critical point $u_0\\neq 0$ of $J$ is a ground state of $(P)$ if $$J(u_0) = \\inf_\\mathcal{N} J(u).$$ Since we are looking for least energy nodal solutions (or sign-changing solutions), our goal is to prove the existence of a critical point for $J$ in the set $$\\mathcal M=\\{u\\in \\mathcal N: J'(u)u^+=J'(u)u^-=0 \\mbox { and }\nu^{\\pm}\\neq 0 \\}.$$\n\nLet us start with some technical lemmas.", "\n\n\\[lema2\\] There exists $\\rho>0$ such that\n\n1. ", " $J(u)\\geq ||u||^2/4$ and $||u||\\geq \\rho, \\forall u\\in \\mathcal N$;\n\n2. ", " $||w^\\pm||\\geq\\rho, \\,\\, \\forall w \\in \\mathcal M$.\n\n[**[Proof:]{}**]{} From $(f_4)$ and Remark \\[rem\\], for any $u\\in \\mathcal N$ $$4J(u)=4J(u)-J'(u)u= ||u||^2+ \\int_{\\Omega}[uf(u)-4F(u)]dx\\geq\n||u||^2$$ and so, $$J(u)\\geq ||u||^2/4 \\,\\,\\, \\forall u \\in \\mathcal N .$$\n\nFrom $(f_1)$ and $(f_2)$, there is $C>0$ such that $$f(s)s\\leq \\frac {\\lambda_1}2 s^2+Cs^6, \\mbox { for all } s\\in\n\\mathbb R.$$ where $\\lambda_1$ is the first eigenvalue of $(-\\Delta , H_{0}^{1}(\\Omega)).$ Since $J'(u)u=0$, $$||u||^2<||u||^2+\\int_\\Omega \\phi_{u}|u|^2dx=\\int_{\\Omega}uf(u)dx\\leq\n\\frac {\\lambda_1}2\\int_{\\Omega}u^2dx +C \\int_{\\Omega}u^6dx.$$ Then by Sobolev embeddings, $$||u||^2< \\frac{1}{2} ||u||^2+\\hat C ||u||^6,$$ from where it follows that $$||u||\\geq \\rho \\,\\,\\, \\forall u \\in \\mathcal N,$$ where $\\rho = \\left(\\frac 1{2\\hat C}\\right)^{\\frac{1}{4}}$, finishing the proof of $(i).$\n\nIf $w \\in \\mathcal M$, we have that $J'(w)w^{\\pm}=0$. Then, a simple computation gives $J'(w^{\\pm})w^{\\pm}<0$, which implies $$||w^{\\pm}||^2<||w^{\\pm}||^2+\\int_\\Omega \\phi_{w^{\\pm}}(w^{\\pm})^2dx<\\int_\\Omega\nf(w^{\\pm})w^{\\pm}dx.$$ As in the item $(i)$, we can deduce that $||w^{\\pm}||\\geq \\rho$.\n\n------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\\[lema2x\\] If $(w_n)$ is a bounded sequence in $\\mathcal M$ and $p\\in\n(2,6)$, we have $$\\liminf_n \\int_{\\Omega}|w^\\pm_n|^{p}dx>0.$$\n\n[**[Proof:]{}**]{} From $(f_1)$ and $(f_2)$, given $\\varepsilon>0$ there exists $C>0$ such that $$f(s)s\\leq \\varepsilon\\lambda_1 s^2+C|s|^p+\\varepsilon s^6, \\mbox {\nfor all } s\\in \\mathbb R.$$ Since $w_n\\in \\mathcal M $, by Lemma \\[lema2\\] $$\\rho^{2} \\leq||w^{\\pm}_n||^2<\\int_{\\Omega}w^+_nf(w^+_n)dx \\leq\n\\varepsilon\\lambda_1\\int_{\\Omega}(w^+_n)^2dx\n+C\\int_{\\Omega}|w^+_n|^pdx+\\varepsilon \\int_{\\Omega}(w^+_n)^6dx$$ that is, $$\\rho^2 \\leq \\varepsilon \\left( \\lambda_1\\int_{\\Omega}(w^{\\pm}_n)^2dx + \\int_{\\Omega}(w^{\\pm}_n)^6dx \\right) + C\\int_{\\Omega}|w^{\\pm}_n|^pdx.$$ Using the boundedness of $(w_n)$, there is $C_1$ such that $$\\rho^2 \\leq \\varepsilon C_1 + C\\int_{\\Omega}|w^{\\pm}_n|^pdx.$$ Fixing $\\varepsilon = \\frac{\\rho^2}{2C_1}$, we get $$\\int_{\\Omega}|w^{\\pm}_n|^pdx \\geq \\frac{\\rho^2}{2C},$$ showing that $$\\liminf_{n} \\int_{\\Omega}|w^{\\pm}_n|^pdx \\geq \\frac{\\rho^2}{2C} >0.$$\n\n------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\\[lema3\\] Let $v\\in H_0^1(\\Omega)$ with $v^{\\pm}\\neq 0$. Then, there are $t,s>0$ such that $J'(tv^++sv^-)v^+=0$ and $J'(tv^++sv^-)v^-=0$.\n\n[**[Proof:]{}**]{} It what follows, we consider the vector field $$V(s,t)=\\left (J'(tv^++sv^-)(tv^+),J'(tv^++sv^-)(sv^-)\\right ).$$ from $(f_1)-(f_3)$, a straightforward computation yields that there are $0<r<R$ such that $$J'(rv^++sv^-)(rv^+), \\,\\,\\, J'(tv^++rv^-)(rv^-)>0, \\,\\,\\, \\forall s,t\\in[r,R]$$ and $$J'(Rv^++sv^-)(Rv^+), \\,\\,\\, J'(tv^++Rv^-)(Rv^-)<0, \\,\\,\\, \\forall s,t\\in[r,R].$$ Now, the lemma follows applying Miranda theorem [@Miranda].", "\n\n------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nHereafter, for $v\\in H_0^1(\\Omega)$ with $v^{\\pm}\\neq 0$, we consider the functions $h^v:[0,+\\infty)\\times [0,+\\infty) \\to \\mathbb R$ given by $$h^{v}(t,s)=J(tv^++sv^-)$$ and $\\Phi^v:[0,+\\infty)\\times [0,+\\infty) \\to \\mathbb R^2$ defined as $$\\Phi^v(t,s)=\\left (\\frac{\\partial h^v}{\\partial t}(t,s),\\frac{\\partial\nh^v}{\\partial s}(t,s)\\right )=\\left\n(J'(tv^++sv^-)v^+,J'(tv^++sv^-)v^-\\right ).$$ Since $f$ is a $C^1$ function, it follows that $\\Phi^v $ is also a $C^1$ map. ", "Moreover, it is easy to check that if $(t,s)$ is a critical point of $h^v$, then $$\\begin{array}{ll}\nh^v(t,s)= & h^v(t,s)-\\frac 14 \\left\\langle \\nabla h^v(t,s),(t,s) \\right\\rangle \\\\\n\\mbox{} & \\mbox{}\\\\\n\\mbox{} & =\\frac 14t^2||v^+||^2+ \\displaystyle \\frac 14\\int_\\Omega [f(tv^+)tv^+-4F(tv^+)]dx+ \\\\\n\\mbox{} & \\mbox{}\\\\\n\\mbox{} & \\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\, \\frac 14s^2||v^-||^2+ \\displaystyle \\frac 14\\int_\\Omega [f(sv^-)tv^--4F(sv^-)]dx.", "\n\\end{array}$$\n\n\\[lema4\\] If $w\\in \\mathcal M$,\n\n1. ", " $h^w(t,s)<h^w(1,1)=J(w)$, for all $s,t\\geq 0$ such that $(s,t)\\neq (1,1)$;\n\n2. ", " $\\det (\\Phi^w)'(1,1)>0$.\n\n[**[Proof:]{}**]{} Once that $w\\in \\mathcal M$, we have $J'(w)w^+=J'(w)w^-=0$, and so, $$||w^+||^2+\\int_\\Omega \\phi_{w^+}(w^+)^2dx+\\int_\\Omega\n\\phi_{w^-}(w^+)^2dx=\\int_\\Omega f(w^+)w^+dx$$ and $$||w^-||^2+\\int_\\Omega \\phi_{w^-}(w^-)^2dx+\\int_\\Omega\n\\phi_{w^+}(w^-)^2dx=\\int_\\Omega f(w^-)w^-dx.$$ These equalities imply that $(1,1)$ is a critical point of $h^w$. On the other hand, condition $(f_3)$ leads to the limit $$\\lim_{|(t,s)| \\to \\infty }h^w(t,s)=-\\infty,$$ which implies $h^w$ assumes a global maximum in some $(a,b)$.\n\nFirst of all, we claim that $a,b>0$. If $b=0$, we have $$J(aw^+)\\geq J(tw^+), \\,\\,\\, \\forall t>0$$ and then $J'(aw^+)(aw^+)=0$, or equivalently, $$a^2||w^+||^2+a^4\\int_\\Omega \\phi_{w^+}(w^+)^2dx=\\int_\\Omega\nf(aw^+)aw^+dx.$$ Since $J'(w^+)w^+=J'(w)w^+-\\int_\\Omega \\phi_{w^-}(w^+)^2dx<0$, we derive $$||w^+||^2+\\int_\\Omega \\phi_{w^+}(w^+)^2dx<\\int_\\Omega f(w^+)w^+dx$$ and so, $$\\left (1-\\frac 1{a^2} \\right )||w^+||^2<\\int_\\Omega \\left ( \\frac\n{f(w^+)w^+}{(w^+)^4}-\\frac {f(aw^+)aw^+}{(aw^+)^4} \\right\n)(w^+)^4dx.$$ If $a>1$ the left side in this inequality is positive while, from $(f_4)$, the right side is negative. ", "This information gives that $ a\\leq 1$. Now, combining the Remark \\[rem\\] with the fact that $a \\leq 1$, we get $$\\begin{aligned}\nh^w(a,0)=J(aw^+)= J(aw^+)-\\frac 14J'(aw^+)(aw^+)=\\\\=\\frac 14\na^2||w^+||^2+\\frac 14\\int_\\Omega [f(aw^+)aw^+-4F(aw^+)]dx\\\\\\leq\\frac\n14 ||w^+||^2+\\frac 14\\int_\\Omega [f(w^+)w^+-4F(w^+)]dx\\\\<\\frac 14\n||w^+||^2+\\frac 14\\int_\\Omega [f(w^+)w^+-4F(w^+)]dx+\\\\+\\frac 14\n||w^-||^2+\\frac 14\\int_\\Omega [f(w^-)w^- -4F(w^-)]dx=\\\\=J(w)-\\frac\n14J'(w)w=J(w)=h(1,1)\\end{aligned}$$ that is, $$h^w(a,0) < h^w(1,1)$$ which is absurd, because $(a,0)$ is a global maximum point for $h^w$. The same type of argument works to show that $a\\not=0$, and the proof of claim is done.", "\n\nThe second claim is $0<a,b\\leq 1$. In fact, since $(a,b)$ is another critical point of $h^w$, $$a^2||w^+||^2+a^4\\int_\\Omega \\phi_{w^+}(w^+)^2dx+a^2b^2\\int_\\Omega\n\\phi_{w^-}(w^+)^2dx=\\int_\\Omega f(aw^+)aw^+dx$$ and $$b^2||w^-||^2+b^4\\int_\\Omega \\phi_{w^-}(w^-)^2dx+a^2b^2\\int_\\Omega\n\\phi_{w^+}(w^-)^2dx=\\int_\\Omega f(bw^-)bw^-dx.$$ Without loss of generality, we will suppose that $a\\geq b$. From this, $$a^2||w^+||^2+a^4\\int_\\Omega \\phi_{w^+}(w^+)^2dx+a^4\\int_\\Omega\n\\phi_{w^-}(w^+)^2dx\\geq\\int_\\Omega f(aw^+)aw^+dx$$ leading to $$\\left( \\frac 1{a^2}-1\\right )||w^+||^2\\geq\\int_\\Omega \\left ( \\frac\n{f(aw^+)aw^+}{(aw^+)^4}-\\frac {f(w^+)w^+}{(w^+)^4} \\right\n)(w^+)^4dx.$$ If $a>1$ the left side in this inequality is negative, but from $(f_4)$, the right side is positive, thus we can deduce that $a \\leq 1$.\n\nTo conclude the proof of item $(a)$, we will show that $h^w$ does not have global maximum in $[0,1]\\times [0,1]\\setminus \\{(1,1)\\}$. From definition of $h^w$, $$\\begin{aligned}\nh^w(a,b)=\\frac 14a^2||w^+||^2+\\frac 14\\int_\\Omega\n[f(aw^+)aw^+-4F(aw^+)]dx+\\\\ \\frac 14b^2||w^-||^2+\\frac 14\\int_\\Omega\n[f(bw^-)bw^--4F(bw^-)]dx.\\end{aligned}$$ Then, if $0<a,b\\leq 1$ and $(a,b)\\neq (1,1)$, $$\\begin{aligned}\nh^w(a,b)< \\frac 14||w^+||^2+\\frac 14\\int_\\Omega\n[f(w^+)w^+-4F(w^+)]dx+\\\\ \\frac 14||w^-||^2+\\frac 14\\int_\\Omega\n[f(w^-)w^--4F(w^-)]dx= h^w(1,1)\\end{aligned}$$ showing that, $$h^w(a,b) < h^w(1,1)$$ and thereby, the proof of item $(a)$ is complete.", "\n\nThe proof of item $(b)$ is the following. ", "By a simple calculation $$\\det (\\Phi^w)'(1,1)=G(w^+)G(w^-)-4\\left [\\int_\\Omega\n\\phi_{w^-}(w^+)^2dx\\right ]^2$$ where $$G(v)=\\int_\\Omega [f'(v)v^2-f(v)v]dx-2\\int_\\Omega \\phi_{v}v^2dx.$$ From Remark \\[rem\\] $$G(v)\\geq 2\\left [\\int_\\Omega f(v)vdx-\\int_\\Omega \\phi_{v}v^2dx\\right\n].$$ Once that $$\\int_\\Omega f(w^+)w^+dx-\\int_\\Omega\n\\phi_{w^+}(w^+)^2dx=||w^+||^2+\\int_\\Omega \\phi_{w^-}(w^+)^2dx$$ and $$\\int_\\Omega \\phi_{w^-}(w^+)^2dx=\\int_\\Omega \\phi_{w^+}(w^-)^2dx,$$ we have that $$G(w^+)> 2 \\int_{\\Omega} \\phi_{w^-}(w^+)^2dx$$ and $$G(w^-)> 2 \\int_{\\Omega} \\phi_{w^-}(w^+)^2dx.$$ Combining the above informations, it follows that $\\det (\\Phi^w)'(1,1)>0$.\n\n------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\\[C1\\] Let $v \\in H^{1}_0(\\Omega)$ be a function verifying $$v^\\pm \\not =0 \\,\\,\\, \\mbox{and} \\,\\,\\, J'(v)v^{\\pm} \\leq 0 .$$ Then, there are $t,s \\in [0,1]$ such that $$tv^+ + s v^- \\in \\mathcal{M}.$$\n\n[**Proof.**]{} ", "An immediate consequence of the arguments used in the proof of Lemma \\[lema4\\].", "\n\n------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n Existence of least energy nodal solution. ", "\n===========================================\n\nIn this section, our main goal is to prove the Theorem \\[fth\\]. ", "In what follows, we denote by $c_0$ the infimum of $J$ on $\\mathcal M$, that is, $$c_0=\\inf_{v\\in \\mathcal M} J(v).$$ From Lemma \\[lema2\\](i), we deduce that $c_0>0$.\n\nLet $(w_n)$ be a sequence in $\\mathcal M$ such that $$\\lim_{n} J(w_n)=c_0.$$ Still from Lemma \\[lema2\\](i), $(w_n)$ is a bounded sequence. ", "Hence, without loss of generality, we can suppose that there is $w \\in H_0^1(\\Omega)$ verifying $$w_n \\rightharpoonup w \\,\\,\\, \\mbox{in} \\,\\,\\, H_0^{1}(\\Omega),$$\n\n$$w_n \\to w \\,\\,\\, \\mbox{in} \\,\\,\\, L^p(\\Omega) \\,\\,\\ \\forall \\, p \\in [1,2^{*})$$ and $$w_n(x) \\to w(x) \\,\\,\\, \\mbox{a.e. ", "in} \\,\\, \\Omega.$$\n\nThe condition $(f_2)$ combined with the *compactness lemma of Strauss* [@bl Theorem A.I, p.338] gives $$\\lim_n \\int_{\\Omega}|w_n^{\\pm}|^{p}dx = \\int_{\\Omega}|w^{\\pm}|^{p}dx,$$ $$\\lim_n \\int_\\Omega w_n^\\pm f(w_n^\\pm)dx=\\int_\\Omega w^\\pm f(w^\\pm)dx$$ and $$\\lim_n \\int_\\Omega F(w_n^\\pm)dx=\\int_\\Omega F(w^\\pm)dx,$$ from where it follows together with Lemma \\[lema2x\\] that $w^\\pm\\neq 0$. Then, by Lemma \\[lema3\\] there are $t,s>0$ verifying $$J'(tw^++sw^-)w^+=0 \\,\\,\\, \\mbox{and} \\,\\,\\, J'(tw^++sw^-)w^-=0.$$ Next, we will show that $t,s\\leq 1$. Since $J'(w_n)w_n^\\pm=0$, $$||w^+_n||^2+\\int_\\Omega \\phi_{w^+_n}(w^+_n)^2dx+\\int_\\Omega\n\\phi_{w^-_n}(w^+_n)^2dx=\\int_\\Omega f(w^+_n)w^+_ndx$$ and $$||w^-_n||^2+\\int_\\Omega \\phi_{w^-_n}(w^-_n)^2dx+\\int_\\Omega\n\\phi_{w^+_n}(w^-_n)^2dx=\\int_\\Omega f(w^-_n)w^-_ndx.$$ Taking the limit in the above equalities, we obtain $$||w^+||^2+\\int_\\Omega \\phi_{w^+}(w^+)^2dx+\\int_\\Omega\n\\phi_{w^-}(w^+)^2dx\\leq\\int_\\Omega f(w^+)w^+dx$$ and $$||w^-||^2+\\int_\\Omega \\phi_{w^-}(w^-)^2dx+\\int_\\Omega\n\\phi_{w^-}(w^+)^2dx\\leq\\int_\\Omega f(w^-)w^-dx.$$ Once that $$J'(tw^++sw^-)(tw^+)=J'(tw^++sw^-)(sw^-)=0,$$ it follows that $$t^2||w^+||^2+t^4\\int_\\Omega \\phi_{w^+}(w^+)^2dx+t^2s^2\\int_\\Omega\n\\phi_{w^-}(w^+)^2dx=\\int_\\Omega f(tw^+)tw^+dx$$ and $$s^2||w^-||^2+s^4\\int_\\Omega \\phi_{w^-}(w^-)^2dx+t^2s^2\\int_\\Omega\n\\phi_{w^-}(w^+)^2dx=\\int_\\Omega f(sw^-)sw^-dx.$$ Now, without loss of generality, we will suppose that $s\\geq t$. Under this condition, $$s^2||w^-||^2+s^4\\int_\\Omega \\phi_{w^-}(w^-)^2dx+s^4\\int_\\Omega\n\\phi_{w^-}(w^+)^2dx\\geq\\int_\\Omega f(sw^-)sw^-dx$$ and then $$\\left( \\frac 1{s^2}-1\\right )||w^-||^2\\geq\\int_\\Omega \\left ( \\frac\n{f(sw^-)sw^-}{(sw^-)^4}-\\frac {f(w^-)w^-}{(w^-)^4} \\right\n)(w^-)^4dx.$$ If $s>1$, the left side in this inequality is negative, but from $(f_4)$, the right side is positive, thus we must have $s \\leq 1$, which also implies that $t \\leq 1$.\n\nOur next step is show that $J(tw^++sw^-)=c_0$. Recalling that $tw^++sw^-\\in\n\\mathcal M$, we derive that $$c_0 \\leq J(tw^++sw^-)=J(tw^++sw^-)-\\frac{1}{4}\nJ'(tw^++sw^-)(tw^++sw^-).$$ Thus, $$c_0 \\leq \\left (J(tw^+)-\\frac 14\nJ'(tw^+)(tw^+)\\right )+\\left (J(sw^-)-\\frac 14\nJ'(sw^-)(sw^-)\\right ).$$ From Remark \\[rem\\], $$J(tw^+)-\\frac 14 J'(tw^+)(tw^+) \\leq J(w^+)-\\frac 14 J'(w^+)(w^+)$$ and $$J(sw^-)-\\frac 14 J'(sw^-)(sw^-) \\leq J(w^-)-\\frac 14 J'(w^-)(w^-).$$ Hence, $$c_0 \\leq \\left (J(w^+)-\\frac 14\nJ'(w^+)(w^+)\\right )+\\left (J(w^-)-\\frac 14\nJ'(w^-)(w^-)\\right ).$$ Using Fatous’ Lemma combined again with Remark \\[rem\\], $$c_0 \\leq J(tw^+ + sw^-) \\leq \\liminf_{n} \\left (J(w_n) -\\frac{1}{4}J'(w_n)w_n \\right)=\\lim_n J(w_n)=c_0$$ from where it follows that $$c_0 = J(tw^+ + sw^-).$$\n\nUntil this moment, we have proved that there exists a $w_o=tw^+ + sw^-\\in\n\\mathcal M$, such that $J(w_o)=c_0$. In what follows, let us denote $w_o$ by $w$, consequently $$J(w)=c_0 \\,\\,\\, \\mbox{and} \\,\\,\\, w\\in \\mathcal M.$$\n\nTo conclude the proof of Theorem \\[fth\\], we claim that $w$ is a critical point for functional $J$. If it is not true, there exist $\\alpha >0$ and $v_0 \\in H^1_0(\\Omega)$ with $||v_0||=1$ satisfying $$J'(w)v_0=2\\alpha>0.$$ Since $J'$ is continuous, we fix $r>0$ such that $$J'(v)v_0>\\alpha, v^\\pm \\neq 0, \\mbox{ for all } \\,\\, v \\in B_r(w) \\subset H_0^{1}(\\Omega).$$ From now on, fix $D=(\\xi,\\chi)\\times (\\xi,\\chi) \\subset \\mathbb\nR^2$ with $0<\\xi<1<\\chi$ such that\n\n1. ", " $(1,1)\\in D$ and $\\Phi^w(t,s)=0$ in $\\overline D$ if, and only if, $t=s=1$;\n\n2. ", " $c_0 \\notin h^w(\\partial D)$;\n\n3. ", " $\\{tw^++sw^-: (t,s)\\in \\overline D\\} \\subset B_r(w)$;\n\nwhere $h^w$ and $\\Phi^w$ were defined in Lemma \\[lema4\\]. ", "Since $J$ is continuous, we can fix $r'>0$ such that $$\\mathcal B=\\overline\n{B_{r'}(w)}\\subset B_r(w)$$ and $$\\mathcal B\\cap \\{tw^++sw^-: (t,s)\\in\n\\partial D\\}=\\emptyset.$$ Consider the continuous mapping $\\rho:H_0^1(\\Omega) \\to\n[0,+\\infty)$, defined by $$\\rho(u)=\\mbox{dist}(u, \\mathcal B^c).$$ Moreover, set the bounded Lipschitz vector field $V:H_0^1(\\Omega)\\to H_0^1(\\Omega)$ given by $$V(u)=-\\rho(u)v_0.$$ For each $u\\in H_0^1(\\Omega)$, we denote by $\\eta(\\tau)=\\eta(\\tau,u)$ the unique solution of ODE $$\\left \\{\\begin{array}{l}\n\\eta'(\\tau)=V(\\eta(\\tau)), \\, t>0\\\\\n\\eta(0)=u.", "\n\\end{array}\\right .$$ Observe that\n\n1. ", " if $u\\notin \\mathcal B$, $\\eta(\\tau,u)=u$, for all $t$;\n\n2. ", " if $u\\in \\mathcal B$, $\\tau \\mapsto J(\\eta(\\tau,u))$ is decreasing and $\\eta(\\tau,u)\\in \\mathcal B$, for all $\\tau>0$;\n\n3. ", " there exists $\\tau_o>0$ such that $J(\\eta(\\tau,w))\\leq J(w)-((r'\\alpha)/2))\\tau$, for all $0\\leq \\tau \\leq \\tau_o$.\n\nThe item $(1)$ is an immediate consequence from the definition of $\\rho$. The item $(2)$ follows from the inequality $$J'(\\eta(\\tau))\\eta'(\\tau) \\leq -\\rho(\\eta(\\tau))\\alpha<0, \\,\\,\\, \\forall \\eta(\\tau)\\in \\mathcal B.$$ To verify (3), fix $\\tau_o>0$ such that $$||\\eta(\\tau,w)-w||\\leq \\frac {r'} 2, \\mbox { for all } |\\tau|\\leq\n\\tau_o.$$ Thus, $$\\frac d{dt}J(\\eta(\\tau,w)) \\leq -\\rho(\\eta(\\tau))\\alpha\\leq -\\frac\n{r'\\alpha}2.$$ Integrating in $[0,\\tau_0]$, we have $$J(\\eta(\\tau_0,w))\\leq J(w)-\\frac {r'\\alpha}2\\tau_0.$$ Now, consider $\\gamma:\\overline D\\to H_0^1(\\Omega)$ given by. ", "$$\\gamma(t,s)=\\eta(\\tau_o,tw^++sw^-).$$ It is easy to see that $$\\max_{(t,s)\\in\\overline D} J( \\gamma(t,s)) <c_0,$$ because $$J(\\gamma(t,s))\\leq h^w(t,s)<c_0 \\,\\,\\, \\forall (t,s)\\in \\overline\nD \\setminus \\{(1,1)\\}$$ and $$J(\\gamma(1,1))\\leq\nJ(w)-((r'\\alpha)/2))\\tau_o<c_o.$$ Consequently $\\gamma(\\overline D)\\cap\\mathcal M=\\emptyset$.\n\nOn the other hand, setting $\\Psi:\\overline D \\to \\mathbb R^2$ by $$\\Psi(t,s)=(t^{-1}J'(\\gamma(t,s))(\\gamma(t,s)^+),s^{-1}J'(\\gamma(t,s))(\\gamma(t,s)^-)),$$ we derive that $$\\Psi(t,s)=\\left\n(J'(tw^++sw^-)w^+,J'(tw^++sw^-)w^-\\right )=\\Phi^w(t,s) \\,\\,\\, \\forall (t,s)\\in \\partial D.$$ Then, using the Brouwer’s topological degree $$d(\\Psi,D,(0,0))=d(\\Phi^w,D,(0,0))=\\mbox{ sgn}(\\det (\\Phi^w)'(1,1))=1$$ which yields $\\Psi$ has a zero $(a,b)$ in $D$. Thereby, there is $ (a,b) \\in D$ verifying $$J'(\\gamma(a,b))(\\gamma(a,b)^{\\pm})=0,$$ that is, $\\gamma(a,b)\\in \\mathcal M$ which is a contradiction. ", "From this, $w$ is a critical point of $J$, and so, a nodal solution for problem $(P)$. Now, we will show that $w$ has exactly two nodal domains, to this end, we assume by contradiction that $$w=u_1+u_2+u_3 \\,\\,\\,$$ with $$u_i \\not= 0, u_1 \\geq 0, u_2 \\leq 0 \\,\\,\\, \\mbox{and} \\,\\,\\ suppt(u_i) \\cap suppt(u_j) = \\emptyset \\,\\, i \\not= j \\,\\, (i,j=1,2,3).$$ Setting $v = u_1 + u_2$, we see that $v^{\\pm} \\not= 0$. Moreover, using the fact that $J'(w)=0$, it follows that $$J'(v)(v^{\\pm}) \\leq 0.$$ By Corollary \\[C1\\], there are $t,s \\in (0,1]$ such that $$tv^+ + sv^{-} \\in \\mathcal{M}$$ or equivalently, $$tu_1 + su_2 \\in \\mathcal{M},$$ and so, $$J(tu_1+su_2) \\geq c_0.$$ On the other hand, repeating the same type of argument explored in the proof of Lemma \\[lema4\\] combined with the fact that $u_3 \\not=0$, we find $$J(tu_1 + su_2) < J(w)=c_0,$$ obtaining a contradiction. ", "This way, $u_3=0$, and $w$ has exactly two nodal domains.", "\n\n------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n**Acknowledgments.** [ ", "The authors are grateful to the referees for a number of helpful comments for improvement in this article.]{}", "\n\n[99]{}\n\nC.O. Alves, Multiplicity of multi-bump type nodal solutions for a class of elliptic problems in $\\mathbb{R}^{N}$. Top. ", "Meth. ", "Nonlinear Anal. ", "34 (2009), 231-250.", "\n\nC.O. Alves, S.H.M. Soares, On the location and profile of spike-layer nodal solutions to nonlinear Schrödinger equations. ", "J. Math. ", "Anal. ", "Appl. ", "296 (2004), 563 - 577.", "\n\nC.O. Alves, S.H.M. Soares, Nodal solutions for singularly perturbed equations with critical exponential growth, J. Differential Equations 234 (2007), 464 - 484.", "\n\n& [R. Ruiz, ]{} [Multiple bound states for the [S]{}chrödinger-[P]{}oisson problem]{}, [Commun. ", "Contemp. ", "Math.]{} [", "10]{} [(2008)]{} [391–404]{}.", "\n\n& [A. Pomponio, ]{} [Ground state solutions for the nonlinear [S]{}chrödinger-[M]{}axwell equations]{}, [J. Math. ", "Anal. ", "Appl.]{} [", "345]{} [(2008)]{} [90–108]{}.", "\n\n& [ M. Willem,]{} [Partial symmetry of least energy nodal solution to some variational problems]{}, [Journal D’Analyse Mathématique]{}[ 1 (2005) 1-18]{}\n\nT. Bartsch & T. Weth, Three nodal solutions of singularly perturbed elliptic equations on domains without topology, Ann. ", "Inst. ", "H. Poincaré Anal. ", "Non Linéaire 22 (2005), 259�-281.", "\n\nT. Bartsch, Z. Liu & T. Weth, Sign changing solutions of superlinear [S]{}chrödinger equations, Comm. ", "Partial Diff. ", "Equations 29 (2004), 25�-42.", "\n\n& [D. Fortunato, ]{} [An eigenvalue problem for the Schrödinger-Maxwell equations]{}, [Top. ", "Meth. ", "Nonlinear Anal.]{} [", "11]{} [(1998)]{} [283–293]{}.", "\n\n& [P.L. Lions, ]{} [Nonlinear scalar field equations, I - existence of a ground state ]{}, [Arch. ", "Rat. ", "Mech. ", "Analysis]{}, [82]{}, [(1983)]{}, [313–346]{}.", "\n\n& [N.J. Mauser,]{}[ Local approximation of the Hartree-Fock exchange potential: a deformation approach, ${\\text M}^3$AS 9 (1999), 941-961.]{}", "\n\nA. Castro, J. Cossio & J. Neuberger, A sign-changing solution for a superlinear Dirichlet problem, Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics. ", "27, 4 (1997), 1041- 1053.", "\n\n& [G. Vaira, ]{} [Positive solutions for some non-autonomous [S]{}chrödinger-[P]{}oisson systems]{}, [J. Differential Equations]{} [248]{} [(2010)]{} [521–543]{}.", "\n\n, [Commun. ", "Appl. ", "Anal.]{} [", "7]{} [(2003)]{} [417–423]{}.", "\n\n& [D. Mugnai]{}, [Solitary waves for nonlinear [K]{}lein-[G]{}ordon-[M]{}axwell and [S]{}chrödinger-[M]{}axwell equations]{}, [Proc. ", "Roy. ", "Soc. ", "Edinburgh Sect. ", "A]{} [134]{} [(2004)]{} [893–906]{}.", "\n\n& [D. Mugnai]{}, [Non-existence results for the coupled [K]{}lein-[G]{}ordon-[M]{}axwell equations]{}, [Adv. ", "Nonlinear Stud.]{} [", "4]{} [(2004)]{} [307–322]{}.", "\n\n, [Adv. ", "Nonlinear Stud.]{} [(", "2002)]{} [2]{} [177–192]{}.", "\n\n, [J. Math. ", "Analysis and Appl.]{} [", "365]{} [(2010)]{} [288–299]{}.", "\n\n, [On the existence of a solution for elliptic system related to the [M]{}axwell-[S]{}chrödinger equations]{}, [Nonlinear Anal.]{} [", "67]{} [(2007)]{} [1445–1456]{}.", "\n\n& [G. Vaira]{}, [On concentration of positive bound states for the [S]{}chrödinger-[P]{}oisson problem with potentials]{}, [Adv. ", "Nonlinear Stud.]{} [", "8]{} [(2008)]{} [573-595]{}.", "\n\n, [Sign-Changing radial solutions for the Schrödinger-Poisson-Slater problem]{}, [arXiv:1108.2803v1 ]{} .", "\n\n& [J. Seok]{}, [On nodal solutions of the Nonlinear Schrödinger-Poisson equations]{}, [Comm. ", "Cont. ", "Math.]{} [", "14]{} [(2012)]{} [12450041-12450057]{}.", "\n\n, [Un’ osservazione su un teorema di Brouwer,]{}[ Bol. ", "Un. ", "Mat. ", "Ital., ", "3 (1940)]{} 5-7.", "\n\n, 759-763.", "\n\n& [G. Siciliano,]{} [ Note on a Schrödinger-Poisson system in a bounded domain, Appl. ", "Math. ", "Lett.]{} [", "21]{} [(2008)]{} [521-528]{} .", "\n\n, [J. Funct. ", "Analysis]{} [237]{} [(2006)]{} [655–674]{}.", "\n\n& [G. Siciliano,]{} [A note on the Schrödinger-Poisson-[S]{}later equation on bounded domains]{}, [Adv. ", "Nonlinear Stud.]{} [", "8]{} [(2008)]{} [179–190]{}.", "\n\n& [J. Soler]{}, [Long-time dynamics of the Schrödinger-Poisson-Slater system, J. Statistical Physics 114 (2004), 179-204.]{}", "\n\n& [L. Zhao,]{} [Positive solutions for Schrödinger-Poisson equations with a critical exponent]{}, [Nonlinear Anal.]{} [", "70]{} [(2009)]{} [2150–2164]{}.", "\n\n,[Sign-Changing critical point theory]{}, Springer, 2008.", "\n\n[^1]: C.O. Alves was partially supported by CNPq/Brazil 303080/2009-4, coalves@dme.ufcg.edu.br\n\n[^2]: M.A.S. Souto was supported by CNPq/Brazil 304652/2011-3, marco@dme.ufcg.edu.br\n\n[^3]: Partially supported by INCT-MAT, Casadinho/PROCAD 552464/2011-2\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "Lateral hemispheric asymmetries in senile dementia of Alzheimer's type (SDAT) assessed by I-123 IMP SPECT imaging: a preliminary report.", "\nLateral hemispheric asymmetries (LHA) of I-123 IMP single photon emission tomography (SPECT) in senile dementia of Alzheimer's type (SDAT) were investigated. ", "Significant left-right asymmetries were found by SPECT imaging in 13/17 SDAT patients. ", "LHA were found in mild as well as in moderate or severe cases of SDAT. ", "No relationships were found between LHA and the duration of illness or between LHA and the severity of disease, suggesting that LHA reflect subtypes more than the evolutive stages of the disease. ", "LHA was more frequent in right hemisphere (10 of 17 cases) and all male subjects were right hemisphere damaged type which is not consistent with past reports." ]

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[ "We marched against the recent attack on voting rights. ", "We demanded justice in the face of Stand Your Ground laws and racial profiling. ", "We marched to raise awareness on unemployment, poverty, gun violence, immigration, and gay rights. ", "And we called for action on climate change.", "\n\nChances are, when you think about civil rights, environmental issues aren't on the radar screen. ", "But stop and think about it. ", "Remember Hurricane Katrina?", "\n\nThe hurricane that leveled New Orleans showed that severe weather in low-income neighborhoods and communities of colour is a matter of life and death. ", "The images from the storm are hard to forget: bodies floating in water for days and thousands of people stranded without shelter, waiting for help that was too slow to come.", "\n\nIt's not difficult to see how injustice and inequality played out during Hurricane Katrina. ", "Thousands of people were subjected to needless loss, suffering, even death — just because they didn't have the resources to prepare and escape the storm.", "\n\nWhat's harder to see is the imminent threat that severe weather — occurring with increased frequency and voracity — poses to our communities. ", "We should never again witness the kind of devastation and preventable suffering we saw during Katrina. ", "That's why we have to add climate change to our retooled list of what the civil rights movement stands for.", "\n\nClimate change isn't just an environmental issue; it's about keeping our communities safe. ", "It's a matter of justice. ", "Because when it comes to disasters — from extreme temperatures to storms like Katrina — people of colour are consistently hit first and worst.", "\n\nAfrican-Americans living in L.A. are more than twice as likely to die in a heat wave as other residents in the city, thanks to an abundance of pavement and lack of shade, cars, and air conditioning in neighborhoods with the fewest resources. ", "Factor in a steady rise in temperature — last year was the hottest year on record in the U.S. — and we're looking at an urgent problem.", "\n\nMeanwhile, our communities are at the tip of the spear when it comes to pollution. ", "Fumes from coal plants don't just accelerate climate change — they cause asthma, heart disease and cancer, leading to 13,000 premature deaths a year. ", "And people of colour are once again most vulnerable; 68% of African-Americans live within 30 miles of a toxic coal plant. ", "That might help explain why one out of six black kids suffers from asthma, compared with one in 10 nationwide.", "\n\nBut that's not the only reason we should pay attention. ", "Fighting global warming – the right way – will get us closer to achieving the dream Martin Luther King Jr. spoke about on that day in Washington 50 years ago.", "\n\nThe solutions to climate change won't just make us safer and healthier — they are one of the best chances we've had in a long time to cultivate economic justice in our communities. ", "Clean energy, green infrastructure, and sustainable industries are already creating jobs and opportunity. ", "There's a cleantech boom unfolding right now that is on par with the tech boom that made Silicon Valley. ", "And this time, we don't want to miss the boat.", "\n\nIf we do this right, we can make sure the steps we take to fight pollution also build pathways into the middle class for folks who have been locked out and left behind. ", "These green jobs are real — 3.1 million Americans already have them. ", "And because they pay more (13% above the median wage) while requiring less formal education, they are exactly what's needed to eradicate poverty in our communities.", "\n\nWe have work to do to make sure more people of color have access to the opportunities created by responding to climate change. ", "But if we are successful, we will help create a world where our kids can breathe clean air and drink clean water; where we're safe and resilient in the face of storms; where more of us share in the nation's prosperity.", "\n\nThis is Dr. King's dream reborn. ", "And fighting climate change helps get us there.", "\n\nSo, even as we confront the pressing dangers and injustices that cry for an immediate response — like attacks on our right to vote or racial profiling — we can't lose sight of the future. ", "We need to respond to climate change today to ensure safe, healthy, prosperous lives for our kids tomorrow.", "\n\nPhaedra Ellis-Lamkins is the chief executive officer of Green For All." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe invention relates to a cycle time to digital converter, and in particular relates to a cycle time to digital converter with a pulse divider, a decoding circuit and an interface circuit.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nFIG. ", "1 is a schematic diagram of a conventional time to digital converter (TDC) 10. ", "Time to digital converter 10 comprises dual delay lock loop (dual DLL) 12, multi phase sampling detector 14 and vernier delay line sampling detector (VDL sampling detector) 15. ", "Dual DLL 12 generates first voltage VBNF and second voltage VBNS according to reference clock signal CLOCK, transmits first voltage VBNF to multi phase sampling detector 14 and VDL sampling detector 15 and transmits second voltage VBNS to VDL sampling detector 15. ", "Multi phase sampling detector 14 receives input signal INPUT, reference clock signal CLOCK and first voltage VBNF to generate digital codes (P0˜Pn−). ", "VDL sampling detector 15 receives input signal INPUT′, first voltage VBNF and second voltage VBNS to generate digital codes (V0˜Vm−).", "\nHowever, conventional TDC 10 can only detect the time difference between input signal INPUT and reference clock signal CLOCK, but it can't detect high frequency input signal INPUT." ]

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[ "Topic review\n\nRe: No polish fonts in the program\n\nNo polish fonts in the program\n\n2011-05-19 11:06\n\nI supose that the translating wasn't finished, even if your page says it has been finished. ", "There are no polish fonts in the program which not only makes it difficult to navigate but also thers a problem in saving files from the FTP to a PC becouse it those not recognize the folders which are named in polish fonts. ", "It makes anoder folder with almost the same path but without polish fonts." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Q:\n\nElectron tray icon change depending on dark theme?", "\n\nI'm using Electron and trying to develop a tray (menubar) application. ", "\n\nI know how to set the icon:\nconst {Tray} = require('electron')\nappIcon = new Tray('/path/to/my/icon')\n\nHow can I create an icon (or select a different one) that will change color depending on the theme (normal or dark) that the user has selected? ", "\nIn the above example, I use a dark theme, so I can create a white icon, but what happens when the user has the normal white theme? ", "\n\nA:\n\nYou should be using a template image (only black and clear colors): https://github.com/electron/electron/blob/master/docs/api/native-image.md#template-image\nThat way macOS automatically adjusts your tray icon to be black when on normal theme, and white when on dark theme.", "\nEnsure the filename ends in Template.png or it won't work! ", "Also include a @2x.png version if you target hi-dpi devices.", "\nSo your folder would look like:\n.", "\n├── main.js\n├── IconTemplate.png\n└── IconTemplate@2x.png\n\nThen in your main.js:\nconst {Tray} = require('electron')\nappIcon = new Tray('./IconTemplate.png')\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Exploring Auxiliary Context: Discrete Semantic Transfer Hashing for Scalable Image Retrieval.", "\nUnsupervised hashing can desirably support scalable content-based image retrieval for its appealing advantages of semantic label independence, memory, and search efficiency. ", "However, the learned hash codes are embedded with limited discriminative semantics due to the intrinsic limitation of image representation. ", "To address the problem, in this paper, we propose a novel hashing approach, dubbed as discrete semantic transfer hashing (DSTH). ", "The key idea is to directly augment the semantics of discrete image hash codes by exploring auxiliary contextual modalities. ", "To this end, a unified hashing framework is formulated to simultaneously preserve visual similarities of images and perform semantic transfer from contextual modalities. ", "Furthermore, to guarantee direct semantic transfer and avoid information loss, we explicitly impose the discrete constraint, bit-uncorrelation constraint, and bit-balance constraint on hash codes. ", "A novel and effective discrete optimization method based on augmented Lagrangian multiplier is developed to iteratively solve the optimization problem. ", "The whole learning process has linear computation complexity and desirable scalability. ", "Experiments on three benchmark data sets demonstrate the superiority of DSTH compared with several state-of-the-art approaches." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to an in-vehicle electronic control unit that starts an operation when a manual power supply switch, which, for example, an ignition switch, is closed, and more particularly, to improvements of a power feeding control method in power feeding control circuitry in which a power supply switch forms a power feeding circuit for a part of in-vehicle electrical loads.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Background Art\nIn order to prevent a load current from flowing when a power supply is connected in reversed polarity by error, a technique put in wide practical use is to connect a reverse connection protective diode in series to an electrical load which is fed with power from a DC power supply. ", "A voltage drop and a temperature rise caused by a reverse connection protective element during a normal operation are suppressed by employing a field-effect transistor as the reverse connection protective element in a broad range of applications.", "\nThe field-effect transistor referred to herein can be either a P-channel type or an N-channel type. ", "In either case, when the power supply is in proper polarity, the field-effect transistor is driven to close so that a current flows in a direction same as an energization direction of an internal parasitic diode.", "\nFor example, according to FIG. ", "1 of Patent Literature 1 specified below under the title of “protective apparatus of electronic device”, a protective apparatus 1 of an electronic device operating on a DC power supply is provided with a P-channel FET 3 for protection against reverse connection of the power supply. ", "A drain of the P-channel FET 3 is connected to a power-supply terminal 2 on a positive electrode side, a source is connected to a power-supply input terminal of an electronic device 4, and a gate is connected to a grounding line.", "\nBy switching the P-channel FET 3 to an OFF state when the power supply is connected in reversed polarity and by making the ground common between a circuit 4a of the electronic device 4 and the power supply, a configuration that not only protects the circuit when the power supply is connected in reversed polarity, but is also resistant to noise can be achieved.", "\nRegarding the terminals 2 and 2′ receiving a supply of power from the unillustrated DC power supply in the protective apparatus 1, the terminal 2 is a power-supply terminal on the positive electrode side and the terminal 2′ is an earth (or GND (ground)) terminal. ", "For example, in the case of a device for vehicle, a voltage from the battery is supplied to the device when an unillustrated ignition switch is switched ON.", "\nAccording to FIG. ", "4 of Patent Literature 2 specified below under the title of “power supply reverse connection protective circuit”, an ECU 45 operating on power of a battery 3 is configured as follows. ", "That is, an N-channel FET 21 is provided on a power supply wire 15 linking a power supply terminal 5 connected to a plus terminal of the battery 3 and a control circuit 13 to be fed with power in such a manner that an anode of its parasitic diode D1 is on the side of the power supply terminal 5. ", "Further, an N-channel FET 22 is provided downstream of the FET 21 in such a manner that a cathode of its parasitic diode D2 is on the side of the FET 21. ", "When an ignition key switch 9 is switched ON while the battery 3 is connected in proper polarity, the FETs 21 and 22 are switched ON by charge pump circuits 43 and 47, respectively, to which operating power is supplied from the drain side of the FET 21. ", "Power of the battery 3 is thus supplied to the control circuit 13. ", "Also, when the battery 3 is connected in reversed polarity, the FETs 21 and 22 are switched OFF. ", "A reverse current is thus prevented by the parasitic diode D1.", "\nThe control circuit 13 starts an operation upon receipt of power from the battery 3 when the FET 22 is switched ON. ", "Once the control circuit 13 starts an operation, the control circuit 13 outputs a drive signal Sd to keep the FETs 21 and 22 switched ON even when the ignition key switch 9 is switched OFF. ", "Although it is not shown in the drawing, the control circuit 13 monitors a voltage at a signal input terminal 11 to detect ON and OFF states of the ignition key switch 9. ", "The control circuit 13 detects that the ignition key switch 9 is switched OFF on the basis of a voltage at the signal input terminal 11. ", "Further, when the conditions to stop the operation are satisfied later by finishing pre-processing to stop the operation, such as data saving, the control circuit 13 stops outputting the drive signal Sd." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Q:\n\nCentering text vertically in a mat-header-col?", "\n\nHow do we center the header title in a <mat-header-cell>? ", " For example for:\n <mat-header-cell style=\"text-align: center\" *matHeaderCellDef>Customer Orders</mat-header-cell>\n\nTried style=\"text-align: center\" but no love.", "\nThe words Customer Orders should appear in a column like this:\nCustomer\n Orders\n\nI thought about putting each word in a separate div, and aligning them with flexbox, but was wondering if there was a simpler way?", "\nHere's the markup for the flexbox approach:\n <mat-header-cell *matHeaderCellDef>\n <div>Customer</div>\n <div>Orders</div>\n </mat-header-cell>\n\nStackblitz Demo of Answer\nhttps://stackblitz.com/edit/angular-minimal-material-table-demo-center-header?file=src%2Fapp%2Fapp.component.html\nIf adding sorting\nBe aware of this issue:\nhttps://github.com/angular/components/issues/16952\nAdding the sort directive adds this class:\n.mat-sort-header-button {\n border: none;\n background: 0 0;\n /* display: flex; */\n /* align-items: center; */\n padding: 0;\n cursor: inherit;\n outline: 0;\n font: inherit;\n color: currentColor;\n\n}\nIf you comment out, as shown, display:flex and align-items: center it will work. ", " However order matters in CSS, so this has to be done after the directive adds it's won CSS, which is more tricky. ", " I'll just post this observation in the github issue and see what Google says.", "\n\nA:\n\nTry something like this in the component's stylesheet\n.mat-header-cell {\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: column;\n align-items: center;\n justify-content: center;\n}\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Shop online at Gemporia\n\nUp to 3.75%\n\nDonation amount\n\n3\n\nCauses Impacted\n\n3\n\nNumber of donations\n\n£5.00\n\nDonations total\n\nMaximum donation amounts apply if you have enabled TheGivingMachine charity to claim Gift Aid on your donations. ", "Please see FAQ's for more info.", "\n\nGemporia is the world’s largest genuine gemstone jeweller, supplying luxury jewellery at prices 57.5% cheaper than the high street. ", "We have over 16,000 individual designs available online, including a range of the most exquisite rings, earrings, bracelets, necklaces and pendants that are uniquely created in-house from a variety of over 200 ethically sourced gemstones including Diamond, Tanzanite, Ruby, and Sapphire." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Orientation\n\nOrientation may refer to:\n Map orientation, the relationship between directions on a map and compass directions\n Orientation (mental), a function of the mind\n Orientation (film), a 1996 short film produced by the Church of Scientology\n Orientation of churches, the architectural feature of facing (\"orienting\"), churches towards the east (Latin: oriens)\n Orientation (housing), the position of a building with respect to the sun, a concept in building design\n Student orientation, the first week of a university year in several countries\n Coin orientation and medallic orientation, a description of the orientation of opposite faces of a coin with respect to one another\n Sexual orientation, the direction of an individual's sexuality with respect to the sex of the persons the individual finds sexually attractive\n Romantic orientation, the sex or gender with which a person is most likely to have a romantic relationship or fall in love\n Orientation (EP), a 2001 album by Sonata Arctica\n Page orientation, the way in which a rectangular page is oriented for normal viewing\n Toilet paper orientation, social preferences in the way in which a toilet roll is oriented\n In Animal navigation, turning the body to a desired heading, e.g. in the correct direction of migration\n Orientation (sign language), the orientation of the hands when signing\n Orienteering, a group of sports that requires navigational skills to navigate from point to point\n\nTelevision \n \"Orientation\" (Lost), a 2005 episode of American television series Lost\n Orientación, an episode of the American television series Prison Break\n \"Orientation\" (Heroes), a 2009 episode of American television series Heroes\n Orientation (Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.), an episode of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.\n\nMathematics \n Orientation (computer vision), an image processing concept related to one-dimensional characterization of a local image\n Orientation (geometry), placement of an object in a rotational coordinate system with respect to a fixed point and a reference position\n Orientation (graph theory), an assignment of a direction to each edge of an undirected graph\n Orientation (vector space), a concept in linear algebra\n Curve orientation, a property of a planar simple closed curve\n Orientability, a property of surfaces in Euclidean space measuring whether or not it is possible to make a consistent choice of surface normal vector at every point. ", "More generally, a concept in differentiable manifolds, meaning that there is a consistent choice of orientation.", "\n Orientation character, group homomorphism in surgery theory\n\nSee also \n Oriented (film), a 2015 documentary film\n Orientation tensor, a tool in geology/earth sciences\n Orienteering, a sport involving map orientation\n Orientation and Mobility" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "While other Note5 variants have recieved root/recovery methods, once again Verizon models seem to have been left in the dust.", "\n\n\n\nI dont know about you guys, but I have owned the Note5 since launch, and have been actively checking multiple forums, Waiting for root and possibly a new recovery! ", "I would love to see CM on my phone some day. ", "I know for a fact a few of my friends would be happy to pledge a few dollars each, to the person who can provide a method.", "\n\n\n\nPersonally i would like to pledge $10.00 USD to the person who can bring us an easy root/recovery for this device.", "\n\nI will talk with my group of friends, and see if i can take up a bit more. (", "im not super rich)\n\n\n\nMy hope is that this will steamroll with the people on the same system as I, and we can get a few more pledges.", "\n\nThe parameters for the mission:\n\n-Be the first person to create or find a method to achieve the following:\n\n-Successfully obtain Root access from a fully stock SM N920V Note5 Verizon Variant\n\n-Make a post in this thread with Screenshots/photos\n\n-provide full step by step instructions that anyone else reading the forum can follow\n\n-Wait for atleast one member to follow the same method and confirm it works as described on their fully stock device with the SM N920V build.", "\n\n-Claim your bounty via PM from the pledger(s)\n\n\n\nPayment will be processed between each member and the bounty collector via PM on an individual basis.", "\n\n\n\nIf you would like to make a pledge, Please make a post in this thread, and make the subject line the amount you would like to pledge.", "\n\n\n\nA huge thank you in advance, from myself, and all the patrons who have dedicated a few dollars to the cause, this means more to us than.... well chances are if you are developing the method, you know how much it means to the community.", "\n\n\n\nIf you are a developer, please contact me with details or updates about progress, if you are working on this project.", "\n\nAdditionally, please feel free to post some information about the progress, the community would love to know!", "\n\n\n\nLatest update 5-14-2016\n\n\n\nCheck the next post for The Pledge List --->" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "PEAKED CUFF\n\n$175.00\n\nTHE PEAKED CUFF IN 12 KARAT GOLD VERMEIL IS A CLASSIC BRACELET, CREATED FROM A HAND FORMED, FACETED BAR. ", "OPEN WITH A CUSTOM PUSH BUTTON CLOSURE, A PIANO HINGE AT EACH SIDE. ", "SECURE WITH A DOUBLE SAFETY LATCH." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Q:\n\nusing other c++ compiler to compile the CUDA code\n\nI have a CUDA (*.cu) code compiled by nvcc, which is working pretty good in GPU. ", "But nvcc doesn't support some c++11 features and some 3rd party c++ library cannot be used with nvcc. ", "I wonder if it is possible to compile the .cu code with gcc or other commercial c++ compiler? ", "Thanks.", "\n\nA:\n\nnvcc supports explicitly specifying the host compiler it uses, togather with the host-compiler-specific options. ", "You could find the doc on nvcc options -ccbin and -Xcompiler for details.", "\nhttp://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-compiler-driver-nvcc/index.html#nvcc-command-options\nFor example, I bind nvcc with Intel compiler and Intel MKL as follows.", "\n$ nvcc -ftz true -ccbin icpc -Xcompiler \"-Wall -Wno-long-long -ansi -pedantic -ansi-alias -parallel -fopenmp -openmp-link=static -static-intel -wd10237\" -O2 -Xcompiler \"-O2\" -gencode arch=compute_20,code=sm_20 -gencode arch=compute_30,code=sm_30 -gencode arch=compute_35,code=sm_35 -Ilib -c -o test/triangle.o test/triangle.cu\n$ nvcc -ftz true -ccbin icpc -Xcompiler \"-Wall -Wno-long-long -ansi -pedantic -ansi-alias -parallel -fopenmp -openmp-link=static -static-intel -wd10237\" -O2 -Xcompiler \"-O2\" -Ilib -Llib test/triangle.o lib/KTiming.o -lpthread -lm /opt/intel/composer_xe_2013.1.117/mkl/lib/intel64/libmkl_intel_lp64.a /opt/intel/composer_xe_2013.1.117/mkl/lib/intel64/libmkl_intel_thread.a /opt/intel/composer_xe_2013.1.117/mkl/lib/intel64/libmkl_core.a /opt/intel/composer_xe_2013.1.117/mkl/lib/intel64/libmkl_core.a -lcublas -lcurand -lcusparse -o test/triangle\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Apologies for the lack of updates recently but we’ve been on a well-deserved and much needed holiday, which included a weekend “starcamp” in the darkest depths of a North Yorkshire forest. ", "But I gave a talk there about the Mars rovers, which went down well, so I haven’t been totally neglecting Oppy!", "\n\nBecause there was no mobile signal (on my network, anyway) I was unable to keep up to date with Oppy’s trek while we were away, but I came back to find she hasn’t been roving an awful lot anyway. ", "What she has been doing, rather than climbing up onto Solander, is skirting around it, exploring the area and taking a look at some of the fascinating rocks scattered about. ", "I’ve been working this morning on putting together images of some of those rocks, and here they are. ", "As usual, click to enlarge and, hopefully, enjoy!", "\n\nLove that view of Oppy’s own shadow being cast on the ground at the foot of Solander Point…\n\nAnd here’s a colourised view of a big boulder which has been christened “Mula Mula”… took a bit of work but I’m quite pleased with the end result…\n\nIt looks like Oppy is going to be tootling around this area for a while, checking out the local geology, and won’t start climbing up onto Solander just yet. ", "So, lots more fascinating geology to see before we start ascending. ", "Check back soon to see how Oppy’s view changes…" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Sir Integra Hellsing (Battle)\n\nMilitary Uniform\n\nHellsing\n\nLast Updated: 04-27-2008\n\nIntegra's military/battle outfit. ", "At moment I'm going off the manga for reference, as well as taking it in my own direction. ", "Currently, the American patches off the coat need to be taken off, so pay no attention to those. ", "^^;" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "INTRODUCTION {#sec1-1}\n============\n\nPlants are significant sources of new medications, and interest in medicinal plants has expanded because of the effectiveness of new plant-derived drugs. ", "Moreover, as a result of worries about the side effects of conventional medicine, the utilization of natural products as a replacement for synthetic medications has risen considerably in the recent decades. ", "The wide use of herbal medications has encouraged researchers to examine their amazing impacts on health, and an expansive number of therapeutic plants and their active extracted ingredients are broadly considered for their potentials to protect cells from injuries. ", "Among the promising medicinal plants is *Nigella sativa* (NS) (Ranunculaceae)([@ref1][@ref2]).NS is used as a protective and therapeutic traditional medicine in the Middle East and a number of Asian countries([@ref3]). ", "It is rich in different phytochemicals whose benefits have been indicated in both *in vivo* and *in vitro* studies. ", "This plant can be used as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, glucose lowering, antihistamine, immune booster, antimicrobial, and antiparasitic agent([@ref1][@ref4]). ", "NS also has several cardiovascular effects([@ref1][@ref5][@ref6]) including hypolipidemic, antiatherogenic, hypotensive, anti-platelet activities.", "\n\nIt also lowers heart rate and improves endothelial function and cardiac contractility([@ref6]). ", "In addition, it has cardioprotective effects against chemical cardiotoxicity and hyperhomocysteinemia([@ref1]).", "\n\nEndotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) is a component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and is widely used for the induction of inflammation([@ref7]). ", "LPS binds to cell membrane receptors (toll-like receptors, or TLRs) of different cells, including endothelial cells and leukocytes, and releases numerous cytokines([@ref8]). ", "Cardiac myocytes also have TLRs, especially TLR4([@ref9]). ", "It is indicated that LPS brings down the contractile function of the heart, and since TLR4 is the only LPS receptor, it seems that TLR4 plays a role in the heart function([@ref10]). ", "The NS oil and thymoquinone (TQ) have been found to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects through lowering the level of pro-inflammatory mediators such as interlukines 1β and 6 (IL-1β and IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10([@ref11]).", "\n\nIn addition, the extract of NS seeds and TQ inhibits nitric oxide generation and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression([@ref12]). ", "However, the effect of NS on inflammation-induced cardiac fibrosis is not clear. ", "In the present study, we, therefore, evaluated the effect of NS on inflammation-induced myocardial fibrosis, to see whether NS can improve serum and cardiac inflammatory markers, oxidative stress balance, and cardiac fibrosis.", "\n\nMATERIALS AND METHODS {#sec1-2}\n=====================\n\n {#sec2-1}\n\n### Animals {#sec3-1}\n\nAdult male Wistar rats weighing between 250--300 g were obtained from local animal facilities. ", "They were kept under controlled conditions with a 12-h light/dark cycle and free access to drinking water and food throughout the experiment. ", "Rats were handled and divided into five groups that were treated as follows: (1) control (received 1 mL/kg/day saline) intraperitoneally (i.p); (2) LPS (1 mg/kg/day, i.p.); (", "3) LPS + NS (hydroalcoholic extract) 100 mg/kg (received LPS and NS extract at the dose of 100 mg/kg/day; i.p.); (", "4) LPS + NS extract 200 mg/kg (received LPS and NS extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg/day, i.p.); (", "5) LPS + NS extract 400 mg/kg (received LPS and NS extract at the dose of 400 mg/kg/day, i.p.) (", "n = 10 in each group). ", "The duration of LPS administration was 14 days, and treatment with NS extracts started two days before LPS administration. ", "The study protocol was approved by the bioethics committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (ID, 940840).", "\n\nAt the end of the experiment, all animals were anaesthetized with ketamine (75 mg/kg) and xylazine (7.5 mg/kg), and blood samples were taken from the heart and centrifuged. ", "Then, serum samples were stored at -70 °C for further analysis. ", "The right ventricles were removed, washed with ice-cold saline, and homogenized in the appropriate buffer in a tissue homogenizer. ", "The left ventricles were harvested and maintained in formalin 10% solution for later histological evaluations.", "\n\n### Chemicals {#sec3-2}\n\nLPS from *Escherichia coli* (serotype 055:B5) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich company (USA) The NS seeds were purchased from a local herbal shop in Mashhad, Khorasan province, Iran, and identified by botanists in the herbarium of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran and prepared as follows: NS seed powder (100 g) was extracted by Soxhlet extractor with ethanol (70%) and the extract was concentrated under decreased pressure and kept at -20 °C until being utilized([@ref13]).", "\n\n### Measurement of inflammatory markers {#sec3-3}\n\nSerum and heart nitrite levels were measured by Griess reagent method using Elisa kit (Promega Corp. USA; Cat No. ", "G2930)([@ref14][@ref15]). ", "IL-6 and TNF-α levels were measured using available Elisa kits (eBioscience, Bender Med systems, GMBH, Austria). ", "Other chemicals which were used for the evaluation of malondialdehyde (MDA), total thiol, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase were purchased from Sigma Co, USA.", "\n\n### Measurement of oxidative stress indicators {#sec3-4}\n\nMDA level is an index of lipid peroxidation. ", "MDA responds to thiobarbituric acid (TBA) as a thiobarbituric acid receptive substance (TBARS) to deliver a red-hued complex which has top absorbance at 535 nm([@ref16]). ", "Two mL of the reagent of TBA/TCA/HCL was added to 1 mL of homogenate, and the arrangement was warmed in a water bath for 40 min. ", "In the wake of cooling, the entire arrangement was centrifuged at 1000 g for 10 min. ", "The absorbance was measured at 535 nm. ", "The MDA concentration was ascertained as follows:\n\nC (m) = Absorbance / (1.65 × 10^5^) (1)\n\nTotal thiol groups (SH) were measured using 5,5′-Dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB)) as the reagent. ", "This reagent responds to the thiol groups to create a yellow-hued complex which has maximal absorbance at 412 nm([@ref17]). ", "Quickly, 1 mL Tris-EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) buffer (pH = 8.6) was added to 50 μL heart homogenates in cuvettes and the specimen absorbance was perused at 412 nm against Tris-EDTA buffer alone (A1). ", "At that point, 20 μL DTNB reagent (10 mM in methanol) was added to the blend and kept at laboratory temperature. ", "The sample absorbance was measured again after 15 min (A2). ", "The absorbance of DTNB reagent was additionally detrmined as a blank (B). ", "The total thiol concentration (mM) was computed from the following equation:\n\nTotal thiol concentration (mM) = (A2 -- A1 -- B) × 1.07 / (0.05 × 13.6) (2)\n\nSOD was measured utilizing a Ransod kit (Randox Laboratory, UK). ", "Catalase action was measured by a previously described method (18).", "\n\n### Histopathological evaluation of heart {#sec3-5}\n\nThe left ventricles were put in formalin 10%, embedded in paraffin, sliced at 5 mm, deparaffinized, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. ", "An average number of 10 randomly selected fields in each slide in six rats per group were analyzed by two investigators who were unaware of the animal groups. ", "The sections were also stained with Masson\\'s Trichrome. ", "A blue color indicated positive staining for collagen. ", "Cardiac fibrosis was determined according to the findings from 10 randomly selected high-power fields (400×) for each tissue slide. ", "The percentage of collagen content was evaluated by an image analyzer (Image J, NIH).", "\n\n### Statistical analysis {#sec3-6}\n\nData are presented as mean ± SEM. ", "One-Way ANOVA test was used to compare data between groups using LSD *post hoc* test. ", "SPSS software V. 21 was used for data analysis. *", "P* \\< 0.05 was considered statistically significant.", "\n\nRESULTS {#sec1-3}\n=======\n\n {#sec2-2}\n\n### Serum and cardiac inflammatory marker concentrations {#sec3-7}\n\nThe results of heart nitrite levels showed that there was no significant difference between LPS and control groups. ", "The heart nitrite levels in the animals of NS-treated groups were significantly higher than those of the LPS group ([Fig. ", "1A](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "LPS group had a lower serum nitrite concentration than the control group (*P* \\< 0.05, [Fig. ", "1B](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Treatment by all doses of NS significantly increased serum nitrite concentration in LPS-receiving groups (*P* \\< 0.05, [Fig. ", "1B](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#F1}\n\nEvaluation of serum and heart IL-6 indicated higher levels of this inflammatory marker in LPS group compared to the controls (*P* \\< 0.05). ", "Treatment by NS could not alter serum IL-6 levels; however, it significantly reduced heart IL-6 content in LPS groups, dose-dependently (*P* \\< 0.05, Figs. [", "2A](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [2B](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "NS at the dose of 400 mg/kg decreased heart IL-6 content to a level that was significantly lower than that of the controls (*P* \\< 0.05), while there were no significant differences in heart IL-6 between the LPS + NS (100 mg/kg/day) and LPS + NS (200 mg/kg/day) groups compared to the control group (*P* \\> 0.05). ", "Serum TNF-α level in LPS group was higher than the controls, although it was not statistically significant (*P* \\> 0.05).", "\n\n{#F2}\n\nTreatment by all three doses of NS could not alter it significantly ([Fig. ", "3A](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "However, heart TNF-α content in LPS group was higher than the controls (*P* \\< 0.05). ", "NS, especially at the dose of 400 mg/kg, significantly lowered heart TNF-α concentrations in LPS-receiving groups (*P* \\< 0.05).", "\n\n{#F3}\n\nA significant reduction in heart TNF-α was observed after treatment with NS 400 mg/kg which reduced heart TNF-α to a level that was lower than that of the control group (*P* \\< 0.05) ([Fig. ", "3B](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n### Oxidative stress markers {#sec3-8}\n\nThe results showed that there was a significant increase in MDA concentration in the heart tissue of LPS group (*P* \\< 0.05, [Fig. ", "4A](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Treatment by NS lowered heart MDA level, especially by doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg (*P* \\< 0.05). ", "Compared to the controls, there was a significant reduction in heart total thiol concentrations in LPS group (*P* \\< 0.05, [Fig. ", "4B](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Likewise, the concentrations of heart SOD and catalase in LPS group were lower than those of the controls (*P* \\< 0.05, Figs. [", "4C](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [4D](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#F4}\n\nThe animals treated with three doses of NS exhibited a trend of reduction in MDA and increase in total thiol, SOD and catalase concentrations. ", "In LPS group treated with NS 400 mg/kg, heart MDA and total thiol levels were significantly reduced (*P* \\< 0.05). ", "Likewise, a significant increase in heart SOD and catalase concentrations were observed after treatment with NS 400 mg/kg (*P* \\< 0.05).", "\n\n### Histopathological findings {#sec3-9}\n\nThe Hemotoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained histopathological examination showed a normal ventricular muscle structure in the control group. ", "In contrast, after LPS stimulation, inflammatory cell infiltrates were increased, and disarrangement was observed in cardiac muscles. ", "Administration of NS showed a trend of improvement in histological changes in the cardiac tissue of LPS groups ([Fig. ", "5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#F5}\n\nTo investigate whether LPS induces cardiac fibrosis, the amount of total collagen was detected using Masson Trichrome staining. ", "As illustrated in Figs. [", "6A](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [B](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}, cardiac fibrosis and collagen content were more apparent in LPS group as compared with the control group. ", "Therefore, administration of NS resulted in a reduction of cardiac fibrosis and collagen deposition (*P* \\< 0.05) (Figs. [", "6C](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}--[F](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#F6}\n\nDISCUSSION {#sec1-4}\n==========\n\nThe cardiovascular health benefits of NS have been established in several studies([@ref1][@ref5][@ref6]). ", "These include hypolipidemic, antidiabetic, hypotensive, antiplatelet, and bradycardiac effects, and improving endothelial function. ", "In the present study, we found that in inflammation-induced fibrosis, NS reduced cardiac fibrosis, serum and tissue inflammatory markers, possibly through its antioxidant activity.", "\n\nLPS is a component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and is widely used for induction of inflammation([@ref7][@ref19]). ", "Our results showed that the animals which received LPS had higher serum and heart inflammatory markers and cardiac fibrosis. ", "Treatment with NS, especially with the highest dose, reduced cardiac fibrosis and returned inflammatory markers to the control level. ", "The anti-inflammatory effect of NS has been demonstrated in several inflammation-based models such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis([@ref20]). ", "In a clinical study, asthmatic patients were treated with NS seed extract with a three-month follow-up([@ref21]). ", "It was found that asthma symptoms and pulmonary function test values were significantly improved compared to the controls. ", "Similar results were observed in rheumatoid arthritis in both animal and human studies.", "\n\nTo the best of our knowledge, no study has investigated the effect of NS on cardiac fibrosis, at least in an inflammation-induced fibrosis model. ", "However, previous studies have demonstrated that thymoquinone, the biologically active compound of NS seeds([@ref22]), reduces liver and pulmonary fibrosis and inflammation, and suggested it as a potential candidate for fibrosis therapy. ", "Nevertheless, the exact effects of thymoquinone on fibrosis in organs are not yet clear([@ref23]).", "\n\nTo examine the possible mechanism for cardiac fibrosis, we evaluated the oxidative stress status in the heart tissue. ", "We found that NS had a dose-dependent antioxidative property. ", "Kanter, *et al*. ", "showed that in alcohol-induced mucosal injury, NS oil and thymoquinone protect gastric mucosa, which is partly attributed to their free-radical scavenging activity([@ref24]). ", "Moreover, the ethanolic extract of NS protects radiation-induced oxidative damage in mice([@ref23]). ", "Several mechanisms for antioxidative properties of NS have been suggested (1). ", "It is demonstrated that it preserves the activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase. ", "It also inhibits microsomal lipid peroxidation in the experimental model of nephropathy([@ref25]). ", "In a study on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity, thymoquinone resulted in increased levels of glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and ATP([@ref26]). ", "That study also showed complete reversal of the gentamicin-induced increased blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, and total nitrate/nitrite to normal range.", "\n\nCONCLUSION {#sec1-5}\n==========\n\nAdministration of NS improved myocardial fibrosis in an inflammation-induced fibrosis model. ", "It seems that it acts through alteration of oxidative/antioxidative balance and raising antioxidative enzymes. ", "More studies are guaranteed to clarify the beneficial effects and the underlying mechanism(s) of NS seed extract on myocardial fibrosis after common clinical cardiovascular diseases especially myocardial infarction.", "\n\nThe author thanks Vice Chancellor of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences for their financial support (grant number: 940840).", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "How can we work together to solve the problems we have created?", "\n\nReos Partners knows how to make real progress. ", "We’ve been designing and facilitating systemic change projects for 20 years and have built up a rigorous set of transformative methods. ", "Again and again, we enable people mired in complexity, confusion, and conflict to work together to construct new realities—and a better future.", "\n\nMethods that effect systemic change\n\nWe help people make breakthroughs with projects that span days, months, or years. ", "The results range from new understandings and commitments to new initiatives and institutions. ", "A single skillfully organised event can be the genesis of a systemic shift.", "\n\nMethods\n\nEvents\n\nProcesses\n\nPlatforms\n\nReal progress on vital challenges, worldwide\n\nWe’ve learned that there is no quick fix: systemic change takes time, energy, resources, and skill. ", "But with these ingredients, our most successful projects take on lives of their own, spawning resilient networks, alliances, and ecologies.", "\n\n“A diverse, dispersed, resilient, largely renewable electricity future is the key to making the world richer, fairer, cooler, and safer. ", "I think eLab is going to speed up the transition by maybe a decade.”" ]

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[ "Is There a Role for Internal Bracing and Repair of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament? ", "A Systematic Literature Review.", "\nRenewed interest has arisen in arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair techniques. ", "ACL repair with or without some form of internal bracing could lead to good outcomes in a carefully selected subset of patients. ", "Systematic review. ", "An electronic database search was performed to identify 89 papers describing preclinical and clinical studies on the outcome of ACL repair. ", "Proximal ACL tear patterns showed a better healing potential with primary repair than distal or midsubstance tears. ", "Some form of internal bracing increased the success rate of ACL repair. ", "Improvement in the biological characteristics of the repair was obtained by bone marrow access by drilling tunnels or microfracture. ", "Augmentation with platelet-rich plasma was beneficial only in combination with a structural scaffold. ", "Skeletally immature patients had the best outcomes. ", "Acute repair offered improved outcomes with regard to load, stiffness, laxity, and rerupture. ", "ACL repair may be a viable option in young patients with acute, proximal ACL tears. ", "The use of internal bracing, biological augmentation, and scaffold tissue may increase the success rate of repair." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Copy Link Text Firefox Extension\n\nI recently started using Copy Link Text and it has saved me a lot of time while blogging. ", "When you right click on a link on any page, you can choose to copy the link text, i.e. the text that appears to readers for the link, the link location, or both as HTML or plain text. ", "So for example, if I want to link to the page for this plugin, I go to the top of the page to the title, right click on the title and choose “Copy Link Text and Location as HTML.” ", "Then I go into Code view, and paste where I want the link to appear.", "\n\nAuthor:\n\nAbout WPGarage\n\nThis is where Rebecca and Miriam from illuminea (and sometimes others) document things they've learned about WordPress. ", "Even after nine years in the field, we're always learning new things about WordPress. ", "Hope this helps you too." ]

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[ "Percival Landing Park\n\nPercival Landing Park is a public park located in Olympia, Washington.", "\n\nHistory \n\nNamed after a former commercial steamship wharf, the park is a well-known maritime landmark in the Pacific Northwest. ", "Built by Sam Percival in 1860, the wharf operated for several decades, and was torn down and replaced several times during that period.", "\n\nThe first phase of Percival Landing Park was completed and opened in 1977, with the second phase opened in 1985, and the third phase in 1988. ", "The former Unocal Tank Farm site was acquired by the City of Olympia in 1996, and is now an open lawn.", "\n\nFeatures \n\nToday the park features picnic areas, public art, boat moorage and a playground. ", "The park features a boardwalk extends along the eastern shoreline of the West Bay of Budd Inlet from the Fourth Avenue Bridge to Thurston Avenue. ", "The park features a carved Orca by Olympia artist Joe Tougas, who competed an identical work for Yashiro, Japan, Olympia's sister city.", "\n\nThere are several events held annually at Percival Landing Park, including Harbor Days and \"Sand in the City\", as well as the Wooden Boat Festival.", "\n\nSee also \nHistory of Olympia, Washington\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nHarbor Days official website\n\nCategory:History of Olympia, Washington\nCategory:Parks in Olympia, Washington" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "using ReactNative;\n\nnamespace RNAdaptiveCards\n{\n /// <summary>\n /// Provides application-specific behavior to supplement the default Application class.", "\n /// </summary>\n sealed partial class App : ReactApplication\n {\n private readonly ReactNativeHost _host = new MainReactNativeHost();\n\n /// <summary>\n /// Initializes the singleton application object. ", " This is the first line of authored code\n /// executed, and as such is the logical equivalent of main() or WinMain().", "\n /// </summary>\n public App()\n {\n this.", "InitializeComponent();\n }\n\n /// <summary>\n /// The React Native host.", "\n /// </summary>\n public override ReactNativeHost Host => _host;\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Child Shower\n\nThe Boxhead Games are a somewhat authentic series of zombie survival video games created, published in flash and obtainable to play free on-line at many gaming websites. ", "Nonetheless the graphics will delight, particularly in the closing addition and matched with great sport play and sound effects plus very difficult issue ranges, Boxhead Zombie Wars will certainly fulfill your thirst for capturing masochism. ", "98 balloons required to complete the extent.", "So as to make their monkeys transfer by the virtual world, gamers must learn to grasp the controls. ", "In on-line-games two sorts of them are Balloon and Ben 10. ", "Balloon games are one of the best and widely like by the players.29 balloons required to complete the level. ", "The quick vertical a part of the wall will allow darts to move by means of it from left to proper however acts as a real rubber wall from proper to left. ", "The sport play of Bloons tower protection is as good as it may be. ", "It’s easy to deploy your towers wherever you want, there is no real difficulty in selecting up the controls as it’s a simple level and click on game.", "The only advantages that players get from successfully finishing video games are graduating to the following stage and attiring their monkeys with higher armor. ", "A rating of simply fewer than 90% is quite good, however with some observe on the second dart power it is potential to take out all the remaining bloons.", "Firstly goal at the two blue bloons on the left side of the group, your second dart ought to then be aimed on the lone green bloon on the lower left. ", "The third dart should simply clip the highest of the uppermost yellow bloon of the three within the vertical line on its solution to the inexperienced one on the bottom row of the upper stage.http://tj-prod-media.s3.amazonaws.com/2013/04/IMG_9768.jpg" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Love Shayari\n(40) Sometimes, you have to smile to hold back the tears.", "\n(41) INSULT & WIFE Are Somewhat Similar. ", "They Always Look Good if it is not yours.", "\n(42) For success, attitude is equally important as ability.", "\n(43) Honestly, I feel really stupid for holding on to things that just keep on hurting me.", "\n(44) We waste time looking for the perfect lover, instead of creating the perfect love. (", "Best Whatsapp status for love)\n(45) Ego is just like a dust in the eyes. ", "Without clearing the dust, you can’t see anything clearly So clear the ego and see the world.", "\n(46) Whoever is careless with the truth in small matters cannot be trusted with important matters. ", "Good Night Messages Collection: ➥Good night messagesfor girlfriend ➥ Good night love SMS -sexy romantic SMS" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to change structure of list items with JS to solve inline-block's generated space between them\n\nIn some of the ways to remove the space between list items when using inline-block, a way is to change this code:\n\nul{\r\n width: 100%;\r\n padding: 0;\r\n margin: 0;\r\n}\r\nli{\r\n display: inline-block;\r\n background: #E43;\r\n color: white;\r\n padding: 10px 20px 10px 20px;\r\n}\r\nli:hover{\r\n background: #F65;\r\n border-bottom: 2px solid dodgerblue;\r\n}\n<ul>\r\n <li>Item 1</li>\r\n <li>Item 2</li>\r\n <li>Item 3</li>\r\n</ul>\n\nto this code:\n\nul{\r\n width: 100%;\r\n padding: 0;\r\n margin: 0;\r\n}\r\nli{\r\n display: inline-block;\r\n background: #E43;\r\n color: white;\r\n padding: 10px 20px 10px 20px;\r\n}\r\nli:hover{\r\n background: #F65;\r\n border-bottom: 2px solid dodgerblue;\r\n}\n<ul><li>\r\n Item 1</li><li>\r\n Item 2</li><li>\r\n Item 3</li>\r\n</ul>\n\nwhich works perfectly fine.", "\nThe question is how to change the first code's li structure to second code's using pure Javascript.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou could do something like this:\n\nconst ul = document.querySelector('ul');\r\nconst iterator = document.createNodeIterator(ul, NodeFilter.", "SHOW_TEXT, node => {\r\n if (node.parentElement.nodeName === 'UL') {\r\n return NodeFilter.", "FILTER_ACCEPT;\r\n }\r\n return NodeFilter.", "FILTER_REJECT;\r\n});\r\n\r\nconst toBeRemoved = [];\r\nlet next = iterator.nextNode();\r\nwhile(next) {\r\n toBeRemoved.push(next);\r\n next = iterator.nextNode();\r\n}\r\n\r\ntoBeRemoved.forEach(n => n.remove());\nul{\r\n width: 100%;\r\n padding: 0;\r\n margin: 0;\r\n}\r\nli{\r\n display: inline-block;\r\n background: #E43;\r\n color: white;\r\n padding: 10px 20px 10px 20px;\r\n}\r\nli:hover{\r\n background: #F65;\r\n border-bottom: 2px solid dodgerblue;\r\n}\n<ul>\r\n <li>Item 1</li>\r\n <li>Item 2</li>\r\n <li>Item 3</li>\r\n</ul>\n\nWhat this does is to create a NodeIterator to iterate over all the text nodes of the UL element and keep only those nodes that have the UL as their first ancestor.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "ROME—Pope Francis told a gathering of bishops from around the world that the Catholic Church is being persecuted through accusations—an apparent allusion to clerical sex-abuse scandals that have undermined the credibility of the papacy and church hierarchy over the course of this year.", "\n\nAddressing the closing session of a synod of bishops at the Vatican on Saturday, the pope repeated warnings he has made in recent weeks against the “Great Accuser,” or the devil, who “in this moment is accusing us strongly, and this accusation..." ]

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[ "Socket terminals which are adapted for quick make and break connections with a mating terminal are known. ", "Terminals of this kind are often made from thin sheet metal and are used to make an electrical connection to a male or space terminal which is inserted and frictionally held in the socket terminal. ", "A socket terminal of this type is shown in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,086,193.", "\nIt is often necessary to disconnect and reconnect such terminals a number of times for testing purposes prior to final inspection and shipment of the product on which such terminals are used. ", "It is also required that the connection made with such terminals be maintained under conditions of vibration and possible strain in subsequent service. ", "Traditionally, these terminals have a high insertion mating force which is not desirable, causing ergonomic problems with insertion when a mating connector is inserted into the socket terminal.", "\nIt would, therefore, be beneficial to provide a socket type terminal which has ribbed contact springs which have a reduced contact spring rate, thereby allowing the contact normal force to be more accurately controlled with the same manufacturing tolerances. ", "More controlled normal force allows for a minimum contact normal force to be reliably maintained while reducing the insertion force required during mating. ", "The invention is also directed to ribbed contact springs which have a longer aspect-ratio to provide more deflection with the same normal force, thereby providing a stable electrical connection while allowing for a lower insertion force of the mating terminal into the socket terminal." ]

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[ "Thirty two-year-old Arzunara Begum lives in Chhaygaon town in Assam’s Kamrup (Rural) district. ", "She is a Bengali Muslim, born in a village called Tekeliputa in the foothills near Meghalaya’s South Garo Hills. ", "She got married in 1998 and moved to a village near Chhaygaon. ", "Begum said she has a bank account, which mentions her husband’s name, but no other document to prove her identity or place of origin. “", "I was in Class seven when they took me out of school,” she said. “", "I wanted to study but they married me off.”", "\n\nBegum said her husband went to her native village in 2015 and got a panchayat certificate, which states who her ancestors were and that they were residents of that area. ", "She submitted the certificate to authorities in Assam that year in order to get herself enlisted in the National Register of Citizens that the northeastern state began to update in 2015, for the first time since 1951, ostensibly to create a definitive list of citizens of the state and root out illegal Bangladeshi immigrants.", "\n\nHowever, Begum is worried now.", "\n\n“I am scared it [the panchayat certificate] may get cancelled,” said Begum, who insisted that her grandfather’s name featured in the 1951 electoral rolls. “", "My father, his father, everyone grew up in Tekeliputa. ", "But now, everyone seems to be saying that since we are Muslims, our documents will not be accepted.”", "\n\nArzunara Begum is worried that her Bengali Muslim ancestry may work against her. ", "Photo credit: Arunabh Saikia\n\nA link document\n\nTo be counted as a citizen in Assam, an individual must prove that they or their ancestors entered the state before the midnight of March 24, 1971. ", "This is a two-step process. ", "First, the individual had to identify themselves or their ancestors in the legacy data, a “database of that period which would be carrying the names of a very large number of persons together, admissible to prove the claim for inclusion in NRC [National Register of Citizens]”. ", "These included pre-1971 electoral rolls and the 1951 National Register of Citizens, and proved that a person’s ancestors had lived in the state before the cut-off date.", "\n\nSecond, the individual had to submit link documents, certifying their relationship with the said ancestor. ", "The residency certificate issued by the panchayat secretary was meant to be a “link document”. ", "In 2010, a cabinet sub-committee recommended the use of panchayat certificates as a proof of lineage, especially for married women. ", "They could use them to attest their connections with their paternal family, it stated. ", "The Union government approved. ", "The Registrar General of India and the Supreme Court , which has monitored the updating process, did not object either.", "\n\nThe certificate was a new addition to the other link documents already in use such as birth certificates, land documents, board and university mark sheets, ration cards, election identity cards or “any other legally acceptable document” such as bank records.", "\n\nFor women without means\n\nThe list of link documents seem to be fairly long, but it turned out that a large number of married women in Assam had little by way of “legally acceptable document”. ", "This problem was especially acute in rural areas, where birth certificates were rare even a decade or two ago.", "\n\nA sizeable number of women in these areas dropped out of school before their matriculation examinations and got married, explained lawyer and activist Aman Wadud, who offers pro-bono legal advice to people caught in citizenship entanglements. ", "So, not only did they have no board or university mark sheets, any other documents they possessed, such as ration and election identity cards, connected them only to their husband’s identity, said Wadud.", "\n\nAs a result, the panchayat residency certificate assumed great importance. ", "Official records state that as many as 45 lakh married women have submitted the panchayat certificates as proof of lineage in the state. ", "But this document, the mainstay of so many women without education or financial means, has now become a lightning rod for communal tensions.", "\n\nWho are ‘original inhabitants’?", "\n\nOn February 28, a Guwahati High Court ruling said that panchayat certificates had “no statutory sanctity” and could “at best be a private document”. ", "It added that the use of these documents was unconstitutional and using them was “against national interest”.", "\n\nThen in October, Assam’s state commissioner for the National Register of Citizens, Prateek Hajela, told the Supreme Court that 17.4 lakh women among those who had submitted panchayat certificates were “original inhabitants” and would have no trouble getting into the updated citizens list.", "\n\nHajela’s submission set off rumours that not a single Muslim had been included in the category of original inhabitants. ", "How had he arrived at the figure, asked anxious minority groups. ", "There was, after all, no official definition of who qualified as an original inhabitant of Assam. ", "They asserted that the Supreme Court had eased documentary requirements for the state’s Tea Tribes. ", "Why then had such allowances not been made for thousands of Muslim women?", "\n\nA section of Assam’s large Muslim population now fears that the term “original inhabitant” implies the state’s non-Muslim, Assamese-speaking people. ", "The accusation has been refuted by Assam Chief Minister Sarbananda Sonowal, who has staunchly maintained that the final citizens’ list would not discriminate on the basis of religion or language. ", "He affirmed that the only criterion is that a person’s descendants should have settled in the state before 1971. ", "Even Hajela has since clarified that there would be no separate original inhabitant category in the draft or final citizens’ list.", "\n\nStill, various minority organisations have challenged the high court ruling. ", "The Supreme Court will hear these petitions on November 22.", "\n\nDalima Biswas Rabha is confident her panchayat certificate will work. ", "Photo credit: Arunabh Saikia\n\nWomen without an address?", "\n\nMarried women across communities have been affected by the High Court order. ", "But a visit to villages on the outskirts of Guwahati reveals that some are more worried than others.", "\n\nWhile a Bengali Muslim like Arzunara Begum harbours a very real fear of being driven out of her home, this fear is not so pressing for women from one of the state’s tribal groups.", "\n\nArzunara Begum’s children go to the same school as Dalima Biswas Rabha’s. ", "Rabha belongs to the Rabha tribe and lives with her family near Chhaygaon town in the same district. ", "She was born in a village in Boko, a town in Assam’s Kamrup (Rural) district. ", "She attended lower primary school before dropping out.", "\n\nIn 2010, she fell in love with a Bengali man who was visiting Boko. “", "We met through a common friend,” said the soft-spoken Rabha, who said she was in her mid-twenties. “", "We fell in love almost immediately, and decided to get married.”", "\n\nThat was in 2011. ", "Rabha’s husband is a driver – he is employed with a local gas agency. “", "Then we moved here, as work for him was here,” she said.", "\n\nRabha said that in 2013, when the family heard that the National Register of Citizens was being updated, she was told that that she would be required to “get it written by our gaon-bura [village chief] that I am from Boko and my family live there”.", "\n\nRabha said she had a bank account as well as a PAN card, but she got them only after she moved to her in-laws. “", "They only have my husband’s name,” she said. “", "So, I went myself the first time and spoke to our gaon-bura, who has known me since I was a little girl. ", "The next time, my father-in-law went and collected the paper.”", "\n\nRabha said she was not worried about the anticipated Supreme Court judgment. ", "She said: “We have been told it will work, and that there is nothing to worry about since we are from here only.”", "\n\nAnna Saha, 52, has neither a bank account nor a PAN card. (", "Photo credit: Arunabh Saikia).", "\n\nBengali Hindus apprehensive\n\nBut Bengali Hindus in the area are less self-assured. ", "Assam has a history of tension between indigenous people and settlers, and has seen anti-Bengali sentiment in the past.", "\n\nAnna Saha, 52, a Bengali Hindu, never went to school. ", "Unlike Begum and Rabha, she has neither a bank account nor a PAN card. ", "Her only official proof of identity is her electoral identity card, made after she married Jyotisman Saha. ", "According to her, her father, Harendra Bashak was “one of the first Hindus” who came to the area. ", "His name features in the 1966 voters’ list. “", "He is one of the founders of the Goroimari Satra village,” she claimed. “", "My siblings and I grew up here.”", "\n\nAnna Saha has been issued a panchayat certificate yet her husband, Jyotisman Saha, is slightly apprehensive because of an “ura-batori”, or rumour, that Hindu Bengalis would not be considered original inhabitants.", "\n\n“We hope that the Supreme Court accepts it,” he said. “", "It is a question of our legacy. ", "What will happen to her otherwise? ", "In the vicinity of 10 kilometres from here, everyone knows that she is the second daughter of Harendra Bashak, but what about beyond that? ", "They asked for proof, we even provided that. ", "What more do they need now?”", "\n\nAnna Saha's panchayat certificate that attests her connection to her paternal family in Assam. ", "Photo credit: Arunabh Saikia\n\nConversely, 30-year-old Lobhita Medhi, an Assamese Hindu who lives nearby, was unfazed by the controversies. ", "She studied till Class 9 so she does not have a school-leaving certificate. ", "Her bank account and PAN card were made only after she got married and moved in with her husband. ", "Her husband obtained a panchayat residency certificate for her from her native village on the outskirts of Guwahati. “", "I went and got it from the gaon-bura,” he said. “", "Her parents still live there, so it was not a problem at all.”", "\n\n“What is there to worry about?” ", "Medhi demanded. “", "We are Assamese. ", "Even if the Supreme Court says it is not valid, will they chase us away? ", "Where to? ", "We have been living here since ages and we will continue to do so.”", "\n\nLobhita Medhi is unfazed by the controversy around the panchayat document in spite of not having any other document to prove her lineage. ", "Photo credit: Arunabh Saikia\n\nThe ‘original inhabitant tag’\n\nAre these fears among the state’s minority religious and linguistic groups unfounded? ", "Bureaucrats engaged in updating the National Register of Citizens concede that they may not be, though they are a bit far-fetched.", "\n\nAn official who is part of the updating exercise in a Lower Assam district said a category called original inhabitant did indeed exist in the National Register of Citizens’ records. ", "The official added that who was entitled to that tag could be decided by the area’s local registrar of citizens, a position usually held by a state government gazette officer with quasi-judicial powers.", "\n\n“Initially, the OI [original inhabitant] tag was given to tribal people, primarily those who may not have had the required documents,” said the official. “", "But later, it was almost exclusively given to Hindu Assamese, at least in the district I work in.”", "\n\nThe official said while the classification’s innate purpose may have been to ease bureaucratic pressures, it gave the process an unwarranted communal hue.", "\n\nHe said: “Also, since OI [original inhabitant] was given to people taking into consideration their community, language, it isn’t really a foolproof classification, particularly as the officers who decide on them are usually not permanent residents of the area they are posted in.”", "\n\nOfficials claimed that the original inhabitant tag is merely an internal marker meant to shorten tedious administrative processes. ", "So does it really matter, given that it will find no mention in the updated National Register of Citizens list available to the public?", "\n\nThe officer said that in a state as sensitive about identity as Assam, the presence of such data – which could probably be accessed by a Right to Information application – is likely to make many people uneasy, as it already has.", "\n\n“The fact that the state coordinator submitted a number in court means the government has the data and there is a distinction between people who make it to the final NRC [National Register of Citizens] and people who are original inhabitants,” he said.", "\n\nThe officer also claimed that the verification process for inclusion in the updated list is less rigorous for people with the original inhabitant tag.", "\n\n“It is an extremely exhaustive exercise,” he said. “", "It is not that people with the tag are given any relaxation in terms of the documents they have to submit, but it is just that people who are not OI [original inhabitants] have to go through more rigorous checks of their family trees, etc. ", "That is exactly what the case is with the panchayat documents. ", "The 17 lakh women who have been already declared to be original inhabitants have almost a free pass even if the court says the document is not valid.”", "\n\nHajela refused to comment, saying the matter was sub judice. ", "Meanwhile, about 27 lakh women anxiously wait for the Supreme Court to pronounce on the petitions challenging the rejection of panchayat certificates and the classification of original inhabitants. ", "It does not help that Assamese nationalist groups have suggested, rather loudly, that the women relying on the Panchayat residency certificates are of dubious nationality." ]

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[ "4 Emergency Heating Options for Surviving Winter Weather Disasters\n\nCentral heating is a common element in just about every modern home. ", "In fact, it’s required by code, even though air conditioning isn’t. ", "There’s only one problem…these central heating sources are dependent on electricity to operate.", "\n\nSnow, ice and wind can have disastrous effects on power lines. ", "Your warm, comfortable, cozy home can quickly turn into a dangerous human refrigerator if the grid goes down.", "\n\nSome extra blankets and a few more layers of clothing might be enough to make it through a couple hours of discomfort, but what if your power goes down for a few days, or even weeks?", "\n\nAre you ready? ", "If not, start putting a plan in place now for keeping your family warm during times like these.", "\n\nMany homes, especially in the North, have fireplaces. ", "This is a great first line of defense against the cold, but realize that you will only be able to keep a limited part of your house warm, and that fireplaces only radiate so much heat.", "\n\nYou’ll also need to make sure that you have a stockpile of dry wood to keep the home fires burning. ", "Fireplaces are great to have, but it’s always a good idea to have a few more options in your arsenal just in case.", "\n\nHere are several more emergency heating solutions that just might save your life in a prolonged winter weather situation:\n\n#1 Temporary Wood Burning Stove\n\nIf you have a plentiful source of firewood, but don’t have a permanent fireplace installed, then a temporary wood-burning stove might be your new go-to heating source. ", "They do require the most set up work of the solutions put forth in this article, but with wood being fairly easy to harvest and plentiful in many parts of the country, it might be your best option for sustainable warmth.", "\n\n#2 Kerosene Heater\n\nWhen the power goes out during a winter storm, having several electric heaters around the house isn’t going to keep you warm. ", "So why go with a kerosene heater? ", "First, they don’t require electricity to operate so that’s one hurdle you’ve overcome. ", "Second, kerosene can be stored in large quantities for a long time, so you won’t have to leave your house to resupply (provided you have adequate stock) while winter weather is raging.", "\n\n#3 Propane Heater\n\nPropane heaters are the most portable option. ", "You can choose between wall-mounted and free-standing, blue flame and infrared, and vented versus unvented, but either way, they are a very safe and cost effective option for heat. ", "Make sure you to get a propane heater that is rated for inside use if you will be using it in your home. ", "An automated low-oxygen shut-off system is also nice to have as well.", "\n\nMany propane heaters come with a small propane bottle, but with an adapter they can be hooked up to larger 25lb. ", "grill tanks for long term use.", "\n\n#4 Candle Heater\n\nWhile probably the least expensive heating option, a DIY candle heater is also the least effective. ", "But in a pinch, it can do the job to heat a small area. ", "You will need to have a few supplies on hand (lots of tea light candles and some clay flower pots) so plan ahead.", "\n\nBONUS: Mylar Blanket Heat Reflector\n\nMylar “Space” blankets (also called Emergency Blankets) really come into their own when used with another heating source. ", "You can line the inside of a room heated by one of the above heating solutions, and it will serve to reflect the heat back into the room instead of letting it escape. ", "It’s a force multiplier for keeping your house warm.", "\n\nThey are also commonly thrown into go-bags or car kits for emergencies. ", "For this use, be aware that the best time to wrap yourself in a mylar blanket is before you truly get cold. ", "The mylar blanket helps to retain your body heat and limit heat loss…it won’t warm you up if you have already become extremely cold. ", "It’s a heat trap, not a heat generator.", "\n\nExtra Credit Reading\n\nIf you are torn between a kerosene or a propane heater, One Point Preparedness has a fantastic list of pros and cons that you should check out. ", "Where you live, and the ease of acquiring fuel could be key to making the decision on works best for you. ", "Either is a great option for keeping you warm and toasty during an extended power/heat outage.", "\n\nAs a final note, it’s not a bad idea to have a few electric heaters on hand as well. ", "It is possible that your central heating system could go down due to equipment failure instead of a power outage. ", "Being able to fire up a couple of small electric heaters can keep your house warm until you get your central unit repaired.", "\n\n1 comment\n\nLinda LeeFebruary 6, 2018 - 8:47 pm\n\nI used a kerosene heater when I was in Italy to heat the living room which ( the houses were not insulated and the houses were heated with Naptha via radiators.) ", "had french doors to close it off, only thing is, fumes are dangerous and smelly. ", "I’d rather use the heater buddy , b ecause it has an oxygen sensor, and I think propane is safer. ", "All precautions should be used with any alternative heating system and closely monitored." ]

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[ "Budget Director Mick Mulvaney holds up a copy of President Donald Trump's proposed fiscal 2018 federal budget as he speaks to members of the media in the Press Briefing Room of the White House in Washington, Tuesday, May 23, 2017. (", "AP Photo/Andrew Harnik)\n\nBudget Director Mick Mulvaney holds up a copy of President Donald Trump's proposed fiscal 2018 federal budget as he speaks to members of the media in the Press Briefing Room of the White House in Washington, Tuesday, May 23, 2017. (", "AP Photo/Andrew Harnik)\n\nWASHINGTON (AP) — The Trump Administration budget released Tuesday slashes funding for the Environmental Protection Agency by nearly one-third, eliminating more than 3,800 jobs while imposing dramatic cuts to clean air and water programs.", "\n\nThe White House’s proposed spending plan for the EPA amounts to $5.7 billion, a 31 percent cut from the current budget year. ", "Adjusted for inflation, that would represent the nation’s lowest funding for environmental protection since the mid-1970s.", "\n\nThe agency’s workforce would drop from 15,416 full-time employees to 11,611.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nThe proposed cuts are in line with views expressed by President Donald Trump and EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt, who portray the environmental agency as a job-killing federal bureaucracy. ", "Both have called for increased fossil fuel production while expressing doubt about the scientific consensus that man-made carbon emissions are the primary driver of global warming.", "\n\n“The president’s budget respects the American taxpayer,” Pruitt said. “", "This budget supports EPA’s highest priorities with federal funding for priority work in infrastructure, air and water quality, and ensuring the safety of chemicals in the marketplace.”", "\n\nSince taking office, Pruitt has moved to roll back or delay numerous Obama-era programs to cut pollution from mining operations, oil and gas wells and coal-fired power plants. ", "Pruitt has said he will instead focus on cleaning up decades-old contamination, announcing Monday the creation of a new task force to “streamline and improve” the Superfund program.", "\n\nDespite expressing that cleaning up toxic pollution would be his top priority, the administration’s proposed budget cuts funding for Superfund by $330 million, to about $762 million. ", "Current spending for Superfund is already down to about half what it was in the 1990s.", "\n\n“I am confident that, with a renewed sense of urgency, leadership and fresh ideas, the Superfund program can reach its full potential of returning formerly contaminated sites to communities for their beneficial use,” Pruitt said.", "\n\nAlso hard hit would be the EPA’s science and technology programs, with a total reduction of 38 percent. ", "Dozens of programs would be eliminated entirely, including $427 million in regional programs that help decrease pollution in the Great Lakes, Chesapeake Bay, Puget Sound and other large water bodies. ", "Though the administration has said state agencies should take more of the lead in enforcing environmental laws, the budget also reduces grants that help states pay for those programs by more than half.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nEnvironmentalists said the administration’s spending plan, if adopted by Congress, will lead directly to more pollution-related illnesses and deaths.", "\n\n“This proposal would guarantee more children will suffer life-threatening asthma attacks and be forced to drink water polluted with pesticides and other toxic chemicals,” said Ken Cook, president of the Environmental Working Group. “", "It is crystal clear that for President Trump, public health protection is not a priority, but a target.”", "\n\nTrump’s budget is likely to face an uphill fight on Capitol Hill, where even lawmakers in his own party have already shown a wiliness to ignore the president’s fiscal priorities. ", "Many of the regional programs the administration has targeted for the chopping block have bipartisan support.", "\n\nThe Great Lakes Restoration Initiative, which has received more than $2 billion in federal funding since it was established in 2010, has nearly unanimous backing from members of both parties across region’s eight states, from New York to Minnesota. ", "They fiercely resisted cuts during the Obama administration and last month warded off Trump’s proposal for a $50 million reduction to help pay for a U.S.-Mexico border wall.", "\n\n“The health and vitality of the Great Lakes are instrumental to having sustained economic growth in Michigan and across the entire Great Lakes region,” said Rep. Bill Huizenga, a Michigan Republican who co-chairs the House’s Great Lakes Task Force. “", "I remain committed to working with both Republicans and Democrats to prioritize, strengthen, and defend the Great Lakes.”", "\n\n___\n\nAssociated Press writer John Flesher in Traverse City, Michigan, contributed.", "\n\n___\n\nFollow AP environmental writer Michael Biesecker at www.Twitter.com/mbieseck" ]

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[ "Different effects of arborinine alkaloid obtained from Brazilian Erthela baihensis on spleen and thymus cells stimulated in vitro with different mitogens.", "\nThe present study has examined the effects of arborinine, an alkaloid obtained from Erthela bahiensis, a Brazilian plant popularly used as diuretic, antidiabetic, antithermic and expectorant, on the viability and function of immune system cells in vitro using a murine model. ", "Rat spleen and thymus cells were cultured with 10 nM, 1 microM, 10 microM of the drug in the presence or absence of pokeweed (PWM), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or concanavallin (ConA) mitogens. ", "Cellular proliferation was analyzed by H3-thymidin uptake after 48 and 72 hr. ", "Our results showed an inhibitory effect of arborinine on splenocytes proliferation under ConA or PWM stimulation and increased apoptosis on splenocytes and thymocytes stimulated with PWM in 24 hr. ", "A decrease was observed on Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) production by ConA- or LPS-stimulated splenocytes in 48 hr and 72 hr and ConA- or PWM-stimulated thymocytes in 72 hr. ", "In contrast, an increase on lymphoproliferation was observed on LPS-stimulated splenocytes and ConA- or PWM-stimulated thymocytes in 48 hr. ", "On this period, apoptosis decreased on LPS- or PWM-stimulated splenocytes and IFN-gamma production increased in PWM stimulated thymocytes. ", "Arborinine also induced a decrease on Interleukin-10 production by splenocytes and thymocytes stimulated with ConA or PWM. ", "There was no significant variation on the necrosis rate of the cells treated with arborinine or any change on their viability or function values in the absence of mitogenic stimulus." ]

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[ "George,\n\nwhat is our view on this?", "\n\nHunter\n---------------------- Forwarded by Hunter S Shively/HOU/ECT on 06/05/2000 \n09:46 PM ---------------------------\n\n\nBarbara G Dillard@ENRON\n06/02/2000 05:36 PM\nTo: Jason Williams/HOU/ECT@ECT\ncc: Laura Luce/Corp/Enron@Enron, Dave Wear/Corp/Enron@ENRON, Hunter S \nShively/HOU/ECT@ECT, Robert Superty/HOU/ECT@ECT \nSubject: ENA Late Nominations\n\nJason:\n\nI was confronted this morning by Mark DiValero and he expressed his concern \nover ENA's nominations over the last two weeks. ", " He said that PGL is not \nstaffed to confirm all 4 cycles of the nomination process and that ENA will \nstart to get cut after the 2nd cycle if nominations are not correct.", "\n\nI told Mark that I would get back with him early next week and let him know \nwhy ENA has had to consistently make changes at every nomination cycle. ", " \nAlso, please inform your schedulers of the risk that they are taking if \nnominations are not correct after the 2nd cycle (especially on weekends!). ", " \n\nPlease talk to your schedulers and let me know why we can't get our \nnominations correct. ", " Thanks!!", "\n\nBarbara\n(312)541-1232" ]

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[ "Elizabeth Ackroyd\n\nDame (Dorothy) Elizabeth Ackroyd (1910–1987) was a British civil servant and first director of an innovative Consumer Council, which ran from 1963 to 1971. ", "She worked for a number of associations, councils and boards after her retirement, including as president and chairperson of the Patients Association.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1910 births\nCategory:1987 deaths\nCategory:British civil servants" ]

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[ "USA Hockey also announced today that Jerry Keefe (Saugus, Mass.), associate head coach of the Northeastern University men's ice hockey team, will serve as an assistant coach for the 2019 U.S. National Junior Team, joining head coach Mike Hastings (Crookston, Minn./Minnesota State) and fellow assistants David Lassonde (Durham, N.H./Dartmouth College), Steve Miller (Columbus, Ohio/Ohio State University) and Scott Sandelin (Hibbing, Minn./University of Minnesota Duluth).", "\n\nWhile Keefe is serving on a U.S. national team staff for the first time, he has been involved in an instructor in multiple USA Hockey events during the course of his career.", "\n\nThe 2018-19 campaign will mark Keefe's eighth season at Northeastern and fifth as associate head coach. ", "Since joining the Huskies as an assistant coach in 2011-12, Keefe has been instrumental in Northeastern's notable successes that include the program's first Hockey East Championship (2015-16) and first Beanpot title (2017-18) since 1988. ", "Prior to joining Northeastern, Keefe served two seasons (2009-11) as an assistant coach for Brown University and four seasons in the NCAA Division III ranks, including two seasons (2007-09) as head coach of Westfield State University and one season (2006-07) as an assistant coach for the University of Massachusetts Boston." ]

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[ "This invention relates to an electrode device intended to be temporarily introduced into a body of a living being to locally treat or electrically measure biological body tissue therein. ", "After performing the treatment or measurement, the device is removed from the body.", "\nSwedish Patent No. ", "8002772-5 discloses a prior art electrode device for treatment of biological tissues inside a living being. ", "This known electrode device must--before introduction into the body--be adapted in size by adding one or more electrode rings in order to adapt the extension of the electrode to the size required.", "\nThe known electrode device of Swedish Patent No. ", "8002772-5 is, furthermore, provided with relatively small openings for supply of various agents via its central channel to the point of treatment and for removal of, for example, reaction products from the point of treatment. ", "These openings and the central channel are also utilized for supply to as well as removal from the point of treatment. ", "This makes a simultaneous supply and removal difficult or impossible to perform, for example in order to provide efficient cooling of the point of treatment.", "\nThe object of the present invention is to provide an electrode device which is more efficiently adaptable to the size required, preferably in situ at the point of treatment, and which electrode device provides improved transportation to and from the point of treatment and provides an enlarged effective electrode surface compared to previously known techniques." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nShould I share a UIAlertView between classes?", "\n\nI use a UIAlertView on my entire app warning about internet connection problem. ", "Right now, I create a new one and show every time I need it. ", "My app is a big app with a lot of classes and interactivity, therefore, I'm highly concerned about performance. ", "I've seen on a few places, people creating one class with all UIAlertViews just to show them when needed, now, this would get my code more organized, but wouldn't really make a difference since I will have to instantiate an object of that class every time. ", "\nI have a singleton class already, my question is: Should I create a method on my singleton to alloc, init and show my alerts? ", "Or even save the alert on a property so I don't need to instantiate a new one? ", "If I save it to a propertyit would be on memory for the entire life of my app, right? ", "So I'm not sure if it's a good idea. ", "\nMy question is: In attention to performance and a less expensive code, what is the best approach here?", "\n\nA:\n\nIt's fine to have all your alerts being made in one place, but rather than using the singleton pattern just create static / class methods.", "\nUnless you are constantly throwing alerts, which you probably shouldn't, there's no benefit to keep an UIAlertView object in memory. ", "The cost of allocating and initializing a UIAlertView object is not something you should worry about.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCan we nest bootstrap container in ASP.NET MVC view?", "\n\nAs per the bootstrap documentaion\n\nBootstrap requires a containing element to wrap site contents and\n house our grid system. ", "You may choose one of two containers to use in\n your projects. ", "Note that, due to padding and more, neither container\n is nestable.", "\n\nIn ASP.NET MVC we have layout.cshtml page which typically includes container. ", "and all other views gets rendered inside the this container.", "\nDoes that mean we cannot use 'container' in the individual view?", "\n\nA:\n\nIt all depends on your layout structure and what you want to achieve. ", "There are 2 ways to accomplish this (I can't think of any more).", "\nI don't use containers in my _Layout.cshtml template. ", "I normally have my containers in my views. ", "My _Layout.cshtml template only has the bare minimum.", "\nThis is what my _Layout.cshtml template normally looks like:\n<body>\n @RenderBody()\n @Html.", "Partial(\"_Footer\")\n @Scripts.", "Render(\"~/bundles/js\")\n @RenderSection(\"scripts\", false)\n</body>\n\nAnd then in my views I would have the following:\n<div class=\"container\">\n <p>Test paragraph</p>\n</div>\n\nYou can also have the container in your _Layout.cshtml template but then in your views you must just remember that you already have a container that you are working with. ", "So your _Layout.cshtml it could look like this:\n<body>\n <div class=\"container\">\n @RenderBody()\n </div>\n @Html.", "Partial(\"_Footer\")\n @Scripts.", "Render(\"~/bundles/js\")\n @RenderSection(\"scripts\", false)\n</body>\n\nAnd then your view could look like this:\n<p>Test paragraph</p>\n\nThe best way to see what will work in your scenario is to play around with the various positionings of the containers and the other HTML components. ", "It will take a while but it will give you an indication of what is possible and what is not.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Age and closeness of death as determinants of health and social care utilization: a case-control study.", "\nWe used case-control design to compare utilization of health and social services between older decedents and survivors, and to identify the respective impact of age and closeness of death on the utilization of services. ", "Data were derived from multiple national registers. ", "The sample consisted of 56,001 persons, who died during years 1998-2000 at the age of > or = 70, and their pairs matched on age, gender and municipality of residence, who were alive at least 2 years after their counterpart's death. ", "Data include use of hospitals, long-term care and home care. ", "Decedents' utilization within 2 years before death and survivors' utilization in the same period of time was assessed in three age groups (70-79, 80-89 and > or = 90 years) and by gender. ", "Decedents used hospital and long-term care more than their surviving counterparts, but the time patterns were different. ", "In hospital care the differences between decedents and survivors rose in the last months of the study period, whereas in long-term care there were clear differences during the whole 2-year period. ", "The differences were smaller in the oldest age group than in younger age groups. ", "Closeness of death is an important predictor of health and social service use in old age, but its influence varies between age groups. ", "Not only the changing age structure, but also the higher average age at death affects the future need for services." ]

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[ "Check out our new site Makeup Addiction\n\nBack in my day, I grew hemp On my Plantation" ]

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[ "We continued to develop, refine and evaluate the National Cancer Institutes Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (BCRAT). ", "With a summer Fellow, Mateo Banegas, from University of Washington in Seattle, we quantified the performance of the BCRAT for Latina women in the Women's Health Initiative. ", "We found that BCRAT underestimated risk somewhat, but that recalibration to more recent SEER rates improved the predictions of BCRAT. ", "Dr. Banegas recently received his doctorate and is pursuing research to develop a new model for absolute breast cancer risk for Latina women. ", "Breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers share a hormonal etiology and epidemiologic risk factors. ", "Using data on white, non-Hispanic women over age 50 years from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovary (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial and the AARP-NIH Diet and Health Study and d RRs with incidence and mortality rates from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registries, we developed models to estimate a womans absolute risk of developing breast, endometrial or ovarian cancer over specific intervals. ", "Work to refine and validate the models is ongoing. ", "We developed models to predict the absolute risk of thyroid cancer following treatment of primary childhood cancers. ", "These models have good discriminatory accuracy (AUC) and can yield 20-year risks of up to 7% in the presence of strong risk factors, such as thyroid nodules and neck radiation. ", "The models were validated in independent cohort data. ", "There is interest in determining whether adding information from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can increase the discriminatory accuracy and usefulness for screening of risk models. ", "We examined whether foreseeable genome-wide association studies will discover enough SNPs with sufficiently strong associations to make substantial further improvements in risk prediction. ", "We evaluated several criteria for a range of cancers and concluded that the contributions from future SNP discoveries are likely to be modest. ", "Using data from 1.4 million women undergoing HPV testing and Pap smears in Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC), we calculated absolute risks of precancer and cancer for all possible combinations of HPV and Pap test results over multiple screening visits. ", "These risks are critical for the consensus cervical screening and management guidelines committee meeting in September 2012. ", "We are constructing a bivariate model of the risk of cervical cancer and the chance of clearance of an HPV infection. ", "For each possible screening interval, the model provides the risk of cancer and the chance that HPV will naturally clear without need for intervention. ", "This information should be useful in developing cervical screening guidelines. ", "We are estimating absolute mortality risks within lung cancer risk-based strata in the PLCO to assess whether some risk-based subsets of smokers might have a mortality benefit from chest x-ray lung cancer screening. ", "We developed methods and software to allow one to fit and validate a risk prediction model where key exposures are measured on only a subset of a cohort, with application to developing a new model of lung cancer risk that includes combinations of serum inflammatory markers measured on only a subset of the cohort. ", "We proposed a new binomial regression model for estimating absolute risk (and risk differences) that allows one to include exposures that have logistic or linear effects. ", "We extended this model to estimate absolute risk from population-based case-control studies, with application to estimating absolute risk of lung cancer in female vs. male smokers. ", "We proposed and published two criteria to assess the usefulness of models that predict risk of disease incidence for screening and prevention, or the usefulness of prognostic models for management following disease diagnosis. ", "The first criterion, the proportion of cases followed PCF(q), is the proportion of individuals who will develop disease who are included in the proportion q of individuals in the population at highest risk. ", "The second criterion is the proportion needed to follow-up, PNF(p), namely the proportion of the general population at highest risk that one needs to follow in order that a proportion p of those destined to become cases will be followed. ", "We recently extended these criteria by integrating PCF(q) and PNF(p) over ranges of q and p. We also developed methods of estimating PCF(q) and PNF(p) and their integrated forms both when the risk model was assumed to be well calibrated, and on the basis of empirical data on health outcomes. ", "The latter methods are valid even when the risk models are not well calibrated, but they yield less precise estimates. ", "We developed approaches for estimating and performing inference on absolute risk based on representative survey data, such as the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). ", "Using influence functions, we derived variance estimates that are valid for surveys with weighting and cluster sampling. ", "We also proposed a criterion to estimate the importance of each competing cause on the calculation of the absolute risk of a particular cause. ", "We developed multiple imputation methods to estimate absolute risk of death when some individuals were known to have died but their causes of death were unknown. ", "In separate work, we showed how these methods could be used with SEER data, which have only a small proportion of such missing cause of death information, to estimate the absolute risk of dying from an incident cancer." ]

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[ "How did Vidyut Jamwal save a stuntman on the sets of Bullett Raja? ", "Watch video!", "\n\nThe talented actor who loves action showed his daredevil side on the sets of Tigmanshu Dhulia’s next film\n\nVidyut Jamwal shot to fame with his films Force and Commando – both out-an-out action flicks. ", "The young lad effortlessly did stunts and high octane action sequences in both the films and won accolades for it as well. ", "But what’s interesting is that Vidyut is good with action not only in reel but in real life too. ", "We say coz while shooting for Bullett Raja, the actor didn’t think twice before jumping to save a stuntman. ", "Here’s how it all happened: Vidyut was shooting an action scene along with the stuntman and that is when the latter lost his balance and slipped. ", "The Force actor jumped and saved the stuntman.", "\n\nWe hear the cast and crew were shocked and happy at the same time as Vidyut had no harness support and but reacted quickly and showed his heroic side.", "\n\nWhile we are maha impressed with Mr Jamwal, you check out the video and see how it actually happened." ]

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[ "FBI may have known in advance of Stratfor hack\n\nSoon after the news broke yesterday (March 6) about the arrest and cooperation of turncoat Anonymous and Lulzsec hacker Hector Xavier Monsegur, known online as \"Sabu,\" the Justice Department released chatroom transcripts that imply the FBI knew in advance of the devastating attack in December upon the Austin, Texas geopolitical analysis firm Strategic Forecasting, Inc." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nStrategy for establishing the triangle inequality of a seminorm\n\nOne proof that the $p$-norm $\\| x\\|_p = (|x_1|^p + \\ldots + |x_n|^p)^\\frac{1}{p}$ satisfies the triangle inequality exploits the fact that\n$ x \\mapsto |x_1|^p + \\ldots + |x_n|^p$ is a convex function on $\\mathbb{R}^n$. I abstracted the ideas of this proof into the following proposition. ", "\n\nProposition: Let $X$ be vector space over $\\mathbb{R}$. Let $\\| \\cdot \\|$ be a function on $X$ satisfying all the axioms for a norm, except possibly the triangle inequality. ", "To be precise:\n\n$\\| t x\\| = |t| \\|x\\|$ for all $t \\in \\mathbb{R}$, $x \\in X$ (positive homogeneity).", "\n$\\|x\\| \\geq 0$ for all $x \\in X$, with equality if and only if $x=0$ (positive definiteness).", "\n\nThen, the following are equivalent:\n\n$\\|\\cdot\\|$ is a norm.", "\n$\\| \\cdot \\|$ is a convex function.", "\nThere exists a strictly increasing function $f : [0,\\infty) \\to [0,\\infty)$ such that $x \\mapsto f(\\|x\\|)$ is a convex function. ", "\n\nProof: It's easy to check that even a seminorm is convex, so (1) implies (2). ", "If (2) holds, then (3) holds with $f(t) = t$. Suppose, then, that $f$ is as in (3). ", "Let $x,y \\in X$. We want to establish the triangle inequality, $\\|x+y\\| \\leq \\|x\\| + \\|y\\|$. If either of $x,y$ is zero, this holds trivially, so assume $x$ and $y$ are both nonzero. ", "Define $u = \\frac{x}{\\|x\\|}$, $v = \\frac{y}{\\|y\\|}$ and observe $\\|u\\| = \\|v\\| =1$. Define $s = \\frac{\\|x\\|}{\\|x\\| + \\|y\\|}$, $t = \\frac{\\|y\\|}{\\|x\\| + \\|y\\|}$ and observe $s,t \\in [0,1]$ with $s+t=1$. Observe $su+tv = \\frac{x+y}{\\|x\\|+\\|y\\|}$. Thus, from $f(\\|su+tv\\|) \\leq sf(\\|u\\|) + tf(\\|v\\|)$, we get\n $$f(\\frac{\\|x+y\\|}{\\|x\\|+\\|y\\|}) \\leq s f(1)+tf(1) = f(1).$$\n Since $f$ is strictly increasing, this shows that $\\frac{\\|x+y\\|}{\\|x\\|+\\|y\\|} \\leq 1$, which is the triangle inequality. ", "QED.", "\n\nTo apply this proposition to the $p$-norm, simply note that $f(t) = t^\\frac{1}{p}$ is a strictly increasing function such that $x \\mapsto f(\\|x\\|_p) = |x_1|^p + \\ldots + |x_n|^p$ is a convex function.", "\n\nQuestion: Is the naïve anlalog for seminorms of this result valid? ", "To be precise, suppose $X$ is a vector space over $\\mathbb{R}$. Let $\\| \\cdot \\| : X \\to [0,\\infty)$ be any positive homogeneous function. ", "Is it true that the following are equivalent?", "\n\n$\\|\\cdot\\|$ is a seminorm.", "\n$\\| \\cdot \\|$ is a convex function.", "\nThere exists a strictly increasing function $f : [0,\\infty) \\to [0,\\infty)$ such that $x \\mapsto f(\\|x\\|)$ is convex. ", "\n\nSome observations:\n\nThe proofs that (1) implies (2) implies (3) go through unchanged. ", "So, we just need to assume that an $f$ as in (3) exists and check that $\\|x+y\\| \\leq \\|x\\| + \\|y\\|$ for all $x,y \\in X$. \nIf $\\|x+y\\| = 0$, nothing needs to be said.", "\nIf $\\|x\\|$ and $\\|y\\|$ are both nonzero, then the proof given above works.", "\nIf $\\|x\\| = \\|y\\|=0$, then we can argue as follows: \n$$ f(\\|\\frac{x+y}{2}\\|) \\leq \\frac{f(\\|x\\|) + f(\\|y\\|)}{2} = f(0)$$\nso, since $f$ is strictly increasing, we get $\\frac{x+y}{2} \\leq 0$. Thus, in this case, both sides of the triangle inequality are zero.", "\n\nThe remaining case to consider is when, say, $\\|x\\|$ and $\\|x+y\\|$ are both nonzero, but $\\|y\\|=0$. Thanks for reading!", "\n\nA:\n\nOK I managed to figure this out. ", "I'll post my argument here.", "\n\nProposition: Let $X$ be a vector space over a field $\\mathbb{F} \\in \\{\\mathbb{R}, \\mathbb{C}\\}$ and let $\\| \\cdot \\| : X \\to [0,\\infty)$ satisfy $\\|\\lambda x\\| = |\\lambda| \\|x\\|$ for all $\\lambda \\in \\mathbb{F}$ and all $x \\in X$. Thus, $\\| \\cdot \\|$ is a seminorm if and only if it satisfies the triangle inequality. ", "Then, the following are equivalent:\n\n$\\| \\cdot \\|$ is a seminorm.", "\n$\\|\\cdot\\|$ is a convex function.", "\nThere exists a strictly increasing function $f:[0,\\infty) \\to [0,\\infty)$ such that $x \\mapsto f(\\|x\\|)$ is convex.", "\n\nProof: A simple calculation shows that seminorms are convex, so (1) implies (2). ", "Trivially, (2) implies (1), since we may take $f$ to be the identity map. ", "Thus, we assume that (3) holds. ", "Let $f : [0,\\infty) \\to [0,\\infty)$ be a strictly increasing map such that $x \\mapsto f(\\|x\\|)$ is convex. ", "The goal is to prove that $\\|x+y\\| \\leq \\|x\\| + \\|y\\|$ where $x,y \\in X$.\nCase 1: $\\|x\\| >0$ and $\\|y\\| >0$. Then, we may proceed exactly as in the question statement above. ", "\nCase 2: $\\|x\\| = \\|y\\| =0$. Then, we have\n$$ f( \\frac{\\|x+y\\|}{2}) = f( \\| \\frac{x+y}{2} \\|) \\leq \\frac{ f(\\|x\\|) + f(\\|y\\|)}{2} = f(0)$$\nwhich implies $\\frac{\\|x+y\\|}{2} \\leq 0$ so that $\\|x+y\\| =0$, and the triangle inequality holds. ", "\nCase 3: $\\|x\\|=0$, but $\\|y\\| > 0$. Let us note that there is no loss of generality to assume that $f(0)=0$ (since, otherwise, we can replace $f$ with $x \\mapsto f(x) - f(0)$, which is still strictly increasing and whose composition with $\\|\\cdot\\|$ is still convex). ", "Let $a>0$ be arbitrary. ", "Define\n\\begin{align*}\nu = \\frac{x}{a} && v = \\frac{y}{\\|y\\|} && s = \\frac{a}{a+\\|y\\|} && t = \\frac{\\|y\\|}{a+\\|y\\|}\n\\end{align*}\nand observe that $su+tv = \\frac{x+y}{a+\\|y\\}}$. We have\n$$ f( \\frac{\\|x+y\\|}{a+\\|y\\|}) = f(s u + tv) \\leq s f(u) + t f(v) = 0 + t f(1) \\leq f(1)$$\nso that, since $f$ is strictly increasing,\n$$\\frac{\\|x+y\\|}{a+\\|y\\|} \\leq 1.$$\nLetting $a \\to 0$, we get $\\|x+y\\| \\leq \\|y\\|$, so the triangle inequality holds in this last case.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Gene Corrigan's four decades in college sports seemingly ran the gamut of administrative experiences.", "\n\nHe was a coach and administrator during much of the Vietnam War, experiencing social unrest, campus demonstrations and counterculture movements. ", "As an athletic director at the University of Virginia, he navigated the seismic changes brought on by the implementation of Title IX. ", "He was the ACC commissioner during the conference’s game-changing expansion that added Florida State, and he was president of the NCAA in the mid-1990s while the association grappled with the first major wave of basketball players leaving early for the NBA.", "\n\n“My dad had to deal with a lot of different things,” says NC State athletic director Boo Corrigan, “but he never had a pandemic.”", "\n\nAcross the country, administrators like Boo Corrigan are grappling with an unprecedented set of challenges—including the realization that life in college athletics may be, at best, temporarily and significantly altered. ", "The impacts of the novel coronavirus to its cash cow, football, could bring a swift, and potentially permanent, end to the golden age of the industry. ", "Just 143 days before its scheduled kickoff, the season’s existence is clouded with uncertainty as a plague hampers the nation, with billions of TV dollars and ticket revenues in jeopardy of disappearing.", "\n\nIndustry executives are already creating contingency plans for a nuclear fall of no football. ", "At Clemson, for instance, Dan Radakovich has commissioned a handful of associates to investigate the what-ifs, calling it a disaster-preparedness committee. “", "I don’t know that we’ve named it,” he says, “because I don’t have an acronym for doom.”", "\n\nFor years, top-level programs have bathed in cash. ", "They’ve erected lavish facilities, signed coaches to multimillion-dollar contracts and massively increased athletic staff sizes. ", "Revenues have never been greater, giving is at an all-time high and, while attendance has shown a steady decline, premium seating and TV money are taking off. ", "But the gravy train has hit a snag. ", "If it leads to a major downturn in the college football economy, then what? “", "We’re all effed,” says one Power 5 athletic director who wished to remain anonymous. “", "There’s no other way to look at this, is there?”", "\n\nA total or partial loss of the sport could send some athletic departments so deep into the red that one administrator predicted even Power 5 football programs shuttering. ", "But the absence of football is only one piece. ", "The long-term and severe financial impacts from an economic recession could not only reform forever how departments operate but also could spell sweeping changes to the landscape of college athletics—from the formation of a super division to a new wave of conference realignment, from money-saving travel modifications to football scheduling alterations, from discontinued sports to thousands of lost jobs.", "\n\nOver the last two weeks, about two dozen school administrators and a host of industry experts spoke to Sports Illustrated to answer four pressing college sports questions amid the coronavirus pandemic: 1) When can on-campus practice begin? ", "2) What are the options for a football season? ", "3) How significant is football to athletic departments? ", "4) And how would athletic departments recover from a loss in football revenue? “", "The discussion that ADs are having about fall sports being canceled is a very real possibility,” says Ramogi Huma, the president of the National College Players Association. “", "It’s extremely hard to imagine any football in the fall on any level.”", "\n\nSimon Bruty\n\nWhen can on-campus practice begin?", "\n\nBefore football games, there must be football practice, and, before that, some say, there must be football training. ", "If the first step to a return of football is virus-related—vaccine, etc.—the second step is multiple weeks of organized, on-campus activities (yes, we’re talkin' 'bout practice). ", "At its highest level, college football has become a year-round endeavor. ", "The season is followed by winter workouts in January and February, then spring practice in March and April.", "\n\nIn June, eight weeks of summer training—theoretically voluntary, but in reality mandatory—prepares players for camp in August. ", "Then the season kicks off a month later. ", "Rinse, repeat. ", "The elaborate preseason training regimen of weight lifting, cardiovascular conditioning and seven-on-seven scrimmaging is considered necessary preparation for the physicality of the sport, the speed at which it is played and the intricacies of modern playbooks. ", "So what’s the safest amount of preparation time a football team needs to play live games? ", "This question produces a wide range of answers from those in the college athletics industry. ", "Penn State athletic director Sandy Barbour’s suggestion of 60 days is on the high end, while South Carolina athletic director Ray Tanner’s pitch of one month is on the low end. ", "Alabama coach Nick Saban suggests at least six weeks, and Clemson coach Dabo Swinney says players should return at some point in July to be ready for kickoff as it is currently scheduled.", "\n\nThe most qualified answer, though, comes from Tory Lindley, a senior associate athletic director at Northwestern and the president of the National Athletic Trainers' Association. “", "I cannot believe we can do it in a truncated time period of what we already do from a practice standpoint,” he says. “", "That right now is the month of August. ", "It would be difficult to believe it could be shorter than it has been for decades.” ", "When they do return to campus, athletes will have a half-dozen inquiries from medical personnel waiting for them. ", "That may include a coronavirus test, physical exam, strength evaluation and a health history from their time in quarantine. “", "Where they’ve been, who they’ve been in contact with” says Lindley, “And we’ve got to go in depth as to what level you have executed the strength program you’ve been given.”", "\n\nThe academic and physical condition of players is a chief concern. ", "While on campus, players get oversight from nutritionists on diet, strength coaches in the weight room and academic counselors in the classroom. ", "Coaches fear the time away from that supervision will adversely impact less-driven players. “", "You’re telling me these kids have gone home and are eating like they’re eating with these nutritionists at the school? ", "Come on,” says one coach.", "\n\nOf course, a return to organized activities is contingent on various state gathering orders being lifted. ", "While some hold an optimistic view of sports’ return this fall—including athletic directors, coaches and even the president of the United States—medical experts around the country are more cautious. ", "Without advancements in coronavirus testing and vaccines, many believe organized athletic activities won’t happen. ", "The former is much closer to being realized than the latter. ", "The creation and mass circulation of a vaccine normally takes 12–18 months, doctors say. ", "Former Food and Drug Administration commissioner Scott Gottlieb predicted that the U.S. economy will be 80% of itself until efforts at creating a vaccine are successful—and that will directly impact sports. “", "There are things that are not coming back,” Gottlieb said last week on CBS’s Face the Nation. “", "People are not going to crowd into conferences. ", "They’re not going to crowd into arenas … and we need to accept that.”", "\n\nA football team environment is a natural incubator for the spread of any illness. ", "For years, viral infections have incapacitated entire squads. ", "College football practices include more than 120 players and another 75 staff members. “", "In the absence of there being a vaccine, it would be difficult to know we have eliminated any threat to exposure with the virus unless they are tested,” Lindley says. ", "The latest national models show newly diagnosed cases could taper out by the start of July. ", "But predictive models are fluctuating on an almost daily basis and vary from state to state. ", "Additionally, research has been fast-tracked on developing potential treatments and vaccinations, increasing hopes for a possible medical breakthrough that could drastically change the course.", "\n\nMeanwhile, more schools each day are moving their summer classes exclusively online. ", "At least 18 Power 5 programs have already made that announcement, including blue bloods Texas, LSU, Ohio State and Oklahoma. ", "Can you have on-campus athletic activities—say, football workouts in July or early August—without having students in class? “", "If it's too dangerous for kids to be on campus, how would it be O.K. to play football?” ", "says USC athletic director Mike Bohn. ", "Not all agree. ", "Tanner believes athletes could return before other students if it is deemed safe enough, and Texas A&M president Michael Young suggests that athletes could practice if there is teamwide virus testing. “", "Right now the tests take some periods of time to get back,” Young said. “", "If we could do that quicker, you could imagine getting the whole football team together, an (academic) class together, and test you all and see you are all O.K. and then you can all gather. ", "That is conceivable.”", "\n\nCLICK FOR EXPANDED IMAGE. ", "Not every athletic department is created equal. ", "Power 5 and Group of Five programs get their revenue from vastly different sources. ", "Here's a side-by-side look at 2018 revenue from the SEC and Conference USA. ", "Look at the striking differences. ", "While the two biggest revenue-generators for an SEC school are conference distribution/media rights and ticket sales, Conference USA's two revenue-producers are from student fees and state funding. ", "All four revenue-generators—distribution/media rights, ticket sales, student fees and state funding—will be significantly impacted by the coronavirus's adverse effect on the economy.", "\n\nWhat are the options for a football season?", "\n\nThe unknown lurches over the sporting world. ", "In college football, specifically, outlandish scenarios have been discussed, from moving the start of the season to July—which has since been debunked—to a 2021 schedule that begins in winter and ends in the spring. ", "Playing games in the middle of the summer offends the sensibilities of those in the Deep South, while a January–February schedule would not play well in the Upper Midwest. ", "Decision-makers who spoke to SI point to more practical options. ", "Those include a truncated season, potentially with conference games only, that begins in October; a full season that starts in October, pushing bowl season to January and the playoff to February; and a season in which attendance is limited or altogether nonexistent. ", "However, these are merely projections made months out. “", "What we’re dealing with is uncertainty,” Florida athletic director Scott Stricklin says. “", "It’s hard to know what decisions to make because so much is up in the air. ", "You try to do the contingency thing best you can, but there are a lot of unknowns.”", "\n\nThat said, football is such a financial force for athletic departments and universities that one Group of Five athletic director says, “If they have to start football in a blizzard in January, they’re going to do it.” ", "Contingency models are just now being weighed internally among administrators, with most discussions long on theory and short on specificity.", "\n\nAt Oklahoma, athletic director Joe Castiglione and staff are investigating the topic on a school level. “", "We’re doing all sorts of modeling on what the football season may look like, from a delayed start to no fans to pushing the entire season into the winter or spring,” he says. “", "We could end up throwing it all away, and that would be great, but we can’t afford to wait until the last minute to think about it. ", "We’re trying to think of any way to keep the season alive, because of the economic engine it is for so many other sports. ", "This year, it could be an economic engine on steroids.”", "\n\nDespite the fluidity of the situation, schools are somewhat on a timetable. ", "Last week, Pac-12 commissioner Larry Scott said that a decision on football season and the postseason would need to be made by the end of May. After all, a truncated season starting later than scheduled could make for scheduling chaos that needs weeks to resolve. ", "Even if football returns, most feel that it won’t be the same cash cow. ", "Will fans even be allowed to attend? ", "If they are allowed, will they attend? “", "What’s the psyche of people to get back into close quarters in these stadiums after two months of this social distancing and worried about recurrence?” ", "asks one SEC athletic director.", "\n\nRoss Bjork, A&M’s athletic director, says the start of football comes down to the government. ", "Most states are currently under a stay-at-home order, restricting large gatherings. ", "These orders are independent of one another and are expected to eventually be lifted at different times. ", "Infections and deaths vary widely from state to state. ", "For instance, the city of New Orleans alone has 10 times the number of cases as all of Nebraska. “", "What if Texas is farther along than Colorado and Colorado says, ‘We can’t play yet,’ but Texas is in good shape?” ", "Bjork says. “", "We play Fresno in a non-conference game. ", "What about California?”", "\n\nIf the virus does subside, medical experts have warned of a second wave arriving during the fall. ", "For some, the concern runs beyond football. “", "What about basketball?” ", "Bjork asks. “", "When are they up and running? ", "You start looking at winter. ", "You’re talking about multiple layers.”", "\n\nCLICK FOR EXPANDED IMAGE. ", "Nearly every Power 5 athletic department loses money on all sports aside from football and men's basketball. ", "The numbers can be staggering. ", "For instance, the average Big Ten school loses $22.9 million on sports excluding those two. ", "However, the Power 5 conferences normally make more than enough on football to make up for it, reeling in an average of $28.8 per school in the P5. ", "Coronavirus may not only impact football's revenue but could mean cost-cutting in the other revenue-losing sports.", "\n\nHow are athletic budgets impacted by football?", "\n\nAt LSU, Scott Woodward presides over an athletic department sponsoring 21 sports. ", "Eighteen of them lose money. ", "And he’s one of the lucky ones. ", "At most universities, two or fewer teams turn a profit: football and men’s basketball. ", "LSU is in the minority, as its baseball program is normally in the black, too. ", "Financial documents for the 2016–17 LSU athletic cycle paint a stunning picture of a school’s reliance on football. ", "That year, the Tigers’ football program turned a profit of $56 million, men’s basketball made $1.6 million and baseball brought in about $570,000. ", "The other 18 sports lost a combined $24.2 million. “", "Football is 85% of our revenue,” Woodward says. “", "That says it all. ", "It is the engine that drives the train.”", "\n\nThis isn’t exclusive to LSU. ", "In fact, Power 5 public universities made an average of $28.2 million in profit last year on football, according to self-reported financial documents SI examined. ", "The discrepancy between football and all other sports is severe across the country. ", "Even in the basketball-crazed ACC, football outperforms hoops. ", "The average ACC football program made $15.9 million, while the average basketball school pulled in $6.1 million. ", "Among the 65 Power 5s and Notre Dame, just four schools had a men’s basketball team make more than its football team: Syracuse, Duke, Kentucky and Louisville.", "\n\n“Football allows us to have these other sports. ", "It’s a big amount,” Radakovich says. “", "All the folks working in college athletics understand what a big economic engine it is. ", "You look at big revenue drivers—ticket sales, donations, conference distribution—those are all linked together, and the centerpiece is football.”", "\n\nThe numbers are mind-boggling. ", "Texas led all schools last year with a profit of $112 million in football. ", "SEC schools in 2018 pulled in an average of $40 million each in contributions, most of them tied to football. ", "The Big Ten distributed more than $700 million to its schools last year, including a football-bolstered TV contract and football-buoyed postseason revenues (bowl games, College Football Playoff, etc.). “", "I’m nervous,” Texas AD Chris Del Conte says. “", "We have nine different models, all the way from A to Z. We’re running an enterprise based on the discretionary income of people. ", "We’re fortunate to have a very passionate fan base, but when you look at what’s happening in our country, we need that to dissipate first.”", "\n\nWhile Power 5 programs heavily lean on football revenues, those in smaller divisions, the Group of Five, are reliant on state and institution support. ", "In fact, the average G5 school got $21.7 million in athletic aid last year from its university, while that number among Power 5 schools was $5.5 million. ", "In many cases, school funding is responsible for more than half of a Group of Five’s athletic budget. ", "Even the richest G5 schools, like Houston, UCF and Cincinnati, got at least $28 million last year from their schools. “", "So many Group of Fives depend on enrollment. ", "If that reduces, it’s a hit,” says Eddie Nuñez, the New Mexico athletic director. “", "It’s a hit for this [fiscal] year and next year.”", "\n\nCLICK FOR EXPANDED IMAGE. ", "Football for Power 5 conference programs is a cash cow. ", "From ticket sales to football-only donations, from postseason payouts to corporate sponsorships, the sport brings in millions for major conference athletic departments around the nation. ", "In 2018 at least, Texas made the biggest profit on the sport, according to numbers from the Department of Education. ", "The Longhorns spent $43.2 million and made $156.1 for a profit of $112.9 million. ", "Twenty Power 5 programs last year profited at least $33 million on the sport—all of which is in jeopardy in 2020 because of coronavirus.", "\n\nEnrollment numbers aren’t the only worry. ", "Many G5 athletic directors are anticipating cuts to higher education. ", "UCF athletics received $28.8 million from the school and state last year. ", "With Florida tourism shut down because of virus-related closures, athletic director Danny White is concerned. “", "The state’s ability to support the university system could have a trickle-down effect on our department,” he says. “", "We were planning on investing in building budgets for next year. ", "Increase in game operations, staff sizes. ", "We’ll likely take a pause on that.”", "\n\nAt Houston, Chris Pezman is taking a blow from the cancellation of special events he expected to host at on-campus venues. ", "Combined with the NCAA tournament distribution loss, he may be out upward of $3 million, or 5% of his budget for fiscal year 2020, which runs through June at most places. “", "Everybody is worried about the fall. ", "If this gets into the fall, football will be so secondary to what’s going on globally in the economy,” Pezman says. “", "It’s going to decimate you.”", "\n\nMeanwhile, at the highest level of the sport, officials are bracing for a loss in all three major revenue-producing categories: conference distribution, ticket sales and donations. ", "Conference/postseason distribution and TV money is a significant part of every athletic budget, as much as 40% in the Big Ten. ", "It includes postseason football and megamillion-dollar TV contracts that could be impacted without a season or in the case of a truncated season. “", "The revenue from ticket sales and concessions, that’s all significant, but we could figure that out. ", "Your expenses get reduced,” Young says. “", "On the other hand, where the revenue comes from athletics is really the TV contract and distribution. ", "That’s really important.”", "\n\nYoung and the Aggies have something else to worry about, too: donations. ", "The economy is hammering businesses, including those operated by big-money boosters. ", "For A&M, tucked in the heart of big oil and gas country, that’s especially significant. ", "At most Power 5 programs, donations are usually responsible for about 25% of revenue. ", "At A&M, it’s more than 40%. ", "The Aggies got more than $90 million from donors last year, much of it from oil tycoons.", "\n\nA month into virus-related shutdowns, some schools are already seeing a drop-off. ", "One Pac-12 school, for instance, was expecting upward of $20 million in contributions as part of this fiscal year. ", "It’s no longer coming. “", "If you can salvage the TV money [and play without fans], can you go to your donors and say, ‘This is an extraordinary time, can you stay with us through this?’” ", "one AD asks. “", "Then you try to reward them later. ", "The problem is, I don’t know when you catch up on that.”", "\n\nGreg Nelson\n\nHow do they plan to combat potential budget shortfalls?", "\n\nSchools and organizations have already started down money-saving paths. ", "Athletic directors and other high-ranking department leaders are taking pay cuts at places like Iowa State and Wyoming. ", "In the Pac-12, Scott is slashing his pay 20%, and the executive staff is cutting 10% from its salaries. ", "The Pac-12 Network laid off 8% of its workforce, and NCAA leaders announced a 20% cut in pay.", "\n\nAcross the country, athletic leaders are meeting to create penny-pinching contingency plans for fiscal year 2021. ", "Dozens of schools have extended their football season-ticket renewal deadlines, giving boosters more time during this period of economic uncertainty, and many school administrators are getting creative with payment plans.", "\n\nAthletic directors view scheduling and travel as key money-saving areas. ", "One Group of Five athletic director suggests trimming Olympic sports’ competitions, and another says multi-team, neutral-site round-robin events could pop up for non-revenue sports. ", "Even football scheduling might see some long-term effects in two ways: 1) fewer games against Group of Five programs, as to avoid guarantees stretching into the millions; and 2) fewer long road trips for non-conference games to avoid travel costs. ", "The average price to fly a football team in a charter plane is roughly $120,000, administrators say.", "\n\nCLICK FOR EXPANDED IMAGE. ", "While Power 5 programs are mostly worried about their cash cow football, many Group of Five athletic directors are more concerned with their university's financial situation. ", "Group of Five programs—and many of those at other lower levels—rely heavily on support from their institutions in the form of student fees, scholarship aid and appropriated state funds. ", "The coronavirus's impact on enrollment and fees may be significant.", "\n\nAt UCF, White even suggests that the federal or state government lend support to help his department balance the 2021 budget. ", "His only other option, he says, might be to take out a long-term loan. “", "As I sit right now,” he says, “I don’t see a feasible option.”", "\n\nThe skeptic might ask why, after years of swimming in a surplus, did Power 5 schools not save cash? ", "Some do have reserves, often buried within their privately run fundraising arms. ", "But many operate with a goal of breaking even, pressured from the outside to “look poor,” says Andy Schwarz, an antitrust economist and cofounder of the Professional Collegiate League, an upstart he expects to rival NCAA basketball. “", "Broadly speaking, these guys aren’t allowed to carry over money here or there. ", "There are exceptions, but most blow all of their money every year. ", "They can say, ‘Look, we don’t have any money! ", "We can’t pay the athletes!’ ”", "\n\nThere is another way to save money: cutting sports. “", "If football and basketball decline, you could see a number of schools scale back athletic programs all together,” says Young, the A&M school president. “", "Schools that offer 25 sports, you’ll see some schools begin to put hiatus if not stop the sports that are expensive and not revenue-generating.” ", "In the 2018 reporting year, sports not named football and men’s basketball cost Power 5 athletic departments more than $960 million, or $17 million a school. ", "No program lost as much as Michigan and Ohio State, at $39.9 and $38.8 million respectively. ", "As two rich blue bloods, the Big Ten powers bring in enough football revenue—a combined $125 million in profit—to pay such a stiff price tag for all other sports. ", "Not everyone, especially those in the Group of Five, are in similar positions.", "\n\nEliminating sports is a time-consuming and pain-staking endeavor that can lead to backlash from athletes and alums connected to those programs. ", "The decision includes maneuvering around Title IX and making sure you’re not getting rid of a sport that actually brings tuition dollars into the university. ", "The vast majority of non-revenue sports dole out only partial scholarships, leaving the player to front the rest of their school fees. ", "There’s the NCAA requirement to worry about, too. ", "The governing body requires Division I schools to sponsor a minimum of 14 sports.", "\n\nA&M’s Bjork, a man presiding over one of the richest departments in the country, says the virus will have long-term effects on college sports spending. “", "Perhaps it’s travel. ", "No one will cut back on what we do for student athletes, but how we get to certain places—hotels we stay in, meals, staff sizes,” he says. “", "They're all going to be on the table. ", "We’ve got to look at it.” ", "Some suggest the potential budget shortfalls this year will curtail exorbitant salaries and lavish facilities—for good. “", "The facilities boom is going away,” says one AD. ", "Said a former college coach: “I think this just changed the game on super salaries.”", "\n\nMeanwhile, many college administrators are in lonely offices—or quarantined in their busy homes—trying to answer a two-part question: Will we have football, and if not, how will we survive? “", "If we don’t play football, it means campuses are closed. ", "It rolls up to a much bigger circumstance,” Radakovich says. “", "That’s the place sports finds itself right now: We are a part of a much bigger issue in our country.”", "\n\nMore From SI.com Team Sites:\n\nNick Saban: 'It's Important For Us to Keep the Kids Engaged'\n\nOhio State Precautions Stretch Close to Football's Start\n\nWill Muschamp: 'We Have to Prepare as If We’re Playing This Fall'" ]

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[ "I learned this week of the passing of longtime Cove manager Spencer Wilson. ", "I was lucky to know him. ", "http://www.lajollalight.com/2011/11/26/former-cove-theater-manager-spence-wilson-99-died-on-thanksgiving-day/\n\nI think this is fantastic news! ", "Anyone who wonders how much demand there will be needs to look just blocks away to the summertime Cinespia screenings at Hollywood Forever, which pack viewers in and have people coming from all over southern California to attend. ", "I am looking forward to experiencing what the Academy has in store." ]

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[ "UNITED STATES ARMY COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS\n Before\n JOHNSON, KRAUSS, and BURTON\n Appellate Military Judges\n\n UNITED STATES, Appellee\n v.\n Sergeant DENNIS Q. GIEBLER\n United States Army, Appellant\n\n ARMY 20100842\n\n Headquarters, 21st Theater Sustainment Command\n Christopher T. Fredrikson, Military Judge\n Colonel Claes H. Lewenhaupt, Staff Judge Advocate\n\nFor Appellant: Colonel Mark Tellitocci, JA; Lieutenant Colonel Imogene M.\nJamison, JA; Captain Jennifer A. Parker, JA; Captain Meghan M. Poirier, JA (on\nbrief).", "\n\nFor Appellee: Major Amber J. Williams, JA; Major Ellen S. Jennings, JA; Captain\nBradley Endicott, JA (on brief).", "\n\n\n 21 December 2011\n ---------------------------------\n SUMMARY DISPOSITION\n ---------------------------------\n\nPer Curiam:\n\n A military judge, sitting as a general court-martial, convicted appellant,\npursuant to his pleas, of one specification each of possessing and receiving child\npornography, in violation of Article 134, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10\nU.S.C. § 934 (2006) [hereinafter UCMJ]. ", "The military judge sentenced appellant to\na bad-conduct discharge and confinement for eighteen months. ", "Pursuant to a pretrial\nagreement, the convening authority reduced the sentence to confinement to fifteen\nmonths and approved the remainder of the sentence. ", "\n\n Upon review of the case before us under Article 66, UCMJ, we hold that the\nmilitary judge failed to elicit a sufficient factual basis for appellant’s use of foreign\ncommerce in receiving child pornography. ", "However, it is unnecessary in the first\n\n\n At action, the convening authority waived appellant’s automatic forfeitures for six\nmonths for the benefit of appellant’s dependents. ", "See UCMJ art. ", "58b.", "\n\fGIEBLER—ARMY 20100842\n\ninstance to establish such a factual basis where the offense is charged as a violation\nof Clauses 1 and 2 of Article 134, UCMJ. ", "See United States v. Leonard, 64 M.J.\n381, 383 (C.A.A.F. 2007). ", "We will therefore amend the receiving child pornography\nspecification by deleting the words “that had been in foreign commerce.”", "\n\n Accordingly, the court affirms only so much of the finding of guilty of\nSpecification 2 of the Charge as finds that appellant “U.S. Army, did at or near\nRustamyu, Iraq, Columbus, Georgia, and Kaiserslautern, Germany, between on or\nabout 1 March 2007 and 28 February 2009, knowingly and wrongfully receive child\npornography as defined in 18 U.S.C. § 2256(8), including: 1017.JPG, $$ (171).jpg, -\n0 0!!!!!!~3a.jpg, MELODY1(1)(1)(1).jpg, 036ACDB.JPG, giving head.jpg, 7 girl and\ndad.jpg, 211.JPG, (Ptsc) 11yo Blonde Girl And Cat On Sofa.mpg, 13yo brother fucks\n11yo sisterucks 11yo sister Gets Cum In Face…kiddy.mpg, Kimmy – O New.mpg,\nPthc – Reel Kiddie mother and 2 daughter 9yo+ 14yo threesome – Tvg 13 r ygold\nhussyfan pthc fet.mpg, by downloading to a computer one or more images and video\nfiles of child pornography, which conduct was prejudicial to good order and\ndiscipline and likely to bring discredit upon the armed forces.” ", "The remaining\nfindings of guilty are affirmed. ", "Reassessing the sentence on the basis of the error\nnoted, the entire record, and in accordance with the principles of United States v.\nSales, 22 M.J. 305 (C.M.A. 1986), and United States v. Moffeit, 63 M.J. 40\n(C.A.A.F. 2006), to include the factors identified by Judge Baker in his concurring\nopinion in Moffeit, the court affirms the sentence as approved by the convening\nauthority.", "\n\n FOR THE\n FOR THE COURT:\n COURT:\n\n\n\n\n MALCOLM H. SQUIRES, JR.", "\n MALCOLM H. SQUIRES, JR.", "\n Clerk of Court\n Clerk of Court\n\n\n\n\n 2\n\f" ]

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[ "Applicability of cognitive adaptation theory to predicting adjustment to heart disease after coronary angioplasty.", "\nThe purpose of this study was to determine whether cognitive adaptation theory (i.e., cognitively responding to challenges to world assumptions) would predict positive adjustment to heart disease in the face of a recurrent event. ", "Men and women who were treated for a coronary event with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (N = 278) were interviewed in the hospital and then 6 months later. ", "Indicators of cognitive adaptation theory (self-esteem, optimism, mastery) and adjustment were assessed. ", "In general, cognitive adaptation indicators predicted positive adjustment, sometimes showing stronger relations for those who faced a recurrent event. ", "In addition, patients' cognitions were robust over time, meaning that they were not affected by recurrent events. ", "Patients' beliefs about the angioplasty decision, however, showed differential relations to adjustment, depending on whether they sustained a recurrence." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nStand-alone VC++ compiler\n\nIs there a stand-alone VC++ compiler available for Windows? ", "Even a CLI compiler is fine.", "\nSince I'm using Windows in Virtualbox, Visual Studio is horribly slow due to insufficient memory.", "\n\nA:\n\nNow there is Microsoft Visual C++ Build Tools.", "\nCustom install and unselect all SDKs for a 1GB cross platform \"minimal\" environment.", "\nIt can be reduced to ~300MB if you delete everything non x86 after installation.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou don't have to use visual studio (or even the visual studio commandline devenv.exe). ", "You can use the C++ compiler directly: cl.exe.", "\nHere is the MS page for the compiler options\n\nA:\n\nWindows SDK include c++ compiler.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "This is the face\n\nIt’s a pretty face. ", "I think it is the most gorgeous face in the world. ", "I remember looking at this face and thinking how beautiful, simply beautiful my child was. ", "What you do not see at first glance is this picture was taken at Children’s Hospital. ", "This was Bridget’s third month of life and third hospital admission, after five ER visits.", "\n\nThis picture represents the face of a preexisting condition.", "\n\nThis is the picture of of just a pair of hands\n\n.This pair of hands, the one that holds my heart in their palms, taken during another hospital visit, six years later. ", "This pair of hands that turned blue at 9-months old when another preexisting condition was discovered. ", "A vasomotor instability that will haunt her through winters (too cold) to summers (too hot) that overpower her ability to regulate her body temperature.", "\n\nThis is the back of my courageous daughter. ", "A back that was born with a preexisting condition, tethered spinal cord. ", "Not yet three years old, this back had just learned to walk after a year on a pediatric walker. ", "This back had been without blemish or scars. ", "This back would be cut into, the spinal cord surgically repaired and then healed.", "\n\nThese legs and ankles would perfect the art of toe walking. ", "A preexisting condition, would try to constrain the legs that were told would never jump, or run or sit crisscross applesauce. ", "Currently not wearing her “boots”, we are thankful for the stability and strengthening they provided.", "\n\nFrom her vibrant red hair to her feet that will not stop trying to work the balance beam, my child is preexisting condition.", "\n\nWithout the Affordable Care Act, without our State Medicaid system, this child who at less than a year old would be told she would never roll over, crawl, walk or talk has defied every barrier put placed upon her shoulders. ", "Do the ACA and Medicaid systems need fixing? ", "Yes.", "\n\nBut to repeal ACA and defund or underfund the State’s so they cannot support Medicaid for has a direct and detrimental effect on our children. ", "Our family was one of the lucky ones. ", "We live in the State with the #1 Children’s Hospital, Boston Children’s Hospital. ", "We live in a town with the top pediatric therapy centers, Spaulding for Children. ", "We have employer-based health insurance. ", "We also pay for a Medicaid supplement to provide Bridget with the schooling, medication, therapies, doctors and surgeries needed to continue to defy expectations.", "\n\nBridget has a rare genetic syndrome: PACS1. ", "She was born with a thin (now resolved) corpus callosum, dysmorphic features, laryngomalacia, cardiac defects, tether spinal cord (now resolved), hypotonia, reflux, hypermobility, neurogenic bladder, vasomotor instability, communication delay, autism and an intellectual disability. ", "She is (thankfully) now only on two medications, that without our health insurance and Medicaid would cost us almost $2000/month. ", "Her therapies would bankrupt us.", "\n\nWe do not know of those diagnosis’s what are caused by the PACS1 mutation and which ones are caused by Bridgetitis. ", "We do not know who our child would be without the surgeries, hospital stays, therapies and medications.", "\n\nWe do know that all of the above are considered preexisting conditions. ", "Our child is the definition of a preexisting condition. ", "We do know that without Medicaid and the ACA our child would not have survived her first 8 years of life. ", "Our family would not be as whole, because our child would not have been given the building blocks and then use them to break down any barriers imposed on her by ineffective healthcare.", "\n\nMedicaid has made our lives easier, not perfect, but easier because our child has been given the needed services to excel to any goal. ", "Be it walking, talking, reading or simply living.", "\n\nTo the members of the House and Senate, I implore you to look at the faces of preexisting conditions and the disabled Americans who depend on the Medicaid system to survive.", "\n\nParents have fought school systems, doctors who put limitations and therapists who said we were doing too much too soon. ", "We have been fighting every day of our child’s life to allow them not to survive but to thrive.", "\n\nSince the moment of my child’s first breath I have been fighting for her survival.", "\n\nTrust me, we are willing to fight you if needed, but we would rather work with you. ", "This is Bridget, a child with a rare genetic disability and preexisting condition. ", "I’ve been fighting for her survival for eight years. ", "I’m not going to stop.", "\n\nTo contact your State Senator or Representative or Governor, please see the links below and send them a picture of your preexisting disability:\n\nFollow Blog via Email\n\nSearch\n\nVoice of the Year 2015\n\nCopyright information\n\n(c) Kerri Ames and Undiagnosedbutokay.com (2011 through current date). ", "Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this blog’s author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. ", "Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Kerri Ames and/or Undiagnosed but Okay with appropriate and specific direction to the original content." ]

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[ "Lorna Jorgenson Wendt\n\nLorna Jorgenson Wendt (June 14, 1943 – February 4, 2016) was an American corporate wife whose challenge to the divorce laws in Connecticut set a precedent for the value of the economic worth of corporate spouses. ", "She argued that a wife is a 50-50 partner in a marriage, and therefore worth half of the assets. ", "She was eventually awarded about one-fifth of the estimated worth of the estate.", "\n\nEarly life and marriage\nJorgenson Wendt was born on June 14, 1943, in Minot, North Dakota. ", "Her father was a Lutheran minister, her mother a homemaker. ", "The couple met in high school; both graduated from the University of Wisconsin, after which they married in 1965. ", "Jorgenson Wendt worked as a music teacher until the birth of their first child in 1968.", "\n\nDivorce\nIn 1996, Gary C. Wendt, then CEO of the GE Capital Corporation, began divorce proceedings against his wife. ", "Although Connecticut's divorce law allowed for equitable distribution, not community property as in some states, Jorgenson Wendt filed for half of her husband's $100 million wealth. ", "Rather than the offered $8 million from her ex-husband, the court awarded Jorgenson Wendt $20 million. ", "The ruling extended to 420 pages. ", "Jorgenson Wendt appealed that ruling, wanting one half of the estate, but the original decision was upheld in 2000.", "\n\nJorgenson Wendt formed the Institute for Marriage Equality in 1998, which she ran until it closed in 2006. ", "She lectured throughout the country on issue of the value of a wife's contribution to a marriage.", "\n\nImpact of the case\nJorgenson Wendt was on the cover of Forbes magazine with the headline \"What's a Corporate Wife Worth?\" ", "She went on to become an advocate for prenuptual agreements.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1943 births\nCategory:2016 deaths\nCategory:People from Minot, North Dakota\nCategory:University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni\nCategory:American activists" ]

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[ "Over the past few weeks, we have not been receiving information from the risk \nmanagement groups on a timely basis. ", " This memo serves to convey our \ndeadlines to you and to reiterate deadlines for the risk management group.", "\n\nOur reporting is as follows (Houston time):\n\n7:45 - posting of preliminary DPR to website (needed to be done prior to RAC \n8am meeting)\n7:45 - 2:00 - preparation of the violation/notification memos\n2:00 - finalization of the DPR & memos\n\nIn order to meet these deadlines we need the risk management departments to \nmeet the following deadlines (Houston time):\n\nbefore leaving to go home (Houston): officialization of books (to ensure \ninformation is captured in VAR engine and Credit AGG)\n4:00 (London): officialization and sending of feeds to IT\n7:20 (all): export of preliminary information\n7:20-3:00: support on explanations of violations/notification memos\n11:00 (London only): export of final information (needed at that time for \nMerchant Asset group)\n12:00 (Houston only): export of final information\n \nEveryday at least one group misses the deadline, which is unacceptable. ", " \nPlease ensure deadlines are met going forward. ", " Remember, the DPR cannot go \nout until all information is received and final so one group holds up the \nwhole process.", "\n\nThank you,\n\nShona Wilson" ]

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[ "Tutorials, News and Updates\n\nSystem Requirements\n\nx86 or compatible processor\n\n512 MB of RAM (1 GB*)\n\n6 GB of HDD Space (10 GB*)\n\n* Recommended for smooth performance\n\nRebellin is a Linux distribution based on Debian GNU/Linux. ", "Designed for beginners, Rebellin looks great, and comes fully loaded with essential applications, drivers and codecs to provide an out-of-the-box experience. ", "Rebellin is super fast, lightweight, aggressively secure and has all you need.", "\n\nAdditionally Rebellin also comes with Lifetime Email Support! ", "This makes Rebellin the perfect choice for beginners. ", "Unlimited, unquestioned support is just an email away.", "\n\nRebellin comes in two flavours - Synergy and Adrenaline. ", "Both of these editions are available with two Desktop Environments - Gnome Shell and Mate.", "\n\nRebellin Synergy\n\nSynergy with Gnome Shell\n\nSynergy with Mate Desktop\n\nRebellin Synergy is based on Debian Stable Backports. ", "This gives newer packages than the current Debian stable. ", "Synergy has been optimized for stability and performance." ]

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[ 0.0006358841201290488, 0.0005884876009076834, 0.0008277651504613459, 0.0006140846526250243, 0.0006046410999260843, 0.0005562272272072732, 0.0006129777175374329, 0.0005629440420307219, 0.0007241232669912279, 0.0005946479504927993, 0.0005348534323275089 ]

[ "Bahmai-ye Garmsiri\n\nBahmai-ye Garmsiri () may refer to:\n Bahmai-ye Garmsiri District\n Bahmai-ye Garmsiri-ye Jonubi Rural District\n Bahmai-ye Garmsiri-ye Shomali Rural District" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.0014338454930111766 ]

[ "#ifndef __NPY_HALFFLOAT_H__\n#define __NPY_HALFFLOAT_H__\n\n#include <Python.h>\n#include <numpy/npy_math.h>\n\n#ifdef __cplusplus\nextern \"C\" {\n#endif\n\n/*\n * Half-precision routines\n */\n\n/* Conversions */\nfloat npy_half_to_float(npy_half h);\ndouble npy_half_to_double(npy_half h);\nnpy_half npy_float_to_half(float f);\nnpy_half npy_double_to_half(double d);\n/* Comparisons */\nint npy_half_eq(npy_half h1, npy_half h2);\nint npy_half_ne(npy_half h1, npy_half h2);\nint npy_half_le(npy_half h1, npy_half h2);\nint npy_half_lt(npy_half h1, npy_half h2);\nint npy_half_ge(npy_half h1, npy_half h2);\nint npy_half_gt(npy_half h1, npy_half h2);\n/* faster *_nonan variants for when you know h1 and h2 are not NaN */\nint npy_half_eq_nonan(npy_half h1, npy_half h2);\nint npy_half_lt_nonan(npy_half h1, npy_half h2);\nint npy_half_le_nonan(npy_half h1, npy_half h2);\n/* Miscellaneous functions */\nint npy_half_iszero(npy_half h);\nint npy_half_isnan(npy_half h);\nint npy_half_isinf(npy_half h);\nint npy_half_isfinite(npy_half h);\nint npy_half_signbit(npy_half h);\nnpy_half npy_half_copysign(npy_half x, npy_half y);\nnpy_half npy_half_spacing(npy_half h);\nnpy_half npy_half_nextafter(npy_half x, npy_half y);\nnpy_half npy_half_divmod(npy_half x, npy_half y, npy_half *modulus);\n\n/*\n * Half-precision constants\n */\n\n#define NPY_HALF_ZERO (0x0000u)\n#define NPY_HALF_PZERO (0x0000u)\n#define NPY_HALF_NZERO (0x8000u)\n#define NPY_HALF_ONE (0x3c00u)\n#define NPY_HALF_NEGONE (0xbc00u)\n#define NPY_HALF_PINF (0x7c00u)\n#define NPY_HALF_NINF (0xfc00u)\n#define NPY_HALF_NAN (0x7e00u)\n\n#define NPY_MAX_HALF (0x7bffu)\n\n/*\n * Bit-level conversions\n */\n\nnpy_uint16 npy_floatbits_to_halfbits(npy_uint32 f);\nnpy_uint16 npy_doublebits_to_halfbits(npy_uint64 d);\nnpy_uint32 npy_halfbits_to_floatbits(npy_uint16 h);\nnpy_uint64 npy_halfbits_to_doublebits(npy_uint16 h);\n\n#ifdef __cplusplus\n}\n#endif\n\n#endif\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.01971050165593624 ]

[ "At the Second Quebec Conference on September 16, 1944, U.S. President Roosevelt and Morgenthau persuaded the initially very reluctant British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to agree to the plan, likely using a $6 billion Lend Lease agreement to do so.[1] Churchill chose however to narrow the scope of Morgenthau's proposal by drafting a new version of the memorandum, which ended up being the version signed by the two statesmen.[1]\n\nThe gist of the signed memorandum was \"This programme for eliminating the war-making industries in the Ruhr and in the Saar is looking forward to converting Germany into a country primarily agricultural and pastoral in its character.\"", "\n\nNews of the existence of the plan was leaked to the press [2]. ", "President Roosevelt's response to press inquiries was to deny the press reports.[3].", "\n\nIn wartime Germany, Goebbels was able to use the plan to bolster the German resistance on the Western front.", "\n\nIn occupied Germany, the Morgenthau plan lived on in the U.S. occupation directive JCS 1067 and in the Allied \"industrial disarmament\" plans, designed to reduce German economic might and to destroy Germany's capability to wage war by complete or partial de-industrialisation and restrictions imposed on utilization of remaining production capacity. ", "By 1950, after the virtual completion of the by then much watered-out \"level of industry\" plans, equipment had been removed from 706 manufacturing plants in the west and steel production capacity had been reduced by 6,700,000 tons.[2]\n\nIn early 1946 U.S. President Harry S. Truman finally bowed to pressure from Senators, Congress and public to allow foreign relief organizations to enter Germany in order to review the food situation. ", "In mid-1946 non-German relief organizations were finally permitted to help starving German children.[3]\n\nIn July 1947 with the advent of the initial planning for the Marshall plan designed to help the now deteriorating European economy recover, the restrictions placed on yearly German Steel production were lessened. ", "Permitted Steel production quotas were raised from 25% of pre-war capacity to 50% of pre-war capacity.[5] The U.S. occupation directive JCS 1067, whose economic section had prohibited \"steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany [or] designed to maintain or strengthen the German economy\", was then also replaced by the new U.S. occupation directive JCS 1779 which instead stressed that \"An orderly, prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany.\"", "\n\nIn early 1947 four million German soldiers were still being used as forced labor in the UK, France, and the Soviet Union.[6][7]\n\nContents\n\nThe original memorandum, written sometime between January and early September 1944, signed by Morgenthau, and headed \"Suggested Post-Surrender Program for Germany\" is preserved at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum. ", "The text, and a facsimile image, can be viewed online.[10]\n\nThe main provisions can be summarized as follows:\n\n1. ", "Demilitarization of Germany.", "\n\nIt should be the aim of the Allied Forces to accomplish the complete demilitarization of Germany in the shortest possible period of time after surrender. ", "This means completely disarming the German Army and people (including the removal or destruction of all war material), the total destruction of the whole German armament industry, and the removal or destruction of other key industries which are basic to military strength.", "\n\n2. ", "Partitioning of Germany.", "\n\n(a) Poland should get that part of East Prussia which doesn't go to the USSR and the southern portion of Silesia as indicated on the attached map, (Appendix A).", "\n\n(b) France should get the Saar and the adjacent territories bounded by the Rhine and the Moselle rivers.", "\n\n(c) As indicated in part 3 an International zone should be created containing the Ruhr and the surrounding industrial areas.", "\n\n(d) The remaining portion of Germany should be divided into two autonomous, independent states, (1) a South German state comprising Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden and some smaller areas and (2) a North German state comprising a large part of the old state of Prussia, Saxony, Thuringia and several smaller states.", "\n\nThere shall be a custom union between the new South German state and Austria, which will be restored to her pre-1938 political borders.", "\n\n3. ", "The Ruhr Area.", "\n\n(The Ruhr, surrounding industrial areas, as shown on the attached map, including the Rhineland, the Kiel Canal, and all German territory north of the Kiel Canal.)", "\n\nHere lies the heart of German industrial power, the cauldron of wars. ", "This area should not only be stripped of all presently existing industries but so weakened and controlled that it can not in the foreseeable future become an industrial area. ", "The following steps will accomplish this:\n\n(a) Within a short period, if possible not longer than 6 months after the cessation of hostilities, all industrial plants and equipment not destroyed by military action shall either be completely dismantled and removed from the area or completely destroyed. ", "All equipment shall be removed from the mines and the mines shall be thoroughly wrecked.", "\n\nIt is anticipated that the stripping of this area would be accomplished in three stages:\n\n(i) The military forces immediately upon entry into the area shall destroy all plants and equipment which cannot be removed.", "\n\n(ii) Removal of plants and equipment by members of the United Nations as restitution and reparation (Paragraph 4).", "\n\n(iii) All plants and equipment not removed within a stated period of time, say 6 months, will be completely destroyed or reduced to scrap and allocated to the United Nations.", "\n\n(b) All people within the area should be made to understand that this area will not again be allowed to become an industrial area. ", "Accordingly, all people and their families within the area having special skills or technical training should be encouraged to migrate permanently from the area and should be as widely dispersed as possible.", "\n\n(c) The area should be made an international zone to be governed by an international security organization to be established by the United Nations. ", "In governing the area the international organization should be guided by policies designed to further the above stated objectives.", "\n\n4. ", "Restitution and Reparation.", "\n\nReparations, in the form of recurrent payments and deliveries, should not be demanded. ", "Restitution and reparation shall be effected by the transfer of existing German resources and territories, e.g.\n\n(a) by restitution of property looted by the Germans in territories occupied by them;\n\n(b) by transfer of German territory and German private rights in industrial property situated in such territory to invaded countries and the international organization under the program of partition;\n\n(c) by the removal and distribution among devastated countries of industrial plants and equipment situated within the International Zone and the North and South German states delimited in the section on partition;\n\nThe negative public reaction to the publishing of the Morgenthau plan had forced President Roosevelt to publicly shelve it, but he permitted no further planning for the occupation of Germany. ", "Thus with the death of the president the plan itself never took effect, but as its ideas permeated parts of the American administration, especially Morgenthau's Treasury, it did influence subsequent American and Allied planning, most notably:\n\nJCS 1067 explicitly prohibited U.S. occupation authorities from providing any economic or reconstruction assistance of any kind to the German people, not even to maintain the current economic levels. ", "U.S. occupation efforts were to be focused on denazification and the destruction of heavy industry war-production capability.", "\n\nIn January 1946 the Allied Control Council set the foundation of the future German economy by putting a cap on German steel production, the maximum allowed was set at about 25% of the prewar production level.[12] Steel plants thus made redundant were dismantled.", "\n\nAlso as a consequence of the Potsdam conference, the occupation forces of all nations were obliged to ensure that German standards of living were lowered to the level of its European neighbors with which it had been at war with, France in particular.", "\n\nGermany was to be reduced to the standard of life it had known at the height of the Great depression (1932).[13]\n\nThe first \"level of industry\" plan, signed in 1946, stated that German heavy industry was to be lowered to 50% of its 1938 levels by the destruction of 1,500 manufacturing plants[14]\n\nThe problems brought on by the execution of these types of policies were eventually apparent to most U.S. officials in Germany. ", "Germany had long been the industrial giant of Europe, and its poverty held back the general European recovery. ", "The continued scarcity in Germany also led to considerable expenses for the occupying powers, which were obligated to try and make up the most important shortfalls through the GARIOA program (Government and Relief in Occupied Areas).", "\n\nIn view of the continued poverty and famine in Europe, and with the onset of the Cold War which made it important not to lose all of Germany to the communists, it was apparent by 1947 that a change of policy was required.", "\n\nThe Western powers worst fear by now was that the poverty and hunger would drive the Germans to Communism.", "\nGeneral Lucius Clay stated \"There is no choice between being a communist on 1,500 calories a day and a believer in democracy on a thousand.\"", "\n\nAfter lobbying by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Generals Clay and Marshall, the Truman administration finally realized that economic recovery in Europe could not go forward without the reconstruction of the German industrial base on which it had previously been dependent.[15]\nIn July 1947, President Harry S. Truman rescinded on \"national security grounds\"[16] the punitive JCS 1067, which had directed the U.S. forces of occupation in Germany to \"take no steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany.\" ", "It was replaced by JCS 1779, which instead stressed that \"[a]n orderly, prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany.", "\"[17]\n\nThe Marshall Plan … is not a philanthropic enterprise … It is based on our views of the requirements of American security … This is the only peaceful avenue now open to us which may answer the communist challenge to our way of life and our national security.\" (", "Allen W. Dulles, The Marshall Plan) [18]\n\nSecretary of the Treasury Henry J. Morgenthau Jr. convinced Roosevelt to write to Secretary of State Cordell Hull and Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson saying that a U.S. occupation policy which anticipated that \"Germany is to be restored just as much as the Netherlands or Belgium\" was excessively lenient. ", "A better policy would have the Germans \"fed three times a day with soup from Army soup kitchens\" so \"they will remember that experience the rest of their lives.\" [", "19] Morgenthau was the only Cabinet member invited to participate in the Quebec Conference during which the Plan was agreed to.", "\n\nThe fact Morgenthau's attitude towards the Germans aligned so closely with Stalin's may have been influenced by his close friend and advisor, Harry Dexter White, who was indicted by the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee on a charge of passing U.S. Government secrets to Moscow in 1948 but who died of a heart attack shortly after testifying before the House [20]\n\nRoosevelt's motivations for agreeing to Morgenthau's proposal may be attributed to his desire to be on good terms with Stalin and to a personal conviction that Germany must be treated harshly. ", "In an August 26, 1944 letter to Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, Roosevelt wrote that \"There are two schools of thought, those who would be altruistic in regard to the Germans, hoping by loving kindness to make them Christians again — and those who would adopt a much 'tougher' attitude. ", "Most decidedly I belong to the latter school, for though I am not bloodthirsty, I want the Germans to know that this time at least they have definitely lost the war.\" [", "21] Roosevelt is also quoted as saying to Morgenthau that \"We have got to be tough with the Germany and I mean the German people not just the Nazis. ", "We either have to castrate the German people or you have got to treat them in such a manner so they can't just go on reproducing people who want to continue the way they have in the past\" [22] At the Tehran Conference in late 1943, Stalin had proposed that at least 50,000 and perhaps 100,000 German officers should be executed. ", "Roosevelt's son, Elliot, enthusiastically agreed. ", "The President remarked that perhaps 49,000 should be enough [23] When Churchill became enraged at these comments, Stalin quickly assured him that they were joking [24] Roosevelt was presumably joking, but at the Yalta Conference the President said that he was feeling \"very much more bloodthirsty towards Germany\" than earlier and indicated that he hoped Stalin would again \"propose a toast to the execution of 50,000 officers of the German army\" [25]\n\nThe Morgenthau plan faced strong opposition within Roosevelt's government. ", "Henry L. Stimson, Secretary of War, said he had \"yet to meet a man who was not horrified at the 'Carthaginian'-attitude of the Treasury. ", "It is Semitism gone wild for vengeance and will lay the seeds of another war in the next generation.\" ", "He further pointed out that the plan violated the Atlantic Charter, which promised equal opportunity for the pursuit of happiness to both victors. ", "In a note to the president dated September 5, 1944, Stimson wrote:\n\nWe contemplate the transfer from Germany of ownership of East Prussia, Upper Silesia, Alsace and Lorraine (each of them except the first containing raw materials of importance) together with the imposition of general economic controls. ", "We also are considering the wisdom of a possible partition of Germany into north and south sections, as well as the creation of an internationalized State in the Ruhr. ", "With such precautions, or indeed with only some of them, it certainly should not be necessary for us to obliterate all industrial productivity in the Ruhr area, in order to preclude its future misuse.", "\n\nNor can I agree that it should be one of our purposes to hold the German population \"to a subsistence level\" if this means the edge of poverty.", "\n\nSecretary of State Hull was outraged by Morgenthau's \"inconceivable intrusion\" into foreign policy. ", "Hull told Roosevelt that the plan would inspire last ditch resistance and cost thousands of American lives. ", "Hull was so upset over the plan that it prompted his resignation from the administration.[26]\n\nChurchill was not inclined to support the proposal, saying \"England would be chained to a dead body.\" ", "Roosevelt reminded Churchill of Stalin's comments at the Tehran Conference, and asked \"Are you going to let Germany produce modern metal furniture? ", "The manufacture of metal furniture can be quickly turned in the manufacture of armament.\" [", "27] The meeting broke up on Churchill's disagreement but Roosevelt suggested that Morgenthau and White continue to discuss with Lord Cherwell, Churchill's personal assistant.", "\n\nLord Cherwell has been described as having \"an almost pathological hatred for Nazi Germany, and an almost medieval desire for revenge was a part of his character\".[28] Morgenthau is quoted as saying to his staff that \"I can't overemphasize how helpful Lord Cherwell was because he could advise how to handle Churchill\" (Blum, p. 373). ", "In any case, Cherwell was able to persuade Churchill to change his mind. ", "Churchill later said that \"At first I was violently opposed to the idea. ", "But the President and Mr. Morgenthau — from whom we had much to ask — were so insistent that in the end we agreed to consider it\".[29]\n\nSome have read into the clause \"from whom we had much to ask\" that Churchill was bought off, and note a September 15 memo from Roosevelt to Hull stating that \"Morgenthau has presented at Quebec, in conjunction with his plan for Germany, a proposal of credits to Britain totalling six and half billion dollars.\" ", "Hull's comment on this was that \"this might suggest to some the quid pro quo with which the Secretary of the Treasury was able to get Mr. Churchill's adherence to his cataclysmic plan for Germany\".[30]\n\nHarry Dexter White, regarded by many as the principal author of the plan, was after his death exposed as a Soviet agent. ", "This has prompted some, including John Dietrich in The Morgenthau Plan: Soviet Influence on American Postwar Policy, to draw the conclusion that the real purpose of the plan was to further communist expansion in Central and Western Europe after the war.", "\n\nAt Quebec White made sure that Lord Cherwell understood that economic aid to Britain was dependent on British approval of the plan. ", "During the signing of the plan, which coincided with the signing of a loan agreement, President Roosevelt proposed that they sign the plan first. ", "This prompted Churchill to exclaim: \"What do you want me to do? ", "Get on my hind legs and beg like Fala?\" ([", "31])\n\nAnthony Eden expressed his strong opposition to the plan and, with the support of some others, was able to get the Morgenthau Plan set aside in Britain. ", "In the U.S., Hull argued that nothing would be left to Germany but land and only 60% of the Germans could live off the land, meaning 40% of the population would die. ", "Stimson expressed his opposition even more forcefully to Roosevelt. ", "According to Stimson, the President grinned and \"looked naughty,\" before finally saying that he just wanted to help Britain get a share of the Ruhr and denied that he intended to deindustrialize Germany. ", "Stimson replied, \"Mr. President, I don't like you to dissemble to me\" and read back to Roosevelt what he had signed. ", "Struck by this, Roosevelt said he had \"no idea how he could have initialed this\" (Elting E. Morrison quoting Stimson's October 31944 diary, \"Turmoil and Tradition: A Study of the Life and Times of Henry L. Stimson\" (Boston, 1960) p. 609).", "\n\nThe Washington Post urged; stop helping Dr. Goebbels, if the Germans suspect that nothing but complete destruction lies ahead, then they will fight on.[33] The Republican presidential candidate Thomas Dewey complained in his campaign that the Germans had been terrified by the plan into fanatical resistance, \"Now they are fighting with the frenzy of despair.", "\"[34]\n\nGeneral George Marshall complained to Morgenthau that German resistance had strengthened.[35] Hoping to get Morgenthau to relent on his plan for Germany, President Roosevelt's son-in-law Lt. ", "Colonel John Boettiger who worked in the War Department explained to Morgenthau how the American troops that had had to fight for five weeks against fierce German resistance to capture the city of Aachen had complained to him that the Morgenthau Plan was \"worth thirty divisions to the Germans.\" ", "Morgenthau refused to relent.[36]\n\nOn December 11, OSS operative William Donovan sent Roosevelt a telegraph message from Bern, warning him of the consequences that the knowledge of the Morgenthau plan had had on German resistance; by showing them that the enemy planned the enslavement of Germany it had welded together ordinary Germans and the regime; the Germans continue to fight because they are convinced that defeat will bring nothing but oppression and exploitation.[37] The message was a translation of a recent article in the Neue Zürcher Zeitung.", "\n\nSo far, the Allies have not offered the opposition any serious encouragement. ", "On the contrary, they have again and again welded together the people and the Nazis by statements published, either out of indifference or with a purpose. ", "To take a recent example, the Morgenthau plan gave Dr. Goebbels the best possible chance. ", "He was able to prove to his countrymen, in black and white, that the enemy planned the enslavement of Germany.", "\n\nThe conviction that Germany had nothing to expect from defeat but oppression and exploitation still prevails, and that accounts for the fact that the Germans continue to fight. ", "It is not a question of a regime, but of the homeland itself, and to save that, every German is bound to obey the call, whether he be Nazi or member of the opposition. [", "5]\n\nIn July 1947 JCS 1067, which had directed the U.S. forces of occupation in Germany to \"…take no steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany [or] designed to maintain or strengthen the German economy\", was replaced by JCS 1779 which instead stated that \"An orderly, prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany.\" [", "5]\n\nIt took over two months for General Clay to overcome continued resistance to the new directive JCS 1779, but in July 10, 1947, it was finally approved at a meeting of the SWNCC. ", "The final version of the document \"was purged of the most important elements of the Morgenthau plan.", "\"[38]\n\nMorgenthau had been able to wield considerable influence over Joint Chiefs of Staff Directive 1067. ", "JCS 1067 was a basis for US Occupation policy until July 1947, and like the Morgenthau Plan, was intended to reduce German living standards. ", "The production of oil, rubber, merchant ships, and aircraft were prohibited. ", "Occupation forces were not to assist with economic development apart from the agricultural sector.", "\n\nLewis Douglas, chief adviser to General Lucius Clay, US High Commissioner, denounced the directive saying, \"This thing was assembled by economic idiots. ", "It makes no sense to forbid the most skilled workers in Europe from producing as much as they can in a continent that is desperately short of everything\".[39]\n\nIn his 1950 book Decision in Germany, Clay wrote, \"It seemed obvious to us even then that Germany would starve unless it could produce for export and that immediate steps would have to be taken to revive industrial production\".[40] Douglas went to Washington in the hopes of having the directive revised but was unable to do so.", "\n\nOn March 20, 1945 President Roosevelt was warned that the JCS 1067 was not workable: it would let the Germans \"stew in their own juice\". ", "Roosevelt's response was \"Let them have soup kitchens! ", "Let their economy sink!\" ", "Asked if he wanted the German people to starve, he replied, \"Why not?\"[41]\n\nOn May 10, 1945 Truman signed the JCS 1067. ", "Morgenthau told his staff that it was a big day for the Treasury, and that he hoped that \"someone doesn't recognize it as the Morgenthau Plan.", "\"[42]\n\nIn occupied Germany Morgenthau left a direct legacy through what in OMGUS commonly were called \"Morgenthau boys\". ", "These were US Treasury officials whom Eisenhower has \"loaned\" in to the Army of occupation. ", "These people ensured that the JCS 1067 was interpreted as strictly as possible. ", "They were most active in the first crucial months of the occupation, but continued their activities for almost two years following the resignation of Morgenthau in mid 1945 and some time later also of their leader Colonel Bernard Bernstein, who was \"the repository of the Morgenthau spirit in the army of occupation\".[43]\n\nThe US Senate's Judiciary Committee asserted: \"During the first two years of the Allied occupation the Treasury program of industrial dismantlement was vigorously pursued by American officials.", "\"[44]\n\nVladimir Petrov, an expert on the financial aspects of the occupation, wrote: \"By forbidding the American Army to maintain price, wage, and market controls, it (JCS 1067) literally decreed, as a State Department official put it, economic chaos.", "\"[45]\n\nIn 1947 the U.S. Congress warned that the continuation of the present policies\n\n…can only mean one of two things, (a) That a considerable part of the German population must be \"liquidated\" through diseases, malnutrition, and slow starvation for a period of years to come, with the resultant dangers to the rest of Europe from pestilence and the spread of plagues that know no boundaries; or (b) the continuation both of large occupying forces to hold down \"unrest\" and the affording of relief mainly drawn from the United States to prevent actual starvation.[46]\n\nConditions in Germany reached their lowest point in 1947. ", "Living conditions were considered worse in 1947 than in 1945 or 1946. ", "At an average ration of 1040 calories a day, malnutrition was at its worst stage in post-war Germany. ", "Herbert Hoover asserted that that ration was hardly more than the ration that caused thousands in the Nazi concentration camps to die from starvation.[47] (See also Eisenhower and German POWs#American food policy in Germany shortly after the war)\n\nVladimir Petrov concluded: \"The victorious Allies … delayed by several years the economic reconstruction of the war torn continent, a reconstruction which subsequently cost the US billions of dollars.", "\"[48]\n\nIn view of increased concerns by General Lucius D. Clay and the Joint Chief of Staff over communist influence in Germany, as well as of the failure of the rest of the European economy to recover without the German industrial base on which it was dependent, in the summer of 1947 Secretary of State General George Marshall, citing \"national security grounds\" was finally able to convince President Harry S. Truman to remove JCS 1067, and replace it with JCS 1779.[49] JCS 1067 had then been in effect for over two years.", "\n\nThe Morgenthau boys resigned en masse when the JCS 1779 was approved, but before they went the Morgenthau followers in the decartelization division of OMGUS accomplished one last task in the spring of 1947, the destruction of the old German banking system.[50] By breaking the relationships between German banks they cut off the flow of credit between them, limiting them to short-term financing only, thus preventing the rehabilitation of German industry and with immediate adverse effects on the economy in the U.S. occupation zone.[50]\n\nWith the change of occupation policy, most significantly thanks to the currency reform of 1948, Germany eventually made an impressive recovery, later known as the Wirtschaftswunder (\"economic miracle\").", "\n\nSome of the Morgenthau Plan was implemented, and some came very close to being implemented. ", "The Morgenthau Plan spawned the JCS-1067 [6], which contained the ideas of making Germany a \"Pastoral State\". ", "This concept's name was later changed to become \"level of industry\", where Germany's production was to be severely limited but not completely eliminated. ", "No new locomotives were to be built until 1949, most industries were to have their production halved. ", "Automobile production was to be set at 10% of its [pre-war] 1936 level, etc.[7]\n\nSome progress has been made in converting Germany to an agricultural and light industry economy, said Brigadier General William H. Draper, Jr., chief of the American Economics Division, who emphasized that there was general agreement on that plan.", "\n\nHe explained that Germany’s future industrial and economic pattern was being drawn for a population of 66,500,000. ", "On that basis, he said, the nation will need large imports of food and raw materials to maintain a minimum standard of living.", "\n\nGeneral agreement, he continued, had been reached on the types of German exports — coal, coke, electrical equipment, leather goods, beer, wines, spirits, toys, musical instruments, textiles and apparel — to take the place of the heavy industrial products which formed most of Germany's pre-war exports.[51]\n\nMorgenthau had written a book outlining the full Morgenthau Plan, Germany is Our Problem.", "\nIn November 1945 General Eisenhower, Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone, approved the distribution of one thousand free copies of the book to American military officials in Germany.[52]\n\nAll armaments plants, including some that could have been converted to civilian operation, were dismantled or destroyed. ", "A large proportion of operational civilian plants were dismantled and transported to the victorious nations, mainly France and Russia.", "\n\nIn addition to the above courses of action, there have been general policies of destruction or limitation of possible peaceful productivity under the headings of \"pastoral state\" and \"war potential.\" ", "The original of these policies apparently expressed on September 15, 1944, at Quebec, aimed at:\n\n\"converting Germany into a country principally agricultural and pastoral,\"\n\nand included,\n\n\"the industries of the Ruhr and the Saar would therefore be put out of action, closed down….\" [", "53]\n\nAs late as March 1947 there were still active plans to let France annex the Ruhr just as eastern Prussia and Silesia had been annexed by Russia and Poland, or at a minimum remove it from Germany.", "\n\n\"The Ruhr — The Times' article and editorial on the breach in the US ranks on the subject of the Ruhr were accurate, and the latter excellent. ", "I have been disturbed over the arena in which the debate has been carried out. ", "Clay and Draper claim that Germany will go communist shortly after any proposal to infringe on its sovereignty over the Ruhr is carried out;\".", "\n[54]\n\nThe Saar, another important source of coal and industry for Germany, was likewise to be lost by the Germans. ", "It was cut out from Germany and its resources put under French control. ", "In 1955, the French, under pressure from West Germany and her newfound allies, held a plebiscite in the Saar Protectorate on the question of reunification or independence. ", "Reunification won overwhelmingly, and on January 1, 1957, Saarland rejoined West Germany.", "\n\nAs Germany was allowed neither airplane production nor any shipbuilding capacity to supply a merchant navy, all facilities of this type were destroyed over a period of several years. ", "A typical example of this activity by the allies was the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg, where explosive demolition was still taking place as late as 1949. ", "Everything that could not be dismantled was blown up or otherwise destroyed. ", "A small-scale attempt to revive the company in 1948 ended with the owners and a number of employees being thrown in jail by the British.", "\nIt was not until 1953 that the situation gradually started to improve for the Blohm & Voss, thanks in part to repeated pleas by German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer to the Allied High Commissioners.[55]\n\nTimber exports from the U.S. occupation zone were particularly heavy. ", "Sources in the U.S. government stated that the purpose of this was the \"ultimate destruction of the war potential of German forests.\" ", "As a consequence of the practiced clear-felling extensive deforestation resulted which could \"be replaced only by long forestry development over perhaps a century.", "\".[56]\n\nReports such as this by former U.S. President Herbert Hoover, dated March 1947, also argued for a change of policy, among other things through speaking frankly of the expected consequences.", "\n\nThere are several illusions in all this \"war potential\" attitude.", "\n\na. There is the illusion that the New Germany left after the annexations can be reduced to a \"pastoral state\". ", "It cannot be done unless we exterminate or move 25,000,000 people out of it. ", "This would approximately reduce Germany to the density of the population of France.[57]\n\nIn July 1947, President Harry S. Truman rescinded on \"national security grounds\"[16] JCS 1067, which had directed the U.S. forces of occupation in Germany to \"take no steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany.\" [", "17]\n\nIn addition to the physical barriers that had to be overcome for the German economic recovery there were also intellectual challenges. ", "The Allies confiscated intellectual property of great value, all German patents, both in Germany and abroad, and used them to strengthen their own industrial competitiveness by licensing them to Allied companies.[58] Beginning immediately after the German surrender and continuing for the next two years the U.S. pursued a vigorous program to harvest all technological and scientific know-how as well as all patents in Germany. ", "John Gimbel comes to the conclusion, in his book \"Science Technology and Reparations: Exploitation and Plunder in Postwar Germany\", that the \"intellectual reparations\" taken by the U.S. and the UK amounted to close to $10 billion.[59][60][61] During the more than two years that this policy was in place, no industrial research in Germany could take place, as any results would have been automatically available to overseas competitors who were encouraged by the occupation authorities to access all records and facilities.", "\nMeanwhile thousands of the best German researchers were being put to work in the Soviet Union and in the U.S. (see Operation Paperclip)\n\nContrary to popular belief, the Marshall Plan, which was extended to also include Western Germany after it was realized that the suppression of the Western German economy was holding back the recovery of the rest of Europe,[62] was not the main force behind the Wirtschaftswunder.[63][64] Had that been the case, other countries such as Great Britain and France (which both received higher economic assistance from the Marshal plan than Germany) should have experienced the same phenomenon. ", "In fact, the amount of monetary aid (which was in the form of loans) received by Germany through the Marshall Plan (about $1.4 billion in total) was far overshadowed by the amount the Germans had to pay back as war reparations and by the charges the Allies made on the Germans for the ongoing cost of occupation (about $2.4 billion per year).[63] In 1953 it was decided that Germany was to repay $1.1 billion of the aid it had received. ", "The last repayment was made in June 1971.[64]\n\n↑Fleming, Thomas The New Dealers' War: F.D.R. And The War Within World War II. ", "Basic Books, 2001, pg. ", "432.", "\n\n↑(Memorandum by Harry Dexter White for the Secretary of the Treasury, September 251944, Memorandum by the Deputy Directory of the Office of European Affairs for the Secretary of State, September 201944).", "\n\n↑Nicholas Balabkins, \"Germany Under Direct Controls; Economic Aspects Of Industrial Disarmament 1945–1948, Rutgers University Press, 1964. ", "p. 119. ", "The two quotes used by Balabkins are referenced to respectively; U.S. office of Military Government, A Year of Potsdam: The German Economy Since the Surrender (1946), p.70; and U.S. Office of Military Government, The German Forest Resources Survey (1948), p. II. ", "For similar observations see G.W. Harmssen, Reparationen, Sozialproduct, Lebensstandard (Bremen: F. Trujen Verlag, 1948), I, 48.", "\n\nMichael R. Beschloss, \"The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941–1945\". ", "Simon & Schuster (2002) ISBN 0-7432-4454-0 (Much detail on the plan until the death of Roosevelt/beginning of the occupation, then less detail)\n\nJohn Dietrich, \"The Morgenthau Plan: Soviet Influence on American Postwar Policy\". ", "Algora Publishing (2002) ISBN 1-892941-90-2 (Much detail on the M. plan during the entire occupation)\n\nVladimir Petrov, \"Money and conquest; allied occupation currencies in World War II.\" ", "Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press (1967) (Effected economic policy in occupied Germany, including the activities of the so called \"Morgenthau boys\", and consequences)\n\nJoint Chiefs of Staff Directive 1067 JCS 1067/6 of 28 April1945 (The final version, JCS 1067/8 of 10 May1945, contained an amendment allowing the production of synthetic rubber and oil, aluminum, and magnesium to meet the needs of the occupying forces, where the previous version had ordered the complete destruction of such industries.)", "\n\nGeneral Lucius D. Clay Deputy to General Eisenhower, 1945; deputy military governor, Germany (U.S.) 1946; commander in chief, U.S. Forces in Europe and military governor, U.S. Zone, Germany, 1947–49; retired 1949.", "\n\nGeneral William H. Draper Jr. Chief, Economics Division, Control Council for Germany, 1945–46; Military Government Adviser to the Secretary of State, Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers, 1947; Under Secretary of War, 1947; Under Secretary of the Army, 1947–49;\n\nJames W. Riddleberger(Part 1), (Part 2) Chief, Division of Central European Affairs, U.S. Dept. ", "of State, 1944–47; counsellor of embassy, and chief, political section, American Military Government, Berlin, Germany, 1947–50\n\nE. Allan Lightner, Jr. Assistant Chief, 1945–47, and Associate Chief, 1947–48, of the Central European Affairs Division, Department of State" ]

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[ "Lonnie Loach\n\nLonnie Loach (born April 14, 1968) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. ", "Loach spent the majority of his career in the IHL but also played briefly in the NHL with the Ottawa Senators, Los Angeles Kings, and Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. ", "He played left wing and shot left-handed.", "\n\nPlaying career\nAfter one season with the Guelph Platers of the OHL Loach was drafted by the Chicago Blackhawks in the fifth round, 98th overall in the 1986 NHL Entry Draft. ", "After being drafted Loach returned to the Platers and played another 2 years with the team. ", "Loach then turned pro and played the next 3 years in the IHL. ", "During the 1990–1991 season Loach led the IHL with 131 points in 81 games and helped lead the Fort Wayne Komets to the Turner Cup Finals.", "\n\nFollowing the 1990–1991 season Loach signed as a free agent with the Detroit Red Wings. ", "He spent one year with the Red Wings' minor league affiliate Adirondack Red Wings, scoring 86 points in 67 games during the 1991–1992 season. ", "In 1992 Loach was claimed in the Expansion Draft by the Ottawa Senators.", "\n\nThe 1992–1993 season saw Loach finally make his NHL debut. ", "He appeared in 3 games with the Senators early in the season, but was eventually released. ", "Loach was quickly picked up by the Los Angeles Kings however, and he earned a spot on the Kings roster. ", "He played in 50 games, scoring 23 points. ", "Following the season Loach was again claimed in the Expansion Draft, this time by the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. ", "He was unable to crack the Mighty Ducks roster for the 1993–1994 season, spending the majority of the year with the San Diego Gulls while appearing in 3 games with the Mighty Ducks. ", "This would be the last time Loach would play in the NHL.", "\n\nLoach spent the next 5 years in the IHL. ", "His most successful season during this time was during the 1995–1996 season when he scored 86 points with the Detroit Vipers. ", "Loach would also make stops with the San Antonio Dragons, Long Beach Ice Dogs, and Kansas City Blades.", "\n\nLoach then played from the 1999–2000 season until the 2002–2003 season with the Missouri River Otters of the UHL. ", "Over 4 seasons he scored 310 points in 238 games with the River Otters. ", "During the 2002–2003 season Loach also made an appearance with the Los Angeles Kings minor league affiliate Manchester Monarchs, playing 3 games. ", "Loach retired from hockey following the 2002–2003 season. ", "For the 2003–2004 season Loach was hired as the head coach of the River Otters and coached the team for the majority of the year, but was replaced after 70 games and a dismal 16–47–7 record.", "\n\nLoach came out of retirement for the 2005–2006 season with the River Otters, skating in 21 games with the team before retiring again in 2006. ", "He had his #33 retired by the River Otters, the only player to have his number retired by the team.", "\n\nAwards\n 1986: OHL Rookie of the Year\n 1991: IHL Second All-Star Team\n 1991: Leo P. Lamoureux Memorial Trophy (leading scorer in IHL)\n\nCommunity involvement\nFor several years during the mid 90's Lonnie Loach had helped hundreds and hundreds of children across Northern Ontario by running his own hockey school for kids. ", " He started this while playing for the Detroit Red Wings and brought along with him former teammate Keith Primeau.", "\n\nLonnie's hockey school was a huge success amongst the Northern Ontario crowd. ", " It ran for three years and even spawned one professional NHL hockey player, Fellow Hockey Heritage North Alumni, \"The Zack Morris\" of KLCVI, Kurtis McLean.", "\n\nLonnie has also helped raise money for local charities in Northern Ontario by lending his services to charity hockey tournaments in Northern Ontario. ", "One in particular is the Canadian Tire Rino Robazza Memorial Hockey tournament.", "\n\nCareer statistics\n --- Regular season --- ---- Playoffs ----\nSeason Team Lge GP G A Pts PIM GP G A Pts PIM\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n1984-85 St. Marys Lincolns Jr.B 44 26 36 62 113 -- -- -- -- --\n1985-86 Guelph Platers OHL 65 41 42 83 63 20 7 8 15 16\n1986-87 Guelph Platers OHL 56 31 24 55 42 5 2 1 3 2\n1987-88 Guelph Platers OHL 66 43 49 92 75 -- -- -- -- --\n1988-89 Saginaw Hawks IHL 32 7 6 13 27 -- -- -- -- --\n1988-89 Flint Spirits IHL 41 22 26 48 30 -- -- -- -- --\n1989-90 Fort Wayne Komets IHL 54 15 33 48 40 5 4 2 6 15\n1989-90 Indianapolis Ice IHL 3 0 1 1 0 -- -- -- -- --\n1989-90 Canadian National Team Intl 9 3 1 4 2 -- -- -- -- --\n1990-91 Fort Wayne Komets IHL 81 55 76 131 45 19 5 11 16 13\n1991-92 Adirondack Red Wings AHL 67 37 49 86 69 19 13 4 17 10\n1992-93 Los Angeles Kings NHL 50 10 13 23 27 1 0 0 0 0\n1992-93 Ottawa Senators NHL 3 0 0 0 0 -- -- -- -- --\n1992-93 Phoenix Roadrunners IHL 4 2 3 5 10 -- -- -- -- --\n1993-94 San Diego Gulls IHL 74 42 49 91 65 9 4 10 14 6\n1993-94 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim NHL 3 0 0 0 2 -- -- -- -- --\n1994-95 San Diego Gulls IHL 13 3 10 13 21 -- -- -- -- --\n1994-95 Detroit Vipers IHL 64 32 43 75 45 3 2 1 3 2\n1995-96 Detroit Vipers IHL 79 35 51 86 75 11 1 5 6 8\n1996-97 San Antonio Dragons IHL 70 24 37 61 45 9 1 3 4 10\n1997-98 San Antonio Dragons IHL 52 7 29 36 22 -- -- -- -- --\n1998-99 Kansas City Blades IHL 22 9 5 14 6 3 1 0 1 0\n1998-99 Long Beach Ice Dogs IHL 30 12 9 21 18 -- -- -- -- --\n1999-00 Chicago Wolves IHL 1 0 0 0 0 8 0 3 3 0\n1999-00 Missouri River Otters UHL 58 29 56 85 20 3 3 2 5 2\n2000-01 Chicago Wolves IHL -- -- -- -- -- 2 0 0 0 0\n2000-01 Missouri River Otters UHL 56 27 37 64 29 4 2 6 8 2\n2001-02 Missouri River Otters UHL 56 35 49 84 26 4 3 2 5 2\n2002-03 Missouri River Otters UHL 68 29 48 77 48 3 0 1 1 0\n2002-03 Manchester Monarchs AHL 3 0 1 1 0 -- -- -- -- --\n2005-06 Missouri River Otters UHL 21 4 7 11 12 -- -- -- -- --\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n NHL totals 56 10 13 23 29 1 0 0 0 0\n\nInternational\n\nCoaching statistics\nSeason Team Lge Type GP W L T OTL Pct \n2003-04 Missouri River Otters UHL Head Coach 70 16 47 0 7 0.279\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Legends of Hockey profile\n\nCategory:1968 births\nCategory:Adirondack Red Wings players\nCategory:Chicago Blackhawks draft picks\nCategory:Chicago Wolves players\nCategory:Detroit Vipers players\nCategory:Flint Spirits players\nCategory:Fort Wayne Komets players\nCategory:Guelph Platers players\nCategory:HDD Olimpija Ljubljana players\nCategory:Indianapolis Ice players\nCategory:Kansas City Blades players\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Long Beach Ice Dogs (IHL) players\nCategory:Los Angeles Kings players\nCategory:Manchester Monarchs (AHL) players\nCategory:Memorial Cup winners\nCategory:Mighty Ducks of Anaheim players\nCategory:Missouri River Otters players\nCategory:Ottawa Senators players\nCategory:Sportspeople from Temiskaming Shores\nCategory:Phoenix Roadrunners (IHL) players\nCategory:Saginaw Hawks players\nCategory:San Antonio Dragons players\nCategory:San Diego Gulls (IHL) players\nCategory:Canadian ice hockey left wingers" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nAdd a QPushButton into a QTableWidgetItem in a QTableWidget, How to make it Qt::AlignHCenter\n\nfor(int i=0; i<page.size(); i++){\n User user= Poco::AnyCast<User>(*it);\n ui.table->setItem(i,0,new QTableWidgetItem(user.userName)); \n ui.table->setItem(i,1,new QTableWidgetItem(user.sex));\n ui.table->setItem(i,2,new QTableWidgetItem(user.age));\n\n QPushButton* btn_edit = new QPushButton();\n btn_edit = new QPushButton();\n btn_edit->setText(\"Edit\");\n ui.table->setCellWidget(i,3,(QWidget*)btn_edit);\n\n ++it;\n}\n\nI add a QPushButton into the cell with the function setCellWidget(),\nI know, if it's a QTableWidgetItem, I can use :\nui.table->item(0,3)->setTextAlignment(QT::AlignHCenter)\n\nBut it is a Widget, \nQTableWidgetItem item = ui.table->item(0,3); \n\nthe item is null.", "\nI can get the cell by use \nui.table->cellWidget(0,3).", "\n\nHow should I do to make the button centered in the cell?", "\n\nA:\n\nTry this:\nQWidget* pWidget = new QWidget();\nQPushButton* btn_edit = new QPushButton();\nbtn_edit->setText(\"Edit\");\nQHBoxLayout* pLayout = new QHBoxLayout(pWidget);\npLayout->addWidget(btn_edit);\npLayout->setAlignment(Qt::AlignCenter);\npLayout->setContentsMargins(0, 0, 0, 0);\npWidget->setLayout(pLayout);\nui.table->setCellWidget(i, 3, pWidget);\n\n" ]

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[ "2018 Honorable Mentions Honoring Charles Darwin, the father of evolution, Darwin Awards commemorate those who improve our gene pool--by removing themselves from it in the most spectacular way possible.", "\n\nA Gun Named 'Lorena' 2018 Honorable Mention\n\nConfirmed True by Darwin\n\nDarwin Award? ", "Odds are, our gun nut (pun intended) shredded his ability to breed and wins the uncommon Living Darwin Award: still alive but unable to reproduce. ", "Otherwise, his reward is an Honorable Mention -- \"better luck next time.\" ", "We await further information.", "\n\nDiscuss on REDDIT || Discuss on FACEBOOK\n\nReader Puns\n\n\"His gun was named 'Lorena'.\" ", "-P.Lines\n\n\"So he went off half-cocked?\" ", "-J.Petry\n\n\"Fresh sausage half off!\" ", "-P.Hall\n\n\"The guy is now a gun nut without nuts. ", "Hopefully he'll come to enjoy the catheter.\" ", "-G.Ely\n\n\"After this he will be definitely shooting blanks.\" ", "-I.Titi\n\n\"His barrel was shortened that day.\" ", "-A.Yuan\n\n\"Friends call him 'snubnose' now.\"", "\n\n\"He's not half the man he used to be.\" ", "-D.Webb\n\n\"Clean up on Aisle 4.\" ", "-M.Miller\n\n\n\n0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCocoa: Passing texture atlas values to a NSView\n\nI'm passing values to a method in a NSView subclass - I'm calling it twice but the drawRect method is only showing the last value passed...the values are coordinates on a texture atlas, not sure if that is clear so here's my code: \nin my AppController.m:\n- (IBAction)setCards:(id)sender {\n\n //get window frame for positioning\n NSRect winFrame = [[NSApp mainWindow] frame];\n\n //add back shields\n float backArrowX = (winFrame.size.width/2)-90;\n float backArrowY = (winFrame.size.height/2 - 180.0);\n\n //set view in window location\n Shield* backShield = [[Shield alloc] initWithFrame:NSMakeRect(backArrowX, backArrowY, 50.0, 50.0)];\n\n //this passes coordinates for the texture atlas to the Shield class\n [backShield setShield:100.0 :1050.0 :50.0 :50.0];\n\n //display view in window\n [[[NSApp mainWindow] contentView]addSubview:backShield];\n\n //add forward shield (same process as above, the x coordinate changes\n float forwardArrowX = winFrame.size.width/2+40;\n float forwardArrowY = (winFrame.size.height/2 - 180.0);\n\n Shield* frontShield = [[Shield alloc] initWithFrame:NSMakeRect(forwardArrowX, forwardArrowY, 50.0, 50.0)];\n [frontShield setShield:150.0 :1050.0 :50.0 :50.0];\n\n [[[NSApp mainWindow] contentView]addSubview:frontShield];\n\n //release stuff we created\n [backShield release];\n [frontShield release];\n}\n\nin my Shield.h file: \n#import <Cocoa/Cocoa.h>\n\nfloat shieldFrameX;\nfloat shieldFrameY;\nfloat shieldFrameW; \nfloat shieldFrameH; \n\n@interface Shield : NSView {\n\n}\n\n-(void) setShield : (float) sX : (float) sY : (float) sW : (float) sH; \n@end\n\nin Shield.m \n- (void)drawRect:(NSRect)rect {\n\n NSLog(@\"%f\", shieldFrameX);\n\n NSImage *imageFromBundle = [NSImage imageNamed:@\"gameicons.png\"];\n [self setNeedsDisplay:YES];\n [imageFromBundle drawInRect:[self bounds] fromRect:NSMakeRect(shieldFrameX, shieldFrameY, shieldFrameW, shieldFrameH) operation: NSCompositeCopy fraction:1.0];\n\n}\n\n-(void) setShield : (float) sX : (float) sY : (float) sW : (float) sH { \n\n shieldFrameX = sX;\n shieldFrameY = sY; \n shieldFrameW = sW;\n shieldFrameH = sH;\n\n}\n\nWhat I am expecting to happen is that the Shield class is called twice, each time the setShield method is passed a set of floats that designate the x,y and w.h location of an image on my texture atlas. ", "Then drawRect will use those coordinates (in the drawInRect) to pull the correct image from the texture atlas. ", "\nWhat is happening is if I log sX or shieldFrameX in the setShield method I get the correct results, in this case 100, 150. ", "However, if I log shieldFrameX in the drawRect method I get the same results, 150,150. ", "How can that be? ", "When you instantiate a class isn't it independent of any other instantiation of that class? ", "So whatever values I send to class A wouldn't be reflected in class B, right?", "\nWhat I am getting are two of the same images in different locations in my window. ", "\n\nA:\n\nYou've made the value variables in Shield:\nfloat shieldFrameX;\nfloat shieldFrameY;\nfloat shieldFrameW; \nfloat shieldFrameH; \n\nessentially \"class\" variables because there will only be one instance of them. ", " Make them instance variables by putting them inside the declaration like so:\n@interface Shield : NSView {\n float shieldFrameX;\n float shieldFrameY;\n float shieldFrameW; \n float shieldFrameH; \n}\n\nThat way there will be a copy of these variables for each instance of the class and thus they can be different for each instance of the class.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Tamil Nadu Human Development Report 2003\n\nCountry/Territory:\n\nIndia\n\nThe Tamil Nadu HDR (2003) provides insights into the process of development of a state characterized by heavy industrialization, urbanization and good growth rates (marginally ahead of fifteen major Indian States). ", "While identifying the challenges that the state confronts, the reports highlight the achievements recorded in terms of social development and women’s empowerment.", "\n\nIn particular, the report recommends that economic policies to be integrated with human development objectives and calls for removing inter-district disparities." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhich non-training classification methods are available?", "\n\nI am trying to find which classification methods, that do not use a training phase, are available. ", "\nThe scenario is gene expression based classification, in which you have a matrix of gene expression of m genes (features) and n samples (observations).", "\nA signature for each class is also provided (that is a list of the features to consider to define to which class belongs a sample).", "\nAn application (non-training) is the Nearest Template Prediction method. ", "In this case it is computed the cosine distance between each sample and each signature (on the common set of features). ", "Then each sample is assigned to the nearest class (the sample-class comparison resulting in a smaller distance). ", "No already classified samples are needed in this case.", "\nA different application (training) is the kNN method, in which we have a set of already labeled samples. ", "Then, each new sample is labeled depending on how are labeled the k nearest samples.", "\nAre there any other non-training methods?", "\nThanks\n\nA:\n\nWhat you are asking about is Instance-Based Learning. ", "k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN) appears to be the most popular of these methods and is applicable to a wide variety of problem domains. ", "Another general type of instance-based learning is Analogical Modeling, which uses instances as exemplars for comparison with new data.", "\nYou referred to kNN as an application that uses training but that is not correct (the Wikipedia entry you linked is somewhat misleading in that regard). ", "Yes, there are \"training examples\" (labeled instances) but the classifier doesn't learn/train from these data. ", "Rather, they are only used whenever you actually want to classify a new instance, which is why it is considered a \"lazy\" learner.", "\nNote that the Nearest Template Prediction method you mention effectively is a form of kNN with k=1 and cosine distance as the distance measure.", "\n\nA:\n\nnsl-\nI'm a beginner at machine learning, so forgive the lay-like description here, but it sounds like you might be able to use topic modelling, like latent dirichlet analysis (LDA). ", "It's an algorithm widely used to classify documents, according to what topics they are about, based on the words found and the relative frequencies of those words in the overall corpus. ", " I bring it up mainly because, in LDA it's not necessary to define the topics in advance.", "\nSince the help pages on LDA are mostly written for text analysis, the analogy I would use, in order to apply it to your question, is:\n- Treat each gene expression, or feature, as a 'word' (sometimes called a token in typical LDA text-classification applications)\n- Treat each sample as a document (ie it contains an assortment of words, or gene expressions)\n- Treat the signatures as pre-existing topics\nIf I'm not mistaken, LDA should give weighted probabilities for each topic, as to how strongly it is present in each document.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nusing ng-repeat to retrive data from an http response array in angularjs\n\nI am trying to retrieve a response from an HTTP request using ng-repeat. ", "This is my JSON object:\n{\n \"sessid\":\"47\",\n \"value\":[\n {\n \"_id\":\"1\",\n \"0\":\"1\",\n \"_exportid\":\"47\",\n \"1\":\"47\",\n \"sender_id\":\"0\",\n \"2\":\"0\",\n \"receiver_id\":\"0\",\n \"3\":\"0\",\n \"sender_address\":\"\",\n \"4\":\"\",\n \"receiver_address\":\"\",\n \"5\":\"\",\n \"price_in_btc\":\"2\",\n \"6\":\"2\",\n \"price_in_curr\":\"3\",\n \"7\":\"3\",\n \"status\":\"1\",\n \"8\":\"1\",\n \"account_id\":\"12\",\n \"9\":\"12\",\n \"date\":\"0000-00-00 00:00:00\",\n \"10\":\"0000-00-00 00:00:00\"\n },\n {\n \"_id\":\"2\",\n \"0\":\"2\",\n \"_exportid\":\"47\",\n \"1\":\"47\",\n \"sender_id\":\"0\",\n \"2\":\"0\",\n \"receiver_id\":\"0\",\n \"3\":\"0\",\n \"sender_address\":\"\",\n \"4\":\"\",\n \"receiver_address\":\"\",\n \"5\":\"\",\n \"price_in_btc\":\"2\",\n \"6\":\"2\",\n \"price_in_curr\":\"3\",\n \"7\":\"3\",\n \"status\":\"1\",\n \"8\":\"1\",\n \"account_id\":\"12\",\n \"9\":\"12\",\n \"date\":\"0000-00-00 00:00:00\",\n \"10\":\"0000-00-00 00:00:00\"\n },\n {\n \"_id\":\"3\",\n \"0\":\"3\",\n \"_exportid\":\"47\",\n \"1\":\"47\",\n \"sender_id\":\"46\",\n \"2\":\"46\",\n \"receiver_id\":\"47\",\n \"3\":\"47\",\n \"sender_address\":\"4504859484\",\n \"4\":\"4504859484\",\n \"receiver_address\":\"4584958459\",\n \"5\":\"4584958459\",\n \"price_in_btc\":\"0.01\",\n \"6\":\"0.01\",\n \"price_in_curr\":\"$200\",\n \"7\":\"$200\",\n \"status\":\"0\",\n \"8\":\"0\",\n \"account_id\":\"24524\",\n \"9\":\"24524\",\n \"date\":\"0000-00-00 00:00:00\",\n \"10\":\"0000-00-00 00:00:00\"\n }\n ]\n}\n\nThis is my Angular controller:\napp.controller('transCtrl', ['$scope', '$http', function ($scope, $http) {\n $http.get('http://localhost/bitty/class/v1/getransactions')\n .then(function (res) {\n var me = res.data.value;\n $scope.values = me;\n console.log($scope.values);\n});\n\n...and here is how I used my ng-repeat:\n<tbody>\n <tr ng-repeat=\"val in values\">\n <td><span class=\"tablesaw-cell-content\">1</span></td>\n <td><span class=\"tablesaw-cell-content\">{{val.sender_address}}</span></td>\n <td><span class=\"tablesaw-cell-content\">{{val.receiver_address}}</span></td>\n <td><span class=\"tablesaw-cell-content\">{{val.price_in_btc}}</span></td>\n <td><span class=\"tablesaw-cell-content\">${{val.price_in_curr}}</span></td>\n <td><span class=\"tablesaw-cell-content\">{{val.date}}</span></td>\n </tr>\n</tbody>\n\nTrying this doesn't return anything on the table, I would really appreciate your help.", "\n\nA:\n\n <!", "DOCTYPE html>\r\n <html>\r\n \r\n <head>\r\n <script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.3.0-beta.18/angular.js\"></script>\r\n \r\n </head>\r\n \r\n <body data-ng-app=\"role\" data-ng-controller=\"fooController\">\r\n <table class=\"table table-bordered table-condensed\">\r\n <tr class=\"bg-primary\">\r\n <th>SR NO.</th>\r\n <th>Sender Address</th>\r\n <th>Reciever Address</th>\r\n <th>Price in BTC</th>\r\n <th>Price in Curr</th>\r\n <th>date</th>\r\n \r\n </tr> \r\n \r\n <tr ng-repeat=\"val in dataValue track by $index\">\r\n <td><span class=\"tablesaw-cell-content\">1</span></td>\r\n <td><span class=\"tablesaw-cell-content\">{{val.sender_address}}</span></td>\r\n <td><span class=\"tablesaw-cell-content\">{{val.receiver_address}}</span></td>\r\n <td><span class=\"tablesaw-cell-content\">{{val.price_in_btc}}</span></td>\r\n <td><span class=\"tablesaw-cell-content\">{{val.price_in_curr}}</span></td>\r\n <td><span class=\"tablesaw-cell-content\">{{val.date}}</span></td>\r\n \r\n </tr>\r\n </table>\r\n </body>\r\n \r\n </html> \r\n \r\n <script>\r\n var app = angular.module('role', []);\r\n \r\n app.controller('fooController', function($scope){\r\n $scope.data = {\r\n \"sessid\":\"47\",\r\n \"value\":[\r\n {\r\n \"_id\":\"1\",\r\n \"0\":\"1\",\r\n \"_exportid\":\"47\",\r\n \"1\":\"47\",\r\n \"sender_id\":\"0\",\r\n \"2\":\"0\",\r\n \"receiver_id\":\"0\",\r\n \"3\":\"0\",\r\n \"sender_address\":\"My Address\",\r\n \"4\":\"\",\r\n \"receiver_address\":\"\",\r\n \"5\":\"\",\r\n \"price_in_btc\":\"2\",\r\n \"6\":\"2\",\r\n \"price_in_curr\":\"3\",\r\n \"7\":\"3\",\r\n \"status\":\"1\",\r\n \"8\":\"1\",\r\n \"account_id\":\"12\",\r\n \"9\":\"12\",\r\n \"date\":\"0000-00-00 00:00:00\",\r\n \"10\":\"0000-00-00 00:00:00\"\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"_id\":\"2\",\r\n \"0\":\"2\",\r\n \"_exportid\":\"47\",\r\n \"1\":\"47\",\r\n \"sender_id\":\"0\",\r\n \"2\":\"0\",\r\n \"receiver_id\":\"0\",\r\n \"3\":\"0\",\r\n \"sender_address\":\"My Address\",\r\n \"4\":\"\",\r\n \"receiver_address\":\"My receiver Address\",\r\n \"5\":\"\",\r\n \"price_in_btc\":\"2\",\r\n \"6\":\"2\",\r\n \"price_in_curr\":\"3\",\r\n \"7\":\"3\",\r\n \"status\":\"1\",\r\n \"8\":\"1\",\r\n \"account_id\":\"12\",\r\n \"9\":\"12\",\r\n \"date\":\"0000-00-00 00:00:00\",\r\n \"10\":\"0000-00-00 00:00:00\"\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"_id\":\"3\",\r\n \"0\":\"3\",\r\n \"_exportid\":\"47\",\r\n \"1\":\"47\",\r\n \"sender_id\":\"46\",\r\n \"2\":\"46\",\r\n \"receiver_id\":\"47\",\r\n \"3\":\"47\",\r\n \"sender_address\":\"4504859484\",\r\n \"4\":\"4504859484\",\r\n \"receiver_address\":\"4584958459\",\r\n \"5\":\"4584958459\",\r\n \"price_in_btc\":\"0.01\",\r\n \"6\":\"0.01\",\r\n \"price_in_curr\":\"$200\",\r\n \"7\":\"$200\",\r\n \"status\":\"0\",\r\n \"8\":\"0\",\r\n \"account_id\":\"24524\",\r\n \"9\":\"24524\",\r\n \"date\":\"0000-00-00 00:00:00\",\r\n \"10\":\"0000-00-00 00:00:00\"\r\n }\r\n ]\r\n }\r\n $scope.dataValue = $scope.data.value;\r\n \r\n });\r\n </script>\r\n </html>\n\nWorking Demo\n\n" ]

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[ "The present invention relates to vehicles such as utility vehicles, golf cars and NEVS, and more particularly to mechanisms for limiting vehicle speed or engine speed.", "\nSpeed control systems for vehicles such as golf cars and utility vehicles are known and are used to limit the maximum speed of the vehicle. ", "Generally, these speed control systems operate by either limiting maximum vehicle travel speed, or “ground” speed, or alternatively limiting the maximum speed of the vehicle engine." ]

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[ "SEVEN OVERPASSES OVER INTERSTATE 80\n\nSeven Overpasses Over Internet 80 were raised .", "\n\nWhen we tell people about this job, that seven overpasses going over I-80 between Sacramento and Auburn needed to be raised up to 18 inches, they almost always ask have they sunk that much since they were built. ", "No, they are rock solid, but there have been up to 3 time the highway was repaved with a 4” over lay now only having about 6” clearance for big rigs to pass under.", "\n\nC. H. Bull Company had the opportunity to once again work with RGW Construction and design for them a hydraulic jacking system which would be used to lift the seven overpasses. ", "The system had to be safe and also be able to quickly raise the various bridges because the freeway could not be shut down for more than 8 hours each night.", "\n\nGetting ready for the lift\n\nThe concrete was cut and then jack hammered to expose the existing rebar. ", "The jacks were in place to support the load of the bridge. ", "With the tight window of just 8 hours to lift the bridge and get the east west traffic on I-80 moving again, we used the special manifolds developed for other jobs. ", "The manifold has mounted to it a vacuum pump and tank so we could cut down the cycle time of the load return jacks.", "\n\nA pump and special “vacuum” manifold controlling one set of jacks\n\nThe command center for controlling the lift.", "\nAt the center of the picture the rebar has not been cut yet on the bent for the lift\n\nThe rebar has been cut and the lift has started\n\nThe system supplied to RGW was designed by Stan Sheppard, C. H. Bull’s high tonnage jacking specialist. ", "We supplied to the contractor 32 calibrated jacks with a combined capacity of 4,000 tons (8,000,000 pounds), pumps, manifolds with calibrated gauges and hoses.", "\n\nSupport steel structure around a bent (notice the bent has been cut and lifted)\n\nGuys gather and admire their job well done safely and\nIn a timely manner." ]

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[ "Recordings: Police discuss break for prosecutor in crash\n\nBy Corey Williams/Associated Press\n•\nSep 13, 2017 at 9:38 PM\n\nGRAND RAPIDS — Recordings released Wednesday reveal three Grand Rapids police officers discussing giving an apparently intoxicated assistant prosecutor a break after a traffic crash in which one person was injured.", "\n\nThe recordings were made inadvertently as Grand Rapids police investigated the traffic crash involving then-Assistant Kent County Prosecutor Josh Kuiper, who allegedly drove the wrong way down a one-way street before crashing into a parked car, injuring a man.", "\n\nOn the recordings, Officer Adam Ickes tells his supervisor, then-Lt. ", "Matthew Janiskee, during a phone call that Kuiper appears intoxicated and that he had admitted that he had been drinking. ", "But Kuiper was not asked to take a breathalyzer test for alcohol and was not charged with drunken driving.", "\n\nThe recordings of five phone calls from November 2016 were released to MLive following a court battle, the Grand Rapids city manager's office said.", "\n\nIckes is heard telling Janiskee, \"I got Josh Kuiper from the prosecutor's office — wrong way — visibly intox ... as I approached, driving the wrong way and struck a parked car. ", "There was a guy getting into the car at the time who got knocked to the ground — not sure on injuries at this point.\"", "\n\nJaniskee responds, \"Can we do sobriety and go from there? ", "Let's pass him if we can. ", "If we can't, we can't. ", "I'd like to pass him on sobriety,\" referring to a field sobriety test in which an officer asks a motorist to perform a set of tasks that are difficult to perform when drunk.", "\n\n\"All right. ", "I'll do what I can,\" Ickes says.", "\n\nIn another phone call, Sgt. ", "Thomas Warwick, who was also investigating the crash, is heard telling Janiskee that Kuiper is \"gonna get a ticket for driving the wrong way on a one-way.\"", "\n\n\"OK,\" Janiskee responds.", "\n\n\"And then that's it,\" Warwick says.", "\n\nKuiper later was charged with reckless driving causing injury and resigned from the prosecutor's office.", "\n\nIckes and Warwick were suspended without pay. ", "Janiskee was fired and is suing the city, saying his rights were violated when he was unknowingly recorded. ", "None of the officers was charged with a crime.", "\n\nJaniskee's attorney, Andrew Rodenhouse, said Wednesday that it was natural for the officers to want to give Kuiper \"a break\" because, \"They know him. ", "He's on their side.\" ", "He also described the calls as \"workshop banter.\"", "\n\n\"These are police officers — guys who every day deal with high-pressure, high-stress jobs working in a big city,\" Rodenhouse said. \"", "People speak differently when they don't think they are being recorded.\"", "\n\nThe calls were made on a police phone line marked \"non-recorded,\" but internal investigators looking into the officers' actions discovered that calls on that line actually had been recorded since 2010. ", "Grand Rapids said in a federal court filing that the recording was accidental and that no one at the city knew it was happening until December 2016.", "\n\nMLive Media Group, which operates a number of Michigan newspapers, sued to have the recordings released under the Freedom of Information Act. ", "The city initially denied the request, waiting for the federal court to determine whether releasing the recordings would violate federal wiretapping laws, but Michigan's appeals court ruled Tuesday that they should be released.", "\n\nCity Manager Greg Sundstrom said Wednesday that he and other city officials were \"outraged by the actions of these officers.\"", "\n\n\"The city does not tolerate this type of behavior and, as such, we took swift disciplinary action,” he said." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCan't create huge arrays\n\nLike many other programmers, I went into primes, and as many of them, what I like is the challenge, so I'm not looking for comment like Atkin did this faster than you dude, but just a solution - or at least an hint - to my issue.", "\nI need to create big arrays (like size > int.", "MaxValue). ", "So I went to a lot of web pages and found the gcAllowVeryLargeObjects Element one. ", "I thought I was saved, add the following magic to my App.config:\n<configuration>\n <runtime>\n <gcAllowVeryLargeObjects enabled=\"true\" />\n </runtime>\n</configuration>\n\nBut it didn't worked. ", "Here's the code I use :\nvoid go(object sender, EventArgs eventArgs)\n{\n t.Stop();\n ulong maxprime = 10;\n Stopwatch stopwatch = new Stopwatch();\n string s = String.", "Empty;\n while (maxprime < ulong.", "MaxValue)\n {\n stopwatch.", "Restart();\n richTextBox2.Text += Environment.", "NewLine + (\"Max \\t= \" + maxprime.", "ToString(\"N0\"));\n try\n {\n richTextBox2.Text += Environment.", "NewLine + (\"Count \\t= \" + GetAllPrimesLessThan(maxprime).Count);\n richTextBox2.Text += Environment.", "NewLine + (\"Time \\t= \" + stopwatch.", "Elapsed);\n richTextBox2.Text += Environment.", "NewLine + (\"--------------------------------\");\n maxprime *= 10;\n richTextBox2.Refresh();\n }\n catch (Exception exception)\n {\n s = exception.", "Message + \"; Allocation size: \" + (maxprime + 1).ToString(\"N0\");\n break;\n }\n\n }\n if (!", "string.", "IsNullOrEmpty(s))\n {\n richTextBox2.Text += Environment.", "NewLine + s;\n }\n richTextBox2.Text += Environment.", "NewLine + (\"Done.\");", "\n}\n\nprivate static List<ulong> GetAllPrimesLessThan(ulong maxPrime)\n{\n var primes = new List<ulong>() { 2 };\n var maxSquareRoot = Math.", "Sqrt(maxPrime);\n var eliminated = new bool[maxPrime + 1];\n\n for (ulong i = 3; i <= maxPrime; i += 2)\n {\n if (!", "eliminated[i])\n {\n primes.", "Add(i);\n if (i < maxSquareRoot)\n {\n for (ulong j = i * i; j <= maxPrime; j += 2 * i)\n {\n eliminated[j] = true;\n }\n }\n }\n }\n return primes;\n}\n\nWhich output this:\n[...]\nMax = 1 000 000 000\nCount = 50847534\nTime = 00:00:15.3355367\n--------------------------------\nMax = 10 000 000 000\nArray dimensions exceeded supported range.; ", "Allocation size: 10 000 000 001\nDone.", "\n\nHow can I get rid of this error?", "\n\nFYI: I've got \n\n16GB ram;\n32GB memory mapped(/paged?) ", "on SSD;\n64bits enabled\n\nA:\n\nFrom your link:\n\nUsing this element in your application configuration file enables arrays that are larger than 2 GB in size, but does not change other limits on object size or array size:\nThe maximum index in any single dimension is 2,147,483,591 (0x7FFFFFC7) for byte arrays and arrays of single-byte structures, and 2,146,435,071 (0X7FEFFFFF) for other types.", "\n\nSee also What is the maximum length of an array in .NET on 64-bit Windows:\n\nAn array could theoretically have at most 2,147,483,647 elements, since it uses an int for indexing.", "\n\nA:\n\nIf you hit the bounds of the integer max range, you can opt to use a long-index-based array.", "\nThe problem is that this isn't supported by the C# indexer properties, which uses int. ", "You can build them by hand though by using Array.", "CreateInstance(Type, long[]).", "\nNote you have to get the values using Array.", "GetValue(long).", "\n\n" ]

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[ "[Factors associated with drug use among adolescent students in southern Brazil].", "\nTo assess factors associated with drug use among adolescent students from schools providing secondary education. ", "A cross-sectional study was carried out in Pelotas, Southern Brazil, in 1998. ", "An anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was answered by a proportional sample of 10-19-year-old students, enrolled in primary (5th grade and further) and secondary classes in all public and private schools of the urban area which providing secondary education. ", "Schools were visited up to three times in order to reach absent students. ", "Results were expressed as prevalence ratios (PR). ", "2,410 students were interviewed, losses amounting to 8%. ", "The prevalence of drug use (except alcohol and tobacco) in the last year was 17.1%. ", "After confounder control, associations remained between drug use and parents' divorce (PR=1.46; 95% CI: 1.18-1.80), poor relationship with father (PR=1.67; 95% CI: 1.17-2.38), poor relationship with mother (PR=2.71; 95% CI: 1.64-4.48), open-minded father (PR=1.36; 95% CI: 1.08-1.72), drug user in household (PR=1.61; 95% CI: 1.17-2.18), abuse (PR=1.62; 95% CI: 1.27-2.07), having been mugged or robbed in the previous year (PR=1.38; 95% CI: 1.09-1.76) and absence of religious practice (PR=1.31; 95% CI: 1.07-1.59). ", "The study suggests associations between several family characteristics and drug use by adolescents, providing useful information for a complete understanding of this problem in Brazil." ]

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[ "[Historic and functional biology: the inadequacy of a system theory of evolution].", "\nIn the first half of the 20th century neo-Kantianism in a broad sense proved itself the main conceptual and methodological background of the central European biology. ", "As such it contributed much to the victory on the typological, idealistic-morphological and psycho-vitalistic interpretations of life. ", "On the other hand it could not give tools to the biologists for working out a strictly darwinian evolution theory. ", "Kant's theory of organism was conceived without evolution as a theory of the internal functionality of the organism. ", "There was only some 'play' with the evolutionary differentiation of the species. ", "Since then the disputes around the work of August Weismann, a synthetical evolution theory which is now behind time, arose. ", "This theory developed from coinciding claims, elaborated by geneticists, mathematicians, and by biologists studying development, natural history and systematics. ", "This was done under a strong influence of marxist ideas. ", "Through the interweaving of such different approaches it was possible for this evolutionary synthesis to influence successfully the development of evolution research during more than 40 years. ", "Philosophically speaking modern evolution theory means therefore an aversion, even a positive abolition of Kantian positions. ", "A number of biologists however--as L. von Bertalanffy--refused to adhere to a misinterpreted Kantian methodology and oriented themselves to an approach via system theory, which obtained a place in evolution research. ", "In fact this is a Kantian approach as well. ", "They only repeated the Kantian dilemma of the evolution which can also be found in Lamarck and Hegel. ", "The system theory of the functionality of the organism never reaches to the level of the evolving species, but remains always on the level of epigenetic thinking, because of its philosophical origin. ", "This paper points out the consequences of this still current dilemma. ", "At the same time an all-enclosing reflection on the methodological, epistemological and the important historical questions of evolutionary biology in its scientific context is recommended." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "In Canada, Who Polices the Police?", "\n\nSammy Yatim's unfortunate death at the hands of police in Toronto is an extreme example of police behaviour that goes unchecked in this country. ", "It is only when police action leads to death as in this case and in the case of Robert Dziekanski who was tasered by RCMP officers in Vancouver a few years ago that there is an outcry. ", "There are others and our politicians stand by and hide.", "\n\nDouglas Brown, a man with schizophrenia in Burlington Ontario, has just launched a $750,000 law suite against the Halton Regional Police, its chief, five of its officers, Joseph Brant Hospital in Burlington and two of its staff. ", "Mr Brown was beaten and tasered by five cops in the emergency room at Joseph Brant on December 15, 2010. ", "He was then charged with assault and attempting to grab a police officer's weapon.", "\n\nAs a result of the police action, Mr. Brown had burns and lacerations on his body from the multiple applications of the taser, facial bruises and injuries including a black eye and nosebleed and neck pain. ", "Mr. Brown was found not guilty of the charges against him and the trial judge, Justice Stephen D. Brown, stated:\n\n\"The inexorable conclusion that many, if not all, of the witnesses that testified before me ... were at best confused or mistaken, or at worst being untruthful in their evidence.\"", "\n\nHe went on to say that the testimony of Sergeant Stephen Carroll, who applied the Taser, \"appears to be given untruthfully and other officers on the scene unwillingly or willingly appear to be a part of this cover up.\"", "\n\nOf the testimony by Sgt. ", "Carroll, the senior police sergeant, the judge concluded that he \"was not giving truthful evidence when he testified that he did not deploy the Taser to Mr. Brown's back or to his groin,\" as generated by the data from the Taser software itself. ", "The judges complete decision can be read here.", "\n\nWhen a judge rules that police officers lied in their testimony, the matter is supposed to be referred to the Crown Attorney's Office for investigation. ", "It is not clear if that was done in Brown's case as the Attorney General's Department told me that \"the Ministry does not comment on the results of any such review.\" ", "However, the Halton Regional Police Chief, Stephen Tanner, ordered an internal review according to a report in the Law Times. ", "It concluded the officers \"were justified in their actions\" and \"were not untruthful in their testimony.\" ", "The Law Times was also told by a spokesman for Halton police that the Crown didn't refer the matter for further investigation.", "\n\nSo, who are we to believe -- the judge who listened to all the testimony and whose decisions along with his reasoning can be found online, or a police chief and Crown Attorney who say the opposite but provide no details?", "\n\nSince the police and the Crown Attorney come under the jurisdiction of the Ontario Government, I tried to get some answers from Kathleen Wynne, the premier. ", "She had initially ignored my email of June 3, so I called her office and left a message with details for Kelly Baker, her media staff person. ", "Ms. Baker replied by email with this comment from a press conference the premier gave on Monday, July 29:\n\n\"I think there is more that we need to do in terms of support for people with mental health issues. ", "And I think it's extremely important, whatever program we're talking about, whether we're talking about housing or whether we're talking about employment programs, that we understand that sometimes, mental health issues can create barriers to success. ", "So part of our mental health strategy has to be integrated with these other programs.\"", "\n\nI replied that this does not answer my concerns and that I want to know why investigations into accusations of police lying are conducted in secret with no reports made to the public and exactly who it is who polices the police?", "\n\nHer answer was, \"The Premier's office is unable to comment on specific cases, however I will refer your questions to the Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services for follow-up.\"", "\n\nI then heard from Maria Lamani, the legislative assistant to the minister who gave me the procedures that are supposed to be employed but who concluded \"The ministry of the Attorney General will not be commenting on any specific case.\"", "\n\nI replied with \"Thank you but, if a judge states that police officers lied, does the public not have a right to know more than 'we investigated and they did not lie.' ", "The Crown allegedly conducted a review which no one can see and concluded that the police were only guilty of poor note keeping. ", "The hospital, at least, is conducting an independent review and plans to make it public.", "\n\n\"Would the minister like to make a statement on the lack of transparency? ", "The premier refuses to.\"", "\n\nI have been referred to another official at another Ministry and have had no response.", "\n\nWho is in charge? ", "We elect politicians to govern but, in this case, they seem to be missing in action. ", "And, for the record, my initial email to premier Wynne was also sent to the leader of the opposition, Tim Hudak, the leader of the NDP, Andrea Horvath, the two health critics, Chrisine Elliott and France Gelinas, and my own member, Ted McMeekin. ", "No one responded.", "\n\nOnly the hospital, Joseph Brant in Burlington, seems concerned as they have called in outside experts to review their procedures and, according to their lawyer, Joshua Liswood, they do plan to make the report public.", "\n\nUntil such time as our politicians get into the act and control those few out of control officers, we can expect more Sammy Yatims and more Douglas Browns. ", "And, to set the record straight, I have personal experiences with police being involved with persons with serious mental illnesses and they have all been very positive. ", "I've heard the same from others.", "\n\nClose\n\n\n\nSammy Yatim\n\nof\n\n\n\n\n\nA crowd marches on Dundas Street in Toronto on Monday, July 29, 2013 where Sammy Yatim, 18, was shot nine times and killed by police early Saturday morning in Toronto. ", "THE CANADIAN PRESS/Michelle Siu\n\nA man screams at officers at Toronto Police 14 division as a vigil turns into a protest on Monday, July 29, 2013 for Sammy Yatim, 18, who was shot nine times and killed by police early Saturday morning in Toronto.", "\n\nA man confronts officers at Toronto Police 14 division as a vigil turns into a protest on Monday, July 29, 2013 for Sammy Yatim, 18, who was shot nine times and killed by Police early Saturday morning. ", "THE CANADIAN PRESS/Michelle Siu\n\nA person protests at Toronto Police 14 division as a vigil turns into a protest on Monday, July 29, 2013 for Sammy Yatim, 18, who was shot nine times and killed by police early Saturday morning in Toronto. ", "THE CANADIAN PRESS/Michelle Siu\n\nA person chants \"Justice for Sammy\" at a vigil on Monday, July 29, 2013 at Dundas Street and Bellwoods Avenue where Sammy Yatim, 18, was shot nine times and killed by Police early Saturday in Torontomorning when he was alone with a knife on a street car. ", "THE CANADIAN PRESS/Michelle Siu\n\nA man shouts at officers at Toronto Police 14 division as a vigil turns into a protest on Monday, July 29, 2013 for Sammy Yatim, 18, who was shot nine times and killed by police early Saturday morning in Toronto.", "\n\nMother Sahar Bahadi is comforted as she sits next to sister Sarah Yatim at a vigil on Monday, July 29, 2013 at the spot where son and brother Sammy Yatim was shot nine times and killed by Police early Saturday morning in Toronto. ", "THE CANADIAN PRESS/Michelle Siu\n\nMother Sahar Bahadi breaks down at a vigil on Monday, July 29, 2013 at the spot where her son Sammy Yatim, 18, was shot nine times and killed by Toronto Police early Saturday morning when he was alone with a knife on a street car. ", "THE CANADIAN PRESS/Michelle Siu\n\nSarah Yatim breaks down in the arms of her mother Sahar Bahadi at a vigil on Monday, July 29, 2013 at the spot where her brother Sammy Yatim, 18, was shot nine times and killed by Toronto Police early Saturday morning when he was alone with a knife on a street car.", "\n\nMother Sahar Bahadi, right, is comforted by her daughter Sarah Yatim, left, as they march on Monday, July 29, 2013 to the spot where their son and brother Sammy Yatim was killed by police early Saturday morning in Toronto. ", "THE CANADIAN PRESS/Michelle Siu\n\nA shirt with Sammy Yatim's picture is worn by a supporter at a vigil on Monday, July 29, 2013 in Toronto at the spot where the boy, 18, was shot nine times and killed by Police early Saturday morning in Toronto." ]

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[ "Spiritual coping in rehabilitation - a comparative study: part 1.", "\nChronic illness is defined as a long-term disease that challenges a person's physical, psychological and spiritual wellbeing. ", "However, individuals may adapt to their condition by adopting spiritual coping strategies that may or may not include religiosity. ", "Part 1 of this article presents the methodology of this cross-sectional comparative study, which explored the spiritual coping of patients with chronic illness receiving rehabilitation services in Malta (n=44: lower limb amputation n=10; chronic heart disease n=9; osteoarthritis-in an institution n=10 and in the community n=15); and in Norway (n=16: post-hip/shoulder surgery n=5; chronic heart disease n=5; chronic pain n=6). ", "Data were collected from seven purposive samples during focus group sessions. ", "Roy's Adaptation Model (1984) and Neuman's Systems Model (2010) guided the study. ", "While acknowledging the limitations of this study, the findings presented in Part 2 identify commonalities in the spiritual coping of patients irrespective of cultural differences between Malta and Norway. ", "A set of recommendations address clinical practice, education and further research." ]

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[ "[Image Source: Wikipedia]\n\nGod love people like John Mola and Susie Duncan Sexton and Kim Elizabeth Johnson. ", "If it weren’t for folks like them, I’d have no social conscience at all. ", "The former two (John and Susie) supply me with the information and the education on how poorly we treat this planet and all of its inhabitants, and the latter (Kim) keeps me informed about similarly-themed events here in Southeast Michigan (though I have been plenty remiss in availing myself of all the opportunities..." ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We analyzed nine X-ray bright Virgo early-type galaxies observed by both ASCA and ROSAT. ", "Through spatially resolved spectroscopy, we determined the radial temperature profile and abundances of Mg, Si and Fe for six galaxies. ", "The temperature profiles are consistent with isothermal temperatures outside of a cooler region at the galaxy center. ", "We present new evidence for iron abundance gradients in NGC4472 and NGC4649 and confirm the previous results on NGC4636. ", "Mg and Si abundance gradients on average are flatter compared to those of iron and correspond to an underabundance of alpha-process elements at high Fe values, while at low iron, the element ratios favor enrichment by type II SNe. ", "We explain the observed trend by the metallicity dependence of SN Ia metal production and present constraints on the available theoretical modeling for low-metallicity inhibition of SNe Ia (Kobayashi 1998). ", "Our results imply a cut-off metallicity in the range 0.07–0.3 solar and require a lower limit of 0.3 solar on the Fe contribution of SN Ia. We estimate an SN Ia rate at the centers of the brightest galaxies in our sample of $\\sim0.08h_{75}^{3}$ SNU (supernova units). ", "The rates inferred from optical searches should be corrected for the presence of “faint” SN Ia events, since these release limited metals and therefore do not contribute significantly to the measured metallicity in the X-ray gas. ", "With this correction the present-epoch SN Ia rate in early-type galaxies is $0.10\\pm0.06$ $h_{75}^{2}$ SNU (Cappellaro 1997) and is therefore comparable with the X-ray estimates. ", "A simple comparison shows the X-ray abundances we derive are still discrepant from optically determined values. ", "We attribute this difference to the low spatial resolution of our X-ray measurements, radial gradients in the abundances and the importance of hydrodynamical effects, particularly the inflow of cooling gas, on the measured X-ray abundances.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'A. Finoguenov$^{1}$ and C. Jones$^2$'\ntitle: '[SN Ia Enrichment in Virgo Early-Type Galaxies from ROSAT and ASCA Observations]{}'\n---\n\n Introduction\n=============\n\nX-ray observations of the hot interstellar gas in early-type galaxies provide a unique tool for the study of stellar metallicities and SN Ia rates within distances of a few effective radii from the galaxy’s center. ", "Detailed comparison of the metallicities determined from X-ray and optical observations, as was done for NGC5846 (Finoguenov 1999, hereinafter F99), demonstrates good agreement.", "\n\nThe abundance pattern detected through X-ray spectroscopy in low-mass systems like groups and early-type galaxies favors a dominance of SNe Ia in the enrichment of the hot gas in these systems (F99, Finoguenov & Ponman 1999, hereinafter FP99). ", "During the early stages of elliptical galaxy formation, SN II products are likely to escape the galaxy, but be contained by the potentials of clusters of galaxies (see Fukazawa 1998 for a recent compilation of X-ray data, hereinafter Fu98). ", "The hot gaseous halos of ellipticals contain elements released via stellar mass loss, plus elements synthesized in SN Ia events, [*after*]{} the cessation of early star formation ( Renzini 1993), which is used to constrain the present-day SN Ia rate. ", "In previous X-ray studies, though, limits on SN Ia activity generally were derived without regard to the metallicity of the progenitor stars. ", "While optical searches find only a handful of SNe Ia in early-type galaxies (Cappellaro 1997), through X-ray observations we can study the rate of SN Ia events as a function of the metallicity of the host galaxy.", "\n\nThis is the [*first Paper*]{} in our project to study the X-ray properties of Virgo galaxies, observed by ASCA. ", "The main goal is to present the results of gas temperature and element abundance measurements, and to compare these with current observations and theoretical models. ", "Our approach provides a full treatment of the instrumental effects, including PSF, as well as gas projection effects, on the derivation of the spatially resolved temperature and abundance structure. ", "We consider separately the behavior of iron and some of the $\\alpha$-process elements, that enables us to separate the contribution from different types of SN. ", "Discussion of a number of important quantities, including the luminosity of the hard galactic component is postponed for the next paper, while we await the completion of our observational program on low-luminosity Virgo early-types, that should allow us to present the results for a complete optically selected sample.", "\n\nThis [*Paper*]{} is organized as follows: in section \\[sec:dr\\] we describe the X-ray analysis, where in subsections we discuss our measurements and comment on individual galaxies; in section \\[sec:disc-n\\] we attempt a detailed study of the abundance pattern, measured for our sample. ", "Through a comparison of our results with abundance measurements for the stars in our Galaxy, as well as for the stellar population of cluster early-type galaxies, we propose a progenitor star metallicity dependence for SN Ia metal yields. ", "In this context, we discuss the model for low-metallicity inhibition of SN Ia’s (Kobayashi 1998).", "\n\nAnalysis of ROSAT and ASCA Observations {#sec:dr}\n=======================================\n\nSince our observations are from the ROSAT and ASCA archives, most of the observational information is given elsewhere (  Matsushita 1997, Forman 1993, Mushotzky 1994, Awaki 1994). ", "A detailed description of the ASCA observatory, as well as the SIS detectors, can be found in Tanaka, Inoue & Holt (1994) and Burke (1991). ", "For the initial ASCA data reduction, we use the FTOOLS 4.1 package, in which changes in the instrumental parameters, such as gain and energy resolution are taken into account. ", "To extract imaging information from ROSAT PSPC observations, we use the extended source software described in Snowden (1994) with further references therein.", "\n\nThe combination of ROSAT and ASCA observations, utilized in the present research, makes use of ROSAT’s superior spatial resolution to overcome the difficulties caused by ASCA’s broad, energy dependent point spread function (PSF) in obtaining high quality spectral information. ", "Moreover, in early-type galaxies, since the quantities we measure, in particular the gas temperature and elemental abundance, change rather rapidly with radius, the modeling must be with high spatial resolution. ", "This imposes potential problems on the maximum-likelihood solution. ", "In our regularization method, based on well-known general prescriptions (Press 1992), we retain the spatially fine binning, but require a smoothness for the obtained solution. ", "Details of this procedure are described elsewhere (F99, FP99). ", "We adapted the XSPEC analysis package to perform the actual spectral fitting. ", "Since the effects of the broad ASCA PSF introduces a correlation in the error estimation between adjacent spatial bins, instead of conventional error bars, we present the determination of the parameter uncertainty as a shaded area, while the estimation itself is similar to other studies and is based on the “one parameter of interest” method (Avni 1976) for every spatial point.", "\n\nIn all our spectral modeling, we use the MEKAL model (Mewe 1985, Mewe and Kaastra 1995, Liedahl 1995). ", "For each galaxy, we determined abundances for Mg, Si and Fe, since only these spectral features are clearly seen in the data. ", "In deriving the abundance data, we use the solar abundance table from Anders & Grevesse (1989), where elemental number abundances for O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, Ar, Ca, Fe, Ni relative to hydrogen are (85.1, 12.3, 3.8, 3.55, 1.62, 0.36, 0.229, 4.68, 0.179)$\\times10^{-5}$. We assume solar abundances for He and C. For our galaxy sample, we combined elements into five independent groups: Ne; Mg; Si; S and Ar; and Ca, Fe and Ni. ", "O results are not presented, due to ASCA calibration uncertainties at low energies. ", "We chose the energy interval 0.7–3.5 keV for the ASCA spectral analysis for all the galaxies, except M87. ", "Since the galaxies have a characteristic temperature of 1.5 keV or less, the high-energy cut-off is used to reduce the effects of background subtraction. ", "Modeling M87 is complicated by the presence of a cool (1.3 keV) component within a radius of $\\sim25$ kpc, in addition to the hotter gas at $\\sim2.5$ keV (a typical value within the 200 kpc radius, analyzed here). ", "For the range of temperatures of the hotter component, the Fe L-shell lines are intense at the energies of Mg lines, while the Ne line becomes more separated from the Fe lines (  Mushotzky 1996). ", "As a consequence, for M87 we determine the Ne abundance, but not the Mg. ", "The energy interval, chosen for the spectral analysis of M87 is 0.7–7 keV. The S (K-shell) lines are intense in M87, so we also present results for S.\n\nDue to the choice of low-energy cut-off in our analysis, the results are not sensitive to the presence of possible extra absorption and we freeze the $N_H$ value at the Galactic value (Stark 1992).", "\n\nAll the ROSAT results, quoted in this paper were obtained using the Raymond-Smith plasma code (Raymond & Smith 1977) for spectral modeling. ", "Temperature determinations obtained from this and the MEKAL code, used in our ASCA analysis, agree within 10–20 percent (see also Matsushita 1997).", "\n\nIn our spectral analysis, we took special care to understand and subtract the Virgo cluster diffuse emission. ", "When possible (except for NGC4472 and NGC4636), we estimated the background from the same observation, choosing background regions at a similar distance from the Virgo X-ray center (M87) as the galaxy. ", "While galaxies are characterized by &lt;1.5 keV, the Virgo cluster emission is significantly hotter, $\\sim3$ keV, which makes this procedure robust.", "\n\nA hard component at the centers of elliptical galaxies has been found in many ASCA observations (Matsumoto 1997). ", "Therefore in our spectral fits, we include an additional spectral component in the center with a fixed bremsstrahlung temperature of 6.5 keV and allow the normalization to vary. ", "We will address the analysis of hard components in a follow-up paper.", "\n\nThe apparent problems with spectral analysis of the deep (100 ksec) ASCA observation of NGC4636, discussed by Matsushita (1997) in terms of inadequacies in the available plasma codes, and by Buote (1999) in terms of systematic uncertainties in the calibration of the degrading SIS detectors, require care, particularly at the low energies. ", "To address these problems, we introduce a 10 percent systematic error on the $1\\sigma$ confidence level in the spectral band 0.7-1.5 keV. We also include a 5% rms flux uncertainty for wide energy bands that represents the uncertainty in ASCA’s effective area (e.g., Gendreau & Yaqoob 1997; Markevitch 1998). ", "We found that after introducing these systematic errors, we are able to reduce the $\\chi^2$ to acceptable values. ", "The systematic effects due to the uncertainty in ASCA XRT PSF data were estimated by performing the fits with different spatial binnings.", "\n\n Temperature and abundance data\n-------------------------------\n\n{width=\"2.2in\"} {width=\"2.2in\"} {width=\"2.2in\"}\n\n{width=\"2.2in\"} {width=\"2.2in\"} {width=\"2.2in\"}\n\n[*NGC4261 NGC4365 NGC4374*]{}\n\n[*NGC4472 NGC4636 NGC4649*]{}\n\n{width=\"2.2in\"} {width=\"2.2in\"} {width=\"2.2in\"}\n\n{width=\"2.2in\"} {width=\"2.2in\"} {width=\"2.2in\"}\n\n[*NGC4261 NGC4365 NGC4374*]{}\n\n[*NGC4472 NGC4636 NGC4649*]{}\n\n{width=\"2.2in\"} {width=\"2.2in\"} {width=\"2.2in\"}\n\n{width=\"2.2in\"} {width=\"2.2in\"} {width=\"2.2in\"}\n\n[*NGC4261 NGC4365 NGC4374*]{}\n\n[*NGC4472 NGC4636 NGC4649*]{}\n\n{width=\"2.2in\"} {width=\"2.2in\"} {width=\"2.2in\"}\n\n{width=\"2.2in\"} {width=\"2.2in\"} {width=\"2.2in\"}\n\n[*NGC4261 NGC4365 NGC4374*]{}\n\n[*NGC4472 NGC4636 NGC4649*]{}\n\nIn Table \\[tab-xray\\] we summarize the basic X-ray and optical quantities for the galaxy sample. ", "Col.(1) identifies the galaxy; (2) the adopted distance for 0; (3) blue luminosity; (4) stellar mass to blue light ratio (values from Lauer 1995, scaled to the adopted distance). ", "Columns (5–7) summarize our results from fitting the ROSAT surface brightness profiles for galaxies with the beta-model. ", "Whenever a single component does not describe the profile, we introduce a second, which is found to have the same slope, but a different core radius ($r_{c2}$). ", "When we do not resolve the core, we assume a value of 0.01 for $r_{c1}$. Values for M86, given in columns (5–7) are derived from emission to the south-west of the galaxy. ", "Col.(8) gives our estimation of the total mass within central 50 kpc.", "\n\nIn spatially binning the data for our spectral analysis, we used a central bin of 1radius, that corresponds to the cusp of the ASCA PSF. ", "The outer radius is determined by the extent of detectable emission. ", "Logarithmic steps in radius were chosen to provide similar statistical quality in the parameters derived for different radii.", "\n\nIn Fig.\\[virgo-te\\] we present the results on spatially resolved temperature estimations in our sample. ", "A general behavior of the radial temperature profile, found in this and other studies, is the increase of the temperature from a central cool region, with sometimes a small decline in the temperature at large radii. ", "This general picture describes NGC4472, NGC4636 and NGC4649.", "\n\nROSAT PSPC temperature determinations, presented in Fig.\\[virgo-te\\] are taken from NGC4365: Jones (1997); NGC4472: Forman (1993); NGC4636: de-projected results inside 8  (also allowing for a hard component in the center) plus a determination at 8–18  radii for 20% cosmic abundance from Trinchieri (1994); NGC4649: results, allowing for a hard component in the center, from Trinchieri (1997). ", "We provide ROSAT measurements for the center of NGC4261 (three inner points), and for NGC4374 and M86. ", "All ROSAT errors correspond to 90% confidence limits.", "\n\nFor the ROSAT spectral analysis, we extract spectra with IRAF [*qpspec*]{}, which was upgraded for particle background estimation, as in Plucinsky (1993). ", "Since this approach precludes use of the band in further spectral analysis, we analyze data only from the energy band.", "\n\nWhile ASCA and ROSAT temperature measurements are in remarkable agreement for all the galaxies, a comment should be made for NGC4261. ", "It is one of the low-power radio galaxies from the sample of Worrall and Birkinshaw (1994), where a hard component is assumed, due to the AGN. ", "In our ASCA analysis we included this component, yet our temperature seems to disagree with the ROSAT measurement at larger radii by Davis (1995). ", "To reconcile both measurements, the gas temperature for NGC4261 after an initial rise, should decline, as was measured for NGC5846 (F99).", "\n\nUncertainty in our measurements of the central temperature and abundance for NGC4365 does not allow us to distinguish between the different ROSAT results obtained by Jones (1997) and Fabbiano (1994). ", "The former finds a central temperature of 0.75 (0.51–1.37) keV, when the abundance is a free parameter, while in the latter, the temperature is determined to be 0.2 (0.15–0.26) keV, when the abundance is fixed to Solar and a hard component is added.", "\n\nWe were able only to provide a single temperature determination for NGC4552, which is presented, along with measurements for other galaxies in Table \\[table-te\\].", "\n\nThe introduction of a “multi-phase” medium has been used to model the integrated ASCA spectra (Buote & Fabian 1998; Buote 1999). ", "As is seen for NGC4636, NGC4472 and NGC4649 in Fig.\\[virgo-te\\], NGC4406 (in Fig.\\[m86-temap\\]), NGC5846 (F99) and NGC5044 (FP99), this need arises from temperature gradients, previously resolved only by ROSAT and now also by ASCA.", "\n\nThe problem posed by the Buote papers is whether the gas at the centers of galaxies is truly multiphase, or does it only appear multiphase as a result of projection and the coarse spatial resolution of ASCA. ", "Spatially resolved measurements, that account for the gas projection effects, result in central temperatures for NGC4636, NGC4472, NGC4649, NGC5846, NGC5044 of 0.51 (0.42:0.56), 0.76 (0.71:0.78), 0.78 (0.71:0.83), 0.59 (0.56:0.62), and 0.52 (0.49:0.57) keV, respectively. ", "By comparison, for these galaxies, the low temperatures in multiphase models are 0.52 (0.46:0.57), 0.72 (0.69:0.75), 0.67 (0.59:0.74), 0.63 (0.59:0.66), 0.70 (0.67:0.72) keV. For M86 the projected results give 0.70 (0.59:0.75) keV, while a multiphase analysis gives 0.60 (0.37:0.70). ", "All errors are quoted on the 90 % confidence level. ", "The temperature determinations are very similar, with the exceptions of NGC4649, where the “multiphase” value is slightly lower, and NGC5044 located at the center of an X-ray luminous group, where the “multiphase” temperature is higher. ", "The latter can be explained by the pronounced, spatially extended cooling flow in NGC5044, where the majority of emission at 0.7 keV is identified in the spatially resolved analysis (cf FP99).", "\n\nSince our measurements of central temperatures agree with ROSAT for the galaxies presented in this paper, and also agree with low temperatures from the two-component model of Buote (1999), there is presently no observational need for a multiphase component. ", "However, the abundance determination in the central spatial bin is likely to be controversial. ", "Precise abundance values for the central galaxy regions will remain a subject for discussion until XMM RGS results are available. ", "However, because of these uncertainties, we exclude from further analysis our central abundance measurements for NGC4472, NGC4649 and NGC4406, that disagree with the Buote measurements.", "\n\nFor NGC4636 our systematic errors of 10 per cent are smaller than the 20 per cent systematic errors used by Matsushita (1997) in their spectral analysis of the same observation. ", "Nevertheless, their simplified treatment of the emission does not allow Matsushita (1997) to resolve the central temperature component properly. ", "Acceptable $\\chi^2$ values are obtained in our spectral fitting. ", "As shown in Fig.\\[virgo-te\\] our temperature results agree well with the previous ROSAT determinations. ", "The Matsushita (1997) abundance results agree with ours, but disagree with those by Mushotzky (1996). ", "However, since our abundances are higher than those by Mushotzky (1996), but lower than those by Matsushita (1997), our 90 percent confidence area overlaps both measurements.", "\n\nThe complexity of the surface brightness and temperature distribution for NGC4406 complicates the spectral analysis. ", "We devote a special section (\\[sec:m86\\]) to its analysis.", "\n\nAbundance profiles of Mg, Si and Fe for NGC4472, NGC4636, NGC4649, NGC4261, NGC4374 and NGC4552 are presented in Figs.\\[virgo-fe\\], \\[virgo-si\\] and \\[virgo-mg\\] and in Table \\[table-ab\\]. ", "The central Fe abundance is less than 0.7 solar, when meaningfully constrained (this excludes NGC4365; see our abundance table definition). ", "In most galaxies, the central iron abundance is higher than in the outskirts of the galaxy, where the abundance is always below 0.3 solar and in half the galaxies in this sample, below 0.1 of solar. ", "Except for NGC4636 whose abundances decrease with radius, the radial abundance profiles of Mg and Si are consistent with being flat with averaged values of 0.5 solar for NGC4472 and lower for the rest of the galaxies. ", "The ratio of $\\alpha$-elements to iron is nearly constant with radius for NGC4261, NGC4374, NGC4552 and NGC4636, while this ratio increases with decreasing Fe abundance in NGC4472 and NGC4649.", "\n\nFe abundance gradients, although clearly established in NGC4636, NGC4472, and NGC4649, may not be a common feature. ", "Therefore a question for future observations will be to resolve the gradients (or show their absence) in galaxies with low abundance, like M84. ", "One difference, already seen, is that the inward increase in iron abundance for relatively high metallicity systems, always corresponds to an underabundance of alpha elements, while for galaxies with low iron abundance (  M84), alpha-elements become overabundant.", "\n\nBefore addressing the overall implications of the abundance results, the following subsections discuss M87, M84 and M86 in detail.", "\n\n### M87\n\nIn our study of heavy element enrichment, M87 has a special place, being a cD galaxy at the X-ray center of the Virgo cluster. ", "cD galaxies dominate the light within 200 kpc from the cluster center. ", "Their stellar mass loss and gas mass can explain the observed heavy element abundance within the central 50 kpc region. ", "Schindler, Binggeli and Boehringer (1999) studied two-dimensional galaxy distribution in Virgo and find that it centers aside from M87. ", "Therefore, strong element abundance gradients for M87, presented in Fig.\\[m87-ab-fig\\], are characteristic of dead stellar population in M87 with extra metals added by SNe. ", "Results from our analysis of M87 are summarized in Table \\[tab-m87\\]. ", "In addition to the ASCA observation centered on M87, we include a 40 offset observation.", "\n\n{width=\"3.35in\"}\n\nAlthough, a low temperature for the cool component could reflect the galaxy’s potential, the similarity in the abundance pattern between cool and hot components, observed in Si and Fe, probably indicates a cooling flow. ", "However a detailed study of the link between dying stellar population of cD and both phases of X-ray emitting gas is needed to fully understand that. ", "A study of the X-ray emission from M87 also was done in the PhD thesis of Matsumoto (1998), who identified two temperature components and suggested these were due to a multi-phase medium. ", "Our results from 3-dimensional modeling show that the hot component does not exist in a detectable amount in the central spatial bin (inside 10 kpc), while the cool component is localized within 25 kpc, which restricts any multi-phase region to a 10–25 kpc shell.", "\n\nWe searched the ROSAT image for counterparts to a possible multi-phase shell. ", "We found significant departures from spherical symmetry in the East, North-West and South-West directions from M87 center, within the radius of this shell (see Fig.\\[m87-imh\\]). ", "For the brighter regions, spatially resolved spectroscopy with ROSAT/PSPC yields an average temperature of $1.60\\;(1.50:1.73)$ keV, using MEKAL code, while the remaining emission within $2'-4'$ has a temperature of $2.11\\;(1.95:2.33)$ keV (68% confidence intervals are cited). ", "The temperatures differ at a confidence level better then 99%. ", "The ROSAT determination for the hotter component is slightly lower then ASCA value, but still within the 90% error. ", "Similar features, previously identified for  NGC5044, were suggested to be cooling wakes, produced as the central galaxy, which is the focus of the cooling flow, moves in the cluster core. (", "David 1994). ", "The observations also are consistent with magnetic field confinement of the plasma (cf Makishima 1997). ", "One could attempt to use the strong elemental abundance gradients observed M87 to distinguish between these two scenaria when high spatial resolution observations with at least CCD energy resolution are obtained by Chandra or XMM.", "\n\n{width=\"3.35in\"}\n\n### NGC4374 (M84)\n\nNGC4374 is an E1 galaxy with a heliocentric velocity of 1026 km sec$^{-1}$ and therefore probably lies within the core of the Virgo cluster. ", "Previous X-ray analysis by Forman, Jones & Tucker (1985) showed the presence of the quasar 1222+131 2.4  south-east of the center of M84. ", "We used the position ($12^h25^m11.95^s$ +125153.3, J2000, taken from Bowen 1994) of the quasar to check possible boresight offsets within the ROSAT image. ", "The measured X-ray position is $12^h25^m11.65^s$ +125200.60 (J2000), so $\\Delta x=3$  and $\\Delta\ny=7.3$  with a statistical error of 4. ", "After applying a correction of $\\Delta x=2.34$  and $\\Delta y=4.54$, taken from ROSAT XRT/detector boresighting results (Briel 1993), the positions agree within the uncertainties. ", "The quasar spectrum, derived from ROSAT data is characterized by a power law with photon index 2.13 (1.98–2.27; 90% confidence) and F$_{\\rm 1 keV}=8.04\\pm1.1\\times10^{-5}$. In modeling ASCA data, we subtract the quasar spectrum.", "\n\nOur central abundance determination for M84 has a smaller error bar, compared to the analysis of Matsushita (1998). ", "This results from different treatments of the hard component (she fits in an additional bremsstrahlung model, while we use ROSAT results for the quasar spectrum) and the larger systematic error adopted there.", "\n\nRadio observations of M84 at 1.4 and 4.9 GHz show a large scale reversal in the magnetic field of the medium situated in front of the radio source (Laing & Bridle 1987). ", "Although, this medium can contribute to the outer parts of the M84 diffuse X-ray emission, to estimate its emission we need spatially resolved spectroscopy on a 10  scale, which will be provided with Chandra observations.", "\n\n### Temperature and Abundance Structure in M86. {#", "sec:m86}\n\n{width=\"3.25in\"}\n\n[ {width=\"3.25in\"} (0.,9.)(0.,9.) (", "0.09,12.65)[(5.1,3.6)[1]{} (4.6,3.7)(5.0,3.6) (3.5,4.2)[2]{} (3.9,3.9)[2]{} (2.5,4.0)[3]{} (2.5,4.8)[4]{} (3.2,3.0)[4]{} (3.5,2.2)[4]{} (4.2,4.5)[5]{} (5.5,4.8)[5]{} (5.1,4.0)[6]{} (5.8,4.0)[6]{} (4.8,2.5)[6]{} (6.3,5.1)[7]{} (6.6,4.0)[7]{} (6.0,2.9)[7]{} (3.4,5.0)[8]{} (3.4,3.5)[8]{} (4.5,4.45)(4.5,5.3) (4.5,5.5)[9]{}]{} ]{}\n\nAn X-ray study of M86 with (Forman 1979) revealed a peak of emission centered on M86 and a “plume” extending north-west of the galaxy. ", "Ram-pressure stripping of the hot gas from M86 as the galaxy traverses the Virgo cluster was suggested to explain the observed structure (Forman 1979; Fabian, Schwartz & Forman 1980; Takeda, Nulsen & Fabian 1984). ", "The spectrum of M86 was adequately represented by radiation from an optically thin hot plasma with kT=0.8 keV, although no estimate of the Fe abundance could be made (Forman, Jones & Tucker 1985).", "\n\nSpatial analysis of the X-ray brightness of M86 from the ROSAT PSPC and HRI data was presented in Rangarajan (1995; hereafter RWEF). ", "In addition to the plume, they identified a southern extension (from the center to about 3  to the south), a Void (to the north of the galaxy) and a north-eastern arm (extending from the center more than 5to the north-east). ", "While the exact regions selected for spectral analysis by RWEF differ from ours, the core and plume are both analyzed in common and the results are in good agreement. ", "In this section we concentrate on the temperature mapping of the diffuse emission around M86 and verify the results of our ROSAT analysis through detailed modeling of the ASCA SIS data.", "\n\nIn Figure \\[m86-imh\\] we present the optical image of the M86 field with contours from the wavelet-decomposition of the X-ray emission overlaid. ", "At the center of M86, the cluster emission is less than 5% of the peak galaxy emission. ", "The lowest contour shown around M86 is twice the cluster emission, at the eastern part of M86, closest to the cluster center. ", "An X-ray plume extends 19  north-west of the galaxy. ", "Two outer contours of X-ray emission resemble optical light seen in Malin’s deep print (Malin 1981). ", "Analysis of the optical image showed optical “blobs” in excess of the elliptical shape associated with the X-ray plume, that could be modeled as star formation regions within the cooling hot gas (Nulsen & Carter 1987). ", "An alternate explanation by White (1991) suggested that optical starlight scattered from stripped dust could explain the elliptical shape of the blue light from the plume and also the infrared emission.", "\n\nIn Figure \\[m86-temap\\] we present the (R67–R45)/(R67+R45) hardness ratio derived from the ROSAT PSPC image, overlaid on the X-ray surface brightness contours (the broad band R47 image), where Rnm means summing of images from Rn to Rm, as defined by Snowden (1994). ", "As was shown by Finoguenov (1997), for a temperature in the range 0.5–1.5 keV, and metal abundances exceeding 0.1 solar this ratio uniquely determines the gas temperature in a single-phase plasma. ", "The four gray scale levels correspond to different temperatures with dark gray representing 0.7 keV and light gray the 1.0–1.1 keV interval. ", "Cool regions include the galaxy center and its immediate environs (particularly to the north-east). ", "The cool region extends eastward with slightly increasing temperature. ", "The coolest region in the north-east extension is associated with an enhancement in the X-ray emission, referred to as the North-Eastern Arm in RWEF. ", "The plume temperature structure is not uniform, but is instead cooler in the center toward M86 (immediately north of the galaxy). ", "The hottest regions are those south-west of M86. ", "The Figure also indicates the “temperatures” of the nearby galaxies.", "\n\nWith the spatial resolution of the ASCA SIS data, we identify only five regions in Figure \\[m86-temap\\], that correspond to ROSAT regions. ", "We use the ROSAT image as input for the ASCA modeling. ", "Results of the spectral analysis of the temperature structure in M86 from both ROSAT and ASCA are presented in Table \\[m86-rosat-tab\\]. ", "was fixed at the Galactic value of $2.75\\times10^{20}$ cm$^{-2}$ (Stark 1992).", "\n\nSpectral variations in the plume, seen in the ROSAT hardness ratio map (Fig.\\[m86-temap\\]) are quantified by the difference of $0.10\\pm0.02$ keV, found between spectral regions 9 and 5. ", "In Table \\[m86-asca-tab\\] we give results for the heavy element abundance measured in our ASCA analysis. ", "Given the complex temperature structure of the M86 hot gaseous halo, these abundance determinations should be considered with caution. ", "In summary, within our uncertainties, the abundances of Fe, Mg, and Si are each fairly uniform throughout M86, as well as the plume region.", "\n\n Discussion {#sec:disc-n}\n===========\n\nBefore proceeding to the theoretical modeling, we should first adopt an appropriate abundance scale. ", "Since abundance measurements in stars, as well as theoretical modeling, are usually given using an abundance table different from that used for X-ray analysis, we converted our results to units of (3.95, 3.55, 3.31)$\\times10^{-5}$ for the Mg, Si and Fe number abundance relative to H for use throughout this section.", "\n\n Comparison of the elemental abundance in Virgo ellipticals with the stellar population in the Solar vicinity. {#", "sec:stars}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe abundance results presented here for a set of Virgo galaxies appear far from uniform. ", "Some galaxies have uniformly low abundance, while values for others depend on the radius chosen for the measurement and are higher at the centers. ", "A hint toward the unification of the presented data arises from the correlation of a low Fe abundance, either throughout the galaxy or in the outskirts, with an overabundance of alpha-process elements, such as Mg and Si studied here. ", "In Fig.\\[si\\_vs\\_fe\\] we plot the Mg and Si abundance vs Fe, omitting points with very large uncertainties and restricting values of Mg, Si and Fe to be above 0.1 solar. ", "The observed trends of Mg vs Fe and the plot of Si vs Fe at low Fe are not parallel to lines of constant element ratios. ", "As these plots show, for low Fe abundance, Mg and Si become overabundant. ", "However, there is a difference between Mg and Si in that the Mg to Fe ratio is below the solar ratio at high values for iron. ", "These plots suggest an increasing importance of SN Ia enrichment at solar metallicity, compared to 1/10 solar, with SN II enrichment dominant at low metallicities. ", "Evidence for SN II prevalence at low metallicities arises primarily from the abundance data for NGC4374 and the outskirts of NGC4472 and NGC4649. ", "The innermost M87 points for Si and Fe are plotted for comparison and show similar behavior.", "\n\nComparison of the X-ray determined abundance pattern for the ISM in elliptical galaxies with that of the stellar population in the Solar vicinity was suggested by the work by Wyse (1997) to search for any differences in the IMF and to constrain the role of SN Ia in element enrichment. ", "The choice of stellar determinations for our Galaxy is limited by the absence of optical data on Si/Fe in early-type galaxies. ", "Only a hint toward an overabundance of Mg/Fe is found from the optical line-index gradients by Kobayashi & Arimoto (1999). ", "In Fig.\\[virgo-si2fe\\] we plot \\[Mg/Fe\\] vs \\[Fe/H\\] and \\[Si/Fe\\] vs \\[Fe/H\\] to compare the elemental abundances of Virgo ellipticals with optical measurements for stellar abundances in our Galaxy, as compiled by Timmes, Woosley, and Weaver (1997, see references therein).", "\n\n{width=\"3.25in\"} {width=\"3.25in\"}\n\n{width=\"3.5in\"} {width=\"3.5in\"}\n\nFig.\\[virgo-si2fe\\] shows that measurements from different galaxies have little intrinsic scatter, despite the diversity in radial abundance profiles. ", "Also, compared to the stellar data, at high Fe abundance, the Virgo X-ray sample demonstrates equal or even a higher SN Ia contribution, compared to the stellar data for our Galaxy (a spiral). ", "However, in many theoretical studies, the abundance pattern of the stellar population in early-type galaxies is assumed to follow SN II yields. ", "Thus, these observations show the importance of SN Ia’s in the chemical enrichment of the hot gas in ellipticals. ", "To produce these results, we briefly discuss gas accretion (cf Brighenti & Mathews 1997), a prolonged duration of star formation (cf Martinelli 1998; F99) and post-formation SN Ia activity.", "\n\nSince the gas that is highly enriched by SNe Ia lies in the central regions of the galaxies, the likelihood of gas accretion to produce this effect is low. ", "As for the feasibility of prolonged star formation in the central region, Martinelli (1998) showed that, if the galaxy is not considered as one zone, the central galaxy region could have much longer star formation, accompanied by accretion of metal-poor gas toward the center. ", "This scenario, however, would need to address the problem of matching the SN Ia rates adopted in the theoretical modeling with the current X-ray data. ", "At present, most X-ray limits on abundances imply almost no post-formation SN Ia activity.", "\n\nThe merger hypothesis for the origin of the X-ray abundance gradients (Bekki 1998) may be more relevant for the galaxies with low iron abundance. ", "Indeed, the best candidates for galaxy mergers from our sample, NGC4374 and NGC4552 (Schweitzer & Seizer 1992) have low Fe abundance and are good examples of the overabundance of alpha-process elements. ", "While a much more detailed abundance study of galaxies from the Schweitzer & Seizer (1992) list is required to draw any firm conclusion, we mention that the observed tendency is in excellent agreement with differences expected between star formation vs merging scenario for galaxy formation.", "\n\nA note on the comparison of X-ray abundance determinations with optical data on elliptical galaxies.", "\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIt is generally agreed that early type galaxies are currently passively evolving stellar systems, where significant star formation was cut off at early epochs by a galactic wind ( Ciotti 1991, David 1991). ", "The large amount of hot gas presently found in E’s is attributed to stellar mass loss, and as such, should be characterized by stellar metallicity and stellar velocity dispersion, with supernovae supplying additional elements and energy into the interstellar medium. ", "Previous works, where this scheme was adopted, met a mismatch between stellar abundances, derived via modeling of the optical measurements, and the tremendously low metallicities found in the X-ray gas, which imply both a low metal content in stars and a SN Ia rate that is lower than measured in optical searches ( Arimoto 1997).", "\n\nPerhaps the first step towards resolving this apparent discrepancy was the discovery of strong abundance gradients in the stellar content of ellipticals (  Carollo, Danziger and Buson 1993). ", "Combining these results with the presence of gas inflow, Loewenstein & Mathews (1991) [*were able to explain*]{} the low X-ray abundances, although the problem of low SN Ia rate persisted. ", "A similar conclusion was derived in our analysis of NGC5846 (F99).", "\n\nThe “apparent inconsistency” between optical and X-ray determinations, claimed by Arimoto (1997), can be attributed to the neglect of significant differences in the spatial resolution of X-ray and optical observations. ", "The “central” abundance value from X-ray measurements often corresponds to a 3 radius region, compared to a region of only $\\sim2''$ in the optical. ", "In terms of overdensities it corresponds to a change by a factor of $\\sim1000$, which  exceeds a difference between clusters of galaxies and $Ly{\\alpha}$ clouds (see Cen & Ostriker 1999 for a discussion of crucial importance of equal overdensity in metallicity comparisons). ", "Moreover, the complex temperature structure of the gas at the galaxy center often precludes precise abundance determinations at the center (Buote 1999, FP99). ", "Even in cases when we are fairly confident in our abundance determinations, as e.g. NGC4374, the central region corresponds to 1. ", "An average optical abundance means a [*luminosity averaged*]{} value typically within a few arcseconds, while the metallicity of X-ray gas reflects [*mass-averaged*]{} metallicities from a dead stellar population, that has been heavily smoothed by the inflow motion of the gas in a cooling flow (cf Loewenstein & Mathews 1991).", "\n\nMoreover, as Bazan & Mathews (1990) showed, the evolutionary tracks from Van den Bergh & Bell (1985) exhibit shorter main sequence lifetimes for low metallicity stars due to their higher luminosities, thus these low metallicity stars drop out faster from the “luminosity averaged” abundances while contributing more to the mass-loss averaged abundances. ", "Modeling of the SN Ia rate should be adjusted to allow for this phenomena (F99).", "\n\nAn alternative explanation proposed by Arimoto (1997) criticized the iron abundance determinations based on the Fe L-shell emission line complex. ", "A major effort to understand this issue is presented in Phillips (1999). ", "As it follows from their work, for CCD-resolution spectroscopy in the temperature range around 1 keV, uncertainty of the MEKAL code does not exceed much the 10% level at 0.5–10 keV energy band. ", "However, uncertainties increase strongly at softer energies and lower emission temperatures. ", "Therefore, our adopted level of systematic uncertainties related to the usage of MEKAL code are justified. ", "In addition, we note that the X-ray iron abundance determinations for middle-age SN Remnants in LMC, that also depend on the modeling of L-shell emission complex, are in very good agreement with optically determined values (Hughes, Hayashi & Koyama 1998). ", "Despite a more complex ionization balance in SNR emission, this class of SNR exhibit a spectrum very similar to X-ray spectra of early-type galaxies, that can be understood in view of the sufficient ionization ages of these SNRs.", "\n\nAnother strong argument comes from the similarly low abundances of Si and Mg, as derived in the X-ray analysis of early-type galaxies. ", "These are based on abundance determinations using K-shell lines, so the criticism of Arimoto (1997) is not applicable. ", "Once again, the negative abundance gradients in the stellar population and inflow motions of the X-ray emitting gas require that the X-ray abundance determination be lower in order to agree with the optical results.", "\n\nPost-formation SN Ia rate in Virgo ellipticals\n----------------------------------------------\n\nThe low Fe abundance in NGC4374 (Loewenstein 1994), implies strict limits on the SN Ia rate. ", "This result, along with our abundance measurements that favor SN II production, suggests that at the observed distance from the galaxy center (which is always in excess of $R_e$ for this sample), the stellar population also has a low abundance and that no SN Ia enrichment is allowed. ", "On the other hand, when a higher Fe abundance is observed (central parts of NGC4636, NGC4472), SN Ia enrichment becomes a necessity.", "\n\nWhile the origin of the differences in enrichment pattern is probably due to the presence of a surrounding group potential for NGC4636 and NGC4472, the correlation of an overabundance of alpha-elements with low metallicity suggests [*metallicity dependent SN Ia rates*]{}. ", "An example of related theoretical work is that by Worthey and Weaver (1995) on the metal yields from SN II as a function of metallicity. ", "The only theoretical work discussing the SN Ia behavior, as a function of metallicity, is by Kobayashi (1998). ", "They considered a model for SN Ia progenitor system by Hachisu, Kato & Nomoto (1996) and concluded that no SN Ia occur at metallicities below 0.1 solar. ", "This result provides a good explanation (however not a unique one) for the delay in SN Ia enrichment for Galactic stars. ", "To examine this model, we perform a standard modeling of the X-ray data (as described in Loewenstein & Mathews 1991).", "\n\n(3.2,2.25)[{width=\"2.5in\"}]{} (3.2,2.25)[{width=\"2.5in\"}]{} {width=\"1.88in\"}\n\n(3.2,2.25)[{width=\"2.5in\"}]{} (3.2,2.25)[{width=\"2.5in\"}]{} {width=\"1.88in\"}\n\n(3.2,2.25)[{width=\"2.5in\"}]{} (3.2,2.25)[{width=\"2.5in\"}]{} {width=\"1.88in\"}\n\nThe X-ray derived abundances can be expressed as\n\n$$\\label{eq:z}\n[Z/H]=[Z/H]_* + {f_{\\small SN} \\; SNU \\; M_{{\\small SN},_{Z}} \\over\n{M_*\\over L_B} \\; {\\dot{M}_* \\over M_*}}\\;,$$\n\nwhere $f_{\\small SN}$ is the SN Ia rate in units of 1 event (100 yr)$^{-1}$ ${ L_B}$/10$^{10}$ (SNU), $M_{{\\small SN},_{Fe}}$ is the mass of iron released in each SN Ia event, and ${\\dot{M}_* \\over M_*}$ is the stellar mass loss, that we adopt as 3 (for the Salpeter IMF) or 5 (for the Arimoto & Yoshii IMF) $\\times10^{-20}$ sec$^{-1}$ (following calculations by Mathews 1989). ", "In this approximation, we implicitly assume that the SN Ia rate changes with time, similar to the stellar mass loss. ", "Z denotes the metal considered. ", "As was estimated in Arimoto (1997), SN Ia rates found in optical measurements correspond to $\\Delta Fe = 2.5$ for the second term on the right of Eq.\\[eq:z\\], which we adopt.", "\n\nEq.\\[eq:z\\] is simply the ratio of metals released by SNe Ia and by stellar mass loss to the amount of hydrogen released by stellar mass loss (cf Loewenstein & Mathews 1991). ", "As Davis & White (1996) discussed, the X-ray iron abundance is correlated with the strength of the gravitational potential, with SN Ia ejecta escaping from low-mass systems. ", "Although the iron abundance increases with galaxy mass and, in fact even higher iron M/L is found in groups and even more in clusters ( Renzini 1993, FP99), to change the iron abundance (contrary to iron mass), the SN Ia ejecta should escape (or be stripped) [*preferentially*]{}. ", "Otherwise the difference among the different systems is only the time for the gas to accumulate, which cannot explain the low iron abundance in currently adopted SN Ia models (Greggio & Renzini 1983), where the SN Ia rate evolves similar to stellar mass-loss rate (Loewenstein & Mathews 1991).", "\n\nIn our modeling we consider two different dependences of Si/Fe on Fe. ", "In one we assume the dependence measured for the Galactic (spiral) stellar population. ", "In the other, we assume a constant ratio, corresponding to the integrated yield from SNe II (using the Tsujimoto 1995 yields from Gibson 1997, where the adopted IMF slope was 1.35). ", "The first assumption implies prolonged, yet ineffective star formation, while the second requires a very short period of star formation, so only the contribution from Type II SNe appears in the stellar pattern. ", "Modeling the Mg data is not very sensitive to the choice of the stellar abundance pattern, while the Si data are already well described by the first assumption. ", "Fig.\\[fig:snia:mod\\] demonstrates that a sharp change in the input of SNe Ia to the ISM, as a function of the progenitor metallicity, is required by the measurements of Mg and Si vs Fe abundance.", "\n\nAs seen from Fig.\\[fig:snia:mod\\], within the assumed model our data are sensitive to low rates of SN Ia, although they cannot place upper limits on the rate, contrary to the usual reference to X-ray abundance determinations (cf Loewenstein & Mathews 1991). ", "Thus, in the current study, X-ray observations of early-type galaxies suggest a sharp decline in the SN Ia rate as a function of the progenitor star metallicity, and provide a lower limit on the SN Ia rate. ", "Our results imply a cut-off metallicity in the range 0.07–0.3 solar. ", "Lower values are ruled out by the low abundance in the X-ray gas, while the upper limit is determined by the change in the abundance pattern above 0.2 solar metallicity. ", "To explain the difference in the Si/Fe ratios between M84 and the outskirts of NGC4472 and NGC4649 on one hand and the centers of NGC4472, NGC4649 and NGC4636 on the other, the model requires a lower limit of 0.3 solar on the Fe contribution from SN Ia.\n\n{width=\"3.25in\"}\n\nAlthough any abrupt rise with radius in the metallicity of the X-ray gas will be smeared inward by the gas inflow, studies of the SN Ia rate as a function of radius can provide additional constraints. ", "In the following we assume the stellar Si/Fe ratio corresponding to the SN II yields from Woosley & Weaver (1995) with reduced Fe yields ($y_{Fe}=0.07$ Timmes 1995; Prantzos & Silk 1998) and use our Si and Fe measurements to separate the contributions from different types of SN. ", "In Fig.\\[sn1a\\_re\\] we present our estimates for the SN Ia contributions to the iron abundance in NGC4472, NGC4636, NGC4649 and M87 at radii expressed in units of $r_e$ (corresponding to 1.733, 1.683, 1.227 and 1.766, respectively). ", "The average value among NGC4472, NGC4636, NGC4649 measurements within $1 r_e$ is $0.56\\pm0.10$ solar (90 per cent confidence), which is consistent with the estimate for M87 itself. ", "Beyond $6 r_e$, the SN Ia contribution to the iron abundance is less than 0.3 solar. ", "If we use the Arimoto & Yoshii IMF values, we find SN Ia rates for individual galaxies of $0.06\\pm0.05$ SNU for NGC4472, $0.08\\pm0.03$ SNU for NGC4636, $0.05\\pm0.05$ for NGC4649 and $0.11\\pm0.01$ for M87 (uncertainties are at the 90 percent confidence level). ", "These can be compared with the SN Ia rate of $0.15\\pm0.06$ SNU from SN Ia searches (Cappellaro 1997). ", "We scale our calculations to the $H_0=75$ km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$, used in their work and assume 0.4 of Fe is released by each SN Ia event (compared to the usually assumed iron mass of 0.7, Arimoto 1997), which increases our estimates for SN Ia rates from the X-ray abundances (as well as usage of reduced SN II Fe yields). ", "Our choice for estimating stellar mass loss corresponds to a flat IMF, that also favors higher SN Ia rates.", "\n\nQuite interestingly, not all SN Ia found in optical searches are similar. ", "The estimated rate of 0.05 SNU applies to the “faint” SN Ia (Cappellaro 1997). ", "If we neglect these as a source of metals, then the effective SN Ia rate would be $0.10\\pm0.06$ SNU. ", "We note that to compare with the optical rate, one should average the SN limits over all the galaxies from the complete sample. ", "Thus, if low-luminosity galaxies have lower SN Ia rates compared to the bright cluster members, then SN Ia optical magnitude-limited searches will be biased toward detecting the higher rates. ", "From the current optical data on SN Ia rates, we conclude that these are consistent with X-ray measurements for bright early-type galaxies.", "\n\nWe conclude that models, in which the SN rate (or yields) depend on metallicity, can solve the long standing problem of low X-ray limits on SN Ia rates compared to those derived from optical searches (cf Arimoto 1997 and references therein). ", "In addition, the model of Kobayashi (1998) employed here, has predictions for high redshift SN Ia searches that could be directly tested in the future. ", "The sample of galaxies studied here consists of optically bright galaxies. ", "An important test for the SN Ia models could be made through X-ray studies of optically faint galaxies, that are presently assumed to have both low metallicities and an underabundance of alpha elements.", "\n\n Conclusions\n============\n\nWe performed spatially resolved spectroscopy for a sample of nine early-type galaxies in Virgo using X-ray observations from ROSAT and ASCA. ", "Careful treatment of the galaxy’s X-ray emission reveals a temperature structure consisting of a cool central region and an outward increase in temperature, similar to earlier results. ", "With the ASCA SIS we determine the radial distribution of Mg, Si and Fe. ", "Declining iron abundances with radius are found for NGC4472, NGC4649 and confirmed for NGC4636. ", "Profiles of Mg and Si are on average flatter than for iron, leading to an underabundance of alpha-process elements at the centers of these galaxies. ", "The low iron abundance of NGC4374, found in earlier ASCA studies (Loewenstein 1994) is confirmed by our analysis, with a detection of the corresponding overabundance of alpha-process elements.", "\n\nWe compare the \\[Mg/Fe\\] and \\[Si/Fe\\] vs \\[Fe/H\\] dependences for our sample with the stellar pattern of the Galaxy and conclude that SN Ia enrichment is important for the hot gas in early-type galaxies.", "\n\nWe compare the abundance measurements for our sample with the implications of the low-metallicity inhibition of the SNe Ia, proposed by Kobayashi (1998). ", "We conclude that within this model it is possible to solve the long-standing problem of high SN Ia rates implied in the optical searches compared with the lower X-ray upper limits. ", "In terms of this model, our data characterize the SN Ia rate by a cut-off in the progenitor star metallicity in the range 0.07–0.3 solar and a [*lower*]{} limit on SN Ia rate corresponding to an Fe abundance of 0.3 solar (corresponding to 0.04 $h_{75}^{3}$ SNU for galaxies in our sample).", "\n\nAdopting an average SN II element pattern for the stellar population in our sample, we illustrate the radial input of SN Ia ejecta into the X-ray gas. ", "Our estimates for the SN Ia rate at the centers of our brightest galaxies give value of $0.08\\pm0.03h_{75}^{3}$ SNU. ", "The rates inferred from optical searches should be corrected for the presence of “faint” SN Ia events, since these release little metal and therefore are not “detected” in the X-ray spectra. ", "With this correction the present-day SN Ia rate in early-type galaxies is $0.10\\pm0.06$ $h_{75}^{2}$ SNU (Cappellaro 1997) and is therefore comparable with the X-ray estimates.", "\n\nThis work was supported by the Smithsonian Institution and NASA grant NAG5-2588. ", "AF thanks Prof. Chugai, Prof. Makishima and Dr. Matsushita for their discussion of the results presented in this paper. ", "Authors thank the anonymous referee for pointing out to a necessity of a discussion regarding the optical/X-ray abundance determinations.", "\n\nAnders E. and Grevesse N. 1989, [*Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta*]{}, 53, 197 Arimoto N., Matsushita K., Ishimaru Y., Ohashi T., Renzini A., 1997, ApJ, 477, 128 Bekki K., 1998, ApJ, 504, 50 Buote D., 1999, MNRAS, 309, 685 Burke B.E., Mountain R.W., Harrison D.C., Bautz M.W., Doty J.P., Ricker G.R. and Daniels P.J., 1991, IEEE Trans., ", "EED-38, 1069 å[322]{}[431]{}[97]{}[Cappellaro E., Turatto M., Tsvetkov D., Bartunov O., Pollas C., Evans R. and Hamuy M.]{} Finoguenov A., 1997, PhD thesis, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technics Finoguenov A., Jones C., Forman W. and David L., 1999, ApJ, 514, 844 Finoguenov A. and Ponman T., 1999, MNRAS, 305, 325 Gendreau, K., & Yaqoob, T. 1997,   Newsletter, \\# 5 (NASA/GSFC) å[118]{}[217]{}[83]{}[Greggio L., Renzini A.]{} Kobayashi C., Tsujimoto T., Nomoto K., Hachisu I., Kato M., 1998, ApJ, 503, 155 Makishima K. 1997, Proc. ", "of ASCA 3-d Ann. ", "Symp., ", "Tokyo, (Ed. ", "F. Makino, K. Mitsuda), p.137 Markevitch, M., Forman, W. R., Sarazin, C. L., & Vikhlinin, A. 1998, ApJ, 503, 77 Matsumoto H. 1998, PhD thesis, Kyoto University Matsushita K. 1998, PhD thesis, University of Tokyo Schindler S., Binggeli B. and Boehringer H., 1999, A&A, 343, 420 å[318]{}[361]{}[97]{}[Trinchieri G., Fabbiano G. and Kim D.-W.]{} Woosley, S.E. & Weaver, T.A. 1995, ApJS, 101, 181\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "FILE PHOTO: U.S. President Donald Trump speaks to reporters at the White House before departing to Fayetteville, North Carolina in Washington, U.S. September 9, 2019. ", "REUTERS/Erin Scott/File Photo\n\nWASHINGTON (Reuters) - U.S. President Donald Trump said on Wednesday the United States has agreed to delay increasing tariffs on $250 billion worth of Chinese imports from Oct. 1 to Oct. 15 “as a gesture of good will.”", "\n\nTrump said the postponement came “at the request of the Vice Premier of China, Liu He, and due to the fact that the People’s Republic of China will be celebrating their 70th Anniversary.”", "\n\nThe tariffs were set to increase to 30% from 25% on the goods.", "\n\nChinese trade deputies are expected to meet with their U.S. counterparts in mid-September in Washington before minister-level meetings in early October in the U.S. capital, involving Chinese Vice Premier Liu He, U.S. Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer and Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin.", "\n\nThe delay could enable talks to take place before the tariffs kicked in.", "\n\nThe world’s two largest economies imposed fresh tariffs on each other on Sept. 3, ratcheting up a tit-for-tat tariff war that has unsettled financial markets and raised the specter of a global recession." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "/*************************************************************************************************/\n/*!", "\n * \\file\n *\n * \\brief Link layer controller master connected isochronous stream state machine action routines.", "\n *\n * Copyright (c) 2013-2019 Arm Ltd. All Rights Reserved.", "\n *\n * Copyright (c) 2019-2020 Packetcraft, Inc.\n * \n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n * \n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n * \n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n */\n/*************************************************************************************************/\n\n#include \"lctr_int_cis.h\"\n#include \"lctr_int_iso.h\"\n#include \"lmgr_api_cis_master.h\"\n#include \"sch_api.h\"\n#include \"sch_api_ble.h\"\n#include \"wsf_trace.h\"\n#include \"wsf_assert.h\"\n#include \"util/bstream.h\"\n#include <string.h>\n\n/**************************************************************************************************\n Local Functions\n**************************************************************************************************/\n\n/*************************************************************************************************/\n/*!", "\n * \\brief Send CIS termination indication PDU.", "\n *\n * \\param pCtx Connection context.", "\n * \\param opcode Pdu Opcode.", "\n * \\param pCisCtx CIS context.", "\n * \\param reason Termination reason.", "\n */\n/*************************************************************************************************/\nstatic void lctrSendCisTermIndPdu(lctrConnCtx_t *pCtx, uint8_t opcode, lctrCisCtx_t *pCisCtx, uint8_t reason)\n{\n uint8_t *pPdu;\n\n if ((pPdu = lctrTxCtrlPduAlloc(LL_CIS_TERM_LEN)) !", "= NULL)\n {\n uint8_t *pBuf = pPdu;\n\n /*** Assemble control PDU. ***/", "\n UINT8_TO_BSTREAM (pBuf, opcode);\n UINT8_TO_BSTREAM (pBuf, pCisCtx->cigId);\n UINT8_TO_BSTREAM (pBuf, pCisCtx->cisId);\n UINT8_TO_BSTREAM (pBuf, reason);\n\n /*** Queue for transmit. ***/", "\n lctrTxCtrlPduQueue(pCtx, pPdu);\n }\n}\n\n/*************************************************************************************************/\n/*!", "\n * \\brief Send CIS termination indication.", "\n *\n * \\param pCtx Connection context.", "\n * \\param pCisCtx CIS context.", "\n * \\param reason Termination reason.", "\n */\n/*************************************************************************************************/\nstatic void lctrSendCisTermInd(lctrConnCtx_t *pCtx, lctrCisCtx_t *pCisCtx, uint8_t reason)\n{\n lctrSendCisTermIndPdu(pCtx, LL_PDU_CIS_TERM_IND, pCisCtx, reason);\n}\n\n/**************************************************************************************************\n External Functions\n**************************************************************************************************/\n\n/*************************************************************************************************/\n/*!", "\n * \\brief Notify host of CIS disconnected event\n *\n * \\param pCisCtx CIS context.", "\n */\n/*************************************************************************************************/\nvoid lctrNotifyHostCisTerm(lctrCisCtx_t *pCisCtx)\n{\n LlDisconnectInd_t evt =\n {\n .hdr =\n {\n .param = pCisCtx->cisHandle,\n .event = LL_DISCONNECT_IND,\n .status = LL_SUCCESS\n },\n\n .status = LL_SUCCESS,\n .handle = pCisCtx->cisHandle,\n .reason = pCisCtx->reason\n };\n\n LL_TRACE_INFO2(\"### LlEvent ### LL_DISCONNECT_IND, handle=%u, status=LL_SUCCESS, reason=%u\", pCisCtx->cisHandle, pCisCtx->reason);\n\n LmgrSendEvent((LlEvt_t *)&evt);\n}\n\n/*************************************************************************************************/\n/*!", "\n * \\brief Notify host of CIS established event\n *\n * \\param pCisCtx CIS context.", "\n * \\param status Status.", "\n * \\param cigSyncDelayUsec CIG synchronization delayn in usec.", "\n */\n/*************************************************************************************************/\nvoid lctrNotifyHostCisEst(lctrCisCtx_t *pCisCtx, uint8_t status, uint32_t cigSyncDelayUsec)\n{\n LlCisEstInd_t evt =\n {\n .hdr =\n {\n .param = pCisCtx->cisHandle,\n .event = LL_CIS_EST_IND,\n .status = status\n }\n };\n\n evt.cisHandle = pCisCtx->cisHandle;\n evt.status = status;\n evt.cigSyncDelayUsec = cigSyncDelayUsec;\n evt.cisSyncDelayUsec = pCisCtx->cisSyncDelayUsec;\n evt.transLatUsecMToS = pCisCtx->transLatUsec; /* For now it is 0, update it when ISOAL is supported. */", "\n evt.transLatUsecSToM = pCisCtx->transLatUsec; /* For now it is 0, update it when ISOAL is supported. */", "\n evt.phyMToS = pCisCtx->phyMToS;\n evt.phySToM = pCisCtx->phySToM;\n evt.nse = pCisCtx->nse;\n evt.bnMToS = pCisCtx->bnMToS;\n evt.bnSToM = pCisCtx->bnSToM;\n evt.ftMToS = pCisCtx->ftMToS;\n evt.ftSToM = pCisCtx->ftSToM;\n evt.isoInterval = pCisCtx->isoInterval;\n\n LL_TRACE_INFO2(\"### LlEvent ### LL_CIS_EST_IND, cisHandle=%u, status=%u\", pCisCtx->cisHandle, status);\n\n LmgrSendEvent((LlEvt_t *)&evt);\n}\n\n/*************************************************************************************************/\n/*!", "\n * \\brief Send internal CIS subsystem message.", "\n *\n * \\param pCisCtx CIS context.", "\n * \\param event CIS event.", "\n */\n/*************************************************************************************************/\nvoid lctrSendCisMsg(lctrCisCtx_t *pCisCtx, uint8_t event)\n{\n lctrMsgHdr_t *pMsg;\n\n if ((pMsg = (lctrMsgHdr_t *)WsfMsgAlloc(sizeof(*pMsg))) !", "= NULL)\n {\n pMsg->handle = pCisCtx->cisHandle;\n pMsg->dispId = LCTR_DISP_CIS;\n pMsg->event = event;\n\n WsfMsgSend(lmgrPersistCb.handlerId, pMsg);\n }\n}\n\n/*************************************************************************************************/\n/*!", "\n * \\brief Send internal CIS LLCP subsystem message.", "\n *\n * \\param pCisCtx CIS context.", "\n * \\param event Connection event.", "\n */\n/*************************************************************************************************/\nvoid lctrSendCisLlcpMsg(lctrCisCtx_t *pCisCtx, uint8_t event)\n{\n lctrMsgHdr_t *pMsg;\n\n if ((pMsg = (lctrMsgHdr_t *)WsfMsgAlloc(sizeof(*pMsg))) !", "= NULL)\n {\n pMsg->handle = pCisCtx->aclHandle;\n pMsg->dispId = LCTR_DISP_CONN;\n pMsg->event = event;\n\n WsfMsgSend(lmgrPersistCb.handlerId, pMsg);\n }\n}\n\n/*************************************************************************************************/\n/*!", "\n * \\brief Store LLCP termination reason.", "\n *\n * \\param pCisCtx CIS context.", "\n */\n/*************************************************************************************************/\nvoid lctrCisStoreTerminateReason(lctrCisCtx_t *pCisCtx)\n{\n pCisCtx->reason = lctrDataPdu.pld.cisTerm.reason;\n}\n\n/*************************************************************************************************/\n/*!", "\n * \\brief Store host initiated disconnect termination reason.", "\n *\n * \\param pCisCtx CIS context.", "\n */\n/*************************************************************************************************/\nvoid lctrCisStoreDisconnectReason(lctrCisCtx_t *pCisCtx)\n{\n pCisCtx->reason = pLctrCisMsg->disc.reason;\n}\n\n/*************************************************************************************************/\n/*!", "\n * \\brief Store connection failed to establish termination reason.", "\n *\n * \\param pCisCtx CIS context.", "\n */\n/*************************************************************************************************/\nvoid lctrCisStoreConnFailEstablishTerminateReason(lctrCisCtx_t *pCisCtx)\n{\n pCisCtx->reason = LL_ERROR_CODE_CONN_FAILED_TO_ESTABLISH;\n}\n\n/*************************************************************************************************/\n/*!", "\n * \\brief Store connection timeout termination reason.", "\n *\n * \\param pCisCtx CIS context.", "\n */\n/*************************************************************************************************/\nvoid lctrCisStoreConnTimeoutTerminateReason(lctrCisCtx_t *pCisCtx)\n{\n pCisCtx->reason = LL_ERROR_CODE_CONN_TIMEOUT;\n}\n\n/*************************************************************************************************/\n/*!", "\n * \\brief Store LLCP timeout termination reason.", "\n *\n * \\param pCisCtx CIS context.", "\n */\n/*************************************************************************************************/\nvoid lctrCisStoreLlcpTimeoutTerminateReason(lctrCisCtx_t *pCisCtx)\n{\n pCisCtx->reason = LL_ERROR_CODE_LMP_LL_RESP_TIMEOUT;\n}\n\n/*************************************************************************************************/\n/*!", "\n * \\brief Store local resource limitation reason.", "\n *\n * \\param pCisCtx CIS context.", "\n */\n/*************************************************************************************************/\nvoid lctrCisStoreLocalLowResourceTerminateReason(lctrCisCtx_t *pCisCtx)\n{\n pCisCtx->reason = LL_ERROR_CODE_CONN_REJ_LIMITED_RESOURCES;\n}\n\n/*************************************************************************************************/\n/*!", "\n * \\brief Store LLCP peer reject reason.", "\n *\n * \\param pCisCtx CIS context.", "\n */\n/*************************************************************************************************/\nvoid lctrCisStoreLlcpPeerRejTerminateReason(lctrCisCtx_t *pCisCtx)\n{\n pCisCtx->reason = lctrDataPdu.pld.rejInd.reason;\n}\n\n/*************************************************************************************************/\n/*!", "\n * \\brief Store invalid request termination reason.", "\n *\n * \\param pCisCtx CIS connection context.", "\n */\n/*************************************************************************************************/\nvoid lctrCisStoreMicFailedTerminateReason(lctrCisCtx_t *pCisCtx)\n{\n pCisCtx->reason = LL_ERROR_CODE_CONN_TERM_MIC_FAILURE;\n}\n\n/**************************************************************************************************\n CIS main state machine action functions\n**************************************************************************************************/\n\n/*************************************************************************************************/\n/*!", "\n * \\brief Action function for CIS established.", "\n *\n * \\param pCisCtx CIS context.", "\n */\n/*************************************************************************************************/\nvoid lctrCisActCisEst(lctrCisCtx_t *pCisCtx)\n{\n lctrCigCtx_t *pCigCtx = lctrFindCigById(pCisCtx->cigId);\n lctrConnCtx_t *pConnCtx = LCTR_GET_CONN_CTX(pCisCtx->aclHandle);\n\n BbBleData_t *pBle = &pConnCtx->bleData;\n pCigCtx->numCisEsted++;\n\n LL_TRACE_INFO1(\"lctrCisActCisEst, pCigCtx->numCisEsted=%u\", pCigCtx->numCisEsted);\n\n /* Initialize txPower. */", "\n uint8_t txPhy = (pCisCtx->role == LL_ROLE_MASTER) ? ", "pCisCtx->phyMToS : pCisCtx->phySToM;\n uint8_t option = pBle->chan.initTxPhyOptions;\n int8_t txPwr = LCTR_GET_TXPOWER(pConnCtx, txPhy, option);\n LL_TRACE_INFO1(\"lctrCisActCisEst phy = %d\", txPhy);\n\n if ((txPwr == LL_PWR_CTRL_TXPOWER_UNMANAGED) && (pConnCtx->peerReqRecvd))\n {\n LL_TRACE_INFO0(\" txPower previously unmanaged. ", "Initalized txPower.\");", "\n\n LCTR_SET_TXPOWER(pConnCtx, txPhy, pLctrRtCfg->defTxPwrLvl);\n\n if (txPhy == LL_PHY_LE_CODED)\n {\n LCTR_SET_TXPOWER(pConnCtx, LL_PC_PHY_CODED_S2, pLctrRtCfg->defTxPwrLvl);\n }\n\n /* pCisCtx->bleData.chan.txPower = LCTR_GET_TXPOWER(pConnCtx, txPhy, option); //Handled in the init */\n if (pConnCtx->usedFeatSet & LL_FEAT_POWER_CHANGE_IND)\n {\n pCisCtx->powerIndReq = TRUE;\n }\n }\n else\n {\n LL_TRACE_INFO1(\" txPower = %d\", txPwr);\n pCisCtx->bleData.chan.txPower = txPwr;\n }\n\n}\n\n/*************************************************************************************************/\n/*!", "\n * \\brief Action function for CIS fail to establish.", "\n *\n * \\param pCisCtx CIS context.", "\n */\n/*************************************************************************************************/\nvoid lctrCisActCisEstFail(lctrCisCtx_t *pCisCtx)\n{\n /* LLCP timeout for the LL_CIS_REQ indicates peer doesn't support CIS feature. */", "\n if (pCisCtx->isCisReqPend &&\n pCisCtx->reason == LL_ERROR_CODE_LMP_LL_RESP_TIMEOUT)\n {\n pCisCtx->isCisReqPend = FALSE;\n lctrNotifyHostCisEst(pCisCtx, LL_ERROR_CODE_UNSUPPORTED_FEATURE_PARAM_VALUE, 0 /* cigSyncDelayUsec */);\n return;\n }\n\n lctrNotifyHostCisEst(pCisCtx, pCisCtx->reason, 0 /* cigSyncDelayUsec */);\n\n lctrCleanupCtx(pCisCtx);\n}\n\n/*************************************************************************************************/\n/*!", "\n * \\brief Action function for received host disconnect CIS.", "\n *\n * \\param pCisCtx CIS context.", "\n */\n/*************************************************************************************************/\nvoid lctrCisActDisc(lctrCisCtx_t *pCisCtx)\n{\n lctrCisDisc_t *pMsg;\n\n if ((pMsg = (lctrCisDisc_t *)WsfMsgAlloc(sizeof(*pMsg))) !", "= NULL)\n {\n pMsg->hdr.handle = pCisCtx->aclHandle;\n pMsg->hdr.dispId = LCTR_DISP_CONN;\n pMsg->hdr.event = LCTR_CONN_MSG_API_DISCONNECT;\n\n pMsg->cisHandle = pCisCtx->cisHandle;\n pMsg->reason = pCisCtx->reason;\n\n WsfMsgSend(lmgrPersistCb.handlerId, pMsg);\n }\n}\n\n/*************************************************************************************************/\n/*!", "\n * \\brief Action function for received internal CIS closed.", "\n *\n * \\param pCisCtx CIS context.", "\n */\n/*************************************************************************************************/\nvoid lctrCisActClosed(lctrCisCtx_t *pCisCtx)\n{\n /* Stop output data path. */", "\n switch (pCisCtx->dataPathOutCtx.id)\n {\n case LL_ISO_DATA_PATH_VS:\n WSF_ASSERT(lctrCodecHdlr.stop);\n lctrCodecHdlr.stop(pCisCtx->cisHandle);\n break;\n case LL_ISO_DATA_PATH_DISABLED:\n case LL_ISO_DATA_PATH_HCI:\n default:\n /* No action required. */", "\n break;\n }\n\n LL_TRACE_INFO1(\"lctrCisActClosed, pCisCtx->cisHandle=%u\", pCisCtx->cisHandle);\n\n lctrCigCtx_t *pCigCtx = lctrFindCigById(pCisCtx->cigId);\n lctrConnCtx_t *pConnCtx = LCTR_GET_CONN_CTX(pCisCtx->aclHandle);\n\n WSF_ASSERT(pCigCtx);\n WSF_ASSERT(pConnCtx);\n\n WsfTimerStop(&pCisCtx->tmrSupTimeout);\n\n pCisCtx->isClosing = TRUE; /* Close the context in the CIG BOD end callback. */", "\n\n /* Fast supervision timeout case. */", "\n if (pCisCtx->isClosing == TRUE &&\n pCisCtx->reason == LL_ERROR_CODE_CONN_FAILED_TO_ESTABLISH)\n {\n pCisCtx->isClosing = FALSE;\n lctrCleanupCtx(pCisCtx);\n }\n}\n\n/*************************************************************************************************/\n/*!", "\n * \\brief Action function for received internal CIS connection fail to maintain event.", "\n *\n * \\param pCisCtx CIS context.", "\n */\n/*************************************************************************************************/\nvoid lctrCisActFail(lctrCisCtx_t *pCisCtx)\n{\n lctrCigCtx_t *pCigCtx = lctrFindCigById(pCisCtx->cigId);\n WSF_ASSERT(pCigCtx);\n\n LL_TRACE_INFO2(\"lctrCisActFail, pCisCtx->cisHandle=%u pCisCtx->state=%u\", pCisCtx->cisHandle, pCisCtx->state);\n\n /* Supervision timeout case */\n if (pCisCtx->state == LCTR_CIS_STATE_EST)\n {\n pCisCtx->isClosing = TRUE; /* Close the context in the CIG BOD end callback. */", "\n SchRemove(&pCigCtx->cigBod);\n lctrNotifyHostCisTerm(pCisCtx);\n }\n}\n\n/**************************************************************************************************\n CIS LLCP state machine action functions\n**************************************************************************************************/\n\n/*************************************************************************************************/\n/*!", "\n * \\brief Action function for LLCP received host disconnect.", "\n *\n * \\param pCtx Connection context.", "\n * \\param pCisCtx CIS context.", "\n */\n/*************************************************************************************************/\nvoid lctrCisLlcpActHostDisc(lctrConnCtx_t *pCtx, lctrCisCtx_t *pCisCtx)\n{\n lctrCigCtx_t *pCigCtx = lctrFindCigById(pCisCtx->cigId);\n WSF_ASSERT(pCigCtx);\n\n lctrSendCisTermInd(pCtx, pCisCtx, pCisCtx->reason);\n lctrCisStartLlcpTimer(pCtx, pCisCtx);\n}\n\n/*************************************************************************************************/\n/*!", "\n * \\brief Action function for LLCP received CIS peer disconnect.", "\n *\n * \\param pCtx Connection context.", "\n * \\param pCisCtx CIS context.", "\n */\n/*************************************************************************************************/\nvoid lctrCisLlcpActPeerDisc(lctrConnCtx_t *pCtx, lctrCisCtx_t *pCisCtx)\n{\n lctrCigCtx_t *pCigCtx = lctrFindCigById(pCisCtx->cigId);\n WSF_ASSERT(pCigCtx);\n\n lctrCisStoreTerminateReason(pCisCtx);\n\n pCtx->termAckReqd = TRUE;\n}\n\n/*************************************************************************************************/\n/*!", "\n * \\brief Action function for LLCP received CIS terminated event.", "\n *\n * \\param pCtx Connection context.", "\n * \\param pCisCtx CIS context.", "\n */\n/*************************************************************************************************/\nvoid lctrCisLlcpActCisTerm(lctrConnCtx_t *pCtx, lctrCisCtx_t *pCisCtx)\n{\n lctrSendCisMsg(pCisCtx, LCTR_CIS_MSG_CIS_CLOSED);\n}\n\n/*************************************************************************************************/\n/*!", "\n * \\brief Action function for LLCP received internal host disconnect.", "\n *\n * \\param pCtx Connection context.", "\n * \\param pCisCtx CIS context.", "\n */\n/*************************************************************************************************/\nvoid lctrCisLlcpActIntHostDisc(lctrConnCtx_t *pCtx, lctrCisCtx_t *pCisCtx)\n{\n lctrSendCisTermInd(pCtx, pCisCtx, pCisCtx->reason);\n lctrCisStartLlcpTimer(pCtx, pCisCtx);\n}\n\n/*************************************************************************************************/\n/*!", "\n * \\brief Action function for LLCP received internal CIS peer disconnect.", "\n *\n * \\param pCtx Connection context.", "\n * \\param pCisCtx CIS context.", "\n */\n/*************************************************************************************************/\nvoid lctrCisLlcpActIntPeerDisc(lctrConnCtx_t *pCtx, lctrCisCtx_t *pCisCtx)\n{\n pCtx->termAckReqd = TRUE;\n}\n" ]

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[ "1869 Boston mayoral election\n\nThe Boston mayoral election of 1869 saw the reelection of Nathaniel B. Shurtleff to a third consecutive term.", "\n\nResults\n\nSee also\nList of mayors of Boston, Massachusetts\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Mayoral elections in Boston\nBoston\nBoston mayoral\nCategory:19th century in Boston" ]

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[ "Q:\n\naws: missing credentials in config when using systemd\n\nI'm trying to deploy a small Node.js server to a Linux EC2 on AWS. ", "This server uses the AWS JavaScript SDK. ", "The ~/.aws/credentials and ~/.aws/config are properly filled out. ", "Everything works when I run the server by node index.js or npm start, but if I run it using systemd, I get the following response:\n{ message: 'Could not load credentials from any providers',\nretryable: false,\ntime: 2018-07-23T20:12:59.057Z,\ncode: 'CredentialsError' }\n\nA:\n\nFor some systems ~ becomes / when run from a service. ", "This means the path is /.aws/credentials. ", "For your system try copying \"~/.aws\" to \"/root/.aws\". ", "Then try copying to \"/.aws\". ", "One of these will work.", "\nYou can also use a json file and specify that when creating your client.", "\nCreate the file \"/mysite/aws_config.json\" with the following contents:\n{\n \"accessKeyId\": \"YOUR_ACCESS_KEY_ID\",\n \"secretAccessKey\": \"YOUR_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY\", \n \"region\": \"YOUR_REGION\"\n}\n\nThen load the credentials with this statement:\nAWS.config.loadFromPath('/mysite/aws_config.json');\n\nThis way you can keep your site's configuration in one directory.", "\nThere are many methods to specify credentials. ", "The AWS documentation for node.js SDK has lots more.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Ronda Rousey, the former UFC women's bantamweight champion who fought three times in just under nine months in 2015, won't be quite as active in the Octagon this year.", "\n\nUFC president Dana White told Yahoo Sports on Tuesday that Rousey has asked for more time off and that she won't fight, as planned, at UFC 200 in July. ", "Rousey is set to star in the remake of \"Roadhouse,\" and the start of filming has been pushed back, White said.", "\n\nAs a result, she asked him for more time off before returning to the Octagon for the first time since she lost her title and perfect record to Holly Holm on Nov. 14.", "\n\n\"The filming of the movie got pushed back,\" White said. \"", "She could do both, but the question is, should she do both? ", "She could do both, but why should she? ", "The filming is in a time frame where she'd finish before 200, but it would be cutting it too close.\"", "\n\nWhite said that was the reason that he agreed to allow Holm to make a title defense, scheduled for March 5 at UFC 197 against Miesha Tate, instead of making her wait until Rousey was ready. ", "Holm and manager Lenny Fresquez had been pushing for an interim fight from the time it became apparent White was targeting the rematch for UFC 200.", "\n\nView photos Ex-UFC champ Ronda Rousey. (", "Photo by Jeff Bottari/Getty Images) More\n\nShe didn't want to wait that long in order to fight. ", "When Rousey said she was in need of more time to fulfill her other obligations, White said he never hesitated.", "\n\nThe only risk is if Tate beats Holm, because then the Rousey-Holm rematch will be worth far less. ", "But White said it was a risk he was willing to take.", "\n\nNo fighter, White said, has done more for the UFC than Rousey and so he has no problem with her taking all the time she needs. ", "He said he's not sure when she will fight again.", "\n\n\"The way I look at this one is, Ronda has worked her ass off for us for the last three years,\" White said. \"", "She's been fighting, promoting and building the sport. ", "If anyone deserves the time off, it's her. ", "The night [of UFC 193] Holly said she'd do the rematch and that Ronda deserved it and everything else. ", "So we were holding it for her if she wanted to do it.", "\n\n\"What that woman has done is above and beyond what anyone has done. ", "I mean, it's just unbelievable what she's done in the last three years. ", "Anything we needed, she didn't say no to anything; said no to nothing. ", "She even took over responsibilities somebody else was supposed to have. ", "So when she tells me she wants more time, you know what? ", "She's got it.\"" ]

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[ "Intelligence\n\nIntelligence refers to intellectual functioning. ", "Intelligence quotients, or IQ tests, compare your performance with other people your age who take the same test. ", "These tests don’t measure all kinds of intelligence, however. ", "For example, such tests can’t identify differences in social intelligence, the expertise people bring to their interactions with others. ", "There are also generational differences in the population as a whole. ", "Better nutrition, more education and other factors have resulted in IQ improvements for each generation.", "\n\nWhat You Can Do\n\nThinking about intelligence as changeable and malleable, rather than stable and fixed, results in greater academic achievement, especially for people whose groups bear the burden of negative stereotypes about their intelligence.", "\n\nAPA Offices and Programs\n\nThe mission of the Center for Gifted Education Policy (CGEP) is to generate public awareness, advocacy, clinical applications, and cutting-edge research ideas that will enhance the achievement and performance of children and adolescents with special gifts and talents." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nLegacy Urls Rails with multiple subdomains\n\nOK I have been working on multiple approaches to this but can't really find a viable solution.", "\nWe have a legacy site that has sub-domains being used as categories and the url structure looks like this.", "\nhttp://www.my_category.my_site.com/subcategory/article_123.html\nI need to find a way to redirect (using 301's) to \nhttp://www.my_site.com/articles/my_category/sub_category/article-123\nI have looked at nginx redirects (which will not work as you cant modify the path - changing underscores to dashes)\nRails routing doesn't seem to work with the 2 subdomains (www.mycategory)\nRack Rewrite doesn't quiet do the trick either (It only redirects to the same sub-domain).", "\nAny ideas on the best approach? ", "I'm not ruling out the above but would like to see what people think?", "\n\nA:\n\nWith nginx it's easy as ABC:\nserver {\n listen 80;\n server_name ~^www\\.(?<category>my_category)\\.my_site\\.com$;\n return 301 http://www.my_site.com/articles/$category$request_uri;\n}\n\nhttp://nginx.org/en/docs/http/server_names.html\nhttp://nginx.org/r/server_name\nhttp://nginx.org/r/return\nhttp://nginx.org/en/docs/http/ngx_http_core_module.html#variables\nman pcresyntax\nman pcrepattern\n\n" ]

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[ "\n515 F.3d 807 (2008)\nKamal K. PATEL, Appellant,\nv.\nUNITED STATES BUREAU OF PRISONS; Linda Sanders, Warden, FCI-Forrest City; Rebecca Lewis, Chaplain, FCI-Forrest City; Rochelle Cecil, Assistant Food Service Administrator, FCIForrest City; Ringwood, First Name Unknown; Chaplain Collier, First Name Unknown; Gregory Thompson, Associate Warden, FCI, Appellees.", "\nNo. ", "06-3819.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.", "\nSubmitted: October 18, 2007.", "\nFiled: February 4, 2008.", "\n*808 *809 Connie L. Johnson, argued, St. Louis, MO, Patrick Kenny, on the brief, for Appellant.", "\nGwendolyn D. Hodge, AUSA, argued, Little Rock, AR, for Appellees.", "\nBefore LOKEN, Chief Judge, GRUENDER and BENTON, Circuit Judges.", "\nGRUENDER, Circuit Judge.", "\nInmate Kamal K. Patel brought this lawsuit against the United States Bureau of Prisons (\"BOP\") and certain prison officials (\"Bureau Defendants\") at the Federal Correctional Institution in Forrest City, Arkansas (\"FCI-Forrest City\"). ", "He sought injunctive relief and monetary damages on the grounds that they vitiated his right to practice his religion by failing to provide him with appropriate meals in compliance with his religious beliefs. ", "The district court[1] granted the defendants' motion for summary judgment on all claims, and Patel appeals. ", "For the reasons discussed below, we affirm.", "\nI. BACKGROUND\nPatel, a Muslim, was a federal inmate at FCI-Forrest City.[2] After his transfer to *810 FCI-Forrest City in 2004, he repeatedly requested dietary accommodations so that he could maintain a particular type of Islamic diet.", "\n\"The Bureau provides inmates requesting a religious diet reasonable and equitable opportunity to observe their religious dietary practice within the constraints of budget limitations and the security and orderly running of the institution and the Bureau through a religious diet menu.\" ", "28 C.F.R. § 548.20(a). ", "In furtherance of this regulation, Program Statement 4700.04 states:\n3. ", "Hot Entree Availability. ", "To the extent practicable, a hot entree shall be available to accommodate inmates' religious dietary needs, e.g., Kosher and/or Halal products. ", "Hot entrees shall be offered three times a week and shall be purchased precooked, heated in their sealed containers, and served hot. ", "Cooking of any other food items is not permitted in the Common Fare program.", "\nProgram Statement 4700.04(3) (emphases omitted). ", "The BOP consulted with various religious leaders, including Muslims, and researched the beliefs and practices of numerous faiths in extensive detail. ", "As a result, the BOP developed a cost-effective plan designed to accommodate all of the estimated thirty-one religious groups represented in the prison system. ", "The BOP offers two meal plans, the \"main line\" and the \"Common Fare.\" ", "The main line contains a hot bar. ", "Participants in the main line plan may choose a no-flesh/vegetarian option, where inmates self-select vegetarian items from the hot bar. ", "The Common Fare meals are kosher meals. ", "Common Fare participants may not select items from the hot bar, but they may supplement their diets by selecting items from the salad bar or by purchasing items from the commissary.", "\nThe BOP decided to serve kosher meals in the Common Fare plan after reviewing the dietary requirements of various religious faiths. ", "It concluded that a kosher meal was the strictest diet and subsumed all other religious dietary needs.[3] Local prisons may not make changes to the Common Fare plan; such changes must occur pursuant to the BOP's direction, not at individual prisons. ", "Program Statement 4700.04(2).", "\nPatel converted to Islam while in prison and now believes that he must consume a halal (or \"lawful\") diet, which prohibits the consumption of pork and other items deemed haram (or \"unlawful\"). ", "Some forms of Islamic dietary restrictions are stricter than others. ", "For instance, some schools of Muslim thought claim that the Qur'an permits the eating of kosher meat that is lawful to Jews, an interpretation of Sura 5:5 (\"The food of those who have received the Scripture is lawful for you, and your food is lawful for them.\"). ", "Patel's belief in a halal diet demands the strictest type of ceremonial and cleanliness requirements. ", "His halal diet does not allow him to consume any meat unless the animal has been slaughtered during a prayer to Allah. ", "Generally, vegetarian dishes are halal unless they have been otherwise contaminated, such as coming into contact with haram, foods or being cooked or served in containers that have been in contact with haram foods without *811 being properly cleaned. ", "Such cross-contamination renders the halal foods haram.", "\nPatel argues that none of the BOP's meal options meets his religious requirements. ", "First, he claims that the main line option contains no halal foods because the vegetarian items available on the main line, which would otherwise be halal, have been cross-contaminated by prisoners dropping bacon into the vegetarian items or using their hands to serve themselves. ", "Additionally, Patel claims the pans containing vegetarian items are cross-contaminated from other food preparation and have not been cleaned properly. ", "Second, Patel claims that the Common Fare option is also unsuitable because it usually contains kosher meat entrées (ten of the fourteen dinner meals in a two-week schedule), not halal meat entrées. ", "Occasionally the Common Fare entrees are kosher vegetarian entrées (four of the fourteen meals in a two-week schedule), which are also halal vegetarian entrées.", "\nAdditionally, Patel has the option of purchasing halal entrees, which are readily available in the commissary. ", "The Common Fare menu states, \"Shelf stabilized meals from the Commissary may be used as a substitute for hot entrees.\" ", "The commissary sells food to inmates, and inmates who purchase food may substitute those entrées from the commissary for the kosher entrées they would otherwise receive. ", "The prison's commissary provides four halal vegetarian entrées that cost between two and three dollars each. ", "The record shows that the commissary carries pasta with garden vegetables for $2.43, cheese tortellini for $2.70, Florentine lasagna for $2.70, and vegetable stew for $2.94. ", "Patel claims, \"[I]f I had to purchase those on a daily basis, I think the cost would be prohibitive.\"", "\nPatel's administrative requests to the BOP focused on providing halal meat entrees as a substitute for kosher meat entrees.[4] He did, however, also make administrative requests for any non-contaminated food options, either halal meat or halal vegetarian. ", "He also asked that kosher meat entrees be replaced with halal vegetarian commissary meals at the BOP's expense, which he would otherwise have to purchase. ", "We note that Patel's second amended complaint requested injunctive relief to \"permit him to buy halal food items from commissary,\" but he obtained a voluntary dismissal of that count. ", "Finally, he asked for the right to visit the hot bar to self-select vegetarian dishes on days when the Common Fare entrée was a kosher meat entrée, even though Common Fare participants were not otherwise allowed to visit the hot bar. ", "This request appears to contradict Patel's earlier allegations regarding the hot bar because Patel previously had complained that the hot bar contained haram, cross-contaminated vegetables. ", "Patel argues that this offer was an attempt to compromise and does not reflect accommodation consistent with his true religious beliefs regarding haram food. ", "Regardless, the BOP and Bureau Defendants rejected Patel's requests, asserting that their compliance with the Program Statement accommodates all religious dietary needs.", "\nPatel filed a complaint raising a variety of constitutional and statutory claims related to the practice of his Islamic faith, *812 including claims about his inability to obtain a halal diet. ", "He brought the claims against the BOP and the Bureau Defendants to whom he had previously complained through the administrative process. ", "As relevant to this appeal, which Patel limited to his halal dietary claims, Patel brought a Bivens[5] claim based on an alleged violation of the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment and statutory claims under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (\"RFRA\"), 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000bb et seq., ", "and the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (\"RLUIPA\"), 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000cc et seq. ", "He argued that the BOP's meal plan substantially burdened his ability to practice his religion through an appropriate diet. ", "He also brought a Bivens claim under the equal protection component of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment, asserting that the BOP's decision to implement a meal plan that accommodated a kosher diet but not his halal diet was discriminatory. ", "Finally, he brought a Bivens claim under the Establishment Clause and argued that providing kosher meals in prison amounted to a practice respecting the establishment of the Jewish religion. ", "He sought monetary damages along with injunctive relief. ", "The district court granted the defendants' motion for summary judgment on all claims, and Patel appeals.", "\nII. ", "DISCUSSION\nWe review the district court's summary judgment decision de novo. ", "Kilpatrick v. King, 499 F.3d 759, 767 (8th Cir.2007). ", "Summary judgment is appropriate if no genuine issue of material fact exists and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. ", "Freeman v. Ace Tel. ", "Ass'n, 467 F.3d 695, 697 (8th Cir.2006). \"[", "T]he evidence must be such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.\" ", "Depositors Ins. ", "Co. v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 506 F.3d 1092, 1094 (8th Cir.2007) (internal quotation omitted). ", "We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. ", "Freeman, 467 F.3d at 697. \"[", "T]he nonmoving party must present more than a scintilla of evidence and must advance specific facts to create a genuine issue of material fact for trial.\" ", "Williams v. City of Carl Junction, 480 F.3d 871, 873 (8th Cir.2007) (internal quotation omitted).", "\nBivens allows for a cause of action for damages against federal officials, not federal agencies, for certain constitutional violations. ", "See Corr. ", "Servs. ", "Corp. v. Malesko, 534 U.S. 61, 72, 122 S.Ct. ", "515, 151 L.Ed.2d 456 (2001) (\"The prisoner may not bring a Bivens claim against the officer's employer, the United States, or the BOP.\"). ", "Accordingly, Patel's Bivens claims only extend to the individual Bureau Defendants and not the BOP itself. ", "The statutory claims and claims for injunctive relief, however, still apply to the BOP.", "\nThe Bureau Defendants assert that they are entitled to qualified immunity. ", "Qualified immunity extends to Bivens actions, see Butz v. Economou, 438 U.S. 478, 507, 98 S.Ct. ", "2894, 57 L.Ed.2d 895 (1978), and, if applicable, immunizes executive officials from a lawsuit, see Hayek v. City of St. Paul, 488 F.3d 1049, 1054 (8th Cir. ", "2007). \"", "In addressing . . . ", "qualified immunity, the court must first determine whether the allegations amount to a constitutional violation, and then, whether that right was clearly established.\" ", "Hayek, 488 F.3d at 1054 (quotation omitted). \"", "If the allegations *813 and undisputed facts do not amount to a constitutional violation, there is no necessity for further inquiries concerning qualified immunity.\" ", "Id. As discussed in the remainder of this opinion, we find that Patel has not established any constitutional or statutory violations, and, accordingly, we do not need to engage in further inquiries. ", "Because the underlying claims fail, the district court also did not abuse its discretion in denying injunctive relief. ", "See Forest Park II v. Hadley, 408 F.3d 1052, 1060 (8th Cir. ", "2005).", "\nA. Free Exercise Clause, RFRA and RLUIPA Claims\nUnder the Free Exercise Clause, RFRA and RLUIPA, Patel must first raise a material question of fact regarding whether the BOP has placed a \"substantial burden\" on his ability to practice his religion. ", "See Weir v. Nix, 114 F.3d 817, 820 (1997) (Free Exercise Clause); 42 U.S.C. § 2000bb-1(a) (RFRA); 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc-1(a) (RLUIPA).[6] Once it is determined that a regulation imposes a substantial burden on a prisoner, the review of that burden under the Free Exercise Clause differs from RFRA and RLUIPA, see, e.g., Cutter v. Wilkinson, 544 U.S. 709, 714, 125 S.Ct. ", "2113, 161 L.Ed.2d 1020 (2005), but we need not reach that issue because we conclude. ", "Patel has not put forth sufficient evidence that a reasonable jury could conclude that his ability to practice his religion has been substantially burdened.", "\nSubstantially burdening one's free exercise of religion means that the regulation\nmust significantly inhibit or constrain conduct or expression that manifests some central tenet of a person's individual religious beliefs; must meaningfully curtail a person's ability to express adherence to his or her faith; or must deny a person reasonable opportunities to engage in those activities that are fundamental to a person's religion.", "\nMurphy v. Mo. Dep't of Corr., ", "372 F.3d 979, 988 (8th Cir.2004) (quotation and alterations omitted). ", "When the significance of a religious belief is not at issue, the same definition of \"substantial burden\" applies under the Free Exercise Clause, RFRA: and RLUIPA. ", "See id.[7] Courts generally have found that no \"substantial burden\" exists if the regulation merely makes the practice of a religious belief more expensive. ", "See Braunfeld v. Brown, 366 U.S. 599, 605, 81 S.Ct. ", "1144, 6 L.Ed.2d 563 (1961) (plurality opinion) (holding that a law that \"operates so as to make the practice of . . . ", "religious beliefs more expensive\" did not sufficiently burden plaintiffs under the Free Exercise Clause); Donovan v. Tony & Susan Alamo Found., ", "722 F.2d 397, 403 (8th Cir.1983) (concluding that \"legislation otherwise legitimate does not violate the Free Exercise Clause merely because financial detriment results\"); Midrash Sephardi, Inc. v. Town of Surfside, 366 F.3d 1214, 1227 n. 11 (11th Cir.2004) (acknowledging that the economic reality of the, marketplace does not constitute *814 a substantial burden under RLUIPA); Civil Liberties for Urban Believers v. City of Chicago, 342 F.3d 752, 762 (7th Cir.2003) (requiring more expensive building guidelines did not impose a substantial burden on a church under RLUIPA); Goodall by Goodall v. Stafford County Sch. ", "Bd., ", "60 F.3d 168, 172 (4th Cir.1995) (placing economic burden of purchasing speech services for a student attending a private school did not impose a substantial burden on plaintiffs under RFRA).", "\nPatel argues that the alternative means by which he may practice his Muslim faith through dietary accommodation offered by the BOP are inadequate. ", "He could self-select a vegetarian diet from the hot bar, but he claims that the food is cross-contaminated. ", "He could supplement the Common Fare meals from the salad bar, but he claims that the food and serving pans are also cross-contaminated. ", "He could consume the Common Fare meals, but he would be forced to refrain from consuming kosher meat entrées, which make up ten of the fourteen dinner meals every two weeks and which he claims do not satisfy his stricter halal requirements.[8]\nPatel also has the option of purchasing halal vegetarian entrées from the commissary and substituting them for kosher meat entrées on days meat is served at dinner. ", "Patel claims, \"[I]f I had to purchase those meals on a daily basis, I think the cost would be prohibitive.\" ", "He, however, provides no financial information to support his claim. ", "Patel would not need to purchase meals \"on a daily basis,\" but on the five days each week when a kosher meat entree, not a kosher and halal vegetarian entrée, is served. ", "While this option places a financial burden upon him, Patel has not shown that it is substantial. ", "He only offers his single, vague and unsupported statement about the potential cost, and the record offers no evidence regarding Patel's financial status.[9] Requiring him to purchase commissary meals does not significantly inhibit, meaningfully curtail, or deny Patel a reasonable opportunity to practice his religion. ", "Patel has not offered sufficient evidence to create a genuine issue of material fact sufficient for a jury to find that his ability to practice his religion has been substantially burdened.", "\nPatel relies upon our decision in Love v. Reed, 216 F.3d 682 (8th Cir.2000), which found that the prison placed a substantial burden upon inmate Love's ability to practice his religion based on the prison's refusal to allow Love to store food in his cell. ", "In that case, Love converted to the \"Hebrew religion,\" which required strict Sabbath observance. ", "Id. at 685-86. ", "His beliefs prevented him from eating food prepared by others or receiving food from others on the Sabbath. ", "Id. at 686. ", "The prison refused to allow him to store peanut *815 butter and bread from the kitchen in his cell, which he claimed would allow him properly to observe the Sabbath. ", "Id. The prison argued that Love could purchase food from the commissary. ", "The district court concluded that the prison had violated Love's rights under the Free Exercise Clause. ", "Id. It found that Love proved that he was indigent and, in any event, that any money he did receive must be used to purchase food from the commissary first, requiring Love to \"exhaust alternative means of observing the Sabbath before seeking an accommodation.\" ", "Id. at 689.", "\nOn appeal, we agreed that Love's indigency would mean that the dietary restrictions placed a substantial burden upon his ability to practice his religion and that the prison must accommodate him but only after he \"exhaust[ed] alternative means.\" ", "Id. at 689-90. ", "In this case, however, Patel neither pleads nor provides any evidence that he is indigent. ", "Additionally, Love was required to purchase meals from the commissary with his own funds if he were able in order to exhaust alternative means. ", "Id. at 689. ", "Patel does not offer to purchase meals from the commissary but instead demands that he receive meals from the commissary at the BOP's expense, regardless of whether he is able to purchase them.", "\nFurthermore, the record does not reflect that Patel has exhausted alternative means of accommodating his religious dietary needs. ", "For instance, Patel complains that he has observed prisoners dropping food into the vegetarian dishes on the hot bar, but he could simply request to be first in line to avoid prisoner cross-contamination concerns. ", "The record does not indicate whether Patel requested or would be allowed to store halal food from the kitchen in his cell, such as peanut butter and bread, so that he could have a halal meal on days that kosher meat entrées are served. ", "Also, Patel does not address why less expensive food items available at the commissary, such as beans, rice, tortillas, cheese, oatmeal, and peanut butter, could not serve as a substitute for the kosher meat entrées. ", "He only claims that halal entrées from the commissary might be cost prohibitive but does not argue that purchasing less expensive but religiously acceptable food items would be. ", "Finally, the Ninth. ", "Circuit has suggested that an alternative means of pursuing a halal diet may exist in finding \"an outside religious organization\" to provide halal meals. ", "Watkins v. Shabazz, 180 Fed.", "Appx. ", "773, 775 (9th Cir.2006) (unpublished memorandum). ", "Therefore, we conclude that Patel has not presented sufficient evidence from which a reasonable factfinder could conclude that his right to exercise his religion was substantially burdened, and summary judgment was appropriate.[10]\nB. Equal Protection Claim\nPatel also brings a Bivens claim for a Fifth Amendment equal protection violation. ", "See Davis v. Passman, 442 U.S. 228, 99 S.Ct. ", "2264, 60 L.Ed.2d 846 (1979). ", "In order to establish such an equal protection claim, a prisoner must show that he is treated differently from similarly-situated inmates and that the different treatment is based upon either a suspect classification or a \"fundamental right.\" ", "Weems v. Little Rock Police Dep't, 453 F.3d 1010, 1016 (8th Cir.2006), cert. ", "denied, 550 U.S. ___, 127 *816 S.Ct. ", "2128, 167 L.Ed.2d 862 (2007); Weiler v. Purkett, 137 F.3d 1047, 1052 (8th Cir. ", "1998). ", "Religion is a suspect classification. ", "Weems, 453 F.3d at 1016. ", "Patel must show that the decision to serve kosher entrées but not halal entrées was motivated by intentional or purposeful discrimination. ", "See Lewis v. Jacks, 486 F.3d 1025, 1028 (8th Cir.2007); Phillips v. Norris, 320 F.3d 844, 848 (8th Cir.2003). \"", "Nevertheless, prison officials may restrict the religious practices of inmates only if such deprivation is necessary to further legitimate penological interests.\" ", "Rouse v. Benson, 193 F.3d 936, 942 (8th Cir.1999); see also Thomas v. Gunter, 103 F.3d 700, 703 (8th Cir.1997).", "\nEven assuming that Patel has been treated differently from similarly-situated inmates, Patel has not presented any evidence suggesting that the Bureau Defendants acted with a discriminatory purpose. ", "To the contrary, the undisputed evidence shows that the BOP consulted with religious leaders, including Muslims, and reasonably believed that it had accommodated the needs of a halal diet. ", "If anything, the evidence supports only one conclusion: that the Bureau Defendants' intention was to accommodate all religious beliefs, not to discriminate against certain beliefs.[11]\nPatel asserts that the Bureau Defendants offered \"changing excuses\" for refusing Patel's requests, which supports a finding of \"intentional discrimination.\" ", "We find no change in the Bureau Defendants' position. ", "They consistently asserted that they complied with prison policy in providing Patel with kosher meals. ", "Later, when prompted during litigation, the Bureau Defendants also cited security concerns and budgetary constraints as reasons not to offer a separate halal food meal plan in the main line or to offer halal entrées from the commissary at the BOP's expense. ", "In an interrogatory, the Bureau Defendants stated that substituting kosher entrées with halal entrées would not pose a security risk, which is consistent with the prison's policy to permit halal meals that inmates purchase from the commissary to replace kosher meals. ", "We find no basis for construing these statements as \"intentional discrimination.\" ", "Accordingly, viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Patel, we conclude that he has not put forth sufficient evidence to raise a material question of fact as to whether the defendants intentionally discriminated against him and that summary judgment was appropriate.", "\nC. Establishment Clause Claim\nThe district court did not directly address Patel's Establishment Clause claim, but we conclude that Patel does not have Article III standing to bring this claim. \"", "The requisite elements of Article III standing are well established: A plaintiff must allege personal injury fairly traceable to the defendant's allegedly unlawful conduct and likely to be redressed by the requested relief.\" ", "Hein v. Freedom From Religion Found., ", "Inc., 551 U.S. ___, 127 S.Ct. ", "2553, 2562, 168 L.Ed.2d 424 (2007) (internal quotation omitted). ", "Injury may be established in two ways. ", "First, a plaintiff may have standing as a taxpayer under Flast v. Cohen, 392 U.S. 83, 105-06, 88 S.Ct. ", "1942, 20 L.Ed.2d 947 (1968), but Patel does not allege that he is a taxpayer. ", "Second, we have found standing for a plaintiff who establishes an injury of \"direct and unwelcome personal contact with the alleged establishment of religion.\" ", "ACLU Neb. Found. ", "v. City of Plattsmouth, 358 F.3d 1020, 1029-30 (8th Cir.2004), adopted en banc, 419 F.3d 772, 775 n. 4 *817 (8th Cir.2005). ", "Prisoners may establish an injury if they \"allege they altered their behavior and had direct, offensive, and alienating contact with\" a government-funded religious program. ", "Ams. ", "United for Separation of Church & State v. Prison Fellowship Ministries, Inc., 509 F.3d 406, 419 (8th Cir.2007).", "\nPatel's complaint alleges that the Bureau Defendants \"singled out the Jewish faith as the only faith to whom a religious diet was to be provided and singling out such faith as the only faith for whom provisions would be made for religious holidays constituted discrimination and violated the Establishment Clause's prohibition.\" ", "Nowhere does he allege that he altered his behavior or had direct, offensive and alienating contact as a result of the accommodation of Jewish religious beliefs in the prison. ", "To the contrary, the remainder of Patel's complaint reflects only Patel's affirmative request that the prison accommodate his religious beliefs. ", "A successful Establishment Clause claim would strike down any accommodation of religious beliefs in the prison's meal plans, which would effectively eviscerate the remedy Patel seeks in his complaint. ", "Absent an alleged injury, Patel does not have standing for his Establishment Clause claim.[12] As a result, we dismiss this claim for lack of jurisdiction.", "\nIII. ", "CONCLUSION\nFor the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.", "\nNOTES\n[1] The Honorable H. David Young, United States Magistrate Judge for the Eastern District of Arkansas, presiding by consent of the parties pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c).", "\n[2] On August 1, 2006, the BOP transferred Patel to its facility in Butner, North Carolina. ", "Patel is incarcerated there as of January 23, 2008. ", "FCI-Forrest City, however, remains Patel's \"parent facility.\"", "\n[3] Pointing to the \"Kosher and/or Halal\" language in the Program Statement, the parties dispute whether kosher subsumes halal or whether the \"and/or\" may require both kosher and halal. ", "In reality, the Program Statement introduces \"Kosher and/or Halal\" with the indicator \"e.g.,\" meaning that kosher meals, halal meals, or both are exemplary, but not the exclusive or mandatory, means by which the prison may accommodate dietary needs.", "\n[4] According to his complaint and the record developed below, Patel does not contest the contents of the breakfast or lunch fares and refers to \"entrées\" on appeal, a term that refers consistently to the hot dinner meals listed in the Common Fare menu. ", "Accordingly, we conclude that Patel only contests the kosher meat entrées, which are served at dinner.", "\n[5] See Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Fed. ", "Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 91 S.Ct. ", "1999, 29 L.Ed.2d 619 (1971).", "\n[6] We have never found a Bivens action to extend to a Free Exercise claim, and it is doubtful that we would do so. ", "See Malesko, 534 U.S. at 68, 122 S.Ct. ", "515. ", "Nevertheless, we will assume without deciding that a Bivens action exists for a Free Exercise claim.", "\n[7] We note that portions of this definition requiring religious beliefs to be a \"central tenet\" or \"fundamental\" may not apply to a RLUIPA claim, but we do not reach the issue because the parties do not contest the sincerity of Patel's religious beliefs or the significance of his dietary requests to his faith. ", "See 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc-5(7)(A) (defining religious exercise as \"any exercise of religion, whether or not compelled by, or central to, a system of religious belief\").", "\n[8] Other courts have concluded that a lack of access to halal meat does not constitute a substantial burden under RLUIPA. ", "See, e.g., Boyd v. Lehman, 2006 WL 1442201, at *10 (W.D.Wash.2006) (\"The ovo-lacto vegetarian diet which is provided to plaintiff does not require him to eat foods which are forbidden by his religion, it simply denies him one component of the diet which he contends should be provided.\"). ", "Here, however, Patel seeks a halal diet consisting of either halal meat or halal vegetarian entrées, not just halal meat.", "\n[9] To the extent it can be considered a part of the record, Patel's partially-completed application to proceed in forma pauperis before the district court in 2004 indicated that his prison account balance averaged $57.79 during the six months preceding the application, and Patel noted that he received money from his employment and from gifts from family members. ", "His inmate account reflects that he has received and spent money regularly during his term of imprisonment. ", "On the application, Patel failed to indicate whether or not he possessed any money or valuable property apart from his prison account.", "\n[10] Of course, even if we were to conclude that the appellees substantially burdened Patel's right to exercise his religion, they could show that they had a compelling interest achieved by the least restrictive means under RFRA and RLUIPA, or that the burden was reasonably related to legitimate penological objectives under the Free Exercise Clause pursuant to the balancing test in Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 107 S.Ct. ", "2254, 96 L.Ed.2d 64 (1987). ", "We do not reach those issues here.", "\n[11] We also note that the Bureau Defendants did not have the authority to alter the meal plans established by the BOP.", "\n[12] Even if we were to find that Patel has standing, under the three familiar prongs of the test set forth in Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602, 91 S.Ct. ", "2105, 29 L.Ed.2d 745 (1971), see United States v. Corum, 362 F.3d 489, 495-96 (8th Cir.2004), summary judgment was appropriate. ", "See Murphy, 372 F.3d at 985 (rejecting claim that the prison's choice to show religious television programming that favored particular religious beliefs violated the Establishment Clause).", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "71st Rescue Squadron\n\nThe 71st Rescue Squadron is part of the 347th Rescue Group at Moody Air Force Base, Georgia. ", " It flies Lockheed HC-130 Hercules aircraft conducting search and rescue missions.", "\n\nMission\nThe 71st Rescue Squadron maintains combat-ready status as the last active duty Lockheed HC-130J Combat King, combat search and rescue squadron. ", " The squadron deploys expeditionary forces to execute personnel recovery operations worldwide to support theater commanders to advance national security interests. ", " This mission requires the squadron to conduct low-level operations and air refueling using night vision goggles and airdrop pararescue personnel of other units for in support of combat personnel recovery.", "\n\nHistory\n\nAlaskan operations\nThe 71st was first activated in November 1952 when Air Rescue Service expanded its existing air rescue squadrons to groups and expanded their flights to separate squadrons. ", " It flew search, rescue and recovery missions out of Elmendorf Air Force Base from 1952–1960 and 1970-1991. ", "It has flown aerial refueling missions for search and rescue operations since 1991.", "\n\nReactivation in the Southeast\nThe squadron has supported the combat search and rescue mission in Southwest Asia with aircraft and crews since 1992. ", " In August 2014, the 71st completed its last deployment with the HC-130P Combat King aircraft, which it has flown since 2003. ", " This was the last deployment by an active duty squadron with the Combat King model. ", " The squadron is now beginning to transition to the HC-130J Combat King II by September 2015.", "\n\nLineage\n Constituted as the 71st Air Rescue Squadron on 17 October 1952\n Activated on 14 November 1952\n Discontinued and inactivated on 18 March 1960\n Redesignated 71st Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron on 25 November 1969\n Activated on 8 March 1970\n Redesignated 71st Air Rescue Squadron on 1 June 1989\n Inactivated on 1 June 1991\n Activated on 1 October 1991\n Redesignated 71st Rescue Squadron on 1 February 1993\n\nAssignments\n 10th Air Rescue Group: 14 November 1952 (attached to Alaskan Air Command for operations after 1 August 1954)\n Air Rescue Service: 21 October 1957 – 18 March 1960 (continued attachment to Alaskan Air Command until 23 May 1958)\n 39th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Wing: 8 March 1970 (attached to Detachment 1, 39th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Wing until 30 June 1971, Elmendorf Rescue Coordination Center until 24 June 1972, Alaskan Air Command Rescue Coordination Center)\n 41st Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Wing (later 41st Rescue and Weather Reconnaissance Wing): 1 July 1974 (continued attachment to Alaskan Air Command Rescue Coordination Center)\n Air Rescue Service: 1 August 1989 – 1 June 1991 (continued attachment to Alaskan Air Command Rescue Coordination Center)\n Air Rescue Service: 1 October 1991\n 1st Operations Group: 1 February 1993\n 1st Rescue Group: 14 June 1995\n 347th Rescue Group: 1 April 1997 – Present\n\nStations\n Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska, 14 November 1952 – 18 March 1960\n Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska, 8 March 1970 – 1 June 1991\nPatrick Air Force Base, Florida, 1 October 1991\nMoody Air Force Base, Georgia, 1 April 1997 – Present\n\nAircraft\n\nGrumman SA-16 Albatross (1952–1960)\nSikorsky H-5 Dragonfly (1954–1955)\nDouglas C-54 Skymaster (1954–1955)\nSikirsky SH-19 Chickasaw (1954–1956)\nDouglas SC-54 Skymaster (1955–1958)\nPiasecki SH-21 Workhorse (1956–1960)\nLockheed HC-130 Hercules (1970–1987, 1991 – present)\n Lockheed HC-130P Combat King, 2003-c. 2014\nSikirsky HH-3 Jolly Green Giant (1975–1991)\nSikorsky CH-3 (1976–1979, 1981–1990)\n\nAwards and Campaigns\n\nSee also\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n071" ]

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[ "In an optical fibre communication system, Optical Line Terminator (OLT) may be arranged in the centre office of an access network. ", "The OLT may be configured to transform an electrical signal output from a switcher into an optical signal and then transmit the optical signal, and/or transform an optical signal received from outside into an electrical signal and then transmit the electrical signal to the switcher.", "\nFor example, an optical module of an OLT in a 10G Passive Optical Network (PON) may comprise any one or more of the following: an electro-absorption modulated laser (EML), a laser diode driver (LDD), a clock data recovery (CDR), a thermoelectric cooling control (TEC) drive, an electro-absorption biasing circuit (EM Bias-T); an advanced photon detector (APD), a limited amplifier (LIA), an APD boost voltage and Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) sample-and-hold circuit, and a microcontroller unit (MCU).", "\nThe optical module may be encapsulated as a 30 pin gold finger (10 gigabit small form factor pluggable, XFP) or a 20 pin gold finger (10 gigabit small form factor pluggable plus, SFP+) and have a configuration of a relative larger volume." ]

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[ "Imagine coming home from a day at work, and there’s a note from your spouse that reads:\n\n“Fix the light, it’s broken”\n\nYou have no idea where to start. ", "Which light is it? ", "Did they mean lamp? ", "Which part is broken? ", "How did it break? ", "Is it outdoors or indoors?", "\n\nWhen your spouse returns home, they ask, “How come you didn’t fix the light? ", "Didn’t you see my note?”", "\n\nNow think about how the developers on your team feel when they get a bug ticket that reads like this:\n\n“The buttons on the homepage are broken”\n\nI’m embarrassed to say, this is an actual bug report I filed recently. ", "I didn’t describe how it could be reproduced nor in what context I’d found the bug. ", "Needless to say, the developer who’d been assigned the ticket had no idea where to start. ", "Truthfully, it even took me a while to remember what this bug was about!", "\n\nThis has probably happened to all of us at one point. ", "We’re in a rush, we create a ticket (meaning to add more detail later), and then forget about it.", "\n\nBut if your team wants to ship software faster, you’re going to need to develop good habits. ", "One of the most important: filing proper bug reports.", "\n\nHere’s a good tactic we came up with at Sprintly. ", "To start, if you’re not already using Text Expander, get yourself a copy. ", "This will allow you to create keyboard shortcuts that will auto-expand text snippets.", "\n\nFor example, when I type in QLbug it auto-expands this text:\n\nAs a ___ I did ___ and expected ___ but experienced ___. ", "Steps to reproduce: 1. ", "2. ", "3. ", "URL where bug was observed: Screenshot: Environment: Local, Staging or Production Logged in? [", "Yes / No] Logged in as: Customer contact: Comments:\n\nThis is a template I can use every time I file a bug. (", "We have something similar for Pull Requests.) ", "It’s helping me build a habit of creating detailed bug reports that anyone could read.", "\n\nWhat about your team? ", "How do you ensure that tickets are properly filed? ", "What’s the worst bug report you’ve seen? ", "Leave us a comment below." ]

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[ "TLnet Map Contest #13 - Results Text by Julmust Graphics by v1\n\n\n\nBefore we get on to the announcement of our top 5, a quick reminder: All of the sixteen finalist maps have already earned their creators $100 a piece, so we will now hand out a bit of extra cash to the top five. ", "The structure looks like this:\n\n1st - $500 2nd - $250 3rd - $125 4th - $75 5th - $50\n\n\n\nAlso, remember that this vote was only to distribute the additional cash. ", "We will now send these maps off to Blizzard and they will decide which ones make it onto the ladder. ", "But enough of this stalling, let's get to the :REEEE:sults!", "\n\n\n\nResults Fifth place\n\nGolden Wall by Superouman\n\n\n\nGolden Wall is an example of which we hope to see more of when it comes to interesting layouts that mineral walls allow map makers to create. ", "At first glance it's obvious that the map breaks a lot of the standardized rules with its fair share of quirks, such as having the bottom section of the map be inaccessible unless players are willing to mine from a small wall of mineral patches at the back door entrance to their bases. ", "Yet, at the same time, the map is built around a standard-like backbone of bases, and distances, which is what makes the map so attractive for experienced eyes. ", "It still has that new shine but fit within a framework which we know aims to be balanced.", "\n\n\n\nWe very much recommend the community to check out some of the games played on Golden Wall, and express themselves about this possible almost BW-ish direction to nonstandard map design!", "\n\n\n\nWe congratulate Superouman on this creation and for scoring the 5th place!", "\n\nFourth place\n\nEternal Empire by Superouman\n\n\n\nEternal Empire from the Macro category is a very good example of the direction legacy of the void maps in general have taken, just simply solid execution within a stable framework designed for competitive gameplay. ", "This is the second map from Superouman to reach top 5, and it will most certainly be making waves in the map making community for the next year, as there is lots to study from!", "\n\n\n\nWe congratulate Superouman on this well executed map, and him hitting the top 5 twice (more to come...)!", "\n\n\n\nThird place\n\nCloud Monarchy by Sanglune\n\n\n\nCloud Monarchy, by Sanglune, which was submitted to the Macro category, is yet another example of more modern takes in the category. ", "With safe thirds and nearby expansions Cloud Monarchy aims to provide a solid canvas where players can still expand normally without worrying about backdoor bases which can be hard to scout and lead to overly slow e-sport settings as well as ladder games. ", "Instead Cloud Monarchy offers Acid Plant like frontal third bases, which aim to produce highly positional gameplay for the mid-late game scenarios.", "\n\n\n\nHuge congratulations to Sanglune for this creation. ", "A third place finish is nothing to be ashamed for and want to encourage him to continue exploring!", "\n\nSecond place\n\nEver Dream by Marras\n\n\n\nBy no one else than our Finnish map maker Marras, who’s name has become a synonym of quality, comes Ever Dream, a map that could easily become a fan favorite for the forseeable future. ", "The map is not only gorgeous in its tileset, but also absurdly well executed in its complexity and finesse. ", "It would be a disservice to Marras not to recommend readers to jump into the TLMC uploaded version of the map and play it! ", "Be it against friends or the simple AI, Ever Dream will bring you some of the best modern map makers can offer.", "\n\n\n\nWe are more than impressed with Marras and can't wait to see what the future brings!", "\n\nFirst place\n\nPurity and Industry by Superouman\n\n\n\nThis has indeed been the comeback TLMC for Superouman, creator of the famed Cloud Kingdom, whom retired many years ago, only to return and struggle for a long time re-learning Starcraft. ", "But boy, was worth the hassle. ", "Not just for him, the entire StarCraft community should be thankful for his return.", "\n\n\n\nPurity And Industry belongs to the Challenge 2 maps, those which had to use the new map feature of Slowing Zones, and it makes an exemplar use of them, a use which the community at large has great hopes for! ", "Some of the games already played on the TLMC tournament casted by WardiiTV show it, where players were modifying their strategies in subtle ways to exploit the map to their advantage. ", "As mentioned in other maps, we very, very much would like to encourage readers to see for themselves some of the games played in the map!", "\n\n\n\nThe TLMC Judging and administrative bodies congratulate Superouman on this very much deserved Tour De Force! ", "Three maps in the top 5 might just be a new record.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n+ Show Spoiler [Full results] + Purity and Industry Ever Dream Cloud Monarchy Eternal Empire Golden Wall Simulacrum Golden Forge Nightshade Zen Earthrise Avant Garde Hurricane Biosphere Polaris Podcast Zeta Orion\n\nWe, the admin team behind TLMC, would like to thank the mapmaking community for yet another successful contest. ", "The maps submitted this time around were incredible, which is well reflected in the top 16. ", "Also if you think we'll be taking a rest, think again. ", "You might want to keep an eye on TLnet tomorrow...\n\nIt's time to break the finish line of the 13th iteration of the TLnet Map Contest! ", "This time the contest ran for 9 weeks and we got another glimpse at the creativity of the mapmaking community. ", "I would also, personally, like to thank Avex, Kantu, the_music7, and anthra-X- for the work and guidance they've provided behind the scenes. ", "These four have made running this contest smoother than ever.", "Before we get on to the announcement of our top 5, a quick reminder: All of the sixteen finalist maps have already earned their creators $100 a piece, so we will now hand out a bit of extra cash to the top five. ", "The structure looks like this:Also, remember that this vote was only to distribute the additional cash. ", "We will now send these maps off to Blizzard and they will decide which ones make it onto the ladder. ", "But enough of this stalling, let's get to the :REEEE:sults!Golden Wall is an example of which we hope to see more of when it comes to interesting layouts that mineral walls allow map makers to create. ", "At first glance it's obvious that the map breaks a lot of the standardized rules with its fair share of quirks, such as having the bottom section of the map be inaccessible unless players are willing to mine from a small wall of mineral patches at the back door entrance to their bases. ", "Yet, at the same time, the map is built around a standard-like backbone of bases, and distances, which is what makes the map so attractive for experienced eyes. ", "It still has that new shine but fit within a framework which we know aims to be balanced.", "We very much recommend the community to check out some of the games played on Golden Wall, and express themselves about this possible almost BW-ish direction to nonstandard map design!We congratulate Superouman on this creation and for scoring the 5th place!Eternal Empire from the Macro category is a very good example of the direction legacy of the void maps in general have taken, just simply solid execution within a stable framework designed for competitive gameplay. ", "This is the second map from Superouman to reach top 5, and it will most certainly be making waves in the map making community for the next year, as there is lots to study from!We congratulate Superouman on this well executed map, and him hitting the top 5 twice (more to come...)!Cloud Monarchy, by Sanglune, which was submitted to the Macro category, is yet another example of more modern takes in the category. ", "With safe thirds and nearby expansions Cloud Monarchy aims to provide a solid canvas where players can still expand normally without worrying about backdoor bases which can be hard to scout and lead to overly slow e-sport settings as well as ladder games. ", "Instead Cloud Monarchy offers Acid Plant like frontal third bases, which aim to produce highly positional gameplay for the mid-late game scenarios.", "Huge congratulations to Sanglune for this creation. ", "A third place finish is nothing to be ashamed for and want to encourage him to continue exploring!By no one else than our Finnish map maker Marras, who’s name has become a synonym of quality, comes Ever Dream, a map that could easily become a fan favorite for the forseeable future. ", "The map is not only gorgeous in its tileset, but also absurdly well executed in its complexity and finesse. ", "It would be a disservice to Marras not to recommend readers to jump into the TLMC uploaded version of the map and play it! ", "Be it against friends or the simple AI, Ever Dream will bring you some of the best modern map makers can offer.", "We are more than impressed with Marras and can't wait to see what the future brings!This has indeed been the comeback TLMC for Superouman, creator of the famed Cloud Kingdom, whom retired many years ago, only to return and struggle for a long time re-learning Starcraft. ", "But boy, was worth the hassle. ", "Not just for him, the entire StarCraft community should be thankful for his return.", "Purity And Industry belongs to the Challenge 2 maps, those which had to use the new map feature of Slowing Zones, and it makes an exemplar use of them, a use which the community at large has great hopes for! ", "Some of the games already played on the TLMC tournament casted by WardiiTV show it, where players were modifying their strategies in subtle ways to exploit the map to their advantage. ", "As mentioned in other maps, we very, very much would like to encourage readers to see for themselves some of the games played in the map!The TLMC Judging and administrative bodies congratulate Superouman on this very much deserved Tour De Force! ", "Three maps in the top 5 might just be a new record.", "We, the admin team behind TLMC, would like to thank the mapmaking community for yet another successful contest. ", "The maps submitted this time around were incredible, which is well reflected in the top 16. ", "Also if you think we'll be taking a rest, think again. ", "You might want to keep an eye on TLnet tomorrow... Administrator I'm dancing in the moonlight" ]

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[ "OEsophagus\n\nOEsophagus, or Gullet, connects the lower part of the pharnyx with the cardiac orifice of the stomach. ", "It is about 9 inches long, and is lined internally with mucous membrane, beneath which is the submucous tissue containing glands, and external to this a muscular coat. ", "The muscles of the oesophagus by their wave-like contraction convey the bolus of food received from the pharynx into the stomach." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhy is Visual Studio forcing StackNode two different ways?", "\n\nSo I wrote a Linked List based implementation of the Stack ADT recently. ", "However, I'm not quite sure why there is a bit of a discrepancy between how the nodes of the Stack are being declared. ", "The compiler gets very angry and won't compile until I write them a certain way for certain functions. ", "I'm extremely curious as to why this is the case. ", "\nHere are two different methods which the compiler wants two different formats. ", "\nHere is my destructor where the compiler wants StackNode *temp.", "\ntemplate <typename DataType>\nStackLinked<DataType>::~StackLinked() {\n StackNode *temp;\n while (top !", "= 0) {\n temp = top;\n top = top->next;\n delete temp;\n }\n}\n\nHere is my assignment operator overload where the compiler wants StackNode<DataType> *temp.", "\ntemplate <typename DataType>\nStackLinked<DataType>& StackLinked<DataType>::operator=(const StackLinked& other) {\n if (this !", "= &other) {\n StackNode<DataType> *newNode, *current, *last;\n\n if (top !", "= 0) {\n StackNode<DataType> *temp;\n while (top !", "= 0) {\n temp = top;\n top -> top->next;\n delete temp;\n }\n }\n\n if (other.top == 0) {\n top = 0;\n }\n else {\n current = other.top;\n top = new StackNode<DataType>;\n top->dataItem = current->dataItem;\n top->next = 0;\n last = top;\n current = current->next;\n\n while (current !", "= 0) {\n newNode = new StackNode<DataType>;\n newNode->dataItem = current->dataItem;\n newNode->next = 0;\n last-> next = newNode;\n last = newNode;\n current = current->next;\n }\n }\n }\n return *this;\n}\n\nI don't know why this is, but the unknown is bothering me. ", "\nNote: My StackNode class is an inner class of the StackLinked class. ", "\nEDIT: Class declaration: \n#ifndef STACKARRAY_H\n#define STACKARRAY_H\n\n#include <stdexcept>\n#include <iostream>\n\nusing namespace std;\n\n#include \"Stack.h\"\n\ntemplate <typename DataType>\nclass StackLinked : public Stack<DataType> {\n\npublic:\n\nStackLinked(int maxNumber = Stack<DataType>::MAX_STACK_SIZE);\nStackLinked(const StackLinked& other);\nStackLinked& operator=(const StackLinked& other);\n~StackLinked();\n\nvoid push(const DataType& newDataItem) throw (logic_error);\nDataType pop() throw (logic_error);\n\nvoid clear();\n\nbool isEmpty() const;\nbool isFull() const;\n\nvoid showStructure() const;\n\nprivate:\nclass StackNode {\n public:\nStackNode(const DataType& nodeData, StackNode* nextPtr);\nDataType dataItem;\nStackNode* next;\n};\n\nStackNode* top;\n};\n\n#endif \n\nIf any other details are needed. ", "Just ask! ", "Thank you for your time! ", "\n\nA:\n\nFrom the code you showed, StackNode<DataType> is not correct, because StackNode is not a class template.", "\nThis makes me think you have a template also named StackNode that the compiler is finding. ", " Go check whether any of your files contain another version of StackNode.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Kaloula rugifera\n\nKaloula rugifera, the Sichuan digging frog or Szechwan narrowmouth toad, is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae found in China.", "\n\nRange\nIt is endemic to China where it is found in Sichuan and extreme southern Gansu.", "\n\nHabitat\nIts habitats are hilly areas near villages. ", "It has also been recorded from tree-holes. ", "Breeding takes place in temporary pools and ponds. ", "This previously very common is believed to be declining because of habitat loss associated with infrastructure development.", "\n\nDescription\nMale Kaloula rugifera grow to a snout–vent length of about and females to . ", "Tadpoles are up to in length.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Kaloula\nCategory:Amphibians of China\nCategory:Endemic fauna of China\nCategory:Amphibians described in 1924\nCategory:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot" ]

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[ "This is a Serial ATA hard drive, with native support for SATA 6 Gb/s. However, it is backward-compatible so you will have no problem using it with SATA 3 Gb/s or even SATA 1.5 Gb/s controllers. ", "However, at least a SATA 3 Gb/s interface is necessary for optimal performance since this WD VelociRaptor 600 GB drive has a 32 MB buffer and boasts a maximum sustained internal (platter-to-buffer) transfer rate of 145 MB/s.\n\nLike all Serial ATA drives, it comes the standard SATA data (left) and power (right) connectors and is hot-pluggable. ", "That means you can connect and disconnect this hard disk drive to your PC while it's still running. ", "To the left of the SATA connectors is the jumper block.", "\n\nFrom what we can tell, Western Digital ships some drives with a jumper and others without a jumper. ", "Since our OEM unit did not come with one, it is likely that only retail drives come with the jumper.", "\n\nAccording to Western Digital, jumpering pins 1 and 2 enables Spread Spectrum Clocking (SSC). ", "Placing the jumper across pins 5 and 6 will force the drive to use the slower SATA 3.0 Gb/s transfer speed. ", "This is only a troubleshooting option in case your SATA controller does not properly implement SATA 6 Gb/s speed negotiation.", "\n\nAlthough Western Digital is quickly migrating their drives to the new Advanced Format, this is not an Advanced Format Drive. ", "Therefore, there is no Adv Format jumper setting and you need not worry about setting up the drive for optimal performance with older operating systems like Windows XP.", "\n\nBreather Holes\n\nThe WD VelociRaptor 600 GB drive has a small, barely-marked breather hole on the top plate. ", "This hole must not be covered.", "\n\nBreather holes allow condensation inside the hard drive to escape. ", "They also equalize the hard drive's internal pressure with the ambient air pressure. ", "The hard disk drive needs them to function properly, so please make sure you do not occlude any breather hole.", "\n\nAs the IcePack mounting frame occludes any view of the underside, there's no way for us to find out if there are any breather holes there. ", "However, this doesn't matter as the IcePack mounting frame will protect any breather holes from being occluded.", "\n\nSupport Tech ARP!", "\n\nIf you like our work, you can help support out work by visiting our sponsors, participate in the Tech ARP Forums, or even donate to our fund. ", "Any help you can render is greatly appreciated!" ]

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[ "When ‘Gods Of Ts Playground’ show a hardcore movie they make sure they get the best movies around by Ts Playground – with the best looking shemale porn stars. ", "Their girls are always good looking and hunky with loads of sex appeal. ", "This movie stars hairy hunk Delia Delions and six foot new comer Bianca Hills as they roll about having great fun on the bed.", "\n\nThis is hairy hunk, Delia Delions’s third hardcore movie with this adult pay site. ", "His other flicks so far have been ‘Tranny Man’s Whore part 3’ with Morgan Bailey and ‘Stepbrothers Part 1’ which also stars Colton Grey. ", "Both these movies were made in September 2015. ", "Delia is six foot tall with brown hair, and sea blue eyes. ", "He is versatile with an eight and a half inch thick cut shemale cock which is going to stretch anybody’s cock sucking lips.", "\n\nBianca Hills may be a virgin to Ts Playground but not to the industry and has over 5,000 followers on Twitter. ", "She is a six foot girl with a smooth muscular chest and has brown hair and dark blue eyes. ", "She has an eight inch cut cock and loves to have a big dick shoved deeply into her asshole.", "\n\nDelia Delions and Bianca Hills are lying on top of each other wearing only their small tight briefs. ", "They are kissing each other lovingly as they roll about the bed embracing each other letting their hands wander all over their hard muscular bodies. ", "Bianca gets on top and works her way down Delia’s body by kissing every inch until he gets to Delia’s big fake boobs. ", "She pulls his tight briefs off and stokes the inside of his hairy thigh as she starts to suck on it. ", "Delia groans with pleasure and gyrates his hips as Bianca sucks her off. ", "They go back to kissing and as Bianca strokes her own cock, he licks Delia’s throbbing cock all the way up and down its thick length.", "\n\nThey swap ends and Ales sucks on Bianca’s throbbing cock and smooth ball sack. ", "They roll around on the bed and Bianca feels Delia’s dick between her firm butt cheeks. ", "He lies on his back and pulls his knees up letting Delia slide his dick into her tiny tight asshole. ", "Their breathing gets heavier and they begin to pant as Delia fucks Bianca in the missionary position, and she fucks her as deep, and as hard as she can.", "\n\nBianca slams her cock into Bianca’s beautiful tight crack time and time again in that position then they go doggy style and back to the missionary position without taking a breath. ", "Bianca Hills screws her eyes up tight as she feels his cock throb in his hand and the camera zooms in and we see his thick creamy cum ooze out on to her smooth stomach. ", "Delia Delions sits up and as his body stiffens his cum shoots so far up Bianca’s body it even lands in his hair, his face, and all down his ravished body.", "\n\nThis is another Gods Of Ts Playground classic, and if you didn’t know, this is a site that takes total shemales and puts them in intimate, passionate scenes, like this one. ", "Join it and you get to access all the shemale porn stars in one great network that carries daily and exclusive updates." ]

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[ "/*\n * Copyright Elasticsearch B.V. and/or licensed to Elasticsearch B.V. under one\n * or more contributor license agreements. ", "Licensed under the Elastic License;\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the Elastic License.", "\n */\npackage org.elasticsearch.xpack.core.security.action.rolemapping;\n\nimport org.elasticsearch.action.", "ActionType;\n\n/**\n * ActionType for adding a role to the security index\n */\npublic class PutRoleMappingAction extends ActionType<PutRoleMappingResponse> {\n\n public static final PutRoleMappingAction INSTANCE = new PutRoleMappingAction();\n public static final String NAME = \"cluster:admin/xpack/security/role_mapping/put\";\n\n private PutRoleMappingAction() {\n super(NAME, PutRoleMappingResponse::new);\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0006204930250532925, 0.000577209226321429, 0.0007231971248984337, 0.0009109812672249973 ]

[ "[Early physical conditioning of patients surgically treated for myocardial revascularization. ", "Influence on the functional capacity].", "\nTo evaluate the early physical conditioning (PC) effect [initiated 15 days after the myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS)] in the functional capacity. ", "Twenty-two male patients (mean-age of 52y-o), divided in two groups (A and B, 11 patients each), were studied. ", "Group A started PC 3 months after MRS (phase III), with a training intensity of about 70% of the maximum heart rate reserve, during three months, three sessions per week with one hour duration. ", "Group B started PC 15 days after the MRS (fase II), with a training intensity up to five metabolic unities, three times a week, 1 hour and 15 duration. ", "The post-MRS period of three months was designated as the time I (beginning of fase III) and six months as time 2. ", "Stress test, Kraus-Weber flexibility test, coxo-femural flexibility test (flexion, elevation and abduction) and scapule-umeral flexibility test (flexion, extension and abduction) were applied. ", "The maximum oxygen uptake and the total work increased significantly from time 1 to time 2 in both groups, but there was no significant difference between the two groups, either in time 1 or 2. ", "Flexibility in the Kraus-Weber test and in the scapule-umeral flexibility test when in flexion, were significantly greater in group B than A, in both times (1 and 2). ", "Other flexibility variables studied show no significant difference, neither between the studied groups nor in the times 1 and 2 of evaluation. ", "Early PC after MRS increased the value of two variables that measure flexibility. ", "However, it has not increased other flexibilities variables and the aerobic capacity." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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